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Zn deficiency is a widespread problem in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown under flooded conditions, limiting growth and grain Zn accumulation. Genotypes with Zn deficiency tolerance or high grain Zn have been identified in breeding programmes, but little is known about the physiological mechanisms conferring these traits. A protocol was developed for growing rice to maturity in agar nutrient solution (ANS), with optimum Zn-sufficient growth achieved at 1.5 μM ZnSO4.7H2O. The redox potential in ANS showed a decrease from +350 mV to −200 mV, mimicking the reduced conditions of flooded paddy soils. In subsequent experiments, rice genotypes contrasting for Zn deficiency tolerance and grain Zn were grown in ANS with sufficient and deficient Zn to assess differences in root uptake of Zn, root-to-shoot Zn translocation, and in the predominant sources of Zn accumulation in the grain. Zn efficiency of a genotype was highly influenced by root-to-shoot translocation of Zn and total Zn uptake. Translocation of Zn from root to shoot was more limiting at later growth stages than at the vegetative stage. Under Zn-sufficient conditions, continued root uptake during the grain-filling stage was the predominant source of grain Zn loading in rice, whereas, under Zn-deficient conditions, some genotypes demonstrated remobilization of Zn from shoot and root to grain in addition to root uptake. Understanding the mechanisms of grain Zn loading in rice is crucial in selecting high grain Zn donors for target-specific breeding and also to establish fertilizer and water management strategies for achieving high grain Zn.
Impa, S.M.; Morete, M.J.; Ismail, A.M.; Schulin, R.; Johnson-Beebout, S.E. Zn uptake, translocation and grain Zn loading in rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes selected for Zn deficiency tolerance and high grain Zn. Journal of Experimental Botany (2013) 64 (10) 2739-2751. [DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert118]
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What are the symptoms of diabetes?
Symptoms of diabetes include…
• Increased thirst and urination
• Increased hunger
• Blurred vision
• Numbness or tingling in the feet or hands
• Sores that do not heal
• Unexplained weight loss
Symptoms of type 1 diabetes can start quickly, in a matter of weeks. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes often develop slowly—over the course of several years—and can be so mild that you might not even notice them. Many people with type 2 diabetes have no symptoms. Some people do not find out they have the disease until they have diabetes-related health problems, such as blurred vision or heart trouble.
What causes type 1 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes occurs when your immune system, the body’s system for fighting infection, attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. Scientists think type 1 diabetes is caused by genes and environmental factors, such as viruses, that might trigger the disease. Studies such as TrialNet are working to pinpoint causes of type 1 diabetes and possible ways to prevent or slow the disease.
What causes type 2 diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes—the most common form of diabetes—is caused by several factors, including lifestyle factors and genes.
Overweight, obesity, and physical inactivity
You are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes if you are not physically active and are overweight or obese. Extra weight sometimes causes insulin resistance and is common in people with type 2 diabetes. The location of body fat also makes a difference. Extra belly fat is linked to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and heart and blood vessel disease.
Type 2 diabetes usually begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which muscle, liver, and fat cells do not use insulin well. As a result, your body needs more insulin to help glucose enter cells. At first, the pancreas makes more insulin to keep up with the added demand. Over time, the pancreas can’t make enough insulin, and blood glucose levels rise.
Genes and family history
As in type 1 diabetes, certain genes may make you more likely to develop type 2 diabetes. The disease tends to run in families and occurs more often in these racial/ethnic groups…
• African Americans
• Alaska Natives
• American Indians
• Asian Americans
• Native Hawaiians
• Pacific Islanders
Genes also can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes by increasing a person’s tendency to become overweight or obese.
What causes gestational diabetes?
Hormonal changes, extra weight and family history can contribute to gestational diabetes.
Scientists believe gestational diabetes, a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy, is caused by the hormonal changes of pregnancy along with genetic and lifestyle factors.
Hormones produced by the placenta contribute to insulin resistance, which occurs in all women during late pregnancy. Most pregnant women can produce enough insulin to overcome insulin resistance, but some cannot. Gestational diabetes occurs when the pancreas can’t make enough insulin.
As with type 2 diabetes, extra weight is linked to gestational diabetes. Women who are overweight or obese may already have insulin resistance when they become pregnant. Gaining too much weight during pregnancy may also be a factor.
Genes and family history
Having a family history of diabetes makes it more likely that a woman will develop gestational diabetes, which suggests that genes play a role. Genes may also explain why the disorder occurs more often in African Americans, American Indians, Asians, and Hispanics/Latinas.
What else can cause diabetes?
Genetic mutations, other diseases, damage to the pancreas, and certain medicines may also cause diabetes.
Monogenic diabetes is caused by mutations, or changes, in a single gene. These changes are usually passed through families, but sometimes the gene mutation happens on its own. Most of these gene mutations cause diabetes by making the pancreas less able to make insulin. The most common types of monogenic diabetes are neonatal diabetes and maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). Neonatal diabetes occurs in the first six months of life. Doctors usually diagnose MODY during adolescence or early adulthood, but sometimes the disease is not diagnosed until later in life.
• Cystic fibrosis produces thick mucus that causes scarring in the pancreas. This scarring can prevent the pancreas from making enough insulin.
• Hemochromatosis causes the body to store too much iron. If the disease is not treated, iron can build up in and damage the pancreas and other organs.
Some hormonal diseases cause the body to produce too much of certain hormones, which sometimes cause insulin resistance and diabetes.
• Cushing’s syndrome occurs when the body produces too much cortisol—often called the “stress hormone.”
• Acromegaly occurs when the body produces too much growth hormone.
• Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone.
Damage to or removal of the pancreas
Pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, and trauma can all harm the beta cells or make them less able to produce insulin, resulting in diabetes. If the damaged pancreas is removed, diabetes will occur due to the loss of the beta cells.
Sometimes certain medicines can harm beta cells or disrupt the way insulin works. These include…
• Niacin, a type of vitamin B3
Certain types of diuretics, also called water pills
• Antiseizure drugs
• Psychiatric drugs
• Drugs to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV )
• Pentamidine, a drug used to treat a type of pneumonia
• Glucocorticoids—medicines used to treat inflammatory illnesses such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, lupus and ulcerative colitis
• Anti-rejection medicines, used to help stop the body from rejecting a transplanted organ
Statins, which are medicines to reduce LDL (“bad”) cholesterol levels, can slightly increase the chance that you’ll develop diabetes. However, statins help protect you from heart disease and stroke. For this reason, the strong benefits of taking statins outweigh the small chance that you could develop diabetes.
If you take any of these medicines and are concerned about their side effects, talk with your doctor.
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Learn C++ from scratch. How to make your first video game in Unreal engine. Learn how to make video games and gain confidence in programming.
Over 120,000 students can confirm why this course is worth watching.
This Unreal Engine tutorial will teach you basics of programming and how to code in C++. Writing tests in C++ was never easier. Test driven development is one of the most paid skills in programming. Write and run your game confident without worrying about crashing since you covered all with tests.
C++ is an industry standard and this course will tutor you to master it. Any serious game programmer needs to know C++. Knowing how to work in Unreal Engine will prepare you for that job in a gaming industry you want!
Join our newsletter and get news in your inbox every week! We hate spam too, so no worries about this.
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If you’ve been told that you suffer from periodontal disease, commonly referred to as gum disease, you aren’t alone.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that over 70 percent of Americans aged 65 and older suffer from gum disease, an infection of the tissue that surrounds your teeth.
Age isn’t the only reason you or a loved one may be at risk of gum disease, either. Risk factors also include smoking and tobacco use and use of certain medications including antidepressants and some heart medications. Stress, genetics, poor nutrition, obesity, and clenching and grinding your teeth also are risk factors.
The consequences of gum disease are varied as well.
Several studies have shown that periodontal disease is associated with heart disease, according to the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP). While a cause-and-effect relationship has not yet been proven, research has indicated that periodontal disease increases the risk of heart disease.
