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The alkaline diet is based on the idea of replacing acidic foods with alkaline foods, which can improve your health. Since scientists claim that it can help fight serious diseases, Ultimate Sup will review some information related to an alkaline diet.
What Is An Alkaline Diet?
An alkaline diet is also known as an acid-alkaline diet or an alkaline-ash diet. This theory suggests that our diet can alter the pH levels, in other words, acidity or alkalinity, in the human body.
The metabolism in the human body - the process of converting food into energy - is sometimes compared to fire. This process involves a chain of chemical reactions that decomposes a solid object into small pieces. However, chemical reactions in the human body happen in a slow and controlled process. When something is burned, they all turn to ash. Likewise, the food we eat leaves behind "ash," known as metabolic waste.
Metabolic wastes can be alkaline, neutral or acidic and can directly affect the body's acidity.
In other words, they assume that if we eat food that leaves behind acid-ash, our blood will become acidified. If we eat food that leaves an alkaline-ash, our blood will become alkalinized.
According to the acid-ash hypothesis, the acid-ash is believed to be the cause of our body's susceptibility to infection, while the alkaline-ash is considered the protective factor. By choosing alkaline food, we will be alkalinized in our body and improve our health.
Food ingredients that leave acid-ash include protein, phosphate and sulfur, while food ingredients that leave alkaline-ash include calcium, magnesium and potassium. Some food groups are considered acidic, alkaline or neutral:
Acidic group : meat, fish, eggs, milk, cereals and alcoholic beverages.
The alkaline group: nuts, vegetables, tubers and fruits.
Normal pH In The Body
When discussing alkaline diets, it is important to understand pH levels. To determine whether a substance (or more precisely an environment) is acidic or alkaline, the pH index is consistently used as a measure.
pH from 0 to <6.9 is acid
pH = 7 is neutral, not acidic, not alkaline.
pH between 7.1 and 14 is alkaline.
According to this list, supporters of this diet recommend that we monitor the pH of urine to make sure it is alkaline (pH> 7.0), not acidic (pH <7.0).
However, it is important to know that the pH of the body fluctuates greatly, in some places it is acidic, while in others it is alkaline. In general, the pH in different parts of the body is not necessarily the same.
Our stomach is filled with hydrochloric acid, with a pH of 2 - 3.5 (highly acidic). This acid makes it easier for the stomach to digest food. In contrast, our blood is slightly alkaline, with a pH of 7.36 - 7.44.
When our body's pH reaches out of the normal range, it can have serious health consequences or be life-threatening if we don't get treatment in time. However, this only occurs during certain stages of diseases, for example ketoacidosis caused by diabetes, fasting or drinking, but rarely affected by diet.
Does An Alkaline Diet Cause Osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is weakening of the bones due to the loss of bone mass and changes in bone structure. This disease is more common in postmenopausal women and can increase the risk of fracture complications.
Alkaline practitioners believe that, in order to maintain blood pH, our bodies pull out alkaline minerals such as calcium from our bones to inhibit the acidity of food that can be consumed by the body.
According to the same theory, an acidic diet, such as the Western diet, causes loss of bone density. This theory is called the "acid-ash hypothesis of osteoporosis". However, this theory ignores the basic function of the kidneys, acid elimination and regulation of pH in the body.
The kidneys produce bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acidity in the blood, allowing our body to tightly control the pH of the blood. Besides, our respiratory system also plays a role in controlling blood pH. When the bicarbonate ions from the kidneys bind to acids in the blood, they form carbon dioxide ( waste is exhaled) and water (excreted in the urine).
The acid-ash hypothesis also misses out on the major factor in osteoporosis, the loss of collagen protein in the bones. Ironically, collagen loss is associated with low concentrations of two acids: orthosilicic acid and ascorbic acid (also known as vitamin C) in the daily diet.
However, the scientific evidence for the association between acidic diets and bone density or the risk of fractures is mixed. Clinical trials (which often give more accurate results) have shown that acidic diets have no effect on calcium concentration in the human body.
In contrast, this diet improves bone health by increasing calcium retention and stimulating the hormone IGF-1, which helps to heal muscles and bones. Therefore, a high-protein, acid-rich diet is considered to make bones stronger, not weaker.
Relationship Between Acidity And Cancer
Currently, there is a lot of controversy that cancer can only develop in an acidic environment and can be treated or even cured with an alkaline diet. However, comprehensive review studies have concluded that there is no direct association between the diet causing acid secretion (blood acidosis) and cancer.
First of all, food does not have a significant effect on blood pH.Second, assuming foods can dramatically alter the pH of blood and other tissues, cancer cells can also grow in a non-acidic environment.
In fact, cancer grows in healthy tissues with an alkaline pH of 7.4. There have been many successful experiments in growing cancer cells in alkaline environments. And when the tumor grows faster in an acidic environment, the tumor itself creates the acidic environment to support it. An acidic environment does not create a tumor, but rather an acidic environment for itself.
An alkaline diet is actually quite healthy. This diet encourages us to eat plenty of fruits, vegetables and plant food while limiting unhealthy processed sources.
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First and foremost, the facts: Constitution Day was established in 2004 by an act of Congress, resulting in the celebration of the document with a federally recognized holiday.
Why celebrate today? The Constitution is the framework for how our government works. It’s a pretty awesome document in a lot of ways — for example, it establishes checks and balances between lawmakers, the chief executive, and the judiciary, which was a pretty big deal for the time it was written.
For the most part, the Constitution is deserving of celebration, particularly the protections it grants to minorities in this country, and the rights it guarantees as well.
But it’s not a perfect document either: the bulk of it being written by wealthy, white men before the turn of the 19th century, we could never expect it to be perfect. At its start, for instance, it protected slavery as an institution.
Happy Constitution Day! September 17, 1787, 39 delegates at the Constitutional Convention sign the U.S. Constitution. In the following months, states would debate ratification, call for amendments, and ultimately, by June 1788, New Hampshire would become the 9th state to ratify. pic.twitter.com/x3uPuiugut
— IndependenceNPS 🇺🇸 (@INDEPENDENCENHP) September 17, 2019
That provision has since been removed, but many others need changes as well. Here are three ways in which the Constitution can be improved upon.
Ending the Electoral College
The Electoral College made sense to the founders at the time — some didn’t trust an uneducated mass of voters to take seriously the task of selecting the president on their own (but this point is largely exaggerated…read on). Over time, the population has become more educated, and the justifications for keeping it in place simply fall apart upon examination. Ending the Electoral College won’t hurt small states, either, and it will produce a system where every person’s vote is weighted equally to other voters’.
One other thing worth noting: the Electoral College was a compromise agreement between northern “free” states and southern “slave states.” In other words, the system for picking our president was based on an agreement to placate slaveholders. Perhaps that, more than any other reason, is why it’s time to get rid of it.
Reining In the Second Amendment
A right to protect one’s self, one’s family, and one’s property is probably about as inherent of a right as we can get. But the Second Amendment’s verbiage makes it, in many right-leaning lawmakers’ and judges’ eyes, an absolute right that makes it difficult to restrict when necessary.
Nowhere in my history of covering the subject of guns have I ever said the right to own a weapon doesn’t exist. But certain weapons deserve extra restrictions, and some don’t deserve to be in the hands of the non-military public at all. To have a proper debate on where those restrictions and limitations exist, however, the Second Amendment has to be worded in an agreeable way. Right now, it’s interpretation leaves too much to the imagination…a dangerous place to allow it to stand, given the gun crisis in our nation.
Protecting Your Right To Vote
The common belief in America right now is that, if you’re a citizen over the age of 18, that gives you the right to vote in every election, from dog catcher up to the president. That’s not actually the case.
Examining the Constitution directly, we see that a person has a right to be involved in federal elections only if they have the right to vote in their state elections. The bolded part below is what’s important:
The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature.
In other words, if you can vote for your state rep, you can vote for your Congressional representative, too. But this right is only protected so long as your state allows you to vote for your state representative — changes to who can pick that person would result in your losing the ability to voice who you think should sit in that state seat as well as your representative in Congress.
Again, for the most part, the Constitution is a document worth celebrating. Free speech and religious protections, a framework for how the federal government should function, and other parts of it shouldn’t be overlooked when we consider the “greatness” that exists within its provisions.
Being “great” doesn’t mean it’s “perfect,” however. And these three items aren’t the only ways in which the Constitution could be better.
Where imperfections exist, we should seek to remedy the document to make it “more perfect.” That’s what the founders hoped would happen, after all.
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For the last 60 years, fusion power plants have always been 20 years away, but breakthroughs in the last 12 months might turn the optimistic prediction into a realistic schedule.
In a paper, published in the journal Nuclear Fusion, a British-American team has produced an in-depth technical summary for an all-new spherical fusion reactor. The team analyzed what makes the spherical reactor a good pilot project for the fusion power plant of the future.
Currently, the most advanced spherical tokamaks – the technical name for the reactor – are the recently completed National Spherical Torus Experiment Upgrade (NSTX-U) at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and the MAST facility at Culham in the UK.
While we have been able to create controlled fusion reactions since the late 1950s, we have yet to make fusion reactors energetically viable. Nuclear fusion is the reason why stars shine, and obtaining the conditions at the core of the Sun is very difficult. So far, every reactor requires more energy to start than we can get out. Scientists all over the world are attempting to put a star in a jar, and while the science is the same, the shape of the jar is very different.
The most common reactor is a donut-shaped tokamak, which allows for a (relatively) easy approach to the confinement of the plasma. Alternatives to this are the stellarator and the spherical tokamak, which looks more like a cored apple.
“The main reason we research spherical tokamaks is to find a way to produce fusion at much less cost than conventional tokamaks require,” said Ian Chapman, leader of the UK’s magnetic confinement fusion research program at the Culham Science Centre, in a statement.
The spherical tokamak is also more compact, and a diminutive size not only makes it more versatile, it also reduces construction costs or at least allows for the use of the latest materials, making it more reliable.
The NSTX-U is going to have twice the power and five times the pulse length of its predecessor, and it will test if the geometry and material used can withstand the extreme conditions produced by the hot plasma.
The study describes in detail the potential of this spherical configuration and it’s not up to the devices to deliver these high-performance scenarios.
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Newsroom > DHHS News Release
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
October 1, 2012
Russ Reno, Communications and Legislative Services, (o) 402-471-8287, (c) 402-450-7318 [email protected]
DHHS Asks Teens to Learn Tips about Avoiding Dating Violence
Lincoln – Nebraska teens are urged to learn how to safely step up and speak out against dating violence during Domestic Violence Awareness Month in October, said Thomas Pristow, director of the Division of Children and Family Services in the Department of Health and Human Services.
DHHS is joining the state’s 21 local domestic violence and sexual assault programs and the Nebraska Domestic Violence/Sexual Assault Coalition to provide information to teens about steps they can take in potentially violent situations, he said. Information is online at www.stepupspeakout.org
“Violence often begins at a young age and prevention efforts should start early by building healthy and respectful relationships in all peer, dating and family relationships,” Pristow said. “So, in addition to speaking up against abuse, we also need to speak up for attitudes and behaviors that are examples of healthy relationships.”
Pristow estimated 435,000 women and men in Nebraska have experienced violence, rape or stalking. Social change starts with every Nebraskan noticing degrading, intimidating or threatening actions, and speaking out against abusive attitudes and behaviors.
“There are a variety of ways people can choose to step forward and show that bullying and abusive behavior will not be accepted in their community,” Pristow said. “The Step Up, Speak Out website offers positive approaches to help prevent and defuse violence.”
He said the most-recent statistics point out the problem. According to a report issued in November 2011 by the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:
- About one in five women and one in 71 men have been raped.
- Nearly 80 percent of women experienced their first rape before 25 years of age, with 42 percent experiencing their first rape before the age of 18.
- More than one-quarter of male victims experienced their first rape when they were 10 years of age or younger. Estimates for other male ages were based on numbers too small to calculate a reliable percentage.
- Men and women who experienced rape were more likely to report frequent headaches, chronic pain, difficulty sleeping, activity limitations, poor physical health and poor mental health.
“Children and young adults learn how to form positive relationships while growing up,” Pristow said. “That’s why it’s important to exemplify and talk to them about healthy relationships to prevent the establishment of patterns of dating violence that can last into adulthood.”
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For some high-pitched drumming performance, the best choice is the Cuban favourite, Bongo drums. The single headed open-ended drums have become an essential part of Cuban music greatly influencing the styles known as Changui and Son.
The Bongos have been traditionally made of wood, but today a wide variety of other synthetic materials are also used. Ceramic bongos are used in the Middle East and parts of Asia, but if you have regularly played in the Caribbean belt then you most definitely would have encountered the wooden version. Popularised by the migrant slaves, this instrumental has since become an active part of Cuban folklore. Though there is still no agreement on the exact place of origin of the Bongo, African and Cuban music have made the use of the instrument in their traditional music.
This instrument is traditionally played by hand and held between the legs. This two part drum has a larger hembra and a smaller macho portion. If you develop a snappy wrist technique, you can get the crisp loud sound that you desire. As an experienced bongocero you can produce a wide variety of sounds by varying your hand techniques. Bongo players constantly improvise on their techniques but if you follow the Cuban style you would first start with the ‘martillo’ style.
The bongo is traditionally an instrument tuned to produce one-eighth notes; if you want to experiment you can tune the instrument to a 12-tone melodic scale. The more your stretch the hide the shriller the sound will get. For the perfect tuning in a diagonal pattern is advised. You must take care to de-tune the instrument each time to ensure that the drum heads do not stretch out too quickly.
The bongos have always enjoyed a huge wave of popularity since the 1940s up to the early sixties. In the 21st century bongos are mainly used in popular styles of Latin music. The most popular Bongo sounds hail from Cuba and have been the defining instrument in the mid-1800s for the Son style of music. You might have observed that today some bongoceros use stands and sticks to produce a variety of sounds. The high-pitched bongo has always worked best as a syncopated accompaniment although there have been several inspiring solo performances.
The sound of the Bongos has been adapted into every style and genre of music. It is an instrument that is enjoyed by musicians, music lovers, drumming enthusiasts and Beatnik poets alike.
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by Dr. Avigdor Bonchek
Back to This Week's Parsha | Previous Issues
Parashas Eikev (67)This week's sedra continues Moses' moral injunction oration to the people, it contains the second paragraph of the Shema; he stress the main elements of the service of G-d. It also teaches the Jews ready to enter the Land what their attitude should be.
Deut. 9:4, 5
4) Do not say in your heart when Hashem pushes them away from before you, saying, "Because of my righteousness did Hashem bring me to possess this Land and because of the wickedness of these nations did Hashem drive them away from before you. 5) Not because of your righteousness and the rightness of your heart are you coming to possess their Land but because of the wickedness of theses nations does Hashem , your G-d, drive them away from before you.
Don't say in your heart: Rashi: My righteousness and the wickedness of the nations caused.
WHAT IS RASHI SAYING ?
Rashi is telling us that the verse says that we are not to think that both our righteousness and the nation's wickedness caused us to conquer the Land of Canaan.
What would you ask about this comment?
Rashi's interpretation appears to be as we would have understood this verse on our own. What has he added? Why did he see the need to comment here at all?
What is bothering him?
WHAT IS BOTHERING RASHI ?
An Answer: When we examine this verse closely it seems to say two separate things, two separate causes with two separate outcomes.
1) "Don't think that your righteousness (cause) allowed you to possess this land. (outcome)
2) "Don't think that the wickedness of the gentiles (cause) allowed you to dispossess them." (outcome)
But this can't be its meaning. Why not?
Because the very next verse says that it was, in fact, the wickedness of the gentiles that caused them to be expelled. Does not verse 5 say "because of the wickedness of these nations Hashem, your G-d, is driving them out before you" etc. ?
But this is what #2) above told us not to think.
This is what is bothering Rashi.
How does his brief comment deal with this?
An Answer: Rashi's comment disabuses us of the idea that one cause lead to one result. This is an incorrect reading of these verses. Rather, the verse is telling us that Moses says we are not to think that both of these factors are the cause of both of these results. It was not our righteous together with the gentiles' wickedness that lead to their expulsion. It was their wickedness alone that caused them to be expelled from the Holy Land. Israel's righteousness was not a factor at all. And that is because Israel was not righteous.
Moses warns the People about another mistaken assumption. It is that the righteousness of Israel entitled them to possess the Land. This too was not so. Not their righteousness entitled them to the Land, (for that generation was not righteous, as verse 6 says) but rather their rights to Land were due to G-d's promise to the Forefathers.
THE "SIN of the AMORITES"
The Torah actually foretells this condition in Genesis. When G-d makes His "Covenant Between the Pieces" with Abraham, He explains the connection between the sins of the inhabitants and their expulsion. In Genesis 15:15 we read:
"And the fourth generation shall return here, because the iniquity of the Amorites is not yet complete."
We see that until the sin of the Amorites was complete, until their conduct in the Land of Canaan was so evil that the Land could no longer tolerate them, then and only then could the offspring of Abraham inherit the Land. Their evil ways together with G-d's promise to Abraham, were the necessary and sufficient conditions for Israel to take possession of the Land.
Again we see Rashi's perspicacious eye and his sensitivity to important subtleties.
The message of Rashi should be uppermost in our minds as we contemplate our present day situation in Israel.
"What's Bothering Rashi?" is a production of "The Institute for the Study of Rashi."
This article is provided as part of Shema Yisrael Torah Network
For information on subscriptions, archives, and
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We are focused on stewardship-based citizen science and service-learning, and we maintain educational programs under these Guiding Principles.
The Ecological Education Program offers opportunities for K-12 students, teachers, and community members to engage in place-based stewardship education through school programs, teacher workshops, and volunteering. Our programs are experiential, place-based, hands-on, and inspire inquiry and action. We partner with others to engage the future stewards of Oregon in the study of native plants and habitat restoration through service-learning and curriculum development. Our goal is to connect people with nature and a sense of place through ecological education, stewardship, and citizen science.
Examples of our activities include:
- Engaging local elementary, middle and high school students in endangered species reintroduction and schoolyard and natural area restoration
- Providing curriculum and other resources for teachers in ecological education
- Hosting community education workshops
- Providing environmental education opportunities to incarcerated youth in Oregon Youth Authority facilities, including partnering with Cascadia Expeditions to provide outdoor adventure opportunities
- Partnering with the Oregon Department of Corrections to provide vocational training and science education opportunities to incarcerated adults the through the Sustainability in Prisons Project – Oregon
Please contact us if you have any questions or wish to form a partnership.
You can view all Ecological Education Program reports.
IAE is part of the Sustainability in Prisons Project – Oregon Network, working to bring science and nature opportunities into prisons. We work closely with Department of Corrections and other partners to provide unique and meaningful service-learning opportunities to incarcerated men and women.
Local School Ecological Education Outreach Projects
We work with teachers, students, and volunteers in the local community to foster outdoor-based ecological education.
- Engaging in habitat restoration around the local Corvallis area
- Growing native plants in school greenhouses
- Monitoring stream health, tracking of invasive species removal success
- Classroom lessons about watersheds and native ecosystems
Are you a teacher, administrator, parent, or community member wanting to get involved with IAE’s education programs? For more information, please contact Stacy Moore: 541-753-3099 x305 [email protected]
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By RAPHAEL G. SATTER, Associated Press Writer Raphael G. Satter, Associated Press Writer – Wed Jun 30, 2:27 pm ET
LONDON – Scientists have discovered an ancient whale whose bite ripped huge chunks of flesh out of other whales about 12 million years ago — and they've named it after the author of "Moby Dick."
The prehistoric sperm whale grew to between 13 and 18 meters (up to 60 feet) long, not unusual by today's standards. But unlike modern sperm whales, Leviathan melvillei, named for Herman Melville, sported vicious, tusk-like teeth some 36 centimeters (14 inches) long.
The ancient beast evidently dined on other whales, researchers said in Thursday's issue of the journal Nature. They report finding a skull of the beast in a Peruvian desert.
The researchers named it in tribute to the 19th-century author and his classic tale of the great white whale, which includes frequent digressions on natural history that punctuate the action.
"There is a chapter about fossils," one of the paper's authors, Olivier Lambert of the Natural History Museum in Paris, said. "Melville even mentions some of the fossils that I studied for my PhD thesis."
Anthony Friscia, a paleontologist at the University of California, Los Angeles, who wasn't involved in the discovery, said scattered finds of huge fossilized teeth had long hinted at the ancient whale's existence. But without a skull to fit them in, the creature's shape, size and feeding habits remained a mystery.
"The fact that they have found the entire jaw — well, almost the entire skull — is what's pretty unprecedented," he said.
The ancient beasts "were the killer whales of their time, although on a much grander scale," Friscia said. "They were close to the biggest things around."
Friscia said he thought the choice of a name was fantastic.
"You gotta love any time you get a nod to literature in taxonomy," he said. "It was a big whale, so why not?"
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Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, the groundbreaking German architect whose sharp, angular designs still feature prominently on city skylines across North America, got a Google Doodle Tuesday for his 126th birthday.
Mies, born in Aachen in 1886, was one of the pioneers of modern architecture. After beginning his career in Germany, he fled under pressure from the Nazis in 1937 and eventually settled in Chicago. To this day, Mies’s buildings remain some of the city’s most prominent landmarks.
Mies’s S.R. Crown Hall — which bears a striking resemblance to Tuesday’s Google Doodle — houses the College of Architecture at the Illinois Institute of Technology, where he was director, and is a National Historic Landmark.
In Toronto, Mies is responsible for the Toronto-Dominion Centre, a six-acre cluster of buildings that, on any given week day, houses about 20,000 workers.
Mies’s Villa Tugendhat in the Czech city of Brno was recently restored and re-opened to the public. Considered a masterpiece of modern architecture, the three-story house was completed in 1930 for Fritz and Grete Tugendhat, wealthy Jewish industrialists who gave him free rein over the design and construction of the villa. The result was a revolutionary flat-roofed villa containing an iron framework, which allowed him to dispense with supporting walls, and enveloped by glass windows that helped to create a flowing interior swimming in space and light.
“The building is timeless and has its own atmosphere,” said Michal Malasek, who oversaw the reconstruction.
The structure inspired The Glass Room, a novel that was shortlisted for the 2009 Man Booker Prize.
“The location of the structure, its location in relation to the sun, the layout of the spaces and the construction materials are the essential factors for creating a dwelling house,” Mies said in 1924 when designing the villa. “A building organism must be created out of these conditions.”
Other Google Doodles
Google creates dozens of doodles every year, though many are country specific. March 6, for example, there was a doodle for Ghana Independence Day. March 3 was Girls’ Day, which rolled out only to Japan.
Charles Dickens got his own doodle Feb. 7 — his 200th birthday — featuring Pip, Tiny Tim, Mr. Gradgrind and other characters from his novels.
The day before was dedicated to French filmmaker François Truffaut, below.
National Post, with files from Reuters
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Apples are one of the most famous fruits — and that is a good thing. There is some reality behind the famous saying ‘an apple a day remains the doctor away.’ Apples have numerous health benefits.
Apples are one the most vastly cultivated fruits in the world. You will find about 7,500 varieties that can be enjoyed raw, in baked dishes and desserts, like apple juice or sauce.
Apples consist almost no fat, cholesterol or sodium. Plus, they are packed with many essential nutrients. Throughout this article, you will find ten of the top health benefits of apples.
Top Health Benefits of Apples
Whether it is kind drinks or food, we are mostly taking in toxins and our liver is in charge of removing these toxins out of our body.
Fad Detox diets that comprise several teas, pills, oils and juices that are dedicated to detoxifying effects do more harm to our body more than helping our body getting rid of toxins.
On the other hand, Apples provides the easiest and the best way to detoxify the liver and thus prevent the toxins from destroying the tissues and damaging the cells.
Plenty of pectin in apples assists in binding onto excessive cholesterol, heavy metals and other toxins found in the body, during digestion in the intestine. This binding carried on by pectin minimizes the workload of the liver.
Testing apples thus detoxify the liver and help to prevent headaches, allergies; bloatedness, indigestion, skin problems, insomnia and aches which are caused by the toxins remain in the liver.
Beneficial for Immune System
Quercetin found in red apple assists to boost up and fortify the immune system, particularly when we are stressed out.
Developing of immune system thus upgrading the chances of fighting off infections more importantly thereby increasing our quality of life and remaining us less susceptible to diseases.
Antioxidants found in apples thus guards us against germs and microorganisms that invade our body by attacking them and thus help to keep us healthy.
Oxidative stress causes for damaging tissue process is the main consideration of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Antioxidants present in apples protect the brain cells against this oxidative stress thence reducing the vulnerability of upgrading Alzheimer’s.
Apple juice and fresh apples and are thought as the best choice for inhibiting Alzheimer’s disease as they have the maximum levels of quercetin, an antioxidant, which helps to slow age-related mental problems.
Taking a glass of apple juice thrice a week or testing the peel of the apple has proven to be very useful for lessens the risk of developing Alzheimer’s.
Apples consist high content of flavonol which as narrated by the American Association for Cancer Research could help to lower the risk of growing cancer, mainly pancreatic cancer and that too by up to 23%.
Moreover, the availability of triterpenoids, found in the peel of the apples seems to be very useful for curbing liver cancer, breast cancer, and colon cancer.
Following several studies received, it is explained that triterpenoids control powerful anti-growth activities to fight cancer cells.
Besides, the extracts from apples have the power to minimize the size and number of tumors. Fibers and nutrients found in apples in great amounts are also very powerful in battling against colorectal cancer which is the most regular cancers affecting women these days.
Health Benefits of Apples for Diabetics
You will find three types of diabetes, but the Type 2 diabetes seems to be the common one affecting people.
Though you will find various factors leading to diabetes it is mainly caused due to high blood pressure, physical inactivity, high cholesterol, and overweight.
Apples, as we are informed are consists of many soluble fibers which therefore help to desensitize the effect of blood sugar swings arising in our system thereby lowering the risk of diabetes.
The investigation has proved that a person who eats one apple each day is 28% less vulnerable to Type 2 diabetes as opposed to the one who does not eat an apple in his or her diet.
Other important health benefits of apples imply that they lower the cholesterol level. Apples also remain polyphenols which work as an antioxidant that lowers the bad cholesterol in the blood by 40%.
High cholesterol levels are thought to be very serious as it may lead to several health dilemmas that can even risk our lives as when reduced cholesterol reacts with free radicals to become oxidized LDL, it can cause inflammation and tissue damage.
High soluble fiber which is present in apples helps to minimize cholesterol level to a better extent. When this fiber binds with fats, it reduces the blood levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein which may refer to as bad cholesterol.
Heart Health Benefits of Apples
Apple is thought to be the king, particularly when we are discussing preventing heart diseases.
Apples full of pectin which is an antioxidant compound, that when interacting with other phytonutrients that are found in apples, delivers huge cardiovascular benefits.
It helps to reduce bad cholesterol, fighting oxidative stress, prevent the cholesterol found in the system from solidifying and heading to blockage in the artery walls which can lower the blood flow to the heart.
It then helps to give overall vascular health thereby offering us with a healthier heart. All types of apples are thought about heart protective, but the red apples own the most anti – oxidant power and anti – inflammatory.
Health Benefits of Apples for Weight Loss
It is very effective to control weight as obesity itself is the main reason of many other diseases such as high blood pressure, heart diseases, type 2 diabetes, strokes and many other fatal health issues.
Taking the diet which is full of fibers and lesser in calories is the easy way to control the weight. An Apple seems to be the best source of fibers thus helps to control weight to a high level.
Apple Cider vinegar and peeling of the apple are thought to more efficient when it comes to regulating weight, as compared to any other fruit.
Enhancing Brain Power
Have you any idea that apples contain Boron, an important mineral which is present in fresh fruit and nuts?
While it is considered to affect the nervous electrical activity of the brain, it is familiar to be a great brainpower food. It stimulates brain cells assisting in controlling healthy well-functioning nerve cells.
Some apples may provide you the benefit of 1 milligram of boron, which is a considerable amount for the useful functioning of your brain cells, assists you to stay alerted and enhances brain power.
Along with fresh apple slices with some healthy nuts and enjoy a nutritious brain-boosting snack.
This is mostly due to the flavonoids present in apples that help calm inflammation in the airways.
Besides, apples have phenolic acids that make it easy for a person with asthma to breathe freely, lessen the need for breathing treatments.
Apples are also an excellent source of vitamin C, another important nutrient for relieving inflammation and keeping the lungs strong and healthy.
Vitamin C also improves the immune system, which helps a person suffering from asthma fight off signs.
Apple seems to be the storehouse of vitamins and nutrients. There is some very reasonable research that has been done on apple, and HFR is going to break it down- the health benefits of apples recommend you should eat them every day!
After reviewing this article, I hope you may get a clear idea how beneficial these apples regarding your health concern. So eat as many apples as possible to become healthy as well.
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Photo of the Week. An evening rose looks to the sky.
Astronomy news for the week starting Friday, October 9, 2009.
The Moon begins our week in the last stages of
its waning gibbous phase, then passes third quarter on
the morning of Sunday, October 11, when it is climbing the eastern
sky as seen from North America. We then see it slip into the waning crescent phase as it heads towards
new the night of Saturday the 17th. On Tuesday the 13th, the Moon
passes through perigee, where
it is closest to the Earth, some 5.5
percent closer than average and thus appearing 5.5 percent larger
than average, though the effect is not noticeable to the
Just after the quarter, the night of Sunday the 11th, the Moon will
pass about a degree south of bright Mars,
making for a fine sight indeed. It's a great chance to locate the
red planet. Then the morning of Friday the 16th, look for the slim crescent (your last chance to see it
before new phase) just to the southwest of Saturn and very
These two planets then put on their own small show, as Venus passes
just 0.6 degrees south of Saturn the morning of Tuesday the 13th,
the Moon seen well to the west. Since Venus is so obvious, it's a
good chance to catch Saturn, which -- though a bright first
magnitude -- will still be 100 times fainter than Venus. With both
of them now rising half an hour before morning twilight begins
(about 5:30 AM Daylight Time), the view will be within a
brightening sky, making Saturn difficult to see.
The evening provides its own show. Jupiter,
crossing the meridian to the south
about 9 PM, dominates, the giant planet not setting until 2 AM.
Since mid-June Jupiter has been in
retrograde motion, to the west against the stars of
northeastern Capricornus, caused by
the faster-moving Earth passing between it and the Sun. That
ends on Tuesday the 13th, when the king of the planetary system
stops and turns around to resume its normal easterly motion as it
heads towards residency in Aquarius
It's then not a long wait until Mars climbs above the northeastern
horizon just after midnight. The red planet is in a fine setting
to the east of classical Gemini
with Castor and Pollux pointing downward (as it
rises) more or less right at it.
Two nice asterisms are waiting for you to find. With the Moon now
out of the way, look about 20 degrees up and to the left of Jupiter
(to the northeast) to locate the Y-shaped "Water Jar" of Aquarius, then more to the east and a bit
north to catch the ragged circle that makes the "Circlet" of Pisces. Below them (to the southeast of Jupiter),
first magnitude Fomalhaut of Piscis Austrinus, the Southern Fish,
floats above the horizon.
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Welsh Version / Fersiwn Gymraeg ⟶
There are 3.17 million hectares of woodland in the UK providing a unique landscape and vital resource. This section allows younger pupils to think about trees through the seasons and woodland areas as habitats for animals and wildlife. Students may also like to consider why woodland areas are so important, with older learners looking at how we benefit from trees and considering if trees are under threat. Pupils may also like to conduct a "Tree Survey" or produce a "School Tree Charter".
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Roles of Technology
Cortisone (/ˈkɔrtɨsoʊn/ or /ˈkɔrtɨzoʊn/; 17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone) is a 21-carbon steroid hormone. It is one of the main hormones released by the adrenal gland in response to stress. It elevates blood pressure and prepares the body for a fight or flight response.
Has technology rendered you incapable of maintaining your own mental regularity? Has it played a factor in how our bodies deal with depression, stress and upsets?
The only time the stress chemical cortisone released itself in early days of civilization, and upwards to the nineteenth hundreds, was when you were being attacked or encountered dangerous wildlife. One could say that depression and stress were not huge factors in mental health for early settlers as life was simplistic and straightforward. There were illnesses, as there are now and there were also mental disorders, but not anywhere near the scale we see in the 21st century.
With the invention of the movie theatre, the television, the internet, the cell phone and then the almighty smart phone, we have become plagued by over-stimulation. We have also saw an increase in options throughout the decades with the foods we could purchase, the types of clothing, fashion, soap, detergent, electronics, décor and vehicles. You would think this would make our lives better; we could exist with little to no stress because of it. You would be wrong! Over Stimulation! Our bodies were not designed to experience this kind of multifaceted environment where every choice is a taxing element on our mental well-being. Some people can function just fine while others suffer damaging effects on their bodies and mind.
Today, Cortisone is released in to our bodies daily! We get up in the morning and we go about our lives experiencing over stimulation at every turn we take. On the way to work in the morning, we feel a rise in our stress because the traffic is too thick. We get to work and realize there is a new pile on your desk that we hadn’t accounted for. Companies pushing for higher production, increased accuracy, efficiency and systems that seem to always malfunction. We place so much emphasis on the technology in our lives that when they stop working properly; we get frustrated and irate. Electronics that are meant to make our lives easier have caused a decline in our mental capabilities.
Years ago, before cars were mainstream, a person would have to ride a horse, horse and carriage or just simply walk to work or wherever they were going. As a person, they knew how their body worked and how long it would take them to get to their destination; besides a familiar face along the way they could continue to go at their desired speed. There were no street signs, traffic lights, cross walks or sidewalks; just a dirt road and your own two legs. There were no disappointments, as the person depended solely on himself to do what had to be done. Today, we leave for work at a time that we believe will allow enough time to get there. If there is an accident on the highway, immaculate congestion or road work that slows the flow of traffic to a near stop, we begin to get upset. Stressed because you are going to be late for work, frustrated because we should have left earlier and accounted for such a thing. All the while, the person who walked to work, just walked right past you, whistling a tune, getting regular exercise and experiencing no rise in blood pressure and stress.
Back in the early days when work was finished they walked back home, giving them more than enough time to unwind from their busy day. The farmer had time to let his muscles relax, the store clerk had enough time to quickly go over what was needed to be done the next day and the accountant had enough time to clear all the numbers out of his head. Maybe they had horses and carriages, and rode them as opposed to walk, but imagine yourself on either and tell me that the stress levels would have been anywhere near the rush hour traffic you have to deal with today. They arrived at home to children who listened, a wife who had prepared a hot meal and delightful conversation about their day. They probably sat around the fire, chatted and enjoyed the family life. Then off to bed, nice and early, to sleep a restful sleep and get up the next morning to do it all over again.
Today, after our stressful day at work, we rush out the door because we have to go grab the kids at soccer practice while fighting our way through traffic. We have the after school program calling your cell because you are late to pick up your children, while your spouse is beeping in on the other line to give you a list of things she needs, at 4 different stores, for the kids school trip tomorrow. You remembered there was an email you had to send out before you left work so you are trying to write that out on your blackberry, while you are stuck at a red light that is taking forever to change. Your daughter is text messaging you to ask if she can go buy new soccer shoes after practice tonight while your car’s gas light just came on. Sound familiar?
Just a normal day in the lives of society! We do all this to finally arrive at home where there is no dinner waiting and you have to microwave a pizza just to feed the kids. You grab a beer or cooler from the fridge; you try and begin your unwinding from the day. Your spouse gets home, there is a moment of hello, how was your day? Potentially a kiss and then it’s her turn to run around and get everything ready for the next day. The clothes taken out, the lunches packed and the permission slips signed for the school outing she called you about earlier. By this time, you are in the living room watching a copper program on the tube, having another beer and still trying to unwind. You head to bed where you are either experiencing delayed street syndrome or you pass out simply from exhaustion. Either way, unless your body has crashed you are going to have a restless night sleep, a series of dreams and a wake up that is less than desirable. You wake up groggy, irritable and finding yourself having to force yourself out of bed to get your day started. All the while the man who walked or took a horse home and spent a few hours with his family had a normal restful sleep to arise fully awake and ready to start the day.
It is a vicious cycle that we have been living constantly for years and it is only getting worse. I mentioned above about how all of the options a person has to choose from in our modern day; do you think they had these 25, 50, 75 or 100 years ago? No! If a person was going to the store then and they needed flour, rice, milk and eggs there was not 4 or 5 options of each item they could purchase. There was no decision to be made except they needed flour, rice, milk and eggs. They would walk in, choose those items and then check out. Groceries then not only cost less money but also cost less time.
Think about crackers for a moment and think about a time you felt a craving or required crackers because you had guests that were coming over. Now think about how long it took you to figure out which would be the best crackers to purchase. I, myself have been in a position where I needed crackers and couldn’t decide which ones would be best. I mean there are at least 30 different types of crackers a normal grocery store has to offer. I would stand there mulling over the options; salted tops, 30% less sodium, crunchy, soft, round, square, top-able or dip-able. You would call your significant other and weigh in their opinion and then because you know you are in a hurry would grab a box that looked good and head to the cash. Some of us have walked to the cash and held the box in our hand and stared at it, imagining those crackers in use at our gathering and have then decided that it wasn’t the best choice. We then head back to the cracker aisle and try and make another quick choice. Some of us have purchased multiple kinds because we couldn’t make the choice. Do you think 100 years ago they did that? Or even 50? No! They needed crackers so they went and bought the only crackers they could find.
How much time and mental energy was wasted on that small task? Too much! The same goes for any other grocery option. It is rare to find a product that has only one option these days unless you are a celiac or allergic to wheat.
How many of us suffer from over stimulation and we don’t even know it? How many of us have had restless night’s sleep for so long it has become the norm and we don’t know why? I will tell you why! Over stimulation! We have allowed technology to completely over-run our lives and our precious time has been stripped from us. We listen to music before bed, we watch the television or we are on our computers surfing the net and it is all stimulating your brain at a time your brain would naturally begin to wind down.
I challenge you to try something for one week. Two hours before you go to bed each night turn off your televisions, radios and your computers. Keep the lights in your house dimmed or use soft lamp light to illuminate the rooms. Putter around the house, maybe folding some laundry, cleaning dishes or preparing dinner for the next day. Sit with your children, spouses or roommates and talk about life. Make small talk! Make sure you are not worrying or stressed about anything because more than likely there is nothing you can do about it at that moment anyway. Pretend you are lifting it from your head and put it in a drawer, close the drawer and walk away, telling yourself you will pick that up in the morning. Take your thumb and message your palms, breaking down the stress that exists there. Putter some more until it is bedtime and then crawl in to bed, making sure not to turn on any bright lights during the process. Once in bed think about all the things you are grateful for, smile and take a deep breath and then exhale. Close your eyes and allow yourself to slip off to a restful place. Do this for seven days straight and you will see a considerable difference in your moods, interactions and overall mental health.
You would be surprised how well this works and how your sleeping habits will improve. I’m not saying that you should get rid of all technology because to be honest it is the world we live in. So much of our lives depend on technology and it is the direction in which we are continuously heading. What I am saying is that we need to make note of how it is affecting us on a daily basis and maybe wheel back our complete dependency a little. Only allow it for an hour a night or keep the phone turned off while at home. Spend time with your family reading books, talking, telling stories and having fun outside. Keep it turned off close to bedtime to allow your mind to wind itself down.
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There are total 6 letters in Teamed, Starting with T and ending with D. In Teamed T is 20th, E is 5th, A is 1st, M is 13th, D is 4th letters in Alphabet Series.
Total 51 words created by multiple letters combination of Teamed in English Dictionary.
Teamed is a scrabble word? Yes (9 Points)
Teamed has worth 9 Scrabble points. Each letter point as below.
There are some words list based on poppularity created by adding extra letters to Teamed, These may helps in word games like scrabble and word puzzle.
Definition of the word Teamed, Meaning of Teamed word :
a. - Yoked in, or as in, a team.
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| 0.964023 | 160 | 2.546875 | 3 |
If due to loss of housing and/or economic hardship, you must live in a shelter, motel, vehicle or campground, on the street, in abandoned buildings or trailers or other inadequate accommodations, or doubled up with relatives or friends because you cannot find or afford housing, then according to the McKinney-Vento Act, you may be considered homeless.
Your children have the right to:
- Go to school, no matter where you live or how long you have lived there. You must be given access to the same public education provided to other students.
- Continue in the school they attended before becoming homeless or the school they last attended, if that is your choice and is feasible. The school district's local liaison for homeless education must assist them, if needed, and offer them the right to appeal a decision regarding their choice of school if it goes against their wishes.
- Receive transportation to the school they attended before they became homeless or the school they last attended, if they request such transportation.
- Attend a school and participate in school programs with students who are not homeless. Students cannot be separated from the regular school program because they are homeless.
- Enroll in school without giving a permanent address. Schools cannot require proof of residency that might prevent or delay school enrollment.
- Enroll and attend classes while the school arranges for the transfer of school and immunization records or any other documents required for enrollment.
- Enroll and attend classes in the school of their choice even while the school and you seek to resolve a dispute over enrollment.
- Receive the same special programs and services, if needed, as provided to all other children served in these programs.
- Receive transportation to school and to school programs.
Also considered homeless are some refugees, unaccompanied youth, or individuals living in substandard housing.
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| 0.962615 | 374 | 3.03125 | 3 |
1,000-year-old medieval gold and silver treasures found in Netherlands
A remarkable treasure of 1000-year-old gold jewelry and silver coins has been discovered, according to the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden (the National Museum of Antiquities) in the Netherlands. It will be on display as part of a new exhibition.
Found in 2021, a 1000-year-old gold treasure near Hoogwoud (municipality of Opmeer in North Holland) includes two pieces of gold leaf that fit together, 39 little silver coins, and four ornamented crescent-shaped pendants made of gold.
The date of the coins between 1200 and 1250 shows that the riches were buried around the middle of the thirteenth century. The jewelry was almost two centuries old and was a valuable and prized property.
Extremely rare in the Netherlands
Gold jewelry from the so-called "High Middle Ages" is rare in the Netherlands. In addition, significant historical occurrences occurred during the time frame covered by this treasure find.
The Dutch count Willem II passes away close to Hoogwoud during this turbulent period of conflicts between West Friesland and the county of Holland. As a result, the treasure find is significant for the archaeology and history of North Holland and West Friesland, as well as important national and global relevance.
The four eleventh-century earrings are the most significant finds from the Hoogwoud treasure hunt. It involves two pairs of pendants, each around five centimeters broad, two of which have filigree ornamentation, and two have etched scenes.
They are tiny, gold-filled, twisted threads. The necklace includes delicate suspension brackets and is embellished on one side. This implies that they were most likely not worn through the ears but rather on a hood or headband. Only one side was so discernible. German images from the same era contain examples of this.
The "Unconquered Sun"
The two interlocking gold leaf strips were formerly sewn to the edge or waistband of clothes, as shown by the finding of tiny textile fibers. One pendant was severely broken, perhaps during the plowing of the Earth, where the items had been buried for decades.
Another pendant has an engraved image of a man's head surrounded by rays. This is seen as a representation of Christ as the "Unconquered Sun," or Sol Invictus. Only three instances of such gold earrings have been discovered in the Netherlands.
You can watch the collection's video below.
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Historic marker near the intersection of Routes 5 and 20 west of Avon preserves the memory of Gilbert R. Berry, the first permanent settler in what is now Avon. He came here from Albany. He married the daughter of an early Indian trader named Wemple.
Engaging in the Indian trade, Berry located first at Geneva, and in 1789, removed to the Genesee river, erected a log house on the west side of the river, near the present bridge. Here he opened a trade with the Indian village of Canawaugus, established a ferry, and entertained the few travelers that passed through on the old Niagara trail. He died in 1796 or '7, and was succeeded by his widow, Maria.
The Holland Purchase being opened for settlement soon afterwards, the "Widow Berry's" tavern was widely known in the early days. Besides furnishing a comfortable resting place for early pioneers, in her primitive tavern, some of the best wives and mothers of the Genesee country, were reared and fitted for the duties of life.
Her daughters became the wives of noted early merchants George Hosmer of Avon, E. Clark Hickox, the early merchant of Batavia and Buffalo, John Mastick, Esq., the pioneer lawyer of Rochester, and George A. Tiffany, whose father was one of the early printers of Canandaigua.
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| 0.97725 | 285 | 2.59375 | 3 |
As we mark another anniversary of the tragic events of 9/11, there is a new book out that helps to provide perspective on relations between the U.S. and the Middle East. It is a graphic novel that goes a long way in helping to explain how the pieces fit in the puzzle of geopolitics.
“From the halls of Montezuma to the shores of Tripoli…” The words to the United States Marine Corps hymn may sound obscure until you dig deeper. For our purposes, let’s consider the shores of Tripoli. This refers to the United States at war with the Barbary pirates. This is also the point of departure to an engaging and informative book on the relationship between America and the Middle East, the graphic novel, “Best of Enemies: A History of U.S. and Middle East Relations.” Take a look at the curious cover: FDR and the king of Saudi Arabia, Abdul-Aziz Ibn Saud, perched amid a tangle of oil pipeline. The ironic and determined tone is set and maintained throughout by two masters: historian Jean-Pierre Filiu and cartoonist David B. Many readers will be surprised, even shocked, by what they find here.
But before our history lesson on the pirates, we are treated to the mystical tale of Gilgamesh and his war with the gods. This dovetails into a big leap forward of 4,600 years with a quote from Donald Rumsfeld, circa 2003, straight out of a fairy tale but sadly part of the war in Iraq: “During a war, the kind of ‘evidence’ people are looking for usually doesn’t exist.”
With that in mind, we proceed to the first fumbling steps into another eerily similar war. A newly formed United States of America must confront the terrorists of its day. This would lead to America’s first military encounter on Muslim soil. It would take the new country on a wild ride, from paying tribute to full-on military engagement. The die had been cast. Way before there were any neo-cons, the idea was already alive that the power that ruled in the Middle East, would rule the world. It was in 1902 that American officer Alfred Mahan, a theorist of the projection of power, coined the term, “Middle East” and fostered the mindset that would come back to haunt us all.
It would not be until World War II that the ties that bind would become so apparent: oil. It would be a match made in heaven, so to speak, when the leader of the free world, President Franklin Roosevelt, no stranger to riches and splendor, was able to win over the Saudi family and its oil drenched country. Unfortunately, the thirst for oil is insatiable and not even the Saudis could satisfy it alone.
One of the big hits at the San Diego Comic-Con this year was an interactive digital graphic novel based on Operation Ajax, the covert operations conducted by the U.S. and the U.K. to topple the leader of Iran in 1953, all for the sake of oil. While this is not top secret news today, it can still shock. In this book, the coup of Mohammed Mossadegh, the legitimate leader of Iran, simply to secure oil rights, is handled thoroughly as part of a bigger picture. The machinations of intalling a most unlikely leader, the Shah of Iran, are fascinating. Here is someone Peter Sellars would have had a field day with portraying all his cowardice and ineptitude. But even stranger is the fact that FDR’s cousin, Kermit Roosevelt, is Ajax’s Operations Chief, and proves to be a most diabolical villain. Peter Sellars could have handled him quite nicely too.
The approach of the book is refreshing in how the U.S. is placed among all the other players of geopolitics. There is no shining beacon on a hill, per se, and that goes for everyone. There aren’t any real heroes here, except for Gilgamesh and Mossadegh. David B.’s drawings flow with the narrative, literally bending and twisting as needed. This style owes something to 18th and 19th century cartoonists, with their ornate and fluid line and word balloons that floated along like clouds of custard. David B. takes that style and makes it his own giving characters bendy knees, necks and torsos along with all manner of uninhibited ways to fill the panels. It’s a wonderful mix of political cartoonist sensibilities and fine artist sensibilities.
“Best of Enemies” is a two-volume work so we have even more sensitive material up ahead. What we seem to always forget is that misguided policies have very real consequences. Countries can misguide themselves and they can then misguide the public. One bit of misinformation breeds another and so on. We hopefully still have a chance if we’re armed with the facts.
“Best of Enemies” is part of Abrams ComicArts, a Self Made Hero imprint. This 120-page hardcover is 24.95 U.S. Visit Abrams ComicArts.
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It can be hard to answer the question “What do bed bugs look like?” in part because, like all insects, they go through multiple stages of development and they look different at different stages.
Most of the time, if you look up information on bed bugs, these sources talk a lot about what adult bed bugs look like. Pieces on the topic often give short shrift to what the “babies” (nymphs) or bed bug eggs look like and the fact that adult males and adult females look a little different from each other.
That may seem weird, but humans don’t look the same at birth as they do as adults either. They are a very different size and have different proportions. We just are familiar with human babies, so it seems obvious to us that human babies are the same species as we are. But it’s really not so obvious.
In this post we are going to cover both: What adult bed bugs look like and also what their eggs and baby bed bugs look like.
Why Bed Bugs Are a Serious Problem
That brings us to the question of why people care so much about bed bugs. Bedbugs tend to live in colonies of anywhere from four to five hundred individuals and, like female mosquitoes, they need human blood. They feed, then molt repeatedly, getting bigger, and eventually lay eggs.
So, they bite people who are sleeping, leaving small bite marks. These bites are typically accompanied by a small round rash.
It may not be a big deal if you wake up with a few bites. But a large colony of bed bugs can leave you covered with dozens or hundreds of bites in a night. If the bites are not kept clean, they can become infected and lead to additional complications. Sometimes, people also react allergically. As with any allergic reaction, this can be a serious issue requiring medical attention.
Historically, bed bugs were not deemed to be a public-health threat because they were not known to transmit disease. However, that assessment changed not all that long ago when a study from Penn Medicine found that they are capable of being a vector for Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite that causes Chagas Disease.
This is the feared disease that “kissing bugs” transmit. That’s not exactly shocking given that bed bugs and kissing bugs are actually distant cousins. If you aren’t familiar with it, Chagas Disease is a relative of African Sleeping Sickness and it can be deadly.
Description of What Bed Bugs Look Like
Getting back to what they look like, most pictures of bed bugs show adult bed bugs. They are quite small. The largest specimens only get to be one quarter of an inch in length.
They are roughly the size and shape of an apple seed, with a cluster of legs up near the head at the pointy end. They are generally reddish brown in color. Like an apple seed, they are flat if they haven’t fed.
If they have recently fed, they can be more reddish than brown and their body will elongate and be less flat. This is because they are filled with blood — probably your blood if it is your bed. When they are full of fresh blood, the body tends to look less broad as well. Again, this is because of being full.
Think how a Mylar balloon can be perfectly flat. When you add helium to it, it not only puffs up, it looks less broad than when it was flat and had nothing in it.
The body shape varies a bit for adult males and adult females. Unfed male bodies often appear to be slightly more oval or elongated. On the other hand, unfed female bodies often appear to be a bit rounder in their shape. After they have fed, the differences in their shape become less recognizable.
They both have a set of lines across the main body, making it look a little like a ladder effect. The main difference between both bed bug sexes is the following: Males have a pointy tip to their abdomen.
Also bed bug eggs, like bed bugs, are hard to find. A female bed bug lays up to 12 bedbug eggs in one day and up to 200 during her lifetime. These have an approximate size of 1mm, are slightly transparent and creamy white. Discovering the hiding places for bed bug eggs is very important if you want to get rid of bed bugs completely.
Newly hatched bed bugs are really tiny, like the head of a pencil. They are not much more than a dot. They are clear, unless they have recently fed. If they’ve recently fed, they are bright red.
Here is a quick run down of the traits of baby bed bugs:
What Do Baby Bed Bugs Look Like?
- About the size of a dot.
- Clear or red in color.
- If they are red, they have recently fed on blood.
- They don’t move all that fast.
What do Bed Bug Eggs look like?
- Approximate size of 1mm.
- Slightly transparent.
- Creamy white.
Here is a quick run down of the traits of adult bed bugs:
What Do Adult Bed Bugs Look Like?
- Flat oval reddish-brown body.
- The color turns more red than brown when they feed.
- They look similar in size and shape to an apple seed, but with legs at the pointy end.
- The body shape differs a bit, depending on gender.
- Females are a bit rounder.
- Males are a bit more oval / elongated.
- They have lines across the main body, making it look a little ladder-like.
Where Are Bed Bugs Found?
Bed bugs are typically found in beds, such as between the mattress and box springs or in the bedding, and can sometimes be found in upholstered furniture. Like so many insects, the first sign of them that you notice may be poop marks. You might also notice bites before you notice the insects.
The bugs themselves often go unnoticed because they are both very tiny and very flat, which helps them hide in surprisingly small spaces.
When looking at pictures of bed bugs, remember that these are typically enlargements. The actual bugs are quite tiny in size. The babies are like little dots from a pencil and the adults don’t get bigger than one quarter inch. So close ups to delineate how they look are almost always larger than their actual real life size.
So, if someone asked you “What do bed bugs look like?” could you tell them now? Just remember the babies look like clear or read pencil dots that run around and the adults look like reddish-brown apple seeds with legs and antennae up front.
For Further Reading:
Cover photo: @ jareynolds / depositphotos
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Environmental Test Kits help students gain a better awareness of environmental conditions in their area and in the world at large.
- Students Test Water and Air for Various Contaminants
- Tests Linked to Real-World Scenarios
- Instruction Guide Provided
- Tests Look for Contaminants Including Chlorides, Lead, and More
- Dust Particle Monitoring Test Included
How Clean Is the Water? tests for the presence of phosphates, pH, chlorides and lead.
Experiments in How Clean Is the Air? include dust particle monitoring, deterioration of nylon, fabric fading due to oxides of nitrogen, and dissolving pollutants in rain water. Both kits include an instruction guide.
Delivery information: Due to the nature of this item, it cannot be shipped by air under any circumstances. Please select ground shipping at time of checkout.</italic>
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Abortion Executive Summary For the course “Reporting In English” a small research about the topic abortion has been done. In this report an explanation of the research concerning abortion will be given. The main question of the research is: What are the attitudes and beliefs concerning abortion of people nowadays?. In chapter 1 a brief introduction is provided including the research question and sub-questions as well as general summary of the research topic “abortion”. In chapter 2 the kind of research methods that are used for the research are explained.
The main 2 methods that were used were a desk research to start the research and questionnaires to gather several opinions about the topic of the research. In chapter 3 the results obtained through the questionnaires have been described. In chapter 4 the results obtained have been discussed and analyzed. Several relations have been made between the results of the questionnaires. Furthermore, relations have been made between opinions about abortion and the religions of the respondents. Through these relations different conclusions have been drawn about the topic abortion.
In the last chapter the conclusion of the research on abortion Is drawn. Some important results have been shown and the mall research has been answered. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Research method 3. Results 4. Discussion 5. Conclusion References p. 8/10 p. 11 Introduction Worldwide, each year 46 million women have an abortion. Numerous women face an abortion during the fertile period of their lives. Some of them subsequently are faced with processing difficulties. Recently, there has been a research in the field of abortion among young women in New Zealand.
The main reason of choosing abortion is because of future perspectives. Women under the age of 21 were asked questions on their education, income, independence of social authority and domestic violence. After closely analyzing these factors, education turned out to make a significant difference between the two groups. The girls who have chosen for abortion turned out to be on the same page as girls who have never been in a pregnancy. After reviewing this example in New Zealand, it is the aim to observe the mind set of people in the Netherlands in order to see if there is any comparison that can be dad between these two countries.
Abortion is defined as the termination of pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo prior to viability. (Wisped, 2012) The main research question is: What are the attitudes and beliefs concerning abortion of people nowadays? The purpose of the research is to create a broader mindset of the thoughts behind this topic of students. Therefore, research needs to be done based on surveys and desk research. The research question is followed by a number of sub-questions, which are: * Is there a cohesion between religious people and non-religious people concerning abortion? In general, do people prefer adoption above abortion? Research method The following research methods have been used to gather formation for the research: * Desk Research * Surveys For the general background information on abortion, desk research has been used. Desk research is a fast and effective way to gather the information that was needed to start the research on abortion. Furthermore, surveys have been used . The surveys helped to gain quantitative information. Several responses about abortion have been collected with the surveys.
According to inhuman” is the least chosen response. To answer the sub question ” Is there a cohesion between religious people and non- religious people concerning abortion? ” the opinions about abortion have been compared with the different religions of the respondents. It revealed that the respondents who have a religion mainly have the opinion that having an abortion is selfish or inhuman. In contrast, the respondents who do not have any religion have the opinion that having an abortion is understandable. See table 1 . Table: 1 Opinion about abortion I Opinion about abortion I I Religion Inhuman Christian
Through these two research methods, a response to the main question has en searched of the report, which is: What are the attitudes and beliefs of people concerning abortion nowadays? The research has shown that, in general, people strongly agree with the fact that adoption is a better alternative to abortion. The largest group of the respondents who filled in the survey is the group of none religion. This group thinks that abortion is an understandable choice to make. Taking all the results in consideration the conclusion can be made that 57 % of the respondents thinks that abortion is understandable, which is quit a high result.
Furthermore, of all the religions, Christians are more likely to understand the choice of abortion. Finally, the results that were achieved during the research are satisfying and the results that were necessary have been found. Number of words: 983 words * WISPED. (2012). Abortion. Retrieved 14 March, 2012 from http en. Wisped. Org/wick/Abortion * Centum boor Relationship en Contemporaneousness. (2012). Oversubscribing. Retrieving 14 March, from http://www. Cruz. Be/nil/cottage. Asp? I=32 Appendix 1 . SURVEY ABORTION A positive pregnancy test is usually a cause for great Joy, but sometimes also for despair.
When a high school student becomes pregnant, they are faced with a very difficult choice. Are you going to keep your child? If a woman has an unwanted pregnancy in the Netherlands, she has the right to choose for adoption, elsewhere in the world less or not at all. But having the treatment can take place until 24 weeks gestation, before the fetus is viable outside the womb and an abortion may be performed in clinics and hospitals that are authorized. Since there are various opinions about abortion, we have chosen to investigate these for our research report. We need your help by achieving our goal.
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Claudette Anderson owns Prescription For Success in Parker, Colorado. Her center offers auditory, visual, and cognitive therapy as well as testing. Claudette is a certified practitioner of the Structures of Intellect (SOI) program as well as numerous other treatment modalities.
From the womb to adulthood, sound has made you what you are today. Studies conducted throughout the world have shown us how sound’s energy shapes the brain’s development before birth; how musical rhythms regulate our body movements; how pitch, tone and musical structure can fine-tune the mind and sharpen listening skills; how music can improve student’ test scores and communication skills; and how brains of musicians differ than those of non-musicians.
The music of your life began with a heartbeat. Sounds from the outside world, immersed you in the womb; filtered sounds were transmitted to your ears through the amniotic fluid. Especially during the final trimester, the fetus readily responds to sound in the environment. Mothers have reported that their unborn child kicks in time to music played-even stopping and starting as the music stops and starts again.
New neurological pathways are created in the fetus’ brain through contrasts of sound. A fetus’ brain tries to make sense of new sounds. The fetus remembers sounds. The fetus becomes accustomed to familiar sounds and responds to new sounds. This is the first form of learning you have. Developing human brains seem to adjust to music even more than our language. Infants often recognize and respond to the theme songs of TV programs their mothers watched while pregnant. The mother’s voice can pattern in the fetus not only the brain and style of communication, but the physical body’s sense of itself in the world.
After birth, as an infant you paid attention to familiar voices that you heard in the womb, especially your mother’s voice. You would turn your head to the source of the sound. Babies even attend to the pitch, rhythm, tone and emotion in the music. Mothers have always sung comforting songs to their babies because “babies understand it, according to Norman Weinberger, an auditory neuroscientist at the University of California. Musical favorites are obvious in infants. They will wiggle and coo when they like the sound or squirm, turn away, or even cry from unpleasant sounds.
For those of us who received insufficient patterning in some way, there is help in developing the deficits and an individual’s true “voice.” The deficits are called “Auditory Processing Disorder.” We treat this problem with music therapy.
Music does improve brain function by stimulating neural circuits in many different areas of the brain and by providing crossover activity between the hemispheres of the brain. If we improve our listening ability, we help the brain work better.
As you got older, your ability to hear the tone and rhythms of sounds helped you to learn words. Speech is based on frequencies of sounds. There’s a definite close connection between music and spoken language. They share: rhythm, melody and pitch and are both processed in the brain in similar ways. Many areas in the brain that are crucial to our language are related to music, too. The Broca’s brain area deals with musical sight reading and with language processing and organization, plus memory. As musicians age, they keep an average of 15% more gray matter in the Broca area than non-musicians have. Sound first reaches the brain in the Heschl’s Gyrus. Musicians have 130% more gray matter in this area than non-musicians.
From a fetus to a grown-up, music is essential and remarkable. Music stimulates development, provides pleasure, strengths your neural pathways, enhances your sensory and perceptual (auditory and visual) systems, improves memory and stimulates good emotions and social bonds.
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Tithing of Money
Is tithing of money (10 percent) still valid today?
Charity is a commandment that is incumbent on everyone and it teaches us the very important lesson that the money we control is actually funds that have been “entrusted” to us by God. One should not assume that if he works for his money that it belongs to him without any preconditions. Rather, whatever money we have has been granted to us by God, and we must prove ourselves worthy of being the recipients of it. Therefore, we take some of our “hard earned cash” and give it to those who are less fortunate than us.
The Code of Jewish Law (Yoreh Deah 249) states that the minimum amount that one should give is one-tenth and that one-fifth is the maximum amount that should be given to charity. This calculation should be made based on one’s net income and not his gross income.
There are various sources in the Torah for the concept of giving a tenth to charity. Avraham gave Malkitzedek a tenth of all he had (Gen. 14:20). Yaakov pledged that he would give a tenth of all he had to God (Gen. 28:22). There are numerous mentions of this concept also in the writings of the Prophets, in Midrashim, and in the Talmud with its commentaries.
I thoroughly recommend a book in English by Cyril Domb entitled Maaser Kesafim, published by Feldheim. It comprehensively covers all the laws pertaining to one’s obligation to give charity.
Please note that this article is dealing with tithing money. There are other commands to “tithe” produce from the Land of Israel to give to Kohanim (Priests), Levi’im (Levites) and the poor, as well, that are written in the Torah. I plan to address these other topics in the future, God willing.