Research has also suggested a relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease, with that relationship going both ways. Periodontal disease may make it more difficult for people who have diabetes to control their blood sugar and people with diabetes are also more likely to have periodontal disease than people without diabetes, the AAP says.
Links between gum disease and osteoporosis, respiratory diseases and cancer exist as well. Researchers found that men with gum disease were 49 percent more likely to develop kidney cancer, 54 percent more likely to develop pancreatic cancer, and 30 percent more likely to develop blood cancers.
So how do you fight back against gum disease?
It is important to see your dentist for regular cleanings. If your dentist feels it is necessary, he or she may refer you to a periodontist, which is a dentist who specializes in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disease.
Caused when plaque builds up under the gumline between teeth, the disease can present itself in different forms.
The mildest form, known as gingivitis, is often caused by inadequate oral hygiene. It causes gum tissues to bleed easily and become swollen and red. At this stage, gum disease is often undetected by patients because discomfort can be minimal. With the help of your hygienist and proper home care, gingivitis is reversible.
Another form, periodontitis, is the result of untreated gingivitis. At this stage, plaque spreads beneath the gumline and harmful bacteria in the plaque cause the gum tissues to become irritated.
This inflammatory response, which is the body’s natural response to fighting infection, can lead to problems not only in the mouth, but also other parts of the body.
To learn more about gum disease, the American Academy of Periodontology also offers a website with great resources for continued education, as well as an online gum disease risk assessment test, found here: http://service.previser.com/aap/default.aspx.
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Alekk M. Saanders
Wednesday, 17 May 2023, 13:07
On 17 May 1814, the Norwegian constitution was established and signed. Although it still took 90 years before the Norwegians were totally free from the union with Sweden, Norway considered itself to be much freer for the first time in many years.
The adoption of the constitution became the symbol of a free and independent Norway. Since the 1820s, Norwegians all over the world have celebrated this day together and with a strong sense of unity. And the Norwegian community on the Costa del Sol is no different.
The Norwegian School in Benalmádena - Den Norske Skolen - traditionally organises a street parade every 17 May, which is also considered All Children's Day. For years local Norwegians have been celebrating the most important day in their country's history with their Spanish neighbours and other international residents.
More than 400 Norwegians are registered as resident in Benalmádena. As in previous years, the parade this Wednesday was attended by the mayor, Víctor Navas, and local councillor Pablo Centello.
The mayor, speaking in Spanish and English, stressed how the Norwegian community, with more than 400 registered residents, forms part of the wider international community in Benalmádena with more than 100 nationalities.
Navas thanked the school for inviting him once again to join their national day celebrations.
In her speech, Trude Jahren, headteacher at the Norwegian school, reminded her compatriots in Benalmádena not to take their freedom for granted.
"The absence of a serious conflict here in our small community can make it easy to forget that freedom for many people is not a given," she said. "Unfortunately, there are too many conflicts in the world today and, sadly, too many people who continue to fight daily for freedom and we all need to engage in solidarity with [them]," she added.
At the event outside the Casa de la Cultura the Norwegians stressed how they are "very lucky" to live in Benalmádena, a "generous and hospitable municipality" where representatives of many countries live together.
"Through generosity, tolerance and respect, let us be good role models for the young generation," continued Trude Jahren.
"Let us continue to learn from each other regardless of who we are, where we come from or what we believe in. Learning to get to know others, who are not necessarily like us, creates greater understanding and togetherness and is the key to a more just and peaceful society."
All participants were thanked by the Norwegians for helping them celebrate: from the Local Police to the musicians of the Benalmádena band for playing Norwegian traditional songs, and the Spanish school, Colegio Jacaranda.
El Norte de Castilla
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Michelle Frankel and Taralynn Reynolds describe a program for children
King-Robinson Magnet School in New Haven and Melissa Jones Elementary School and Abraham Baldwin Middle School in Guilford are embracing the Audubon Schoolyard Habitat Program.
Melissa Jones students admire the Habitat Recognition sign that the school was awarded for its adoption of the Audubon At Home healthy habitat program.
Place-based nature education is critical to the development of an environmentally aware citizenry. At a time when passive indoor activities and restrictions on outdoor play dominate children’s out-of-school time, youngsters have little direct experience in nature. There is an urgent need for place-based learning about the natural world, particularly in urban areas. Richard Louv documented the nationwide epidemic of “nature deficit disorder,” linking lack of nature exposure to rise in obesity, attention disorders, and depression. The American Association for the Advancement of Science urges teachers to take science out of the textbook and into reality.
Audubon Connecticut has been awarded a grant for $23,314 from the Carolyn Foundation to develop the Schoolyard Habitat Program at King-Robinson. The grant will expand on the three-year partnership Menunkatuck has had with King-Robinson to enable the establishment of a large wildlife meadow, development of a Schoolyard Habitat Educator’s Guide, teacher training, and field trips for the school children.Carolyn Foundation to develop the Schoolyard Habitat Program at King-Robinson. The grant will expand on the three-year partnership Menunkatuck has had with King-Robinson to enable the establishment of a large wildlife meadow, development of a Schoolyard Habitat Educator’s Guide, teacher training, and field trips for the school children.
This slope at King-Robinson Magnet School will be transformed into a meadow.
The Guilford schools have each received grants from the Guilford Fund for Education.
Melissa Jones school social worker Lorrie Shaw was awarded $3500 in 2011 and has used the funds to establish a native wildflower and shrub garden that was used by the K-4 students as part of their classwork. She was also able to purchase binoculars and field guides for the students to use. Melissa Jones was awarded the Audubon at Home Habitat Recognition Award for its commitment to establishing the school as a healthy habitat.
Baldwin science teacher Sue Kennedy received $3500 this year. With the help of students from the Guilford High School Ecology Club, a monoculture courtyard area has been transformed into a garden space with native perennials and fruit bearing shrubs. A sloped area that has been ignored and is overgrown with non-native plants will become a meadow with pollinator-friendly plants. Additionally, Sue will be purchasing binoculars and field guides.
This courtyard at Baldwin Middle School is being converted from a garden of day lilies to one with a variety of native perennials and fruit-bearing shrubs.
|The courtyard garden is starting to take shape.|
The Schoolyard Habitat Recognition Program addresses core content standards and outdoor environmental education provides the perfect format for students to improve their scientific inquiry skills. The students will have the opportunity to describe basic natural phenomena such as the seasonal changes in plants or the life cycle of insects found in the garden.
|Melissa Jones students study plants and insects in the garden.|
Students will be able to use the wildlife gardens to develop authentic research projects, such as examining factors that affect plant growth, seed preferences of birds at feeders, and parental care at nest boxes. Students will use the appropriate tools including hand lenses, binoculars, tape measures, and simple data collection sheets. Students could have ‘magic spots’ where they go every week to observe seasonal changes of the gardens. Such hands-on experiences encourage students to set questions for themselves rather than simply to respond to questions set by teachers and engage in authentic research and learning experiences.
The Schoolyard Habitat gardens provide an outdoor learning space in which the students can improve their scientific inquiry skills
The first step in adopting the Audubon Schoolyard Habitat Program is an assessment of the school campus habitat followed by recommendations for making it more wildlife-friendly. Contact Taralynn Reynolds ([email protected]) for more information about having your school become part of this exciting program.
Michelle Frankel is a Conservation Biologist and Taralynn Reynolds is the Audubon At Home Coordinator for Audubon Connecticut.
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World Day for Safety and Health at Work falls on 28 April 2019. This year, the Day sought to celebrate 100 years of the International Labour Organization (ILO). Often, “health and safety” can be colloquially used as shorthand for “red tape”, “extra paper work”, or “spoiling the fun”. Yet the Day serves as a reminder that health and safety regulations are important to everyone – and that failure to comply with them can have catastrophic consequences.
The history of the World Day for Safety and Health at Work has its origins as far back as the end of the First World War. Now an agency of the United Nations, the ILO was established in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles, as part of the League of Nations’ overall objective of lasting peace. In recognising the importance of “social justice” in establishing and maintaining peace, the League of Nations noted:
“Whereas conditions of labour exist involving such injustice, hardship and privation to large numbers of people as to produce unrest so great that the peace and harmony of the world are imperilled,” and
“Whereas also the failure of any nation to adopt humane conditions of labour is an obstacle in the way of other nations which desire to improve the conditions in their own countries”,
it concluded that an organisation was needed to improve workers’ conditions.
Uniquely within the UN, the ILO includes three key stakeholders in developing policies and standards: namely governments, employers and workers. The founding objectives included goals such as regulating working hours, securing appropriate wages, and particularly, “the protection of the worker against sickness, disease and injury arising out of his employment.”
This year, the theme of the Day is reflection on the work that has been done over the past century to improve safety at work, and looking forward to what may happen in future – taking into account changes to our world such as climate change and developments in technology.
Health and Safety Today
Today, what has come to be recognised as health and safety in the workplace has come a long way. The clearest illustration of this is that the number of injuries and deaths occurring in the workplace is significantly less than it was 40 years ago.
Although the reporting requirements for fatal and serious injuries have changed over time, even based on the headline figures, there are signs of progress in improving health and safety in the workplace. According to HSE statistics, the first year recording fatalities to employees (1974) recorded 651 workplace accident deaths in the UK. In 1981 (the first year that both employee and self-employed workers were included in the figures), 495 people sustained fatal injuries at work – 2.1 per 100,000 workers. The most recent figure, for the year 2017/2018, is 144, or 0.45 per 100,000 workers.
While the trend is positive in that it shows a steady decline in the number of fatalities, the fact remains fatal work-related incidents still occur. Separate statistics are kept for injuries to workers and include, on a national level, the lost income to individuals, employers and the UK government and its taxpayers caused by workplace injury. In the most recent figures (2016), the overall loss resulting from workplace injuries and ill health was estimated by HSE at £15 billion.
Responsibility for health and safety
Health and safety is a collective and individual responsibility. All team members from directors, to managers, to workers must look out for their own safety and those around them. A health and safety incident can impact on the organisation and individuals in a wide range of ways: from the financial costs to the risk to the liberty of individuals, if a prosecution results in a custodial sentence.
And of course, at the centre of all this, is the death or injury of an individual, and the pain they and their family will experience.
So, this World Day for Safety and Health at Work, perhaps take a moment to think about how your business performs on health and safety, and how you can take positive steps to improve it.
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Sharps Handling and Disposal
At the University of Idaho, a "sharp" is defined as any object which could readily puncture or cut the skin of an individual, including, but not limited to:
- Needles, syringes, knives, razor blades, lancets, capillary tubes, metal shavings, etc.
- Glass or plastic pipettes and pipette tips
- Any broken glass, glass slides, cover slips, plastic, metal, pottery with sharp edges, etc.
- Anything that could puncture through a garbage bag causing the bag to rupture and spill, or risking injury and exposure to personnel.
Although they are technically not “sharps,” disposable pipettes, tips and other pointed disposable objects can perforate the plastic liner of a waste can and pose an unknown threat, especially if they are contaminated with laboratory chemicals or other materials. For this reason, these items are treated as sharps for the safety of all personnel.
The Sharps and Pipette Tips Disposal guidance document covers hazard categories of sharps as well as how to collect and dispose of the different categories. EHS can provide appropriate collection containers as described in this document for non-hazardous plastic or metal sharps and sharps contaminated with hazardous chemicals. Biohazard sharps containers must be purchased by the lab. Using these best practices when conducting research using sharps or pipette tips reduces the risk of hazardous exposures. Additionally, EHS is providing a sharps disposal flow chart to serve as a visual guide for the collection and disposal of these items.
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What Age Can You Potty Train a Puppy?
Potty training a puppy is an essential part of owning and caring for a pup, but the specific age at which you can begin potty training varies depending on breed, size and health. Generally speaking, it’s best to start as soon as possible — puppies are able to learn simple commands from about 8 weeks of age, so you can begin teaching them early on how to signal when they need to do their business.
To make this process easier on both you and your pup, try to stay consistent while potty training. Start by setting up a regular schedule for bathroom breaks (ideally every few hours) and keep these sessions short — between 5-10 minutes should be enough time for your pup to get used to the idea of “going.” Setting a designated area outside where your pup can do their business will help encourage good habits and associate certain cues (like taking them out the same door each time) with specific actions. Make sure that they always perform in the same spot as well — dogs are creatures of habit Unlike humans, puppies don’t have full control over their bodily functions until around six months of age. This means that if you leave them alone for long periods without any breaks or fail to provide positive reinforcement when they eliminate in the right spot (with lots of praise and treats!) then there may be frequent accidents in your home until their bodies are developed enough to handle more advanced commands. Therefore it is important not only hold back punishment when mistakes occur (accidents will happen), but also use positive reinforcement techniques like rewards or extra playtime when your pup does what he needs to do outside
Step-by-Step Guide to Potty Training Your Puppy
Potty training your puppy is a challenging but essential part of responsible pet ownership. Teaching your puppy how to use the bathroom in the right spot can help prevent costly damage, foul odors, and annoying accidents. It may seem daunting but with patience and consistency, potty training your pup can be an achievable goal. This guide provides step-by-step instructions for potty training your puppy so that you can have a cleaner home and less mess to clean up in no time.
Before beginning any potty training program it is important to have realistic expectations when it comes to your pup’s age and developmental abilities. This will make the job easier for both you and your furry friend later on down the road. Puppies typically begin having bladder control by 4 months old; however, some take longer to learn than others depending on breed and size.
Step 1: Choose Where Your Pet Should Potty The first thing you need to decide is where do you want your puppies’ bathroom spot? If you’re inclined towards having an indoor area that requires fewer trips outside or if you live in an urban apartment building a designated area inside could work best for you such as a tiled corner or balcony space with artificial grass covering that draws away moisture quickly when used indoors. Outdoor potties are also an option depending upon climate conditions: take into account soil stability and heavy rains when choosing outdoor areas like grassy fields or hard surfaces near bushes or trees where dogs can find shelter from inclement weather while they relieve themselves.
Step 2: Feeding and Scheduling Habits Consistent feeding times play an important role in setting good restroom habits together with consistent trips outside every day at specific times helps promote faster learning specially if these activities stick to regular daytime hours instead of late nights before bedtime as this gives puppies more energy for toilet breaks as needed during their routine walks outdoors all day—not only does this keep their bodies’ functioning optimally all day long, but it also teaches him/her through repetition when it’s acceptable time (and place) to potty!Your pup should eat at least two meals per day at roughly the same time each morning after waking up from his/her nap around 3am (or earlier). Be consistent with your timing as routinely altering meal times makes things more complicated long term unless there are extenuating circumstances like construction noise or loud neighbors outside making them skittish around specific areas leading him/her back towards undesired habits once again after achieving any noticeable progress made over weeks prior those changes because especially younger pets haven’t incubated the tenets of learning maturation just yet while they grow older—so always be mindful behavior regularity here going forward…
Step 3: Walk Well & Reward Regularly Bring treats along with toys during outdoor walks –potentially even inanimate objects like sticks that move about producing fun sound effects–allowing immediate + positive reinforcement usually resulting greater success seen quickly during these outings rather than being wary like scolding approaches regarding undesirable events occurring sometime after inconvenience created leaving little incentive derived directly from its original source thereby complicating matters even further simply due higher stress levels commonly causing disruption within established patterns known better compliance owned & understood solely through repeating desirable behaviors correctly despite numerous opportunities proving otherwise previously; Failing this creates counterintuitive logic whenever delays appearing often prompting lessening enthusiasm intended reinforcing sight words somehow “communication gap perpetuated needs closing continuously remember along way particular words coordinating reward provided reaching desired result employed setting orderly pattern respective behavior expected every single instance terms avoided future blunders corrected right away needed meaningful relationship between handler dog maintained successful future advancements achieved continual support supplied yesterdays outdated techniques lead ineffective results!