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According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Fifth Edition (DSM-5), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a recurring pattern of irritable/ angry mood, defiant/ argumentative behavior or vindictiveness that lasts for a period of at least 6 months. It is estimated to occur in between 1 to 16% of children and adolescents.
In younger children it is more common in boys than in girls. However, the prevalence is fairly equally distributed between both sexes later on in childhood and early adolescence.
While even normally well-behaved children may be oppositional at given points in their lives, which is normal, it becomes abnormal when there is persistent disobedient, hostile and defiant behavior towards figures of authority.
Children with ODD often question and break rules, throw temper tantrums, deliberately attempt to upset others, are easily annoyed and tend to blame others for their own misconduct. If left untreated, ODD may develop into more serious mental health issues that may affect the child both socially and academically. These children are also at an increased risk for substance abuse and juvenile delinquency.
Biological and Genetic Etiology
The exact cause of ODD remains elusive. However, several factors, including biological, genetic and environmental, which may play a role in the pathogenesis.
Susceptibility to ODD is increased in those who have a positive family history (i.e. an affected parent) with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorder, ODD, mood disorders (such as. bipolar disorder and depression), drinking or substance abuse. Children born to mothers who smoked during gestation are also at an increased risk of developing ODD.
Some research suggests that the behavioral patterns seen with ODD are developed in children with mood/ anxiety disorders as a means of coping. These are children who have temperament issues and are incapable of dealing with and/ or regulating their emotions.
They tolerate frustration very poorly and they are very sensitive or, in other words, highly emotional in their responses to, situations that should not warrant such strong reactions.
Any impairment in areas of the brain that are responsible for higher functions, such as judgment, reasoning and the control of impulses, may also be a factor associated with increased ODD susceptibility. Furthermore, chemical imbalances within the central nervous system, as well as exposure to noxious toxins, and malnutrition, are all implicated in ODD as contributors to its pathogenesis.
The temperament or natural disposition of a child, in addition to the differences seen in the functioning of the brain and nerves from a neurobiological perspective, may also play a genetic role in the development of ODD.
Several studies suggest that nurture and nature act together to increase one’s susceptibility to developing the condition. Poor relationships with guardians, feelings of neglect, and/ or the absence of a parent, as well as an inability to form healthy social relationships, are just some of the psychological factors that contribute to ODD.
The disorder is more often seen in children who come from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Essentially, an environment that is chaotic, abusive or unstable, in terms of inconsistencies in discipline or housing conditions, may be implicated in the pathogenesis of ODD.
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- Created by: JackChany
- Created on: 28-10-17 15:53
Causes of WW1:
1)The assasination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand.
2)Germany's growing military strength and jealousy of the British Empire.
3)Italy wanting land back from the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
4)Many different aliiances trying to prove they are more powerful than other alliances.
5)A triple alliance between England,Russia and France was formed. They defended each other.
6)Boznia and Herzegovina wanted to be part of Serbia, not Austria-Hungary.
7)Many countries, including England and Germany greatly increased their naval power.
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MELBOURNE, Australia, JULY 25, 2005 (Zenit.org).- Is liberalism a positive and "liberating" intellectual development within Western history that can be both baptized and integrated into the life of the Church?
Or, is it a destructive cultural and political force that thwarts the desire for transcendence?
Theologian Tracey Rowland believes the latter description of liberalism an intellectual tradition derivative of the epistemology and moral, political and economic philosophy of the various European Enlightenments in the 18th century better understands the phenomenon, and believes Benedict XVI shares at least some elements of this diagnosis. The encounter with liberal culture, she says, may be one of the central themes of his papacy.
Rowland is dean and permanent fellow of the John Paul II Institute for Marriage and Family Melbourne and author of Culture and the Thomist Tradition: After Vatican II (Routledge).
She shared with ZENIT why two schools of Thomism have differing visions of how the Church should respond to, and interact with, liberal institutions and culture, without being subsumed by them.
You have said that the major intellectual and theological battle within the Church is between the "Augustinian Thomists" and the "Whig Thomists." What does this mean?
First, let me define "Whig."
The expression "Whig Thomist" was coined by Michael Novak to describe his intellectual project. Originally the word "Whig" came from the Scottish word "Whiggamor" for a cattle driver though some sources say cattle thief and others say horse thief. It was initially applied to Scottish Presbyterians, mostly from the west coast of Scotland, who opposed the Stuart cause in the wars of the 17th century.
Their counterparts, the Tories a word derived from the Gaelic for "outlaw" consisted of some aristocrats, large landowners and agrarian peasants. They were mercantilist in economic policy, royalist in politics and tended to support the succession of James II [1633-1701].
Over time the term was used to refer to a faction in British politics. Although there was never anything like a strong doctrinal definition of the term, as a sociological generalization it can be said that the Whigs were the heirs of the Scottish Enlightenment, which emphasized economic and political liberty, or an emerging philosophy known as liberalism, which was often fused with a Puritan form of Protestantism.
In the 19th century Lord Acton popularized the idea that Thomas Aquinas was the first Whig, that is, the first proponent of a modern, post-Enlightenment concept of politics. Thus "Whig Thomism" refers to an intellectual project that seeks to locate the genesis of the liberal tradition in the thought of Thomas Aquinas and to synthesize elements of the Liberal tradition, particularly those provided by the Scottish Enlightenment, to classical Thomism.
The project of reading Aquinas as the first Whig or first Liberal has been criticized by a number of scholars.
For example, Robert Kraynak, in his work Christian Faith and Modern Democracy, has written that "though intriguing, Acton's interpretation is misleading because Thomas defends power sharing and political participation, not as a right of the people to parliamentary consent nor as a means for protecting personal rights and liberties, but as the prudent application of natural law whose ends are best realized in a stable constitutional order dedicated to peace, virtue and Christian piety. This is medieval corporatism applied within the [Augustinian] doctrine of the Two Cities, rather than the first stirring of modern liberty."
Those who may loosely be classified as "Augustinian Thomists" follow such a Kraynak-style reading of Aquinas, rather than an Actonian.
What I argued in my book Culture and the Thomist Tradition: After Vatican II is that there is a division between those who think that the Thomist tradition should accommodate itself to the culture of modernity, particularly the economic dimensions of this culture the self-described "Whig Thomists" and those who believe that modernity and its liberal tradition are really toxic to the flourishing of the faith.
Those who take the latter position do not want to supplement the Thomist tradition with doses of Enlightenment values. They are very broadly described as Augustinian Thomists for the want of a better label because, in a manner consistent with St. Augustine's idea of the two cities, they reject the claim of the liberal tradition to be neutral toward competing perspectives of the good and competing theological claims.
While the Whigs argue that liberalism is the logical outgrowth of the classical-theistic synthesis, the Augustinian Thomists argue that the liberal tradition represents its mutation and heretical reconstruction, and they tend to agree with Samuel Johnson that the devil not Thomas Aquinas was the first Whig.
There are thus two different readings of modernity and with that, two different readings of how the Church should engage the contemporary world. While the Whigs want the Church to accommodate the culture of modernity, the Augustinians favor a much more critical stance.
Another point I made in my book is that those who think that the liberal tradition is avant-garde are about 40 years behind the times. Liberalism ceased being the hegemonic intellectual tradition in the Western world in 1968. At least since then the intellectual battlefront has been three-cornered.
First of all there are theists Catholics, Muslims, Jews, Protestants, etc.; secondly, there are believers in Enlightenment-style rationality, that is, different varieties of liberals who sever reason from faith; and thirdly, there are the postmoderns who think that the Enlightenment was a very oppressive social experiment and that all versions of rationality are in some way related to theological or mythological presuppositions, although they do not accept that we can use our reason to judge between those competing theological presuppositions.
On some fronts Catholic scholars may do better to work with the postmoderns than those who insist on a strict severance of faith and reason, or at least not nail their colors irrevocably to a liberal mast.
The point at which the Whigs and Augustinians come into conflict is over the issue of the moral quality of what is called the "culture of America," which is not of course confined to the geographical boundaries of the United States. It is, as Alasdair MacIntyre says, a theoretical construct.
The Whigs want to baptize the current international economic order, while the Augustinians take a more critical approach, arguing that there are economic practices characteristic of this order that cannot be squared with the social teaching of the Church.
Moreover, the Augustinians are more likely to point out that most people do not sit down and develop a worldview for themselves from hours of philosophical and theological reflection. They tacitly pick up values and ideas from the institutions in which they work.
The Augustinians argue that there are aspects of the culture of modernity that act as barriers to the flourishing of Christian practice and belief, and unless the culture is changed, no amount of intellectual gymnastics on the part of the Church's scholars will be of help to those 1 billion Catholics who have to make a living within the world.
In other words, if one has to be a saint not to be morally compromised by the culture in which one works, then there is something wrong with that culture.
I don't think that this is the major intellectual battlefront within the Church, but it is an important one.
In what sense is Pope Benedict an Augustinian? In what sense is he a Thomist?
I would say that Pope Benedict is a Thomist insofar as he would probably agree with most of what St. Thomas wrote. However, he is not a Thomist in the sense of appealing to the authority of St. Thomas in his defense of the faith, focusing his scholarly endeavors upon the works of Aquinas or in the sense of using a scholastic methodology.
Rather, Pope Benedict is one of the many members of his generation who, while not disagreeing with the content of Thomist thought, believed that the scholastic presentation of the faith doesn't exactly set souls on fire unless they happen to be a particular type of soul with a passion for intellectual disputation. He has said that "scholasticism has its greatness, but everything is impersonal."
In contrast, with Augustine "the passionate, suffering, questioning man is always right there, and you can identify with him."
Benedict has also been strongly influenced by the Augustinian principle that faith is the door to understanding. He has said that he believes that a kind of memory, of recollection of God, is etched in man, though it needs to be awakened.
His Augustinian pedigree is also manifest in his interest in the transcendental of beauty and his understanding of the catechetical importance of language and symbols and the relationship between matters of form and substance.
So much of the liturgical mess of the last 30 years has been brought about by philistines who want to dumb down the language of the liturgy, replace symbolic gestures by lay people explaining what Father is doing as if we are all uncatechized Martians and gutting liturgical language of its poetic dimensions.
Even secular linguistic philosophers argue that form and substance are inseparable that if we change language, we also in some sense change the way that people think. Pope Benedict is onto this, along with Francis Cardinal George of Chicago, and liturgical scholars such Aidan Nichols, OP, Monsignor Peter Elliott, Stratford Caldecott of the Center for Faith and Culture in Oxford, and Alcuin Reid, OSB.
How does Pope Benedict XVI's Augustinian Thomism shape the way he views the phenomenon of liberal democracy?
From an Augustinian point of view, the biggest problem with liberalism is its claim to be theologically neutral or indifferent toward different religious traditions. Quite a long list of scholars are coming to the view that the liberal claim to theological neutrality is bogus. This list includes Anglicans associated with the radical orthodoxy circle and scholars with a more Baptist-oriented theological background.
It is not a position limited to so-called conservative or ultra-montanist Catholics. Indeed most postmoderns would agree with this criticism of the liberal tradition. Pope Benedict has made it clear that Catholics should not be persuaded by the liberal rhetoric to believe that in order to be good citizens they must bifurcate themselves into public and private halves.
He has observed that secularism is itself an ideology, a kind of religious position that presents itself as the only voice of rationality. He sees these views as posing a challenge to the dominant political cultures of contemporary liberal democracies.
To say this, however, is not to say that he is against constitutionalism. He is not saying that the Church should run the state. He would probably agree with the saying of Martin Luther King that the Church is neither the master of the state, nor the servant of the state, but the conscience of the state.
Pope Benedict XVI has been described as a "man of culture," and suspect of theologians who do not have an appreciation for great art, music or beauty. What role does culture play in theology and political life?
One of my favorite Ratzinger quotations is that "A theologian who does not love art, poetry, music and nature can be dangerous!" It comes in a close second behind his observation that in some ways he prefers the Italian spirit to the German because the saints were all people with imagination not functionaries of apparatuses.
In other words, beware the person with no interest in literature, music, art, poetry and nature but who has a big interest in keeping the machinery operating. I haven't heard what he has said to the Vatican bureaucrats who reportedly wanted to ban his cats from the papal apartments, but they sound dangerous, too the bureaucrats, that is.
But to answer your question about culture and theology, the territory of the theology of culture is very broad. It ranges from the morality of different institutional and social practices, including practices within political institutions, to questions about the propriety of different types of music for liturgical use and questions about the role of language in the process of evangelization.
For example, should we adopt the language of hostile intellectual traditions when presenting the Church's teachings? And what principles should be applied when discerning which of the "spoils of the Egyptians" to plunder?
Pope Benedict has observed that the Church is its own cultural subject for the faithful, which is a further indication that he is not inclined to follow the pastoral strategy of accommodating the Church's culture to whatever happens to be fashionable in the contemporary Western world.
In a recent address to the Knights of Columbus, Cardinal Stafford said that every world religion is trembling before the advances of American pop culture. I think that Pope Benedict would agree with this assessment and that he understands that the Church, in a sense, needs to be the mother of culture. She needs to put life back into culture, so that people can be edified and experience self-transcendence.
By what standards is the health of a culture measured according to Pope Benedict?
In his book The Spirit of the Liturgy, Benedict made the point that the sole purpose not the major purpose, but the sole purpose for the liberation of the Jews from Pharaoh was that God wanted them to be able to worship according to his prescriptions.
Thus, I would say that for Benedict the most important question about any culture is, where does liturgy stand within this culture? Is it the highest good? Are we dealing with a liturgical city? Or are we dealing with a culture which is driven by economic factors? Who are the gods of this culture? What is the dominant vision of the human person? How are the sick and vulnerable treated?
Concretely, it is of little benefit to Christians to live in a culture where any kind of liturgical expression is permitted, if, like the Jews under Pharaoh, they are being forced to work like slaves just to provide shelter and food for their families and have no time for prayer and leisure, that is, no time for God, in lives dominated by the quest for physical survival.
In the same work, Benedict said that law and ethics do not hold together when they are not anchored in the liturgical center and inspired by it.
He also made the point that every society has its cults; even the decidedly atheistic, materialistic systems create their own forms of cult. He comes very close to the position of scholars such as Catherine Pickstock and William T. Cavanaugh who have argued that in contemporary Western society the market has replaced the Eucharist as our object of adoration.
This is not to say that he is against the idea of a market per se, but my judgment is that he is against making market competition the underlying, infrastructural dynamic of a culture.
Karl Polanyi expressed the position well when he wrote that a "natural order" is one in which the economy is embedded in social relations, rather than one in which social relations are embedded in the economic system, making society a mere adjunct to the market.
By making the test that of the place and nature of liturgy within a culture Benedict is also taking a very Augustinian position. Augustine would say that what we adore is a sign of what we love, and what we love is a declaration of our membership card of one of the two cities the city of God or the city of Man.
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|Holi, the most lively of all Hindu festivals is observed all over North India, which falls on the full moon day in the month of Phalgun (March) according to the Hindu Lunar calendar. It heralds the end of the winter and the beginning of the spring and marks the rekindling of the spirit of life. It is a festival of joy when all is forgiven and it is a time to break free.
The night before full moon, crowds of people gather together and light huge bonfires to burn the residual dried leaves and twigs of the winter. People throw coloured powders at each other and make merry. People, young and old are drenched with colours being poured from atop the houses, bursting balloons, or long pistons. Singing and dancing add to the gaiety of the occasion.
In Anandpur Sahib, Sikhs celebrate a special festivalHola Mohalla on the day after Holi. The display of ancient martial arts and mock battles, are part of this unique Sikh festival.
The Holi celebrations in Mathura and the small towns of Braj Bhoomi - the land of Sri Krishna, are spectacular. The Rang Gulal Festival is celebrated for over a week with exuberant processions, songs and music.
Especially famous is the Lathmaar Holi of Barsana and Nandgaon.
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Lowry, Mark S. and Forney, Karin A. (2005) Abundance and distribution of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) in central and northern California during 1998 and summer 1999. Fishery Bulletin, 103(2), pp. 331-343.
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The abundance and distribution of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) in central and northern California was studied to allow future evaluation of their impact on salmonids, the ecosystem, and f isheries. Abundance at-sea was estimated by using the strip transect method from a fixed-wing aircraft with a belly viewing port. Abundance on land was estimated from 126-mm-format aerial photographs of animals at haulouts between Point Conception and the California−Oregon border. The sum of these two estimates represented total abundance for central and northern California. Both types of survey were conducted in May−June 1998, September 1998, December 1998, and July 1999. A haulout survey was conducted in July 1998. The greatest number of sea lions occurred near Monterey Bay and San Francisco Bay for all surveys. Abundance was high in central and northern California in 1998 when warm water from the 1997−98 El Niño affected the region and was low in July 1999 when cold water La Niña conditions were prevalent. At-sea abundance estimates in central and northern California ranged from 12,232 to 40,161 animals, and haulout abundance was 13,559 to 36,576 animals. Total abundance of California sea lions in central and northern California was estimated as 64,916 in May−June 1998, 75,673 in September 1998, 56,775 in December 1998, and 25,791 in July 1999. The proportion of total abundance to animals hauled-out for the four complete surveys ranged from 1.77 to 2.13, and the mean of 1.89 was used to estimate a total abundance of 49,697 for July 1998. This multiplier may be applicable in the future to estimate total abundance of California sea lions off central and northern California if only the abundance of animals at haulout sites is known.
|Title:||Abundance and distribution of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) in central and northern California during 1998 and summer 1999|
|Journal or Publication Title:||Fishery Bulletin|
|Page Range:||pp. 331-343|
|Issuing Agency:||United States National Marine Fisheries Service|
|Depositing User:||Patti M. Marraro|
|Date Deposited:||03 Aug 2012 14:28|
|Last Modified:||03 Aug 2012 14:28|
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Information on Writing
All articles must contain information of immediate or potential relevance for the solution-focused practitioner.
Resourses for Authors
Support in the Writing Process
Stylistic reminders special to us
- Make sure to define the key concepts used in the article. While it is not necessary to explain every detail about basic solution-focused concepts such as "the miracle question," authors are encouraged to provide short examples whenever it is possible to do so without distracting from the overall theme of the text. Comparatively ambiguous, complex, or previously less developed solution-focused concepts such as the "not-knowing" stance typically require a definition and a reference in order to clarify their relevance to solution-focused practice.
- Write "solution-focused" like this, in lower case letters and with a hyphen.
- Keep abrevations to a minimum. The APA Style allows abbreviations in second and following instances, except at the beginning of sentences. But abbreviations should be limited to instances when a) the abbreviation is standard and will not interfere with the reader’s understanding (examples include HIV, USA or ADHD) and b) if space and repetition can be greatly avoided through abbreviation. Do not abbrevate the term "solution-focused".
- Write with the fellow colleagues in mind who are already knowledgeable in the solution-focused model.
- Strive to use simple rather than complicated words so the text is as internationally accessible as possible and free of jargon.
- The word “we” should always refer to the authors, not to the reader audience or any other group.
- Let facts and descriptions shine rather than personal beliefs and convictions.
Most solution-focused practitioners may have encountered examples of the APA Style at one point or another. APA Style describe how to structure an article, how to incert refernces and much more, here are some helpful resources regarding APA Style:
Written information on APA Style (link)
APA Style information on OWL (link)
Translation, Grammar, and Spelling
Free online translation at Google translate (link).
Free online grammar and spell check, very good if English is your second language (link)
Ready to Pay for Service? You can pay for a professional check of your text, one good alternative is Firstediting (link). They will help you with every possible need you have in preparing your article. Including, English as second language, APA style and over all language checks and editing at a fair cost.
Is English Not Your First Language?
Here are some tips for you:
- Write in your native language first; make the article as ready as possible using your native language. Use the guidelines in the menu that describes the sort of article you are writing.
- Translate the article you are going to submit using Google (free) or pay a translator
- Check the text and fix the obvious errors manually
- Check the English text at SpellCheckPlus; if you do smaller chunks of text at one time, it is free.
- Ask a friend or colleague who speaks English as their first language to proofread your writing. When you are sufficiently satisfied with the language checks you have done, it is time to submit your article.
- After you have submitted your article, you should expect to get useful comments and suggestions from the peer review and from the editor, so don't overwork the language aspect of the article. It is better to polish the English after the article is approaching a final accepted version.
- If you are to submit an article that was published before in another language the best alternative is to have it professionally translated.
Writing a short article is a good first step toward building writing confidence. The exercise below may be helpful in getting started. If you would like to start with a scholarly text right away, try writing a book review of a scholarly text.
How to write an article of 400-1000 words
A good article of this sort can be used as blog post or perhaps published in a magazine, or provide you with a starting point for a scholarly article. This is a great way to start writing, and if you want to write a scholarly article you can test yourself by sitting down and writing a shorter piece just to put your original ideas and points on paper. Following the instructions below will provide you a nice little article as an extra benefit.
The description below is just intended to let you know some tricks to get started writing. It can be easy to get stuck at one stage or another; use the timeframes to get on with writing and feel the satisfaction of have written a short article in less than one (1!) hour. Look at the menu at the left and check out the options to continue developing your writing in an academic direction.
One Hour Article. (Exercise to Get You Started)
1) Start by writing down various ideas for articles you could write. Have this list readily available to add to whenever you get an idea. When you start writing down ideas, you may experience that more ideas pop up.
2) Choose a topic. Choose what you want to write about and narrow it down a bit more. Try to think of a title for your article. Use no more than 5 minutes. At 4 minutes, write down what you have so far and go to the next stage.
3) Brainstorm. Write down everything that you can about the subject during a 5 minute period. This will be the second and following paragraphs of the article, and the most important content is to be found here. If you have much to write, several additional paragraphs may result, but try to keep to a maximum of four paragraphs.
A word of caution. If you chose a subject that you know nothing about, research will be necessary before proceeding to this stage. And sometimes, after digging a little deeper into a topic, you will find it necessary to do additional research before continuing further.
4) The first paragraph. The first section explains what you will write about in the rest of the article and what the reader will know after reading the article. (5 minutes)
5) The second and following paragraphs. Describe one idea per paragraph and use your notes from the brainstorming. (5 minutes per idea/paragraph)
6) The last paragraph. Here you repeat the key points of the article and highlight them. You simply tell your readers what you have just told them and what you hope they learned. Do not put new material in the last paragraph. (10 minutes)
7) Now it is time to check spelling and grammatical errors. Read the article aloud to yourself. (15 minutes)
Congratulations! Now you have written an article in less than an hour!
- Try to get your article to answer the following questions: why, where, when, and how.
- Do not worry about spelling and grammar while you brainstorm. The important thing is that you get the basic content and a sensible number of points. Then you can retrospectively fix all else.
- If you are experiencing "writer's block," take a time-out and put the paper away; however, try first to just go on with writing without worrying so much about the quality of the text and your ideas as you write.
Articles on Research
This type of article describes original research and development of a subject. We welcome these kinds of articles. This article is based on your original empirical studies, analysis of original data or secondary analysis of existing data. Both research based on qualitative or/and quantitative designs are welcome. The article should be approximately 3500-4000 words in APA style (link to OWL with information about the APA style) and should include a structured abstract of 100–300 words (headings to include aims, method, results, and conclusions)
When you write your article, you don't necessarily need to write the first part first. The easiest way to write, and often the one that will make the most sense, is to start writing the part about the Method (you can write this during the actual research, while you have the details fresh in your mind) and then continue to write Result, Introduction, Discussion, Abstract, and last, decide on the Title.
The Content of the Article
The structure of the article should follow the progression of the headings below in the order in which they appear:
Title. The title of the article should be approximately 5-15 words and describe the article accurately and concisely
Abstract. An abstract is a summary, a condensed version of the article in 100-200 words. The abstract should be able to "stand alone" in presenting the study:
- Objective: The problem and aim addressed in the study
- Method and process in short (sample, design, analyses)
- Result: Main finding and the most significant implications of the findings
Introduction. Include the following:
1) Definition of the problem of inquiry and objective.
- What is the problem and what is the purpose of the study? Define why this study is important and of interest. What does this study contribute?
- Explain your key concepts.
2) Literature review
- Describe the current literature relevant to your study. Don't leave any surprises for the discussion.
- Explain why your study is needed. What is lacking that this study can clarify?
3) What method did you use and why?
Tip: Avoid simply listing facts; use a narrative style to clearly explain the connections between the problem at hand and the aim/objective of the study. Describe the research question and the design of the study, as well as earlier research with your study.
Method. The method section can best be described as a story. How did you go about conducting the study? Include the following when appropriate:
- How were the participants recruited to the study?
- Consent and ethics committee approval!
- Beginning number and drop-outs.
- Include information about sex, age, race, education, cognitive status, illnesses, medicines, and other factors that could contribute to the understanding of the research conditions regarding the participants.
Tip: Most of this information is best presented in the form of a graphic table. Describe the most important in the text.
2) Material or Instruments:
-Tests, medicines, questioners, report forms used, statistical computer program used.
Tip: Before you construct your own material, check to see what was used in previous studies. This will make it possible to compare results and build knowledge more easily within your field of study. Write in detail, but not excessively. No theory here, just state the facts. Let yourself be inspired by how others have done a report similar to yours.
-Describe the design of the study.
-Describe chronologically the passage of events during the research process, using the design to make the research.
-Use imperfect, past tense.
-If the procedure is complicated, use a figure.
4) Analysis of data:
-Describe briefly. If the sort of analysis you used is uncommon, you may need to describe it in more detail.
Tip: Write so clearly that the reader could conceivably use the article to repeat the study. Use, if possible, a method that makes it possible to compare your results with other research and conduct meta-analyses.
Result. What did you discover? What data are most relevant?
- Select the appropriate way to display numbers: Few numbers - use text; many numbers - use a table; important numbers - use a figure.
Tip: Do not overstate your results:
"The drug cured 1/3 of the infected mice, another 1/3 were not affected, and the third mouse got away.”
Mirror the structure of the Method section in the Result section. Do not discuss what you found, just report on the plain results.
1) Main Findings
- Present your main findings succinctly
- Include unexpected findings
- Compare with earlier research and therory.
2) Methodologcial conciderations
- Describe possible limitations of your findings as well as the strength.
3) Practical implications
- Discuss the practical implications of your findings
4) Research implications
- Discuss the theoretical implications of your findings
- Imply future research when it adds to the content, but do not say “more research is needed in this area” simply as scholarly disclaimer.
- summarize the above discussion
References. Use APA Style for the references.
Research Review Article
The purpose of a review paper is to review recent progress on a particular topic of research. Overall, the paper summarizes the current state of knowledge of the topic. It creates an understanding of the topic for the reader by discussing the findings presented in recent research papers and the author’s conclusions about the state of knowledge regarding the topic.
A review paper integrates the results from several primary literature papers to produce a coherent argument about a topic or a focused description of a field. It then synthesizes the information into a new way of looking at the topic. Almost every scientific journal has special review articles that you could look at for a reference on how to write and structure the article. Researchers commonly use reviews to communicate with each other and the public. A key aspect of a review article is that it provides the research evidence for a particular point of view in a field.
The emphasis of a review paper is interpreting the primary literature on the subject. You need to read several original research articles on the same topic and draw your own conclusions about the meanings of those papers.
Choose a topic. It should be quite specific (not too wide). If you find that you started too wide, you can always narrow your focus during the process. Maybe there are several interesting questions that you are trying to cover at the same time. Then you may end up wanting to write more than one article within one wider subject. Recognize this and choose a smaller idea to start with.
Research your topic. You will want to base most of your topic research on scientifically legitimate sources of information obtained from primary literature and other appropriate references.
Overview of the structure of the article: Your article should consist of four general sections: Introduction, the body of the paper, conclusion and future directions, literature cited. Use APA style when you write your article (link to a description of the APA style)
Review articles contain neither materials and methods sections nor an abstract. Use topic headings. Replace the topic heading that reads "Body of the paper" above and instead insert the topic headings to refer to the actual concepts or ideas covered in that section in your article.
- Introduction and Background
- Make it brief (~1/5 of the paper’s total length).
- Grab the reader's interest while introducing the topic.
- Explain the "big picture" relevance.
- Provide the necessary background information for the topic.
Body of the Paper
Empirical evidence: Describe important results from recent primary literature articles and explain how those results shape the current understanding of the topic. Mention the types of research done and their corresponding data, but do not repeat the studies’ procedures step by step. Point out and address any controversies in the field. Use figures and/or tables to present your own synthesis of the original data or to show key data taken directly from the original papers.
Summarize your major points. Point out the significance of these results. Discuss the questions that remain in the area. Keep it brief.
Typically, at least 8-10 references are required.
Essay- Basic Template
This is a description of the basic structure of an essay. Use this when you want to write, for example, about your practice, your ideas, the solution-focused practice development, case descriptions and so on. For more ideas and details on very specific types of essays see also this pages Case Study, Commentary Article, book review, interview.
When you write a paper on research there is a more specific research article template on this page (link)
Remember to us APA style (link to OWL with information about APA style),
A Tip: Write down your ideas just as they come to you before you start structuring your writing into an article!
Word Count: Use as many words you need, but no more … (an article often have between 1000 and 4000 words and sometimes more...) Use "Word Count" in "Tools" in the word program on your computer to get an idea how many words you have used.
Organization of an Essay article
An abstract is a summary, a condensed version of the article in 100-200 words. The abstract should be able to "stand alone" in presenting the essay. It should include this parts.
- The aim and/or claim of the article
- Summary of the main ideas
- Summary of the conclusion
key words: define the key words, which words should result in your article coming up in a web search?
The introduction is the first paragraph in the essay, and it should accomplish a few specific goals.
- Capture the reader's interest
- Introduce the topic
- Make a claim and/or define an aim for the article, express your opinion in a thesis sentence.
The thesis sentence should provide your specific assertion and convey clearly your point of view. The claim or aim or thesis could be directed toward the subject of the article ("We propose that the use of scaling questions is essential for solution-focused therapy") or toward the usefulness of the article for the reader ("We aim to inspire the creative use of scaling questions with a couple of examples from our practice"). Your claim or aim is the answer to the one of this questions, chose one of them to help in inspiration in formulating your claim or opinion; "what is the point of writing this article?", "what do I hope the reader will get out it?", "what do I hope to share with the reader" , "why do I think this article would be of interest to read", "why did I put time in to write this particular article" or "What use is this article".
The body of the essay will include paragraphs, each limited to one main idea that supports your thesis. You should state your idea, then back it up with evidence or examples. The headlines in this section are chosen by the authors and depend on the subject.
The final paragraph will summarize your main points and re-assert your main claim. It should point out the main points, but should not repeat specific examples.
Once you complete the first draft of your essay, it's a good idea to re-visit the thesis statement in your first paragraph. Read your essay to see if it flows well.
You might find that the supporting paragraphs are strong, but they don't address the exact focus of your thesis. Simply re-write your thesis sentence to fit your body and summary more exactly.
By doing this, you will ensure that every sentence in your essay supports, proves, or reflects your thesis.
5) References (remember to use APA style)
When you have sent in your article you will get a confirmation within 24 hours that we received your article. All articles are peer reviewed.
Below is a guideline for writing a commentary article or invited essay. We hope this template will facilitate the writing of your commentary article. Most commentary articles share some common parts. Note, however, that these guidelines are only intended as a starting point. Since persuasion is typically an important goal of a commentary article, the topic chosen should be at least somewhat controversial in view of the reader audience.
This should clearly indicate your position regarding the topic.
The preamble provides the reader a background to the current controversy or discussion and reveals why the writer considers the topic sufficiently important to address in the article.
This part provides a detailed description of the author’s position. It often contains suggestions or requests.
4. Arguments and counterarguments (pro et contra)
In this section, a detailed argument is given for why the author’s position is correct. A well-written and persuasive commentary piece provides relevant and sustainable arguments. Presenting the counterargument as fairly and accurately as possible will further the paper’s credibility.
Provide sources for all assertions, and use exact citations whenever possible to support all major counterarguments. Refrain from mean-spirited statements or unessential information that would be likely to offend or embarrass an adversary, as such behavior is unprofessional as well as counterproductive. To a large degree, our own position can only achieve strength and credibility in its conclusion in proportion to the level of fairness and accuracy with which it presents the counter-position. However, bear in mind that concerns about “winning the argument” should never override the actual content of the article. An effective commentary article is typically written about a topic of importance to the author from a position of experience and perspective.
Summarize your position and your best arguments.
Provide clear references.
Formulating a convincing argument requires a clear mind, a thesis, and specific reasons that support the proposed view. This is best accomplished with a clearly defined thesis supported by well structured arguments.
- The author should be familiar with the subject of the thesis and well informed about the facts and the values that are used to support it.
- The introduction should invite the readers’ commitment to the issue.
- Ensure that the arguments provided are directly related to the thesis.
- Counterarguments also must clearly indicate the writer’s familiarity with thinking represented in the counter-position.
- The author must successfully respond to the counterarguments. The inability to do so during the process of writing may be an indication that the writer doesn’t have a credible case.
- Use paragraph subdivisions and headings to clarify the various sections of the article
- Make the language varied, powerful, and effective. The word “we” should always refer to the authors of the text at hand and never to the reader or any other group.
Below you will find a template for a book review. We hope it will be of help in writing and aid you in focusing on the things you want to share about the book you have read. Note that this template is only a starting point and that although all the headings may not be included in the finished text, they should be used as guiding the process during writing.
1. Review of [Book title] by [author's name]
The preamble includes:
• Book's title with any explanation of it
• Full reference information
• Short presentation of the author
3. The book’s main focus
Describes the book's main focus briefly. For example, "This book offers new ideas for how we can understand and approach teen pregnancy."
4.The book's setting
Describe the context and the environment the author writes about. What are the place and time the author has collected the data and ideas?
5. The book's main ideas
This part of the review describes the main ideas of the book. The book should have a few main ideas but not very many. Every idea in this part may be a sub-heading, as below:
Idea 1: Start by giving a short presentation of the idea and its place in the content.
Idea 2: New idea as above.
6. The book's form and composition
……Form. Describe the author's writing style. The form refers to how the text is structured. Is the language figurative? Is the language clear? Are there many difficult words and very many references and links to other literature? Are the main ideas clear? Does it use simple sentences? Does it have an adequate number of references?
……Composition. Describe how the author has chosen to tell the story. Are there separate parts of the book that describe the main ideas from different perspectives? For example, one part may have the theory and main ideas, one part case stories to illustrate them, one part exercises or tips for learning new skills. Or are these interwoven throughout the book around different themes? Or does the book have a more purely theoretical or practical focus?
Summarize what message you think the author would want to give to the reader of the book (or if you think that no message is available). This part of the review is an analysis of the book from your perspective. Try to give some examples and quotes from the book that confirm your thesis of the book's message.
It is, after all, a book review you are writing and what would it be without a recommendation? But first, you need to discuss what is good and bad about the book and why you think so. Try to save your opinions about the book for this part of the review; give neutral descriptions in the above sections. This gives a space for readers to get first impressions of their own.
In the discussion part, you can also compare the book with other literature, which gives it a context; again, it is up to you to analyze the book.
Explain everything you write carefully and use moderate rather than combative language; this will make the reader more focused on the content of what you write and on the book that is the focus of the review, and not shift the focus to you--the person writing the review, sitting behind your keyboard.
Our recommendation is that you should only write a review of a book that you like to recommend others to read. Your recommendation should be underpinned with arguments. Also include who you believe the book would especially fit and why.
When making the final touches to your book review, carefully check this again:
• Double-check the spelling of the author name(s), character names, special terms, and publisher.
• Try to read from the viewpoint of your audience. Is there too much/not enough summary? Does your argument about the text make sense to someone who has not yet read the book?
• Should you include direct quotes from the reading? Do they help support your arguments? Double-check your quotes for accuracy!
Choose Your Interviewee
An interview is a great opportunity to ask someone about the things you want to know, what they do and think about, and all other stuff you always wondered. Social norms may tell you that you can't start asking all that when you meet in private or professionally. So if you have someone you would like to ask all those questions, why not make an interview and write an article about it? We would be happy to hear about your plans for an interview.
Phases of an Interview
An interview could be described in these phases: preparation, conversation (the interview), writing and control. The first thing you should do is to prepare. Find out as much as possible about the person or subject that the interview should be about. Do your research well.
A common beginner’s mistake is to write down a lot of questions, then to sit throughout the interview and be nervous that you did not ask all your questions on your note pad. It is better to have 5-6 good, wide questions and ask them. Then you can listen attentively and ask good follow-up questions. It is not how many questions asked that's the point, but how effective they are.
A good interview should be like a conversation, not an interrogation. The most important thing is then to listen, to both what is said and what is not said.
Ask only one question at a time. Start with a question that you think the person you are interviewing could find easy to answer. It's a great way to get started.
Avoid questions that only give yes or no answers. It is the interviewee who should say things, not the interviewer. But keep within your planned frame of questions; do not allow the interviewee to take over. If you get into other topics than you planned, then it is better to put that aside and plan another interview at another time than to try to cover all questions at the same time.
Take notes during the interview; focus on writing down what brings something new and relevant to the subject.
Try to train your mind to write when the interviewee says something that you think is so important that you want to quote it--that is, to repeat exactly what the person said. You have to write that down verbatim.
You can record the interview to make it possible to check your quotes, but not instead of taking notes.
After the Interview
When we publish, the interview questions are generally of secondary importance. Therefore, there is no need to have them in the finished article. But as you write the article, you may want to use your questions as headings for the paragraphs to orient yourself in your writing. Then, when you are close to finished with writing your article, you should delete the interview questions from the final text, as they should only serve as a supporting structure for you and not be a part of the final article.
Example: Your interview question was, "How did you first come in contact with solution-focused ideas?" Your article may say, "Mary´s first contact with solution-focused ideas came about in…" instead of including the original question.
In these sorts of interviews, it is important that you let the interviewee read and approve the article before you submit it. Then any misunderstandings or quotes that need clarification may be corrected. It is important that the interviewee is happy with how the interview turned out in writing.
The use of Cases in Research - Case Study or Multi-Case Study
A real case study has an ambition to answer a researchable question and can be the main focus on your article in itself. This is much different from the types of case descriptions described above. Many groundbreaking discoveries are done by practitioners who observe one case or a small group of cases that seem to defy what is known before. This sometimes is the gate to a new paradigm or field of research. If you feel that you are onto something important (and it may not be a shift of paradigm that you feel is coming on), a case study is a great way to start collecting data and organize your hunches and intuition into a clear description of your experiences and conclusions regarding the question at hand. Much of solution-focused practices have been developed in this way.
Tips: Article "Introduction to Case Study" by Winston Tellis link
Cases as Illustrative Teaching Examples
…..An illustrative case example is a fictional description used to give the reader a fuller picture of the content presented in an article. Within an article, these are sometimes employed as teaching devices to illustrate, for example, how a treatment program works or how to use a specific therapeutic intervention within a session. The exact "case" described in this sort of description may not ever have existed or may be a compilation of several instances; it is just an average case presented for the purpose of a description. An illustrative case example is often a very useful and revelatory part of a scholarly article.
Anecdotal case examples are often based on actual cases. Typically employed as a teaching tool in training settings, they sometimes find their way into scholarly texts.
An anecdote is a powerful training tool; it can effectively communicate important reasons to support a specific method, and the immediacy of the narrative makes it easy to believe that it actually happened the way the teacher describes it.
Over the course of time, some of these case stories seem to improve in some ways and in other ways lose some of the aspects and the nuances they first possessed. A potential problem with anecdotal case description is that it can be inadvertently misused in misleading ways in the absence of actual, empirical evidence of the effectiveness of a particular technique or theoretical construct.
The reverse can also be true: An anecdote can be a way to dismiss another practice or method in one sweep without having to take care and check facts, which would moderate the critique to a more accurate level. For example, stories of how absurdly or wrongly therapists from another therapeutic school of therapy have behaved are not professional or useful.
Both of these kinds of anecdotes can be used to enhance the air of expertise of the speaker and to stroke an already positive audience in favor of the speaker. Skeptics will seldom be convinced of anecdotal cases. The anecdote then serves to enhance the feelings of connectedness between the speaker and the people on the same side in a debate, and also to alienate the other side in the discussion.
Anecdotal cases are typically frowned upon in scholarly articles, as they tend to be over-simplified and hide important aspects of a situation instead of spreading light and enhancing clarity regarding an issue.
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On January 29, 2002, a 34-year-old roadway construction worker (the victim) was killed when he was backed over by a dump truck. The victim was walking along the side of a road grader picking-up centerline lane reflectors when a dump truck loaded with asphalt backed over him. When notified by CB radio that the paving machine was ready for him, the driver exited the staging area, entered the work zone and started backing-up towards the paving machine. As he backed, he reported that he did not see the victim and thought that the victim had moved out of the way. While backing, the dump truck operator said that he heard a voice over his CB radio yelling for him to stop because he had hit someone. Instead of stopping, the truck driver moved his truck forward approximately 20-feet, and again was told to stop because he had hit someone. Local Emergency Medical Services (EMS) responded within minutes. EMS determined that the victim was deceased and contacted the county coroner who pronounced the victim dead at the scene. NIOSH investigators concluded that, to help prevent similar incidents, employers should: 1. ensure that workers on foot remain clear of moving equipment by developing and utilizing an "Internal Traffic Control Plan" for each highway and road work project; 2. consider the use of electronic signaling devices or sensors to warn equipment operators of workers on foot in the immediate work area; 3. ensure that during planning phases of roadway construction projects, staging areas are planned so as to minimize backing distances through workzones; 4. consider the use of a spotter for assistance when backing trucks into a work zone; 5. ensure that all workers on site are trained to follow standard operating procedures for entry and exit in the workzone; and, 6. ensure that work is scheduled to allow for sufficient rest periods for workers.
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Coakley Surname History
The family history of the Coakley last name is maintained by the AncientFaces community. Join the community by adding to to our knowldge of the Coakley:
- Coakley family history
- Coakley country of origin, nationality, & ethnicity
- Coakley last name meaning & etymology
- Coakley spelling & pronunciation
Latest Coakley photos
These photos were uploaded by members of the Coakley community on AncientFaces.
Coakley Country of Origin, Nationality, & Ethnicity
No one has submitted information on Coakley country of origin, nationality, or ethnicity. Add to this section
No content has been submitted about the Coakley country of origin. The following is speculative information about Coakley. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
The nationality of Coakley may be complicated to determine because country boundaries change over time, leaving the nation of origin a mystery. The original ethnicity of Coakley may be difficult to determine depending on whether the family name came in to being naturally and independently in various locales; for example, in the case of last names that are based on professions, which can appear in multiple countries independently (such as the family name "Miller" which referred to the profession of working in a mill).
Coakley Meaning & Etymology
No one has submitted information on Coakley meaning and etymology. Add to this section
No content has been submitted about the meaning of Coakley. The following is speculative information about Coakley. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
The meaning of Coakley come may come from a trade, such as the name "Fisher" which was given to fishermen. Some of these trade-based surnames can be a profession in another language. Because of this it is important to understand the nationality of a name, and the languages used by its family members. Many modern names like Coakley come from religious texts such as the Bhagavadgītā, the Quran, the Bible, etc. In many cases these surnames relate to a religious phrase such as "Favored of God".
Coakley Pronunciation & Spelling Variations
No one has added information on Coakley spellings or pronunciations. Add to this section
No content has been submitted about alternate spellings of Coakley. The following is speculative information about Coakley. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
In early history when few people could write, names such as Coakley were written down based on how they were heard by a scribe when people's names were written in government records. This could have given rise misspellings of Coakley. Understanding misspellings and alternate spellings of the Coakley last name are important to understanding the possible origins of the name. Family names like Coakley vary in how they're said and written as they travel across communities, family branches, and languages over time.
Last names similar to CoakleyCoakleyholley, Coakley Jr, Coakleyronald, Coaklin, Coakling, Coaklly, Coaklry, Coaklvy, Coakly, Coaklye, Coakman, Coakonan, Coaks, Coaksey, Coakwell, Coal, Coala, Coalan, Coalback, Coalbaker
Coakley Family Tree
Here are a few of the Coakley biographies shared by AncientFaces users. Click here to see more Coakleys
- Nancy S. Dale Coakley
- Benjamin Coakley Mayo
- Salley Coakley Mayo
- Dick Coakley Sutton
- Isabella Coakley
- Abraham Coakley
- Martha Coakley
- Thomas Coakley
- Mary Coakley
- Helen M Coakley 1924 - 2009
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What does “vegan” mean?
A vegan is someone who avoids consuming anything which comes from a non-human animal or an insect. This includes chickens, eggs, fish, milk, lobster, and honey.
Food Empowerment Project (F.E.P.) promotes veganism for ethical reasons and we want to make sure you are fully informed about this compassionate choice.
Vegans avoid leather, wool, silk, and honey because these products depend on the same kind of exploitation and cruelty that animals farmed for food suffer and have similarly negative consequences for the environment. Vegans also avoid purchasing products that contain animal ingredients and products that were tested on animals. They also seek not to participate in the suffering of animals used in entertainment, such as marine parks and circuses that have animals.
The term vegan is also used to differentiate consumer items which contain only plant-based ingredients (and are not tested on animals) from those which involve animal ingredients (such as: “This cake is vegan; it does not contain eggs or milk”).
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By Doug Boucher
The drought of 2012 has reminded us that water is a scarce resource, even though we pay fractions of a penny per gallon for it and expect that it’ll be there every time we turn on the tap. We depend on it not only for our drinking and washing and especially for the food we eat, but also for generating the electric power on which our economy depends.
There’s no doubt that we can use water more efficiently and that this would be socially and ecologically desirable. But this week, as I’ve being participating in the Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America (ESA) in Portland, I’ve started to doubt whether efficiency will really solve our drought and water problems. The reason is that for another vital resource — the land — efficiency doesn’t seem to be enough.
The hypothesis that using land to produce food more efficiently — that is, increasing agricultural yields — will “save” more land for nature, is called “land sparing” and is often associated with the famous crop breeder Norman Borlaug. It was the subject of a session of scientific presentations here at the ESA yesterday, including one by me. Although I’m by no means unbiased on this subject, I’d say that the messages of the presenters about the validity of the land sparing hypothesis mostly ranged from “It’s wrong” to “it depends.” (I gave both answers, but with more emphasis on the first one.)
An example of the first was the talk by Jahi Chappell of the University of Washington-Vancouver, who showed that increasing agricultural yield seems to do much less to reduce hunger in developing countries than social changes such as improving the status of women. The second kind of answer came in the presentation of Frank Egan of Penn State, who argued that land sparing works to preserve plant biodiversity in simple environments, but that in more complex landscapes a different strategy, “land sharing,” is preferable.
Laurie Drinkwater of Cornell University made the connection between agriculture and water quality, showing how U.S. agricultural and biofuels policies that promote massive corn production in the Midwest lead to excessive applications of nitrogen fertilizer, much of which runs off and contaminates streams, rivers, and ground water.
Doug Boucher is an expert in preserving tropical forests to curtail global warming emissions. He has been participating in United Nations international climate negotiations since 2007 and his expertise has helped shape some of the U.N. policies. He holds a Ph.D. in ecology and evolutionary biology from the University of Michigan.
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Children see the television news. They hear the radio. Older kids read online.
Many already know that at least 27 people — 20 of them children, officials say — died Friday in a school shooting in Newtown, Conn.
Children can’t unsee, unhear or unread the news. But parents can do much to ease anxieties, said a Kentucky psychologist who is part of a team that responds to school shootings.
“What we’re talking about now is parents hugging their kids and assuring them that they’re safe,” said Bill Pfohl, chair of the national emergency assistance team for the National Association of School Psychologists.
The national emergency assistance team responds to most school shootings and other traumatic incidents, he said.
The Newtown shootings, Pfohl said, is unprecedented because of its scale and the age of the children.
Parents can take other steps to help their children comprehend and cope with the Newtown shooting, he said.
First, “turn off the media,” Pfohl, a psychology professor at Western Kentucky University.
Why? Children scare as they consume information about devastating events without reassurances that they’re safe, he said.
And kids may still get the news, hear things — and they’ll have questions.
Pfohl advises people to answer their children’s questions in a direct, frank and honest manner.
And say no more than necessary.
Perhaps the question is, Why did this happen?
“We don’t know right now, but we plan on keeping you safe,” Pfohl suggests for an answer.
“That’s pretty direct with kids — and they need that kind of directness.”
Children are mostly interested in the facts, he said.
Regardless of questions, parents should watch the next several days for signs that the school shooting has fazed their children – sleeplessness or an unusual unwillingness to get on a school bus Monday morning, Pfohl said.
For older children, parents should also be mindful of social media, particularly watching for rumors of copycats, Pfohl said.
“This age is really tragic,” Pfohl said of the Newtown shooting. “People say, ‘Kids are so resilient. To be clear, they’re resilient because they have good, strong family and community networks.”
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The internet is all about communication, but unfortunately, it's putting a lot of languages at risk of extinction by promoting more commonly spoken languages. It's sad that we're losing that culture. Google's stepping up to make sure they're not lost from the face of the earth altogether.
The Endangered Languages Project is a new hub that will provide comprehensive information and updates about the 3000 languages that are on the verge of extinction. Working with non-profits and research institutions, the project will compile manuscripts, audio, video and other materials that show the languages in action. There will also be links to articles and interactive tools like the map you see in the screen grab above. Languages come and go — it's part of history — but that doesn't mean they've got to be forgotten. [Endangered Languages Project via Google via Engadget]
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Today in Medicine: Brazilian and bikini waxing may up your STD odds
She might be so happy if she picks up an STI from a bikini wax.
Pubic hair removal may increase sexually transmitted infection risk
Location of study: France
Study subjects: 30 men and women with pubic hair removed
Results: A recent study published in “Sexually Transmitted Infections” found that Brazilian waxing and other types of pubic hair removal, including shaving, was a possible link to an increased risk of a viral infection called molluscum contagiousum. Molluscum contagiosum is a poxvirus that can be passed on through sex, but it is also easily spread by self-infection, such as scratching. Researchers say the risk seems higher with shaving than waxing and that other STIs, such as genital warts, could be more frequent with genital hair removal.
Significance: Over the past decade, researchers noted that the number of sexually transmitted cases molluscum contagiosum had risen, just as the popularity of pubic hair removal had also increased.
Night shifts could up odds of ovarian cancer
Location of study: U.S.
Study subjects: 1,101 women with a common advanced ovarian cancer, 389 with borderline disease and 1,832 women without ovarian cancer, all aged between 35 and 74.
Results: New findings published in “Occupational and Environmental Medicine” state that shift work may be associated with an increased risk of cancer. Researchers think that the result could be due to lower melatonin production. This hormone is mostly produced at night and regulates reproductive hormones, particularly estrogen. It also destroys cancer-causing free radicals and boosts antioxidant production in the body.
Significance: The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified work schedules that disrupt the body’s normal time clock (circadian rhythm) as a probable cancer-causing agent.
Brain changes that happen in parenthood
Location of study: Japan
Study subjects: male mice
Results: A study published in “The Journal of Neuroscience” found that sexually naïve mice respond aggressively to chemical signals (most likely pheromones) from newborn pups, while pup pheromone perception is suppressed in fathers (sexually-active male mice), tending to make them more nurturing.
Significance: The findings may help scientists to better understand the changes that take place in the brains of some mammals during the transition into parenthood.
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A Song to the Creator
Traditional Arts of Native American Women of the Plateau
Among Native American Plateau people, women are important culture bearers. Women are responsible for passing spiritual values from one generation to the next by many means, including manual art forms, stories, and songs. In this book, edited by Lillian A. Ackerman, chapters are devoted to the traditional Plateau arts of storytelling, basket weaving, hide working, embroidery, and music.
The Plateau culture area lies between the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Cascade Mountains on the west and includes parts of Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Montana, and British Columbia. Among the Native American peoples there, the women's economic role of food gathering was traditionally considered so important that their status was equal to that of men. A woman's most important role, that of teacher and tradition bearer, was attained as a result of life experience for which she was honored as an elder.
While young women gathered and prepared food, bore children, and managed the family's resources, they also developed their individual artistic skills. As they grew older and became grandmothers, they were responsible for teaching their grandchildren traditional values and beliefs through stories and songs and helping them, in turn, to learn artistic techniques. Present-day Plateau women continue to be tradition bearers within the arts, sometimes also incorporating contemporary elements into their work.
Chapters in the book explore each of the Plateau arts by means of Native American legends and poems, articles by various scholars, and interviews with Native American women artists.
Thirty-two color and fifty-eight black-and-white illustrations demonstrate the range of geometric andrepresentational designs on exquisite coiled baskets and basketry hats; cornhusk and twined grass bags; beaded and porcupine-quill clothing; beaded cradleboards; and tanned, fringed, and beaded shoes, leggings, dresses, and shirts. Opening and concluding chapters on storytelling and music
174 pp ~ 32 color photos ~ 54 b/w photos — ©1996
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On Sept. 17, 1787, the U.S. Constitution was signed by 39 of the 55 delegates to the Constitutional Convention. Commemoration of this event takes place each year by decree of Congress and signed into law by President George W. Bush in 2004. (Pub. L. 108-447, div. J, title I, Sec. 111, Dec. 8, 2004, 118Stat.3344(d);
All institutions of higher education that receive federal funding are required to provide educational programming to inform students about the U.S.Constitution. When Constitution Day falls on a weekend or on another holiday, we observe the occasion on an adjacent weekday.
The Constitution is a vital part of the cultural heritage and the history of the United States of America and we are pleased to provide these events, resources and activities to our student body and the general public. Any events affiliated with Constitution Day will also be posted here and around campus each year.
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| 0.948467 | 201 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Original Research ARTICLE
Rice Genotype Differences in Tolerance of Zinc-Deficient Soils: Evidence for the Importance of Root-Induced Changes in the Rhizosphere
- 1Crop Production and Environment Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
- 2Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK
- 3Crop and Environmental Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, Metro Manila, Philippines
Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a major constraint to rice production and Zn is also often deficient in humans with rice-based diets. Efforts to breed more Zn-efficient rice are constrained by poor understanding of the mechanisms of tolerance to deficiency. Here we assess the contributions of root growth and root Zn uptake efficiency, and we seek to explain the results in terms of specific mechanisms. We made a field experiment in a highly Zn-deficient rice soil in the Philippines with deficiency-tolerant and -sensitive genotypes, and measured growth, Zn uptake and root development. We also measured the effect of planting density. Tolerant genotypes produced more crown roots per plant and had greater uptake rates per unit root surface area; the latter was at least as important as root number to overall tolerance. Tolerant and sensitive genotypes took up more Zn per plant at greater planting densities. The greater uptake per unit root surface area, and the planting density effect can only be explained by root-induced changes in the rhizosphere, either solubilizing Zn, or neutralizing a toxin that impedes Zn uptake (possibly or Fe2+), or both. Traits for these and crown root number are potential breeding targets.
Decreased crop growth and yield under low soil zinc (Zn) availability is a widespread problem in rice because of the particular chemistry of submerged paddy soils (Dobermann and Fairhurst, 2000). Reducing conditions in submerged soils tend to make Zn insoluble and therefore unavailable to plants, even though total amounts are generally many orders of magnitude greater than crop requirements. Since Zn binds more than 500 plant proteins (Graham et al., 2012), deficiency causes many symptoms, including chlorosis, bronzing, resetting, and goblet leaves (Broadley et al., 2007). Deficiency in the crop also causes deficiency in human populations with rice-based diets, and human Zn deficiency is one of the most widespread and serious health problems in developing countries (WHO, 2002; Gibson, 2006; Hess et al., 2009; Graham et al., 2012). Dietary and crop Zn deficiency are inevitably linked in areas with Zn-deficient soils, as in large parts of south and south-east Asia where rice is the staple (Maclean et al., 2013).
There is large variation in the rice germplasm in tolerance of Zn-deficient soils (Quijano-Guerta et al., 2002; Wissuwa et al., 2006) and in the ability to concentrate Zn in grains (Gregorio, 2002; Wissuwa et al., 2008; Impa et al., 2013). But understanding of the mechanisms underlying genotype differences is poor, and this constrains efforts to breed more Zn-efficinet rice with high grain Zn contents. Genotypes with large grain Zn contents in soils without Zn constraints tend not to produce large grain Zn contents under deficiency, and under at least moderate deficiency, high grain Zn may be at the cost of reduced grain yield (Wissuwa et al., 2008). Enhancing the Zn uptake capacity of rice genotypes will therefore be crucial to increasing grain contents.
The mechanisms behind low Zn tolerance in rice have been shown to be related to root traits (Rose et al., 2013). Possible mechanisms include:
(2) maintenance of root growth through tolerance of high bicarbonate () stress, which is often linked to Zn deficiency, especially in calcareous soils (Yang et al., 1994; Hajiboland et al., 2005; Rose et al., 2011, 2012);
(3) root-induced changes in the soil neutralizing toxins such as or making Zn more soluble by the release of acidifying agents (Kirk and Bajita, 1995) or Zn-chelating phytosiderophores (Arnold et al., 2010; Widodo et al., 2010; Ptashnyk et al., 2011), or soil CO2 uptake (Begg et al., 1994).
Indirect evidence for the importance of root-induced changes in the rhizosphere was provided by Hoffland et al. (2006) who found that, in a strongly Zn-deficient rice soil, Zn uptake per plant increased with increasing planting density to the extent that growth of rice genotypes that strongly differed in growth at low planting density was similar at high density (Figure 1). Hoffland et al. explained this effect by concentration-dependent solubilization of Zn in the rhizosphere, and Ptashnyk et al. (2011) showed with a mathematical model that planting density effects could be accounted for with realistic rates of root-induced solubilization. However, this evidence remains circumstantial.
Figure 1. Rice growth in a strongly Zn-deficient soil is improved by closer planting. The right-most row is a Zn-deficiency tolerant variety (line 507); the left-most row is the sensitive variety IR74. There are three planting densities as indicated.
Although the mechanisms are not yet fully understood, it has been shown repeatedly that superior field performance of genotypes is associated with better root development (Widodo et al., 2010; Rose et al., 2013). It is possible that small increases in Zn uptake as a result of root-induced changes in the rhizosphere drive better root development under Zn deficiency. However, it is equally feasible that differences in root development under Zn deficiency are not related to plant Zn content but due to differences in stress response or internal efficiency, and that better root development subsequently leads to better Zn uptake. Such questions of cause and effect are difficult to resolve because small changes in one component of the system—for example, ability to produce more root length for a given quantity of Zn taken up—can have large net effects through positive feedback loops (Wissuwa, 2003). The situation is further complicated for Zn in rice because multiple stress tolerance mechanisms appear to be involved, as shown by studies of Wissuwa et al. (2006) with Zn-efficient recombinant inbred lines (RILs) which identified four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with high plant mortality and four QTLs associated with leaf bronzing, one of which was linked to both symptoms.
However, from a plant breeding perspective, it is important to resolve whether traits are direct causes of tolerance or merely indirect effects. Causative factors can be utilized in genotype selection, either via phenotyping for the causative trait, or through identification of linked loci and markers and subsequent marker assisted selection (MAS). The objectives of this study were to establish whether superior Zn uptake in Zn-deficient soil by tolerant rice genotypes is causally related to genotypic differences in crown root development or Zn uptake efficiency. To this end, we conducted a field study with several sensitive and tolerant genotypes grown under Zn-deficient conditions, and measured root development, and Zn uptake over time. We also investigated further the planting-density effect described above.
Materials and Methods
Experiment 1: Genotype Differences in Growth and Zn Uptake
A field experiment was carried out at the International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines in the dry season of 2014 (February–March). Experimental plots were two concrete tanks (8 × 16 × 0.3 m deep) containing severely Zn-deficient soil from Tiaong, Quezon province, Philippines. The soil is a Hydraquent (USDA Soil Taxonomy) with 42% clay, 40% silt, pH (aerobic in H2O) 8.5, CEC 9.0 cmolc kg−1, organic C content 73 g kg−1, and carbonate content 96 g kg−1. The available Zn content (0.1 M HCl extraction) of the submerged soil at transplanting of the crop was 0.1 μg g−1 (Izquierdo et al., 2015). During the plot preparations, a +Zn plot adjacent to the –Zn plot received 20 kg Zn ha−1, and both plots received the standard recommended dose of NPK (14-14-14) at a rate of 136 kg ha−1.
Five genotypes were used: two tolerant of low Zn conditions (A69-1 and IR55179-3B-11–3, hereafter IR55179) and three sensitive to it (IR26, IR64, and TCC266) according to Impa et al. (2013) and our preliminary results. Seeds of the five genotypes were germinated by soaking in water, and the seedlings were then grown in a seedling tray for 20 d. The soil was flooded and puddled, and, after 21 d, the 20-d old seedlings were transplanted at a spacing of 20 cm within and between rows, with one plant per hill. Four replicates were made of each genotype and Zn treatment in a randomized block design. Individual plants were sampled 7, 14, 21, and 28 DAT. At each sampling, six individual plants were pulled out from the soil, leaf number and plant height were measured, and shoots and roots were separated, washing the roots with tap water to remove adhering soil, and the numbers of crown roots counted.
A subsample of two plants was then processed for root scanning. The experimental soil is sufficiently loose when water-saturated that a complete separation of roots from soil is possible with minimal damage to fine roots. Washed roots were stained in “Dylon Ebony Black” (Dylon International) to obtain better contrast from the background in scanned images. The roots were arranged on a transparent plastic tray with as little overlap as possible, and scanned using a flatbed top-lit scanner (EPSON STD 4800). Each scanned image was analyzed using WinRHIZO (Version 2008a, Regent Instruments Inc.). Three root diameter classes were distinguished, roughly corresponding to fine lateral roots (< 0.15 mm), lateral roots (0.15–0.40 mm), and main crown roots (>0.4 mm). The shoot and root samples including scanned roots were oven-dried at 60°C and weighed.
Experiment 2: Effect of Planting Density
In addition to the main experiment, in which a single seedling was transplanted per hill, a second experiment was conducted with 1, 2, 4, or 8 seedlings transplanted close together in each hill with four replications. The experiment was made in the same plots as the main experiment following identical procedures except that transplanting was done 1 week later. The genotypes were A69-1, IR55179, IR26, IR64, and TCC266, as in the main experiment. The plants were sampled at 21 and 28 DAT by removing whole hills from the soil. Roots were washed with tap water and multiple seedlings per hill were separated into individual plants for measurements of plant height, leaf number, root length, and crown root number. Shoots and roots were oven-dried at 60°C and weighed separately.