Step 4: Rewards & Praises Strategically Rewarding good behaviors immediately rather than waiting until after unpleasant event happened reinforces desired responses faster than attempting post hoc correction techniques whenever possible most effective route taken rearing intelligent capable mature confident companions instilling basic manners politeness comprehended innate language doggy instinctively possessing deep underlying respectfulness representing years socialization methods skipped adjusting style other reliable cues noticed observed responding consistently always greatest message conveyed meaningfully promoted encouraging deeper bond strengthen lasting lifetime timeframe not be feared joked relied immense dedication built separate proof concrete steps correct commands spoken clearly confidently providing corrections phrased positively ending sentences barked positively featuring praise words definitively allowing clear understanding animal happens success reached originally sought ideally arriving quickest timeline expected packed solutions catered bundle particular requirements produced super speedy puppies!
By following these steps diligently through persistently developing good routines, soon enough, hopefully sooner rather than later, expect errant toileting incidents become miniscule few far between lasting imprint recognition created opened door endless possibilities achievable thanks much care taken plenty rewards delivered correct moment ideas rewarded praises given appropriately leaving imprint today set precedence tomorrow
Common Questions & Concerns Regarding Potty Training
Potty training can be a stressful experience for parents and children alike. As your toddler makes the transition from diapers to toilet, they’re sure to have many questions and concerns. To help make this process easier, here are some of the most common potty training questions and concerns that parents face:
1. When should I start potty training my child?
It can be difficult to determine the best time to begin potty training, as every child is different. Generally speaking, it’s recommended that you wait until your child is at least 18 months old before starting potty training. However, signs such as increased diaper dryness, an interest in using the bathroom like adults do, or expressed signs of being discomforted by a wet diaper are all good cues that your child might be ready for potty training sooner than later. It’s important to observe these signs carefully – pushing too soon could cause frustration and resistance towards learning this new skill.
2. What should I have on hand while potty training?
There are several things you’ll need before beginning the process of potty training your little one. Firstly, it’s helpful to get a sturdy step stool or chair so that your toddler can use the toilet independently if necessary. Additionally, having disposable mats or liners (for when accidents happen) can make clean-up easier on both you and your toddler; cleaning up any messes quickly and calmly will also help with their own learning curve of understanding they’ve had an accident rather than simply soaking everything in urine or feces continuously without consequence from you as parent/caretaker! Lastly, introducing rewards such as small treats or stickers can make transitioning into potty usage more appealing for toddlers who may not initially understand why this change is necessary for them just yet!
3. Should I use pull-ups or regular underwear when my child is first learning?
Pull-ups are typically recommended when introducing a toddler to the idea of using a toilet instead of diapers–they offer better absorption than underwear yet still provide independence compared to traditional diapers with tapes which have tight fitting where disrobing them requires assistance from another adult which assumes cooperation & strength development too young for most toddlers! However there’s much controversy around pull-ups being too similar to diapers rather then mimicking adult undergarments — ultimately opting either way only comes down parent preference in allowing them consistency in their decision making regarding what type of “training” wear along with implementation & policies exercised consistently throughout their learning phase which will develop ultimate habits accordingly overtime!
The Top 5 Facts About Potty Training Puppies
Potty training puppies can be a daunting task for any pet parent, but it’s essential to ensure your pup grows into a healthy and well-mannered member of the family. It’s important to understand some key facts about potty training before you begin, so here are our top five tips:
1. Puppies have small bladders compared to adult dogs – This means that they need frequent trips outside in order to prevent accidents indoors. That said, don’t expect a young pup to “hold it” all night! Depending on the breed, age and size of your pup, he or she may need regular trips outside every 1–2 hours at first.
2. The earlier you start potty training, the better – Even though most puppies won’t be fully housebroken until 6 months old or even older (depending on the breed), it is recommended that you start potty training ASAP. This will not only help reduce accidents inside but also establish routines and boundaries which can help create longer lasting habits down the road as your pup matures.
3.Choose a specific location and reward system when pottying outdoors– When you take your puppy outside to use the bathroom make sure you dedicate one specific area for this purpose each time .Then praise him/her enthusiastically and reward with treats whenever they finish their business in the designated area . Doing this consistently will help reinforce positive behavior which leads to quicker learning in the long run; additionally , it avoids confusion for dogs who might otherwise wonder what is expected of them each time they go outside
4. Remain consistent during training – It is essential that we maintain consistency in our approach when teaching pups about acceptable behavior as inconsistency can often lead to confusion . Every member of the household must abide by identical rules throughout this process , otherwise our furry friends might become frustrated due to mixed signals from different people ! Additionally , frequent repetition aids in building muscle memory which helps create longer lasting habits over time .
5. Consider crate-training – Crate-training provides an environment where our four legged friends can feel secure while also forming their own sense of territory ; adding structure gives puppies an opportunity to learn acceptable behaviors more quickly while minimizing risks caused by unsupervised excursions around the home ! Keep in mind that crates should never be used as punishment devices -use them only as part of positive reinforcement techniques !
Setting Up an Effective Potty Training Schedule
Potty training can be an intimidating task for any parent and it’s important to have an effective potty training schedule in place to ensure a successful experience. Every child is different, so there’s no one-size-fits all approach; however, there are some basic steps that every parent should take when setting up a potty training schedule.
To get started, you want to make sure your child understands what the process entails and how important it is to succeed. Explain in simple terms why they need to use the toilet and talk about the benefits of being toilet trained. Let them know that with effort, they can become independent and won’t need diapers anymore.
Once your child has a basic understanding of what’s involved in potty training, determine the key moments during the day when your child typically needs to go so you can plan regular bathroom breaks accordingly. This could include right after waking up in the morning, right before bedtime, about 30 minutes after eating meals or snacks, or after extended periods of physical activity.
In addition, you may want to consider scheduling each bathroom break into a routine program using timers and a chart or reward system that lets everyone know what time it is for going to the bathroom and recognizing positive results. It’s also helpful to have all necessary supplies (extra clothing, wipes, hand sanitizer) easily accessible near the toilet area. As your child becomes more comfortable with consistent potty breaks throughout the day, start spacing them out further apart in order for them to gain greater control over their bladder and bowels until they don’t need structured reminders anymore.
Finally – stay patient! Potty training should be an encouraging atmosphere where both you and your child celebrate each success along the way as milestones are achieved on the journey towards achieving potty mastery!
Troubleshooting Tips for Difficult Potty Training Issues
Potty training can be one of the most difficult stages to navigate in a child’s development. While it may seem like an insurmountable task, there are some troubleshooting tips you can use to help ease your way through the process. Here are a few of those tips:
1. Patience and consistency – When tackling any difficult potty training issues, patience is key. This will involve consistent reminders, rewards and consequences if necessary. Remember that this is a learning process for your child, so taking extra time to ensure understanding can go a long way in making the experience easier for both of you.
2. Communication – Clear communication is essential when trying to tackle potty training problems. The success of potty training relies heavily on clear instructions and explanations from parents as well as feedback from children about their progress and limitations or concerns with the process. Do your best to foster an environment where both parties feel comfortable communicating with one another openly and honestly.
3. Use Stickers – An oldie but goodie, you can use stickers to create positive associations with the potty by rewarding successes with delicate animations or iconic figures your kids enjoy looking at each time they make progress in their toilet training journey!
4. Make sure they have access to all materials required – Make sure your little ones have easy access to all things needed for successful potty training: appropriate clothing (such as pull-ups), wipes, bathroom cleaner, towel rack nearby basin etc., Potty chair or adult seat depending upon size/age of child etc.. And always try to keep their comfort level always in check!
5. Find out what works for them – Last but not least, take time out to ask questions about how they feel about using the toilet and answer any queries they may have regarding the same; be open minded towards different techniques that might work better than standard methods! By identifying more effective solutions specific to their needs , it can help improve their confidence significantly during early days of transition into fully independent use of restrooms !
Taking on difficult issues involving potty training may seem daunting at first glance but having patience, being consistent in communication and rewards ( such as stickers ) adapting approaches that work best for your child , keeping comfort level always on top priority are few tricks which will certainly steer through these tumultuous waters .
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In what is being described as a ground-breaking school curriculum addition, the school’s pupils aged 14 and 15 are taking part in the courses designed by Oxford and Cambridge psychologists.
The school’s year 10 pupils’ “mindfulness” course, which will last for two months, is said to be one of the first in the country, which was designed to develop skills in concentration and to combat anxiety.
The school also reportedly said it showed teenagers the benefits of silence and helps them to identify certain “corrosive” mindsets that could lead to mental health problems.
The project is being jointly run with staff at Charterhouse and Hampton schools, which will soon introduce similar classes.
It is being lead by the Mindfulness Centre at Oxford and the Wellbeing Institute at Cambridge.
Richard Burnett, A Tonbridge housemaster who is leading the course, said the course demanded a “culture change” in the perceptions of silence for teachers and pupils.
“One of the things about schools is that silence is associated with power, the teacher tells the pupils to be quiet,” he told The Times.
“What you need to do is convey the idea that silence is a positive activity to be savoured and enjoyed.”
Prof Mark Williams, director of the Mindfulness Centre at Oxford, told the paper that Tonbridge was the first school to introduce a full meditation course in a practical rather than academic context.
“This is not about converting people to Buddhism, but showing there is scientific evidence that these practices are useful,” he said.
“So why deny them from being used?”
Andrew McCulloch, chief executive of the Mental Health Foundation, said that mindfulness training also offered the chance to take proactive steps to avoid depression and anxiety in later life.
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SIMPLE OBJECTS SCAN INSTRUCTIONS
Before starting shooting, you need to have carefully read the
1. SQUARE METERS
For shooting simple objects, the space that allows you to rotate around the subject is sufficient.
The time required to perform a SIMPLE OBJECTS shooting is approximately 2-3 minutes considering the 2 rotations to recover the support base.
3. BASE SUPPORT
If desired and where possible, the support base of an object can be acquired by rotating the object through 2 further shooting phases [optional].
4. SIMPLE OBJECTS
Simple objects must not have particular cavities, holes, or complex shapes.
Simple objects can be considered: sofa, garment, fruit, food plates, closed boxes, uniform volumes, etc .; a shoe or a bas-relief could still be considered a simple object based on the shape.
For some objects, it may be difficult to acquire the support base even where the shooting of the support base was provided.
Objects with compound volumes, indentations, with reflective surfaces of metal, glass, ceramic and shiny plastics are not considered simple objects.
5. COMPLEX OBJECTS
Simple objects do not include objects whose volumes are composed of several parts such as a chair, table, anthropomorphic statue, means of transport, house and objects of medium or large size.
6. GUIDELINES FOR THE OPERATOR
Before shooting, remember that:
It is very useful to make a video test to compare with the SIMPLE OBJECT SCAN - DEMO SHOOTING video;
Fast camera movements create blur effects, so it is important to move around the subject slowly;
Never use the zoom to simulate an approach, you need to physically move to get closer and further away;
Use the grid to keep the framing of the subject aligned with what is expected in the SHOOTING STEP BY STEP.
7. SHOOTING STEP BY STEP
The recording for the SIMPLE OBJECT SCAN can be formed either by 1 video only with 2 STEP or, optionally, by 3 videos with 4 STEP, depending on whether you also want to record the base side or not. Pay attention to what must be framed at the beginning and end of each phase so that the video (s) contain all the points of view necessary for the scan of the model.
SIDE ROTATION: rotates around the object keeping the frame of the subject always in the centre of the screen and with a slightly high point of view; when you have completed the round, get a little closer starting from the top and finish with the starting position of step 2.
TOP ROTATION: rotates around the object keeping the frame of the subject always in the centre of the screen and with a viewpoint from above; when you have completed the lap, stop for a second and press stop to end the 1st video.
SIDE A: put the object on its side to make a horizontal tracking shot that frames both the front A and the side on which it rested.
VIDEO 2 - OPZIONALE
SIDE B: rotate the object 180 ° and keep it sideways to make a horizontal tracking shot that frames both the rear part B and the side on which it rested.
VIDEO 3 - OPZIONALE
1) The acquisition of the base is currently only possible for objects whose volumes are very simple and without recesses.
Objects such as shoes, backpacks, hats hardly allow the integration of the support base.
2) If you reposition the object to acquire the support base, put it in a neighbouring area to avoid significant changes in light and the surrounding environment.
Analyze the video below to replicate the movement of the camera and compare it with your video before uploading.
SIMPLE OBJECT SCAN - DEMO SHOOTING
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Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 1741-1844
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania was founded in 1741 by a group of Moravians, members of a church that traces its heritage to pre-Reformation fifteenth-century central Europe. The first Moravians on the North American continent immigrated from their community in Herrnhut, Saxony (Germany) and arrived in Savannah in the new British colony of Georgia in 1735. Missionary activity among the Native American population of the colony was the primary goal of these settlers; however, efforts to establish a permanent settlement in Georgia were stymied. The pacifist Moravians were expected to engage in military maneuvers to prepare for the threat of incursions by the Spanish from the south and possible attacks by the surrounding hostile natives. Unsympathetic officials and suspicious neighbors prompted the Moravian group to seriously question their initial settlement selection.
In 1740 the evangelist George Whitefield invited the remaining Moravians in Georgia to accompany him to Pennsylvania where he intended to establish a school in Nazareth for the orphan children of slaves. On May 30, 1740 the small group of Moravian travelers arrived in Nazareth; however, due to theological differences, the Moravian-Whitefield partnership was short lived. Although Nazareth would eventually become an important community for the Moravians, it was clear that Whitefield no longer welcomed them as part of his venture. Again, the group was forced to investigate an alternative settlement.
On April 2, 1741, William Allen deeded 500 acres at the junction of the Monocacy Creek and Lehigh River to the Moravian Church. The setting was ideal. It had fertile soil, ample lumber, and a plentiful water supply. Continued Moravian immigration and careful planning of the community is evidenced in the rapid growth of the settlement. By 1761 the settlements inhabitants erected over 50 buildings, maintained nearly 50 industries, and cleared over 2000 acres of Bethlehem-Nazareth land. Much credit for this early success can be attributed to the communal system in which these early settlers lived.
The disciplined, communal life of the settlers served a dual purpose. They were able to survive and thrive in a back woods location, as well as maintain a high standard of moral behavior by associating closely with those of the same spiritual convictions. A regimen of worship and work sustained early development in their new and sometimes hostile environment. The first years, 1741-1762, were based on a communal economy where all individual labors were directed toward the betterment of the community and support of its growing itinerancy and missionary efforts.
The close spiritual ties were maintained by living arrangements that divided the community into "Choirs" in which each person lived with others of like circumstance. Men, women and children were divided into groups based on their sex, age and marital status. These groups participated in common work and worship within their "Choir." These arrangements would alter when it became clear that Bethlehem was a self-sustaining community whose growth dictated change.
In 1762 the communal system was abandoned for a more family oriented settlement. This is not to say that the close bonds of community were loosened. Many aspects of the original organization remained with the major change being the move from a communal to a cash economy. Businesses were established when the Church-owned and operated enterprises gave way to individual operations. Although the Moravian Church continued to hold the vast majority of the land in Bethlehem, the land could be leased from the Church and used for homes or private businesses. This organization remained in place until 1844 when the community was opened to non-Moravians.
For over one hundred years Bethlehem was exclusively Moravian; however, it was not an isolated community. Bethlehem was an active, mutli-cultural center for trade and industry. Through its original purpose as the mission base in the New World to its social, political and economic adaptation, Bethlehem's history is intertwined with the history of a colony, a state and a nation.