Experiment 3: Seedling Zn Efficiency and Redistribution
To explore the reasons for better crown root development in the tolerant genotypes, and redistribution of shoot Zn to roots, we conducted a nutrient solution experiment. Seedlings of tolerant and sensitive genotypes were raised in half-strength Yoshida solution (Yoshida et al., 1976) without Zn in 12-L acid-washed plastic containers. The experiment was conducted in a growth chamber at 30/25°C day/night temperature at 50% relative humidity and 12 h light period. At 12 days after sowing (DAS) one set of seedlings was sampled and from a second set roots were removed by cutting with scissors at the crown. These seedlings were replanted in fresh half-strength Yoshida solution containing no Zn but 1 mM KHCO3, raising the solution pH to 7.4. After a further 13 d, the plants were harvested and shoot and root dry weights and Zn contents determined.
Tissue Zn Analysis
Shoot samples were ground and 0.5 g portions were soaked in 1 N HCl for 24 h. The extract was filtered and the filtrate Zn concentration determined with a flame atomic absorption spectrometer (PerkinElmer AAnalyst 200). Zinc concentrations were only determined on shoot tissue; attempts to do so in roots were not successful due to the adherence of soil material to root surfaces. Despite repeated careful washing, root Zn concentrations were unrealistically high (30–100 μg Zn g−1) and far more variable than shoot Zn, indicating contamination with soil, as confirmed by the presence of high aluminum concentrations in extracts. This is a particular problem in puddled, flooded, clayey soils of the sort in our experiments. Attempts to quantify Zn in roots were therefore abandoned and root Zn concentrations were estimated based on typical root to shoot Zn ratios observed in nutrient solution experiments. In these experiments root Zn concentrations were typically 70% higher than shoot Zn concentrations (Figure S1). Throughout the manuscript total Zn uptake is taken as represented by measured shoot Zn content plus estimated root Zn content. For tissue Zn analysis of samples from the nutrient solution experiment, total root biomass (around 50 mg) and 100 mg of ground shoot biomass were digested in 0.5 mL HNO3 and 2 mL H2O2 using a microwave digestion system (MLS 1200 Mega, Milestone) following procedures of Miller (1998). Digests were diluted to 10 mL and Zn concentrations determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry (ICPE-9000, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan).
Genotype effects were analyzed with the GLM procedure using the software Statistix (Version 9). ANOVA-protected Least Significant Differences (LSD) were used to test for significant differences between genotypes or groups of genotypes at each sampling time or planting density.
To estimate the contribution of genotypic differences in root efficiency to Zn uptake, we used the data on cumulative total Zn uptake and root surface area over time to calculate uptake rates per unit root surface area as follows. We fitted the following exponential equations to the data using the “solver” function in Microsoft Excel and minimizing the sum of squares between measured and estimated values:
where U is the Zn uptake per plant at time t, RSA is the root surface area per plant at t, and the other symbols are coefficients. Differentiating Equation (1) gives for the rate of change in uptake at t:
We then calculate the rate of uptake per unit root surface area—which we define as the root efficiency, RE—at any particular time from
The value of RE will vary with the plant's internal Zn status as well as with the Zn concentration in the soil solution at the root surface, which may be altered by root-induced changes in the soil. So this term lumps together the effects of all mechanisms that increase the rate of Zn uptake into the plant per unit RSA.
The fits to Equations (1) and (2) were made by minimizing the sum of squares of differences using the Solver routine in Microsoft Excel with the GRG Linear engine.
Genotype Differences in Growth and Zn Uptake
The comparison in Table 1 of shoot biomass in the two Zn treatments shows that Zn was the main growth-limiting factor. Between 7 and 28 days after transplanting (DAT) average shoot biomass increased 10-fold in the –Zn plots compared to 50-fold in the +Zn plots. The difference was highly significant from 14 DAT. That Zn was the growth-limiting factor was confirmed by the sharp decline of shoot Zn concentrations below the critical threshold level of 15 μg Zn g−1 (Dobermann and Fairhurst, 2000) from 14 DAT onwards, whereas Zn concentrations remained above 20 μg Zn g−1 in the +Zn treatment (Table 1). Since the objective of this study is to assess the relative contributions of root growth and root efficiency to Zn uptake under Zn-deficient conditions, the remaining part of the study focuses on the –Zn treatment.
Table 1. Zinc treatment effects on total plant dry weight (DW) and shoot Zn concentrations, measured at weekly intervals between 7 and 28 days after transplanting (DAT), averaged over the genotypes.
In this Zn-deficient treatment genotypes A69-1 and IR55179 had the greatest total dry weight, shoot Zn content, and root number, whereas genotypes IR64 and TCC266 were consistently low in these (Figure 2). Shoot Zn contents at 28 DAT in A69-1 and IR55179 were roughly twice those in the sensitive genotypes. These results are consistent with earlier observations on this set of genotypes (Impa and Wissuwa, unpublished) and the genotypes can therefore be divided into Zn-deficiency tolerant (A69-1 and IR55179) and sensitive (IR26, IR64, TCC266) groups. Interestingly these groups did not separate for shoot Zn concentrations; all genotypes dropped below the critical level of 15 μg Zn g−1 between 7 and 14 DAT and remained at that low level throughout.
Figure 2. Genotypes that differ in tolerance to Zn deficiency also differ in root number and root surface area. Time courses of (A) shoot dry weight (DW), (B) shoot Zn concentration, (C) shoot Zn content (i.e., DW × concentration), (D) root:shoot DW ratio, (E) root number, and (F) root surface area in individual genotypes in the –Zn plots. Data are means ± SE (n = 4). ns, *, ** = genotype differences not signif., signif. at P ≤ 0.05, signif. at P ≤ 0.01. DAT = days after transplanting.
Between 7 and 14 DAT plant biomass more than doubled (Figure 2A, Table 1), but since that was accompanied by a sharp drop in shoot Zn concentrations, there was a minor drop in Zn content (Figure 2C), indicating that plant growth at this point was entirely supported by Zn retranslocation and not by uptake. While the slight decrease in shoot Zn content occurred in both tolerant and sensitive groups, there were already significantly larger root surface area and root number in the tolerant than the sensitive group at 14 DAT (88.0 and 70.7 cm2 plant−1, and 26.5 and 20.1 crown roots plant−1, respectively). Group differences in root surface area further increased between 14–21 and 21–28 DAT, and this was accompanied by an uptake of Zn into the shoot of roughly similar proportions. Thus, with 22% greater RSA at 14 DAT and 45% greater RSA at 21 DAT, tolerant genotypes achieved 125% greater Zn uptake by 21 DAT (Figure 3). The difference in RSA increased further from 45 to 95% by 28 DAT and this was accompanied by 174% greater Zn uptake in the tolerant group.
Figure 3. Zinc uptake per unit root surface area increases over time and is greater in tolerant genotypes. Time courses over 14–28 DAT in tolerant and sensitive genotype groups of (A) total Zn uptake per plant, (B) root surface area per plant and (C) uptake rate per unti root surface area (root efficiency). Points in (A) and (B) are measured data [means ± SE (n = 4)]; lines are fits to Equations (1) and (2). Lines in (C) are calculated from Equations (2) to (4).
Pearson's correlation coefficients indicated a close association between biomass traits and Zn content in the –Zn plots (Table 2). This was to be expected given that genotypic variation for shoot Zn concentration was too small to have an effect. There was no correlation between shoot Zn content and concentration. Of traits without an expected auto-correlation with Zn content, root biomass, root number, and RSA were most closely associated with Zn content, whereas the proportion of fine roots (< 150 μm diameter) and the root to shoot DW ratio were not correlated with Zn content. There were also greater crown root numbers in the tolerant group in the +Zn plots (Figure S2).
The results in Figure 2 suggest growth in the –Zn plots followed an exponential pattern. In this section we fit exponential functions (Equations1 and 2) to the data for root growth and Zn uptake, and then calculate values of the root efficiency (RE, Equation 4) for the Zn-deficiency tolerant (A69-1 and IR55179) and sensitive (IR26, IR64, TCC266) genotype groupings. Since we detected no Zn uptake from 0 to 14 DAT, we only use the data for 14–28 DAT.
The fits to Equations (1) and (2) for total Zn uptake, U and RSA were (a) for the tolerant group:
and (b) for the sensitive group:
where U is in μg Zn plant−1, RSA in cm2 plant−1, and t in days, and RSS is the residual sum of squares. The lines for these fits are shown in Figures 3A,B together with the experimental data.
The corresponding values of the root efficiency, RE, calculated with Equation (4), are shown in Figure 3C. Figure 3C shows that at all times, RE values were larger in the tolerant group and in both genotype groups they increased over time. Hence the superior Zn uptake of tolerant genotypes was not only due to better root growth but also to about 55% greater Zn uptake per unit root surface area.
The differences in Zn uptake between tolerant and sensitive genotypes were 1.4 and 7.0 μg plant−1 at 21 and 28 DAT, respectively. Figure 4 shows estimates of the contribution of better root growth and root efficiency to these differences. Assuming that sensitive genotypes maintain their root development (i.e., they retain RSAsens but take up Zn with the greater efficiency of the tolerant group, REtol), then their uptake would increase to 1.8 and 6.7 μg plant−1 at 21 and 28 DAT, respectively. Thus, changes in RE could explain 46 to 33% of the difference between the genotype groups. Maintaining the lower RE but increasing root growth to the level of the tolerant genotypes (RSAtol) would have a smaller effect than RE at 21 DAT (35% more Zn uptake than with RSAsens) but a larger effect at 28 DAT (43% more uptake). To account for 100% of the difference between both groups a third term needs to be included, describing that the additional RSA of the tolerant group has the higher RE of the tolerant group.
Figure 4. Root surface area and uptake per unit surface area both contribute to tolerance. Effect of increasing either root surface area (RSA) or root efficiency (RE) on Zn uptake by sensitive genotypes compared with tolerant ones calculated with Equations (5–8).
Effect of Planting Density
Figure 5 shows the effect of planting density on Zn uptake and root efficiency in the genotype groups, measured in the second field experiment. When genotypes were transplanted as single seedlings per hill, or as two seedlings per hill, they remained Zn-deficient up to 28 DAT, as seen by very low Zn uptake (Figure 5A) and highly suboptimal shoot Zn concentrations of around 11 μg g−1 (data not shown). Transplanting four plants per hill led to about 10-fold greater Zn uptake per plant compared to single-plant hills. The proportional increase was similar in sensitive and tolerant genotypes. However, tolerant genotypes had significantly higher Zn uptake at all densities (Figure 5A). Root biomass per plant also increased in both groups when density was changed from one to four plants per hill (Figure 5B) but this 2.5-fold increase was far smaller than the increase in Zn uptake. As a result there was a 4-fold increase in root efficiency (expressed as Zn taken up per final root biomass) in four-plant hills compared to single plants (Figure 5C).
Figure 5. Zinc uptake per unit root surface area increases with closer planting. (A) Shoot Zn uptake per plant, (B) root DW per plant and (C) Zn uptake per unit root DW at different planting densities in tolerant and sensitive genotype groups at 28 DAT. Planting density is the number of seedlings transplanted together per hill. Uptake was calculated from shoot Zn content minus seedling Zn content. Data are means ± standard errors (n = 4 × number of genotypes in group). ns, *, ** = genotype differences not signif., signif. at P ≤ 0.05, signif. at P ≤ 0.01.
Further increasing plant density to eight plants per hill had no additional effect on Zn uptake per plant. However, the total biomass and Zn uptake per hill increased further. This increase was near-linear in the sensitive group but tolerant genotypes had reached a point of partial saturation as shown by the per plant decrease in Zn uptake and root biomass at the highest planting density (Figures 5A,B). The positive planting density effect was only observed in the –Zn treatment; in the +Zn treatment greater densities reduced biomass accumulation (Figure S3), presumably due to competition effects.
Seedling Zn Efficiency and Redistribution
After the 12 d pre-treatment in Zn-free nutrient solution, seedlings of the sensitive and tolerant groups did not differ significantly in root or shoot biomass or respective Zn content, but total Zn content was 20% higher in the tolerant group (Table 3; data only shown for total Zn content). Re-growth of roots following their complete removal would depend on Zn re-distribution from shoots and on the efficiency of Zn utilization for root biomass production. Tolerant genotypes developed new crown roots faster than sensitive ones (Table 3) and had significantly greater root and shoot biomass (Figure 6A). Shoot Zn content did not differ between groups, but root Zn content was 66% greater in tolerant than sensitive genotypes (Figure 6B). That the advantage of tolerant over sensitive groups was more pronounced for roots than shoots was confirmed by a 45% greater root to shoot biomass ratio in the tolerant group. This increased to 55% for the Zn distribution between root and shoot (Figure 6). In contrast to Zn redistribution we did not detect significant differences in tissue Zn concentrations between the genotype groups (Table 3).
Figure 6. Tolerant genotypes are better at new root initiation and remobilization of Zn from shoots to roots. Seedlings were pre-cultured for 12 d, then roots were removed and allowed to re-grow for 13 d in Zn-free nutrient solution. Panel (A) shows root and shoot DW and root to shoot DW ratio. Panel (B) shows root and shoot Zn content and root to shoot Zn content ratio. Error bars indicate SE of individual means and letters indicate significant differences in group means (LSD P ≤ 0.05).
Crown Root Development and Root Efficiency are Causative of Zn Deficiency Tolerance
We have identified two rice breeding lines tolerant to soil Zn deficiency and three sensitive to it, consistent with previous research with these genotypes on a similar soil but with less severe deficiency (Impa et al., 2013). The tolerant genotypes had greater Zn uptake from 14 DAT in the –Zn plots and a greater number of new crown roots and total root surface area per plant compared to sensitive genotypes but shoot Zn concentrations were similar. The greater increases in root number compared to Zn uptake at 14 DAT in tolerant genotypes suggests crown root development is a primary tolerance mechanism, and not just a consequence of better Zn uptake driving subsequent root growth.
Further evidence for crown root development being a primary tolerance mechanism was provided by the experiment in Zn-free nutrient solution. As Zn was not supplied, better crown root development must have been independent of new Zn uptake, and the results in Table 3 show that Zn redistribution from shoots to roots, or internal Zn utilization efficiency, or both are key tolerance mechanisms. Following the complete removal of roots, the tolerant group retranslocated 0.45 μg Zn from shoots to roots compared to only 0.27 μg Zn in the sensitive group. With this 67% greater Zn content in their roots, tolerant genotypes produced 83% greater root biomass, possibly indicating higher internal Zn utilization efficiency. However, root Zn concentrations were only marginally smaller in the tolerant group (22.6 vs. 24.7 μg Zn g−1), and, since this difference was not statistically significant, we conclude that Zn distribution rather than internal Zn utilization drives better root development in tolerant genotypes.
The removal of roots in this experiment simulates the root damage that seedlings suffer when pulled from the nursery and transplanted to paddy fields. While the damage in the field will be less severe, Zn uptake by surviving seedling roots will be greatly impeded and post-transplanting Zn uptake will be dominated by newly-formed crown roots. The observed delay in Zn uptake after transplanting in the field experiments (Figure 2) is consistent with this postulation. Hence better root re-growth via Zn retranslocation from shoot reserves in tolerant genotypes should contribute to tolerance under real field conditions. That we did not detect a positive association between Zn uptake and the root to shoot DW ratio in the field experiments (Table 2) does not contradict our conclusion that putting more resources (including Zn) into roots is a crucial tolerance mechanism. Tolerant genotypes did have greater root biomass. But the shift toward greater root growth may quickly become unnoticeable as bigger roots take up more Zn which supports additional shoot growth. This subsequent positive feedback effect was avoided in our nutrient culture experiment because the solution contained no Zn.
Having established that crown root development is a causal tolerance mechanism the question to be addressed next is whether higher Zn uptake was merely a subsequent effect of having higher root surface area available for uptake. This question was resolved through simulations of root efficiency (RE, the rate of Zn uptake per unit root surface area). The tolerant genotype group had 67% greater RE at 15 DAT and 58% at 28 DAT and in addition RE more than tripled over time in both groups. RE furthermore increased if seedlings were transplanted at densities of four or more seedlings per hill, indicating some concentration-dependent rhizosphere effect would be of importance. Thus, we conclude that tolerance of Zn deficiency is caused by two independent tolerance mechanisms. Results in Figure 4 show that better root growth and RE contributed roughly equally to the greater uptake by the tolerant genotypes.
Differences in RE might be due to differences in root absorbing power for Zn (i.e., the influx of Zn for a given Zn concentration in the soil solution at the root surface), which in turn may be caused by differences in Zn transporter activities. Two lines of evidence suggest this may not be the case. The hypothesis that genotypic differences in tolerance to Zn deficiency were caused by differential expression of key Zn transporters was tested in a transcriptomic study by Widodo et al. (2010) on root and shoot tissue sampled from the same field as used here. While many Zn transporters were up-regulated under Zn deficiency, this tended to occur equally in sensitive and tolerant genotypes, hence evidence only suggested Zn transporters were part of the stress response but not of tolerance. If greater Zn uptake was only due to high Zn transporter activity, Zn depletion zones should develop around roots over time and at higher rooting density and that would reduce RE over time and with increasing density. Contrary observations made here therefore suggest root-induced changes in the rhizosphere that increase Zn solubility are more likely candidate mechanisms as it has been shown that their positive effect would increase over time and with the planting density effect (Ptashnyk et al., 2011).
Possible Tolerance Mechanisms
Our objective was to determine whether superior Zn uptake by tolerant rice genotypes in Zn-deficient soil is causally related to genotypic differences in crown root development or in the Zn uptake efficiency of the roots. We have shown that each type of mechanism is equally important. Tolerant genotypes produce more crown roots and greater root surface area independent of Zn uptake and the increased surface area will lead to more Zn uptake in tolerant genotypes, which in turn may allow more root growth and therefore a positive feedback loop. A second tolerance mechanism enhances Zn uptake per unit root surface area (RE). For breeding purposes it would be desirable to identify markers associated with both traits and to use these as quick diagnostic tools in marker aided selection. While it is beyond the scope of this study to identify such markers, we shall briefly discuss possible mechanisms underlying both causative tolerance mechanisms as this may aid in designing further experiments for marker detection.
Crown root development is a process known to be regulated by auxin and several key genes mediating this response have been identified (Inukai et al., 2005; Kitomi et al., 2008). However, none of these Crown rootless genes were differentially expressed between tolerant and sensitive genotypes (Widodo et al., 2010) whereas several other auxin related genes were differentially expressed between both groups. It is therefore possible that the decrease in root number observed under Zn deficiency is related to altered auxin metabolism or signaling and this will need to be investigated further. In the absence of clear candidate genes crown root development under Zn deficiency should be targeted as a trait in QTL or genome wide association studies (GWAS).
One possible rhizosphere mechanism causing higher RE is secretion by the roots of Zn-chelating phytosiderophores, such as deoxymugineic acid (DMA; Arnold et al., 2010; Widodo et al., 2010). DMA is thought to be an effective Zn solubilizing agent in other graminaceous species but much smaller quantities are found in secretions of rice. Ptashnyk et al. (2011) showed with a model that DMA secretion at rates indicated by Widodo et al. (2010) could provide significant extra Zn uptake to rice in a strongly Zn-deficient soil. But we have so far failed to detect significant DMA secretion from the tolerant genotypes used here (Mori, unpublished data), and we are therefore not yet able to confirm this as a key tolerance mechanism. Three other processes in the rice rhizosphere are expected to affect Zn solubility (Begg et al., 1994; Kirk and Bajita, 1995; Kirk, 2003): (1) rhizosphere oxygenation by root-released O2, causing oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric oxides and releasing H+ ions which tend to lower the pH; (2) venting of soil CO2 through the roots, since very large CO2 concentrations develop in submerged soil as respiratory CO2 accumulates; and (3) release of H+ from the roots to balance excess intake of cations (particularly ) over anions. The venting of CO2, together with any decrease in rhizosphere pH, will mean the concentration of in the soil solution around roots is substantially less than in the bulk soil. A decrease in rhizosphere or pH or both will also tend to make Zn more soluble (Gao et al., 2010). Given the strongly inhibitory effects of on Zn absorption and root growth (Rose et al., 2011, 2012), we conclude CO2 venting is a strong candidate mechanism for Zn-deficiency tolerance. The extent of CO2 venting will increase with root growth and increasing plant density, consistent with our observations.
Here we have used experimental field data to simulate Zn uptake in dependence of root size and these simulations have enabled us to resolve cause and effect relations with regard to tolerance of Zn deficiency. Having identified root development, possibly driven by crown root emergence, as an independent main tolerance factor, rice breeders may want to identify loci controlling this trait in order to develop linked markers to be used in their selection programs. We do not yet have sufficient understanding of rhizosphere interactions under Zn deficiency to do the same for root efficiency and a first priority would be to develop a screening protocol suited to expose phenotypic variation for the trait in order to proceed with QTL or GWAS mapping.
AM, JL, MM, SJ, and MW planned and conducted field experiments and plant tissue analysis, AN planned and conducted nutrient solution experiments, AM, JL, GK, AN, and MW did the data analysis and AM, GK, SJ, and MW wrote the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
This research was funded by a grant from the UK's Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC, Grant Ref. BB/J011584/1) under the Sustainable Crop Production Research for International Development (SCPRID) programme, a joint multi-national initiative of BBSRC, the UK Government's Department for International Development (DFID) and (through a grant awarded to BBSRC) the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Support to AKN in the form of a fellowship awarded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) is gratefully acknowledged.
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2015.01160
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Impa, S. M., Morete, M. J., Ismail, A. M., Schulin, S., and Johnson-Beebout, S. E. (2013). Zn uptake, translocation, and grain Zn loading in rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes selected for Zn deficiency tolerance and high grain Zn. J. Exp. Bot. 64, 2739–2751. doi: 10.1093/jxb/ert118
Inukai, Y., Sakamoto, T., Ueguchi-Tanaka, M., Shibata, Y., Gomi, K., Umemura, I., et al. (2005). Crown rootless1, which is essential for crown root formation in rice, is a target of an AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR in Auxin Signaling. Plant Cell 17, 1387–1396. doi: 10.1105/tpc.105.030981
Izquierdo, M., Impa, S. M., Johnson-Beebout, S. E., Weiss, D. J., and Kirk, G. J. D. (2015). Measurement isotopically-exchangeable Zn in Zn-deficient paddy soil. Eur. J. Soil Sci. doi: 10.1111/ejss.12303. [Epub ahead of print].
Kirk, G. J. D., and Bajita, J. B. (1995). Root-induced iron oxidation, pH changes and zinc solubilization in the rhizosphere of lowland rice. New Phytol. 131, 129–137. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1995.tb03062.x
Ptashnyk, M., Roose, T., Jones, D. L., and Kirk, G. J. D. (2011). Enhanced zinc uptake by rice through phytosiderophore secretion: a modelling study. Plant Cell Environ. 34, 2038–2046. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02401.x
Rose, M. T., Rose, T. J., Pariasca-Tanaka, J., Widodo, H., and Wissuwa, M. (2011). Revisiting the role of organic acids in the bicarbonate tolerance of zinc-efficient rice genotypes. Funct. Plant Biol. 38, 493–504. doi: 10.1071/FP11008
Rose, M. T., Rose, T. J., Pariasca-Tanaka, J., Yoshihashi, T., Neuweger, H., Goesmann, A., et al. (2012). Root metabolic response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes with contrasting tolerance to zinc deficiency and bicarbonate excess. Planta 236, 959–973. doi: 10.1007/s00425-012-1648-4
Rose, T. J., Impa, S. M., Rose, M. T., Pariasca-Tanaka, J., Mori, A., Heuer, S., et al. (2013). Enhancing phosphorus and zinc acquisition fficiency in rice: a critical review of root traits and their potential utility in rice breeding. Ann. Bot. 112, 331–345. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcs217
Widodo, B., Broadley, M. R., Rose, T., Frei, M., Pariasca-Tanaka, J., Yoshihashi, T., et al. (2010). Response to zinc deficiency of two rice lines with contrasting tolerance is determined by root growth maintenance and organic acid exudation rates, and not by zinc-transporter activity. New Phytol. 186, 400–414. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03177.x
Wissuwa, M., Ismail., A. M., and Graham, R. D. (2008). Rice grain zinc concentrations as affected by genotype, native soil-zinc availability, and zinc fertilization. Plant Soil 306, 37–48. doi: 10.1007/s11104-007-9368-4
Yang, X., Römheld, V., and Marschner, H. (1994). Effect of bicarbonate on root-growth and accumulation of organic-acids in Zn inefficient and Zn-efficient rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Soil 164, 1–7. doi: 10.1007/BF00010104
Keywords: genotype, crown roots, root surface area, root efficiency, rhizosphere, micronutrient
Citation: Mori A, Kirk GJD, Lee J-S, Morete MJ, Nanda AK, Johnson-Beebout SE and Wissuwa M (2016) Rice Genotype Differences in Tolerance of Zinc-Deficient Soils: Evidence for the Importance of Root-Induced Changes in the Rhizosphere. Front. Plant Sci. 6:1160. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01160
Received: 28 September 2015; Accepted: 07 December 2015;
Published: 11 January 2016.
Edited by:Manuel González-Guerrero, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
Reviewed by:Hannetz Roschzttardtz, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
Soumitra Paul, Krishnagar Government College, India
Copyright © 2016 Mori, Kirk, Lee, Morete, Nanda, Johnson-Beebout and Wissuwa. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Matthias Wissuwa, [email protected]
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How Can We Recycle the World’s Food Supply? It Might Involve Leftovers.
The environmental impact of food waste is staggering.
1.4 billion hectares of land, or 34% of the world’s total agricultural land, is used to grow food that’ll eventually end up in a landfill. Most of the food waste disposed in a landfill decomposes anaerobically and generates the powerful greenhouse gas methane, increasing our carbon footprint. Agriculture accounts for 69% of the world’s water usage, and yet one third of that water is wasted as uneaten food.
Unfortunately, the United States is the largest producer of food waste, with food waste as the leading occupant in American landfills.
In 2017, a study was conducted by the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) to evaluate the amounts and types of food waste produced by consumers in the United States. Researchers collected food waste from Nashville, Denver, and New York City and categorized the waste across several categories. According to the study, 23% of consumer-level food waste in the United States comes from leftovers and makes up the highest fraction of edible food waste.
Using the 2010 food waste data provided by the USDA as a conservative estimate, that leads to a whopping 30.6 billion pounds and $37 billion worth of edible food.
That’s a lot of economic value going down the drain.
While composting or re-purposing edible food for animals can take food out of the landfill system, most of the capital, energy, and resources spent growing, harvesting, fertilizing, storing, and transporting food is still lost.
The highest possible net energy return and lowest environmental impact is to reuse human food for human consumption.
“1.4 billion hectares of land, or 34% of the world’s total agricultural land, is used to grow food that’ll eventually end up in a landfill.”
Many environmentally conscious startup companies are working to curb food waste by upcycling edible waste products into new food. ReGrained rescues the leftover grains of brewing beer and produces a high-nutrient flour for making energy bars. Toast Ale brews a pale ale using surplus bread as a source of fermentable carbohydrates. Treasure8 is a food technology company dehydrates excess fruits and vegetables to make snacks. These are just a few examples of a larger ecosystem of food recycling companies.
However, food waste in the kitchen and restaurant remains a large fraction of food waste that is difficult to capture at scale.
There could be another strategy to reduce food waste at the consumer level.
And the answer might lie in a mold.
Aspergillus oryzae, also known colloquially as koji in Japanese and qu in Chinese, is an edible mold that’s been used for thousands of years to prepare fermented soybeans, miso, soy sauce, sweet drinks, desserts, and rice wine. The term koji has been adopted by most Western chefs and cooks, and so I’ll continue to use koji to refer to this species of mold. Koji molds are grown on a solid nutrient source like steamed rice, wheat, or soybeans. In contrast, most food-based fermentations require the microorganisms to be submerged in a liquid, like how yeast brew beer or bacteria ferment milk into yogurt.
These microorganisms are distinct in that they secrete enzymes into their surrounding environment that break down and digest complex food molecules into simpler molecules that they can absorb. The power of koji fermentation truly lies in their enzymes, which humans have exploited to transform bland food ingredients into remarkably tasty foods for generations.
Koji molds contain the genetics and biochemical machinery to produce hundreds of different enzymes, but the most important ones for food are their proteases and amylases. Proteases digest proteins into amino acids while amylases digest starches into sugars, both of which impart flavor and taste and become the precursors to even more complex flavor formed from secondary fermentation by other microorganisms.
Any food rich in starch and protein that touches these enzymes slowly decays into a rich soup of these two basic building blocks of flavor. Koji enzymes are quite powerful and continue to be useful for many industrial processes involved in the food and chemical industries. In their purified form, these enzymes are used to produce sugar syrups, cheese powders, bread doughs, clarified fruit juices, alcoholic beverages, seasonings, and sauces.
In more recent times, koji has experienced a revival in the home and restaurant kitchen. Noma, the Michelin-starred Scandinavian restaurant led by chef René Redzepi, uses koji to ferment many of the ingredients they use in their dishes. Several of their experiments have been conducted atthe Nordic Food Lab in partnership with the Department of Food Science at the University of Copenhagen and documented on their website. Noma recently released a New York Times best-selling manual, the Noma Guide to Fermentation, that describes how to grow and use koji to craft delicious dishes.
Other high-profile chefs and experimental cooks are exploring the culinary world of koji. Chef David Chang of Momofuku fame has used koji to produce alternative misos and soy sauces using non-soy legumes, grains, and nut butters through the Momofuku Culinary Lab. Chef Jeremy Umansky of Larder, a delicatessen in Columbus, Ohio, and leading koji explorer Rich Shih of OurCookQuest have teamed up to write the upcoming cookbook titled Koji Alchemy, which details many of their koji recipes and experiments.
What’s so special about koji when it comes to kitchen cooking?
Like I mentioned before, the proteases released by koji mold break down proteins to form peptides (or protein fragments) and amino acids. One of the key elements to flavor comes down to the presence of the amino acid glutamic acid, or glutamates, which is responsible for the rich and hearty umami flavors in savory foods. Monosodium glutamate, or MSG, is a form of glutamate that used industrially to impart umami while koji can do it naturally. Ribonucleases are another group of koji enzymes present in lower concentrations that break down nucleic acids (like DNA and RNA) into nucleoside phosphates. Two nucleoside phosphates, inosinic acid and guanylic acid, are intense umami activators and work in synergy with glutamic acid to exponentially heighten umami flavor. The amylases released by koji mold also add sweetness by transforming bland starches into glucose and other simple sugars.
All these compounds alone can add enhanced taste to a food, but when a food containing these compounds is cooked at temperatures above 140 degrees Celsius, they undergo the Maillard reaction to form hundreds of flavor compounds. In particular, the combination of glutamic acid and glucose form strong meaty and umami-inducing flavors under Maillard conditions. Chefs, amateur cooks, food scientists, and gastronomic experimenters have exploited koji fermentation and koji enzymes to express very intense, deep flavors in foods and have applied it to ancient grains, pickles, fermented drinks, root vegetables, coffee beans, cheeses, meats, and even insects.
The process of growing koji is relatively straightforward but requires time, patience, and a high attention to detail. Koji begins with spores called koji-kin, which serve as the seeds that germinate into koji mold. Koji-kin is usually purchased directly from a Japanese koji-kin manufacturer (there are only six left in Japan) or a third-party dealer that sells their prepackaged koji-kin. Koji-kin can also be generated from matured koji mold. Koji-kin is first mixed by hand with freshly steamed grains or beans and spread thinly in a shallow pan or wooden tray to be cooled to about 35 degrees Celsius. The inoculated material is placed in an incubator set to 30 degrees Celsius with a source of water to generate high humidity. At several time points, the growing material is mixed by hand to make sure the koji is maintained at the proper temperature and oxygen levels because koji mold produces heat and consumes oxygen as it ferments.
Temperature and humidity are key parameters to keep an eye on. Too high of a temperature and the koji dies. Too low of a temperature and the koji stops growing. Too dry or too little oxygen and the koji becomes dormant.
A small patchwork of amateur cooks has designed do-it-yourself instructions to grow koji in the home kitchen. The current iteration through which many have found success is to take a cooler and elevate a shallow metal pan containing the inoculated material in it. Water is filled below the pan to serve as a water bath. An aquarium heater is placed in the water to regulate the temperature to 30 to 35 degrees Celsius. The cooler is then closed to allow the fermentation to progress in a moist, warm environment for 30 to 40 hours to give white-yellow, fragrant rice mold. The koji rice is then combined with a protein or starch-rich food material to provide a substrate for the koji enzymes to act on and form sugars and amino acids. This is the basis for most koji fermentations.
“Chefs, amateur cooks, food scientists, and gastronomic experimenters have exploited koji fermentation and koji enzymes to express very intense, deep flavors in foods and have applied it to ancient grains, pickles, fermented drinks, root vegetables, coffee beans, cheeses, meats, and even insects.”
I’ve personally attempted to grow koji on rice using a minimalist approach that involved our apartment oven with the pilot light on as a source of heat, lovingly spraying the fermenting steamed rice with water every few hours, taking the temperature with a digital thermometer, and watching the mold spread across the grains of rice. But due to a combination of irregular heating and poor moisture control, the koji quickly blossomed into a yellow-green fuzz after a day and a half, which is usually a sign that the mold matured and formed spores.
I removed the koji rice to cool, dried it in the open, and tried one of the rice kernels, which tasted a little bit like dirt. Unfortunately, I learned that koji mold becomes earthy and bitter in flavor during the sporulation phase of its life, so there’s a narrow window between when koji is still white, fragrant, and delicious, and when koji starts to mature into something less than edible. I’ve since resigned myself to experiment with koji fermentation using commercially prepared koji rice to ensure that I don’t have to go through that again.
Growing koji is not for the faint of heart.
Another challenge with fermenting foods using koji is that the foods need to be fermented at room or warm temperatures in the presence of some microbial hurdle to ensure the foods are safe from pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. If the fermenting food were heated above the temperatures that microorganisms can survive, the heat would deactivate the koji enzymes and lead to little to no biochemical changes. In the case of miso, soy sauce, and fermented beans, high levels of salt or brines at 5 to 18% salinity are usually used to protect the fermenting food. As for rice wines, high levels of alcohol produced in secondary fermentation by yeasts is sufficient to keep the wines safe. Koji-infused foods can also be co-fermented by other microorganisms that produce protective acids, such as in the case of vinegar or lactic acid beverages.
But in each of these cases, the hurdles used to protect the foods from spoilage changes the environment in which the enzymes operate. pH, salinity, and alcohol concentration all reduce the stability and reaction rates of the koji enzymes, which increases the time it takes for full fermentation and break down to complete. This is reflected in the fact that it takes at least six months for high salt, protein-rich products like miso and soy sauce to ferment. Even when the fermenting product is heated to 60 degrees Celsius, the highest temperature that proteases can survive before they break down (amylases are more heat resistant), it can still take three to six weeks to fully degrade. Fermentations that rely on starch-rich products like rice wine take less time, about two weeks. However, that’s still quite a long time to wait.
Now, there is one koji strain that could make for an interesting substitute.
Aspergillus awamori (also known as Aspergillus luchensis) is a black form of edible koji used exclusively in Okinawa, Japan to produce awamori, a distilled hard liquor made from Thai long-grain rice. The black koji belongs to the same genus as normal koji and produces many of the same enzymes as the latter. However, black koji is distinct in that it also produces citric acid, which lowers the pH of its surroundings and protects fermenting substrates and mashes from infection by unwanted microorganisms. Its enzymes are resistant to acid and can still function optimally at pH 3 and below. These two features of black koji are what make it desirable for producing rice spirits in the high heat and humidity of the Okinawa islands, where fermenting rice is prone to spoilage.
They’re also the features that could make food waste transformation a practical reality.
Aspergillus awamori could be harnessed to quickly degrade leftovers into new ingredients in a microbially safe manner without relying on salt or alcohol. By combining food leftovers with A. awamori enzymes and a sprinkling of citric acid (enough to get below the microbial danger zone of pH 4.6) then heating the mixture at 50 degrees Celsius (right above the effective growth temperature of microbial pathogens like E. coli but still within the optimal temperature window for the protease enzyme to function) over a few days, what you would get is a nice mash of broken down nutrients from the leftovers — something like a warm soup of sugars, amino acids, peptides, and nucleic acids. After straining, you would have a clean broth rich in simple nutrients harvested from old leftovers that would have otherwise gone to waste.
The nice thing about using citric acid as the protecting acid is that it can be easily precipitated and removed at the end of the digestion by adding calcium carbonate (basically, Tums antacid), which reacts with citric acid to form an insoluble calcium citrate that can be filtered off. The result is that the mixture doesn’t end up sour at the end of the digestion.
Imagine a home appliance where you throw in last night’s leftovers, add a packet of enzyme powder, then set it and forget it. Something like a washing machine, except for food.
Every night, you keep adding your leftovers (half-eaten meat balls, pasta noodles, breakfast burritos, scrambled eggs, oatmeal, forgotten cheese, etc.), until at the end of the week, the appliance switches to pasteurize mode to deactivate any remaining enzymes.
At the end of the cycle, you just add in a second packet of calcium powder, then open a spigot to filter out the solids.
Out comes a rich, nutritious (and hopefully tasty) broth made from the most basic components of your entire week’s meals that you can drink on your way to work or use as a base for a soup.
The broth could be collected by a local processing facility that uses it as a resource to extract amino acids, sugars, and other nutrients for producing new foods and ingredients.
The broth could even be simply dumped down the drain, which would still have a smaller environmental impact than the same mass of solid food waste dumped into a landfill, taking up precious land and emitting methane gas.
(Hello IndieBio, do I have a startup idea for you…!)
The truth is that, at this point in time, there might be little economic reason to recycle your leftovers in the kitchen when so much food is already being produced around the world, especially in developed nations. But imagine a future when food is more expensive and nutrition is hard to come by due to increasing drought, pestilence, poor crop yield, or any number of climate-related impacts on food production.
A kitchen-top food recycler might just do the job.
“Imagine a home appliance where you throw in last night’s leftovers, add a packet of enzyme powder, then set it and forget it. Something like a washing machine, except for food.”
There are other human needs where a food-digesting appliance might find a market before maturing into a full-fledge machine designed to recycle food at the point of consumption. Patients who suffer from gastrointestinal injury or have recently completed specific surgeries are recommended to go on a clear liquid diet. The appliance could be used to produce customized, high-nutrient liquid broths that are suitable for such diets. The appliance could also be used for people who generally suffer from poor digestion and require their foods to be pre-digested.
Or the appliance could simply be used to produce very tasty, customized broths and stocks for the home cook or restaurant chef (a not-so-instant Instant Pot).
These are but a few potential ideas and certainly do not capture the whole range of technological possibilities that could help improve the world.
I pieced this essay together because I’ve been thinking about the applications of koji and koji enzymes for several years. A lot of these thoughts have been bouncing around my head as I’ve read more about the behavior and characteristics of koji molds on food, and I wanted to finally write all of this down.
I believe there’s amazing potential between these ancient molds and sustainable biotechnology. Koji enzymes are already used industrially for some of these purposes, like digesting cellulose to produce bioethanol, but I always wondered about applications at the consumer level that could help people like you and me curb food waste and help the environment directly from the kitchen.
I would love to chat more and share ideas with others interested in the crossover of food, technology, and sustainability topics.
Thanks for reading!
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Meets NGSS, Common Core,and Texas STAAR standards. Comprehensive lab on physical properties including magnetism, conductivity, solubility in water, absorbency, and more. Students will test given items in groups after a teacher demonstration. Definitions for terms are included. Lab sheets and observation sheets are included. Pre lab questions will set up the lab and give the students great context for exploration. Three design challenges, with design sheet, give the students an opportunity to use what they have learned to solve challenges that are fun and scientifically useful. Great STEM activities. Vocabulary words include: solubility, relative density, conductivity, magnetic, flexible, rigid, etc.
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Note: This message is displayed if (1) your browser is not standards-compliant or (2) you have you disabled CSS. Read our Policies for more information.
Significantly reducing or eliminating unnecessary idling can add up to big savings in fuel costs each year. A typical heavy-duty diesel engine burns about one gallon of fuel for every hour it idles. If this truck idles for 4 hours per day (300 days per year) at a price of $2.60 per gallon for diesel fuel, this idling will cost roughly $3,100 per truck annually.
Idle reduction technologies that save fuel or use fuel more efficiently can pay for themselves through fuel savings in a relatively short period of time. They also help reduce harmful tailpipe emissions and improve the State of Indiana's air quality.
U.S. EPA SmartWay Program is designed to help truck owners and operators compare the costs and estimate the fuel savings associated with various efficiency technologies. You can also calculate how long it will take fuel savings to repay loans if your company decides to upgrade trucks with fuel-saving or emission-reducing retrofits.
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Broccoli Reduces Strawberry Disease
Broccoli Rotation Reduces Wilt in Strawberries Without Fumigation
|Above: A California researcher who tested growing broccoli before strawberries to control wiltcommonly managed with methyl bromidefound he could consistently reduce the disease by diversifying the rotation and incorporating crop residue. A worker at the Monterey Bay Academy managed by the California Strawberry Commission shreds broccoli residue. Photo by Krishna Subbarao.|
Strawberry growers have long relied on the soil fumigant methyl bromide to control soil-borne diseases such as Verticillium wilt that can devastate the valuable crop. As supplies of the chemicalto be pulled off the market by the U. S. EPA in 2005dwindle and become more expensive, researchers are seeking new environmentally sound, cost-effective ways to control strawberry wilt. Armed with a SARE grant, University of California-Davis researcher Krishna Subbarao has tested a promising rotation using broccoli, a crop he found in earlier research to suppress the disease. In that research, where Subbarao introduced broccoli into cauliflower rotations, he found that growing broccoli and incorporating its residue into the soil suppressed 95 percent of the microsclerotiastructures that cause the diseaseand reduced wilt in subsequent cauliflower crops. In his SARE project, Subbarao tested broccoli in rotations with strawberries to see if he would get similar results. He also experimented with lettuce and Brussels sprouts, commonly grown in northern California, in the rotation. Thus far, broccoli rotations look the most promising to control wilt. Researchers found rotations of broccoli-broccoli-strawberrieswith broccoli residue incorporated prior to strawberriesexhibited the same suppression abilities as in their earlier work. While growing two crops of broccoli prior to strawberries is less profitable than growing strawberries year round, growers can realize some economic return. Moreover, with methyl bromide costing up to $2,000 an acre, a non-chemical alternative is an attractive solution. Area growers are interested. An organic strawberry grower has adopted the rotation, while three large conventional strawberry growers are testing it. "If growing broccoli reduces Verticillium wilt in the post-methyl bromide era, while giving a reasonably high strawberry yield, it will be a significant boon for the growers," Subbarao says.
[For more information, go to http://www.sare.org/projects/ and search for SW99-009]
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Are you really an expert if you can’t communicate well?
Updated: Apr 24
“If a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound?”
We can apply that question to the importance of effective communication. Specifically, to illustrate experts attempting to share what they know. Reword as follows: If knowledgeable, well-trained professionals are unable to successfully communicate their expertise to others, do they even have a message? Will they even be recognized as “experts”? Will other messages drown them out?
Expert knowledge requires expert communication
Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (RDNs) are THE nutrition experts, well-trained in the science of food and nutrition. They possess expertise that can change lives. However, to make an impact requires more than subject-matter knowledge. It requires knowledge and skills in communicating that knowledge to others.
Although well-trained in food and nutrition, most RDNs have minimal training in communicating their expertise. Consumers and patients need the guidance of RDNs, but if their messages are never heard, or they are misunderstood or ignored, how can they make an impact?
RDNs are THE credentialed nutrition professionals, but they are not the only ones in the marketplace espousing to know about nutrition. Non-credentialed influencers make unfounded claims, promote fads and gimmicks, and spread fear, half-truths, and downright falsehoods – messages that compete for the attention of the public RDNs seek to protect and teach. These potentially dangerous messages are often well communicated and therefore believed and followed.
It’s time for RDNs to become not only nutrition experts but also become experts at communicating effectively. Without communication excellence, the nutrition expert does not make a sound in the forest.
By combining communication expertise with nutrition expertise, RDNs can have the impact they desire. Their messages will be heard, understood, and put into practice. With the necessary knowledge and skills, RDNs can become competent and confident communicators that make a difference for all types of audiences.
A resource was created for building communication expertise
Recognizing the need for a resource to provide this knowledge and skill base, educators and practitioners alike reached out to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics to fill this need. The Academy sought to create a comprehensive guide covering nutrition communication.
For more than 3 years the Academy led a team of 57 authors in writing 42 chapters and 8 section openers covering everything from communication theory to writing for social media, creating videos and food demonstrations, assessing an audience, responding to questions, enhancing audience engagement, cultural competency, professional ethics, and more.
The resulting text, Communicating Nutrition: The Authoritative Guide, is for both future and current nutrition professionals. Educators can order a prepublication preview and teaching resources. Students can connect via social media.
As the first section of the book is titled, communication forms the foundation of professional practice. Without good communication skills, a message does not reach its intended audience. It is like a tree falling in a forest that no one hears. It will not make a difference. Professionals that have the greatest impact are experts in subject matter and communication.
“The two words ‘information’ and ‘communication’ are often used interchangeably, but they signify quite different things. Information is giving out; communication is getting through.” ~ Sydney J. Harris
If you like this content, please share it:
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Penetration testing is the process of investigating and finding holes in the IT infrastructure of an organization, by attempting maneuvers used by malicious attackers. In a few words penetration testing shows business owners, decision makers and especially IT personnel, the steps they need to undertake in order to provide security to their users and data.
There are a number of reasons to conducting penetration tests and they help not only secure the infrastructure but also safeguard an organization’s employees, their data, credentials and their corporate privacy. Such reasons include preventing data breaches, testing how strong the existing security framework of the organization is, and ensuring that new applications which are to be included in the infrastracture are secure and the employees are using them in a safe manner and accordingly to the organization’s security policies.
Furthermore, the most important reason for going ahead with penetration testing is to ensure that your IT security team will be prepared to take some relevant and required steps and measures towards defending your infrastructure against intruders, denial of service attackers, phishing attempts, or even against social engineering attacks against a company’s personnel.
A typical penetration test goes through these stages:
Goal: Setting the objective of the security assessment.
Reconnaissance: Finding out as much as possible about the target company and the systems being audited. This occurs both online and offline.
Discovery: Port or vulnerability scanning of the IP ranges in question to learn more about the environment.
Exploitation: Using the knowledge of vulnerabilities and systems to exploit systems to gain access, either at the operating system or application level.
Brute forcing: Testing all systems for weak passwords and gaining access if they do.
Website Penetration Test
Websites and web applications are usually the easiest way for people to find your company and learn information about it. It is beneficial for any organization to have a strong online presence, while also reducing the possibility of the website being penetrated and having protected directories stolen or exposed. It is also considered dangerous for an organization to suffer a website defacement, which is an attack that changes a website visually, or even a contextual defacement which maliciously changes the information visitors can gain through visiting the website. Furthermore, attackers can upload malware and spyware such as viruses and trojan horses, which can easily infect visitors if they are not adequately protected themselves.
Web applications are a major point of vulnerability in organizations today. Web app holes have resulted in the theft of millions of credit cards, major financial and reputational damage for hundreds of enterprises, and even the compromise of thousands of browsing machines that visited Web sites altered by attackers.
Often analysis of the infrastructure and topology architecture can reveal a great deal about a web application. Information such as source code, HTTP methods permitted, administrative functionality, authentication methods, and infrastructural configurations can be obtained.
Authentication is the act of establishing or confirming something (or someone) as authentic, that is, that claims made by or about the thing are true. Authenticating an object may mean confirming its provenance, whereas authenticating a person often consists of verifying her identity. Authentication depends upon one or more authentication factors. In computer security, authentication is the process of attempting to verify the digital identity of the sender of a communication. A common example of such a process is the logon process. Testing the authentication schema means understanding how the authentication process works and using that information to circumvent the authentication mechanism.
At the core of any web-based application is the way in which it maintains state and thereby controls user-interaction with the site. Session Management broadly covers all controls on a user from authentication to leaving the application. HTTP is a stateless protocol, meaning that web servers respond to client requests without linking them to each other. Even simple application logic requires a user’s multiple requests to be associated with each other across a “session”. This necessitates third party solutions – through either Off-The-Shelf (OTS) middleware and web server solutions, or bespoke developer implementations. Most popular web application environments, such as ASP and PHP, provide developers with built-in session handling routines. Some kind of identification token will typically be issued, which will be referred to as a “Session ID” or Cookie. There are a number of ways in which a web application may interact with a user. Each is dependent upon the nature of the site, the security, and availability requirements of the application. Whilst there are accepted best practices for application development, such as those outlined in the OWASP Guide to Building Secure Web Applications, it is important that application security is considered within the context of the provider’s requirements and expectations.
Authorization is the concept of allowing access to resources only to those permitted to use them. Testing for Authorization means understanding how the authorization process works, and using that information to circumvent the authorization mechanism. Authorization is a process that comes after a successful authentication, so the tester will verify this point after he holds valid credentials, associated with a well-defined set of roles and privileges. During this kind of assessment, it should be verified if it is possible to bypass the authorization schema, find a path traversal vulnerability, or find ways to escalate the privileges assigned to the tester.
Business logic can have security flaws that allow a user to do something that isn’t allowed by the business. For example, if there is a limit on reimbursement of $1000, could an attacker misuse the system to request more money than it is intended? Or, perhaps, users are supposed to do operations in a particular order, but an attacker could invoke them out of sequence. Or can a user make a purchase for a negative amount of money? Frequently, these business logic checks simply are not present in the application.
The most common web application security weakness is the failure to properly validate input coming from the client or environment before using it. This weakness leads to almost all of the major vulnerabilities in web applications, such as cross site scripting, SQL injection, interpreter injection, locale/Unicode attacks, file system attacks, and buffer overflows.
The HTTP clear-text protocol is normally secured via an SSL or TLS tunnel, resulting in HTTPS traffic. In addition to providing encryption of data in transit, HTTPS allows the identification of servers (and, optionally, of clients) by means of digital certificates. We test for both weak SSL/TSL ciphers and SSL certificate validity for both client side and server side.
In a network environment there are not only dangers from the outside, but equal or sometimes higher and more important dangers within a network’s perimeter. Most attacks of today are delivered upon via the sending of phishing emails or cross-site scripting attacks which allow attacker with access to an organization’s internal network. During an Internal PenTest, we try to gain unauthorized access to the internal systems of an organization and try to exploit physical entities such as routers, firewalls, applications as well as the organization’s employees through social networking.
We assess issues such as clear text passwords, shared accounts and database accessibility from within the internal network. Finally we work with clients to set objectives in order to help them come to a sufficient security compliance level, and allow them and their employees to understand the dangers of not following industry standard secure practices. Furthermore, this procedure will allow us and the client to be prepared when deploying future applications, installations or employment of new personnel to do so in a secure manner which will not compromise the internal network and through it allow access to unauthorized persons, thus relieving the stress of protecting sensitive information and personal data.
Assessing the power of an organizations first line of defense in its digital presence is of utmost importance as external threats are not only always on the high end of the threshold but they are always current and unfortunately will always exist. Malicious attackers try to spam, phish, flood, attempt service denials or even inject an organization’s systems with worms, viruses or other malicious software, mainly towards a goal of retrieving information such as financial records, credit card details, as a means of industrial espionage or simply to cause chaos and confusion.
During external penetration testing we will try to gain access to external systems and applications. After any successful attempts, we will try to escalate privileges on the different systems, services and applications, and we will assess the vulnerabilities which are found in this scope.
Common attacks which systems are tested against are:
Footprinting – the technique of gathering information about computer systems and the entities they belong to.
Public Information & Information Leakage – happens whenever a system that is designed to be closed to an eavesdropper reveals some information to unauthorized parties nonetheless. For example, when designing an encrypted instant messaging network, a network engineer without the capacity to crack your encryption codes could see when you are transmitting messages, even if he could not read them.
DNS Analysis & DNS Bruteforcing – this attack can be used to breach a private network by causing the victim’s web browser to access machines at private IP addresses and returning the results to the attacker. It can also be used to leverage the victim machine for spamming, distributed denial-of-service attacks and other malicious activities.
Port Scanning – an attack that sends client requests to a range of server port addresses on a host, with the goal of finding an active port and exploiting a known vulnerability of that service
System Fingerprinting – the passive collection of configuration attributes from a remote device. The combination of parameters may then be used to infer the remote machine’s operating system.
- Services Probing
- Exploit Research
- Manual Vulnerability Testing and Verification of Identified Vulnerabilities
- Intrusion Detection/Prevention System Testing
- Password Service Strength Testing
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Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), principally cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases, impose a significant burden on health and development in the Western Pacific Region.
NCDs are the leading causes of death and disability, responsible for 80% of all deaths in a Region that is home to more than one quarter of the world’s population. Of particular concern is the high level of premature mortality from NCDs (deaths before 70 years of age): they account for 50% of such deaths in low- and middle-income countries. There are indications that NCD-related morbidity and mortality will continue to rise if urgent measures are not taken.
The environments where we live, study, play and work have a huge influence on our behaviour. To succeed in improving environments and reducing the major modifiable risk factors (tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, unhealthy diets and physical inactivity), strong collaboration among health and relevant non-health sectors and civil society is needed.
To support Member States in the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases, the WHO Western Pacific Region NCD programme works to:
- raise the priority accorded to NCDs through international cooperation and advocacy;
- strengthen national capacity to accelerate country response;
- reduce the modifiable risk factors such as tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, unhealthy diets, and physical inactivity through creation of health-promoting environments;
- strengthen health systems to address prevention and control of NCDs through people-centred primary health care and universal health coverage;
- promote national capacity for high-quality research and development; and
- monitor trends, determinants and progress to achieve global, regional, and national targets through evidence-based interventions.
These follow the objectives of the global and regional actions plans for the period to 2020.
Regional Commitee Resolutions on NCD
WPR/RC64.R6 Noncommunicable diseases (2013)
- WPR/RC62.R2 Expanding and intensifying NCD prevention and control (2011)
- WPR/RC59.R5 NCD prevention and control (2008)
- WPR/RC57.R4 NCD prevention and control (2006)
- WPR/RC51.R5 Prevention and control of NCD (2000)
Regional Publications and Meeting Reports
Malaysia and WHO tackle the marketing of unhealthy food and beverages to children
UN Task Force on NCDs: Joint UN action to respond to NCDs epidemic in Mongolia
WHO advocates for healthy and resilient cities in the Western Pacific Region
Noncommunicable diseases prematurely take 16 million lives every year, WHO urges countries to invest in "best buy" interventions
WHO warns against the dangers of excessive salt consumption
Prevent and control noncommunicable diseases for healthy islands
New Zealand and WHO join forces to combat tobacco use and heart disease in the Pacific
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Welding is one of the methods of production. Its purpose is to permanently connect engineering materials (metal, ceramic, polymer, composite) to each other, in such a way that the properties of bonding are similar to those of the base material.
Welding is the connection of two metal or non-metallic pieces to each other due to external factors such as heat and pressure, which today is considered as an advanced and effective science in the service of the industry which in the earlier times was considered as art. Historians have the first connection methods in the east to the Chinese and in the west to the ancient Romans. In the 3,000 BC, the Chinese learned to connect some metals and nonmetallic materials, and the Romans used solder, which is today used with little change in the new industry. This training course is equal to 80 training hours.
Types of welding are:
- Electrical arc welding
- Boiling point
- Welding of colored metals
. Welding in electricity and gas
- Underwater welding and grinding
- Types of modern welding in military industries
- Plastic welding
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| 0.959637 | 226 | 3.5625 | 4 |
If you are a botanist or a native plant enthusiast you probably, field guide in pocket, happily bend down and examine any interesting new plant you might see while on a search-and-find expedition But, let’s face it, most of us simply notice flowering plants in passing and when we do try to examine them, we don’t really know what to look for.
In Nantahala we have the cute little Wild Oats that pop up in April and then, the larger plants looking very much like them, only different.
Those larger plants with nodding yellow flowers are Large-Flowered Bellwort and Perfoliate Bellwort and although side by side comparison makes which one is which obvious, encountered singly here and there on hikes it isn’t so easy to tell them apart. Or, at least, that was my experience, so I started really noticing them.
When the plants first come up, the Large-flowered Bellwort is, for lack of a better description, wobbly!
Not only is the flower droppy, but the leaves are also. By contrast, the Perfoliate Bellwort is stiffer.
Both plants have alternate placed leaves, and although one is designated as “perfoliate” which means that they surround the stem, BOTH of them have perfoliate leaves! (so how is a gal to know??).
This photograph of Perfoliate Bellwort leaves which seem to be pierced by the stem is a good example of what is meant of a perfoliate leaf. (noticing the seed that is beginning to form while the flower’s tepals are still there)
So go past the fact that both plants have alternate perfoliate leaves. There are differences. The grandiflora is larger with a height of 15-30 inches while the perfoliata is shorter, with a height of 8-20 inches, but you see that their sizes overlap, so many of them are the same size making it hard to decide which species they are by their height alone.
The other difference is that the perfoliata is a little later in coming. First the grandifloras emerge, and then the perfoliata’s follow – so if you encounter plants which have already have lost their flowers with the seed pod emerging and then run into some which are still in bloom, look a little closer.
The flowers in both plants are very similar, but there is a “tell” which is easier to discern in a more mature flower.
The flower of the Perfoliate Bellwort will have dark yellow or golden granules in its inner surface but the flower of the Large-Flowered Bellwort will not.
If you are lucky enough to have Uvularias on your property and want to transplant them into the garden, could you? should you? The answer is, “go right ahead!”
This is a photograph of a Perfoliate Bellwort which I was about to transplant and has done well in the garden, but it has not bushed out or colonized, really. I transplanted five plants and they have returned every year but have not, as Kenneth used to say about invasives, “taken over”. HOWEVER, be careful what you wish for with the Large-Flowered Bellwort and plan ahead to thin out whatever you plant. They don’t exactly “take over” but they do reproduce and form lovely expansive plants.
As seen from this photograph, the reason for the grandifloras more agressive colonization is obvious as their robust root system makes the perfoliata’s look puny. These plants were dug up in August and transplanted into two different beds where they have thrived for over a decade.
By May, the lovely drooping flowers begin to become interesting seed capsules.
Here, side by side, are three-angled seed capsules. Again there are subtle differences. The are, “alike, but different”. The Perfoliate Bellwort seed capsule is more angular and sharp but the Large-Flowered Bellwort seed pod is rounder. The other difference is that they mature at different times, with the Large-Flowered Bellwort seed ready much sooner than the Perfoliate Bellwort seed.
These Large-Flowered Bellwort seeds were harvested August 8th, last year.
When I first started researching our native plants all that was available was field-guides and other books and it was difficult to get information that had more than botanical descriptions and one photograph with a flower in bloom (if you were lucky!) but now, knowing the name of a certain plant it is wonderful to do an Internet search and get a lot of different information which is interesting and helpful. I found a very good entry for Uvularia grandiflora from the Missouri Botanical Garden site which gives it a five star rating as a garden plant. Do click on the link! And, if you are inspired to add a “Merry” touch to your shade garden but don’t happen to be as lucky as we are here in Nantahala with Uvularias growing in our back yard, click on this this link here to do some on-line shopping at Prairie Moon Nursery for seeds or roots.
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Excavations have demonstrated that it was the ability of the Nabataeans to control the water supply that led to the rise of the desert city, in effect creating an artificial oasis. The area is visited by flash floods and archaeological evidence demonstrates the Nabataeans controlled these floods by the use of dams, cisterns and water conduits. These innovations stored water for prolonged periods of drought, and enabled the city to prosper from its sale.
Although in ancient times Petra might have been approached from the south (via Saudi Arabia on a track leading around Jabal Haroun, Aaron’s Mountain, on across the plain of Petra), or possibly from the high plateau to the north, most modern visitors approach the ancient site from the east. The impressive eastern entrance leads steeply down through a dark, narrow gorge (in places only 3–4 metres wide) called the Siq (“the shaft”), a natural geological feature formed from a deep split in the sandstone rocks and serving as a waterway flowing into Wadi Musa. At the end of the narrow gorge stands Petra’s most elaborate ruin, Al Khazneh (“the Treasury”), hewn into the sandstone cliff.
A little further from the Treasury, at the foot of the mountain called en-Nejr is a massive theatre, so placed as to bring the greatest number of tombs within view. At the point where the valley opens out into the plain, the site of the city is revealed with striking effect. The amphitheatre has actually been cut into the hillside and into several of the tombs during its construction. Rectangular gaps in the seating are still visible. Almost enclosing it on three sides are rose-colored mountain walls, divided into groups by deep fissures, and lined with knobs cut from the rock in the form of towers.
This post is also available in: Czech Bulgarian Chinese (Simplified) Danish Dutch Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Italian Japanese Lithuanian Norwegian Bokmål Polish Portuguese (Portugal) Russian Slovak Spanish Swedish
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| 0.954579 | 433 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Voyages in English 4 Set (TB, TM)
This series includes the major areas of grammar: correct usage, mechanics, and dictionary skills. Each chapter incorporates a grammar concept with one of the following writing genres: personal narratives, friendly letters, how-to writing, descriptions, book reports, and research reports. For purposes of instruction, the grammar skills are often taught in isolation, but they should not be considered separate and distinct from one another.
Grammar, correct usage, mechanics, and spelling are taught primarily to enhance the student’s oral and written expression. Becoming proficient in language is a process. As students mature, their knowledge and use of the language should mature as well.
We Also Recommend
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https://learningplus.ph/products/voyages-in-english-4-set-tb-tm
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en
| 0.930558 | 148 | 3.65625 | 4 |
In August 2019 the Erasmus University organized the “Gender in Research Summer Course“. During this summer school, young researchers learned how sex and gender can be included in the various phases of the research process. During this Summer School, the researchers worked in subgroups to develop an innovative project to inform, motivate, and activate our colleagues and institutions where we work to adequately consider sex and gender in research. Our team (Marijn van Wingerden, Els van der Ven, Ana Mikolic, Jessica Gong and I) was one of the two €8000,- Gender in Research Award winners, that allowed us to develop the “Gender Quest”, an online game to stimulate researchers to perform more sex- and gender-sensitive research.
In “The Quest for Better Research,” the players are stimulated to critically think about sex- and gender in their research, and are given tools on how to perform more sex- and gender-sensitive research. The information included in this game mainly comes from the website www.genderedinnovations.stanford.edu as well as several peer-reviewed scientific publications. Play the game to test your knowledge and read the references below if you want to know more!
Follow this link to play the game
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https://www.annemarijekaag.com/afgeronde-projecten/genderquest/
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en
| 0.948008 | 258 | 2.671875 | 3 |
- slide 1 of 6
Urban Wind Turbines
As the fall of the economy continues to impact everyone, major states with large cities, like New York, have turned to wind turbine energy to power businesses, apartments, and homes. This major improvement of natural, clean energy has proven to provide wind power for homes, reducing the annual cost of energy.
- slide 2 of 6
Beginning of Wind Turbines
In around 200 BC, Persia was known to be using wind powered machines. It wasn't until 1888, when a man named Charles F. Brush built the first one to touch down in American soil. He had built it in Cleveland, Ohio.
Today, many can be seen in the rural parts of the world powering farms, or supplementing energy companies’ power supply. They are manmade beasts, standing from 30-60 meters tall, with blades with lengths from 20-40 meters. They are usually painted light grey in order to blend in with clouds, and obtain a flashing red light for airplanes to see them.
- slide 3 of 6
Urban Wind Turbines
These giant creations are not the ones being found in compact cities. There are newly created urban wind turbines, which are much smaller and look very similar to in-house fans. These new creations can be expected to produce one-kilowatt of power, which with multiple running, it would be able to power all the interior common area lights, like elevators, stairwells, hallways and surrounding building lights. They also are different as they do not give power to the energy companies; rather give power directly to the homes that have purchased them.
- slide 4 of 6
Costs and Benifits
Wind turbine energy is not a new source of energy at all, but its integration into the city lifestyle has great effects on prices of living. Many housing units, called "affordable living facilities" are found trying to incorporate them into their buildings, with backup power sources in case there is no wind. The wind turbine costs about $10,000 for a small residential wind generator turbine, but is supposed to be able to cut annual energy costs up to $1,200. It has been known for these turbines to be able to power one-half to two thirds of a three to four bedroom house.
Urban wind power turbines are suppose to be able to drop prices of bigger buildings, like the ones seen along the New York skyline, up to half the amount of the original bill. This will make the cost of living substantially less than it used to be.
The only problem is the large initial cost of these urban wind turbines. Ranging from $8,000-$12,000, they are surely a large investment. In this type of economy, it may be hard for people to cough up that kind of money. The benefit, however, is the amount of money you will save over time. In just a couple years, the urban wind turbine will have paid itself off, but numbers show it does not affect anyone’s decision to rush into buying one.
New York has offered to cover half of the cost for the initial installment of the turbines; however, there is hardly anyone taking advantage of the discounted price. Just recently, the government has offered a 30% tax break, with a cap of $4,000, in hopes to generate a bigger desire to turn to wind power for homes.
- slide 5 of 6
Some Current Disadvantages
There are also many disadvantages to these newly created urban wind turbines. They must be raised high above the ground, as they will not work close to the surface of the earth. City buildings usually prevent large gusts of wind to pass through the city, limiting the amount of power these urban wind turbines generate. They also vibrate, which may cause wear and tear on the weaker buildings and homes who decide to invest in them. The wind powered turbines must be placed in a spot to get wind from multiple directions, in order to always be creating power.
- slide 6 of 6
These urban wind turbines are still being worked on and constantly having new breakthroughs, but one thing is certain, once the bumps in the creation of wind powered sources of energy are fixed, many people can expect to see more fan-like turbines spinning on top or urban houses and buildings!
Source of Initial information:
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New!! MSc Crop Protection New!!
Why Crop Protection ?
At a time of population growth and concerns over global food security the investments made in crop production need to be protected from losses due to plant pathogens, insects and weeds. Without crop protection yields fall, food prices rise and maintaining food production levels requires more land leaving less available for recreation and wildlife conservation.
Science, research and innovation offer the only prospect to develop and apply modern crop protection techniques while observing the challenges of natural resources conservation.
The master program in crop protection is a job and research oriented interdisciplinary program. Graduate students have the opportunity to learn about the basic and applied aspects of research of a broad range of disciplines including plant pathology, nematology, entomology, virology, weed science, pesticide use, legislation and toxicology, molecular phytopathology, mycotoxin research, plant nutrition, plant breeding and plant biotechnology.
Graduated students will be able to select and combine suitable technologies to solve the problems of crop protection and increase crop production efficiency.
Best performing students are eligible for a scholarship in the subsequent PhD Programme on Crop Protection.
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http://www.uni-goettingen.de/de/135654.html
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| 0.887823 | 233 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Plasma life forms – dark panspermia
Posted on Thursday, 3 January, 2008 | 2 comments
Columnist: Jay Alfred
The Meteoric Rise of Life on Earth: One of the goals of astrobiology is to understand how life on Earth began. 2,500 years ago, Anaxagoras, a Greek philosopher, proposed a hypothesis called "panspermia" (Greek for "all seeds") which posited that all life, and indeed all things, originated from the combination of tiny seeds pervading the cosmos. Astrobiologists at NASA and elsewhere are now seriously considering the possibility that life on Earth originated outside the planet and was brought into it by space debris impacting its surface over vast stretches of time. Recent discoveries are lending increasing support to the hypothesis of panspermia.
Researchers discovered a meteorite from Mars that was cool enough in its core when it reached Earth to support life-forms such as bacteria. Another group succeeded in reviving bacteria more than 250 million years old. In 2004 the Stardust Mission discovered a range of complex hydrocarbon molecules, the building blocks for life, inside Comet Wild 2. In 2005 the Deep Impact mission discovered a mixture of organic and clay particles inside Comet Tempel 1. NASA researchers at Johnson Space Center, Houston, discovered organic materials that formed in the most distant reaches of the early Solar System preserved in the Tagish Lake carbonaceous chondrite, a rare type of meteorite that is rich in organic (carbon-bearing) compounds.
The discovery of organic matter in meteorites is of considerable interest to scientists because the material is likely to have been formed at the dawn of the Solar System almost 4.6 billion years ago and may have seeded the early Earth with the building blocks of life. Scott Messenger, NASA space scientist, says "The organic globules most likely originated in the cold molecular cloud that gave birth to our Solar System, or at the outermost reaches of the early Solar System." Mike Zolensky, NASA cosmic mineralogist, says "If, as we suspect, this type of meteorite has been falling onto Earth throughout its entire history, then the Earth was seeded with these organic globules at the same time life was first forming here." Presumably, all this "seeding" is still going on.
Meteorites represent primitive solar system material. Every day several hundred tons of meteoritic matter fall to Earth. Many asteroids originate from the asteroid belt, between Mars and Jupiter. Their orbits have large eccentricities and inclinations. There is sufficient evidence that asteroids caused numerous craters to be formed on Earth when they impacted the planet's surface, including the Tunguska crater in Siberia in 1908, the Barringer meteorite crater in Arizona about 50,000 years ago and the crater north of the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico 65 million years ago. Comets have elliptical orbits and take varying lengths of time to orbit the Sun - some take 3 years, others may take hundreds of thousands of years. Millions of comets are believed to form the Oort cloud which is beyond the orbit of Neptune and half the distance to the nearest star. Hence, they may originate from the farthest reaches of the solar neighborhood.Dark Meteorites
Dr Robert Foot of the University of Melbourne argues that some meteorites, such as the one that caused the Tunguska crater, may be composed of "mirror matter" (a component of dark matter where particles have a different parity from the particles tabulated under the physicists' Standard Model or what plasma metaphysics calls the "standard particles") and have impacted the Earth without leaving any ordinary matter fragments.Dark Panspermia
Is it possible that the space debris that seeded life on Earth contained dark matter? If so, it will revolutionize our theories of evolution. Let's review the facts. The first thing to determine is whether it is plausible that meteorites, asteroids and comets could actually harbor dark matter.Why some Meteorites, Asteroids and Comets could contain Dark Matter
Our galaxy's dark matter halo is believed to outweigh its visible ordinary matter by more than 20 times. While the visible galaxy (a disk) is around 120,000 light-years across and about 1,000 light years thick, the dark halo (a sphere) may extend to more than 3 times that distance, beyond 300,000 to 400,000 light years out from the galactic center. In terms of volume, therefore, the halo is much larger than the visible galaxy. The visible galaxy will be like a thin rotating compact disc sitting in the center of a large beach ball. Most of the matter in our galaxy is therefore composed of dark matter. Only a very small proportion is composed of ordinary matter.
The Sun and its entourage are currently wading through the Local Interstellar Cloud. It entered the Cloud about 100,000 years ago (just when our early human ancestors were moving out of Africa) and is expected to remain within it for another 10,000 to 20,000 years. Leo Blitz of the University of California and David Spergel of Princeton University believe that interstellar clouds harbor dark matter.
The shape of the rotation curve of the Milky Way was found to be flat to distances beyond the edge of the Milky Way's disk. The rotation curve is plotted with the velocity of the star on one axis and its distance from the galactic center (its radius) on another axis. Measurements show that after rising from zero in the center to about 200 km/s in the inner region, the rotation curve remained fairly constant; attaining velocities of between 200 km/s and 225 km/s, up to 15 kpc from the galactic center. The Sun is about 8.5 kpc from the galactic center and its orbital speed around the galaxy is about 220 km/s. Its orbital speed is much faster than what would be expected at that distance from the galactic center within the visible galaxy, suggesting the direct effect of dark matter on the Sun.
The density of matter in the vicinity of the Sun can be estimated by sampling a uniform population of luminous stars that extends above the disk of the galaxy. The average velocities of the stars and the vertical distances they traverse above the disk provide a measure of the gravitational force that keeps these stars within the disk. From the strength of this force the total density of matter can be estimated. Measurements indicate that the actual number of (visible) stars accounted for only half this density. This provides further evidence that there must be dark matter in the vicinity of the Sun to eliminate the shortfall and balance-out to the measured density.
It is conceivable, therefore, that comets which travel to the far reaches of the Solar System (beyond Neptune's orbit) and then to the opposite end, near to the Sun, accumulate dark matter as they sweep through the Solar System and beyond. Meteorites and asteroids, similarly, collect some dark matter within the Solar System, as they sweep through their orbits. We would therefore expect the Earth to be impacted by space debris containing dark matter every day.Dark Evolution
After falling into habitable zones; meteorites, asteroids and comets, containing both the dark and visible building blocks of life, generated the first single-celled and later multi-cellular life-forms which developed both ordinary and dark matter bodies that were coupled to each other.
According to plasma metaphysics, dark matter consists largely of a plasma of very high energy super particles (sometimes of a different parity) - or "dark plasma". Due to their very high energy levels (or different parities) these particles interacted only weakly with ordinary matter (in other words, there are only subtle interactions between the ordinary and dark matter bodies) or they do not interact at all with ordinary matter at extremely high energies. It is reasonable to assume that the lower frequency (or energy) dark matter (which can be correlated to what metaphysicists call "physical-etheric matter") would have subtle interactions with the biochemical fields within the biological body whereas the higher frequency dark matter (which can be correlated with what metaphysicists call the "astral" and other even higher energy matter) may not interact directly with ordinary matter.
Meteorites which contain dark plasma generated the first bioplasma cells which were the precursors to the biochemical cells (as argued by Erzilia Lozneanu and Mircea Sanduloviciu of Cuza University in 2003; and inferred by V N Tsytovich and his colleagues of the Russian Academy of Science in 2007). It has been shown that plasma can undergo self-organization as electronic charges become separated and the plasma becomes polarized. As argued by Tsytovich, the plasma cell acted as a mold or template for the formation of the biochemical cell. This is consistent with the observation, often found in the metaphysical literature (for example Barbara Brennan and others), that the subtle bioplasma body provides the template for the morphogenesis of the biochemical body in 3+1 dimensional space. This is also consistent with dark matter theories, which propose that dark matter provides the scaffolding for ordinary matter (as reported by Richard Massey, California Institute of Technology, and others). Physicist Chung Pei-Ma, an associate professor of astronomy at UC Berkeley, concludes that "the ghost universe of dark matter is a template for the visible universe".
While the carbon-based body was ordinarily visible, the dark matter body was invisible. It is conceivable that a series of invisible bodies, developing over a spectrum of energy levels and composed of dark matter, formed an invisible superstructure over the biological body. The higher energy bodies and the biological bodies then co-evolved as a composite during the lifetime of the carbon-based biological body.
When the biological bodies died, however, dark matter bodies continued to evolve on their own. At periodic intervals these older dark matter bodies (with accumulated memories) fused with the young dark matter counterpart bodies of embryonic biological bodies to continue their evolution with biological bodies. The evolution of these dark matter bodies were therefore inter-twined with the evolution of biological bodies over vast stretches of time. The dark matter bodies of human beings have often been described as "subtle bodies" or "bioplasma bodies" in the metaphysical and off-mainstream scientific literature.Role of Water is replaced by Liquid-Crystal Plasma
Liquid water is essential for biochemical life as an agent for transport and protein folding. Its high heat capacity, ability to remain a liquid over a wide temperature range and properties as a solvent ensures a stable and useful substrate for biochemical activities. Its importance, however, is relative to biochemical life - not electromagnetic life. It is not necessary for electromagnetic life which uses magnetic fields to form structures and electric fields as agents of transport.
Complex plasma (which is what bioplasma bodies are composed of, according to plasma metaphysics) can exist in a liquid-crystal state - similar to biological cells in the human body. Particles in a liquid-crystal phase are free to move about in much the same way as in a liquid, but as they do so they remain oriented in a certain direction. This feature may make it superior to the properties of water - enabling liquid crystal bioplasma, polarized by magnetic and electric fields, to serve as an electronic matrix, a co-ordinate system and a template for the morphogenesis of the carbon-based fetus. In this role, the symbiotic bioplasma body acts as a developmental catalyst for the carbon-based body.Symbiotic Relationship between Plasma and Carbon Based Bodies
"Symbiosis" is a term used to describe a close ecological relationship between the individuals of two (or more) different species. Sometimes a symbiotic relationship benefits both species, sometimes one species benefits at the other's expense, and in other cases neither species benefits. It has been observed by metaphysicists that the symbiotic relationship between the bioplasma and carbon-based bodies is one of "mutualism" where both species benefit.
Dr. Robert Foot has suggested a coupling force between ordinary and mirror photons. He believes that one effect of this force is to make dark mirror matter intermittently visible as it travels through the atmosphere. To generalize, plasma metaphysics hypothesizes that there are coupling forces between the carbon-based body and the invisible superstructure of bioplasma bodies which keeps them linked until any of the bodies die. This hypothesis can be cited as the Plasma-Carbon Symbiotic Life Forms hypothesis(Really) Weird Plasma-Based Life Forms
Plasma metaphysics views the life-forms which have been described as "ghosts", "angels" and "deities" and other similar entities as weird plasma-based life-forms which are also evolving within Earth's dark matter counterparts. As discussed in the author's article Angels, Ghosts, Deities and their Magnetic Plasma Bodies and book Our Invisible Bodies the appearance and properties of these entities, described by various observers, suggest a category of electromagnetic life forms that are not available for controlled examination because of limitations in current scientific instruments. Much has already been written with respect to the anatomy and physiology of these plasma-based bodies derived from observations by metaphysicists and interpreted using current physics (see books and articles by Jay Alfred and others). They could serve as basic models for further scientific research into weird life - a project that NASA has undertaken.
If NASA is serious about understanding the whole spectrum of weird life, maybe it should also search our own backyard. Weird life may not only be "out there" (in Jupiter and other gas giants, on the Sun and other stars) but it may very well be in your living room. NASA's astrobiology team would need to categorize the life forms that have been described as ghosts, angels and deities as weird plasma-based life forms and study them within a scientific framework to the extent allowed by current technology. Any confirmation of their existence would revolutionize our understanding of the scope of evolution at many different levels of existence, not just the biochemical level ... and, oh yes; it could have far reaching implications on our own existence, if any, after the death of our carbon-based bodies.
© Copyright Jay Alfred 2007
Main reference: Alfred, Jay, ''Our Invisible Bodies: Scientific Evidence for Subtle Bodies'', Trafford Publishing, 2006, ISBN 1-412-06326-4.http://www.amazon.com.Our-Invisible-Bodies...
Article Copyright© Jay Alfred
Article Copyright© Jay Alfred - reproduced with permission.
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HeartPoint animation: this will take approximately 90 seconds to load.
This year, over 175,00 pacemakers will be implanted in patients in the United States. These devices are taken almost for granted, yet they are remarkable pieces of equipment.
In the animation above, a pacemaker is being placed. "Leads" which pass electrical charges to and from the heart are inserted into the large vein that runs under the collarbone and advanced to the chambers on the side of the heart that receives venous blood return. In real life, x-ray is used to help guide them. In this illustration, two leads are used, one placed in the upper chamber (right atrium), and the other into the lower chamber (right ventricle). The "pulse generator", which is the brains and contains the batteries used to power the pacemaker, is connected to the leads, and then placed in a "pocket" under the skin near the collarbone, the most common place of insertion of modern pacemakers. The pulse generator then sends energy down the leads which "captures" the heart muscle: that is, causes it to depolarize, illustrated here by turning a blue color. This electrical activity will stimulate the contraction of the heart muscle which is necessary for its pumping action. With two leads in place, the normal activation sequence of atrium first followed by ventricle is maintained.
Today's pacemakers sense the electrical activity which the heart is generating on its own, and only deliver electrical impulses if they are needed. Despite vast and ongoing improvements in technology, the average, or most common pacemakers implanted today is one which simply keeps the heart from beating too slow. It does not correct irregular beating, nor does it prevent the heartbeat from going too fast.
©COPY 1997 HeartPoint Updated February 1998
To learn more about these modern miracles, read on.
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This site presents material for your information, education and entertainment. We can assume no liability for inaccuracies, errors, or omissions. Above all, material on this site should not take the place of the care you receive from a personal physician. It is simply designed to help in the understanding of the heart and heart disease, and not as a diagnostic or therapeutic aid. You should seek prompt medical care for any specific health issues. Please feel free to browse the site and download material for personal and non-commercial use. You may not however distribute, modify, transmit or reuse any of these materials for public or commercial use. You should assume that all contents of the site are copyrighted. ©COPY;1997 HeartPoint
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In this paper we present the Hunter-Gatherer Game, a computer simulation of an environment where the individual and group survival depends on the ability to capture a prey or to find edible vegetables. The instrument is based on the Darwinian Hunter-Gatherer Theory stating that, during the Palaeolithic age, natural selection designed different gender preferences for foraging strategies (hunting in men and gathering in women), which are still sculpted in our modern brains. At present we are using the Hunter-Gatherer Game in order to experimentally test the above-mentioned theory, even though it also encompasses a number of potential applications.
|Numero di pagine||10|
|Stato di pubblicazione||Published - 2013|
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
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What is Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis? Bladder Pain Syndrome (also called Painful Bladder Syndrome) and Interstitial Cystitis refer to conditions characterised by pain and unpleasant sensations related to the urinary bladder and affecting the surrounding abdominal and pelvic regions. Most commonly individuals report experiencing discomfort, pressure or intense pain in the bladder and pelvic area with symptoms of urge, frequent daytime voiding (of more than 10 voids per day) and night-time urination (of more than two voids per night), known as nocturia. Frequency is not always related to bladder capacity as individuals with normal bladder capacity can still experience frequency. Individuals with bladder pain present with many varied symptoms, causing clinicians and researchers to believe that this disorder is not one, but several diseases causing the symptoms. Majority of female bladder pain/IC patients also report pain with sexual intercourse and meet the diagnostic criteria for vulvodynia. In women the pain can vary considerably on a daily basis and increase significantly during menstruation. Where symptoms are associated with clearly defined changes (scarring, stiffness or ulcers) in the inner lining of the bladder, known as the interstitium, the condition is labelled as Interstitial Cystitis.
Both painful bladder syndrome and interstitial cystitis are diagnosed on the basis of self-reported symptoms and medical examinations where all other causes of bladder pain, such as infections, urinary stones and malignancies have been ruled out. The prevalence of this disorder has been estimated at between 6-15% and affects women of all ages. The condition is far more common among women than men.
Scientific literature does not provide an explanation for the cause of these symptoms and most medical treatments, including antibiotics, are ineffective. Various theories abound in relation to mechanisms of pain. These include defective bladder lining (deficiency of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer, increased nerve innervation, immune system upregulation (mast cell proliferation) and dysfunctional muscles.
Myofascial therapy with biofeedback assisted pelvic muscle retraining and behavioural management strategies are the recommended front-line treatment modalities for bladder pain syndrome and interstitial cystitis.
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WIBLINGEN MONASTERY: A HUB FOR BOOK ART
Wiblingen Monastery near Ulm was rich and powerful, a place of books and learning. In the late Middle Ages, the Upper Swabian monastery near Bavaria had its own flourishing writing workshop. Specialized artists and professionals painstakingly wrote books here, line by line. In the 18th century, the monks designed a special room for their precious collection of writings: The famous library of Wiblingen Monastery, one of the most impressive halls in Upper Swabia, was built between 1740 and 1750. It is a masterpiece of architecture, sculpture, and painting from the Rococo period. The detailed fresco by famous painter Franz Martin Kuen still makes an impression. At the center of the painting is a female figure surrounded by angels: the divine Wisdom, who rules over all. In its heyday, the library contained roughly 15,000 volumes—more than many a contemporary university library today. The precious books were removed from Wiblingen at the start of the 19th century due to secularization. However, the exceptional atmosphere of the hall has been preserved. Wiblingen Monastery is a highlight of the Upper Swabian Baroque Route, which brings the world of Baroque to life over a distance of around 860 kilometers.
DIVINE WISDOM IN OCHSENHAUSEN MONASTERY
Another stop on the Upper Swabian Baroque Route is Ochsenhausen Monastery. This former Benedictine monastery was a place of faith, learning, and science. This is particularly evident in the library: It is a ceremonial hall for books. The room was furnished in the Classicist style in 1783. The bright light from several windows and the white frame create a light, almost cool impression in the space. Abbot Romuald Weltin commissioned stucco-workers from the Wessobrunner School to create the room’s sculptural decorations. The four statues of ancient deities and a muse challenge library visitors to better themselves through scholarly pursuit, intellectual inquiry, knowledge, and understanding. The stucco on the gallery references the knowledge gathered in the library. The center of the illusionistic ceiling fresco shows the order’s founder, Benedict of Nursia, in front of Mary, depicted here as a seated figure, as the “Seat of Wisdom.” This motif illustrates: Divine wisdom is always superior to worldly knowledge, represented by the sculptures. Of the 60,000 handwritten and printed books once kept here, only a small fraction remained on site after secularization.
HIRSAU MONASTERY: MEDIEVAL BOOKCASES
Hirsau Monastery, situated in the picturesque northern Black Forest, represents roughly 1,000 years of history in southwestern Germany: The sprawling abbey once played a prominent role in the Investiture Controversy between the pope and the emperor. Hirsau was an intellectual center that reached beyond the Black Forest. The monastery was destroyed in the 17th century, and yet, its sundered walls still display its former size and importance. The chapel of St. Mary is one of the few buildings to have survived the destruction intact. On the upper floor of the two-story building was the monastery’s library. Its valuable manuscripts and prints were stored in lockable wooden cabinets, which had been acquired in the early 16th century. The gems from the late Gothic period are decorated with ornate carvings. Because bookcases of this kind only very rarely survived, they are considered an absolute rarity today, and have been back in their original place since 2008, following extensive restoration work.
WORLD BOOK DAY
Since 1995, “World Book Day” has been held every year on April 23. On this global day of action, UNESCO celebrates reading, books, and authors' rights. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization was inspired by the Catalan custom of giving roses and books as gifts on the national saints' day dedicated to St. George. Numerous events and readings have been held throughout Germany since 1996, organized by bookstores, publishers, libraries, schools, and reading enthusiasts.
INFORMATION AND CUSTOMER SERVICE
Library, Monastery Museum
March 1 to October 31
Tue – Sun, holidays 10:00 AM – 5:00 PM
€5.50 adults, €2.80 discounted, €13.80 families
April 1 – October 31
Tue – Sun, holidays 12:00 PM – 5:00 PM
Prelature, Fishermen’s Staircase, refectory, and observatory can only be visited on a guided tour.
Tue – Sat 2:00 PM
€3.00 adults, €1.50 discounted, €7.50 families
Convent building (incl. tour)
€5.00 adults, €2.50 discounted, €12.50 families
Convent building and monastery museum combined ticket
€6.50 adults, €3.30 discounted, €16.30 families
St. Peter and Paul Monastery with chapel of St. Mary
Open to the public during daylight hours
Starting April 3, 2022, the following COVID-19 rules will apply at the State Palaces and Gardens of Baden-Württemberg:
We want to continue to make it possible for vulnerable individuals and vulnerable groups to visit us as safely as possible. Masks are an efficient way to protect yourself and others from infection. Otherwise, the risk of infection is high, especially indoors. In light of high infection rates, we are therefore maintaining the mandatory use of masks indoors until further notice.
Please note that individuals ages 18 and up are required to wear FFP2 masks (or comparable, e.g. KN95/N95/KF94/KF95 masks).
Staatliche Schlösser und Gärten Baden-Württemberg
Schlossraum 22 a
Phone +49(0)72 51.74-70 27
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'The Lord of Life' is the Tâo. It is to this that we are indebted for the origin of life and for the preservation of it. Though not a Personal Being, it is here spoken of as if it were,--'the Lord of Life;' just as in the preceding Book it is made to appear as 'a True Governor,' and 'a True Ruler.' But how can we nourish the Tâo? The reply is, By avoiding all striving to do so; by a passionless, unstraining performance of what we have to do in our position in life; simply allowing the Tâo to guide and nourish us, without doing anything to please ourselves or to counteract the tendency of our being to decay and death.
Par. 1 exhibits the injury arising from not thus nourishing the life, and sets forth the rule we are to pursue.
Par. 2 illustrates the observance of the rule by the perfect skill with which the cook of the ruler Wän-hui of Wei cut up the oxen for his employer without trouble to himself, or injury to his knife.
Par. 3 illustrates the result of a neglect of one of the cautions in par. 1 to a certain master of the Left, who had brought on himself dismemberment in the loss of one of his feet.
Par. 4 shows how even Lâo-dze had failed in nourishing 'the Lord of Life' by neglecting the other caution, and allowing in his good-doing an admixture of human feeling, which produced in his disciples a regard for him that was inconsistent with the nature of the Tâo, and made them wail for him excessively on his death. This is the most remarkable portion of the Book, and it is followed by a sentence which implies that the existence of man's spirit continues after death has taken place. His body is intended by the 'faggots' that are consumed by the fire. That fire represents the spirit which may be transferred elsewhere.
Some commentators dwell on the analogy between this and the Buddhistic transrotation of births; which latter teaching, however, they do not seem to understand. Others say that 'the nourishment of the Lord of Life' is simply acting as Yü did when he conveyed away the flooded waters 'by doing that which gave him no trouble;'--see Mencius, IV, ii, 26.
In Kwang-dze there are various other stories of the same character as that about king Wän-hui's cook,--e. g. XIX, 3 and XXII, 9. They are instances of the dexterity acquired by habit, and should hardly be pressed into the service of the doctrine of the Tâo.
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Article reprinted with the kind permission of the author, Dr. Richard Ebeling, Senior Fellow, with the American Institute for Economic Research.
The current energy crisis has been fueled by a failure of world oil production to keep up with growing global demand. But the shortfall in production is not because of a lack of fossil fuels. There are vast quantities of supply under the ground. What has hindered their use has been a variety of government policies. Letting markets work would make those supplies available to all of us.
The present worldwide energy crisis is putting immense pressure on the pocketbooks of all users of fossil-based fuels. Every trip to the gas station or the supermarket shows how serious and frustrating the situation has become.
There have been a number of misconceptions, however, about the nature and cause of the crisis. One of these has been the fear that the world is running out of fossil fuels and that this is behind the dramatic run-up in gasoline and related prices.
It may end up being the case that the current crisis has put the world at the threshold of a technological revolution leading to the use of a new primary energy source in place of oil, similar to other such transformations over the last 200 years. But if this is the case, it will not be because of the world having used up all the extractable oil at its disposal.
In 1850, about 90 percent of America’s energy supply was wood based. But as eastern forests were partly depleted, coal-based energy became the substitute of choice. By the 1880s, coal provided nearly 40 percent of the energy for the nation’s growing industry and consumption. By 1910, coal was supplying almost 80 percent of these energy requirements.
Beginning in the 1920s, oil rapidly was rising as the preferred new energy alternative, with natural gas increasing in use as well after 1950. By 2000, coal still provided about 25 percent of the nation’s energy, with oil supplying around 40 percent, natural gas covering 20 percent, and nuclear, hydro-power, and renewable sources making up the remainder.
Fears over diminishing energy supplies have sometimes resulted in excessive responses. The well-known 19th century British economist William Stanley Jevons was so concerned that Great Britain would soon run out of wood and coal that he hoarded a huge quantity of paper bags. Thirty years after his death in 1882, his descendants were still using up his paper bag supply!
The Global Escape from Poverty as the Source of Demand
One of mankind’s greatest dreams has been the end to poverty and the human misery that comes with it. In the 21st century, the human race may be at the threshold of seeing this dream finally come true.
Many parts of the underdeveloped world are rapidly developing. Especially since the fall of communism in the early 1990s, countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America that had been following a more socialist path have introduced market-oriented reforms. This has set loose the creative energies of millions of people as they have been allowed to obtain private property and retain the profits they may earn.
In addition, the “green revolution” that began in the 1970s and 1980s radically transformed food production in what used to be called the third world, resulting in more and better quality supplies to feed growing populations.
Between 1997 and 2007 the global consumption of barrels of oil rose by almost 16 percent. But it has been in the developing countries that energy demand has been increasing the most.
In the Asia/Pacific area, oil consumption has increased by 27 percent between 1997 and 2007. During this 10-year period, China increased its oil consumption by 87.9 percent, and India’s use went up by 50 percent.
Oil consumption rose by 40 percent in the oil-producing countries of the Middle East over the last decade. In Africa, it increased by 28 percent, in Latin America, by 14.6 percent.
In comparison, oil consumption grew by only 2 percent in the European Union during those 10 years. In the United States, it went up by 11.1 percent. Canada saw consumption go up by 22.2 percent, Mexico by 14.5 percent.
Global Oil Supplies Have Not Kept Up
The dilemma has been that global oil production has not kept up with the growing demand. During this same 10-year period, global production increased by only 12.9 percent, more than 3 percentage points below the 16 percent increase in demand. In 2007, worldwide demand was around 31.1 billion barrels, while global supply was only about 29.8 billion.
In the Asia/Pacific region, oil production increased over the decade by only 2.1 percent. While this area of the world consumed almost 9.2 billion barrels of oil in 2007, it produced only 2.9 billion. China alone consumed 2.8 billion barrels last year and India another billion. Japanese 2007 consumption was 1.8 billion barrels.
Within the European Union, oil production over the last 10 years decreased by 30 percent. In Latin America, oil production rose by only 2.1 percent. Between 2006 and 2007, oil production in Venezuela actually declined by 12.5 percent, and only increased in Brazil by 1.4 percent.
Middle East oil production rose by 15.8 percent over the decade, but as we saw, consumption in this region rose by 40 percent. However, with total production of 9.2 billion barrels in 2007 and total consumption of 2.2 billion, the Middle East remains a huge net oil exporter to the world.
The United States consumed around 7.5 billion barrels of oil in 2007. It produced about 40 percent of the oil it consumed. Around 20 percent of the oil imported into the U.S. came from the Middle East. The remaining 40 percent was imported from Canada and Mexico, and other parts of the world.
Canadian production actually increased by almost 28 percent over the last ten years. But as we saw, oil consumption in Canada rose by 20 percent. Mexico’s total oil production barely increased by 2 percent over this decade, but its consumption rose by 14.5 percent.
Proven Reserves—the World’s Underground Oil Supply
While oil production has failed to keep up with the global demand, the world is not running out of oil, at least not for the foreseeable future. According to the BP Statistical Review of World Energy (June 2008), proven reserves around the world are estimated to be in the range of 1.2 trillion barrels. At the current levels of global consumption, there is enough extractable oil under the ground to meet world demand for at least 40 years. Even if global demand were to increase to, say, 40 billion barrels a year over the next decade, known reserves would still be sufficient to meet the demand for at least three decades.
But there is no reason to think that known oil reserves have reached their discoverable limit. Just over the last 10 years, known world reserves have increased by nearly 16 percent, or by the same amount as global demand went up during this period. In Africa, known reserves have gone up by 56 percent over the last 10 years, and in Latin America by 19 percent. In the Middle East proven reserves have increased by 10.5 percent and in the independent republics of the former Soviet Union by 92 percent. In the Asia/Pacific region proven reserves have increased by 2 percent.
In the United States, proven reserves have stayed about the same over the last decade and are currently estimated to be around 30 billion barrels. But in Canada, the quantity of proven reserves has gone up by 59 percent. Only in Mexico have proven reserves dramatically declined by 33 percent, as extraction has greatly exceeded new discoveries.
The United States has an additional 81 billion barrels of “heavy oil” beneath the surface, along with 80 billion barrels of “oil sand” and another 293 billion barrels of “light oil” in place. Also, the United States has 2 trillion barrels of extractable shale oil, with the largest “pockets” in Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah.
No doubt with further geological exploration and continuing technical advancements in oil extraction methods, more proven reserves will be discovered over the coming years and decades.
Drilling of these fossil fuels is, of course, dependent on the profitability of bringing the oil to the surface and transforming them into useable forms.
With the recent rise in oil prices and the likelihood that oil prices will not fall back to their former lows in the near or medium term, each of these proven reserves becomes more attractive to bring to market.
Government Barriers to Oil Production
A leading factor behind the failure of oil production to keep up with world demand has been government policies both in the United States and around the world. More than 80 percent of all known oil fields are in countries in which governments have given control over oil production to national state monopoly companies. These companies and their governments jointly restrict output through their participation in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).
Operating as a cartel, OPEC sets production quotas among the member states to limit supply and artificially push up world prices. OPEC currently accounts for 76 percent of the world oil reserves, and if Russia (a non-OPEC producer) is counted as well, that number goes up to 83 percent of known reserves. In general cartels are highly unstable with the members often “cheating” to gain extra business, but during times of intense demand, a cartel such as OPEC can be effective over the short-run.
OPEC’s member governments only allow limited access to Western oil companies to exploit, develop, and extract the world’s supply. This has also hindered exploration. No one knows how much larger the world’s potential known reserves may be.
Many of the state-run oil companies are managed very inefficiently, or have their revenues diverted by their respective governments to fund politically motivated activities. Hugo Chavez’s socialist government in Venezuela has diverted huge sums for its foreign policy adventures, at the expense of maintenance, repair, and improvement of the country’s oil fields. As a result, Venezuelan oil production has decreased by one million barrels a year.
The Russian government’s domestic political intrigues in recent years have resulted in many leading oil companies being brought back under direct or indirect government control. This has had its toll on the country’s oil industry. Refinery capacity is down 6 percent. While oil production in the last 10 years has increased by more than 50 percent in Russia, drilling and transportation facilities have deteriorated significantly, and will have a longer-term effect without heavy investment for future production potential.
In some cases, internal political instability threatens production. An ongoing civil war in Nigeria, for example, has recently caused at least a temporary halt to the extraction of almost 300,000 barrels of oil a day.
But even with the oil that is brought to market, there is another problem. Globally, governments have limited the expansion of oil refinery capacity, which has only grown by 12.9 percent over the last ten years. In the U.S., no new refinery site has been permitted to be constructed since the mid-1970s. In the European Union, refining capacity has increased by only slightly more than 3 percent in the decade. In the former Soviet republics, it has actually decreased by 9 percent.
Only outside the West, in general, has refining capacity significantly increased over the last ten years. In the Middle East, capacity has expanded by 25 percent. In Africa it has grown by almost 13 percent. In the Asia/Pacific region, refinery capacity has gone up by 27.6 percent and in China alone by nearly 65 percent.
Some Short-Run and Longer-Run Answers to the Energy Crisis
The world may be entering a “new energy era” in which the use of fossil fuels will diminish. The Economist magazine (June 21-27, 2008) featured a special report, for instance, in which the future possibilities of wind, solar, geothermal, biofuel, and nuclear energy are presented in thoughtful detail in terms of their respective economic viabilities.
But for the foreseeable future the United States and the world will continue to use and rely upon oil and related energy sources.
The independent and non-partisan Houston-based Institute for Energy Research (IER) has proposed a number of steps to assure a more stable and less uncertain supply of oil. Among them are the following:
• The top one is the need for Congress to accept the laws of supply and demand. Oil and related fossil fuels trade in a global market that may be heavily influenced by governments.
But the market is still one in which competitive forces set prices for the available world supplies. Looking for “scapegoats” only distracts from facing and admitting the reality of global market conditions.
• There needs to be a new and serious look at allowing energy exploration and production on the deepwater outer-continental shelf. Currently the U.S. is the only major developed country to heavily restrict market access to these potentially large supplies of oil that could be coming down the market pipeline. Modern technologies and construction methods have significantly reduced likelihoods of spills and other environmental hazards, even in the face of hurricanes.
• Congressional restrictions on shale oil leasing on taxpayer-owned government land could be lifted. With an estimated 2 trillion barrels of shale oil under the ground in the U.S., this is enough to meet all of America’s needs at current levels of consumption for 250 years. It is also seven times the known reserves of crude oil in Saudi Arabia.
• While it is a particularly delicate political issue, access to the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWAR) in Alaska cannot be left off the table.
It has been estimated that at peak production, AWAR oil would generate one million barrels a day, which is equal to the current daily production of the entire state of Texas.
• There also needs to be a willingness to allow the construction and expansion of oil refinery facilities. Getting more oil out of the ground does not fill our gas tanks and heat our home in winter if the crude has not been refined.
Besides any changes in government energy policy, each of us as individuals will have to design our own “energy plans.” You know the size of your income and what you want to spend your money on far better than the government.
You know how much traveling you need to do or can cut back on given the cost of gasoline at the pump.
You know what temperatures you and your family can live with in summer and winter as you adjust to the reality of your fuel and electricity bills. You know how best to shift your supermarket shopping in deciding what to have for dinner as higher energy costs feed into higher food prices.
There are no immediate “quick fixes” and easy answers. But the facts of history have long demonstrated that more open and competitive markets offer the best means to create the incentives for people to produce more of what consumers want. Individuals are also the best judges in deciding how to adapt to new circumstances, given their own situation—and certainly far better than those in government could do for them.
Oil and other fossil fuel supplies are out there. It is a matter of allowing market supply and demand to do their job with less political interference.
—Richard M. Ebeling, Senior Fellow, AIER
The views expressed are those of the author, and not necessarily those of the Nassau Institute (which has no corporate view), or its Advisers or Directors.
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WASHINGTON: Global warming is already changing America from sea to rising sea and is affecting how Americans live, a massive new federally commissioned report says.
A special panel of scientists convened by the government issued Friday a 1,146-page draft report that details in dozens of ways how climate change is already disrupting the health, homes and other facets of daily American life. It warns that those disruptions will increase in the future.
“Climate change affects everything that you do,” said report co-author Susan Cutter, director of the Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute at the University of South Carolina. “It affects where you live, where you work and where you play and the infrastructure that you need to do all these things. It’s more than just the polar bears.”
The blunt report takes a global environmental issue and explains what it means for different U.S. regions, for various sectors of the economy and for future generations.
The National Climate Assessment doesn’t say what should be done about global warming. White House science adviser John Holdren writes that it will help leaders, regulators, city planners and even farmers figure out what to do to cope with coming changes.
And climate change is more than hotter temperatures, the report said.
“Human-induced climate change means much more than just hotter weather,” the report says, listing rising-seas, downpours, melting glaciers and permafrost, and worsening storms. “These changes and other climatic changes have affected and will continue to affect human health, water supply, agriculture, transportation, energy, and many other aspects of society.”
If someone were to list every aspect of life changed or likely to be altered from global warming, it would easily be more than 100, said two of the report’s authors.
The report, written by a team of 240 scientists, is required every four years by law. The first report was written in 2000. No report was issued while George W. Bush was president. The next one came out in 2009. This report, paid for by the federal government, is still a draft and not officially a government report yet.
Officials are seeking public comments for the next three months.
This version of the report is far more blunt and confident in its assessments than previous ones, Hayhoe said: “The bluntness reflects the increasing confidence we have” in the science and day-to-day realities of climate change.
The report emphasizes that man-made global warming is doing more than just altering the environment we live in, it’s a threat to our bodies, homes, offices, roads, airports, power plants, water systems and farms.
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The word “people” refers to the whole body of persons. Peoples are generally referred to by a plural pronoun. The possessive form of the word is a possessive apostrophe before the ending -s. Peoples’ groups include all the indigenous peoples of the Western Hemisphere. They speak many different languages and have different cultural practices and beliefs. There are also several different forms of the word. This article discusses the differences between the singular and plural forms of the word “people.”
The word people is a noun, with a Latin origin. In its normal usage, the word is a mass noun, but when used in a particular sense, it is a singular noun. For example, displaced persons are the individuals uprooted due to war. But when speaking of different groups of people, the word peoples is sometimes used instead of persons. This is because peoples refers to two or more groups of people.
Although people and persons are the same, the plural form is more common. People refers to multiple humans, as a whole or a population. In legal contexts, people is a singular noun, while peoples refers to more than one ethnic group. In formal writing, peoples are used to emphasize multiple individuals, rather than a single group. The plural form of people is more commonly used in legal contexts. In legal contexts, the word people refers to a group or population of people, and it is capitalized to avoid confusion.
Despite being an irregular noun, the word peoples is very common when referring to groups of people. Peoples can represent multiple ethnic, cultural, or racial groups. However, it is important to note that peoples’ is the possessive form of people. This is because people is already a plural noun. However, it can be tricky to tell the difference between people and peoples. So, the correct way to use the word people is to use the plural form, peoples’.
As peoples are a more current word, they’ve been deemed appropriate to use in legal contexts. But people remains a preferred choice for a variety of reasons. Many legal contexts consider folks to be more formal than people. For instance, the term people can be used to refer to a group of individuals who are gathered in a gathering. And in English, it’s the plural form of person that is used to refer to an entire group of people.
As the plural form of ‘people,’ the word peoples is used to refer to groups of human beings. However, it is important to note that peoples are not the same. People refers to a specific group of people, while peoples refer to a collective group of human beings belonging to different ethnic groups, countries, and religious traditions. Hence, students can use ‘correct’ when they understand the difference between peoples.
When referring to distinct ethnic groups, peoples is a preferred plural form of person. It’s not as archaic as persons, and is generally used when referring to a group of multiple ethnic groups. If you’re unsure of which word to use, Grammarly is a great tool. The tool will tell you which words to use, and when to use them in a particular context. If you want to avoid confusion, use peoples instead of persons.
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Family meetings always seem like a good idea on the surface, but when it comes down to it, it can seem like the early stages of democracy in an emerging country. Think about it. Alliances are formed between usually warring factions (i.e. the kids), and civil discussions break down into protests as authority figures (i.e. the parents) call out for more contributions from the family’s citizens.
Reviving the idea of holding family meetings means doing some preparation and planning, just like we would do for any meeting. First, think about an approach that draws family members out. Unless you are in the habit of talking openly as a family about serious and significant issues, open sharing of thoughts and feelings can be a threatening proposition. Instead, have each family member write a topic or concern on a slip of paper and place them in a hat (younger children can whisper a topic to a parent to write down). Parent concerns should include reason behind the concern that would make sense to a child or teen. For example, “I’m worried homework isn’t getting done quickly” should include, “because that takes away play time from the kids.”
At the start of the meeting, someone pulls a paper randomly out of the hat and reads. The next step either makes or breaks communication in the meeting. When the slip of paper is read, family members will want to do one of three things: 1) the kids will defensively cross their arms, 2) one kid will blurt out a flurry of excuses and justifications and another one will jump in with support, 3) parents will shift the discussion toward reasons why the complaint is legitimate.
What will keep the meeting from breaking down at this point? The key is to recognize that all of these responses represent a rush to control the situation. The kids want to control either by becoming silently resistant or by giving excuses and reasons, and parents want to control how kids are thinking about the problem.
As an alternative to this power grab, each person should be encouraged to write down one solution on a slip of paper and put that in the hat. All the solutions are read and the one that makes the most sense is chosen. With this method, parents actually have more control simply by avoiding the temptation to take control over how people are reacting to the meeting and instead staying focused on the solution.
Did I mention the “talking stick?” The two to three foot stick that each member passes and holds that says it is their turn and their turn only to talk? Either bought as a craft project or made out of materials you have in the yard or on hand, creating the talking stick might be a good idea as the subject for the first family meeting.
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/oo/ /oo/ /oo/ is cool! (same as cookie crisp howl.), oo = /oo/
Marissa Anderson to return to
to return to
a) For an emergent reader, vowel correspondences can be the key to deciphering the alphabetic code. This lesson is aimed at the oo = /oo/ correspondence.
b) This activity will help students learn this digraph = sound relationship (oo= /oo/).
c) Materials needed include: paper and pencil, and Miss Moo goes to the Zoo decodable text, Letter boxes, Letters needed are oo, m, z, b, t, l,, n, f, s, p, k.
1.) Introduce the lesson by telling the students that today we will be working on the oo = /oo/ relationship.
2.) Have students read the predictable text Miss Moo goes to the Zoo.
3.) Begin a letterbox lesson with the oo = /oo/ relationship:
á Too (2)
Letters needed are oo, m, z, b, t, l,, n, f, s, p, k
1) Begin with 2 letter boxes. Tell the students that oo makes the /oo/ sound. And that there can only be one sound in each box.
2) Say the word that you would like the child to say; ex: I would like you to spell moo· mmmoooooo. Like what a cow says.
3) Continue with each word in this same way, saying the word then stretching it out.
4) If the child misspells a word, pronounce it the way they have spelled it, then allow for time to self-correct. If the child still cannot spell the word correctly, then provide the correct spelling.
4.) Review letterbox words. Stretch each word out to have the children pick out to /oo/ sound. Allow the student to read the words on his/her own.
5.) Allow children to write a message. Encourage them to use a oo = /oo/ word in their message.
e) Through observation and discussion I will know whether or not the student has comprehended the lesson.
f) For more information on letter box lessons, or phonemic awareness visit the reading genie website at www.auburn.edu/rdggenie
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Flow Studies are a natural outgrowth of learning about breathing. They are very simple ways of encouraging the generous flow of air through the phrase. This very simple concept actually provides a compelling musical reason to breathe well and support the tone.
It’s pretty simple: If you can’t make the phrase, take a bigger breath.
Flow Studies are also good for learning how to manage your air. If you spend too much air at the beginning of the phrase, you won’t make it all the way to the end. This seemingly simple concept is one of the keys to phrasing. Heighten your awareness of how much is left, how high or low the phrase goes and the shape of the phrase relative to the amount of air you have to work with. Often, we are required to make these very subtle decisions on the fly. We don’t always have time to mark in every breath, though some younger players have yet to learn this skill.
You can use any music that has obvious phrasing to cultivate excellent breathing by working on your phrasing. Flow Studies are intentionally written to be obvious in terms of phrasing; they not only help you apply your breathing knowledge but also encourage excellent breathing with a musical incentive.
Flow Studies promote the movement of air thorough the phrases. They help players cultivate the very important skill of connecting the notes through a variety of patterns and keys.
There is a suggested Etude Rotation in the front of the book that I find very useful. If you follow this sequence, you will spend about 10 minutes a day playing flow studies and you will get a very effective bridge between working out of the Breathing Book and transitioning to your solos, etudes and excerpts.
Intersperse Breathing Book activities within your daily routine…
Follow the “Etude Rotation” in the Flow Studies book, separating each set with a Breathing Book activity…
Lay on the floor for constructive rest and then play chapter 6: The Truth About the Diaphragm…
Speaking of #6, try lengthening the rests during which you hold empty. Instead of 2 measures, make it 3, then 4…
Try 9a: Breathe All Over, Low Range when you are fatigued late in a practice session…
Here is a link to the Table of Contents and a few sample pages:
Learning about breathing is like learning music theory. It is part of your foundation of knowledge that helps you play your best, even though it may not be at the forefront of your thoughts as you perform. Understanding what a secondary dominant is allows you shape the music and phrasing accordingly; understanding the role of the pelvic floor in breathing allows you to support the tone accordingly.
When you walk on stage to perform, secondary dominants aren’t foremost in your mind, nor should the pelvic floor be (or any other singular part of the breathing mechanism)!
The Breathing Book, by David Vining, is available in editions for Trumpet, Tenor Trombone, Bass Trombone, Euphonium (BC and TC), and Tuba. It can be used as a group tutorial in studio classes, as a method book to have students practice individual chapters, as a resource to learn facts about the breathing mechanism or like this:
A student is having trouble playing with a full and resonant tone quality without tension – say on a loud excerpt like Tannhauser. Open The Breathing Book to Chapter 6 – The Truth About the Diaphragm and have the student try the first phrase out of the book. Directly after doing this, try about 8 bars of Tannhauser; then take a little rest. Next, do the second phrase out of the book followed by the next 8 bars of Tannhauser. Continue working your way through the book and excerpt in this way until the student is playing the excerpt with the same freedom as the book.
From: Frederiksen, Brian, edited by John Taylor. Arnold Jacobs: Song and Wind. Windsong Press, 1996.
A quote from Arnold Jacobs (Page 122):
“The most common problems I have seen over the last 60-odd years I have been teaching are with respiration and the tongue. Surprisingly enough, I rarely find problems with the embouchure. That might sound strange because people come to see me because of problems with their embouchure, but frequently it is the embouchure reacting to a bad set of circumstances and failing – it is simply cause and effect. If we change the cause of the factor, it is easy to clear up the embouchure. The embouchure is not breaking down, it is trying to work under impossible conditions. When you are starving the embouchure for air volume, giving it all sorts of air pressure but not quantity, it cannot work. Very quickly you will be struggling to produce your tone. Just increase your volume of air not by blowing hard, but by blowing a much thicker quality of air. Very frequently the air column is just too thin.”
So the air flow is key to a healthy embouchure. The lips and the air should have a symbiotic relationship; they depend upon one another.
Are you unsure of all this breathing information? Does some of it conflict with what you have been taught?
I encourage you to keep an open mind and give it a try. When I came to the information it was out of desperation because I couldn’t play at all; my incentive was simply to get better.
Perhaps your incentive is simply curiosity or a desire to improve upon what you can already do. Either way, give it a chance and genuinely learn the breathing information. You might be pleasantly surprised!
Search the Breathing Blog
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Fibre Crops are field crops grown their fibres, which are traditionally used to make paper, cloth, or rope. They are organized into 3 main groups- textile fibers (used in production of cloth), cordage fibers (used in production of rope), and filling fibers (used to stuff upholstery and mattresses). They are a type of natural fiber.
Fiber crops are characterized by having a large concentration of cellulose, which is what gives them their strength. The fibers may be chemically modified, like in viscose (used to make rayon and cellophane). In recent years, materials scientists have begun exploring further use of these fibers in composite materials. Due to cellulose being the main factor of a plant fibers strength, this is what scientists are looking to manipulate to create different types of fibers.
Fiber crops are generally harvestable after a single growing season, as distinct from trees, which are typically grown for many years before being harvested for such materials as wood pulp fiber or lacebark. In specific circumstances, fiber crops can be superior to wood pulp fiber in terms of technical performance, environmental impact or cost.
There are a number of issues regarding the use of fiber crops to make pulp. One of these is seasonal availability. While trees can be harvested continuously, many field crops are harvested once during the year and must be stored such that the crop doesn't rot over a period of many months. Considering that many pulp mills require several thousand tonnes of fiber source per day, storage of the fiber source can be a major issue.These fiber mostly found in leaf ,seeds or in the body of a tree.
Botanically, the fibers harvested from many of these plants are bast fibers; the fibers come from the phloem tissue of the plant. The other fiber crop fibers are hard/leaf fibers (come from the entirety of plant vascular bundles) and surface fibers (come from plant epidermal tissue).
Before the industrialisation of the paper production the most common fibre source was recycled fibres from used textiles, called rags. The rags were from hemp, linen and cotton. A process for removing printing inks from recycled paper was invented by German jurist Justus Claproth in 1774. Today this method is called deinking. It was not until the introduction of wood pulp in 1843 that paper production was not dependent on recycled materials from ragpickers.
To have a source of fiber to utilize in productuion, the fiber first must be extracted from the plant. This is done in different ways depending on the fiber classification. Bast fibers are harvested through retting which is where microbes are utilized to remove soft tissues from the plant and only the useful fibrous material remains. Hard fibers are harvested mainly through decortication which is where the non-fibrous tissues are removed by hand or machine. Lastly, surface fibers are harvested through ginning which is where a machine removes the fibers from other plant material.
- Bast fibers (Stem-skin fibers)
- Esparto, a fiber from a grass
- Jute, widely used, it is the cheapest fiber after cotton
- Flax, produces linen
- Indian hemp, the Dogbane used by Native Americans
- Hemp, a soft, strong fiber, edible seeds
- Hoopvine, also used for barrel hoops and baskets, edible leaves, medicine
- Kenaf, the interior of the plant stem is used for its fiber. Edible leaves.
- Beans, an edible seed, typically kidney-shaped, growing in long pods on certain leguminous plants.
- Linden Bast
- Ramie, a nettle, stronger than cotton or flax, makes "China grass cloth"
- Papyrus, a pith fiber, akin to a bast fiber
- Leaf fibers
- Abacá, a banana, producing "manila" rope from leaves
- Sisal, often termed agave
- Bowstring Hemp, an old use of a common decorative agave, also Sansevieria roxburghiana, Sansevieria hyacinthoides
- Henequen, an agave. A useful fiber, but not as high quality as sisal
- Phormium, “New Zealand Flax”
- Yucca, an agave
- Seed fibers and fruit fibers
- Other fibers (Leaf, fruit, and other fibers)
|Source of pulp||Fiber length, mm||Fiber diameter, µm|
- Levetin, Estelle; McMahon, Karen (2012). Plants and Society. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-07-352422-1.
- "Agripulp: pulping agricultural crops". Retrieved 2007-10-03.
- "Nonwood Alternatives to Wood Fiber in Paper". Archived from the original on 2007-07-08. Retrieved 2007-10-03.
- Göttsching, Lothar; Pakarinen, Heikki (2000), "1", Recycled Fiber and Deinking, Papermaking Science and Technology, 7, Finland: Fapet Oy, pp. 12–14, ISBN 952-5216-07-1
- Waynesword Plant Fibers Accessed 2010-11-23
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Water is too valuable for the cavalier treatment it gets today, especially in the outdoor arena. Here’s what we need to do better … and the smart people who are getting it right.
For centuries, millennia even, we’ve been tending gardens, watering lawns and growing crops. The human condition is, and has been since prehistoric times, one of settlement and husbandry of the land. While the exact methods vary according to era and culture, some of the basic principles and resources are the same across them all – and we’ve become very, very good at using one resource in particular:
Today, of course, we know that water is far from expendable. Christian Bale’s The Big Short character Michael Burry famously predicted the 2008 housing bubble burst, and thereafter invested his money primarily in water. That’s how precious it’s going to become in this century.
Of course, a lot of people aren’t taking this too seriously. We love our hot showers and our green lawns. According to the EPA, “landscape irrigation is estimated to account for nearly one-third of all residential water use, totaling nearly 9 billion gallons per day.” Moreover, “In dry climates such as the Southwest, a household’s outdoor water use can be as high as 60 percent.”
This is especially devastating news given the fact that “as much as 50 percent of water used for irrigation is wasted due to evaporation, wind, or runoff caused by inefficient irrigation methods and systems.” Plus, extra untenanted water running through our streets only adds to the stormwater problem.
Time to irrigate smarter. Today, we're here to tell you all about the companies that are doing it right. But first ... what exactly is smart irrigation?
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Recent studies have highlighted many possible dangers of glyphosate herbicide, known commonly as Roundup.
By Shelley Stonebrook
Glyphosate herbicide, more commonly known as Roundup, is the world’s most commonly used herbicide. It is sprayed on everything from homeowner’s lawns to gigantic fields of “Roundup-Ready” genetically modified crops. Though ubiquitous, many research studies suggest that this weed-killing chemical is far from benign. Browse this roundup of information to learn about some of the dangers of glyphosate.
EPA Raised Residue Limits of Monsanto’s Toxic Chemical Glyphosate Herbicide
The toxic herbicide Roundup is an endocrine disruptor that has been linked to serious health impacts, and now the EPA is raising the allowing residue limits for many crops.
Hazards of the World’s Most Common Herbicide
New scientific studies link Roundup (glyphosate), the most widely used herbicide in the world, to a host of health risks, such as cancer, miscarriages and disruption of human sex hormones.
Roundup Weed Killer Kills More Than Weeds
Alarming new research on the health hazards of Roundup weed killer is shining a harsh light on a regulatory process that was meant to protect us.
This chart shows that glyphosate use in the United States has been steadily increasing every year, for many years.
GMO Debate Continues as Studies of Herbicides Reveal Chronic Health Problems
Despite new studies proving glyphosate to be a harmful herbicide, the FDA has increased the limits allowed in fruits and vegetables — empowering Monsanto and refreshing the GMO debate.
Roundup Is Toxic to Good Bacteria in Soil
Scientists are finding many negative impacts caused by the glyphosate used on Roundup-Ready GM crops.
The Threats From Genetically Modified Foods
Genetically modified foods and crops pose serious threats to human and animal health, but Big Ag doesn’t want you to know that.
Pesticide Use Rises as Herbicide-Resistant Weeds Undermine Performance of Major GM Crops
A new Washington State University study shows that the emergence and spread of glyphosate-resistant weeds is strongly correlated with the upward swing in pesticide use.
The Crazy New Research on Roundup
A popular chemical sprayed onto lawns and food crops all across the country may cause a catastrophic situation in your gut.
Roundup Weed Killer - Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Cancer - Lawsuits - Lake Charles, La
Studies of cancer among farm workers are difficult to conduct and interpret given the unique nature of this occupational group. The transitory nature of the work, high levels of poverty, and lack of legal documentation make epidemiologic studies difficult to accomplish. Nevertheless, this workforce in the United States, which numbers as much as 3 million persons, is a high-risk population due to exposures to numerous toxic substances, including excessive sunlight, heat, dangerous machinery, fumes, fertilizers, dust, and pesticides. We summarize characteristics of farm workers (i.e., demographics, health care) from the National Agricultural Workers Survey (NAWS) and the California Agricultural Workers Survey (CAWS) and present findings from a series of studies conducted among farm workers in California. The epidemiology literature was reviewed and methods for a unique farm worker union-based epidemiologic study are presented. Farm workers in California and the rest of the United States, many of whom are seasonal and migrant workers are at elevated risk for numerous forms of cancer compared to the general population and specific pesticides may be associated with this altered risk. Elevated risks have been found for lymphomas and prostate, brain, leukemia, cervix, and stomach cancers.
Farm Workers - High Risk Cancer Victims - Lymphomas - Prostate - Brain Leukemia - Cervic - Stomach - Lawsuits - Lake Charles, LA
17 Scientist Speak Out: Monsanto's Roundup is Causing Cancer - Monsanto desperate to conceal pesticide dangers
Are the full body protective suits not enough of a tip off that pesticides are toxic? If not, consider this: Monsanto’s Roundup herbicide – the most widely used and best-selling herbicide in the U.S. and one of the world’s most popular weed-killers – has been labeled a probable carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
The decision was made by IARC, the France-based cancer research arm of the World Health Organization, which considered the status of five insect and weed killers including glyphosate, which is used globally in industrial farming.
As reported by The Lancet:
“In March, 2015, 17 experts from 11 countries met at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC; Lyon, France) to assess the carcinogenicity of the organophosphate pesticides tetrachlorvinphos, parathion, malathion, diazinon, and glyphosate (table). These assessments will be published as volume 112 of the IARC Monographs.”
After analysis, it was determined that glyphosate falls into the 2nd level of concern (mainly at industrial use) of 4 levels for possible cancer-causing substances. The 4 levels are:
Probable or possible carcinogens (where glyphosate stands)
Probably not carcinogenic
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency said it would consider the French agency’s evaluation. But given US government agencies’ decisions and political ties, hope is dismal that they will do anything to limit its use. The EPA’s 2012 assessment of glyphosate concluded that it met the statutory safety standards and that the chemical could “continue to be used without unreasonable risks to people or the environment.”
Though the agency analyzed numerous weed killers, glyphosate, being one of the most popular, is of greater concern. This active ingredient found in Monsanto’s Roundup herbicide currently holds the highest production volumes of any herbicide, used in more than 750 different products. Unfortunately, its use has skyrocketed in recent years due to the development of herbicide-resistant genetically modified crops – made to withstand copious amounts of herbicide spraying.
pesticide_mask_chemical_crop – CopyThough the ill effects from glyphosate exposure are most said to be concerning for occupational workers, tests revealing how ubiquitous the chemical really is should pave way for widespread concern.
Not only has glyphosate been detected in the air, in the water, and in our food, but it is also showing up in humans – despite the claims from Monsanto that the chemical is excreted from our bodies. Numerous studies have shown that not only is it causing numerous health problems, but it is showing up in urine samples, blood samples, and even breast milk. This is concerning.
“Glyphosate has been detected in the blood and urine of agricultural workers, indicating absorption. Soil microbes degrade glyphosate to aminomethylphosphoric acid (AMPA). Blood AMPA detection after poisonings suggests intestinal microbial metabolism in humans. Glyphosate and glyphosate formulations induced DNA and chromosomal damage in mammals, and in human and animal cells in vitro.