Julia Maynard Maserjian
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Fundamentalism refers to any sect or movement within a religion that emphasizes a rigid adherence to what it conceives of as the fundamental principles of its faith, usually resulting in a denouncement of alternative practices and interpretations. There are fundamentalist sects in almost all of the world's major religions, including Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and Judaism. Cross-culturally, fundamentalism is characterized by a cluster of common attributes including a literal interpretation of scripture, a suspicion of outsiders, a sense of alienation from the secular culture, a distrust of liberal elites, and the belief in the historical accuracy and inerrancy of their own interpretation of their religious scriptures. Additionally, religious fundamentalists are often politically active and may feel that the state must be subservient to God.
Historically, the term "fundamentalism" was first used in the early 1900s among American Protestant Christians who strove to return to the "fundamentals" of Biblical faith, and who stressed the literally interpreted Bible as fundamental to Christian life and teaching. The subsequent growth of religious fundamentalism in the twentieth century has been tied to the perceived challenge that both secularism and liberal values pose to traditional religious authorities, values, and theological truth claims. Fundamentalism appeals to religious believers who feel threatened by the encroachment of liberal values into traditionally religious spheres. They feel besieged by secular culture which they regard as immoral and godless.
It should be noted that groups described as fundamentalist often strongly object to this term because they see it as a derogatory label. While liberals point to the fundamentalists' intolerance and self-righteousness as a breeding ground for religious violence, fundamentalists, on the other hand, point to liberals' intolerance towards them, precisely because they believe in absolutes. Fundamentalists have shown political savvy in working ecumenically with like-minded people of other faiths to promote conservative values, creating such groups as the Moral Majority, which played a major role in the 1980 election of President Ronald Reagan.
- 1 Historical Origins
- 2 Rationale of Religious Fundamentalism
- 3 Varieties of Fundamentalism around the World
- 4 Criticism of Fundamentalism
- 5 References
- 6 External links
- 7 Credits
The narrow exclusivism of fundamentalism, however, is contrary to the spirit of tolerance found in all religions. Nevertheless, efforts within the world's religions to overcome fundamentalism have been largely ineffective. For one thing, religious liberals may simply reject fundamentalists rather than seek to make positive relationships with them; this only reinforces their sense of alienation and seems to validate their views. Furthermore, since fundamentalism is a reaction to secularism, these movements are unlikely to subside unless moderate religious leaders find the means to overcome the corrosive effects of secular culture.
The concept of "fundamentalism" arose in 1909 from the title of a four-volume set of books called The Fundamentals. These books were published by the Bible Institute of Los Angeles (B.I.O.L.A. now Biola University), between 1909 and 1920. They were called The Fundamentals because they appealed to Christians to affirm specific fundamental doctrines such as The Virgin Birth and bodily Resurrection of Jesus. This series of essays came to be representative of the "Fundamentalist-Modernist controversy" which appeared late in the nineteenth century within the Protestant churches of the United States, and continued in earnest through the 1920s.
Over time the term came to be associated with a particular segment of evangelical Protestantism, who distinguished themselves by their separatist approach toward modernity, and toward other Christians who did not agree with their views. Originally members of the various Protestant denominations who subscribed to the "fundamentals" were called "fundamentalists" and they did not form an independent denomination. However, they have since broken up into various movements. Early "fundamentalists" included J. Gresham Machen and B.B. Warfield, men who would not be considered "fundamentalists" today.
Rationale of Religious Fundamentalism
Most forms of religious fundamentalism have similar traits. Religious fundamentalists typically see sacred scripture as the authentic and literal word of God. Since scripture is considered to be inerrant, fundamentalists believe that no person has the right to change it or disagree with it. They believe that God articulated His will precisely to His followers, and that they have a reliable and perfect record of that revelation. As a result, people are "obliged" to obey the word of God.
Thus, the appeal of fundamentalism is its affirmation of absolutes in a world that seems to have lost any sense of right and wrong. God has provided through his scriptures the proper values for the good life. Fundamentalists have God's favor because they alone are true to his word, while everyone else is bound for ruin. The evident decay of Western civilization, which is becoming increasingly decadent and tolerant of all manner of deviance, validates this point of view. Further justification is adduced from the state of mainstream religion: static or falling attendance of many liberal or reformed congregations, from the scandals that have struck, and from the increasing difficulty of distinguishing between religiously liberal and avowedly secularist views on such matters as homosexuality, abortion and women's rights.
Fundamentalists also commonly believe that their way of life and treasured truths are under attack by the forces of secularism and liberalism. They think that they are rescuing religious identity from absorption into post-modernism and secularism. According to Peter Huff, "…fundamentalists in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, despite their doctrinal and practical differences, are united by a common worldview which anchors all of life in the authority of the sacred and a shared ethos that expresses itself through outrage at the pace and extent of modern secularization."
Fundamentalists believe their cause to have grave and even cosmic importance. They see themselves as protecting not only a distinctive doctrine, but also a vital principle, and a way of life and salvation. Community, comprehensively centered upon a clearly defined religious way of life in all of its aspects, is the promise of fundamentalist movements; it therefore appeals to those adherents of religion who find little that is distinctive, or authentically vital in their previous religious identity.
The fundamentalist "wall of virtue," which protects their identity, is erected against not only alien religions, but also against the modernized, compromised, nominal version of their own religion. Examples of things that modern fundamentalists often avoid are modern translations of the Bible, alcoholic drinks or recreational drugs, tobacco, modern popular music, dancing, "mixed bathing" (men and women swimming together), and gender-neutral or trans-gender clothing and hair-styles. Such things might seem innocuous to the outsider, but to some fundamentalists they represent the leading edge of a threat to the virtuous way of life and the purer form of belief that they seek to protect. Many fundamentalists accept only the King James Version translation of the Bible and study tools based on it, such as the Scofield Reference Bible.
Varieties of Fundamentalism around the World
Most religions contain fundamentalist elements that often have more in common with each other than with liberal followers of their own religion. In Christianity, fundamentalists are "Born again" and "Bible-believing" Protestants, as opposed to "Mainline," “modernist" Protestants, who, from a fundamentalist perspective, represent "Churchianity"; in Islam they are jama'at (Arabic: “religious enclaves” with connotations of close fellowship) self-consciously engaged in jihad (struggle) against Western culture that suppresses authentic Islam (submission) and the “God-given” (Shari'ah) way of life; in Judaism they are Haredi "Torah-true" Jews; and they have their equivalents in Hinduism, Sikhism and other world religions. These groups insist on a sharp boundary between themselves and others, and finally between a "sacred" view of life and the "secular" world. Fundamentalists direct their critiques toward (and draw most of their converts from) the larger community of their religion, by attempting to convince them that they are not experiencing the authentic version of their professed religion. Despite their similarities, fundamentalists from specific religions also have their own unique characteristics and views, as seen below:
The term fundamentalist is difficult to apply unambiguously in Christianity. Many self-described fundamentalists would include Jerry Falwell in their company, but would not embrace Pat Robertson as a fundamentalist because of his espousal of charismatic teachings. Fundamentalist institutions include Pensacola Christian College and Bob Jones University, but classically fundamentalist schools such as Fuller Theological Seminary and Biola University no longer describe themselves as fundamentalist.
Self-described Christian fundamentalists see the Holy Bible as both infallible and historically accurate. However, it is important to distinguish between the "literalist" and fundamentalist groups within the Christian community. Literalists, as the name indicates, hold that the Bible should be taken literally in every part (though English language Bibles are themselves translations and therefore not a literal, word-for-word rending of the original texts). Many Christian fundamentalists, on the other hand, are for the most part content to hold that the Bible should be taken literally only where there is no indication to the contrary. As William Jennings Bryan put it, in response to Clarence Darrow's questioning during the Scopes Trial (1925):
I believe that everything in the Bible should be accepted as it is given there; some of the Bible is given illustratively. For instance: 'Ye are the salt of the earth.' I would not insist that man was actually salt, or that he had flesh of salt, but it is used in the sense of salt as saving God's people.