One study reported increases in blood markers of chromosomal damage (micronuclei) in residents of several communities after spraying of glyphosate formulations. Bacterial mutagenesis tests were negative. Glyphosate, glyphosate formulations, and AMPA induced oxidative stress in rodents and in vitro. The Working Group classified glyphosate as “probably carcinogenic to humans.”
Needless to say, Roundup creator and biotech giant Monsanto strongly disagreed with the decision.
“All labeled uses of glyphosate are safe for human health,” said Phil Miller, a Monsanto spokesman, in a statement.
World Health Organization Labels Popular Weed Killer Probable Carcinogen - NHL Cancer Attorneys - Lawsuits - Lake Charles, La
Law360, New York (September 23, 2015, 7:13 PM ET) — A former California field worker has slapped Monsanto with a lawsuit in federal court, claiming the primary active ingredient in Roundup weed killer and known carcinogen, glyphosate, caused her to develop bone cancer over years of exposure.
A suit claims Monsanto’s popular Roundup herbicide caused a 38-year-old to develio bone cancer. (Credit: AP) Enrique Rubio, who gathered vegetables in California, Oregon and Texas from 1986 to 1995 and sprayed them with Roundup and other chemicals, says repeated exposure to Missouri-based Monsanto’s most popular herbicide led her to develop bone cancer in 1995 at 38 years old, according to Tuesday’s complaint.
During her time as a field worker, Rubio said she drove a tractor and used a hand pump to spray crops with the herbicide, often at a rate of two days per week year-round, with nothing more than a paper face mask to protect her from the chemicals.
Considering Monsanto’s “prolonged campaign of misinformation” claiming Roundup is safe for animals, humans and the environment, Rubio’s lawyers said her condition is a result of the company’s willful and negligent actions and that there was no way she could have “reasonably discovered” the health risk Roundup presented.
“Agricultural workers are, once again, victims of corporate greed,” the complaint said. “Monsanto assured the public that Roundup was harmless. In order to prove this, Monsanto championed falsified data and attacked legitimate studies that revealed its dangers.”
The complaint claims the Environmental Protection found that two laboratories hired by Monsanto to purportedly test the toxicity of its Roundup products for federal registration regularly falsified testing data, but in spite of this, the company was allowed to market the herbicide in 115 countries, including the United States.
Since the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer released a study earlier this year designating glyphosate as an herbicide “probably carcinogenic to humans,” Rubio’s lawyers said Monsanto can no longer deny the health effects of Roundup.
Due to IARC’s findings, the California Environmental Protection Agency announced in early September that it would officially list glyphosate as a known carcinogen under the state’s Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986.
“For nearly 40 years, farms across the world have used Roundup without knowing of the dangers its use poses … because when Monsanto first introduced Roundup, it touted glyphosate as a technological breakthrough: it could kill almost every weed without causing harm either to people or to the environment,” the complaint said. “Of course, history has shown that not to be true.”
Rubio’s lawyers claim that Monsanto has known from the outset that Roundup is harmful to humans and the environment, but continues to claim “particularly to United States consumers” that glyphosate-based herbicides pose no unreasonable risk.
The suit is accusing Monsanto of strict liability over a known design defect that could have been made less harmful and of failure to warn consumers of the full hazards in dealing with Roundup, along with willful negligence and breach of implied warranty.
Due to Monsanto’s production and promotion of Roundup, the suit claims Rubio “has suffered and continues to suffer grave injuries” including economic hardship and considerable expenditures on medical treatment that will only continue.
Since being diagnosed in 1995, Rubio became disabled and is unable to work, according to the complaint.
Monsanto intends to “vigorously” defend itself in the case and believes “glyphosate is safe for human health when used as labeled,” company representative Charla Lord said Wednesday
“Decades of experience within agriculture and regulatory reviews using the most extensive worldwide human health databases ever compiled on an agricultural product contradict the claims in the suit,” Lord said.
Rubio is seeking unspecified compensatory and punitive damages and payment of legal costs, according to the complaint.
Rubio is represented by Christopher B. Dalbey, Robin L. Greenwald and Maja Lukic of Weitz & Luxenberg PC and Hunter W. Lundy, Matthew E. Lundy and Kristie M. Hightower of Lundy Lundy Soileau & South LLP.
The case is Rubio v. Monsanto Company, case number 2:15-cv-07426, in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California.
Monsanto's Roundup Weed Killer Caused Cancer - Lawsuit Explains - Field Worker Develops Bone Cancer - Roundup Caner Attorneys - Lake Charles, La
Getting into a legal battle with some entity can be daunting. Between the paperwork, court appearances, and legal fees, there is an enormous amount of time and work that goes into filing a suit.
Whether you’ve been thrust into a dispute by someone or you’re serving some justice of your own, the lawyer you choose will either make or break you in the courtroom.
Choosing the right lawyer doesn’t have to be difficult, but you may not even know where to start. These five essential qualities your lawyer should have are some quick tips for finding the best lawyer to represent you.
Lawyers are in the business of debate. If your lawyer is speaking over your head or unable to articulate their point to you, how well do you think they will do convincing a judge and jury?
It will quickly become evident upon your first meeting with a lawyer whether or not they are listening to you. By not listening they could be missing out on crucial details of your situation. After meeting with your lawyer if you don’t feel heard it’s time to find someone else.
Your lawyer should have the insight and decisiveness to inform you of your best course of action. When tough choices are presented and your lawyer is on the fence this will only add to your stress, not alleviate it.
Don’t be shy about asking for references. A good lawyer will have many clients and cases available that clearly show their merit.
The practice of law is all about working with people. You should feel comfortable with your lawyer, and they should be personable toward you. Having this with your lawyer is essential to establishing a positive working relationship.
If you are seeking legal advice please do not hesitate to contact us. We’re always here to help, and no challenge is too big or too small for our excellent team of attorneys to handle.
About Lundy, Lundy, Soileau & South
Louisiana based law firm Lundy, Lundy, Soileau & South , an AV rated law firm by Martindale-Hubbell and is widely regarded as one of the premier litigation firms in the US. They have achieved extraordinary success for their clients across Louisiana and throughout the United States.
Litigation Law Firms - Lake Charles, La - Qualities of a Great Lawyer
Areas of Practice
© COPYRIGHT 2019. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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► My Algebra 2 course: https://www.kristakingmath.com/algebra-2-course
Simple interest is different than compounded, or compounding, interest. With compounding interest, you earn interest on your interest, so that your money grows exponentially. But with simple interest, you don’t earn interest on your interest, you only earn interest on your principal balance. Therefore, your money grows linearly.
Skip to section:
0:06 // What is simple interest?
1:03 // The interest formula I=Prt
1:47 // First example: How to find the interest you earn in 2 years?
4:31 // Second example: How much will you have in total? And the amount formula A=P+I
7:28 // Third example: How much money will you have after 6 years?
In this video we’re going to talk about simple interest and how to calculate it. We’ll look at the formula to use to calculate interest, but we’ll also look at a formula that calculates how much money we’ll have in total in the future. The amount we’ll have in the future, as we’ll see, is just the amount of money we started with, plus all the interest we earned.
Which means we actually don’t really need a separate formula at all. As long as we know how to calculate interest, then we can simply add the interest amount to the principal amount that we started with, and we’ll get the total amount of money that we’ll have in the future.
Music by Joakim Karud: http://soundcloud.com/joakimkarud
● ● ● GET EXTRA HELP ● ● ●
If you could use some extra help with your math class, then check out my website // http://www.kristakingmath.com
● ● ● CONNECT WITH KRISTA ● ● ●
Hi, I’m Krista! I make math courses to keep you from banging your head against the wall. ;)
Math class was always so frustrating for me. I’d go to a class, spend hours on homework, and three days later have an “Ah-ha!” moment about how the problems worked that could have slashed my homework time in half. I’d think, “WHY didn’t my teacher just tell me this in the first place?!”
So I started tutoring to keep other people out of the same aggravating, time-sucking cycle. Since then, I’ve recorded tons of videos and written out cheat-sheet style notes and formula sheets to help every math student—from basic middle school classes to advanced college calculus—figure out what’s going on, understand the important concepts, and pass their classes, once and for all. Interested in getting help? Learn more here: http://www.kristakingmath.com
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Tagged under: simple interest,interest,compounding interest,compounded interest,principal amount,principal balance,interest rate, interest earn, account,money math
Clip makes it super easy to turn any public video into a formative assessment activity in your classroom.
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The Ulster Special Constabulary or B-Specials existed from 1920 to 1970; it was disbanded after being used for riot control in The Battle Of The Bogside. The Ulster Defence Regiment (which was under military control and was, as the mural notes, the largest infantry in the British Army) existed from 1970 until 1992, when it was merged with the Royal Irish Rangers.
Click and click again to enlarge (to 3200 x 2180)
Copyright © 2016 Extramural Activity
Camera Settings: f10, 1/400, ISO 100, full size 5496 x 3744
text: X03942 UDR over 200 members were killed in the troubles 34 USC members were killed by the IRA painted by John Stewart
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The bronze age established a far-ranging trade network. The network imported tin and charcoal to Cyprus, where copper was mined and alloyed with the tin to produce bronze. Bronze objects were then exported everywhere, and supported the trade. Isotopic analysis of the tin in some Mediterranean bronze objects indicates it came from as far away as Britain.
The Minoan empire appears to have coordinated and defended the bronze-age trade.
One crucial lack in this period was that modern methods of accounting were not used, or available. Numerous authorities believe that ancient empires were prone to misvalue staples in favor of luxuries, and perish by famines created by uneconomic trading.
How the Bronze age ended is still being studied. There is evidence that Mycenean administration of the empire followed Minoan. There is evidence that several Minoan client-states lost large populations to extreme famines or pestilence, so the trade network is believed to have failed at some point, preventing the trade that would have previously relieved such famines and prevented some forms of illness (by nutrition). It is also known that the bread-basket of the Minoan empire, the area north of the Black Sea, lost population and probably some degree of cultivation in this era.
Recent research has discredited the theory that exhaustion of the Cypriot forests caused the end of the bronze trade. The cypriot forests are known to have existed to later times, and experiments have shown that bronze production on the scale of the late bronze age would have exhausted them for charcoal production in less than fifty years.
One theory says that as iron tools became more common, the main justification of the tin trade ended, and the trade network ceased to exist. The indvidual colonies of the Minoan empire then met accidents of drought, famine or war, and had no access to the far-flung resources of an empire to recover.
Another family of theories looks to the explosion of Thera, which occurred shortly before the end of the bronze age. Thera is about 40 miles north of Crete, which was at the time the capital of the Minoan empire. Some authorities speculate that tidal waves from Thera destroyed Cretan cities. Others say that perhaps a tidal wave destroyed the Cretan navy in harbor, which then lost crucial battles with the Mycenaen navy, so that a former colony took over the empire.
Another theory looks to the loss of Cretan expertise in administering the Empire. If this expertise was concentrated in Crete, and simply became discredited by military failure, the Myceneans may have made crucial political and commercial mistakes when administrering the empire.
All of these theories are persuasive, and all may have operated to some extent.
In Britain, the Bronze Age is considered to have been the period from 2500 to 500 BC. The Neolithic (New Stone Age) had just finished and change was significant. First, the climate was deteriorating, forcing the population down from easily-defended sites in the hills to fertile valleys. Also, the burial of dead (which until this period had usually been communal) became more individual. For example, whereas in the Neolithic a large chambered cairn was used to house the dead, the Bronze Age saw people buried in individual cists, sometimes covered with cairn material. Ritual sites also changed, often becoming cruder and smaller as, perhaps, the original meaning became diluted and twisted as it was passed down from generation to generation.
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GAINESVILLE, Fla. --- University of Florida researchers have found rat lungworm, a parasitic nematode that can cause meningitis in humans and animals, in five Florida counties.
Rats and snails in Alachua, Leon, St. Johns, Orange and Hillsborough counties tested positive for the parasite, according to a study in PLoS ONE by researchers in the UF College of Veterinary Medicine and the Florida Museum of Natural History.
Established in Hawaii and occasionally found in the southern U.S., rat lungworm, or Angiostrongylus cantonensis, relies on rat and snail hosts to complete its lifecycle but can pose a health risk to humans and animals that ingest infected snails. While the fatality rate of infection in humans is low, the parasite can cause eosinophilic (EE'-oh-sin-oh-fil-ihk) meningitis if it becomes trapped and dies in the brain, and severe infections can cause coma or death.
Clinical signs of infection in adults include headache, stiff neck, fever, vomiting, nausea and paralysis of the face and limbs. The most common symptoms of infection in children are nausea, vomiting and fever.
This study sheds new light on the extent of the parasite's geographic range in Florida, said Heather Stockdale Walden, an assistant professor in the UF department of infectious diseases and pathology and the study's lead author.
"The parasite is here in Florida and is something that needs to be taken seriously," she said. "The reality is that it is probably in more counties than we found it in, and it is also probably more prevalent in the southeastern U.S. than we think. The ability for this historically subtropical nematode to thrive in a more temperate climate is alarming."
In a survey of 18 counties, nearly 23 percent of rats, about 16 percent of rat fecal samples and nearly 2 percent of land snails tested positive for the nematode.
Climate change could trigger further spread of rat lungworm as average temperatures rise, helping the tropical parasite thrive and likely expanding its range, said study co-author John Slapcinsky, collections manager of invertebrate zoology at the Florida Museum.
"We expected the range of this nematode to be restricted to one part of the state because it's primarily a tropical species," he said. "But being within another organism could mean it's less impacted by cold weather."
While snails live most of their lives within a small area, they can easily be transported on cargo containers and in potted plants, which is probably how the parasite first arrived in Florida, he said.
Slapcinsky also noted rat lungworm "doesn't seem to be picky" about the species of snails it infects and could threaten native snail populations. In addition to finding the parasite in three non-native snail species, the research team detected the parasite in three native species: the Florida amber snail, Succinea floridana; the perforate dome snail, or Ventridens demissus; and the quick gloss snail, Zonitoides arboreus.
"There are a lot of snail species endemic to South Florida that don't occur anywhere else, and the last thing you want to do is throw one more problem their way," he said. "Rat lungworm is finding a whole new pool of animals to infect. The more species it infects, the larger its population can be, which could make transmission even easier."
Snails ingest rat lungworm larvae by eating infected rat feces. When a rat eats an infected snail, the larvae penetrate the rat's intestine and enter its circulatory system, which transports them to the brain. There, they develop into immature worms, re-enter the circulatory system and travel to the rat's pulmonary artery where they mature and reproduce. When new larvae hatch, they are coughed up and swallowed by the rat and pass through its feces, completing the life cycle.
Humans can ingest the parasite by consuming infected snails or infected frogs and crustaceans, which can also pick up the nematode.
Stockdale Walden said more than 2,800 cases of human rat lungworm infection have been documented worldwide since the parasite was described, but the actual number of cases is likely greater as the disease can go undetected or be misdiagnosed.
While no human cases of infection with rat lungworm, or Angiostrongyliasis, have been reported in Florida, eating lungworm-infected snails killed a white-handed gibbon at Zoo Miami in 2003 and a privately owned orangutan in Miami in 2012.
Several steps can help lower the risk of infection, Stockdale Walden said.
"Wash produce," she said. "Some snails are very small and can easily hide in lettuce leaves. Teach children not to eat snails, and if they handle snails, make sure they wash their hands. Be aware of the potential risks associated with eating snails and also raw or undercooked frogs and crustaceans."
Infection with rat lungworm can also cause meningitis in animals, as well as limb weakness or paralysis, neck pain and central nervous system problems.
To protect pets and livestock, be mindful of snails in animals' living space, Stockdale Walden said. Check watering troughs for snails that might have fallen in and monitor animals for snail-eating habits.
"If you have questions about your pet, contact your veterinarian and discuss your concerns," she said.
Managing rat populations could help curtail the parasite in facilities that house animals, such as zoos and conservation centers, she said.
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Black Holes: Objects of Attraction
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Ever since Princeton physicist John Wheeler coined the term nearly 50 years ago, black holes have evoked a sense of mystery and wonder for astronomers and space enthusiasts. But unlike comets, stars and other beautiful objects in the night sky, black holes can't actually be seen – they trap light, after all. From this infinitely dark void, myths and misconceptions have taken flight, spurred by the sci-fi depictions of black holes as cold cosmic villains with a bottomless appetite for nearby planets, stars and mighty spacecrafts whizzing through the galaxy at warp speed.
"Watching sci-fi movies is fun in part because as a scientist, I like to try to find out what’s wrong with it. On the other hand, you know, some of what we used to think was sci-fi became reality," said Alex Filippenko, a UC Berkeley professor of astronomy who has been studying and hunting black holes for 30 years. He also teaches one of the most popular classes at UC Berkeley, an introduction to astronomy course which attracts thousands of students a year, many of whom are non-science majors.
Professor Filippenko helped debunk for me some of the fanciful myths about black holes, including the ability to travel through time by surfing a 'wormhole', a theoretical portal which connects two black holes and leads to another universe. He told me, "People sometimes think that by jumping into a black hole you can travel backward in time. But that’s not really possible because after you jump into the black hole, you’ll get crushed or vaporized."
Even though black holes don't behave like the celestial monsters with insatiable appetites they're sometimes caricatured to be, there is still plenty of wonder and unanswered questions about them to satisfy astronomers for years to come. For example, scientists have distinguished between two major classes of black holes – stellar black holes (also known as stellar-mass black holes) and supermassive black holes. The former are roughly six to 30 times the mass of the sun and the latter are a whopping million to billions of times the mass of the sun. So are there intermediate-mass black holes, on the order of hundreds to thousands of times the mass of the sun?
Quite possibly, yes. In August, a team from Keio University in Japan announced their discovery of a region of space 30,000 light years away which they suspect might contain young, intermediate-mass black holes. One of these black hole candidates is nearby Sagittarius A*, a supermassive black hole which lurks at the center of our Milky Way galaxy.
But as I mentioned in my story on black holes, simply accumulating the observational evidence to infer the existence of a black hole is a daunting and time-consuming process. It took two separate teams of astronomers years to estimate the mass of Sagittarius A* (four million times the mass of the sun) from meticulous calculations of its gravitational effects on orbiting stars.
NuSTAR, a NASA telescope about the size of a large fridge which launched in June, can much more nimbly and swiftly detect the presence of black holes by viewing, with its sophisticated optics, the glow of high-energy x-rays emitted from the vicinity of black holes currently hidden behind thickets of cosmic dust and gas. Caltech's Fiona Harrison, the Principal Investigator, explained how the NuSTAR telescope will beam its observational results to the the team of astronomers, physicists and engineers who've toiled diligently to ensure the success of this low-cost, high-impact mission.
"Four times a day, NuSTAR will send its data down to a ground station, in Malindi, Kenya…and the data from these surveys comes down to scientists around the world. We take this data and we turn it into images; we look in these images for pinpoints of X-ray light. Each one will be a hallmark of a black hole. NuSTAR will see hundreds and hundreds of black holes," she said.
Harrison and her colleague, William Craig, spent ten years working on NuSTAR, in part because the technology didn't exist at the time to focus high-energy x-rays – the kind used in dental and medical offices – emitted from cosmic sources billions of light years away.
To do this, Craig and his team took 4,000 pieces of glass twice the thickness of a human hair and stacked them in a nested array which greatly increased the surface area for reflecting the high-energy x-rays onto NuSTAR's digital detector 33 feet away from its lens. But to even get the pieces of glass to reflect the x-rays was a feat of ingenuity, requiring 17 months of research and the use of nanotechnology to coat the surface of the glass with hundreds of layers of nanoparticles.
"Looking for black holes has always been kind of like looking for a needle in a haystack," Craig said. "But looking with these X-rays just like a medical X-ray can look through your skin and see the bone, it’s like looking through the haystack to see the needle. It’s like the haystack’s not there," he added.
In late July, the NuSTAR team announced that the telescope had successfully taken its first images of the black hole Cygnus X-1 and had participated in joint observations with the Keck and the Chandra telescopes of Sagittarius A*. In addition, NuSTAR has also made observations of the "optically brightest quasar in the sky", located more than two billion light years away.
More observations and excitement are sure to follow on the heels of NuSTAR's observations, from quasars to stars orbiting powerful black holes and the cosmic ashes of supernova explosions which can seed the universe with these space oddities that have perplexed and intrigued the sharpest minds in astronomy.
"NuStar is gonna find all kinds of black holes in the centers of galaxies that might be otherwise hidden from our perspective by a bunch of other gas…This is gonna revolutionize the study of black holes in our universe," said Alex Filippenko.
If you'd like to learn more about black holes and test your knowledge about these space oddities, be sure to check out this neat interactive feature produced by former QUEST content intern C.K. Hickey.
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What Causes Indoor Mold Grow?
Mold can grow on virtually any organic substance or building material comprised of wood, wallpapers, drywall, carpet, paint, adhesives, fabrics, ducting, and insulation. Mold is in the air everywhere and when it lands on a damp indoor spot with little or no UV light, it begins digesting and growing. This produces thousands of microscopic spores that are released into the air while the destructive organism eventually damages the materials on which they feed and grow.
Most infestation and rampant growth usually occurs whenever water damage or other moisture problems occur in indoor environments that go unaddressed or are treated improperly.
Ø Natural weather disasters
Visible mold is typically only the tip of the iceberg, and usually a sign that the problem may already be extensive. It is not uncommon to find 10 times or more mold growth out of sight inside the crevices of a wall or within an HVAC system.
ROYAL RENOVATIONS L.L.C. - P.O.Box 366, Clear Lake, MN 55319 - Phone: 320-743-3440 - Fax: 320-743-3444
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24/7 Emergency Service
CALL NOW - 320-743-3440
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Many of us enjoy a good lobster dinner and go to Maine and Nova Scotia for the authentic experience. Here at Cabot Shores, we get our lobsters from Merrill MacInnis. For more on lobster and lobster fishing, click to see our video on Lobster Fishing Off Cape Breton Island
We asked Merrill: What’s the difference between “Canners” and “Market Lobster?” His answer can help us understand the history of lobster fishing on Cape Breton Island, in addition to, which lobster to order.
The MacInnis family has been fishing lobster for over 80 years off the eastern (Atlantic coast) of Cape Breton, in the Breton Cove area. We can see his fishing territory as he cruises along the coast starting at 4:30 am each morning from May through mid July.
The farmhouse at Breton Cove, is adjacent to his acreage in front of which his family fishes, as they have done for years, with each zone marked on land by colorful signs visible from the ocean below the Cape Breton cliffs. Merrill is an excellent story-teller and over the warmth of afternoon tea, he told us something about the history of lobster fishing and of his family–mostly mink farmers and fishermen.
Here are some of the main points in Merrill’s account:
- The native Mi’kmaq were the first to fish for lobster. They made large fires on the beaches and used the lobster for ceremonial purposes.
- The MacInnis family started fishing on Cape Breton Island just about as soon as they emigrated here from Scotland, but not for lobster. That came later. The lobster market began around 1880 or 1890.
- Around 1900 a canning factory was set up by a fellow from Yarmouth. Money didn’t change hands; every member of the family, children included, worked at the cannery. Their labor was traded for “luxury” items such as flower and sugar and “other items not readily available and known to the community.” During this period, according to Merrill, there were no rules and the fisherman could take any size lobster caught up in a trap. They also could catch females, even ones with eggs.
- The changes in fishing practices started in 1910. Merrill said: “the commission had come here to the island to speak to the fishermen…put some rules in place. That all females that had eggs would have to stay in the water and there is a minimum size as well …so there’s a chance of reproduction.”
That is how the term “canners” came about. The “Canners” were lobsters just big enough for the canning factory. Bigger ones are called “market” lobster, fetching more money because of the size and were sold locally or to dealers.
Back in the day, almost all the lobster was exported. In fact it was mostly canned and sent by train to Boston or Toronto. For the Cape Bretoners, lobster was considered “trash” food. A boy or girl walking to school wanted to have a sandwich of peanut butter and jelly or, even better, baloney. They would sooner throw a lobster sandwich in the bush for embarrassment, according to Merrill, than be seen with it in public. It was not exactly the luxury item it is today.
But now tourists engage in Nova Scotia travel from the world over, to enjoy and photograph the scenery along the famed Cabot Trail and to eat lobster and other Nova Scotia seafood. There is even a lobster festival on Cape Breton called “Lobsterpalooza”.
Which one should you order? Canners or market lobster?
It is all the same lobster meat, the same food. Your choice depends on how hungry you are!
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Centralized air conditioning is a system in which air is cooled at a central part of the room and distributed to and from rooms by one or more fans and ductwork. The main part of the air conditioning system that is air conditioner compressor works what makes the whole process of air conditioning possible. The whole heat of the housing discharge by enabling the compression of the refrigerant gas, which is how the cool air is created. At some time the indoor temperature set on the thermostat requires cooling performance, and it run quietly according to their need. But when it’s time to perform routine maintenance, make repairs or replace your system, it’s is very helpful for you to understand how an air conditioning system works. If you’re looking for a quality Air Conditioning System, then just have a look at some important functionalities.
The Refrigeration Cycle
• Using the power source, the refrigerant flows through a closed system of refrigeration lines between the indoor unit and the outside unit.
• By using a motorized fan hot air from the inside of your house is pulled into the ductwork.
• Now after the warm air duct, From the exterior compressor coil to the interior evaporator coil the refrigerant is pumped to absorbs the heat from the air.
• Now the cool air pushed through connecting ducts to vents by lowering the interior temperature.
• Providing a consistent method to keep you cool this refrigeration cycle of the air conditioning system continues again and again.
Central AC System Parts
To know better how your air is cooled, it helps to know about the parts of AC. It is a two-part or split system of central air conditioning system that includes:
• The outdoor unit of the air conditioning system contains the condenser coil, fan, and compressor, electrical components.
• The evaporator coil is available to the top of the gas furnace inside the home.
• Pipes in the form of series, or refrigeration lines fixing the inside and outside equipment in AC.
• Refrigerant (substances available in refrigerant lines ) that circulates through the indoor and outdoor unit.
• Ducts part fixed in the air conditioning system that serves as air tunnels to the various spaces inside the room or hall.
• You can set your desired temperature by A thermostat or control system.
Benefits of Central Air Conditioning System
Indoor comfort during summer session–It helps keep your home cool and reduces humidity levels.
Comfort during humidity whether – Central air conditioning type of air conditions system helps keep your home cool and reduces the level of humidity.
Quieter operation –It is located outside the home because of the compressor-bearing unit the indoor noise level. It is much lower than that of a free-standing air- conditioning unit.
If you are looking for Air Conditioning Systems in Noida, then we recommend Ventech Systems.
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The main goal behind the creation of Java is the secure, simple, and portable programming language. These are the major features of Java, apart from these there are a lot of features that play a vital role to get Java as a distinctive language.
- Platform independent
- High Performance
Java is a simple programming language and easy to understand. Its coding and syntax style is quite easy to read and write. The main aspect in Java is it does not require to use any pointers and it does not support multiple inheritances.
Java is an Object-oriented programming language. Object-oriented is defined to be a combination of various types of objects which inhibits both behavior and data. The Java programming works based on the OOPS concepts and they are:
Java is said to be portable since it doesn’t require implementation-dependent aspects. The programs in Java can be executed in any web platform like Linux, macOS, and Windows.
Java is Platform independent because if it is coded once, it can be run at any platform from anywhere. There are two platforms available to run the codes, they are Software-based and Hardware-based. It also involves two components they are,
2.API(Application Programming Interface)
Java is featured with high security, it enables us to develop a virus-free system. It supports for privacy, and system authentication. Since the Java program runs on the Java runtime environment, it is more secure to use.
Java is portable to use. It can handle error detection, exceptional handling, and pointer concept. It has no implementation-dependent aspects. Thus, it makes Java robust.
Since Java applications are executed by Java Virtual Machine(JVM) it operates at full speed and thus it automatically improves the performance.
Multithreading is highly advantageous for simultaneous tasks.
It means handling many works at the same time. It can be possible by using a single thread.
Java is said to be Dynamic since it has the capability of an evolving environment. It also supports C and C++ languages.
Enroll yourself in the Java Training in Velachery at FITA to start your career in the Software industry under the guidance of expert professionals and enhance your job opportunities.
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"Psychologically it's a disappointment, especially after the high of the start up, but we all knew this was possible," James Gillies at Cern told me today. "It's just the timing that sucks."
The Large Hadron Collider, the biggest scientific instrument ever built, is the European Nuclear Research Organisation's $10bn new toy, and hopes were running high that this week or next, it would start slamming particles together at low energies.
Friday's glitch put paid to that. Engineers at Cern still don't know exactly what went wrong - for now they are relying on instrument readings from the machine to diagnose the fault. It will be a week before the machine has warmed up enough for engineers to peek inside and identify precisely what went wrong.
As the PR always ran, this is the most complex machine ever built. What's remarkable, though gutting none the less, is that it was the final test on Friday, the very last circuit that needed checking, that failed. The suspicion is that a wire between two superconducting magnets, which are used to steer the beam, melted under the current it was carrying, and cut out. Cue a helium leak and the magnets started to warm up. The magnets only work at ultra-cold temperatures, around -271 degrees C, just a couple of degrees above absolute zero.
The original plan had been to do a few weeks of collisions this year, with each beam powered up to an energy of five trillion electron volts. One electron volt is the energy an electron gains by being accelerated by a one volt potential difference.
It takes a month to warm the machine up for repairs and another month to cool it back down again, so the repairs will run at least until the end of November when Cern shuts down for a winter break - to save on the electricity bill. During that down time, engineers will commission the machine fully, so that when it starts up again in the spring, it will be ready to crash particles together at its full power of seven trillion electron volts.
The decision means that all that has been lost at Cern are those two or three weeks of lower-energy collisions, which would have been wonderful for the teams running the detectors. It would have given them data to crunch while the machine is shut for its winter break. But as I quoted Gillies saying in my previous blog, it's not the end of the world. Nor will it be when it switches on again.
In the spring, the machine will finally be able to begin the hunt for new physics.
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In and Out of the Water, Exploring Breath24/02/2020, Samahita
For hundreds of years humanity have had a fascination for exploring breath underwater. As an example, Ama divers in Japan have used prolonged breath-holding techniques to collect shellfish and seaweed below the surface for over 2000 years. Another skilled set of divers being the 'Bajau Laut' who live a semi-aquatic existence in the Indonesian archipelago. In a typical day, they may spend up to 10 hours in the water. The people of Baju also give birth in the water and their children learn to dive before they walk on land. In todays age natural freedivers, armed with a spear, they fish at depth for minutes at a time, all on one breath. In order to achieve the ability to skilfully move underwater on one breath, all of these people have had to prepare physically and mentally. One must focus the mind on the experience of the breath, or absence of breath for that matter, and be completely relaxed while making these extended holds.
Research has shown that there are no specialised genes held by the Ama divers in Japan or free divers in Sweden as we modern humans share the same physiological qualities necessary for long breath-holds under the sea. The diving response can be practiced and trained.
Physiological Effects of Freediving
Once our face goes underwater, your vagus nerve triggers a series of adjustments in your autonomic system. During this period of time your heart rate slows down, a process known as bradycardia, as does your metabolism, both allowing your body to conserve much needed oxygen. Depending on the temperature of the water, if it is colder there will be a stronger response. Furthermore, your blood vessels also narrow, a process known as peripheral vasoconstriction, which diverts blood from the hands and feet towards the heart and brain. As you dive deeper and deeper, there is an increasing amount of pressure placed on your spleen to produce extra hemoglobin, which is a protein that carries oxygen in the body. Additionally, as you increase in depth, past eighty meters, a surprising physiological discovery starts to occur, which defied the reasoning of physics. Some of your blood shifts and forms a thin layer around your lungs, making a protective barrier, which prevents your alveoli from collapsing down.
When holding your breath, blood oxygen levels also decline while carbon dioxide levels rise. This stimulates a small cluster of chemoreceptors located in your bilateral carotid bodies, which runs along your neck. These chemoreceptors send messages about the state of he circulating blood to the brain centers regulating neural outputs to the heart and circulation, further establishing the parasympathetic, slowing effects on the heart.
As babies these changes to our physiological system underwater, called the mammalian diving reflex, is something that we do. It is also what gives us the ability to swim underwater until we are 6 months old. This ability is also something that we share with aquatic mammals, such as: dolphins, seals, otters, muskrats and beavers; as well as diving birds, like ducks and penguins.Due to the fact these animals are ble to conserve oxygen so well, many of these species can breath-hold for up to an hour at a time.
Introspective Side of Freediving
But why would anyone want to explore the world in just on breath? Some free divers talk about the way in which it calms them mentally, by giving them a greater awarness of the body, breath and mind. There is a relaxing quality to feeling buoyant and weightless while defending in the ocean, especially when one goes past their buoyancy and starts to experience the sensation of free fall.
As in pranayama, commonly known as breath work, when exploring the nature of breathing, in freediving you want to have the body feeling as relaxed and effortlessly supported as possible. Being submerged in water can allow you to identify areas in the body which may be unnecessarily tense. This focused mental state, where you are fully in tune to the present moment you are in. In this moment, you an give insights into your mind’s inner workings.
Increased Breath Awareness
Once you have left the water, this heightened state of presence can last throughout the day. Back on land, you could be able to appreciate the nourishing effects of breath on another level. By taking time to tune into your breath and simply slow it down, you can achieve many parasympathetic, relaxing, effects on your body. If you notice your breath becomes short, shallow or rushed, at any point, simply taking in a slow, deeper inhale and exhale can provide an immediate change to your system.
Try to slow down your breath rate to six breaths per minute as this may trigger the body to widen blood vessels and calm the heart rate. A long, slow exhalation also stimulates the vagus nerve, which links your brain to your lungs, heart, digestive tract and internal organs, and so subconsciously soothes you after a stressful, fearful or dangerous event. When you begin to breath slowly, the nerves inside your nose can fire signals in a slower rhythm, which prompts different parts of the brain to do the same. In reecent research, it has been shown that slowing your brwath to just three breaths per minute can increase theta brainwaves, which mimics a state of deep, slow-wave sleep. By being in this state you may feel at ease, calm and ready to repsond to life.
Breath is such a vital function. So taking a few moments to regain yourself, relax, slow down, tune in, readjust and center, is well worth it, whether on land, or when you are about to dive deep.
If this blog has got you interested in starting your wellness journey call our wellness advisors at 020 7843 3597 or enquire here.
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detailed view and “before” >
The City of Toronto’s Parking Authority is in possession of a great (and as-yet untapped) resource in the fabric of the city – a network of more than 150 surface parking lots – that are presently little more than gaps between buildings, and not beautiful ones at that. These lots are often the result of the removal of buildings in anticipation of future development. While increasing density is ultimately a positive thing for the city, the removal of perfectly good building stock to make room for more cars is not exactly a “highest and best use”, even in the short term. These lots present an opportunity to improve the quality of the city’s open spaces through a systematized greening effort that will demonstrate the City’s commitment to sustainability.
We propose transforming these asphalt rectangles into a system of at-grade and elevated “pocket” parks that will preserve the Parking Authority’s important revenue generation role for the City (±$26 million per annum) while transforming a huge set of heat island-inducing lots into cool, green, spaces while ameliorating storm water loads, turning CO2 into O2, and generally making the city a better place. If the City were to designate just 5% of the revenues from the TPA, it would mean about 2.5 million dollars per year could be dedicated to greening these lots.
We have analyzed and broken down the different types of lot and developed a series of potential interventions, ranging from improvements at grade to the construction of elevated platforms with parks on top. One specific lot has been developed to give a more detailed explanation of how these parks would work to provide a new sequence of green space in the city, akin to the parks dotted throughout the city where old streams run underground.
This project is not splashy (or flashy), and given the location of many of these sites, they will be out of the public eye, but given the scale of the TPA’s operations, it has the potential to make significant changes throughout the city. The impact will not be restricted to the visual environment, but will mean a significant reduction of stress on the city’s overtaxed infrastructure, while setting a standard for private development.
Green P lots in the downtown area
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In the late 1950s, US Army mathematicians coined the phrase “Garbage in, garbage out” (GIGO) when programming the world’s earliest computers. The British equivalent – ‘Rubbish in, rubbish out” – is a well-known adage for anyone who works with a database. Fast forward more than half a century and unfortunately GIGO is still rife – and even more complicated given the huge volume of data we now manage and use in our daily working lives.
I know from experience how unwieldly a database can become if you don’t follow some simple rules to capture and categorise information in the right way. At ToucanTech we’ve run more than 300 database clean-up, amalgamation and migration projects for schools in the UK and internationally – and although we’ve built mapping templates and scripts to make these data projects more efficient, there’s never a magic wand to instantly unpick a messy set of data.
But it’s also never too late to start following some good data practices! Here are my top 3 rules – whether you’re managing a simple spreadsheet or a database software. Even if you don’t have time to sort out your legacy data, you can start following these rules for new data in your system.
Rule 1: Use unique IDs
Every person in your database should have a unique ID reference. If you want to add new information to someone’s database record (e.g. an import of updated contact details or email open rates) you want to be sure you’re appending the data to the right record – and the only sure-fire method is to match data using unique reference IDs.
Here’s a simple example of four individual records in a database. Imagine you’re creating a list of school parents for your termly newsletter. From the data below, can you ascertain if the two Li Jings and the two David Whites are the same person or different? You might be able to make an informed guess if you know your parent population, but there’s nothing in the data below to give you a categorical match.
If you add an ID number to each of the records you can see immediately that the two rows of data for Li Jing are stored with different ID numbers – meaning these are probably two different parents – whilst the two rows of data for David White share the same ID number, implying this is the same person.
When you’re creating a new record, or running a data import, it’s important to ensure individuals have unique IDs and that you only create one record for each person (no duplicates!) in your database.
If you export data out of your database (e.g. to an Excel spreadsheet) to manage data for an activity like an event you must always include the unique IDs for each record so that when you import the data back in to your database the system can unambiguously match the new information to the existing database records.
Rule 2: Don’t embed records together
Sometimes it can seem quick to store family members or married couples together in one database record, but you can build up all sorts of data problems if you do this! Joint records make it difficult to ascertain which bit of information refers to whom and you won’t have a unique ID for each person (see Rule 1 above!)
Here’s an example of a joint record to illustrate the difficulty of identifying which person each piece of information relates to:
In the GDPR era it’s even more important to store your data accurately. If you’re capturing consent options, you need to know specifically which person has opted-in/ out – which can be difficult to track if individuals are grouped together in a record.
Rule 3: Create pick-lists
Validating data entry using pre-defined pick-lists is a smart way to future-proof your database long-term. One of the biggest issues we’ve seen across school databases is the wide range of data entry applied by different team members at different times. Forcing people to use pick-lists as much as possible makes it more likely that information will be added in a consistent, fixed, format. This consistency is critical if you want to run search filters in the future and segment people according to specific criteria.
Here’s an example of two data fields – one with a fixed pick list and one with free text entry. The pick list forces you to select a consistent input (and is faster to enter) – you’ll be able to filter using these inputs in the future and easily group records together. The free text enables you to write more context, but you won’t be able to filter or group this data in a quantified way for analysis or segmented communications in the future. We’d recommend selecting from a pick-list and then adding extra free-text info as a note.
Kate Jillings is the co-founder of ToucanTech, a community database and website software for schools. She’s passionate about providing a practical and beautiful product and helping schools to run effective marketing, fundraising, alumni and careers activities.
Sam Bellringer has nearly 20 years’ experience managing fundraising and alumni data. This is his advice on how to stor… More...
"For us at Norwood, it all comes down to building relationships, getting out into the community and making genuine connections with our families." Cat… More...
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The working vs. show dichotomy in the Labrador Retriever, Bedlington Terrier, Border Collie, Cocker Spaniel, and Bull Terrier.
To be fair, a lot of working collies are neurotic too because they’re over bred with the intention of winning certain trials. They’re more sound in body but not always better pets because of their drive.
I’ve had this experience with field Labs too. Definitely remember that working doesn’t = problem-free. People shouldn’t get complacent in breeder searching just because it’s a working line!
As always, pure-bred does not mean well-bred.
No. Let me explain.
When people breed for working trials to the exclusion of anything else, all it does is produce a dog that is extreme in a different direction than show dogs are. Take that working cocker spaniel for example. First off, the working cocker is barely recognizable as a cocker at all. Cockers were originally bred to be small and compact with sturdy bone, not stick-legged and racy like that dog. This build wasn’t just for looks. Cockers were working in close quarters with hunters, retrieving small fowl in the thick underbrush and wooded countryside of England. They needed to be small and sturdy to fit under and push through this terrain. They were used in everyday hunting to put food on the table and needed to have a level head on their shoulders and not be too overly intense or fixated. In contrast, the working cocker spaniel is most likely used in huge open fields, in field trials which emphasize speed and the ability to range far from the hunter. The dog must have intense drive to carry out commands this far from instruction, as well as longer legs and slender build to be as fast as possible, even though hunting was never intended to be a race. His build is so tall and slender that he would have a hard time knocking through or fitting under thick underbrush. This is the exact opposite of what the Cocker was originally intended for and that’s why the working dog is now a completely different dog. It’s much more along the lines of an upland bird dog bred to work in open fields, which are typically more slender and leggy, such as setters and pointers. All this photoset does is show how different conditions will cause people to breed for different extremes.
Working people often mistake hyperactive and neurotic for “drive” and also will disregard important features of soundness. Yes, some show animals are too extreme, but the point is that MODERATION is key in any venue, not just that working animals are inherently superior.
I’m also wondering why people believe that the animals on the right are faulty? Because they are groomed or have hair? It doesn’t mean they can’t do the work. That show border collie looks quite sturdy to me and there is nothing telling us that it doesn’t have the instinct and ability to work sheep. Believe it or not hair doesn’t prevent work.
Is it because the show animals often have a little more bone (the actual bones are thicker and sturdier) or because they carry a little more weight? I agree that many show labs are obese, but truth be told, nowadays very lean field labs would not have enough bulk to insulate themselves from the frigid waters of Newfoundland where the original Labrador Retriever was developed. This is because, like the working cocker, most field labs are bred for field trials in huge open fields, and thus are slender, taller, and with less bone to emphasize speed, when in fact this breed was never intended to be fast, but rather a sturdy swimmer in cold seas.
Another note about hair. The controversy over hair occurs in working sled dogs. People who breed working Siberian and Alaskan huskies tend to equate too much hair with a hindrance on working ability. I assume this is because they often work their dogs in areas where people live and in conditions that are not nearly as extreme as those faced by sled dogs in the past. In 2007, a team of Samoyeds proved that thick coats for sled dogs have real value. With their thick, plush coats, Don Duncan’s Seaview Samoyeds were the only team to finish the Iditarod without needing jackets to keep them warm. The Samoyeds covered almost 800 miles of Alaskan wilderness in temperatures that got down to -50 degrees Fahrenheit. Sometimes coat has a purpose and it’s not just to look pretty.
Certainly the Bedlington Terrier on the right is a very sound animal underneath the hair, moving with ease. I have personal experience with show Bedlingtons who regularly kill and course vermin—they are fast and very athletic, despite the hair. They are by no means hindered in their work. Their coat is for protection and is functionally no different than other coarse terrier coats or coats of wirehaired sighthounds.
The Bull Terrier was a fighting dog and is no longer used for that purpose, so I’m not sure what the point is since they are really only companions. I agree, perhaps, that the skull shape of the show dog should be monitored for over-accentuation, but there is nothing about its head that inherently hinders its ability to function. In fact, I would say that the marked Roman nose is not much different than a Borzoi, a very athletic hunter.
In addition, there are many breeds that have changed very little since their inception and have no split among working and show dogs. If you put a working dog and a show dog’s photo next to each other you would not be able to tell the difference and in many cases it would be a photo of the same dog. These breeds prove that they have not been “ruined” by shows and can still work. My own breed, the Field Spaniel, is one such breed—others I can think of include many livestock guardian breeds such as the Great Pyrenees and Kuvasz, as well as many spitz breeds such as the Icelandic sheepdog or Finnish Lapphund, working farm terriers such as Sealyhams and Border Terriers, sighthounds such as Ibizan Hounds and Saluki, Coonhounds and other working scenthounds, and the list goes on.
Please consider that there are two sides to every story when vilifying certain types of dogs. There are working dogs that are extreme as well as show dogs that are extreme. I think moderation is key in the preservation of any breed. We can get too carried away in show animals with accentuating type and losing athletic ability and function, but there are also many, many show dogs more than capable of performing the jobs expected of them.
Art of Dogs’ response is very worth reading, a good argument. I know many people in my group of dog friends both on and offline who will always choose a working line over show line but it’s so important to know there are extremes on both sides. If you’re not going to adopt, finding a great breeder for ANY breed or type is so vitally important. Research, research, research!!
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Single Port Insulin Infusion for Improved Diabetes Management
Throughout Austria, 390,000 people have been diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Finding the proper balance between managing diabetes and living a normal daily life is usually quite complicated, especially for children and adolescents.
Within the framework of the EU project "SPIDIMAN", a new glucose sensor technology is being developed that allows more accurate measurements and better insulin delivery and, thus, improves the blood sugar control in patients.
JOANNEUM RESEARCH is coordinating this project, which includes eight Austrian and international partners. The project funding amounts to 6.4 million Euros and the proportion allotted to JOANNEUM RESEARCH is 1.5 million Euros.
Both project leaders are well-known experts in the field of diabetes research, and are respected within the scientific community. Univ. -Prof. Dr. Thomas Pieber acts as the medical director and Dr. Martin Hajnsek conducts the technical project management. The project consortium has defined special target groups, namely children and adolescents. "The new device, which combines improved sensor accuracy with a quicker response time, wider dynamic range and higher signal stability [than other models] has been especially designed to improve the daily lives of patients during childhood and adolescence," said Dr. Martin Hajnsek, who has worked intensively with sensors in medical applications for over 13 years. The ambitious project goal can only be achieved through the support and active cooperation of an international network of researchers with complementary fields of expertise. In the project network, SMEs, universities, hospitals and the Styrian research organization JOANNEUM RESEARCH work together.
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Trying out a Different Trajectory
Lesson 3 of 3
Objective: SW examine videos of themselves to determine the motion of the block in the bucket drop and develop a theory of how they can alter their motion to be successful.
Re-engage and Explain
Students begin this lesson by looking at some footage from yesterday's lesson. If you were unable to make a video, it is my hope that this video will suffice.
To make the video, I used a traditional camera and MovieMaker to slow the action. There are many programs out there that do this equally well or better. FastCamera on the iPad takes multiple photos within a second and would be another excellent way to record the demonstration.
Prior to showing them this video clip, I remind them of the constraints of yesterday's demonstration. They were to:
- run as fast as possible, without slowing down as they passed the bucket.
- drop the block when they were directly over the bucket.
- keep their body erect and resist the urge to lean into the bucket as they passed.
As they watch the video, I ask them to pay very careful attention to the trajectory of the block. They are to draw a few diagrams showing the direction in which the block continues to move after it is dropped.
This can be done on blank paper or in their science journal. I created this
Thinking About Trajectory page to facilitate students' focus on the diagram itself. Third graders can be perfectionists about their drawings and I didn't want them to get derailed trying to draw the perfect bucket.
(Here is the same file as as a Word doc that can be modified: Thinking About Trajectory.docx)
By now some of the students will be making the connection from what they read and observed from the first lesson and what happened in the demonstration. They will realize that the block doesn't drop straight down because it is continuing, briefly, at the same speed and same direction as the runner. Gravity is also acting on the block and it is an unbalanced force, as there isn't an equal and opposite force on the top side of the block, so then it also falls down to the ground.
Yesterday at the end of the lesson they were asked to write down a hypothesis about how they could possibly get the block in the bucket without, still without slowing down or bending. I don't explicitly state it, but they no longer are required to drop the block immediately above the bucket. Intuitively, most of them release before they reach the bucket.
Students shared their hypothesis with one another and then we went outside to the basketball court to try it out. Tomorrow they will write about what happened differently today. I took video again and at night went home and clipped it and slowed it down so they could view and analyze it in the next lesson.
When we return to the classroom, I ask a few students to share out their observations about how today's activity was different from yesterdays. While we were outside, they were engaged the entire time with their peers about the success and failure of their various hypothesis, so there was already an organic pair-share.
I ask them to share their observations with someone at home and tell them that tomorrow we will watch the videos from today and diagram what occurred.
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George Ure and Gaye Levy, Contributors
Today we introduce you to The Shift. This is important because what is happening today will impact all of our lives, to one degree, or another. Shall we get started?
If you follow the work of Strauss & Howe in their book, The Fourth Turning: An American Prophecy – What the Cycles of History Tell Us About America’s Next Rendezvous with Destiny, you may already be familiar with the concept of The Shift. But if not, let us take a few moments for a quick refresher on the massive socioeconomic change we are in.
We begin with a discussion of a “saeculum”. Strange word, we know. Here is how it Wiki’s out:
A saeculum is a length of time roughly equal to the potential lifetime of a person or the equivalent of the complete renewal of a human population.
The term was first used by the Etruscans. Originally it meant the period of time from the moment that something happened (for example the founding of a city) until the point in time that all people who had lived at the first moment had died. At that point a new saeculum would start.
According to legend, the gods had allotted a certain number of saecula to every people or civilization; the Etruscans themselves, for example, had been given ten saecula.
The concept of a saeculum shows up in many ways in society, but often the concept is just below the awareness level. A sort of “soft” thing you sort of know about but just can’t quite put your finger on.
Oh, sure, some of the sayings of our parent's or grandparent’s generation spoke of it in many ways. After all, they are the ones that came through the last gut-wrenching social change period known as The Great Depression.
Back then, the saying was along the lines of:
One generation makes the fortune, the next generation shepherds it, while the third generation squanders it.
And to some extent you can see that today in how the key names of the American Aristocracy of past generations are busily squandering today. They do it with drugs, alcohol, personal quirks, and a myriad of eccentricities. It is all over the headlines in the tabloids, yet it doesn’t quite all seem to be there. There is something deeper.
What’s deeper are the two kinds of “long waves” in the economy.
The First Long Wave
One is the conventional Kondratieff Long Wave, named after the Russian economist who, while working for Joe “the Butcher” Stalin, provided an insight into America’s future. He said – much to Stalin’s joy – that America would soon succumb to a great depression the likes of which the world had never seen before. Gold stars to Joe the Butcher.
But then he made the mistake of continuing: “America will then rise again from the ashes to be greater than ever”. This is not something a sane person would say to Joe the Butcher, unless you want to pack on out on the next train for Siberia, which is where Kondratieff landed.
Still, his landmark work on economic cycles (using theories dating back to the 1200s when grain prices in Europe were the big thing) stands as testament that something big happens once in a very long time – and the timeline seems roughly equivalent to the Jubilee Year spelled out in the Book of Leviticus in the Bible. Kondratieff’s neatly quantified view was that every 50 years there was a general need to renounce debts and divide up the spoils of society. You know, those same spoils that have been spending about 50 years or so accruing to the rich. Come the Jubilee, all debts are forgiven.
All budding economists should note, however, that the Jubilee (Lev. 25:2) was actually not 50 years, but 49 years. And under this was a seven-year cycle, which, if you ever went to church or temple, you may remember as seven years of fat, seven years of lean. The idea is that you take seven cycles of seven years and you’ll have stresses worked up in the economy. This is true even if the society was simply agrarian with no iPhones, no gizmos, and no Netflix.
Suffice it to say, in the most simple of terms. that with Jubilee, it was sufficient that everyone’s interests would best served with a healthy distribution. So, in a sense, this is really a kind of bipolar economic cycle: One generation makes it and one generation blows it. And, so it seems, they do so in chunks.
The Second Long Wave
There's another view of the saeculum which George Ure and Ehor Mazurok proposed more than 10 years ago. This is an 83.5 year cycle, which is much closer to the Strauss and Howe “Turning” cycle length. Their core idea was summarized in a January 2001 paper. It argued that if a currency, such as US Federal Reserve Notes, is using interest, then over time that interest must depreciate the currency. Furthermore, there comes a threshold beyond which a unit of currency may no longer be more fully loaded with debt.
Is the light bulb going off yet?
Indeed, if one compares the purchasing power of a single US dollar from 1913 with the purchasing power of a single dollar today, one will find that all that remains is approximately 4.6ç worth of purchasing power. Where did the rest go? Essentially, it’s now diluted as debt service priced into the base currency: the US dollar.
This is why hard money advocates who argue there should be an intractable standard of wealth – such as an ounce of gold or an ounce of silver – are so adamant about their cause. This concept of intractable standard of wealth goes part and parcel with the larger “turning” now underway.
One difficulty with The Shift is that not everything is apparent. Clearly, we argue, the main feature of both the Bush and Obama administrations' economic programs has been an effort to offset the incipient inflation expected in the Shift with a rapid printing of money. This is no simple matter, however. If the printing goes too fast, hyperinflation becomes apparent and gold soars. But, if printing is too slow, the engine of deflation becomes apparent and jobs are gone. Poof. Jobs have disappeared and vanished on a wholesale basis with barely a scrap or two left.
Not sure we’re being square with you on this?
If you take a look at the Federal Reserve H.6 Money Stocks report, we can assure you that at publication time, the 3-month printing rate for cash and equivalents – annualized – was 36.8 percent. In “normal” times this would signal the arrival of hyper-inflationary nightmare. But, couple it with heavy-duty deflation in the background and you have the basis for what we see before us today: a topsy-turvy stew of apparent contradictions, which do, upon close inspection make perfect sense, provided you’re into preserving the old paradigm and the power and wealth of those presently on top.
And everyone else? Off they go to occupy Wall Street, the Streets of Greece, or the streets of Portugal. You name it. They are there and they are mad. One could say we’re in a never-before-tried period of well-intentioned muddle-through. Whether it is working, depends who you ask.
One of George’s readers on the Urban Survival site summarized how The Shift is being felt by young people. He sent a description of what some are calling “The Turn” and what it has meant in his own household:
Well, it mostly fits with the mindset of my kids in one way or another.
I have a lawyer son who hates the corrupt legal system, and refuses to overbill his clients. They keep him because he is the only one that can work the SQL for retrieving email data in large cases and has a law degree. But he hates it, thinks it incredibly corrupt, and wants to change careers. “Wish there was something I could do to fix this broken system…” is a frequent lament of his. He craves change.
I have a daughter who is beer/wine manager at local grocery chain. She hates the PTB because of their corruption. She believes in the system and in people, but that is being eroded due to watching people steal, seeing butt-kissers get promoted who have no ability, and the usual broken system reasons. She is a liberal who now thinks O is a joke. She wants a new system that is fair and where she can make a difference.
Youngest daughter just got her first double-speak about jobs. Told there was no money to give her a raise that was promised, and then watched her boss hire two of his cronies into new positions with no responsibilities. She has to deal with 65 kids, and they have to deal with 10 each and get paid twice as much. Her anger and disgust is palpable, and she sees no options in her future even with her marriage coming in November. And she has that 4-year degree too.
Youngest (20) has his friends over in evenings. They play video games, but also talk. This bunch is completely disabused of any hope for progress in the current system. They have minimum wage jobs and are going to school, but there are zero job prospects. If their shit falls apart, they would be willing to work for room and board outside the system and try something new. They have actually approached me about this, as they feel there is no reason to continue working as they are – better to have a shot at something – they smell winds of change.
Boss is a complete right-winger, and tends to blame O. And yet at the same time, waxes on about the systemic corruption and dreams of a tidal wave or hurricane plastering Maryland. Has bought place in (near Landry’s digs in OK) with cash and has plans to just exit the system and exist local up there.
Shop guys are all about self-sufficiency and living on less. All hunters and firearm friendly, and every one of them thinks the state and local systems are totally corrupt. They all want some major changes, particularly in wage distribution and banking – where they keep getting hosed by the credit card and mortgage people.
All agree that any national election will be a choice (in South Park terminology) between a Douche and a Turd Sandwich.
The restlessness and impatience with the PTB is increasing rapidly and we haven’t even gotten to the market shock or the Mideast thingy or the ice or EQ yet.
I would say the powder is very dry and ready all around us. What the MSM and PTB are NOT seeing is the anger and weariness that most people have for being lied to at every turn. There is absolute distrust of everything that comes across the news outlets for the typical American these days. The “investor class” (those with money to invest) seem to be the last ones with hope and at least a rudimentary belief in the system. But the guys in my shop? Well, about half of them no longer keep their cash in the banks after the 2008 crash.
They are all 110% disgusted by politics and governance, and would gladly climb aboard any change train passing through the ether we live in.
Just what I am seeing personally – the revolution meme fits the mindset all around me. Will not take much to engage the mechanism.”
And indeed, the mechanism is already engaging in the “Occupy” cities and much of Europe.
Whatever it is, we call it “The Shift”
Part economics, part reality. The retirement plans of the current crop of freshly arriving grays who are pulling the F.U. switch at the rate of 10,000 per day are not going to have enough money to live the golden years in a golden manner. Nor are young people going to have jobs because multinational corporations are moving production facilities to third world hell-holes rather than comply with regulatory requirements in the USA.
But then, to make matters worse, the faceless transnational corporations (TNCs) are pouring their excessive costs on to the backs of their American business units. As a result, major Dow component and S&P 500 component companies, in many cases, pay little or no US income tax, while the real bread-and-butter workers pay their annual tax bill without recourse and, oh yeah, they are being forced into mandatory health insurance and other socialistic fodder.
And did I hear someone say the the corporations do not deserve scorn? Well, not in this crowd and not in this room.
Politically, big changes may be expected – and we will see those changes outside of the corporate duopoly. Those experiencing the BOHICA (*bend over, here it comes again*) part of The Shift already know neither Republicans, Democrats, or even the short-lived idealism of the Tea Party is really serving their interests.
Strange as it seems, a coalition of the unemployed 99’ers, Roseanne Barr supporters and Union workers who are sick of things and aren’t going to take it any more may be emergent leaders of The Shift. Those who cling to the false body of right/left politics have really missed the boat. There is so much “juice” floating around Washington, D.C. (not to mention all the TV time given Jack Abramoff and his ilk) that American elections might be more efficiently (and maybe even honestly) handled online by eBay.
None of which should be taken as “manifesto” but rather as a statement of position. No, we’re not planning to run down to the barricades, but we’re developing around Strategic-Living a new concept: Strategic Spending.
Every time you give a dollar to a transnational corporation rather that a local worker in these United States, you’re casting the most important vote of your life. Talking about a Strategic Living empowerment!
You’re voting today with your wallet for how you want The Shift to happen. And maybe, just maybe, if enough people “get it” there will still be an “f” in the word Shift in five years or so.
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When students become engaged with community service, they get the golden opportunity to become active and responsible community members. This leaves a positive and lasting impact on society extensively. Community service is also referred to as volunteerism. It enables you as a student to acquire the knowledge and life skill along with the chance to offer services to those underprivileged people who require it the most.
Caroline Sturken – how can community service help you as a student?
Caroline Sturken is a highly motivated and passionate student presently pursuing law, philosophy, and politics in the USA. She says that a student can always bring positive change in the community by being involved in community service. The student can embrace different initiatives that seek to enrich the lives of people that live in society. Being a student herself makes her understand the various ways via which students can make the communities where they live a much better place. She recommends students start by joining an organization that is in schools and colleges. If you are a student, you need to find that organization with whom you resonate to start the service with success.
What are the key benefits of community service in your life?
According to her, the benefits of community service are as follows-
- Psychological benefits – With community service, you can enhance satisfaction in life. This helps you develop a deep sense of self-worth and happiness. This takes place as the thought, and the idea of helping others erases stress and helps you to mitigate tensions.
- Social advantages – With community service and volunteering, students can make social bonds with the population being served. Moreover, the sense of responsibility and social awareness is increased among students.
- Cognitive benefits – Regular volunteering helps the student to boost their personal knowledge in life. This helps them to evolve when it comes to new experiences. They can develop enhanced interpersonal skills and communication skills.
When you participate in community service, you can make a difference to the people and organizations you serve. You also make a difference to your career prospects as a student.
Get unique job opportunities
When you take up community service, you can enhance your resume as a student. You can get work skills before your graduation. This helps you to get good references from employers in the future. It also helps you develop a great sense of social and civic responsibility skills as you are more responsive to the community’s needs as a whole.
Caroline Sturken sums up by saying that as a student, when you join community service and help others, you also help yourself. You evolve as a socially responsible person who helps you embark on a successful personal and professional life journey. The rewards of community service are immense. Even small steps in this direction are bound to positively impact your life if you start early to be of help to others and to yourself!
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Modes of Travel of Yesteryear
STORY OF THE QUILT SQUARE, MODES OF TRAVEL OF YESTERYEAR, FOR
PROGRESSIVE EXTENSION HOMEMAKERS CLUB FOR HARNETT COUNTY HISTORICAL
"Modes of Travel of Yesteryear"
of Travel of Yesteryear" is one of three squares entered by the
Progressive Extension Homemakers Club for Harnett County's 1989
square depicts two of the most common means of travel, the wagon and the
buggy, used by the average citizen at the time Harnett was formed in
1855. Their use was also extended well into the first quarter of the
wagon of many sizes and colors, the buggy, plain and fancy, were drawn
by one or more horses or mules. Primarily, the wagon was used for
hauling purposes like merchandise supplies, farm produce, food, farm
implements, firewood, furniture, etc., and when not used for hauling
supplies, the family transported themselves to church, to public
gatherings, to school, to entertainment centers, and to other places of
interest in the wagon.
cotton was King, the farmer hauled hand picked cotton from the fields to
the gin for baling, and once baled, to market for sale. It was not until
after WWI that the automotive truck, known as the "pick-up",
replaced the wagon, and became cheap enough and plentiful enough for
general public use. Of all the makes there are today, Ford was the
one time in this era, manufacturing and sale of wagons was big business,
especially in nearby Carthage in Moore County, and in Dunn, in our own
county of Harnett.
one wanted a more sedate and comfortable means of travel, the buggy for
short distances was the choice. Rubber tires, padded seats with springs,
upholstered in leather, velvet or satin, made any spin most delightful.
Most average families owned a buggy, with or without a top, with either
plain or fancy trappings. The affluent might own a carriage, a
two-seater, enclosed with doors on both sides, or an open air two-seat
surrey with fringe on top.
the doctor in one's community was the first to own a fine buggy and a
spirited horse. For him, it was essential in his practice. However, it
was only a short while before the lawyers thought likewise and even
courting swains became enamored.
the early twenties, when Ford had perfected the Model T and several
million had been sold, the buggy vanished to a collector's site, and the
wagon became a scarce object. A new day had arrived! An average car
could be purchased for only $720 in 1932, one cheap enough anyone could
afford during the Great Depression.
square was designed, appliquéd, and embroidered by Evelyn Byrd, a
member of the Summerville Extension Homemakers Club for the Progressive
World Book Encyclopedia -1933 Automotive -p. 537
by: Evelyn Byrd, Member of Summerville Extension Homemakers Club
Progressive Extension Homemakers Club
Square: Row 2, Number 9
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Foam board, often called foam core, is a sturdy board created with two thick pieces of paper laminated to a core made from foam. Boards come in a variety of sizes and thicknesses with different finishes on the outer paper. Foam core is a wonderful material due to the fact it is study yet lightweight. The board can be used in a variety of applications and is a great surface for painting.
Select a type and thickness of foam board based on how the painting will be used. Thicker foam board is more durable and can withstand warping and transportation. A thinner board might be suitable if you do not plan to transport or handle the painting a lot or plan to secure the painting in a frame. It is recommended to get a matt finish on the board to ensure the paint will stick properly.
Cut the foam board to the size needed. Be sure to use a straight edge such as a metal ruler and a very sharp craft knife -- a dull blade will cause the foam core to have a torn or chewed look along the edge.
Prime the foam board with a neutral base coat using a material like gesso. Be sure to get gesso that is suited for the type of paint you plan to use.
Once the gesso has dried thoroughly, draw an outline of a design you like. This will act as a guideline for the final painting.
Begin to apply paint in the pencil guidelines. Do not add too much water to the paint as it might get too wet for the outer layer of the foam board. Add matt or gloss medium to thin the paint.
Allow each layer to dry before applying the next layer.
Things you need
- Foam board
- Craft knife
- Straight edge
- Paint medium
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PANCREAS [pancreas (PNA, JNA, BNA)] — gland of the alimentary system possessing at the same time exocrine and endocrine functions; received the name by the situation — behind a back wall of a stomach.
- 1 The comparative anatomy
- 2 Embryology
- 3 The anatomy
- 4 Histology
- 5 Physiology
- 6 Biochemistry
- 8 Pathological anatomy
- 9 Pathology
- 10 Operations
- 11 Drugs of a pancreas
- 12 An artificial pancreas
The comparative anatomy
the Pancreas is available for all vertebrata. The exception is made acranial and cyclostomous. At the first a cell, homologous to exocrine and endocrine glandulotsita of the Item., are located in an epithelium of a gut, at the second accumulation of endocrine cells is placed in the thickness of her mucous membrane (sometimes around a vesical channel and in a parenchyma of a liver). Organ type of the Item. for the first time appears at cartilaginous fishes. Its exocrine part is constructed as at mammals, and cells of an endocrine part can surround output channels (an external epithelium), adjoining to them in the form of tyazhy, or to be located with separate islands. During evolution there is a replacement of an external epithelium and cellular tyazhy the isolated pancreatic islands, change of a quantitative ratio of the cells making them, change like secretion and a way of release of hormones. At the majority of vertebrate animals of the Item. — the compact body, only some species of rodents and fishes have loose type of a structure of the Item., when its segments are scattered in a mesentery of a small bowel.
The pancreas of the person develops from epithelial protrusion of a wall of that part of primary gut, from a cut the duodenum is formed (tsvetn. fig. 2). At the end of the 3rd week of an embryogenesis protrusion of an entoderm of its dorsal department growing in the form of a cellular tyazh between leaves of a mesentery — a dorsal rudiment is formed. On the 4th week similar process develops in ventral department (in the corner formed by a duodenum and its hepatic outgrowth) — a ventral rudiment (tsvetn. fig. 2, a). In process of growth epithelial tyazh get a form of tubes and branch. Rotation of a duodenum during an embryogenesis leads to rapprochement, and then to merge of both rudiments in uniform structure (tsvetn. fig. 2, b). At the same time the general system of channels forms; at the same time the proximal part of the canal of a dorsal bookmark is obliterated, and distal grows into the canal of a ventral rudiment of the Item. also forms a basis of a pancreatic (virzungov) channel (a pancreat duct, T.). If the obliteration does not occur, then gland has an additional channel — santoriniyev (an additional pancreat duct. T.). From a dorsal rudiment the body and a tail of the Item form., and from ventral — its head.
With 10 — process of differentiation of epithelial tubes begins 11th week. The group of cells located on their ends is differentiated in glandulotsita of exocrine type (acinous cells, or the exocrine pankreatsita) forming an acinus. From side sites of tubes epithelial kidneys which otshnurovyvatsya in the form of accumulations of the cells which are differentiated in various types of endocrine glandulotsit (insulotsita) grow. The group of insulotsit surrounded with an exocrine parenchyma reminds an island — from here and the name «pancreatic island» (Langergans's island). Their set makes an endocrine part of the Item., morfofunktsionalny formation a cut advances development of an exocrine part.
From tubes also output channels form. An essential role in development of the Item. belongs to the mesenchyma and blood vessels surrounding an intestinal tube.
Disturbance of an embryogenesis of the Item. leads to formation of various defects. So, the aplasia of a tail, and disturbance of process of a differentiation of a duodenum — education ring-shaped the Item can be a consequence of an underdevelopment of a dorsal bookmark. (when the head or all gland surround a duodenum). Chances of longitudinal splitting of a tail of the Item. or its unions with a spleen. Deviations in development of channels of the Item. are shown by preservation of an additional channel, narrowing or an atrophy of a pancreatic channel, and also its falling into a stomach.
the Pancreas has the form of the flattened, gradually narrowed tyazh located on a back abdominal wall in retroperitoneal space at the level of upper lumbar (I—II) vertebrae.
The body allocates three departments: head (caput pancreatis), body (corpus pancreatis), tail (cauda pancreatis).
Length of the Item. makes 14 — 23 cm, width of a head — 3 — 7,5 cm, bodies — 2 — 5 cm, a tail — 0,3 — 3,4 cm, the gross weight (weight) of body — 60 — 115 g.
Head of the Item. — its widest part — is located to the right of a backbone and wedged in an internal bend duodenum (see). From top to bottom the ankyroid shoot (processus uncinatus) departs from it. On border with a body cutting of the Item is formed. (incisura pancreatis), in a cut are located an upper mesenteric artery and a vein. On a front surface in the place of transition of a head of the Item. in a body the camber towards an omentulum called by an omental hillock (tuber omentale) is formed. Body of the Item. has front, back and lower surfaces, lies ahead of a backbone and to the left from it and gradually passes into the tail reaching a spleen. Front and lower body surfaces of the Item. are covered with a peritoneum. Behind a head of the Item. the lower vena cava, the beginning of a portal vein, the right renal artery and a vein, the general bilious channel are located (is more often in the thickness of the Item.). In the thickness of the Item. there passes the pancreatic channel (ductus pancreaticus) (tsvetn. fig. 1). It stretches from a tail of the Item. to a head after which escaping gets into a wall of a duodenum and opens at top of a big nipple of a duodenum — faterova of a nipple (see), previously having merged with the general bilious channel, more rare independently. In the absence of an obliteration of proximal department of a channel of a dorsal part of the Item. additional P. zh Canal falls into a cavity of a duodenum. (ductus pancreaticus accessorius).
Options of a deviation from a typical structure and an arrangement of the Item are known.: ring-shaped, club-shaped (oversizes of a head), molotkoobrazny (the form of a head is changed). Additional parts of the Item can meet. in a liver, a mesentery, walls of a stomach, a small bowel, the general bilious channel.
Behind a body of the Item. are a belly part of an aorta, limf, nodes, a part of a celiac texture, along a body of the Item. there is a splenic vein. Behind a tail of the Item. a part of a left kidney with a renal artery and a vein, the left adrenal gland lies. In front to the Item. the back wall of a stomach prilezhit. To a first line of a body of the Item. the root of a mesentery of a cross colon approaches. End of a tail of the Item. reaches a spleen, being located its collar is lower.
Blood supply of a head of the Item. it is provided from branches of the general hepatic artery (and. hepatica communis) and upper mesenteric (and. mesenterica sup.), and a body and a tail — from branches of a splenic artery (and. lienalis). Small arteries pass in interlobular connecting fabric and give branches in segments. In segments networks of the capillaries covering trailer secretory departments are formed. The arterioles suitable to pancreatic islands form balls of the sinusoidny fenestrirovanny capillaries of an island closely adjacent to insular cells. A venous blood flows through the veins of the same name in system of a portal vein.
Lymph drainage. Limf. capillaries form three-dimensional networks around a pancreatic acinus and islands (vokrugostrovkovy lymphatic network. T.) also the vessels forming in the thickness of the Item fall in limf. textures. The lymph drainage occurs through taking away limf, the vessels bearing a lymph in pankreatoduodenalny upper pancreatic, splenic and in lower pancreatic limf. nodes.
The innervation is carried out by the nerves going from splenic, hepatic, upper mesenteric and celiac textures and branches of a vagus nerve. In the thickness of the Item. the pancreatic texture is formed, intraorganic nerve knots are a part to-rogo. Around islands neuroplexes are formed, and between cells of islands nervous cells meet. Such educations are called neuroinsular kokhmpleksa.
Normal on pankreatogramm (fig. 1) the pancreatic channel can have the ascending, horizontal or descending situation, is more rare a S-shaped or loop-shaped form. Pankreatichesky Canal has equal walls, diameter it gradually decreases in the direction from a head to a tail of the Item. Besides, there is an anatomic narrowing on site of connection of pancreatic and additional channels. Length of a pancreatic channel fluctuates within 15 — 17 cm. Average diameter it in a head of the Item. makes 4 mm (3 — 6 mm), in a body of the Item. — 3 mm (2 — 4 mm), in the tail of gland — 2 mm (1 — 3 mm). Filling with a contrast agent of all pancreatic channel, and also its large, small branches and the smallest channels is normal noted. At administration of contrast medium under big pressure contrasting and an acinus is observed. But only the pancreatic channel is quite often contrasted that complicates interpretation patol, changes of gland.
Outside of the Item. it is covered with the thin connective tissue capsule (capsula pancreatis), cover branches, getting into depth of body, divide it into segments (lobuli pancreatis). In interlobular connecting fabric (interlobular partitions) vessels, nerves and output channels are located. Item. consists of two parts, various on morfofunktsionalny characteristics — exocrine and endocrine (tsvetn. fig. 2 and 3).
Exocrine part — the complex alveolar and tubular gland presented by system of trailer ferruterous departments (acinus) and output channels.
A pancreatic acinus (acinus pancreaticus) — the main structure of a segment of the Item. — is the place of development of the difficult secretory product containing the major digestive enzymes. It is created by group of ferruterous acinous cells (cellula acinosa), or exocrine pankreotsita (pancreocytus exocrinus), shaped the truncated cone turned by the basis (a basal part of a cell) outside, and top (an apical part) — to the center of an acinus. It gives to a pancreatic acinus a type of roundish or oval education.
In the center of each acinus there is a gleam in which acinous cells allocate a secret. The kernel and ground mass of organellas of an acinous cell are located in a basal part of a cell.
Special intensity is reached by development of a granular cytoplasmic reticulum (see. Endoplasmic reticulum ), among tanks a cut extended are located mitochondrions (see). Golgi's complex (see. Golgi complex ) it is localized preferential in nadjyader-ache areas, and near them in an apical part secretory granules of zymogen (fig. 2) are located. Thanks to dominance of structures of a granular cytoplasmic reticulum in a basal zone of a cell, and granules of zymogen — in apical, at a research by means of a light microscope the first looks homogeneous and is painted by the main dyes, and the second — has grain structure and is painted by acid dyes. The surface of an atsnnozny cell turned into a gleam of an acinus has short microvillis. In an apical part side surfaces are connected by a number of the lying acinous cells by means of dense contacts and desmosomes (see), and their basal departments — are diconnected by intercellular cracks. Outside an acinus is surrounded with the thinnest layers of the connecting fabric containing circulatory capillaries of fenestrirovanny type and nerve terminations. In the territory of an acinus, acting in its gleam, the small light cells which received the name cent-roatsinoznykh of cells (cellula centro-acinosa) are located. Consider that they belong to initial departments of the inserted channels which went deep into an acinus.
Functional value of tsentro-acinous cells is not finalized.
Output pancreat ducts remove, enrich (generally with bicarbonates) and liquefy the secret developed by acinous cells. They begin from an acinus inserted channels — the long narrow branching tubes, the cavity to-rykh is covered by a single-layer flat epithelium. Merging, inserted channels form intra lobular, covered by a single-layer cubic epithelium, cells to-rogo are supplied with microvillis. Intra lobular channels gather in interlobular, falling into the pancreatic canal. Gleams interlobular and pancreatic channels are covered by an odnoslokhshy cylindrical epithelium; its cells also have microvillis. In process of enlargement of channels as a part of an epithelium the quantity of scyphoid cells increases and there are endocrine cells, the connective tissue basis of a wall is thickened and the mucous membrane containing glands and smooth muscle cells forms.
An endocrine part is presented by set of pancreatic islands — insulae pancreaticae (islets of Langerhans). Each island is formed by group of the secretory cells located in the nezhnovoloknisty connective tissue stroma supporting network of circulatory sinusoidny capillaries of fenestrirovanny type. On the periphery of an island the vokrugostrovkovy limfokapillyarny network and vokrugostrovkovy neuroplexes are located. A form of islands preikhmushchestvenno roundish, the sizes considerably vary, the quantity them increases in the direction of a tail. Secretory cells (insulotsita) of pancreatic islands are located tyazha or groups along capillaries. Allocate four types of cells: the beta cells producing insulin; the alpha cells developing a glucagon; the δ-cells producing somatostatin; The PP cells producing pancreatic polypeptide. The quantitative ratio of insulotsit is subject to age and specific fluctuations. On average in pancreatic islands of the Item. the adult 70% beta klstok, 20% of alpha cells, 8% of δ-cells and apprx. 0,5% of PP cells contain. In the ultrastructural relation of an insulotsita are similar; their organellas are developed moderately, and at usual coloring of cuts of islands they have an appearance of light educations.
The main differences of secretory cells of different type are connected with structure of secretory granules: their size, density and the relation to a surrounding membrane (fig. 3, and —).
In the Item. the special type of cells — atsinoostrovkovy is found (mixed, transitional). They have structural and functional signs of at the same time exocrine and endocrine secretory cells. And one cells along with granules of zymogen contain the granules characteristic of beta cells (fig. 4), others — for alpha or beta cells. They are located with hl. obr. about pancreatic islands. Functions and their genesis are studied not enough.
Structure of the Item. it is subject to essential age changes. In a growth period of an organism (up to 20 — 25 years) the significant increase in mass of its exocrine part which is followed by decrease in content of connecting fabric, quantity of pancreatic islands per acre and change of a ratio between alpha and beta cells is observed. In the course of aging of an organism the volume of an exocrine part of gland decreases and the number of large islands is reduced, zapustevat a part of blood vessels, the content of connecting fabric increases.
item. performs two main functions: 1) exocrine (vneshnesekretorny), consisting in secretion in a duodenum of the juice containing a set of the enzymes hydrolyzing all basic groups of food polymers; 2) endocrine (intra secretory), consisting in secretion in blood of a number of the polypeptide hormones regulating assimilation of food and metabolic processes in an organism (see Digestion). Carrying out the functions, the pancreas participates in activity of various functional systems.
Beginning to systematic researches of physiology of the Item. it is necessary I. P. Pavlov (1879) who for the first time developed technology of imposing of a fistula of a pancreatic channel in hron, an experiment. Communication between meal and secretory activity of the Item. it is shown by K. Bernard (1856), Bernstein (J. Bernstein, 1869) and R. Geydengayn (1886). Nervous mechanism of regulation of the Item. it is for the first time shown by I. P. Pavlov with sotr. (1877). Analyzing the phenomenon found by I. M. Dolinsky (1894) and L. B. Popelsky (1896) who consisted in stimulation of pancreatic secretion salt to - that, entered into a duodenum, Beyliss (W. M of Bayliss) and E. Starling in 1902 discovered secretin. Stimulation of secretion of pancreatic enzymes the factor produced by cells of a mucous membrane of a duodenum, which received afterwards the name cholecystokinin (pancreozymin) is found in 1943 by Harper and Reyper (A. A. Harper, H. S. Raper).
The Vneshnesekretorny processes realized by the Item., are divided into two types: 1) secretion of macromolecules (synthesis, transport and release from a cell of high-molecular substances, including enzymes); 2) secretion of electrolytes (transport of water and ions through an epithelial layer).
Secretion of inorganic and organic components of pancreatic juice happens in different structural elements of the Item. Allocation of a liquid part of a secret, change of its ionic structure and quantity owing to a reabsorption and ion exchange happen preferential in cells of various departments of channels. Synthesis and secretion of organic components of a secret (proferments, enzymes, nek-ry peptide connections) are implemented in acinous cells (fig. 5 and 6) making up to 90% of lump of the Item. The volume of a secret of acinous cells is very small, and the amount of pancreatic juice generally is defined by secretion of cells of channels.
Endocrine function of the Item. consists in products of a number of the polypeptide hormones coming to blood and it is carried out by cells of pancreatic islands (Langergans). alpha Cells produce glucagon (see), beta cells - insulin (see), δ-cells — somatostatin, PP cells — pancreatic polypeptide.
Fiziol, value of insulin consists in regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and maintenance of necessary level of glucose of blood by its decrease. The glucagon possesses opposite action. Its main physiological role — increase in concentration of glucose in blood. Hormone exerts impact on metabolic processes in an organism. Somatostatin inhibits release of gastrin, insulin and glucagon, secretion salt to - you a stomach and receipt of ions of Ca in cells of pancreatic islands. RR-Kletki pancreatic islands and an exocrine part of a pancreas produce more than 90% of pancreatic polypeptide, on the effect being the antagonist cholecystokinin (see).
Control and regulation of functions of the Item. are implemented by several interconnected mechanisms: 1) intracellular; 2) nervous; 3) hormonal. Intracellular regulation is carried out by means of cyclic nucleotides and ions of Ca. The balance of cyclic adenosinemonophosphate (tsAMF) and a cyclic guanozinmonofosfat (tsGMF) in a cell is defined by activity of adenylatecyclases and guanylate cyclases, and also phosphodiesterases.
Distinguish three phases of secretion of pancreatic juice; complex-reflex, gastric and intestinal. Uslovnoreflektorny irritants of secretion are the look and a flavor of food, bezuslovnoreflektorny — chewing and swallowing. Under the influence of these factors secretion of pancreatic juice begins in 1 — 2 min. after meal. The center regulating secretion of juice is in a myelencephalon. The irritation of kernels of front and intermediate hypothalamic areas stimulates secretion, and back — slows down secretion. The gastric phase of secretion of pancreatic juice is connected with stretching of a greater cul-de-sac during the filling by its food and is followed by increase in release of water and enzymes. This effect is mediated by a vagus nerve. Stretching of a pyloric (peloric) part of a stomach at advance of food to intestines stimulates secretion of enzymes in pancreatic juice and is caused, obviously, by action gastrin (see), excreted by a stomach. This effect is not blocked at section of a vagus nerve. The main phase of secretion of pancreatic juice — intestinal — has the humoral nature and depends on release of two intestinal hormones: secretin (see) and cholecystokinin (pancreozymin). Secretin, peptide hormone, is emitted with a mucous membrane of an upper part of a small bowel in the form of prosecretin. Secretion of this hormone is stimulated with hl. obr. salt to - that, getting into a duodenum from a stomach, and also products of a partial proteopepsis and fats. Secretin, with a blood flow the reaching Item., stimulates secretion of a large number rich with bicarbonates and poor in chlorides and enzymes of juice. Decrease in pH in a duodenum at hit in it salt to - you stop, and as a result of release of pH bicarbonate of a small bowel becomes neutral. Besides, effect of secretin provides creation of the neutral environment that is necessary for activation of pancreatic enzymes. Cholecystokinin is the polypeptide hormone of an upper part of a small bowel synthesized in en-terokhromaffinny cells, exists in several molecular forms. This hormone is emitted in response to receipt in a duodenum of amino acids, fat to - t, products of a partial proteopepsis and in much smaller degree salt to - you. The pancreatic juice emitted under the influence of cholecystokinin is rich with digestive enzymes and is poor in bicarbonate. The pancreatic glucagon reduces the volume of juice and secretion of enzymes, but does not exert noticeable impact on secretion of electrolytes. Somatostatin, according to one data, increases secretion of enzymes, on others — inhibits secretion of enzymes and bicarbonate. Insulin stimulates secretion of enzymes, but does not influence release of water and bicarbonate. Pancreatic polypeptide inhibits secretion of enzymes and depending on a dose inhibits or stimulates an exit of bicarbonate.
Hormones of a hypophysis, thyroid and epithelial bodies and adrenal glands exert impact on secretory function of a pancreas.
Also dopamine, calcium, magnesium and their salts belong to stimulators of pancreatic secretion, salt bilious to - t, fats, proteins p products of their disintegration, gastrin, prostaglandin E. It is necessary to carry a calcitonin, vasopressin, adrenaline and noradrenaline, anticholinergic substances, the glucose entered intravenously to inhibitors, etc.
On secretory function of the Item. feedstuffs and their composition exert impact. Starvation leads to decrease in volume of juice and concentration of enzymes in it. Meal stimulates the secretion depending on character of food ingredients. The maximum quantity of juice is allocated prp consumption of bread, a little .menshy — meat and minimum — lyulo. The composition of enzymes of juice is defined by structure of a diet.
Specific reaction of the Item. on structure of food arises during rather early period of post-natal development and remains during all life. This adaptive reaction depends on a functional CONDITION of an organism, action of various extreme and other factors.
Biochemical structure of a pancreas. Water content in the Item. averages the person apprx. 71% (66,7 — 73,1%), proteins — 13% of the weight (weight) of crude fabric. Item. it is characterized by the high content of fast-synthesizable proteins with the period of updating apprx. 10 days. Content of fat in the Item. the person is made by 2,17% of weight of crude fabric at newborns and on average adults have 8% (2,9 — 20,4%), ashes on average of 1,2%, a DNA proteid — 0,013 — 0,024%, a RNA proteid — 0,018 — 0,08%. In 100 g of crude fabric of the Item. 2,1 g of nitrogen contain. Considerable part of protein of the Item. falls to the share of various enzymes, including digestive, adenozintrifosfataz, adenylatecyclases, cholinesterases, monoamine oxidase, etc. In sol of the Item. the person potassium, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, lead, iron, copper, calcium contains. At laboratory animals at hypofunction of the Item. increase in content in its fabric of copper, cobalt and zinc is noted. Content of zinc in insular cells of the Item. (insulotsita) above, than in cells of an exocrine part. Depending on a functional condition of the insulin device the level of zinc in cells of pancreatic islands changes. Believe that this microelement plays an important role in the mechanism of secretion of insulin.
Biochemistry of secretion and composition of pancreatic juice. Pancreatic juice represents a transparent colorless liquid with alkali reaction (pH 7,5 — 9,0). The pH value of pancreatic juice depends on the speed of secretion: with a high speed the content in juice of bicarbonate and a pH value increase, and with a low speed of secretion of pH decreases to 7,5. At different types of animals the structure and secretion of pancreatic juice have the biol, features. Besides, the composition of juice changes depending on conditions of secretion. Amount of the pancreatic juice emitted to the Item. the healthy adult in 24 hours, is averaged by 600 — 700 ml and can vary from 30 to 2000 ml. Ud. the weight (density) of pancreatic juice makes 1,007 — 1,015. 98,7% (98 — 99%), on a share of dense substances — 1,3 — 1,5% fall to the share of water on average. Nearly 1/3 dense substances fall to the share of protein of enzymes. Organic content in pancreatic juice — 0,5 — 0,8%. Juice of the Item. izotonichen with a blood plasma.
Alkali reaction of pancreatic juice is defined by hl. obr. presence of an ion of bicarbonate at it (HCO 3 ). In formation of ions of bicarbonate plays a crucial role a karboangidraz (KF 220.127.116.11) — the tsinksoderzhashchy enzyme catalyzing reaction an otnyatiya of a water molecule from coal to - you. Bicarbonate together with other ions and water is emitted with the epithelial cells covering the channels going from an acinus. The marked-out amount of bicarbonate is enough for neutralization of contents of a small bowel, for creation and maintenance of the Item, optimum for effect of digestive enzymes. pH values. Other major anion of juice of the Item. Cl is - . Total ion concentration of bicarbonate and Cl-is usually constant, and relative concentration of these anions depend on the speed of release of juice. With low speeds (e.g., at rest, 0,5 — 1,0 ml/min.) strengthening of Cl-is observed, and with high speeds (to 3,0 — 5,0 ml/min.) concentration of bicarbonate increases. Secretagogues of bicarbonate and increase in volume of juice are secretin, salt to - that, ether, gastrin, and inhibitors — prostaglandin E, a glucagon. The main monovalent cations of pancreatic juice — Na + and K+. Their concentration approximately correspond to that in extracellular liquids. It is supposed that at the first stage of secretion of liquid of pancreatic juice there is active transport of Na + from plasma in the gleam of a pancreatic channel which is carried out by Na+ To +-ATF-azoy. Except this enzyme playing an important role in secretion of juice in the Item. the system activated by anions and connected, obviously with modification of composition of liquid at the level of P. zh Canal is found ATF-aznaya. The functional condition of a pancreas has significant effect on the content of electrolytes in a pancreas and pancreatic juice.
In pancreatic juice amino acids and sialine to - you are found, contents to-rykh is also defined by a functional condition of the Item. It is established that pancreatic juice in a small amount contains serotonin and a histamine. Vneshnesekretorny device of the Item. produces also a number of biologically active agents playing an important role in regulation of exchange and trophic processes. Item. produces the substances capable to influence blood supply and functional activity of a small bowel, in particular on functioning of her mucous membrane — intensity of processes of absorption and motor activity of fibers. These substances about a pier. it is powerful (weighing) more than 20 000 lose activity after boiling. In pancreatic juice a lab. animals biologically active low-molecular polypeptides capable to change a ratio of volumes of liquid between the extracellular environment and cells are found.
In an exocrine part of the Item. (acinous cells) there is exclusively bystry biosynthesis of set of the hydrolases emitted in the pancreatic juice interfaced to a high level of exchange and power processes in the Item. The cosecreted Items. enzymes take part in the course of digestion in a duodenal and small bowel, playing an important role in digestion of makromoleku-lyarny components of food. Besides, the hydrolases cosecreted by the Item., get to blood, and also to a lymph.
The digestive enzymes synthesized in an acinus gather in secretory granules, and then are removed to canals of the Item. Makromole-kulyarnaya a part of contents of granules consists hl. obr. from mix of hydrolases and their zymogens. Synthesis of the cosecreted enzymes happens on the ribosomes connected by a cytoplasmic reticulum and forming a so-called rough Endoplasmic reticulum. The secretory fermental proteins synthesized on free ribosomes of an acinus are transported through membrane cellular structures. On an endoplasmic reticulum they get to intra cisternal space where the selection proteolysis of molecules for removal of «alarm» peptides since the N-end is carried out, and then as a part of transport vesicles come to Golgi's complex. Here secretory proteins are exposed to sulphation, proteolysis and concentrate. In Golgi's complex the concentrating vacuoles (unripe granules), and then and mature zimogenny granules of big electron density which remain in an apical part of an acinus, between Golgi's complex and an acinar gleam are formed.
There is a hypothesis of participation in advance of secretory granules of the microtubules and (or) microfilaments containing aktino-and miozinopodobny kontraktilny proteins. By means of an exocytosis contents of granules are removed in a gleam of the Item. Synthesis of zimogenny granules borrows apprx. 40 min. Detection of high activity of hydrolases in soluble fraction of cells of the Item. led also to alternative idea of participation in intracellular transport of secretory enzymes (along with membrane structures) and cytoplasms. In processes of synthesis and secretion of enzymes of the Item. the important role is given to calcium ions. Contents Sa^ + in pancreatic juice depends on its content in extracellular liquid and a functional condition of the Item. Increase in secretion of enzymes is always followed by increase in maintenance of calcium ions in juice. Believe that release of intracellular calcium promotes secretion of enzymes, and extracellular calcium stimulates maintenance of secretion.
Many digestive, including proteolytic, enzymes are synthesized in the Item. in the form of inactive predecessors (zymogens) which in intestines turn into active forms of the corresponding enzymes. The digestive enzymes synthesized in the Item. in an active form, for manifestation of activity demand existence of the effectors which are in a duodenum. Synthesis of inactive digestive enzymes allows to prevent an autolysis of a pancreas.
Trypsin (see) it is allocated in a small bowel in the form of trypsinogen. Activation of trypsinogen consists in eliminating of hexapeptide since the N-end of its polypeptide chain. Trypsin, the most active concerning partially digested proteins, carries out a further peptidolysis and the proteins which are not treated to action of pepsin of a gastric juice. Trypsin holds key position among hydrolases of the Item., as it is capable to turn all proteolytic proferments of the Item into active forms., and also phospholipase.
Chymotrypsin (see) cosecretes in the Item. in the form of inactive chymotrypsinogen, transformation to-rogo includes splitting of a polypeptide chain of chymotrypsinogen in active chymotrypsin trypsin with education proteolytic active, but unstable I-himotrip-sina and the subsequent vyshchepleniye trypsin of two dipeptides with formation of alpha chymotrypsin, and then alpha chymotrypsin. Chymotrypsin, substrates to-rogo are products of a peptic and tryptic albuminolysis of food, preferably hydrolyzes the peptide bonds formed with participation of carboxyl groups of aromatic amino acids of tryptophane, phenylalanine and tyrosine and to a lesser extent bonds, formed by a leucine, methionine, asparagine and a histidine.
Item. cosecretes also ekzopeptidaza, carboxypeptidases A and B (see. Karboksipeptidaza ), acting on COOH trailer peptide bonds. The pro-carboxypeptidase A found in a secret of the Item., consists of three subunits, one of to-rykh under the influence of trypsin turns in carboxypeptide storage A. The carboxypeptidase A containing strongly connected atom of zinc in an active center hydrolyzes all COOH trailer peptide bonds, except those, in to-rykh COOH trailer amino acids the lysine or arginine and penultimate amino acid — proline are. Carboxypeptidase B works only on SOON-kontsevye the remains of a lysine or arginine.
In pancreatic juice also some other proteolytic enzymes is found. Pro-elastase under the influence of trypsin turns into active elastase (see), hydrolyzing peptide bonds between the remains of various amino acids, but especially active concerning elastin. Like trypsin and chymotrypsin, elastase is se-rinovy protease (i.e. contains the rest of serine in an active center).
The collagenase of pancreatic juice specifically splits the collagen which is not split by other proteases. Consider that the collagenase is responsible for a necrosis of fabric of the Item. at pancreatitis. Are found in pancreatic juice also an elastomukopro-teinaza and the kollagenmukoproteinaza splitting the corresponding mukoproteida. Kallikrein, proteolytic enzyme, vysvoboyachdayushchy physiologically active kinin from globulin of plasma, cosecretes a pancreas in the form of inactive pro-kallikrein, activation to-rogo is carried out with the participation of trypsin.
Item. cosecretes active forms of endonucleases: a deoxyribonuclease (see) and ribonuclease (see). In the Item. (and also in sialadens) activity of ribonuclease (Rnkaza) is higher, than in other fabrics. Rnkaza in pancreatic juice of ruminants is most active. Rnkaza from the Item. cattle consists of 124 amino-acid remains and is one of the most studied enzymes. Rnkaza attacks an ester group in molecule RNA between phosphoric to - that and 5' - the hydroxylic end of phosphodiester bridges if this phosphatic rest is connected with a pirimidinovy nucleotide. Intermediate products are cyclic a nucleoside-2', 3' - phosphates which then are split to Z '-nukleoti-dov. The optimum of pH for RNA elements makes 7,6. Enzyme differs in high heat stability. Deoxyribonuclease (Dnkaza) of the Item., using magnesium as a cofactor, splits an ester group between Z '-the hydroxylic end and phosphoric to - that in molecule DNA.
in an active form the lipase (see) which is carrying out hydrolysis of fats cosecretes in pancreatic juice. The maximum activity of a lipase is observed at pH 7,0 — 8,6 and in the presence of bilious to - t. The phospholipase of Ag is allocated in the form of inactive zymogen and activated by trypsin, and - Amiel the aza which is present at pancreatic juice on properties is close to enzyme of saliva and participates in an osakharivaniye of starch and a glycogen in a duodenum (see Amylases). a-Amilaza hydrolyzes and - bonds of carbohydrate chains in such a way that mix of glucose and a maltose as a result is formed. An optimum of pH for and - amylases from the Item. makes 6,3 — 7,2, enzyme is activated by ions of Cl-. Are present at pancreatic juice lactase (see. Galactosidases ), invertase (see) and maltase (see. Glucosidases ), the splitting lactose, sucrose and a maltose, and also esterases (see), alkaline phosphatase (see) and some other enzymes.
The fermental composition of pancreatic juice is thinly adapted to quantity and quality of the eaten food, depends on a diet, a ratio of animal and vegetable food, character of food and a type of a food irritant. At hron, starvation there is a decrease in content of RNA and proteins-enzymes, and also reduction of formation of a secret. At hron, proteinaceous insufficiency secretion of digestive enzymes decreases, and at the subsequent increase in protein content in a diet increase in activity of enzymes of proteolytic group is observed. At carbohydrate food the content of amylase and the speed of synthesis of enzyme increase in pancreatic juice, and the content of proteases decreases. At proteinaceous food the return phenomenon is observed. There is also a change of a ratio of proteases of pancreatic juice. These effects are result of regulation at the level of repression or induction of synthesis of digestive enzymes in cells of a pancreas.
The pancreatic enzymes which are emitted preferential in a gleam of a duodenum partially come to blood. Several ways of such penetration are supposed: 1) by means of an exocytosis of secretory granules through basolateral membranes acinous cells; 2) diffusion between epithelial cells of channels; 3) due to secretion by cells of morphologically transition type between the exocrine acinar device and endocrine cells of pancreatic islands; 4) by absorption by intestinal cells of intact molecules of enzyme from a cavity of a small bowel. Increase in concentration of pancreatic enzymes in blood at pathology can testify to a necrosis of cells of the Item. or about diffusion of enzymes between cells of channels as a result of an inflammation or obstruction of the last.
Change of activities of enzymes of pancreatic juice is observed at various pathology of the Item. and some other diseases. For the purpose of diagnosis define activity of amylase, trypsin, a lipase in biol, liquids (blood, urine), Calais, duodenal contents. Assessment externally - secretory ability of a pancreas is based on quantitative definition of these enzymes.
The enzymes cosecreted by the Item., find broad application in biochemical researches. Drugs of nucleases (Dnkaza and Rnkaza) are used in the analysis of the nucleotide sequence nucleinic to - t, and proteases (hl. obr. trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase) — in the analysis of the amino-acid sequence of polypeptides.
Inspection of the patient includes methods of inspection; analysis of complaints of the patient, collecting anamnesis, Physical researches, laboratory methods (functional research of extra-shnesekre-even and incretory function), immunological, tool and rentgenol, methods of a research. The most characteristic complaints of patients with diseases of the Item. are pain in an upper half of a stomach, it is frequent opoyasyvayush, its character; at damage of a body and tail of the Item. pain is preferential localized in the left upper quadrant, and in case of localization patol, process in a head of the Item. pain is noted in epigastriums and in right hypochondrium. Pains can be followed by vomiting, temperature increase, tachycardia (see), collapse (see).
Anamnesis. From anamnestic data data on a disease of bilious ways, injuries of a stomach, an alcohol abuse have a certain value.
At survey of patients with diseases of the Item. it is necessary to pay attention to outward of the patient and coloring of skin and mucous membranes. Existence of jaundice and weight loss are most characteristic of cancer of a head of the Item. and hron, sclerosing pancreatitis (see).
Percussion has a certain diagnostic value; so, at cysts of the Item. the big sizes adjoining to an abdominal wall the stupid percussion sound is defined, and in side parts of a stomach find tikhmpanit.
It is normal of the Item. it is palpated 2 — 3 cm above the lower bound of a stomach and big curvature in the form of the soft cylinder 1,5 — 2 cm thick having the transversal run.
Laboratory methods of a research
In diagnosis of diseases of the Item. laboratory methods of a research are very important, and sometimes the leaders having differential and diagnostic value.
Distinguish straight lines and indirect methods of a research of vneshnesekretorny function of a pancreas. Treat direct methods: 1) a research of pancreatic enzymes in blood serum (trypsin, a lipase, amylase, transaminases, deoxyribonucleases, a phospholinden-zy And, elastases, collagenases, krea-tinfosfokinaza, an alkaline phosphatase); 2) a research of pancreatic enzymes in duodenal contents and in blood using secretagogues; 3) a research of pancreatic enzymes in urine (amylase); 4) a research of pancreatic enzymes in Calais (trypsin, chymotrypsin); 5) test of Lund. Indirect methods include: 1) determination of weight calla; 2) macroscopic, microscopic and biochemical examination calla; 3) quantitative definition of fat in Calais; 4) RAVA-test.
Direct methods are based on bio-chemical research of enzymes of the Item. in duodenal contents and pancreatic juice, in blood and urine, Calais, pleural and ascitic liquids. Also microscopic, and also bio-chemical the research a calla is the cornerstone of indirect methods of a research. The observed changes of structure a calla are caused by disturbance of digestion and absorption of feedstuffs in intestines as a result of insufficient production of enzymes of the Item. The greatest distribution in clinic was gained by definition of amylase in blood and urine.
From the existing ways of definition and - amylases the most rational is Karavey's method based that and - amylase hydrolyzes splitting of starch with formation of the end products which are not giving staining reaction with iodine. On the speed of reduction of concentration of starch judge activity and - amylases. Amilazny activity of serum depends on extent of defeat of cells of an exocrine part of the Item., obstructions of pancreatic channels, breakdown rates of amylase, renal clearance. Increase in the general serumal amylases - ache activities it is not specific to defeat of the Item. also it can be observed at perforation or a penetration of stomach ulcer and a duodenum, intestinal impassability, parotitis, a salpingitis and a rupture of a uterine tube, a renal failure, a diabetic ke-toatsidoz, at use of drugs. For differentiation of a serumal hyperamilasemia at a renal failure from the hyperamilasemia caused by pancreatitis definition at the same time of amylase both in blood serum, and in urine, and also definition of a ratio of clearance of amylase of Sa to clearance of creatinine of Ss is reasonable. Increase in coefficient of Sa/Ss is characteristic of acute pancreatitis. At a renal failure the specified coefficient remains within norm (1: 4), since there is a parallel decrease in size of clearance of amylase and creatinine. At acute pancreatitis increase in amylase both in blood serum, and in urine is observed, and at a renal failure increase in content of amylase is noted only in serum. At acute pancreatitis and an aggravation hron. pancreatitis without damage of kidneys increase in amylase in urine is more expressed, than in serum; it remains within 8 — 10 days from the beginning of acute pancreatitis when already there occurs normalization of content of amylase in blood serum. The increase in content of amylase in serum which is not connected with defeat of the Item., poppy-roamilazemiyey can be caused, at a cut there is an aggregation of molecules of amylase or compound of amylase with globulin or a glucoproteid. For differentiation etiol. the reasons of a hyperamilasemia definition of isoenzymes of alpha amylase in globulinovy fraction of serum by method matters electrophoresis (see).
Level of a lipase in blood serum sharply increases at acute pancreatitis, sometimes more than by 5 times in comparison with norm, and longer period, than increase in activity of amylase keeps. Increase in a lipase in serum, as well as amylases, is not specific to defeat of the Item. also it can be observed at perforation of stomach ulcer or a duodenum, intestinal impassability, acute cholecystitis, a viral hepatitis and cirrhosis.
Definition of trypsin and other pancreatic proteases has limited diagnostic value. It is caused by the fact that blood contains several proteolytic enzymes capable to subject to hydrolysis the synthetic substrates used for definition of trypsin; besides, serum contains a significant amount of inhibitor of trypsin. In clinic most often definition of activity of trypsin is carried out by Erlanger's method to Shaternikov's modifications. The method is based on the principle that at effect of trypsin on synthetic substrate — N, alfa-benzoil-D, 1 arginine — p-nitroanilide are formed benzoil-D, 1 arginine and n-nitroanilide painted in yellow color; on intensity of coloring of solution judge activity of enzyme. Normal amounts: activity of trypsin of blood serum — 1 — 2 µmol/ml in 1 min., 60 — 120 µmol/ml at 1 o'clock; duodenal contents — 50 — 500 µmol/ml in 1 min., 3000 — 30 000 µmol/ml at 1 o'clock. Use of a radio immune method of definition of trypsin takes these samples of a pancreas, more sensitive for assessment of defeat.
Rather sensitive indicator of vneshnesekretorny insufficiency of the Item. test of Lund is. Patients receive the breakfast consisting of 18 g of vegetable oil, 15 g of casein, 40 g of glucose and 300 ml of water. Then enter the probe into a duodenum and define the peak of concentration or hourly release of trypsin, amylase or lipase. Results of a research depend on evakuatorny function of a stomach, production of gastroduodenal hormones. The deviation of test of Lund can be noted at a glyutenozavisimy enteropathy, cirrhosis, mechanical jaundice, diseases of bilious ways, a peptic ulcer of a stomach and a duodenum.
At diseases of the Item., followed by decrease in exocrine function, polyexcrements are observed. At pancreatic vneshnesekretorny insufficiency of kcal it is often colourless or clay and whitish coloring, has a putrefactive or musty smell, at survey it is possible to find fragments of not digested cellulose. At microscopic examination in case of pancreatic externally - secretory insufficiency the numerous not re-cooking muscle fibers with the rectangular terminations, cross and longitudinal strips are found. However the steatorrhea can be observed at the remained normal pancreatic secretion of enzymes. During the coloring by Sudan the III fats are painted in orange-yellow color, can take the form of drops of various size, sometimes form «fatty lakes»; crystals fat to - t and soaps are defined.
For assessment of vneshnesekretorny insufficiency of the Item. in clinic quantitative definition of fats in Calais by means of a method of trial diets and tests with use of marked fats is used. The method of the nutritious balance based that the amount of the fats emitted with a stake is compared to amount of the arrived fats in an organism of the patient is the cornerstone of quantitative definition. For these purposes the corresponding diet is used, against the background of a cut within 3 days appoint precisely weighed amount of fats. At the same time quantitative definition of fats is carried out to Calais. Normal the coefficient of release of fats with a stake is lower than 20%. In absolute numbers within a day release of fats shall not exceed 7 g. At diseases of the Item., the acinous cells which are followed by considerable reduction of quantity, the specified coefficient sharply increases.
Measurement of daily loss of fat with a stake can be carried out by means of the radio iodated triolein or radio iodated olein to - you (see. Fats ).
The clinic began to apply to recognition of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency so-called. The RAVA-test offered by Mitchell (Page J. Mitchell) et al. (1978), based on the principle that chymotrypsin selectively chips off paraaminobenzoic to - that from the sodium salt N accepted inside - benzoyl - alpha tyrosyl-r-aminobenzoic to - you are (RAVA). It is soaked up in intestines, conjugated in a liver and allocated with urine. At diseases of the Item., followed by decrease in release of chymotrypsin, decrease in allocation of RAVA with urine is observed. False positive results can be received at a renal failure, a sprue, hepatitises and cirrhoses of a liver, and also at reception of the pharmaceuticals containing arylamines.
From the existing methods of a research of pancreatic enzymes using secretagogues of pancreatic juice secretin-pankreoziminovy the test most was widely used. The research is conducted on an empty stomach. During 4 — days prior to a research would cancel sedative, antiacid and cholinolytic drugs. Two-or the three-channel probe is entered under rentgenol, control in such a way that one channel is installed in antral department (a lesser cul-de-sac, T.), and the second — in a duodenum. The gastric juice is collected constantly by means of a suction. The duodenal contents collected by means of manual aspiration (see. Sounding of a stomach , Duodenal sounding ), collect in the separate portions each 10 min. Three first 10-minute portions are basal. Then intravenously enter secretin in a dose of 1 PIECE/kg and each 20 min. within 1 hour collect duodenal contents. Determine the volume of all received tests, pH, concentration of bicarbonates. In an hour after administration of secretin enter pancreozymin in a dose of 1 PIECE/kg and again collect juice within 1 hour; the received fraction defines concentration of amylase, a lipase, trypsin and chymotrypsin. At hron. pancreatitis reduction of release of amylase, a lipase, trypsin, bicarbonates is observed. At the same time aberrations are qualitative since the volume of pancreatic juice does not change. At patients with heavy pancreatitis at death of a significant amount of acinous cells reduction of volume of pancreatic juice, bicarbonates and concentration of enzymes in it is noted. At cancer of the Item. changes in pancreatic juice have quantitative character. Owing to a prelum of a pancreatic channel tumor of a head or body of the Item. there occurs reduction of volume of release of juice at normal concentration of enzymes and contents of bicarbonates. Sekretin-pankreoziminovy the test is not specific to pancreatitis or cancer of the Item. Function of a pancreas, especially secretion of enzymes, is broken at cirrhosis, a diabetes mellitus, defeat of a small bowel, uraemia, a hypoproteinemia, hemochromatosis.
Diseases of the Item. quite often are followed by defeat of pancreatic islands, causing development of secondary diabetes. At adenoma of pancreatic islands the syndrome of a hyper dysinsulinism which is followed by signs of a hypoglycemia develops. To a research of carbohydrate metabolism apply definition of glucose in blood by a glyukozooksidazny method and a research of tolerance to glucose. Normal amounts of content of glucose: in blood — 56 — 94 mg / 100 ml, in plasma — 55 — 100 mg / 100 ml. Tolerance to glucose is determined by double loading sugar by a method of Shtauba — Traugotta. After capture on an empty stomach from a vein of blood on sugar the patient is given 50 g of glucose, in 1 hour — repeatedly the same amount of glucose. Then during 3 hours everyone half an hour define concentration of glucose in blood.
Immunological methods of a research have a certain value in diagnosis of diseases of the Item. Reduction of number of T lymphocytes of blood, and also emergence of antibodies and a sensitization of lymphocytes to the general fabric antigens of the Item is established. at acute and hron, pancreatitis.
Tool methods of a research
At duodenoskopiya (see) identification of indirect signs of defeat of the Item is possible. Often the superficial or atrophic duodenitis is found, limfoangiektaza, inflammatory infiltrates, polypostural growths of a mucous membrane of a duodenum, a diverticulum in the field of its big nipple (a faterov of a nipple), a papillitis, adenoma or a carcinoma of a faterov of a nipple are more rare.
A certain diagnostic value has tsitol, a research of duodenal contents, especially after administration of secretin, and more informatively a research of pure pancreatic juice at an endoscopic kanyulyation of a pancreatic channel. At the same time the cells of a cylindrical epithelium of various height with an oval or roundish kernel which are cells of a pancreatic channel normal are defined. Less often cells of a cubic epithelium are found, to-rymi proximal departments of small pancreatic channels are covered. At malignant new growths of the Item. in pancreatic juice it is possible to find tumor cells.
For differentiation of nature of a tumor, specification of localization patol. process, at intolerance of a contrast agent it can be applied transduodenal punk reatokholangioskopiya (see. Holedokhoskopiya ).
Importance in diagnosis of diseases of the Item. has ultrasonic investigation. Ability of separate structures of the Item is the cornerstone of a method. to reflect echo signals (see. Ultrasonic diagnosis ). Diagnostic opportunities of an ultrasonic method increased after implementation in a wedge, practice of the scanning ekhografiya with the scale allowing to define on the screen of an electron-beam tube up to eight shades of a black-and-white scale depending on density of structures of fabrics and bodies.
In the analysis of an echogram localization, a form, the sizes, character of contours, thickness, internal structure of the Item are defined., and also condition of surrounding fabrics and bodies. Normal fabric of the Item. represents continuous, homogeneous education. Increase in the sizes of gland is characteristic of acute pancreatitis. At hypostasis of the Item. clearly its contours, especially back are visible. At acute pancreatitis the pseudo-liquid ekhostruktura with trace amount of echo signals or semisolid with the echo signals scattered in fabric of the Item is observed. Heterogeneous structure of an echogram is noted at a pancreatonecrosis when liquid, semi-fluid and firm areas are defined.
Signs hron, pancreatitis on an echogram are: increase in the sizes of gland, wrong an echo structure with sites of the increased acoustic density, a prelum of an upper mesenteric and lower vena cava, sometimes visualization of the pancreatic (virzungov) canal expanded with uneven contours, a pseudocyst, in some cases expansion of bilious channels.
Radiological methods of a research
Radiodiagnosis of the Item. earlier was under construction hl. obr. on data of survey pictures of an abdominal cavity after imposing of a pneumoretroperitoneum (see) and artificial contrasting went. - kish. path. In 60 — the 70th the radiology was enriched with a number of the techniques which significantly expanded possibilities of presurgical recognition of diseases of the Item. Treat these techniques a computer tomography (see the Tomography computer), an angiography (tsvetn. fig. 3, 6, 9 and 12) (see. Mezenterikografiya , Tseliakografiya ), a relaxation duodenografiya (see. Duodenografiya relaxation ). The endoscopic retrograde pankreatokholangiografiya is very informative (see Pankreatokholangiografiya retrograde). At inspection of each patient, considering a wedge, yielded and results of ultrasonic scanning, choose an optimum complex rentgenol, techniques for the fullest research of the Item.
Acute pancreatitis (see) causes increase in the Item., a cut is defined especially clearly by means of a computer tomography (fig. 7).
In diagnosis hron, pancreatitis the endoscopic retrograde pankreatoduodenografiya has the leading value. According to this research, change of pro-current system at hron, pancreatitis it is conditionally possible to divide into three degrees. At the first extent of changes deviations in structure of lateral branches and intra lobular channels in the form of rigidity, uneven distribution, expansion or their stenosis in the field of a head, a body or a tail of the Item are observed isolated patol. (fig. 8). At the second degree diffusion changes of channels of all gland are noted. Pankreatichesky Canal quite often has the form of a thread. It is rigid, twisting, has stenoses and expansions; the same changes are found also in small branches. Cystic expansions of a rigid, twisting pancreatic channel are characteristic of the third extent of changes, sometimes in a channel stones are defined. Similar changes occur in small pancreatic channels. Because of an atrophy of a parenchyma of gland reduction of gland can be noted. Expansions of both a pancreatic channel, and its branches are usually unevenly expressed throughout the main channel and its branches. The prelum and narrowing of a pancreatic part of the general bilious canal is often observed. At the same time the channel is deformed, displaced, rigid, expanded.
Radio isotope research of the Item. it is based on ability of its cells to absorb methionine, marked selenium-75. Studying of its form, arrangement, receipt and distribution of radionuclide in it carry out with the help scannings (see) and stsintigrafiya (see).
Normal (tsvetn. fig. 1 and 2) on stsintigramkhma of the Item. is located under the left hepatic lobe, its form is very variable. Contours normal Item. accurate, flat, all departments are contrasted evenly, except for area of an isthmus where contrast is usually reduced that is caused by a prelum of this area of the Item. portal vein. Near the Item., in nek-ry cases is closer to a tail of body, the centers of accumulation of drug in a spleen are observed. At acute pancreatitis the increased accumulation of drug in the Item takes place. in the form of «the hot centers». At hron, pancreatitis are observed weak contrasting of all departments of the Item., an illegibility, blurring of its contours, uneven distribution of drug, delay of its accumulation to 1,5 hours (it is normal of 20 — 30 min.) and the accelerated emission of marked methionine in intestines (tsvetn. fig. 7 and 8).
Different types of dystrophy are observed both in acinous, and in an insular parenchyma of the Item. Muddy swelling of acinous cells is noted at various inf. diseases. At a submicroscopy it looks as swelling and damage of mitochondrions and membrane structures of a cell, increase in quantity of lysosomes. From other types of proteinaceous dystrophies in the Item. the hyalinosis of a stroma and capillaries of pancreatic islands and a fibrous stroma of gland is noted (see the Hyalinosis). At the general amyloidosis (see) in a wall of vessels, is more rare in own cover of an acinus, amyloid is laid. At a diabetes mellitus a peculiar homogenization and consolidation of islands due to deposits of paraami-loidny substances is observed. Also gidropichesky dystrophy of insulotsit (insular cells), a hyalinosis, a sclerosis, lipomatoz and petrification of islands is noted (see. diabetes mellitus ).
Disturbances of a lipometabolism are shown in the form of the fatty dystrophy of acinous cells and insulotsit which is characterized by accumulation in cytoplasm of a large number of lipidic drops (see. Fatty dystrophy ), or in the form of growth of fatty tissue in a stroma (lipomatoz glands, fig. 9, and, b). Distinguish two types of a lipomatoz: 1) vakatny growth of a fatty tissue at pancreatitis; 2) infiltrative growth of fatty tissue with gradual substitution of an exocrine part of the Item by it. The second type of a lipomatoz, perhaps, has genetic defects as it is observed also at children's age in the basis.
In the Item. hemosiderin can be laid that is especially characteristic for hemochromatosis (see). Along with hemosiderin in cells of an acinus, channels, walls of vessels and a stroma of gland also haemo fuscin is laid.
Damage of organoids and membrane structures of a cell is followed by the partial necrosis of acinous cells which is shown electronic microscopically formation of a set autofagosy and lysosomes (fig. 9, in — e). Deeper damages of a cell come to an end with her death, at the same time in connection with activation of the proteolytic enzymes which are contained in granules of zymogen there can be a chain reaction of a fermental autolysis (see) with involvement of all acinus, segment, share of gland (see. Pancreatitis ).
Characteristic type of damage both gland, and a fatty tissue at acute pancreatitis is the fatty necrosis (see. Fatty necroses).
Disturbances of blood circulation in the Item. are shown in the form of the congestive (venous) plethora observed at hron, heart failure and portal hypertensia owing to a pylephlebitis or cirrhosis. At long venous stagnation the Tsianotichesky induration of the Item can develop., microscopically characterized by gradual substitution of an exocrine part connecting fabric.
At an anemia of the Item. it is reduced in sizes, is dry, pale that is observed at hron, anemias and a cachexia. Very frequent manifestation of circulatory disturbances in the Item. the hemorrhages arising generally in the way are emigration (see). Small hemorrhages are possible at venous stagnation, inf. diseases (sapropyra), anemias, hemorrhagic diathesis. Extensive hemorrhages can arise also at a hemorrhagic necrosis of the Item. Less often hemorrhages in a pancreas are observed at a purulent inflammation of gland, corrosion of vessels by a tumor, a nodular periarteritis.
Fibrinferments and vascular embolisms meet quite often, however heart attacks of the Item. hemorrhagic and ischemic character — the phenomenon extremely rare in view of plentiful blood supply of gland from many sources. Hypostasis of fabric of the Item. it can be observed against the background of venous stagnation as display of an overhydratation of the noncellular sector (see. Swelled ). Such hypostasis does not cause, as a rule, signs of selective defeat of the Item. Other type of inflammatory aseptic hypostasis is connected with emission of granules of a fermental secret directly in a stroma. Such stromal hypostasis of the Item. it is, as a rule, combined with scattered micronecroses of an acinous parenchyma and can be a prestage subtotal) and a total pancreatonecrosis. Acute and hron, inflammation of the Item. has an enzymatic (aseptic) necrosis of an acinous parenchyma in the basis.
Tuberculosis of the Item. (see. Tuberculosis extra pulmonary ) it is observed rather seldom. It develops more often owing to hematogenous generalization of an infection at a pulmonary tuberculosis, being shown in the form of miliary tuberculosis of intersticial fabric, solitary tuberculomas and the diffusion granulating tuberculosis from the outcome in cirrhosis (tubercular cirrhosis of the Item.). Tubercular process can pass to the Item. also with limf, nodes of retroperitoneal space.
Syphilis of the Item. meets very seldom (see. Syphilis ). The intersticial sclerosing pancreatitis which is quite often combined with specific changes of a liver (a silicon liver) is characteristic of inborn syphilis. Microscopically in the Item. diffusion growth of connecting fabric with diffusion and focal limfoplazmokletochny infiltrates is found.
Find a large number of pale treponemas in the centers of fibrosis. Points out an underdevelopment of the acinous parenchyma presented by trace amount of segments of the Item the inborn nature of defeat. along with the numerous branching channels. Occasionally miliary and solitary gummas meet.
Existence of the small hillocks and large gummas sometimes having a diameter of 4 — 5 cm is characteristic of the acquired syphilis. Depending on prescription of a disease find this or that degree of fibrosis up to almost full substitution of gland cicatricial fabric (syphilitic cirrhosis of the Item.). As at the inborn, and acquired syphilis the sclerosis takes generally acinous parenchyma; endocrine part of the Item. it is represented a little changed, islands happen even hypertrophied.
Stones of the Item. are located in a pancreatic channel or its branches. Size varies them from the microscopic sizes determined by light microscopy to several centimeters in the diameter. A surface of stones uneven, rough, sometimes in places of contact of several stones fasetirovanny. Stones consist of the organic matrix formed by the condensed secret impregnated with calcium and calcium phosphate (see. Concrements ). Arising more often for the second time against the background of hron, pancreatitis, they promote stagnation of a secret, infection of canals and the progressing course of a disease.
Cysts of the Item. happen four types: 1) proliferatsionny; 2) dizontogenetichesky; 3) retentsionny; 4) false (see. Cyst ).
The multichamber cavities arising against the background of fibrosis owing to proliferation of channels, gleam concern to the first group to-rykh it is represented considerably expanded. Quite often have such educations a microscopic structure of cystadenomas. Dizontogenetichesky cysts arise owing to a malformation, most often happen multiple and are combined with cysts of a liver, lungs, kidneys. Sometimes the polycystosis of these bodies is combined with a focal angiomatosis of a head and spinal cord. The internal vystilka of such cyst is presented by a single-row cubic epithelium, contents of cysts serous, free of enzymes of the Item.
Retentsionny cysts arise owing to a prelum of outlet opening of a channel or its branches a stone, a hem or a tumor. However in an experiment it is proved that the isolated bandaging of a channel conducts only to nek-rum, besides to uniform expansion of channels, apparently, owing to a bystry rassasyvaniye of a secret. For formation of a cyst certain conditions, namely, blockade limf, vessels, arising most often against the background of a sclerosis of the Item are required. Because of expansion of a gleam usually there is a solitary cyst having sometimes a diameter of 10 — 15 a fir-tree. The multiple small cysts occupying the limited site of gland are frequent. Vystilka of such cysts is formed by the single-row cubic epithelium which is quite often exposed to a metaplasia in multilayer flat. In a gleam of a cyst — serous, sometimes a colloid look, contents about deposits of salts of calcium.
Adventitious cysts are formed owing to fusion and a partial rassasyvaniye of the large centers of a hemorrhagic necrosis of the Item. Further in connection with transudation of liquid the gleam of an initial cyst can increase considerably in sizes. At preservation of communication with the destroyed channel the cavity of such cyst constantly is replenished with a secret. In this regard there can be aseptic suppuration, an arrosion of a large vessel with secondary hemorrhage in a cavity, break of contents in a free abdominal cavity or in a gleam of a stomach and duodenum with formation of internal fistula (pancreatic fistula). The outside pancreatic fistula opening on skin of a front abdominal wall is much less often formed.
Formation of an adventitious cyst is promoted by a bystry otgranicheniye of the center of a necrosis a connective tissue cover. Being formed first in the field of a head, a body or a tail of the Item., such cyst eminates in a gleam of an omental bursa, reaching the considerable sizes. However more often the center of a necrosis of gland extends to the surrounding fatty tissue which is exposed to enzymatic fusion and therefore necrotic masses at once breaks in an omental bursa where are exposed to bystry encapsulation. Walls of such cyst are adjacent bodies (a stomach, a duodenal and cross colon, a spleen).
Microscopically walls of adventitious cysts are presented by dense fibrous fabric, among a cut separate fibrozirovanny ferruterous segments, channels, and also diffusion and focal limfoplazmotsitarny infiltrates with iri-mesyo histiocytes are found. Adventitious cysts of the Item. — quite permanent educations can also exist for a long time, being an accidental find during the opening. In a circle of cysts the extensive commissural process connecting bodies of the upper floor of an abdominal cavity in a dense cicatricial conglomerate is observed.
The pancreas has the broad range of compensatory and adaptive processes. In response to damage to it processes of an atrophy (see), hypertrophies (see) and a hyperplasia develop (see).
Atrophy of the Item. it is expressed by considerable reduction of its weight (to 30 g; it is normal of 60 — 115 g) generally due to decrease in volume, but not length of body. Microscopically the atrophy of a ferruterous, exocrine part of the Item is found. due to reduction of quantity and volume of the acinous cells turning into small roundish limfotsitopodobny elements with a piknotichny kernel. Atrophied exocrine part of the Item. it is replaced with fibrous fabric (a sclerous atrophy). At the same time endocrine pancreatic islands among fibrous fabric most often well remain and even hypertrophy. Atrophy of the Item. it is observed at a nutritional dystrophy, tuberculosis, a pituitary cachexia, long starvation, at senile age.
Regeneration of an acinus and pancreatic islands has some features. The bystry hypertrophy preexisting and formation of new pancreatic islands owing to proliferation of trailer departments of channels is characteristic. Any damage of an acinus or group of an acinus is replaced with a hem due to proliferation of a connective tissue stroma. Compensatory and adaptive reactions in acinous cells in response to damage are carried out by hypodispersion of loading within an acinus, a segment, a share and gland in general. At the same time the loss of structural energy potential connected with development of a proteinaceous secret quickly is compensated in a resting phase of the acinus exempted from a secret at the expense of intracellular regenerations (see).