Nevertheless, the tendency of modern Christian fundamentalism is toward a literal reading of the Bible.
Because of the prevalence of dispensational eschatology, some fundamentalists vehemently support the modern nation of Israel, believing the Jews to have significance in God's purposes parallel to the Christian churches, and a special role to play at the end of the world.
Jewish fundamentalism is a phenomenon particularly in Israel, where orthodox Jews find themselves in a struggle with secular Jews to define the culture. Haredi Judaism is a movement within the orthodox camp to establish an exclusively orthodox Jewish culture characterized by strict adherence to the Jewish law (halacha) in every aspect of life, the wearing of distinctive dress, and political efforts to enforce halachic ordinances on the general population—to make Israel a truly "Jewish" state. Some Jewish fundamentalists support the movement to establish Jewish settlements throughout the West Bank, which they call "Judea and Samaria," with the goal of absorbing it into Israel because of its Jewish occupation in biblical times.
Many orthodox Jews are not fundamentalists. The so-called "modern orthodox" believe it is possible to be both modern and observant at the same time. They do not as a rule wear distinctive dress. They make some accommodation with secular life, while strictly observing the Jewish law in the home and private settings, and in particular on the Sabbath.
Within the cluster of groups who esteem the Book of Mormon as scripture, some conservative movements of Mormonism could be labeled as fundamentalist. Mormon fundamentalism represents a break from the brand of Mormonism practiced by "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints" (LDS Church), and claims to be a return to the Mormon doctrines and practices which the LDS Church has allegedly wrongly abandoned, such as plural marriage, the Law of Consecration, the Adam-God theory, blood atonement, the Patriarchal Priesthood, elements of the Mormon Endowment ritual, and often exclusion of Blacks from the priesthood. Mormon fundamentalists have formed numerous sects, many of which have established small, cohesive, isolated communities in many areas of the Western United States.
Like other religions, Islam promotes a vision of society and provides guidelines for social life. The Holy Qur'an and the Hadith provide guidelines for Islamic government, including criminal law, family law, the prohibition of usury, and other economic regulations. During the expansion of Islam in its first centuries, the knowledge and culture of conquered territories was absorbed leading to what many consider a golden age of Islam, in which there was a flowering of arts and sciences and which carried Ancient Greek knowledge to the West in the High Middle Ages.
In the thirteenth century Ibn Taymiyyah, a theologian and professor of Hanbali jurisprudence, initiated a reform movement that argued Islamic scholarship had veered from the proper understanding of the Qur'an. He taught an extremely literal interpretation of the Qur'an and advocated the Sharia. He engaged in criticism of the Kasrawn Shi'a in Lebanon, the Rifa'i Sufi order, and others. Some of his critics accused him of anthropomorphism. He also advocated waging a jihad of the sword against the Mongols. Sunni thinkers have held Ibn Taymiyyah in relatively high esteem. Many historians feel his fundamentalism led to the ossification and decline of Islamic civilization.
One important modern strand of fundamentalist Islam is the Wahhabi school, which emerged in the eighteenth century and claims roots in Ibn Taymiyyah's teaching. Seminal influences came from writers like the Egyptian Sayyid Qutb and the Pakistani Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi, who saw western style individualism as counter to centuries of tradition, and also as inevitably leading to a debauched and licentious society. Qutb advocated a return to Sharia because of what he perceived as the inability of Western values to secure harmony and prosperity for Muslims. He believed that only divine guidance could lead humans to peace, justice, and prosperity, and it followed that Muslims should eschew man-made systems of governance and live according to divinely-inspired Shariah ("The Qur'an is our constitution").
Islamists and Jihadists
Most Qur'anic usages of the term jihad do not refer to war but to spiritual struggle or to the struggle to establish social justice, such as 22:77–78, "believers, bow down and prostrate yourselves in worship of your Lord, and work righteousness, that you may succeed and strive (jihad) in the cause of God.” Yet other verses are interpreted to refer to armed struggle to establish or extend Islamic rule, such as "Go ye forth, (whether equipped) lightly or heavily, and strive and struggle, with your goods and your persons, in the cause of Allah." (9:41). Thus the translation of jihad as “holy war” renders only one of the several meanings of the Arabic word, and there are many Muslims who believe that the Qur'an only permits defense (see 22:39–40; 2:190).
However, the loss of Muslim power due to the historical developments of World War I, the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, and the end of the caliphate, caused some Muslims to perceive that Islam was in retreat, and led them to actively oppose Western ideas and power. Islamic fundamentalism therefore is partly a reaction to colonialism, and sees the solution as a return to classical Islam, where religion played a dominant role in civil society and state affairs. Such groups tend to cite periods of history where Islam was the established social system, and they oppose local elites who supported adopting western liberal ideals.
Islamic political fundamentalists, also called Islamists or Jihadists, have organized active movements to pursue the goal Islamization through violent confrontation with the West, beginning with Westernized elements within their own countries. Such groups include the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, which assassinated President Anwar Sadat in 1981 (condemned for signing a peace treaty with the State of Israel in 1979). More recently, Osama bin Laden's Al-Qaeda network carried out the attacks against targets in the United States September 11, 2001. These and allied groups regard the West as Islam's enemy; thus, all Westerners are legitimate targets whether civilian or military. They rely on such Qur'anic verses as Qur’an 9:5 and 2:216 (referred to as the “sword verses”), and justify aggression (taking the initiative), not merely defense. Some jihadists claim to be the successors of the early Kharijites who assassinated Ali ibn Abi Talib as well as of the medieval Assassins.
A Shi’a type of Islamic fundamentalism arose with the Islamic revolution of Iran in 1979 with the rise of the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (c. 1900-1989) who founded the Islamic Republic of Iran. Ayatollah Khomeini galvanized the Shi’a world to embrace his radicalized fundamentalism since he was seen as a great defender of the Islamic faith. His promotion anti-Americanism, hatred against Israel, and anti-Western rhetoric, was in large part aimed at discrediting modernist forces in Iran.
The term “fundamentalist” in relation to the Islamist groups is problematic however, partly because of the term's origin in Christian discourse (where in modern times it has a purely theological significance; Islamism is political), but also because traditional Muslims, the overwhelming majority of whom are not Islamists, actually hold theological beliefs that are remarkably similar to those of conservative Christians in terms of the infallibility of scripture, Jesus' Virgin Birth (in which, based on Qur’an 3:47 and 3:59, most Muslims believe), as well as strong moral values and a strict lifestyle.
Unlike Christian fundamentalist groups, Muslim groups do not use the term "fundamentalist" to refer to themselves, and in recent years the term "Islamism" has largely displaced the term “Islamic fundamentalism.” The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language defines Islamism as, "An Islamic revivalist movement, often characterized by moral conservatism, literalism, and the attempt to implement Islamic values in all spheres of life." Dictionary: Islamism Retrieved September 7, 2008.
Hindu and Sikh fundamentalism
Some argue that the religious idea of fundamentalism is limited to the "Abrahamic religions,” and have connected the phenomenon specifically to the notion of revealed religion. However, in the landmark series on fundamentalism, Martin Marty (and others) have identified fundamentalism also in non-Abrahamic religions, including Hinduism.
Followers of Hinduism generally adhere to the Vedic statement, "Truth is One, though the sages know it variously," which would seem to make relativism practically a fundamental tenet. However, a few sects within Hinduism, such as the Arya Samaj for example, do have a tendency to dogmatically view the Vedas as divinely inspired, superior or even flawless. Regardless, some claim that no Hindu can be found who considers his/her name of God to be that of the "only true God" or their scriptures to be the "only scriptures truly inspired by God" or their prophet to be the "final one." In fact it is normal that Hinduism is itself divided into many different sects and groups with new philosophies continuously being added; consequently, the fundamentalist enclaves identified by The Fundamentalism Project, who claim to be purer than others, are regarded as aberrant within Hinduism.