Exocrine part of the Item. very quickly after death is exposed to an autolysis, scales to-rogo depend on a phase of a secretory cycle. The autolysis develops, undoubtedly, quicker and more intensively if death came at height of digestion, i.e. in 1 — 2 hour after meal when acinous cells work in an intense rhythm and contain a lot of fermental secret. Also the autolysis in the agonal period owing to activation of kalli-krein-tryptic system is possible. Macroscopically Item. at the same time looks plethoric, flabby, bulked up, in certain sites imbibirovanny blood that can simulate a picture of a hemorrhagic pancreatonecrosis. Microscopically the diffusion and focal diskompleksation of an acinus, disintegration of cells and kernels, destruction of intersticial fabric is defined. Lack of emigration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and inflammatory hypostasis testifies to postmortem changes. Endocrine pancreatic islands are more resistant to an autolysis therefore they microscopically well are defined at gistol, a research.
Patomorfol. changes transplantirovanny Item. are studied generally in an experiment. These changes are caused by ischemia of body at the time of withdrawal for change, and also a circulatory unefficiency directly after transplantation. The changes inherent to reaction of graft rejection join it (see. Incompatibility immunological ). In the absence of a medicinal immunosuppression in a transplant disturbances of a hemodynamics are already during the first hours noted, to-rykh the progressing fibrinoid swelling and a necrosis of walls of vessels of a microcirculator bed, widespread aggregation of erythrocytes and a mural thrombosis is the cornerstone. In fabrics of gland there is a gradual decrease in content of enzymes of a tricarbonic acid cycle (see. Tricarboxylic acids cycle ) and increase in content of enzymes of anaerobic glycolysis (see) and lizosomalny enzymes.
Accruing ischemia (see) causes extended a diskompleksation), dystrophy, a necrobiosis and a necrosis of an acinus and segments that is followed by intersticial hypostasis and preferential perivascular inflammatory infiltration from polymorphonuclear leukocytes, to the Crimea already on 2 — the 3rd days join the limfoplazmokletochny elements reflecting formation of reactions of transplant immunity (see. Immunity transplant ). The insular device has considerably bigger resistance to a hypoxia therefore keeps the morfol, structure longer. In the first days after transplantation it looks even a little hypertrophied. However since 3 — the 5th days the accruing destruction and fibrosis of pancreatic islands are found. Destruction of an acinous parenchyma is followed by replaceable fibrosis and encapsulation of a transplant. All these changes designate the term «post-trance plantatsionny pancreatitis». By 10th days all transplant has an appearance of a cicatricial tyazh, in Krom single diskomplek-sirovanny segments and the sclerosed vascular trunks are visible. During the use of immunodepressants terms of rejection and fibrosis of allotransplant can be extended a little, but the basic essence of process remains to the same.
Malformations are caused: 1) a growth disorder of bookmarks usually the skeletotopicheska located the Item. (ring-shaped Item.); 2) heterotopy of fabric of the Item. (aberrant, additional Item.); 3) pathology of function of excretory glands (kistofibroz Item.).
Ring-shaped Item. — the inborn malformation arising on 4 — the 6th week of an antenatal life in connection with disturbance of uniform growth of dorsal and ventral laying of body. According to E. M. Borovy (1971), Danto and Bukovina (J. Danto, J. Bukovinsky, 1971), this malformation makes 3% of all anomalies went. - kish. path. The ring from fabric of a head of gland squeezes a duodenum in the average or descending part, in whole or in part interrupting its gleam (fig. 10, a). Less often fabric of gland covers a duodenum in the form of a claw (fig. 10, b). Additional channels of the Item are sometimes observed., falling into the narrowed department of a gut. Defect is shown by symptoms acute or hron, high intestinal impassability (see. Impassability of intestines ). Differential diagnosis is carried out with pylorospasm (see), pylorostenosis (see), inborn phrenic hernia (see. Diaphragm ), vomiting of neuropathic character, a cardiostenosis and a cardiospasm (see), a birth trauma of a brain (with - m. Birth trauma ). Absence nevrol, the symptoms caused by a birth trauma allows to exclude this diagnosis.
At a contrast rentgenol, a research went. - kish. a path find out that the ring-shaped pancreas causes limited circular narrowing of the descending part of a duodenum throughout 1 — 3 cm. Contours of narrowing equal, folds of a mucous membrane of a gut are kept. At endoscopic retrograde pankreatokhol an angiography branches of a pancreatic channel which surround a duodenum that serves as the direct proof of this anomaly come to light. In case of a sharp inborn stenosis of a gut already on 2 — the 3rd day after the birth of the child at rentgenol, a research find gastric flatulence and an upper part of a duodenum with existence of fluid levels in them. If at the same time via the probe to enter 2 — 3 ml of Iodolipolum into a stomach, then 10 — 15 min. later circular narrowing in the descending part of a duodenum is defined. Radiological and endoscopic methods of a research allow to confirm existence of high intestinal impassability. Treatment only operational (fig. 11, 12). The main objective of preoperative preparation — correction of disturbances of water and electrolytic balance. Operational treatment of intestinal impassability at newborns consists in imposing of a duodenoduodenoanastomoz more often or duodenojejunostomies (see). At children of advanced age apply bypass a duo-denoduodenoanastomoz more often.
Aberrant (additional) Item. — rare malformation. It represents a heterotopy of fabric of the Item. in a wall of a stomach, intestines, Mekkel's diverticulum. Is located in a submucosa, muscular or subserous layers in the form of a polyp or lobular consolidation. Microscopically ferruterous elements, output channels prevail, is more rare — pancreatic islands. Aberrant Item. serves as the reason of intestinal bleedings, an inflammation and perforation of an intestinal wall, impassability of intestines. Intestinal bleeding (see. Gastrointestinal bleeding ) begins suddenly, the plentiful chair pure blood or tar-like appears, the collapse develops, deterioration in the general state progresses, however abdominal pains are absent. The sudden sharp constant abdominal pain of uncertain localization, repeated vomiting, fervescence demonstrate the happened perforation. Differentiate this malformation with invagination (see. Impassability of intestines ), polipozy a large intestine (see. Intestines ), Peytts's syndrome — Egersa (see. Peyttsa — Egersa a syndrome ), Shenleyn's disease — Genokh (see. Shenleyna — Genokh a disease ), dysentery (see). At adults the disease proceeds behind a mask of a peptic ulcer, a polypose, gastritis, hron, pancreatitis, cholecystitis, appendicitis, a malignant tumor of a stomach.
Additional Item. comes to light radiological if it is located in a stomach, a duodenum or in a gall bladder. It causes roundish accurate defect of filling with a diameter of 1 — 2,5 cm, in the center to-rogo often it is possible to notice small accumulation of contrast weight in the mouth of an output channel additional the Item. In a gall bladder it also causes emergence of small defect of filling on holetsistogramma.
Anomalies of channels of the Item. are found only at a retrograde pankreatokholangiografiya and are expressed in changes of normal number, situation and form of a tsrotok or available small cystiform cavities on the ends of side branches of a pancreatic channel. Treatment only operational. Make a resection of the struck body.
Kistofibroz of the Item. develops at a hereditary ekzokrinopatiya of vneshnesekretorny glands — mucoviscidosis (see).
Damages, the Items caused by an injury., meet rather seldom. In peace time they make 1 — 3% of all injuries of abdominal organs that is substantially connected with a deep arrangement of the Item. Distinguish the closed and open damages of the Item., and also combined and isolated. The last represent an exclusive rarity.
The closed damages of the Item. arise after strong blow by a blunt object (a fist, a leg, a hoof of a horse) or at a perednezadny prelum of an upper half of a stomach during production accidents or road accidents, during the falling by a stomach on a firm subject. At the closed damages concussions, bruises and crushes of a parenchyma of the Item are observed., formation of subcapsular hematomas, hemorrhages in surrounding retroperitoneal cellulose. Small or significant gaps of fabric of gland with damage of its capsule are possible. During the falling on a firm subject a body of the Item. it is pressed down to a backbone therefore more often damage happens in this part of the Item., sometimes up to its complete cross separation.
Open injury of the Item. it is usually connected using fire or cold weapon or with wounds the cutting or pricking objects.
At direct wounds there are the different size and depth ruptures of the Item., sometimes its full breaks on several parts. Due to extensive hemorrhages and proteolytic influence of the pancreatic juice which is released at gaps also the total necrosis of the Item develops limited, and sometimes., extending to surrounding fabrics — a big epiploon, a mesentery thin and cross colonic guts, retroperitoneal cellulose. Accession of inflammatory changes causes extensive fusion of fabrics. In the absence of an otgranicheniye of process there can be diffuse peritonitis, as a rule, terminating letalno. At formation of inflammatory unions formation of an adventitious cyst
P.Zh. Klien, a picture of damage of the Item is possible. depends on the nature of an injury (opened or closed), damage rates of body, and also on expressiveness of traumatic shock (see), bleedings (see) and peritonitis (see), observed in these cases.
At the slight closed injury (the Item hurt.), followed by small hemorrhages in a parenchyma of body, the condition of victims can remain quite satisfactory. At a palpation of a stomach small morbidity comes to light, the expressed peritoneal symptoms usually are absent. Such damages do not constitute serious danger, and victims quickly recover. In nek-ry cases, later various time after an injury (from several hours to several days), against the background of the seeming wellbeing suddenly there are severe pains in a stomach, quite often surrounding character, the phenomenon of intoxication (frequent pulse, dry language) and peritonitis (a muscle tension of a stomach, a symptom of irritation of a peritoneum) caused by development of traumatic pancreatitis (see). At the same time increase in amount of amylase of blood and urine is possible.
At the heavy closed damages of the Item. (deep ruptures of a parenchyma of gland or a complete cross separation of body and channels) at victims the critical condition caused by shock, intra belly bleeding and peritonitis in connection with the expiration of a pancreatic secret in an abdominal cavity at once develops.
Patients complain on strong, sometimes the intolerable abdominal pains sometimes irradiating in a back are excited, quite often rush about in a bed. Language dry, pulse is speeded up (100 — 120 blows in 1 min.), weak filling. The stomach does not participate in the act of breath, is sharply painful and intense, symptoms of peritonitis are expressed, the delay of a chair and gases is noted. Body temperature is usually increased to 38 ° and more, heavy intoxication is observed.
Wedge, picture of open damages of the Item. it is in many respects similar to clinic of the getting wounds of a stomach (see) as in most cases they are combined with wound of other abdominal organs (a liver, a spleen, a stomach, intestines, a kidney).
Diagnosis of traumatic damages of the Item. presents great difficulties since the clinic of the last is characterized by lack of bright pathognomonic symptoms and usually differs from a wedge, pictures of wound of other abdominal organs a little. Diagnosis of open damage of the Item. it is facilitated at a possibility of definition of the direction of the wound channel passing through a projection of gland, or comparison of entrance and output openings at a gunshot wound.
From laboratory researches to recognition of damage of the Item. increase in a sugar content in blood (at the persons who are not suffering from a diabetes mellitus), the hyperamilasemia and a hyperamilasuria testimonial of disturbance inside - and vneshnesekretorny function of the Item can promote. Treatment of patients with traumatic damage of the Item., as a rule, operational.
The forecast is usually heavy, especially at the accompanying damages of other bodies. The absolute recovery of patients and recovery of working capacity, according to V. V. Vinogradov, is observed only at 1/3 victims. The lethality, according to G. M. Mazhdrakov, makes apprx. 50%.
After the operative measures made concerning damages of the Item., complications are possible: outside pancreatic svigts, abscesses of the Item., pseudocysts. Formation of fistulas is observed more often at open damages of the Item., abscesses and adventitious cysts — at closed. All these complications quite often demand repeated operations.
Features of fighting damages. At gunshot wounds of a stomach of damage of the Item. meet extremely seldom. According to «Experience of the Soviet medicine in the Great Patriotic War of 1941 — 1945», among all wounds of a stomach there are damages of the Item. were observed in 0,4 — 0,7% of cases. Gunshot wounds of the Item. usually are followed by damage of the next bodies and anatomic educations that defines weight a wedge, currents.
The first medical, pre-medical and first medical assistance is carried out, as at the getting wounds of a stomach (see. Stomach, stage treatment ). A task of the qualified medical aid is the final stop of bleeding, processing of wounds of gland and other bodies, drainage of an omental bursa.
Diseases. Among many diseases there is an Item. most often meet acute and chronic pancreatitis (see), cancer; more rare are its anomalies, calcification, cysts, tuberculosis, syphilis, etc. the Item. quite often is surprised also at acute inf. diseases, parasitic invasions, at collagenic diseases, heart failure, diseases of exchange.
The defeat of pancreatic islands arising owing to the various reasons leads to development of a diabetes mellitus (see. diabetes mellitus ). Rare pathology of an endocrine part of the Item. benign and malignant tumors which, developing from various cellular elements of pancreatic islands (α, β and δ-cells), differ on the morphology, a wedge, to a picture and a current are. Glucagonomas (see), insulomas (see) and so-called ulcerogenic adenomas of the Item belong to such tumors. (see. Zollingera — Ellisona a syndrome ).
Functional disorders of a pancreas quite often accompany other diseases of the alimentary system — a peptic ulcer of a stomach and a duodenum, hron, to gastritis, etc.
The major contributing factors for emergence of functional disturbances of the Item. at a peptic ulcer of a stomach and duodenum neuroemotional overloads, an aggravation of a peptic ulcer, its considerable duration and frequent recuring, the expressed dyskinesia of a duodenum, existence of a duodenitis, hron, gastritis are. Nature of functional changes of the Item. at a peptic ulcer at different patients it is various, but decrease of the activity of pancreatic enzymes in duodenal contents, moderate increase in their content in blood, and also the increased allocation with urine is more often observed. In a wedge, practice the hyperamilasemia and a hyperamilasuria usually come to light. Both laboratory signs are not specific since the hyperamilasemia and a hyperamilasuria of easy degree are manifestation of functional frustration of the Item., but can be observed also at her organic diseases, and also at diseases of other bodies — sialadens, kidneys etc. However the hyperamilasemia and a hyperamilasuria of considerable degree are characteristic of acute defeats of the Item., first of all for acute pancreatitis (see). It is necessary to consider that activity of amylase of blood considerably increases only if its receipt in blood exceeds renal clearance (see).
Functional disturbances of the Item. at a peptic ulcer and hron, gastritis are not followed by symptoms of a disease of the Item., quite often have reversible character, disappearing under the influence of treatment, are not followed morfol, changes of the Item. Functional disturbances at these diseases are explained by close functional interrelation of bodies of the alimentary system, disturbance of nervous and humoral control of the Item. In more exceptional cases at these diseases pancreatitis develops hron. Development of pancreatitis at a penetration of round ulcers in the Item is natural., and also at diseases of zhelchevydelitelny system.
Some researchers found functional, and sometimes and morfol. changes of the Item. at hron, hepatitis and cirrhosis. Emergence of functional disturbances of II is possible. at hron, the colitis which is shown dissociation of enzymes in duodenal contents (increase in activity of amylase, decrease in a lipase and trypsin), increase in activity of an atoksilrezistentny lipase in blood serum. These changes in the most part of cases have reversible character, as well as dysfunctions of an endocrine part of the Item.
Functional disturbances of the Item. are possible also at diseases of a thyroid gland, a diabetes mellitus, at diseases of a hypophysis and adrenal glands.
Differential diagnosis of functional frustration of the Item. it is carried out, first of all, with hron, pancreatitis, and also focal diseases of the Item. About the functional nature of defeat of the Item. lack of clinically expressed symptoms of a disease, and also signs morfol, changes of the Item testifies., the revealed by means of an ekhografiya, scanning and other tool methods of a research.
Treatment and prevention of functional frustration of the Item. consist in the healthy regular balanced nutrition, early detection and treatment of diseases went. - kish. a path, against the background of to-rykh perhaps secondary involvement of the Item. in patol, process.
Dystrophic processes in the Item. are quite often observed at exchange disturbances and diseases of closed glands. Defeat of the Item is most characteristic. at hemochromatosis (see). Item. process is quite often involved in patol, at amyloidosis (see). By data A. N. Podbelsky, the frequency of pancreatic localization of the general amyloidosis reaches 9,8%. As a rule, amyloidosis of the Item. develops against the background of the expressed amyloid defeat of other bodies that facilitates diagnosis. Clinically amyloidosis of the Item. it is shown by signs or incretory (see. diabetes mellitus ), or externally - its secretory insufficiency.
Disturbances of blood circulation vp.zh. can be caused by various reasons. Disturbances of venous outflow are observed at heart failure, portal hypertensia, a syndrome of a pulmonary heart at hron, diseases of lungs. Wedge, picture of defeat of the Item. usually the malokharakterna is also shaded by symptoms of defeat of other bodies. Research of enzymes of the Item. in duodenal contents allows to reveal insufficiency of its vneshnesekretorny function, the moderate hyperamilasemia and a hyperamilasuria at the same time quite often come to light.
Damage of a pancreas at atherosclerosis is observed rather quite often at persons 60 years, as well as at younger age, generally at the persons having alcoholism are more senior. At the same time sclerous changes in the Item develop., its excretory and incretory functions are broken that can be the cause of development of a diabetes mellitus (see a diabetes mellitus). In some cases there are thromboses and heart attacks of the Item., proceeding about a wedge, a picture of a pancreatonecrosis (see Pancreatitis).
Defeats of the Item. can take place also at a myocardial infarction. In mild cases they have functional character and are shown by only unsharply expressed disturbances of excretory and incretory functions. In some cases at a myocardial infarction there is acute thrombosis of vessels of the Item., proceeding about a wedge, a picture of hemorrhagic pancreatitis.
Diagnosis at various disturbances of blood circulation in the Item. it is difficult, it is possible to make only the presumable diagnosis if against the background of diseases, at to-rykh disturbances of blood circulation in the Item are possible., suddenly, without the special reasons there is acute pancreatitis or gradually the diabetes mellitus forms.
Treatment — as at acute pancreatitis and a diabetes mellitus. It is necessary to carry out treatment of a basic disease also.
Inflammatory diseases — see Pancreatitis.
Defeat of the Item is possible. at acute allergoses, and also at food allergy (to milk, meat etc.). Clinically it is shown by symptoms of acute pancreatitis. The diagnosis is facilitated if at the same time there are signs of allergic damage of skin and other bodies (a small tortoiseshell, a Quincke's edema, an asthmatic attack etc.). Treatment of damages of a pancreas at acute allergoses — see. Allergic diseases, Pancreatitis.
Defeats of the Item. are observed also at collagenoses. At a system scleroderma a wedge, a picture of defeat of the Item. the hypochondrium, weight reduction of a body is characterized by the dispeptic phenomena (a meteorism, frustration of a chair etc.), unsharp pains in left. Researches of enzymes of the Item. in duodenal contents, blood and urine in many cases reveal signs of its vneshnesekretorny insufficiency. By data A. L. Grebe-neva et al. (1980), at an ekhografichesky research almost at x / z patients with a system scleroderma symptoms of diffusion or focal fibrosis of the Item come to light.
At a system lupus erythematosus specific changes of the Item are sometimes observed., which are clinically shown by symptomatology of acute pancreatitis.
At a nodular periarteritis, according to G. M. Mazhdrakov, vessels of the Item can be surprised., at the same time the wedge, a picture forces to suspect acute or hron, recurrent pancreatitis.
Defeat of the Item., generally functional character, in some cases — as acute pancreatitis, it is observed in some cases at rheumatism, In more hard cases at rheumatism processes develop in the Item sclerous-atrofi-cheskiye., sometimes focal intra lobular sclerosis.
Defeats of the Item. at acute infectious diseases, apparently, meet considerably more often than are diagnosed as into the forefront symptoms of acute intoxication, a feverish syndrome and signs of defeat of other bodies usually act. Often defeat of the Item meets. at epidemic parotitis. In this case morfol, changes in the Item. are shown by inflammatory process, preferential intersticial. The wedge, picture is characterized by vomiting, a meteorism, pains in an anticardium and left hypochondrium. At a palpation of an anticardium sometimes the most expressed morbidity, as well as at other acute defeats of the Item., comes to light in the so-called painful point of Dezharden which is located on the conditional line connecting the right axillary hollow to a navel is 5 — 7 cm higher than the last. The considerable gigkheramilazemiya and a considerable hyperamilasuria are characteristic. Moderate degree the hyperamilasemia and a hyperamilasuria are quite often observed in more mild cases of epidemic parotitis, at absence a wedge, symptoms of damage of a pancreas.
Tuberculosis of a pancreas meets seldom (see Tuberculosis extra pulmonary). Even at patients with an active pulmonary tuberculosis it comes to light, according to various researchers, only in 0,5 — 2% of cases. According to section data, tuberculosis of the Item. comes to light in 0,03 — 0,1% of cases. Tubercular mycobacteria are included in the Item. in the hematogenous, lymphogenous or contact way. Wedge, picture of a polimorfn. In some cases clinically asymptomatic course of a disease can take place; only the ukhmeren-ny hyperamilasuria and a hyperamilasemia is observed. More often symptoms of tuberculosis of the Item. mask the expressed displays of a pulmonary tuberculosis and other bodies. In other cases patients show complaints to an eructation, a loss of appetite, nausea, pains in an upper left quadrant of a stomach, quite often surrounding character, ponosa, the increased thirst (at defeat of an endocrine part of the Item. — insular device and disturbance of intra secretory function of the Item.). Quite often found progressing exhaustion of patients can be a consequence as most tubercular process, and result of disturbance of vneshnesekretorny function of the Item. and arising thereof insufficiency of digestion and absorption (see Malabsorption a syndrome). Such symptoms as the increased perspiration, indisposition, feverish state, are defined by activity and prevalence of tubercular process. Skin of patients sometimes gets dark coloring, as at an addisonovy disease. At a palpation of the Item. morbidity is quite often noted, but to probe the Item. usually it is not possible.
The course of a disease generally is defined by weight of defeat of easy and other bodies.
Diagnosis of tuberculosis of the Item. it is difficult. It is possible to suspect it at the patient with pulmonary tuberculosis when there are symptoms stated above, or at laboratory researches the resistant hyperamilasemia and a hyperamilasuria comes to light. For confirmation of the diagnosis carry out an angiography, a retrograde endoscopic pankreatokho-langiografiya, scanning of the Item., research its external and incretion. Broad use of a method of an ekhografiya allows to reveal diffusion and focal changes of the Item. At severe defeats of the Item., followed by pankreatogenny ponosa, with the help koprologichesky researches reveal a steatorrhea, an amylorrhea and a creatorrhea. ROE is usually accelerated.
The differential diagnosis is carried out with nonspecific pancreatitis, malignant and benign tumors, cysts of the Item.
Treatment of tuberculosis of the Item. specific (see. Tuberculosis ). Appoint fractional 5 — 6-times food, a sparing diet with the limited content of fats, an exception of acute products and increase in protein content. At signs of vneshnesekretorny insufficiency of the Item. appoint Pancreatinum, panzinorm, festal and other fermental drugs.
Syphilis of a pancreas can be inborn and acquired. Specific defeat of the Item. it is found in 10 — 20% of the children having syphilis. More often the head of the Item is surprised. Syphilitic changes of the Item. are found in a fruit already in the second half of pregnancy.
The acquired syphilis of the Item. meets extremely seldom. For the first time it was described in 1861. To. Rokitanskim which observed specific gummous pancreatitis.
Klien, a picture is variable; perhaps asymptomatic current, forms which are shown clinic of a diabetes mellitus, hron, pancreatitis, a tumor of a pancreas. Frequent symptoms are pains in epigastric area and left hypochondrium, a meteorism, ponosa, weight reduction of a body. The diabetes mellitus arises at a sclerous form of syphilis of the Item more often. At the psevdoopukho-left form, in addition to characteristic symptoms (persistent pains and the dispeptic phenomena), sometimes it is possible to propalpirovat tumorous education in the field of the Item. At defeat of a head of the Item. owing to a prelum mechanical jaundice can arise infiltrate of terminal department of the general bilious channel that even more reminds a wedge, a picture of a malignant tumor of the Item.
To suspect syphilitic defeat of the Item. it is possible if symptoms of pancreatitis or a diabetes mellitus find against the background of other displays of syphilis (see). According to N. I. Leporsky, disappearance of the phenomena of diabetes during the performing specific therapy while usual treatment of a diabetes mellitus is inefficient is a diagnostic character. In diagnosis of a disease also results of serological researches are of great importance anamnestic yielded. Methods of ultrasonic diagnosis (ekhografiya) and scannings allow to establish existence of diffusion sclerous or focal defeat of the Item. and, thus, to specify morfol, the nature of defeat. The positive effect from specific treatment (functional tests improve, the centers of inflammatory infiltration and even a gumma resolve) finally confirms the lyuetichesky nature of defeat of the Item.
Treatment — specific (see. Syphilis ). At vneshnesekretorny insufficiency of the Item. appoint fermental drugs (Pancreatinum, panzinorm, festal, etc.), at incretory insufficiency of the Item. carry out the corresponding therapy.
Parasitic defeats pancreas meet seldom. First of all, it helminthoses (see). Cases of an invasion of ascarids (see the Ascaridosis) which, getting into canals of the Item are described., break outflow of pancreatic juice and can be an origin of acute pancreatitis, focal necroses and abscesses of the Item. In rare instances long finding of ascarids in channels of the Item. can lead to development hron, pancreatitis. Exclusively seldom to canals of the Item. the dwarfish tapeworm can get (see. Hymenolepiasis ) or trematodes of Fasciola hepatica (see the Fascioliasis) that also breaks outflow of pancreatic juice and serves as the reason of development of pancreatitis. Sometimes in the Item. trematodes of Opisthorchis feiineus and O. of viverrini parasitize (see. Opisthorchosis ).
The diagnosis facilitates detection of helminths in intestines, hepatic channels, and also repeated koprologichesky researches on eggs a worm.
Defeat of the Item is possible. alveococcosis and echinococcosis. Klien, a picture in these cases reminds hron, pancreatitis or a tumor of the Item. The diagnosis is made taking into account a natural ochagovost of the diseases given an ekhografichesky research of the Item., its scanning, an angiography, and also these specific laboratory tests (see. Alveococcosis , Echinococcosis ).
Stones of a pancreas, and also pancreatolithiasis and calcification of the Item. meet seldom. So, according to S. V. Lobachev, on 98 327 openings they were observed in 0,03%. However among patients with pancreatitis, by data A. A. Shalimov, N. I. Leporsky, J. Howard, Whyte (T. White), etc., find them in 2 — 7,4% of cases. They occur at men by 3 — 4 times more often than at women, usually at the age of 30 — 50 years, but can be also at children. Stones can be formed in any site of the Item., but are located in the field of a head, sometimes in the mouth of a pancreatic channel or in a fatero-vy nipple more often.
On chemical structure stones of the Item. for 85 — 95% consist of calcium and calcium phosphate. In them find also salts of magnesium, silicon, aluminum and various organic matters — cholesterol, soaps, pigments. The size of stones fluctuates from scarcely noticeable to several centimeters in the diameter, weight — from several milligrams to 60 g. The form of pancreatic stones is also very different: round, oval, pear-shaped, cylindrical, wrong with aculeiform outgrowths, sometimes in the form of mulberry berry or raspberry. Color from white to brown, brown or yellow at treatment by their bilious pigments.
There can be single concrements of various size which are located in larger pancreatic channels, and multiple, usually small. In addition, calcification of fabric the Item meets., diffusion calcification of the last is more often in the form of multiple calcificats, and.
Formation of stones of the Item. most of researchers connect with the postponed pancreatitis and the dysfunctions of body which arose in this regard, first of all outflow and vneshnesekretorny activity, and also change of character of a pancreatic secret. It becomes more dense, contains the increased amount of calcium and a desquamated epithelium that leads to loss of the proteinaceous masses which is becoming impregnated with salts of calcium.
Punk reolitiaza also disturbance of the general phosphorus-calcium exchange is the important reason. Development of calcification of the Item. it can be caused also by adenoma of epithelial bodies.
The concrements formed in a gleam of the main channels of the Item., in turn, promote a razvytiya of further disorders of outflow, to the perikanalikulyarny sclerosis and inflammatory changes in a parenchyma of gland leading to atrophic processes from the outcome in wrinkling of body. Calcification of the Item. it is more often observed at the persons who had acute pancreatitis that is explained with adjournment of salts of calcium in the sites of gland struck with necrotic process.
Pankreolitiaz and calcification Item. are constantly progressing diseases. They gradually lead to full functional and anatomic switching off of the Item., to a cachexia and a diabetes mellitus, sometimes being complicated by formation of a cyst, abscess, went. - kish. bleedings, development of obturatsionny jaundice. Also the malignancy of a pancreatolithiasis which is noted by data P. Mallet-Guy, in 12 — 15% of observations is possible.
Clinic of a pankreolitiaz and calcifications of the Item. it is diverse since depends on localization of concrements, their number, size, degree and the nature of changes the Item., and also liver and bilious ways. Quite often it is difficult to distinguish symptoms of this disease from hron, pancreatitis, and only in 5% of observations, according to N. I. Leporsky, it proceeds without any a wedge, manifestations and comes to light accidentally at rentgenol, inspection.
The leading symptom of a pancreatolithiasis are severe pains in epigastric area and left hypochondrium, irradiating in a back and a left shoulder-blade, quite often surrounding character. They arise in the form of attacks after disturbance of food (reception of greasy food, alcohol) or happen the constants amplifying after any meal. Pains are so intensive that it is necessary to resort to administration of drugs. After attacks there occurs remission, duration a cut can be various. Often pains are followed by nausea, vomiting and other dispeptic phenomena. At patients the breakdown, considerable weight loss is observed, up to development of an adynamy, a ponosa, steatorrhea (see), the phenomena of diabetes (see a diabetes mellitus) connected with the expressed disturbance of intra secretory function of the Item. Obturatsionny jaundice is caused by a prelum of distal department of the general bilious channel a head of a pancreas or obstruction of the mouth of the general bilious channel the concrement which left a pancreatic channel.
The palpation of a stomach at exacerbations of a disease is painful in epigastriums, quite often considerably, the muscle tension of a stomach can be expressed. At remissions the cyst or sharply condensed site of the Item is sometimes probed., usually to the left of a backbone, slightly above or at the level of a navel.
Diagnosis is complicated due to the lack a wedge, the symptoms specific to this disease. Data of laboratory researches are also not specific. In the period of an aggravation in blood serum find increase in content of trypsin and decrease in level of its inhibitors, and also the increased maintenance of a lipase and amylase of blood and urine. At considerable fibrosis of the Item. activity of these enzymes does not exceed normal figures. If at the same time a significant amount of pancreatic islands is involved in process, the typical picture of a diabetes mellitus develops. In a stage of remission when the content of enzymes in blood and urine usually normal, at a research of duodenal contents find decrease in products of pancreatic enzymes.
Great diagnostic value has rentgenol, the research allowing to reveal shadows of concrements of the Item. The X-ray analysis of an abdominal cavity (fig. 13) allows to differentiate stones of the Item., coming to light usually at the level I and III of lumbar vertebrae, from concrements in other bodies (a gall bladder, bilious channels, kidneys), and also from calciphied limf, nodes. Can help with doubtful cases a piyelografiya (see) and an endoscopic retrograde pankreatokholangiografiya (see. Pankreatokholangiografiya retrograde ), a computer tomography (see. Tomography computer ).
One of important displays of a disease is detection in Calais of the concrements consisting of calcium and calcium phosphate. An absolute diagnostic character is detection of concrements of a parenchyma of the Item. during a trial laparotomy by a palpation or by means of a pankreatokholangiografiya.
Treatment can be conservative and operational. In case of the easy course of a disease perhaps conservative treatment including a diet and medicamentous therapy as at hron, pancreatitis. At a diabetes mellitus appoint the corresponding treatment. Operational treatment is shown during the strengthening of a pain syndrome and increase of attacks, and also increase of pancreatic insufficiency or development of complications.
Cysts of a pancreas represent the meshotchaty educations containing liquid, which are located in the parenchyma of body or the fabrics surrounding it sacculated by a connective tissue cover. They can be single and multiple. Cysts of the Item. meet rather seldom; according to V. V. Vinogradov, they were found in 0,005 — 0,01% of the patients who were in hospitals and in 0,05 — 0,07% of openings. According to G. D. Vilyavin, in domestic literature from 1887 to 1971 771 similar observation were described, and slightly more often cysts are found in men at the age of 30 — 50 years. They occur also at children, and also at persons of advanced and senile age. Inborn cysts are more often observed at children's age, traumatic — at young faces, a cyst of inflammatory character — at middle-aged persons, and tumoral — at advanced age.
Origin of cysts of the Item. variously. Can be the reasons of their emergence an injury of a stomach, inflammatory and parasitic diseases of the Item., tumoral processes, disturbances of embryonic development of body. The most frequent etiol, factor of cysts of the Item., according to G. D. Vilyavin, destructive pancreatitis (59,4%), then traumatic damages of the Item is. (30,2%), others patol, processes make 10,4%.
Wedge, picture of cysts of the Item. differs in the variety connected with the polyetiological nature of a disease, the unequal mechanism of formation of cysts and their various arrangement in an abdominal cavity creating their various relationship with surrounding bodies. Symptoms can be caused by a basic disease, napr, pancreatitis, the cyst and complications of the last (gaps, suppuration, bleeding, formation of fistulas, a malignancy, etc.).
Often it is possible to learn from the anamnesis about postponed in last pancreatitis or an injury of a stomach. Cysts of the Item. seldom proceed asymptomatically. The leading symptoms are pains in an anticardium, right or left hypochondrium, existence of the probed tumor of a stomach, symptoms of a prelum of abdominal organs and disturbances external, and sometimes and internal secretory function of the Item.
Pains — the most frequent symptom which is found in 80 — 90% of cases. They are constant or in the form of attacks, the stupid or extremely sharp, not withdrawn drugs, have the surrounding character or irradiate in a back. At an arrangement of a cyst in a head of the Item. pains are localized in right hypochondrium or epigastric area, at its development in the tail of the Item. — in left hypochondrium.
The tumor in a stomach can be measured by eye in the form of protrusion of a front abdominal wall. It can be located in various departments of an abdominal cavity, in an anticardium, in right or left hypochondrium, in a navel (fig. 14). The consistence its plotnoelastichesky, sometimes is defined fluctuation (see. Zybleniye ). The tumor has a smooth surface, can be displaced at a palpation and a postural change of the patient, is usually poorly painful. At percussion over area of a cyst the stupid percussion sound is defined. The size of cysts happens various, sometimes they reach the huge sizes. Cysts can change the size, progressively increasing or, on the contrary, decreasing, sometimes before total disappearance at break it in hollow body (self-healing) or in an abdominal cavity with development peritonitis (see).
At a prelum obturatsionny can arise a choledochal cyst jaundice (see), a prelum went. - kish. a path is followed by a gastrostenosis, a duodenal staz, the phenomena of partial or full obstruction of intestines (see). At a malignancy of a cyst or neoplastic cysts the considerable lose of weight, a loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, emergence of metastasises in limf, nodes, a liver and other bodies is quite often observed. In rare instances pancreatic cysts, squeezing a portal vein, can cause symptoms portal hypertensia (see) — ascites, gastric bleedings, increase in a spleen, etc. Vneshnesekretornaya insufficiency of the Item. it is clinically shown by the increasing weakness, emaciation, increased fatigue, excessive salivation, disturbances of a chair (alternation of locks and ponos). Development of a diabetes mellitus is observed seldom.
Among other complications of cysts there is an Item., the general frequency to-rykh makes, according to G. D. Vilyavin (1977), 32,4%, meet: bleedings in its gleam, went to bodies. - kish. a path or in a free abdominal cavity; the empyema of cyst proceeding as the isolated abscesses of an abdominal cavity or retroperitoneal space; formation of spontaneous pancreatic fistulas, outside or internal (is more often with a stomach and a large intestine).
Diagnosis of cysts of the Item. on the basis of physical data and laboratory researches it is complicated in connection with various a wedge, a picture and localization of cysts, and also thanks to lack of pathognomonic symptoms of a disease. Nevertheless suspicion of a cyst of the Item. shall arise in the presence of the palpated tumor of an abdominal cavity at the patients who had pancreatitis or an injury of a stomach. Great diagnostic value has rentgenol, a research went. - kish. path and tomography of the Item. at a pneumoretroperitoneum, allowing to specify size, localization and a ratio of a cyst with surrounding bodies, in particular deformation and shift of a stomach, duodenum, a cross colon, a liver, etc. (fig. 14). Cysts of the Item. clearly are defined on computer tomograms (fig. 15) which allow to judge number, situation, a form and size of cysts and their relation to the next bodies. Cysts can be located not only in gland, but also in surrounding bodies and fabrics. Without the aid of a computer tomography of a cyst it is possible to distinguish only in the presence in them calcifications or at their big sizes when the pushing off of the next bodies and impression on their walls is found. At a retrograde pankreatokholangiografiya (fig. 16) establish connection of a cyst with channels of the Item. At an angiography shift a cyst of surrounding arteries which as if bend around it is visible, but keep equal contours (fig. 17). In a parenchymatous phase the cyst causes emergence of well outlined avaskulyarny area having sometimes a rim of hyper vascularization on the angiogram.
Important role in diagnosis of cysts of the Item. has ultrasonic investigation (see. Ultrasonic diagnosis ), allowing to reveal in most cases a cyst and to establish its localization. Cyst of the Item. on echograms represents ekhonegativny education with the clear image of a back wall with the increased acoustic density (fig. 18). The isotope research of vessels of body (arterioskanirova-ny) allows to distinguish cysts from malignant tumors of the Item.
Differential diagnosis is carried out with cysts of a liver, adrenal glands, a stomach, spleen, ovaries, tumors of retroperitoneal space and kidneys; for this purpose apply a gepatoskanirovaniye, tseliakografiya (see), splenoportografiya (see), excretory urography (see), retrograde piyelografiya (cm), etc. (tsvetn. fig. 10 and 11).
Treatment of cysts of the Item. operational. Self-healing (spontaneous break of a cyst in hollow body) is observed rather seldom, and development of heavy complications (a prelum of abdominal organs, ruptures of cysts, bleeding, a malignancy, etc.) — is rather frequent.
Pancreatic fistulas can be outside and internal. Internal fistulas are usually reported with any hollow body, is more often with a cross colon, is more rare with lean, under-vzdoshnoi, a duodenum, a gall bladder, a pleural cavity and bronchial tubes. Perhaps also combination of outside and internal fistulas. Fistulas can be localized in any department of the Item.
Pancreatic fistulas in most cases result from damage of the Item. during operative measures, an injury or at acute destructive pancreatitis when there is a necrosis of a parenchyma of the Item. Important etiol, a factor, in addition to disturbance of an integrity of a wall of a pancreatic channel, is also the existence of an obstacle in the last (a stone, a stricture, a tumor) preventing normal outflow of a secret of the Item. in a duodenum. It can be located also in the field of a big nipple of a duodenum. Formation of internal pancreatic fistulas is observed at perforation of cysts of the Item. in the next hollow body.
Outside pancreatic fistulas arise usually on 5 — the 7th day after operation on the Item. Moderate pains in the field of an operational wound are followed by emergence of a swelling and erubescence. Then the small opening is formed, from to-rogo the transparent or serous and purulent discharge macerating surrounding skin begins to arrive. The amount of the emitted juice varies depending on character of food, time of day, reaching sometimes 1500 ml, and it contains sometimes small pieces of nekrotizirovanny fabric of the Item. (sequesters). At a significant amount separated an organism, in addition to enzymes, loses proteins and mineral substances (sodium, bicarbonates, calcium), and also it is dehydrated. Long existence of outside fistula of the Item. leads to a hypoproteinemia, anemia, a hypochloraemia and heavy exhaustion of the patient in connection with disturbance of processes of digestion (ponosa, a steatorrhea, etc.). Pancreatic fistula can periodically be closed that is followed by severe pains, temperature increase, a leukocytosis. At discovery of fistula all these phenomena disappear.
Internal pancreatic fistulas are not shown by characteristic symptomatology and quite often are found accidentally at rentgenol, a research went. - kish. path. If such fistula proceeds from a cyst of the Item., it periodically decreases in volume in connection with dumping of contents into intestines through fistula.
Diagnosis is not difficult if in separated from fistula find enzymes of the Item. With the help fistulografiya (see) it is possible to specify, besides, topography of fistula and to establish localization of its proximal end in relation to P. zh Canal. Recognition of internal pancreatic fistulas is possible only at rentgenol, a research went. - kish. a path on flowing of a contrast agent in the fistular course. To differentiate outside fistulas of the Item. follows with intestinal, first of all duodenal fistulas (see. Intestinal fistulas). The last have muddy contents, usually with impurity of bile, and sometimes and food masses.
Treatment in an initial stage in most cases conservative, and only if it is inefficient, resort to an operative measure. At conservative therapy the complex treatment including the general actions directed to elimination of dehydration and exhaustion (administration of liquids, electrolytes, vitamins, hemotransfusion and blood substitutes, etc.), and also on suppression of pancreatic secretion is carried out (a special diet, atropine, Vicalinum, pentoxyl, hydrosodium carbonate, a cortisone, AKTG, etc.). The diet for these patients shall consist preferential of fats (oil, fat cottage cheese, cream, milk, creams and is a little bread). It is locally necessary to carry out careful care of skin in the circle of fistula which is quickly exposed to maceration. For prevention of this complication drawing on it a thick coat of zinc oxide ointment or Lassar's paste is recommended. In fistula administer sclerosing the drugs (spirit of iodine, silver nitrate, sodium sulfate, etc.) and anti-fermental substances (Trasylolum, Contrykal). One of ways of conservative treatment is also the roentgenotherapy in the general dose to 500 is glad (with a single dose 40 — 60 I am glad). However at the same time it is necessary to consider that the full and complicated outside fistulas of the Item. usually will not respond to conservative treatment therefore it should be reduced to a minimum. Irrespective of the nature of fistula its long therapy (more than 4 weeks) which appeared inefficient serves as the indication for operational treatment.
Occupational diseases. Toxic defeats of the Item., caused by production factors, meet very seldom, generally they are possible only at violations of the rules of the accident prevention. By data A. A. Bashirova (1973), change of function of the Item is possible. at influence of a divinyl and styrene in the concentration, by 5 — 26 times exceeding admissible. F. B. Bulatova and L. I. Savvina noted «small symptoms» of defeat of the Item. at the working petrochemical productions which are affected by various hydrocarbons (existence of pain in left hypochondrium, tendency to a meteorism and a diarrhea, hyperamilasemias).
At occupational diseases a little more often than at defeats of the Item. other etiology, in patol, process are at the same time involved zhelchevydelitelny system and a liver that is clinically shown by dysfunctions of a gall bladder and hepatic and bilious channels, small increase in a liver and nek-ry changes of functional hepatic trials (a ge-patopankreatichesky syndrome). Its emergence is caused by a community of neurohumoral regulation of bodies of a gepatopankreatoduode-nalny zone, their close functional interrelation and the same reaction of a liver and the Item. on action of the same pathogenic factors.
Treatment of occupational diseases of the Item. consists in elimination of contact with etiol, the factor which caused damage to the Item.; a diet and medicamentous therapy, as at pancreatitis (see).
Prevention: accurate observance of the corresponding safety rules during the work on the productions connected with professional vrednost, systematic professional surveys with carrying out a research of excretory and incretory functions of the Item., ekhografiya, etc. that allows to reveal precursory symptoms of occupational diseases of the Item.
On the international histologic classification of tumors (WHO, 1979) tumors of the Item. are subdivided as follows:
I. Epithelial tumors.
A. High-quality: 1) adenoma; 2) cystadenoma.
B. Malignant: 1) adenocarcinoma; 2) planocellular cancer; 3) cystadenocarcinoma; 4) acinar cancer; 5) undifferentiated cancer.
II. Tumors of pancreatic islands.
III. Not epithelial tumors.
V. Not classified tumors.
VI. Hemopoietic and lymphoid tumors.
VII. Metastatic tumors.
To benign tumors of the Item. the new growths which are developing from different types of mature fabric of this body and characterized by high-quality growth belong. According to V. V. Vinogradov (1962), the frequency of benign tumors of the Item. on section material reaches 0,003%.
Numerous types of benign tumors of the Item. divide on a histogenesis, allocating the new growths developing from epithelial fabric — adenoma, a cystadenoma (see. Adenoma ) and not epithelial fabric: from connecting — fibroma (see Fibroma, a fibromatosis), a lipoma (see), myxomas and (see), from vascular — a hemangioma (see), a lymphangioma (see), from nervous — a neurinoma (see), a ganglioneuroma (see), from muscular — myoma (see), and also mixed, or teratoid, tumors — dermoids (see), enterokistoma (see).
It is necessary to distinguish tumors of the insular device from usual benign tumors: the insuloma (see) which is adenoma, coming from beta cells of both malignant, and high-quality character and also not beta kletochiye the tumors cosecreting gastrin and causing specific a wedge, the picture called Zollinger's syndrome — Ellisona (see. Zollingera — Ellisona a syndrome ). Benign tumors can have an appearance of solid or cystous educations, reach various sizes and occupy different departments of the Item. Growth their usually expansive without involvement in process of the next bodies. Despite various origin, these benign tumors have a similar wedge, signs. Small tumors can proceed asymptomatically, big cause a prelum of gland and the next bodies, being shown by pains, weakness, weight loss, disturbances of vneshnesekretorny function of gland. In addition to the physical methods of a research allowing to find fabric of a tumor of the Item. the considerable sizes, an important diagnostic role is played radiological also by tracer techniques of studying of the Item.
Benign tumors of the Item. have no specific rentgenol. pictures. They can be suspected only at a prelum of vessels on angiograms. Exception is the cystadenoma, edges is defined at an angiography as well vaskulyarizirovanny education in an arterial phase and gives a heterogeneous shadow (because of existence of cysts) in a parenchymatous phase. The tumor from insular fabric, in particular an insuloma, looks on angiograms as the roundish or oval center of hyper vascularization in the form of dense network of small gyrose vessels. In a parenchymatous phase in the same site during 10 — 12 sec. the intensive limited shadow remains.
At a radio isotope research signs of volume defeat of the Item. are rather various and depend on localization of the center, degree of its extent and involvement in patol, process of channels of the Item. At tumors of the Item. change of its form, the sizes and outlines, existence of one or several defects of accumulation (the cold center) is noted, and at total defeat — total absence of the image. At high-quality educations (a cyst of the Item.) on stsintigramma the defect of accumulation of drug surrounded with a so-called border of the activity corresponding to the functioning parenchyma on the periphery of a cyst comes to light.
A peculiar picture is observed at an insuloma: on a stsintigramma substantial increase of accumulation of drug in a zone of defeat — the so-called hot center is noted.
Treatment of benign tumors — operational. Most often they are deleted by enucleation of a tumoral node with economical excision of fabric of the Item. and sewing up of a tumoral bed. At the cystous nature of a tumor sometimes make marsupialization (see). The prelum of a pancreatic channel and impossibility to considerably remove a tumor can be the indication to a punk reatoyeyunostomii. At the big sizes of the tumor which is strongly connected with fabric of gland carry out a resection of the Item. or a pankreatoduodenalny resection (see. Pancreatoduodenectomy ). The long-term results of radical removal of benign tumors are favorable.
At nek-ry types of benign tumors (a lymphangioma, a gemangiolimfangioma) apply radiation therapy.
Cancer cases of the Item. makes 8,7 — 9,3 on 100 000 population. Kalberer (J. T. Kalberer, 1974) specifies that within the last 50 years the frequency of cancer of the Item. increased in the USA more than by 3 times. According to Kohn (J. Cohn, 1977), in the USA he takes the fourth place on mortality after cancer of a lung, a large intestine and a mammary gland. Established Seg (M. of Segi, 1977) that cancer of the Item. often meets in the USA and countries of Northern Europe, is much more rare — in Japan and Italy. And city dwellers are ill it more often than rural. Distribution of the diseased on a floor shows dominance of men — a ratio 1,5 — 2,5: 1.
Mankuzo and Attar (T. F. Mancuso, A. A. Attar, 1967) connect developing of cancer of the Item. with impact on an organism of a number of chemical agents (benzidine, r-naphthylamine, etc.). Ishiya (To. Ishii) with sotr. (1968) considers that alcoholism increases danger of a disease of cancer P.Zh. E. L. Wynder et al. (1973) suggest about possible communication of cancer of the Item. with diabetes and a cholelithiasis. D. F. The benefit types (1973) believes that hron, recurrent pancreatitis can be a pathogenetic basis for development of tumoral process in the Item.
Allocate the following a wedge, forms of cancer of the Item.: cancer of a head, body, tail and diffusion (or total) defeat. According to summary statistics Syurana, Bertrán (And. J. Ciu-rana, L. Bertrand, 1974), on 2205 openings at cancer of the Item. cancer of a head makes 63,8%, cancer of a body — 23,1%, a tail — 7,2%. From 346 patients operated concerning cancer of the Item. in All-Union oncological scientific center of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, cancer of a head met in 73,4% of cases, bodies — in 14,1%, a tail — in 6,6%, total defeat — in 5,9%.
Gross appearance of cancer of the Item. depends on localization, the sizes and type of a tumor. More often it is the single nodes located in fabric of gland, the irregular spherical shape, more dense consistence than surrounding ferruterous fabric. Surface of gland in some cases hilly. Tumors of a body and tail more massive. More rare the tumor happens diffusion, and then it is difficult to define its borders. The sizes of a tumor on length vary from 1 to 15 cm. At dominance of ferruterous fabric a tumor fleshy, elastic, light pink. At preferential development of a stroma — a tumor of white color, dense, cartilaginoid.
Cancer of the Item. often there are multitsentrichesk and is not single-step, and stadiyno. The Atipichesky hyperplasia passes into cancer of in situ (see Carcinoma in situ), and then — in invasive cancer (see). While cancer grows in epicenter of a tumoral node by an invasion, on its periphery oppositional growth can take place that explains the mechanism of a possible recurrence. In the sites of fabric of the Item, neighboring to a tumor. usually symptoms of congestive pancreatitis come to light (hron, an inflammation, fatty necroses, a sclerosis and an atrophy of gland) that creates difficulties in definition of exact borders of spread of a tumor at a macroscopic research. According to Lidbetter (A. Leadbetter) et al. (1975), the Vermont tumoral register allocates three stages of spread of a tumor: The I stage tumor is located within gland, the II stage — a tumor sprouts gland, extending to the next bodies, the III stage — a tumor gives the remote metastasises.
Germination of cancer of the Item. in the next bodies innidiation — in 45 — 70% of cases is noted in 30 — 50% of cases. The remote distribution happens in the hematogenous and lymphogenous way. Practically any body can be struck with metastasises what is connected with rich blood supply of the Item., and also with character of a structure okolopankreatichesky limf, systems. Hematogenous innidiation most often happens in a liver, is more rare in lungs, bones, adrenal glands and other bodies.
Developing, cancer of the Item. in most cases passes two a wedge, stages: dozheltushny and icteric. The Dozheltushny period is distinguished difficult that is connected with the indistinct and polymorphic symptoms more often having character of discomfort and pain in an upper half of a stomach. Wedge, picture of a developed cancer of the Item. it is characterized by the symptoms caused by actually tumoral process, and the symptoms connected with the anatomic relation of a tumor to output channels of the Item., hepatic both to the general bilious to channels and duodenum. The most characteristic symptoms of the first group are pains in an upper half of a stomach, increased fatigue, weakness, weight loss, anorexia, anemization. Other group of signs is connected with obturation pancreatic (pains, weight loss, disturbance of digestion of food, intestinal frustration, secondary diabetes) and extrahepatic bilious channels (jaundice, a skin itch, increase in a liver and gall bladder, an abnormal liver function, fever), and also with narrowing of a gleam of a duodenum (weight in epigastriums, vomiting).
The jaundice which is found at cancer of a head of the Item., is the observing sign approximately in 90%. A number of manifestations is characteristic of jaundice: skin itch, cholangitis, increase in a liver and gall bladder, change of a number of biochemical indicators and coagulant system of blood. The most typical for cancer of a head of the Item. Courvoisier's symptom — the increased (usually easily palpated) painless gall bladder in the presence of jaundice is. With increase in duration of jaundice and increase of its intensity a cholemia (see), the acholia, disturbance of functions of a liver and kidneys, coagulant system of blood, a nervous system develop.
Difficulties of early diagnosis of cancer of the Item. are connected with lack of symptoms, specific to it, especially in the dozheltushny period. It extremely complicates timely recognition and leads to the fact that quite often final diagnosis is established only on operation or even on opening. Diagnosis of cancer of the Item. it is carried out as if in several stages. The first consists in definition of nature of jaundice — mechanical, parenchymatous or hemolitic (see Jaundice). Use kliniko-anamnestic and biochemical, this allows to otdifferentsirovat in most cases mechanical jaundice from other types of jaundices. Klinikoanamnestichesky and standard rentgenol. researches allow to differentiate cancer of a pankreatoduodenalny zone with other diseases causing obturatsionny jaundice.
The most difficult is topical diagnosis, i.e. differentiation of cancer of the Item. with other tumors of a pankreatoduodenalny zone. The most informative researches at cancer of the Item. are a relaxation duodenografiya (see. Duodenografiya relaxation ), duodenoskopiya (see) with a retrograde pankreatokholangiografiya (see. Pankreatokholangiografiya retrograde ), the selection angiography of a celiac artery (see Tseliakografiya), scanning (see), peritoneoskopiya (see), a computer tomography (see the Tomography computer), a transdermal holangiografiya (see).
Especially important role in cancer detection of the Item. the computer tomography, an angiography and a pankreatokholangiografiya plays. Changes of channels of the Item. at cancer of the Item. Ogos (To. Ogoshi, 1979) divides into three types change: stenotic, cone-shaped and obstructive. At stenotic type there is a narrowing of the main pancreatic channel in the certain localized zone. Vetvi Canal around narrowing in whole or in part disappear, and contours of a channel equal. Pancreatic channels to the place of a stenosis at cancer of the Item. in the absence of pancreatitis are not changed, and channels behind a zone of a stenosis are expanded sometimes in the form of small cysts. Contours of expanded channels uneven. In the absence of the expressed stenosis of the main channel expansion of peripheral channels can not occur. The cone-shaped type of changes arises at a bigger prelum of the main pancreatic channel; on a pankreatogramma its gradual cone-shaped pointed narrowing is found. At this form there are no local stenoses and expansions. Branches of channels in the field of narrowing are not visible.
At obstructive type there occurs full obstruction of the main pancreatic channel. Vetvi Canal are contrasted in not changed part of the main canal, in the field of obstruction the wrong structure or a rupture of branches of channels is noted. On computer tomograms define increase in all in the Item. or its parts. Sometimes accurately the image of the tumor in the form of a node with uneven contours (fig. 19) appears. The shadow of a node can be heterogeneous because of sites of a necrosis. At obturatsionny jaundice expansion inside - and extrahepatic bilious channels comes to light. At an angiography four symptoms have the leading value: emergence in the Item. abnormal neogenic (so-called tumoral) vessels, an uzuration of walls of arteries, increase in a part of gland and an avaskulyarny zone in a parenchymatous phase.
Simpler techniques rentgenol. researches of bodies of chest and belly cavities also shall be applied at suspicion of cancer of the Item. They help identification of metastasises of a tumor in lungs, in bones of a skeleton, a liver, give the chance to find congestive increase in a gall bladder because of obturation of the general bilious channel, to ustanonovit deformation of a medial wall of the descending part of a duodenum at tumors of a head of the Item., expansion of a gleam of a duodenum (fig. 20), shift of a stomach and germination of a tumor in its back wall. Criteria of ultrasonic diagnosis of cancer of the Item. it is possible to consider local increase in the Item., rather homogeneous distribution of moderate intensity of echo signals, indistinct border between the subject fabrics; indirect signs are a compression lower hollow and upper mesenteric veins.
Cancer therapy of the Item. complex. The question of a possibility of performance of radical operation depends on age and a condition of the patient and a distributional pattern of a tumor. If germination out of limits of body takes place and metastasises are found, radical operation is impossible. Spread of a tumor dictates as well the choice of a method of palliative intervention.
A. A. Shalimov (1970), Poppies (T. Maki) with sotr. (1966) consider that advanced age of the patient, long jaundice, the expressed associated diseases (cardiovascular, pulmonary, diabetes, obesity) are a contraindication to radical operation.
The main radical operation which is applied hl. obr. at tumors of a head of the Item., the pankreatoduodenalny resection which is exclusively difficult and traumatic intervention is (see the Pancreatoduodenectomy). V. S. Da-tsenko (1965), E. S. Futoryan (1972) in general drop a hint of doubt in expediency of a pankreatoduodenalny resection at cancer of the Item. also recommend only a bypass anastomosis, pointing that the postoperative lethality at them is much lower, and average survival almost same, as after a pankreatoduodenalny resection. According to Herttsberg (J. Hertz-berg, 1974), the pankreatoduodenalny resection is shown only at tumors of the Item. the small sizes and also when it is not clear where the tumor — in a head of gland or a big nipple of a duodenum is located. By data A. A. Shalimov (1978), Warren (To. W. Warren, 1964), Hoffman (G. Hoffman, 1976), the operational lethality at a pankreatoduodenalny resection makes 10 — 20%. At the same time, on summary statistics of Herttsberg (1974), in most surgical institutions it makes 20 — 50%. Transition of a tumor of a head of the Item. on an isthmus and a body, innidiation in regional limf. nodes, retroperitoneal cellulose, limf, nodes in the field of a celiac trunk, on the course of a splenic artery are the indication to a pancreatectomy (see).
Achievements of surgery, resuscitation and possibility of replacement therapy led to the fact that the total pancreatectomy stopped being a rarity. According to Rimayn (W. H. Remine) et al. (1970), Hikksa (R. E. Hicks) et al. (1971), a lethality at a pancreatectomy makes 9 — 23%, and five-year survival of 14 — 21%.
At damage of a body and tail of the Item. the distal resection of gland is shown.
Low interest of operability (on average no more than 10%), great technical difficulties and high risk of performance of radical operations are the reason that to most of patients with cancer of a pancreas make the palliative interventions consisting in creation of a biliodigestivny anastomosis. Most often apply holetsistoenterostomiya (see) and an uoletsistogastrostomiya (see). The lethality at palliative operations makes 15 — 25%, and average life expectancy — 6 — 7 months. Approximately at 20% of patients an operative measure is limited to trial laparotomy (see).
Apply to chemotherapeutic treatment 5-ftoruratsit, Cyclophosphanum, a methotrexate. It is usually begun in 2 — 3 weeks after palliative operation when jaundice is liquidated. Repeated courses of chemotherapy are conducted with 4 — a 6 weeks interval at satisfactory portability of drug and lack of signs of progressing of process.
In view of high toxicity of therapeutic doses of chemotherapeutic drugs techniques of their regional vnutriarterial-ny introduction are developed that allows to bring them directly to a tumor and zones of regional innidiation. At cancer of a head of the Item. it is reached by introduction of a polyethylene catheter to an upper pankreatoduodenalny artery through the right gastrostuffing. At an intra arterial way of introduction course doses exceed by 2 — 3 times of a dose applied at system administration of drugs, and all-toxic manifestations are expressed more weakly. Life expectancy of the patients receiving regional chemotherapy, above than at system chemotherapy. Growth inhibition of a tumor or its regression can also achieve by means of radiation therapy (see). So, according to Hazlem (J. Century of Haslam) with sotr. (1973), at radiation in a dose 6000 — 8000 I am glad (60 — 80 Gr) increase in frequency of two-year survival of patients from 2 to 24% is noted. However possibilities of radiation therapy are limited because of early the coming beam reactions.
Due to the frequent recurrence after radical operations some surgeons recommend to carry out preirradiation in a dose 4000 — 5000 is glad (40 — 50 Gr) or to supplement radical operations with postoperative radiation in the same dose. In the 70th attempts of the combined himioluchevy cancer therapy P.Zh. Mertel were made (Page G. Moertel) with sotr. (1969) specifies that the combination of introduction of a 5-ftoruratsil to radiation therapy yields the best results, than separate use of these methods.
Thus, in the combined cancer therapy of the Item. the regional chemotherapy, the combined chemotherapy with use of antineoplastic means of the different mechanism and an action spectrum, the combined himioluchevy therapy with use of megavoltny sources of radiation are perspective.
Operations on the Item. make at damages it, inflammatory and parasitic diseases, concrements of channels and calcification of a parenchyma, cysts and tumors.
At the immediate surgeries undertaken concerning the closed damages or wounds of the Item., and also in connection with gaps or perforation of a cyst, bleeding from its wall, before an operative measure it is necessary to carry out antishock therapy (see. Shock ), transfusion is fresher than blood and blood-substituting liquids (reopoliglyukin, Haemodesum, 5 or 10% solution of glucose, etc.). All these events shall not be held more than 1,5 — 2 hours, if necessary they can be continued during operation.
At planned operative measures preoperative preparation shall include purpose of fortifying means, the diets rich with the easily acquired proteins, vitamins, iron preparations. At dehydration and exhaustion drop injection of physiological solution, blood, blood substitutes, proteinaceous drugs, plasmas is shown. At the constant pains exhausting the patient it is necessary to appoint analgetics, novocainic blockade (see) — vagosympathetic, perinephric, celiac nerves, etc., and also acupuncture (see). At disturbances of external secretion of the Item. therapy by fermental drugs — Pancreatinum, meksazy, festal is reasonable; disturbance of intra secretory function of the Item. demands special insulino-and a dietotherapy, providing normalization of carbohydrate metabolism. At the obturatsionny jaundice caused by a tumor of a head of the Item., prevention of cholemic bleedings and development of a gepatorenalny syndrome is necessary. For this purpose appoint intramuscular injections of Vikasolum, campolon, plasma transfusion, aminocaproic to - you and DR-
At operations to the Item., both emergency, and planned, use is the most reasonable inhalation anesthesia (see) with muscle relaxants (see). This type of anesthesia provides optimal conditions for carrying out technically difficult and in most cases long interventions.
The cuts offered for interventions on the Item., are various (fig. 21). At operations on a head of the Item. and on the bilious ways the most convenient is the slanting section which is carried out parallel to the right costal arch, offered by S. P. Fedorov. For approach to a body or a tail of the Item. often use midsection which is usually expanded by a cross section of direct muscles of a stomach (see. Laparotomy ). Bigger distribution was gained by cross and arc-shaped sections in an upper half of a stomach. The direction of a section at cysts of the Item. is defined by localization of the palpated education.
After a laparotomy approach to the Item. it can be carried out in various ways: through an omentulum, a gastrolic linking, a mesentery of a cross colon, and also by separation of a big epiploon from a cross colon (fig. 22).
Types of operations
At damages of the Item., both open, and closed, operation is made according to the emergency indications in connection with symptoms of internal bleeding or peritonitis. After a wide laparotomy make careful audit of abdominal organs, paying attention to existence of sites of a fatty necrosis and protrusion of an omental bursa that testifies to an injury of the Item. After an exposure of the last, usually through a gastrolic sheaf, start a careful research of the Item. Before it exempt a cavity of an omental bursa from the streamed blood mixed with a pancreatic secret, blood clots, freely lying pieces of the Item. and the smashed its fabrics. The damaged vessels of the Item. alloy. The small hematomas and hemorrhages which are formed as a result of a bruise of a parenchyma of the Item., are not subject to an operative measure. Subcapsular hematomas open and alloy the bleeding vessel. Superficial ruptures of gland take in together with the capsule noose sutures.
At deep ruptures of a parenchyma of the Item. with damage of the main pancreatic channels, and also at a full cross break its surgical tactics can be various.
Sewing together of gland separate P-shaped seams is possible. The damaged main channel at the same time also sew the end in the end by means of split on the end or the T-shaped tube, the ends enter a cut into proximal and distal parts of the main pancreatic canal.
At damages to area of a body of the Item, more considerable on an extent. after excision of the smashed fabrics impose an anastomosis between a small bowel and the formed defect of a parenchyma of gland and the damaged main pancreatic channel (a pankreatikoyeyunostomiya; fig. 23) with simultaneous At-shaped entero-enterostomy across Ru or enteroenteroanastomozy a side sideways according to Brown (see. Enteroenteroanastomoz ). It is also possible to anastomose damaged by the Item. with a stomach (pancreaticogastrostomy). Imposing of the pankreodigestivny anastomosis which is taking away pancreatic juice in intestines, more favourably, than a tamponade of the damaged site of the Item., fraught with formation of persistent outside pancreatic fistula.
At big destructions of the Item., its especially distal part, make a left-side pancreatectomy or a resection of a tail part of gland, usually together with a spleen. The remained proximal stump of the Item. take in P-shaped seams after bandaging of a pancreatic channel and cover with an epiploon on a leg. According to M. O. Michelson and M. A. Liyepinsh, after such operation vneshnesekretorny and endocrine functions of the Item. are not broken.
At cross ruptures of the Item. closer to a head reasonablly to sew up the proximal end of gland, and distal — to anastomose with the jejunum which is switched off across Ru (fig. 24).
At crush of a parenchyma of a head of the Item. with simultaneous injury of a duodenum carry out a pankreatoduodenalny resection (see. Pancreatoduodenectomy ). At the same time main channels of a stump of the Item. can be sealed up by the hardening silicone plastic, and the stump is taken in tightly without formation of a pankreatoyeyunoanastomoz, what is technically much simpler.
Operation at damages of the Item. finish with drainage of an omental bursa rubber trubna and introduction of the fencing-off tampons which enter through additional cuts of a front abdominal wall or lumbar area.
The forecast at damages of the Item. substantially depends on the terms which passed from the moment of an injury, the nature of damage of the Item. and other abdominal organs, and also timeliness of an operative measure. The best results were noted after the operations executed in the first the 12th hour. Extensive crushes of body, according to V. V. Vinogradov, lead to a lethal outcome in 60% of observations.
Operative measures at a pancreatolithiasis aim at removal of concrements and elimination of the reasons of their education, first of all a staz of a pancreatic secret which shall be liquidated or korrigirovan.
The operations which are applied for this purpose are various. At a single stone of the pancreatic channel which is localized in the field of a head or a body of the Item., carry out a pankreatikolitotomiya. At the same time cut a parenchyma of the Item. (pancreatotomy) and a wall of a channel (pankreatikotomiya) over a stone; the last is deleted then sew up dissect fabric with separate seams. To area of seams bring an outside drainage. Before performance of this operative measure make a puncture virzungografiya (see. Pankreatografiya ), with the help a cut define quantity of concrements, their localization and size, and also existence of strictures of a channel. Existence them is a contraindication for operation of a pankreatikolitotomiya; in these cases the longitudinal pankreatoyeyunosto-miya (virzungoenterostomiya) consisting in a section of a pancreatic channel lengthways throughout a tail and a body (to a head) is shown to the Item., removal of concrements and a section of all crossing points and the narrowed sections of the canal. Then Item. and the pancreatic channel is anastomosed with the jejunum which is switched off across Ru or according to Brown, a side sideways or the end in the end (fig. 25 and 26).
Results of similar interventions quite satisfactory. According to Pyustov (Ch. Century of Puestow), at 75% of the operated patients was observed favorable result.
At localization of concrements in a tail part of the Item. its caudal resection usually together with a spleen is shown, however only at preservation of outflow of a pancreatic secret in the natural way. If it is broken, then in addition impose an anastomosis with the loop of a jejunum (fig. 27) which is switched off across Ru.
During the finding of stones in the field of the mouth of a pancreatic channel removal them is made after a section and plastics of the last. Before it make a papillotomiya or a papillosfinkteroplastika (see. Faterov of pacifiers ). Then cut a front wall of a pancreatic channel, at the same time sewing edges of a mucous membrane of a section of a duodenum and a channel — a virzungoplastik (fig. 28). The Duodenotomichesky wound is sewn up, the general bilious channel is drained in supraduodenalny department.
At calcification of a head of the Item. some surgeons apply a pankreatoduodenalny resection, edges is followed, according to I. Littmann, 10 — 30% by a lethality. This operation is more shown at cancer of the Item., when the risk of intervention is more justified. O. B. Milonov at a prelum of the main pancreatic channel and distal department of the general bilious channel a calcific head of the Item. applies simultaneous internal drainage of a pancreatic channel and a gall bladder.
The total pancreatoduodenectomy is even more technically difficult and dangerous to the patient. Resort to it seldom because of a high lethality and development of heavy diabetes after operation. At the expressed pain syndrome some surgeons made denervation of the Item. (splankhnikektomiya, marginal and postganglionic neurotomy, etc.). Their results, however, without removal of concrements and elimination of pancreatic hypertensia in most cases were short-term or ineffective.
In cases of accession of complications of a pancreatolithiasis operative measures undertake only for the purpose of their elimination. At abscesses of the Item. make opening and drainage of an abscess, pancreatic cysts — the operations directed to their elimination at obturatsionny jaundices — imposing of a biliodigestivny anastomosis (see. Cholecystogastrostomy ).
Outcomes depend on a variety of reasons: character and prevalence patol. process — size, number and an arrangement of stones, expressiveness and the extent of calcification of a parenchyma of the Item., extents of disturbance externally - and intra secretory function of body, and also intensity and frequency of painful attacks, a condition of the patient and a type of the made operative measure.
For operational treatment of cysts of the Item. apply a number of operations: outside or internal drainage of a cyst, opening and sewing up of a cavity of a cyst, a resection of a wall of a cyst after vesicotomy, removal of a cyst (cystectomy), a resection of the Item. together with a cyst.
Outside drainage of cysts of the Item. it is carried out by means of various drainages (rubber, chlorvinyl, fungoid catheters of Pezzer, etc.) or operations marsupializations (see) — a podshivaniye of edges of the capsule of a cyst to a front abdominal wall. Enter a drainage or tampons into a cavity of a cyst, gradually bring up them and delete on 14 — the 20th day. These operations are followed by a low lethality and, according to Müller (N. Muller, 1962), make 3 — 12% though are usually carried out at patients in critical condition. Nevertheless because of often developing profuse bleedings from a cavity of a cyst, developing of not healing pancreatic fistulas, malignancies of walls of a cyst, formation of postoperative hernias apply outside drainage seldom (e.g., at an empyema of cyst, its insufficiently created capsule or at impossibility of carrying out more difficult operation).
Internal drainage of cysts of the Item., offered by Ombredann (L. Ombredanne, 1912), consists in imposing of an anastomosis between a cavity of a cyst and a stomach or departments of a small bowel. The most widespread is the last option of operation — a tsistoenterostomiya (fig. 29). After this operation usually 5 — 7 days later the cavity of a cyst decreases, and in 2 — 3 weeks is obliterated. If the cyst is reported with the main pancreatic channel, the existing anastomosis provides a decompression of the last and prevents a pelting of intestinal contents in a cavity of a cyst. Positive takes of this operation and a low lethality — according to Jordan (L. Jordan, 1960) 4,5% — gave the grounds to many surgeons to consider it method of the choice. It can be used also in the presence of several cysts.
Tsistogastrostomiya — imposing of an anastomosis between a cavity of a cyst and a stomach, the Piece pm for the first time executed (R. Jedlicka, 1921), is made at big cysts of a body of the Item., adjacent to a stomach. At an intimate spayaniye of a cyst with a back wall of a stomach Yurash (A. Jurasz, 1931) offered a chrezzheludochny tsistogastrostomiya. At the same time at first open a front wall of a stomach, and then after a puncture and emptying of a cyst through a back wall of a stomach anastomose it with a wall of a cyst (fig. 30). The front wall of a stomach is taken in. The joint capsule of a cyst shrivels after that, and her cavity is quickly obliterated. A serious lack of this operation is the possibility of formation of the stomach ulcers and an anastomosis which sometimes are complicated by profuse internal bleeding.
The transduodenal tsistoduodenostomiya similar on the equipment of a tsistogastrostomiya, is carried out at cysts of a head of the Item., directly adjacent to an internal wall of a duodenum. At multiple cysts an anastomosis with a jejunum or the combined operations when a cyst of a head of the Item is possible. anastomose with a duodenum, and a cyst of a tail — with a jejunum (fig. 31). At the considerable sizes of a cyst the combination of internal and temporary outside drainage of a cavity of a cyst is reasonable.
A cystectomy — removal of a cyst of the Item., for the first time executed by Bozmen (N. Bozeman, 1881), is the most radical and effective operation. It is shown at the small, mobile cysts having the created wall not spliced with surrounding bodies. These conditions meet at retentsionny, parasitic and benign tumoral cysts more often. After opening of an omental bursa the cyst is removed in a wound and deleted, crossing her leg. In the presence of unions in the field of a bed of a cyst consistently cut them. Operation is finished with sewing up of a bed of a cyst with leading of a drainage to it.
Partial removal of cysts of the Item. make in case of impossibility of full allocation of walls of a cyst from surrounding unions. After a resection of the freed site of a wall make electrothermic coagulation of the remaining part of a cyst either consecutive excision of the inner layer, or a tamponade an epiploon or gauze tampons. These operations are not radical, quite often after them persistent pancreatic fistulas are formed and there comes a recurrence of cysts.
The pancreatectomy together with a cyst belongs to the most radical ways of operational treatment. At its localization in a tail of the Item. carry out its resection. Thus after allocation of a cyst to its basis will mobilize the site of the Item which is subject to removal., to-ruyu then cross and delete together with a cyst and a spleen. At normal passability of a pancreatic channel a stump of the Item. take in with the shelter of the line of seams an epiploon on a leg. If the main pancreatic channel is blocked, a stump of the Item. it is necessary to anastomose with a jejunum. Operation is finished with drainage of area of a stump of the Item. and bed of a spleen.
At localization of a cyst in a body of the Item. make a resection of a body part together with a cyst. Having convinced of passability of a pancreatic channel, the proximal end of the Item. take in, distal anastomose with the jejunum which is switched off according to Brown or across Ru. The indication for these operations are multiple small cysts of a tail of the Item., the neoplastic or undergone malignancies of a cyst.
At cysts of a head of the Item. the pankreatoduodenalny resection can be justified only at the malignant nature of cysts proved with the help gistol, researches as these interventions are difficult and accompanied by big risk.
The choice of a way of operation depends on the reason of formation of a cyst, the sizes and its localization, and also on character of a course of a disease and the conditions created in a zone of an operative measure. At the same time also terms of performance of operation have important value. Surgical tactics in these cases shall be the adventitious cyst differentiated depending on extent of formation. In the initial stages proceeding 2 — 3 months when walls of a cyst are not created or consist of friable granulyatsionny fabric, operation is not shown. It is necessary to carry out vigorous conservative therapy as at acute pancreatitis, only outside drainage of a cyst is as a last resort possible. 3 — 12 months when the wall of a cyst well is created, becomes strong later, marsupialization or internal drainage of a cyst at the message of the last with channels of the Item is shown. In later terms when the cyst thanks to thinning of unions with surrounding fabrics and bodies under the influence of proteolytic enzymes becomes more mobile, radical operation — excision of a cyst is possible. G. D. Vilya-vin adheres to waiting tactics at sharply developing pancreatic cysts; however he recommends to monitor strictly development of process to be ready in a case of emergence of complications to an urgent operative measure.
At retentsionny (true) cysts of the most tactically justified perhaps earlier operation» preventing the progressing atrophy of a parenchyma of the Item is considered. under the influence of pressure of constantly increasing cyst, and also development of inevitable complications (bleeding, suppuration, perforation).
Results of operational treatment of cysts of the Item., according to most of surgeons, are regarded in general as favorable. At a timely and right choice of an operative measure the absolute recovery of patients with recovery of working capacity in 80 — 90% of observations, especially after more radical operations — an extirpation of a cyst, a resection of a distal part (tail) of the Item is observed. together with a cyst. However in connection with technical difficulties they are feasible only at 20 — 30% of patients. Pankreatoduodenalny resections at cysts of a head of the Item., considering danger of heavy complications and a high lethality, can be applied in specialized institutions at neoplastic cysts or a malignancy of a cyst.
Operations of internal drainage of a cyst in connection with availability for a wide range of surgeons and quite satisfactory results are considered by most of surgeons as a method of the choice though can be followed by complications: suppuration of a cavity of a cyst, massive internal bleedings, formation of round ulcers (see) and development of a recurrence of a disease. Palliative operations like outside drainage of a cyst are a little effective, but also, can be complicated by persistent outside pancreatic fistulas, bleedings from fistula; the malignancy of a cyst and a recurrence is possible. Nevertheless at certain situations this operation can be saving for the patient.
Echinococcal cysts of the Item. are subject to removal (see. Echinococcosis ). At the same time make an extirpation of a cyst without damage of its covers that works well seldom, or opening of a gleam of a cyst and consecutive removal of its contents (echinococcal liquid and affiliated bubbles) and covers (germinative and kutikulyarny). The residual cavity after formolation (2% solution in a liquid paraffin) is taken in or stuck, tamponed the remains of the fibrous capsule or an epiploon on a vascular leg or drained (see. Echinococcosis ).
Operational treatment of outside fistulas of the Item. consists in their elimination by excision, or a resection of the Item. together with fistula, or its anastamosing with one of bodies went. - kish. path. In the latter case after allocation of the fistular course throughout 3 — 4 cm from unions its distal end sew in a gleam of a stomach or the segment of a jejunum which is switched off across Ru or Brown by immersion by Vittsel's method with a nimbus of skin (fig. 32) or imposing of an anastomosis between them the end sideways. At localization of fistula in a head of the Item. for its internal drainage the duodenum can be used, to-ruyu anastomose with the released end of fistula.
At allocation of the fistular course quite often there are insuperable difficulties because of cicatricial changes of surrounding fabrics, and also an intimate spayaniye of its wall with nearby bodies (a stomach, a small or large intestine). Attempts of allocation of fistula in these conditions can be followed by damage of walls of the last, and also the specified bodies. Therefore in a similar situation it is more reasonable to use excision of pancreatic fistula. Before operation enter into its gleam under pressure solution of the methylene fistular course, blue for a prokrashivaniye of an internal cover, and elastic plastic or metal (more dangerous) the probe facilitating detection of the last after a laparotomy. Having opened a gleam of fistula, reach its basis in the open way. Having convinced by means of a fistulografiya (see) in passability of the main pancreatic channels, fistula is taken in at the place of an otkhozhdeniye from the Item. Fabrics of the fistular course, whenever possible, exsect, being guided on a prokrashivaniye their methylene blue. If in a zone of an arrangement of fistula there are covers of a cyst of the Item., they also shall be removed in order to avoid a recurrence. At extensive cystous, sclerous or tumoral defeat of the left half of the Item. it is resected together with fistula. The stump of gland is taken in tightly (at the kept passability of a pancreatic channel) or anastomosed with the switched-off segment of a jejunum. In some cases for elimination of distal fistula of the Item. use quickly hardening substance containing silicone elastomer, or medical glue.
Results of operational treatment of outside fistulas of the Item. at timely and technically correctly executed operation in general are favorable, the lethality does not exceed 5%. A recurrence and aggravations hron, pancreatitis are in some cases observed.
Postoperative maintaining patients depends on a type of pathology and the nature of the executed intervention. At traumatic damage of the Item. the actions begun before operation on fight against shock, blood loss and peritonitis continue. For suppression of pancreatic secretion and therapy of traumatic pancreatitis during the first 3 — 4 days after operation prohibit the patient food and drink, make constant suction of contents of a stomach via the thin nasal probe, carry out atropinization and anti-fermental therapy (Trasylolum, Contrykal, Gordoxum), (5-ftoruratsit) introduction of tsitostatik, cholinolytics, analgesic and antihistaminic drugs, etc. At peritonitis appoint antibiotics of a broad spectrum of activity, carry out hemotransfusion, Haemodesum, Polyglucinum, make peritoneal dialysis (see), an artificial diuresis, for prevention of insufficiency of the Item. appoint Pancreatinum. Gauze tampons delete on 8 — the 10th days, rubber drainages — on the termination of the receipt separated from a wound. At formation of outside pancreatic fistulas Volgemut's diet containing a large amount of fat, promoting reduction of department of juice, introduction to fistula of inhibitors of proteases is shown.
Operation for a pancreatolithiasis shall be combined with the conservative treatment directed to compensation of disturbances external and incretion of the Item.
After outside drainage of cysts of the Item. it is necessary to pay special attention to the prevention of infection of the fistular course and protection of skin against the corroding effect of the pancreatic juice which is quite often arriving in addition to a drainage. For this purpose use powder of gypsum, paste. Lassara, etc. At internal drainage of cysts of the Item. maintaining patients after operation is similar to that at stomach operations and intestines (see). The main objective at the same time consists in fight against paresis of intestines (early rising, to lay down. physical culture, pumping out of congestive contents from a stomach, the easily acquired diet, purpose of the means stimulating a peristaltics of intestines and so forth) and prevention of the insufficiency of seams of an anastomosis consisting in decompressive actions (drainage of the corresponding segments of intestines), aspiration of gastric and intestinal contents (see. Aspiration drainage). For the prevention of development of peritonitis carry out drainage of area of the put stitches of the Item. with active vacuum aspiration of a wound secret. At resections of the Item., in addition to the actions stated above prevention of an acute postoperative necrosis of gland is necessary. For this purpose irrespective of results of a research of amylase of blood and urine it is necessary to carry out intravenous injection of anti-fermental inhibitors of the Item to the first 2 — 3 days. and their introduction through a drainage to a stump of the resected body.
Change of a pancreas
Change of the Item. to the person is one of new methods of surgical treatment of a diabetes mellitus. In an experiment and clinic two models of change are applied: change of a fragment of the Item. (parts of a body or tail) p change of a pankreatoduodenalny complex. First change of the Item. in clinic it was carried out in 1966 Mr. of Kelly (T.K. by Kelly), and in the USSR — V. P. Shumakov, E. N. Wangqiang and A. A. Seid-Guseynov in 1971. Total number of the executed operations in various clinics of the world does not prevy-vyshat several tens. The indication for change of the Item. the juvenile diabetes mellitus in a stage of a diabetic nephropathy in this connection renal transplantation, as a rule, was at the same time carried out was. At technically correctly made transplantation of the Item. begins to function from the moment of recovery of a blood-groove. At the recipient the level of sugar in blood is normalized, development of diabetic vascular complications stops, and in some cases even there occurs their involution.
A serious obstacle for broad use of change of the Item. problems of a tissue incompatibility, immunological typing, difficulty of a fence of a transplant of gland, and also objective assessment of a functional condition of a transplant are. In this respect use of the methods of preservation developed in the USSR (see Conservation of bodies and fabrics) and estimates of viability of the Item is represented perspective., and also use of the microsurgical equipment (see. Microsurgery ).
Drugs of a pancreas
From the Item. receive hormonal drugs insulin (see) and a glucagon, (see), a number of fermental drugs and inhibitors of enzymes. To fermental drugs of the Item. belong a collagenase (see), ribonuclease (see) and a deoxyribonuclease (see), trypsin (see), chymotrypsin (see), chemical opsin (see). These drugs, having proteolytic activity, promote fusion of necrotic fabrics, a viscous secret, exudate, clots, purulent membranes. Apply them locally in the form of solutions for the purpose of acceleration of process of clarification of wounds from necrotic fabrics and strup at trophic ulcers, freezing injuries, burns. Some fermental drugs of the Item., napr, trypsin, decreases in viscosity and simplification of department of a secret at bronchitis, a bronchoectatic disease, pneumonia use in the form of inhalations for fluidifying, after lung operations, etc. Trypsin is recommended also for intramuscular introduction at a number of inflammatory processes (thrombophlebitis, antritis, otitis, periodontosis).
Fermental drugs of the Item. can cause allergic reactions. Therefore in the presence at patients of hypersensitivity it is impossible to apply them to them. It is reasonable to combine use of fermental drugs of the Item. with antibiotics (Neomycinum, streptomycin, levomycetinum). Some antiseptic agents (salts of heavy metals, compounds of iodine, nitrofurans) suppress activity of these enzymes. Drugs andekalin, dilminat, Increpanum represent the purified extract of the Item. lethal cattle. They expand peripheral blood vessels, increase permeability of capillaries, ABP reduce that is connected with availability of kallikreins in them. Andekalin apply at disturbances of peripheric circulation — a Raynaud's disease, Obliterating diseases of arteries, and also at a scleroderma, badly healing wounds and ulcers, etc.
Fermental drugs of the Item., the containing proteases, lipases, amylases and other enzymes, napr, Pancreatinum (see), panzinorm, apply at the disturbances of digestion connected with insufficiency of vneshnesekretorny function of the Item. (e.g., at hron, pancreatitis) or disturbances of digestion at diseases of a liver, gall bladder, stomach, intestines.
From the Item. receive also drugs with anti-fermental activity. Treat them pantripin (see), Gordoxum, Trasylolum (see), Contrykal, etc. They oppress activity of kallikrein, plasmin, trypsin, chymotrypsin. Suppression of activity of trypsin reduces risk of self-digestion of a pancreas, and the inhibition of kallikrein and collidine eliminates their hypotensive and toxic action. Use anti-fermental drugs at acute and hron, pancreatitis, and also as the means oppressing fibrinolysis (see).
An artificial pancreas
three groups of the devices called artificial by the Item are Experimentally developed. and intended for treatment of a diabetes mellitus:
1) stationary devices (dosers) for temporary correction of carbohydrate metabolism at a bed of sick (fig. 33),
2) parakorporalny devices (dosers) for prolonged treatment in a hospital and out-patient conditions which the patient carries on a body (fig. 34),
3) the implanted devices intended for long implantation in an organism of sick (fig. 35). Development of the devices «artificial pancreas» is begun in the USSR in 1970 at the initiative of B. V. Petrovsky in department of transplantation and artificial organs of All-Union research institute of clinical and experimental surgery of M3 of the USSR, and since 1975 — in laboratory of an artificial pancreas of scientific research institute of transplantology and artificial organs of M3 of the USSR under the leadership of V. I. Shumakov and A. A. Seid-Guseynov. Stationary artificial Item. consists of the analyzer with the sensor of glucose and system of continuous blood sampling; the computer with the control panel, registering and printing devices; the pump with system for infusion of solutions of insulin, glucose, etc. The pump of the analyzer carries out continuous blood sampling by means of a special catheter which is entered into a peripheral vein. In a gleam of a catheter there is a constant mixing of blood to solution of anticoagulants then mix moves to the electrochemical sensor of glucose. The electric output signal of the sensor will be transformed in the block of the analyzer to digital indicators of level of glucose which are transferred to the block of the computer calculating the speed of infusion of insulin or glucose on the basis of in advance programmed algorithms (see. Algorithm ).
Implanted artificial to the Item. has a tank with a reserve of insulin for a period of up to several months, power supplies, the microdosing timing unit, the device for gas station of insulin by a transdermal puncture. All these elements are located intrakorporalno. Dimensions of such device are limited to opportunities of surgical implantation and in the subsequent shall not reduce vital activity of the patient. Besides, there are systems of distance steering, control and a power subcharge.
Similar tiny devices (parakorporalny) use by outside connection with administration of insulin intravenously or subcutaneously.
First operation of implantation artificial Item. it was executed by V. Shumakov and A. A. Seid-Guseynov in 1975. In the subsequent operations of simultaneous renal transplantation and implantation artificial are made by the Item. to the patient with an end-stage of a diabetic nephropathy and simultaneous Implantation artificial the Item. and a pacemaker to the patient suffering from a diabetes mellitus and a full cross heart block.
The main indications to a wedge, to use stationary artificial the Item. acute diabetic ketoacidosis, a diabetic coma, heavy operative measures at patients with a diabetes mellitus, pregnancy and childbirth at the women sick with a diabetes mellitus are. The encouraging results of course use of these devices for patients with recently developed diabetes mellitus of juvenile type are received — permanent regress of a disease is established.
Works on a wedge, to use of devices of type artificial the Item. are carried out also in Canada, the USA, France, Germany and other countries.
Anatomy, physiology, biochemistry — Babkin B. P. Secretory mechanism of digestive glands, JI., 1960; Veremeenko K. N. Proteolytic enzymes of a pancreas and their use in clinic, Kiev, 1967; Yelets Yu. K. and Yaglov V. V. Evolution of the structural organization of an endocrine part of a pancreas of vertebrata, M., 1978; Lavrova 3. S. O biologically active agents of a pancreas participating in regulation of water-salt balance, Fiziol, zhurn. USSR, t. 57, No. 7, page 1014, 1971; Melman E. P. Functional morphology of an innervation of digestive organs, page 263, M., 1970; Pavlov I. P. Complete works, t. 2, book 2, page 210, M. — L., 1951; Poltyrev S. S. and Hens Qing of I. T. Fiziologiya of digestion, M., 1980; Rozin D. G. Mechanisms of correction of vneshnesekretorny activity of a pancreas, Usp. fiziol. sciences, M 4, page 98, 1977; The Teratology of the person, under the editorship of G. I. Lazyuk, page 202, M., 1979; Physiology of endocrine system, under the editorship of V. G. Baranov, L., 1979; Shevchuk I. A. and With and N d at l I to L. I. Content of zinc in a pancreas and its communication with functional activity of islets of Langerhans, Probl, endocrinins., t. 17, No. 6, page 113, 1971; Ciba foundation symposium on exocrine pancreas, Normal and abnormal functions, ed. by A. V. S. de Reuck a. M. P. Cameron, L., 1962; G at r N. E. Tests of exocrine pancreatic function, Bern, 1975; O r t e n J.M. N e u h an u s O. W. Human biochemistry, St Louis, 1975; Scientific basis of gastroenterology, ed. by H. L. Duthie a. K. G. Wormsley, Edinburgh a. o., 1979.
Pathology — Bairov G. A. Surgery of a pancreas at children, L., 1978; Blochin N. P., Itin A. B. and Klimenkov A. A. Pancreatic cancer and extrahepatic bilious ways, M., 1982; B about r about-vy E. M. Ring-shaped pancreas and duodenostaz, Vestn, hir., t. 107, No. 9, page 35, 1971; Varnovits-k and y G. I. Radiodiagnosis of diseases of a pancreas, M., 1966; Vasilyev Yu. D. and the Saddle of the Central Committee and I am T. N. A retrograde holangiopan-kreatografiya in diagnosis of diseases of bilious ways and pancreat ducts, Vestn, rentgenol, and radio-gramophones., No. 2, page 46, 1980; In both l I in and G. D., Kochiashvili V. I. N. and Kalta-e in K. K. Cysts and pancreatic fistulas, M., 1977; Vinogradov V. V. Tumors and cysts of a pancreas, M., 1959; At e r r and A. Ya c. Functional disturbances of a pancreas in clinic of internal diseases, Rubbed. arkh., t. 49, No. 2, page 92, 1977; 3ubovsky G. A. Gammastsintigrafiya, page 172, M., 1978; Clinical oncology, under the editorship of H. N. Blochina and B. E. Peterson, M., 1979; Clinical pharmacology, under the editorship of V. V. Zakusov, M., 1978; L e-porsky N. I. Diseases of a pancreas, M., 1951; M and at and P. M., etc. A differentiation of acinar cells at experimental canalicular hypertensia of a pancreas, Cytology and genetics, t. 12, No. 5, page 387, 1978; M and t of e in about with about in A. L. Arteriografiya and an arterioskanirovaniye of a pancreas, Vestn, rentgenol, and radio-gramophones., No. 5, page 48, 1979; Mashkovsky M. D. Pharmaceuticals, p.1 — 2, M., 1977; Medvetsky E. B. and Shalimov S.A. Structural meta - bolicheskiye features of pro-current cells and their role in development of pathological process in a pancreas, Klin, hir., No. 11, page 5, 1978; Millers R. A., Sukharev B. F. and H e-p and to O. F. About an additional share of a pancreas in a wall of a stomach, Vestn, hir., t. 108, No. 4, page 43, 1972; The Multivolume guide to pathological anatomy, under the editorship of A. I. Strukov, t. 4, book 2, page 439, M., 1957; The Multivolume guide to surgery, under the editorship of B. V. Petrovsky, t. 8, page 414, 467, M., 1962; Experience of the Soviet medicine in the Great Patriotic War of 1941 — 1945, t. 12, page 233, etc., M., 1949; Residents of Perm N. K., Podolsk A. E. and Titov G. P. Ultrastructural analysis of a secretory cycle of a pancreas, M., 1973; Privezentseva T. V. and Markov I. N. An angiography at insulomas of a pancreas, Vestn, rentgenol, and radio-gramophones., No. 5, page 57, 1979; Use of radioactive nuclides in clinical trials, under the editorship of R. I. Gabuniya, page 68, M., 1979; Savchenko A. Item, Filimonov G. P. and P. V Zlemets. Angiographic symptomatology of chronic pancreatitis, Vestn, rentgenol, and radio-gramophones., No. 5, page 45, 1977; With e and d - at with e y N about in A. A. and d river. Comparative assessment of dynamics of insulin and sugar in blood at implantation artificial and transplantations of an allogenic pancreas a sick diabetes mellitus, in book: Transplantation of a kidney and artificial organs, under the editorship of V. I. Shumakov, page 218, M., 1976; Shalimov A. A. Diseases of a pancreas and their surgical treatment, M., 1970; Shalimov A. A., etc. Surgical treatment of malignant new growths of a pankreatoduodenalny zone, Vestn, hir., t. 121, No. 7, page 6, 1978; She to a log A. A ditch. Diseases of a pancreas, M., 1970; Shumakov V. I., etc. The implanted artificial pancreas for treatment of a diabetes mellitus, in book: Transplantation of a kidney and artificial organs, under the editorship of V. I. Shumakova, page 210, M., 1976; Shumakov V. I., etc. The first experience of a clinical use of the implanted artificial pancreas for treatment of a diabetes mellitus, in the same place, page 227; Shumakov V. I. and d river. Simultaneous implantation to the patient with the diabetes mellitus complicated by a full cross heart block, an artificial pancreas and a pacemaker in book: Vopr, transplantologies and iskusstven, bodies, under the editorship of V. I. Shumakov, page 105, M., 1977; Beyer D. u. To s t e of R. Diagnos-tiseher Wert von Abdomenubersichtsauf-nahmen bei akuter Pancreatitis, Fortschr. Rontgenstr., Bd 132, S. 9, 1980; Chroni-scbe Pankreatitis und Pankreaskarzinom, hrsg. v. M. M. Forell u. a., Stuttgart, 1979; Clinical scintillation imaging, ed. by L. M. Freeman a. P. M. Johnson, p. 601, N. Y. a. o., 1975; With o h n J. The national pancreatic cancer project, J. Surg. Oncol., v. 9, p. 49, 1977; Correlations in diagnostic imaging, ed. by D. B. Sodee a. T. A. Verdon, p. 125, N. Y., 1979; D o-b e 1 b o w e r R. R., S t r u b 1 e r K. A. a. S u n t h a r a 1 i n g a m N. Treat ment of cancer of pancreas with high energy photons and electrons, Int. J. Radiat., Oncol., Biol., Phys., v. 1, p. 141, 1975; Efficiency and limits of radiologic examination of the pancreas, ed. by H. Anacker a. o., Stuttgart, 1975; Endoscopic retrograde, cholangiopancreatography, ed. by T. Takemoto a. T. Kasugai, Tokyo — N. Y., 1979; F e r r u with with i J. o. Computed body tomography in chronic pancreatitis, Radiology, v. 130, p. 175, 1979; Freeny P. C. a. Ball T. J. Rapid diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma, ibid., v. 127, p. 627, 1978; Gastroenterology, ed. by H. Bockus, v. 3, Philadelphia — L., 1976; H an a g a J. Reich N. E. Computed tomography of abdominal abnormalities, St Louis, 1978; K a 1 b e-r e r J. T. Cancer of pancreas, J. Surg. Oncol., v. 6, p. 1, 1974; L e a d b e t-t e r A., Foster R. S. a. H an i-n e s C. R. Carcinoma of the pancreas, Amer. J. Surg., v. 129, p. 356, 1975; Spiro H. M. Clinical gastroenterology, N.Y., 1977; Weill F. S. Ultrasonography of digestive diseases, St Louis, 1978.
A. L. Grebenev, O. B. Milonov; G. A. Bairov (it is put. hir.), R. I. Gabuniya (I am glad.), N. V. Gulyaeva (biochemical), I. I. Deryabin (soldier.), Yu. K. Eletsky (An.), S. I. Zolotukhin (pharm.), I. S. Klemashev, S. K. Ternova (mt. issl.), A. A. Klimenkov, A. B. Itin (PMC.), L. D. Lindenbraten (rents.), N. K. Permyakov (stalemate. An.), A. M. Ugolev, H. N. Iyezuitova (fiziol.), B. I. Shumakov (an artificial pancreas, change of a pancreas), S. A. Vasilchenko (stsintigramma — tsvetn, fig.), E. V. Krivenko (angiograms — tsvetn, fig.).
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Damiati, Siti Aisyah
CATEGORIES2022 Conference Papers Conference Papers
The inability of the home environment to avoid overheating can result in discomfort and may have adverse effects on occupants’ health and wellbeing. Overheating is defined as the extent to which a space exceeds an upper threshold of an acceptable thermal condition. Although identified as a potential issue, assessing a house design for overheating is not required by the National Construction Code. This paper will present a novel methodology to assess overheating in the Darwin region based on extensive house monitoring of 58 dwellings over extended periods with over 7400 comfort assessments provided by 103 householders. The methodology characterises the overheating performance of houses operating as either Free-Running (FR) or Naturally Ventilated (NV) based on the adaptive comfort characteristics of the occupants. The estimation of effective temperature (ET*) is adopted as the index to assess the degree of overheating. This methodology is proposed to be used for the Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme (NatHERS) for the Darwin region.
Keywords: House overheating, Darwin, energy efficiency assessment.
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A recent report from Environment Canada has revealed that all of the provinces have failed in their commitments to protect boreal caribou.
Five years ago, the provinces were charged with developing plans to protect the caribou’s habitat, the boreal forest, which is vital to the caribou’s survival. The provinces and territories were given until October 5, 2017 to develop plans that would “demonstrate how they will protect the species’ critical habitat under their jurisdiction.” None of the provinces met the deadline, though some have now submitted drafts or portions of drafts of their plans.
“I think the provinces and the territories recognize that this is a very complicated subject and involves trying to find a path that will meet the recovery needs of the caribou, but do so in a way that is sensitive to the needs of economic actors in the boreal forest,” Jonathan Wilkinson, parliamentary secretary to the environment minister, told the CBC.
Boreal caribou have been classified as a species at risk since 2003, and their numbers have been steadily shrinking. Some caribou populations have less than 100 animals. Caribou require large swathes of the boreal forest in order to survive, but these forests have been declining due to human industry and development. According to Environment Canada’s report, “habitat condition in the majority of [caribou] ranges has worsened since 2012.”
In Ontario, industrial logging is one of the major causes of the caribou’s loss of habitat. Nevertheless, Ontario’s Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry has granted the logging industry a five-year exemption from Ontario’s Endangered Species Act, meaning that forestry operations are allowed to destroy boreal habitats. “It means that the Endangered Species Act doesn’t do what it professes to do,” Caroline Schultz, executive director of Ontario Nature, told the Toronto Star.
Ontario Nature has drafted a letter to Ontario’s Ministry of Environment and Climate Change urging them to protect caribou habitats in the province, and is asking citizens to sign.
Meanwhile, Environment Canada is doing an assessment of caribou populations and habitat across Canada that will be released in 2018. If the provinces have not taken action to protect habitats by then, the federal government may force them to comply.
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Transcription is when DNA is copied into mRNA
- RNA polymerase attaches onto the DNA at the beginning of the gene in the nucleus of the cell and breaks the hydrogen bonds; this causes the DNA to unwind and leaves 2 seperate strands of RNA.
- One of the strands is used as a template (antisense strand); the RNA polymerase lines up free RNA nucleotides with their complementary base pairs (base T is replaced with a U in RNA).
- The nucleotides are then joined together to form an mRNA strand; then the RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strands and re-joins them with hydrogen bonds so the strands can coil back into a double helix.
- When the RNA reaches a stop codon, it detaches from the DNA.
- The mRNA moves out from the nucleus through a nuclear pore, and moves through the cytoplasm where it attaches to a ribosome to start the Translations stage.
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Scientific Community- Validating Evolution Evidenc
The scientific community accept theories and ideas because they have shared and discussed them, so they can validate them; this is done in 3 main ways:
- Scientific journals allow scientists to publish their work and findings and share new ideas, theories, experiments and conclusions. These journals also allow other scientists to repeat experiments and see if they get the same results - if the same results come up over and over again, the evidence can be seen as reliable.
- Peer review is when other scientists from the same area of work read and review a scientist's work before it can be published in a journal. The reviewer has to check that the work is valid and supports the conclusions drawn from the results - this method is used by the scientific community to make sure that any scientific evidence published is valid and that the experiments are carried out to the highest possible standard.
- Scientific conferences are where many scientists meet to discuss each others work, and the conference is usually led by a scientist who has interesting results and will do a lecture/presentation on them. Other scientists can ask questions and discuss the results with them face to face, and so it is an easy way for the latest theories and evidence to be shared, discussed and validated.
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| 0.934589 | 462 | 4.125 | 4 |
Click here to buy posters at Allposters!
Baseball is a game that generates an incredible amount of statistics. Fans use them to measure the performance of their favorite teams and players. Managers use them to evaluate players and to make situational decisions. Since so much emphasis is placed on statistical analysis of the game, it might be helpful if you learn how these numbers are arrived at. On this page, you will find formulas for computing the most basic baseball statistics. For those up to the challenge, I have also included sample problems and a quiz.
Batting StatsBatting Average (BA) - Probably the most referred to stat for batters, the batting average expresses in decimal form the comparison of Hits to At Bats. The formula is as follows:
BA = Hits/At Bats
For example, in 1954, a young Henry Aaron produced 131 hits in 468 official At Bats. Plugging those numbers into our formula, we come up with
BA = 131/468
Dividing 131 by 468, and computing the quotient to four decimal places, we arrive at .2799. Rounding off to three digits, we find that Mr. Aaron batted .280 in 1954. (As an average, that figure implies that he had 28 hits for every 100 at bats, or 280 for every thousand.) Speaking of Hank Aaron, his autobiography, I Had a Hammer: The Hank Aaron Story, is one of the best baseball biographies I ever read.
Example 1. In 1959, Hammering Hank had 629 official AB's with 223 Hits. What was his batting average for 1959?
Example 2. In 1941, Ted Williams, The Splendid Splinter, hit safely 185 times out of 456 official times at bat. Figure his batting average, and commit it to memory.
Total Bases (TB) - Before we move on to Slugging Percentage and OPS (On Base Plus Slugging), let's have a quick look at Total Bases.
The formula for computing Total Bases is TB = a(1) + b(2) + c(3) + d(4), where "a" represents the number of singles, "b" the number of doubles, "c" the number of triples and "d" the number of home runs. A batter's stat line doesn't usually include singles. Just remember that you can determine how many singles a player has hit by subtracting his or her total of extra-base hits from their total number of hits.
For example, we know that in 1954 Hank Aaron banged out 131 hits. Of those 131, 27 were doubles, 6 were triples, and 13 were home runs. Adding 27 + 6 + 13, we come up with 46 extra-base hits. Subtracting 46 from 131, we find that Mr. Aaron stroked 85 singles that year. Using the same variables as we used for computing Total Bases, we can make a formula for arriving at a player's singles total: Singles = Total Hits - b - c - d.
Example 3. Of the 185 hits Ted Williams had in 1939 44 were doubles, 11 were triples, and 31 were home runs. How many total bases did he accumulate?
Slugging Percentage (SLG) - A common criticism of the Batting Average is the fact that it doesn't differentiate between singles and home runs and therefore isn't a true measure of a batter's performance. Slugging Percentage (which normally isn't presented as a percentage) may give us a clearer picture of a batter's effectiveness. Slugging Percentage is equal to Total Bases divided by At Bats. The formula is SLG = TB/AB.
In 1957, St. Louis Cardinals great Stan Musial batted .357 with 176 hits (38 doubles, 3 triples, and 29 home runs) in 502 At Bats. Let's figure out his SLG. First, let's compute his total bases. Subtracting his 70 extra-base hits from his hit total we arrive at 106 singles. Plugging the numbers into the formula (see above), we arrive at this:
TB = 1(106) + 2(38) + 3(3) + 29(4) = 106 + 76 + 9 + 116 = 307
Now, we're ready to compute his SLG.
SLG = TB/AB = 307/502 = .6115 = .612
Example 4. In 1920, Babe Ruth had a pretty good year batting .376 with 54 home runs. That year marked the first time he or anyone had hit 30, 40 or 50 home runs in a season. In fact, he hit more home runs that year than 14 of the other 15 teams. His output was as follows: 458 At Bats, 172 hits, 36 doubles, 9 triples, and 54 homers. What was the Babe's slugging percentage?
On Base Percentage (OBP) - Introduced by Sports Illustrated in 1956, the OBP, which indicates how often a player does not make an out, is thought by many to be an even better gauge of a batters performance. In the formula below H represents hits, BB bases on balls, HBP number of times hit by a pitch, and PA, plate appearances.
OBP = [H + BB + HBP]/PA
To determine the total amount of Plate Appearances you must add AB's to those appearances that don't normally count as an official time at bat, times when a player walks, is hit by a pitch, or sacrifices. Plug the numbers into this formula: PA = AB + BB + HBP + SF.
In 1949, Ted Williams posted these numbers: 566 At Bats, 194 Hits, 162 walks, 0 sacrifices, and 2 hit-by-pitches. First, lets compute Plate Appearances.
PA = AB + BB + HBP + SF = 566 + 162 + 2 + 0 = 730
Now, we're ready to figure out Ted's OBP.
OBP = [H + BB + HBP]/PA = [194 + 162 + 2]/730 = 358/730 = .4904 = .490
To express as a percentage, move the decimal two places to the right. In 1949, Ted Williams reached base 49% of the time.
Example 5. What was Stan "the Man" Musial's OBP for the 1949 season. Here are his numbers: 612 At Bats, 207 hits, 107 walks, 2 HBP's, and 0 sacrifices.
Before moving on, I'd like to mention a stat known as OBP + SLG. It is what it says - compute it by adding OBP and SLG. Be sure to keep your decimal points lined up.
Runs Created (RC) - A Stat To Play With. Discovered by stats maven Bill James, Runs Created is a remarkable predictor of how many a runs a team will score in a season. Since more runs scored usually translates into more wins, this formula can be a valuable tool. By now, you should be able to compute this on your own. Here's the formula:
RC = [(H + BB) x (Total bases)]/[AB + BB]
Example 6. Here are Babe Ruth's 1920 stats again: 458 At Bats, 172 hits, 150 base on balls, 36 doubles, 9 triples, and 54 homers. Compute his RC.
These are Henry Aaron's numbers for the 1959 season: 154 Games, 629 At Bats, 223 Hits, 46 Doubles, 7 Triples, 39 Home Runs, 51 Bases on Balls, 9 Sacrifices, 4 HBP's. Compute the following: Batting Average, Total Bases, Slugging Percentage and OBP. Compare his numbers with those of his fellow Hall of Famers.
Pitching stats are relatively easy to figure out. I will list here some basic formulas:
Won Lost Percentage (WLP) = Total Wins/Total Decisions
Earned Run Average (ERA) = (Earned Runs Given Up/Innings Pitched) X 9
WHIP = (Hits Allowed + Walks Allowed) / Total Innings Pitched
Strike outs per one hundred innings - Total K's /Total Innings Pitched
Strike out to Walk ratio - K 's/BB's
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| 0.954384 | 1,730 | 2.875 | 3 |
There are quite a few things you can do to restrict the entry of squirrels into your garden, and this is the only way to protect your garden and backyard from getting destroyed by them. All you need is to spot the places where they live or pass through frequently and work on some ways to repel the rodent.
For Vegetable Garden and Flower Beds
Installing an electric fence around your yard prevents them from entering by giving them a harmless yet uncomfortable shock when they attempt to cross it. A two-way fence system that comes with a barrier fence inside an electrified one is more effective in case their fur may keeps them insulated from the shock of the outer fence.
Maintain a gap of two to four inches between plants and the fence to avoid burns and damage. Also, regularly check accumulation of debris on the wires to prevent a short circuit.
For Large Trees (Including Fruit Trees)
Protect your fruit and nut trees like pecan, cherry, and peach with a plastic cylinder buried about two to three inches below the ground to prevent squirrels from climbing by digging under the barrier. You can also encircle the trunks with metal sheets or flashing up to six feet high to keep squirrels out.
If you live in a colder place, make sure the tree guard is above the maximum snow depth. Also, these protective cylinders need to be replaced every two to three years to allow the natural growth of trees. To shield individual tree trunks, place metal sheeting or baffles about two feet from the trunk. This way, you can also protect any bird feeder hanging from the tree.
A single-door live cage trap baited with peanut butter spread on a piece of bread or cracker is a humane way of catching both ground and tree squirrels, including the red, grey, and black ones. Fix the trap at areas where you suspect their maximum activity, including places outside your house from where they may enter. Once trapped, release them far away from your house to prevent their re-entry. Since in some countries trapping wildlife is not legal, make sure you contact your local authority before taking any step.
As squirrels are attracted to crops, corns, and vegetables like tomatoes, cauliflower, and cabbage, you can keep them from getting into your garden by making the latter less attractive, following some simple steps:
If setting traps or fences give no result, the best way is to use homemade repellents that will keep squirrels away from your yard with their pungent smell. Apply these to the plants, flower bulbs, pots, trees, and also vegetables growing across your lawn such as pumpkins, carrots, and melons. These are also effective when used near your patio, porch, balcony, shed, or deck where you more often keep outdoor cushion furniture. Here are a few simple methods and recipes:
You can also apply some castor oil, apple cider vinegar, cayenne/chili pepper, coffee grounds, or some bitter tasting gel around their nests, or the areas they frequent. Sprinkling handfuls of safflower seeds or some shredded citrus peels may also work, while placing a small cloth bag or an old sock filled with fresh garlic cloves can deter them too.
These can also be used inside and underneath your car to expel squirrels from destroying engine parts
Commercial Repellents: Should They be Used
Apart from synthetic repellent granules, pellets, paint additives, and organic fertilizers like blood meal available at stores, use of ammonia, moth balls, bleach can deter the squirrels from your yard owing to the strong odor. However, accidental consumption of the chemicals may risk their lives due to their poisonous ingredients, and should, therefore, be avoided.
Although ultrasonic repellent devices, emitting high-frequency sound waves are believed to frighten and keep squirrels away from your property, they do not promise a long-term effectiveness.
Spraying fox/coyote urine and cat litter in areas where squirrels are more likely to be present can be a good way to drive them out without killing them. Placing dog or human hair is also believed to be effective.
As it is not viable to get real predators like owls and hawks in your yard, you can use owl decoys to scare the rodents away.
Squirrels often enter the loft, garage, basement, or spaces between attic floors and ceilings of room from your roof through uncovered chimneys, or from underneath eaves, vents or pipes. Apart from making your house dirty, they also increase the risk of a fire hazard by chewing off the insulation covering of house wires. To curb their entry, here are some preventive measures you can follow:
NOTE: Using repellents indoors might not give the expected results as squirrels are less likely to escape outside due to the unpleasant odor, and may search for other places inside the house for shelter.
Get email updates about what's new for gardeners this season
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| 0.951084 | 1,018 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Lebanon’s area is rated 170th on the planet (CIA, 2014). It is smaller than the dimension of Connecticut, one of the smallest states in America. Moreover, Lebanon is among the few democratic countries in the Middle East area. Concerning its economy, Lebanon is a free market economy as well as has a long practice of laissez-faire business economics. Along with its coastal area on the Eastern Mediterranean shore, Lebanon is considered as the main ‘window’ of the Middle East to Europe, North Africa, and the rest of the globe. As a result of this, its economic climate has gone through some really prosperous times as well as was even once called the ‘Paris’ of the Center East before the country’s 15 year-long bloody civil battle which ended in 1990.
Also, although Lebanon is little, it is also among the most varied nations worldwide. Christians, Muslims, Druze, as well as other minority sects are spread out throughout the little country as well as even Lebanon’s political system is based on sectarian power sharing.
Nonetheless, this diversity had played a crucial function in the country’s troubles. This variety was a necessary problem of the nation’s sectarian civil battle and presently plays an important duty in its political paralysis, although other aspects (mostly foreign) are responsible also. There is currently no acting Head of state and the country’s competing political events maintain bickering and preventing as opposed to facilitating the nation’s development.
Moreover, Lebanon’s distance to Israel has actually made it a foreign policy/proxy battlefield for foreign countries, each using Lebanon for its own self-centered ends.
The unfortunate political truths of the country have dramatically injure the nation’s economic climate. Also, considering that Lebanon is a service-based economy, this particular industry has actually taken the biggest hit.
Tourist plays a substantial function in the country’s economy. According to the Lebanese Ministry of Economic Situation & Trade (MOET), “Tourism has actually long been among Lebanon’s leading economic sectors” (Economic Research Study Device, 2010).
Furthermore, The World Travel & Tourist Council approximated that the traveling & tourist field in Lebanon contributed over $4 billion bucks in 2013 (Globe Traveling & Tourist Council, 2014).
The traveling & tourist market comprised regarding 10% of the economic climate in 2012 yet that share went down to 9% in 2013 (ibid, p. 14). This is due to the political situation in the nation in addition to some other variables. Furthermore, the variety of tourist arrivals in the country kept lowering from 2011 to 2013.
Considering that the tourist sector has actually been rather going to pieces in the past couple of years, the area for mistake ends up being very small for services in this market. The political & financial circumstances are pressing tourist-related (TR) companies in Lebanon. This implies that these services are required to do even more to make up for boosting losses (or reducing profits) and with fewer resources. There is no informing when the political & financial scenario in Lebanon will enhance specifically given that the civil war in bordering Syria shows no signs of abating.
There are numerous ways that Lebanese TR companies can adapt throughout these times such as executing scaling down plans and cutting back on advertising & advertising spending plans. When economic recessions and also difficult times impact organizations, the very first things to obtain removed are usually marketing budget plans. However particularly given that TR services require to do more advertising and marketing to make up for lost services, this might not be a great idea.
One remedy to this problem is to make use of Social network Marketing approaches because they set you back little to no resources, excellent for the current financial scenario in Lebanon. Social media advertising and marketing allows TR services to get rid of obstacles of limited spending plans as well as reduced business.
During the previous few years, the positive result of social media on service has been very high (Kaplan et al., 2010; Stelzner, 2010; Treem & Leonardi, 2012, p. 143; Baker & Eco-friendly, 2014).
Additionally, Twitter and facebook fans of a certain brand are much more likely to suggest and also purchase from these brand names than non-fans (Cruz & Mendelsohn, 2011). But, we do not require to see to it of social media’s effect on business through research study studies. For social networks individuals, which include over 30% of the globe, this truth is understood. Increasingly more services are inserting Social media site advertising and marketing tools right into their advertising and marketing approaches and also, in many cases, have also come to be an indispensable part of their general organization technique.
Normally, one would expect that Lebanese companies would promptly adopt Social Media Advertising and marketing as an essential role in their total marketing methods but this is not the instance. When it concerns the Center East as well as specifically Lebanon, the region is much behind the West in social media sites use. Not just that, when it involves companies associated with the tourist industry, there is much room for development. Little financial investment in modern technology is keeping vacationer businesses away from taking full advantage of advertising and marketing opportunities offered by social networks.
The Lebanese tourist sector is not taking advantage of social media advertising tactics even though the benefits of doing so appear. This provides an excellent trouble particularly since the economic climate is undergoing a really rough time.
In Addition, Lebanese TR organizations and also businesses in Lebanon generally are not adopting social media sites devices as they should. This provides a substantial problem in the waste of resources in addition to significant missed out on chances as a larger target audience can be gotten to through social media enabling services that embrace social networks marketing tools acquire a much better opportunity of success and prosperity.
Objective of the research study
The fruits and also advantages of social networks marketing tools might take substantial time to come about in Lebanon if we are oblivious of the variables that have actually brought about the avoidance of prevalent social media sites advertising and marketing adoption.
Also, as long as no research study enters into the concern of successfully implementing a social media sites advertising campaign in the Lebanese context, lots of TR businesses may be lost even if they make a decision to take on social networks advertising and marketing devices.
Furthermore, despite the fact that there have been numerous studies in the West concerning properly carrying out social media advertising and marketing projects, the outcomes of these researches might or may not apply to the Lebanese context. As a result, it is likewise the purpose of this research to discover those aspects connected to effectively carrying out social networks advertising among Lebanese TR services.
At the end, there is no question that social media marketing plays an extremely essential function in the marketing campaigns and even in the overall success of tourism-related organizations.
Lebanese Tourist-Related (TR) companies fall far behind the developed world in investing as well as utilizing SMM. Given that there are numerous benefits of SMM, why is this so? Also, to catch up to the rest of the world, what is one of the most effective means for Lebanese TR services to deploy an SMM campaign? So, it was the study’s function to find reasons linked to such reduced financial investment & use SMM by Lebanese TR companies as well as to help direct these businesses in successfully using SMM.
The purpose of this study is twofold. This study aims to find out exactly what those elements are that are preventing the widespread adoption of social media advertising and marketing tools amongst Lebanese TR services. The viewpoint used is interpretivism, for an inductive technique to go from certain to basic research, the strategy is ethnographic, as well as the method is qualitative. Comprehensive interviews are made use of with ten participants from 10 various companies. Social media marketing uitbesteden Five firms had high social media ‘exposure’ and the various other five didn’t. So, the individuals’ answers provided really valuable details and also remedies for the research study issue.
The outcomes located that amongst the most appropriate elements of little SMM investment & use by Lebanese TR services are that numerous do not see advantages to making use of SMM and so do not sustain it.
The outcomes likewise supplied helpful information on factors for successfully implementing SMM by Lebanese TR services consisting of the acceptance of SMM by ownership/decision-makers as well as the importance of these people in seeing the benefits of SMM. Likewise, issues with implementing SMM include adverse client feedback as well as inter-departmental power struggles.
Suggestions include connecting the benefits of SMM to Lebanese TR services which is of such high significance to get them to use SMM. There must also be an SMM plan with a consistent timetable outlining the days to include content to social media sites along with thorough tracking of SM customer comments regarding business.
At the end, it is the scientist’s hope that the research study helped shed light on essential aspects of SMM and also its connection to Lebanese TR services. It is additionally hoped that the recommendations be taken into consideration by Lebanese TR services.
Baker, S., & Eco-friendly, H. (2014, February 20). Social network will alter your business. Company week.
CIA Globe Factbook 2014. (2014, November 11). Complete Area – sq km 2014 country contrasts, rankings, By Ranking.
Cruz, B., & Mendelsohn, J. (2011 ). Why social media sites matters to your service. Obtained from Chadwick Martin Bailey
Economic Research Study Device. (2010) Tourism. Ministry of Economy & Trade E-newsletter,( 5 )
Kaplan, Andreas M. as well as Michael Haenlein. 2010. “Individuals of the World, Unite! The Difficulties as well as Opportunities of Social Network.” Service Horizons 53: 59-68.
Stelzner, M. (2010 ). Social media marketing market record: exactly how marketing professionals are utilizing social media to grow their service.
Company: Doelgroep bereikt
Address: Mercatorweg 2C
Zib code: 8501 XK
Country: The Netherlands
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Drivers on Kentucky roadways want to get where they are going safely. Unfortunately, many times they look into other vehicles and see fellow drivers engaging in distracted behaviors. These include a range of actions not appropriate for someone behind the wheel of a car and many of which revolve around cellphone use. Can these behaviors have serious consequences?
Distracted driving has dire ramifications, since it can lead to accidents ranging from fender-benders to serious crashes. Unfortunately, this behavior also is the cause of many deaths. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, or NHTSA, in 2017 distracted driving was responsible for 3,166 lives. The NHTSA warns that if a driver is going 55 mph and takes his or her eyes off the road for just 5 seconds, it is akin to driving the length of a football field with closed eyes.
While there are many forms of distracted driving, The New York Times notes that cellphone use is the most common. This includes texting, checking email, playing games and using various apps on the phone, including programming directions into navigation software. However, there are also many other ways in which distracted driving occurs. These forms include applying makeup, eating or drinking, talking to other passengers or even just looking out at the scenery.
Inputting a destination into a navigation app requires a large amount of cognitive focus. It is imperative that drivers take care of any tasks such as checking email, sending or reading texts, or using navigation apps before they start on their journey.
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The objective of the level 2 DPR algorithms is to generate from the level 1 DPR products radaronly derived meteorological quantities on an instantaneous FOV (field of view) basis. A subset of the results will be used by the level 2 combined radar-radiometer algorithm and the level 3 combined and radar-only products.
A complete understanding of the Earth’s hydrologic cycle necessarily dictates an ability to accurately quantify the global range of precipitation rates and types (rain, snow etc.). In turn, global observations of precipitation are most efficiently made from space. Great strides in the measurement of global tropical rainfall have occurred recently as a result of the NASA Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM).
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People with diabetes are two to four times more likely to have a vascular “event,” such as a heart attack or stroke. What can you do to prevent this?
Cholesterol management for people with diabetes
People with diabetes have an increased risk of heart disease, including high cholesterol levels. That’s why it’s important to understand your risks and take action to optimize your overall health. Read on to learn more about lowering your cholesterol levels.
Warning signs for diabetes-related heart problems
There is a strong link between diabetes and heart disease. That’s why it’s important for people with diabetes to know the warning signs for diabetes-related heart problems.
A new era in diabetes management: medications that decrease death from heart disease
People with diabetes are two to three times more likely to have a heart attack, or die from heart disease, than people who do not have diabetes. However, there is some good news in recent years…
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Converting 15.26 centimeters to inches
What is 1 cm equal to in inches?
Meaning of Centimeter
- We typically measure height in centimeters.
- To convert map scale to the real world scale, centimeters could be used.
- A report of measured rainfall.
- Electronic components, for example, the dimension of the screen.
- Size of truck or car tires.
Formula of Calculating 15.26 centimeters into inches
in = cm × 0.3937
Thus, 15.26 cm in inches = 15.26 cm × 0.3937 = 6.007874015724 inches.
How Convert 15.26 cm to inches?
Convert centimeters into inches with the cm to in converter. This principle can be used to translate centimeters to inches.
From the above, you have fully understood of cm in inches. You can use the formula to answer related questions:
- What is the formula to convert 15.26 cm to inches?
- How big is cm to inches?
- How can you change cm into inches?
- What is standard measurement for cm to inches?
- What is 15.26 cm equal to in inches?
Common Conversions Between Inches and Centimeters
|14.86 cm||5.850393700764 inches|
|14.91 cm||5.870078740134 inches|
|14.96 cm||5.889763779504 inches|
|15.01 cm||5.909448818874 inches|
|15.06 cm||5.929133858244 inches|
|15.11 cm||5.948818897614 inches|
|15.16 cm||5.968503936984 inches|
|15.21 cm||5.988188976354 inches|
|15.26 cm||6.007874015724 inches|
|15.31 cm||6.027559055094 inches|
|15.36 cm||6.047244094464 inches|
|15.41 cm||6.066929133834 inches|
|15.46 cm||6.086614173204 inches|
|15.51 cm||6.106299212574 inches|
|15.56 cm||6.125984251944 inches|
|15.61 cm||6.145669291314 inches|
Frequently Asked Questions About centimeters in inches
- How many inches in a cm?
- How to convert centimeters into inches?
- How much are 15.26 centimeters in inches?
|
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| 0.713876 | 570 | 2.75 | 3 |
You may not know, but chemical and biological warfare has been used long before World War One. In the 5th century BC, Spartans used bombs made of sulphur and pitch to overcome the enemy. During ancient times, soldiers sometimes threw bodies of plague victims over the walls of besieged cities, or into water wells. The first deadly gas attack came in April 1915 when the German Army dropped chlorine gas over the Allied trenches in Belgium, Within weeks the British retaliated with a chlorine attack. The deadly rally of chemical warfare was on. In 1918 both sides used mustard gas, which seeped through masks, burning skin and searing lungs. The first international accord on the banning of chemical warfare was agreed upon in Geneva in 1925. Despite the Geneval Protocol the Japanese used chemical warfare against China in 1930. Chemicals were also used during the Iran-Iraq conflict (1980 – 1988), a war that claimed a million victims. Iraq continued to use chemical weapons against the Kurdish minorities in the country. In 1993 another global convention banning the production and stockpiling of chemical warfare agents was signed by more than 100 countries.
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|
en
| 0.958177 | 222 | 3.5625 | 4 |
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