The Khalistan movement of Sikhism, which flourished in the 1980s, has also been labeled as a type of religious fundamentalism. This movement expressed Sikh aspirations to establish an independent Sikh state in the Punjab, India (the traditional Holy Land of the Sikhs). It was also implicated in the assassination of India's Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi (1917-1984).
Some refer to any literal-minded or intolerant philosophy with pretense of being the sole source of objective truth, as fundamentalist, regardless of whether it is called a religion. For example, when the communist state of Albania (under the leadership of Enver Hoxha) declared itself an "atheist state," it was deemed by some to be a form of "fundamentalist atheism" or more accurately "Stalinist fundamentalism." There are people who in their attempt to live according to the writings of Ayn Rand seem to transgress respect for other perspectives in propagating their views, so that they are deemed to be a kind of "objectivist fundamentalist." In France, the imposition of restrictions on public display of religion has been labeled by some as "secular fundamentalism." The idea of non-religious fundamentalism almost always expands the definition of "fundamentalism" along the lines of criticisms. It represents an idea of purity, and is self-applied as a rather counter-cultural fidelity to a simple principle, as in economic fundamentalism.
Criticism of Fundamentalism
Many criticisms of the fundamentalism have been leveled by its opponents.
A general criticism is that fundamentalists are selective in what they believe and practice. For instance, the Book of Exodus dictates that when a man's brother dies, he must marry his widowed sister-in-law. Yet fundamentalist Christians do not adhere to this doctrine, despite the fact that it is not contradicted in the New Testament. However, defenders of fundamentalism argue that according to New Testament theology, large parts, if not all of the Mosaic Law, are not normative for modern Christians. They may cite passages such Colossians 2:14 which describes Jesus Christ as "having wiped out the handwriting of requirements that was against us.” Other fundamentalists argue that only certain parts of the Mosaic Law—parts that rely on universal moral principles—are normative for today. Therefore, in their view, there is no contradiction between such passages in the Old Testament and their belief in Biblical infallibility.
Another common criticism of fundamentalism is that in order for modern people to perfectly understand the original scriptures, they need to comprehend the ancient language of the original text (if indeed the true text can be discerned from among variants). Critics charge that fundamentalists fail to recognize that fallible human beings are the ones who transmit a religious tradition. Elliot N. Dorff writes, "Even if one wanted to follow the literal word of God, the need for people first to understand that word necessitates human interpretation. Through that process human fallibility is inextricably mixed into the very meaning of the divine word. As a result, it is impossible to follow the indisputable word of God; one can only achieve a human understanding of God's will." (Dorff 1988). Most fundamentalists do not deal with this argument. Those that do reply to this critique hold their own religious leaders are guided by God, and thus partake of divine infallibility.
Thirdly, Christian fundamentalists are often criticized for accepting religious texts as infallible when they often contain contradictions. Christian fundamentalists, for example, seem to ignore the discrepancies and contradictions in the Bible, as well as prophesies that did not seem to have not been fulfilled in exactly the way that scripture predicted.
Finally, the fundamentalists' insistence on strict interpretation of religious scripture has often been criticized as the fallacy of "legalism." H. Richard Niebuhr described this as a form of henotheism where the believer claims to have ultimate faith in a living and transcendent God, but in practice limits God to a lesser object of worship—in this case scripture.
- Appleby, R. Scott, Gabriel Abraham Almond, and Emmanuel Sivan. 2003. Strong Religion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226014975
- Armstrong, Karen. 2001. The Battle for God: A History of Fundamentalism. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0345391691
- Brasher, Brenda E. 2001. The Encyclopedia of Fundamentalism. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415922445
- Dorff, Elliot N. and Arthur Rosett. 1988. A Living Tree; The Roots and Growth of Jewish Law. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0887064604
- Gorenberg, Gershom. 2000. The End of Days: Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount. New York: The Free Press. New edition, 2002. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195152050
- Marsden; George M. 1980. Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth Century Evangelicalism, 1870-1925. Oxford University Press, ()
- Marty, Martin E. and R. Scott Appleby, eds. The Fundamentalism Project. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- (1991). Volume 1: Fundamentalisms Observed. ISBN 0226508781
- (1993). Volume 2: Fundamentalisms and Society. ISBN 0226508803
- (1993). Volume 3: Fundamentalisms and the State. ISBN 0226508838
- (1994). Volume 4: Accounting for Fundamentalisms. ISBN 0226508854
- (1995). Volume 5: Fundamentalisms Comprehended. ISBN 0226508870
- Ruthven, Malise. 2005. Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192806068
- Torrey, R.A., ed. 1909. The Fundamentals. Los Angeles, CA: The Bible Institute of Los Angeles (B.I.O.L.A., now Biola University). ISBN 0801012643
- "Religious movements: fundamentalist." In Goldstein, Norm, ed. (2003). The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law 2003, 38th ed., 218. New York: The Associated Press. ISBN 0917360222.
All links retrieved May 16, 2017.
- Thoughts on "Religious Fundamentalism" Identity
- Psychological Aspects of Involvement With Restrictive Religious Groups by Jim Moyers, MA, MFT; originally written for psychotherapists working with ex-fundamentalists
- Q & A on Islamic Fundamentalism
- Introduction to Fundamentalism
- The Rise of Religious Violence
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It’s not every day that serious scientific research revolves around the ability of a trained dog to sniff out whale poo floating on the ocean’s surface, but that is only one of several ways in which a recent study breaks new ground. The work, performed by collaborators from a variety of institutions from across the U.S., also took advantage of an international tragedy to provide data that might help prevent a natural tragedy, and provides some of the most unambiguous support to date for the hypothesis that anthropogenic noise is bad for wildlife because it increases their stress levels.
The international tragedy in question is the bombing of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. In the days that followed, ship traffic decreased markedly in (among other places) the Bay of Fundy, home to aright whale (Eubalaena glacialis) conservation area. During this period, researchers were already on site collecting both acoustic data and fecal samples—the latter of which were located using detection dogs whose sensitive noses guided the researchers close enough to use dipnets to scoop samples out of the water.
(A right whale, Eubalaena glacialis, in the anthropogenically disturbed Bay of Fundy)
Although these data were intended for use in other studies,it occurred to the researchers that they could use this opportunity to test along-standing but generally poorly-studied theory that the sound of boat traffic is stressful for acoustically sensitive marine species. To do this, the scientists re-visited the Bay during the next 4 years in order to collect additional fecal samples. By conducting their field work at the same time of year, they produced a dataset allowing them to compare seasonal variation in stress hormone levels both within a single year and among multiple years. Thus, they could examine whether any potential reductions in stress levels after 9/11 were simply a result of normal seasonal fluctuations, or were more likely a response to variation in ambient noise levels.
Noise levels in the Bay of Fundy were found to decrease by 6 dB in the wake of 9/11. There was a particularly noticeable drop-off in the amplitude of noises at low frequencies—in other words, the frequencies to which whales are particularly attuned. This was predominantly caused by a one-third reduction in ship traffic following the World Trade Center bombing. Fecal sample analyses revealed that, in “normal” years, whale stress hormones generally rise throughout the autumn; this corresponds to increasing courtship activity during this period. In 2001, however, there was a significant decrease in hormone levels just after 9/11, suggesting that the whales were “released” from the added stressor of anthropogenic noise.
(Whale poo--in this case, from a blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus. It floats because of its high nitrogen content.)
The researchers are quick to admit that “this is a retrospective analysis based on a non-repeatable event with all of the inherent limitations.” However, despite the unplanned nature of their study, and the lack of comparative acoustic recordings during the 2002-2005 portion of the research period, their work is still an improvement on previous studies of noise-related stress in marine animals. As the authors themselves state, the results “provide compelling evidence of a stress response in right whales exposed to…underwater noise from ship traffic”—an intriguing glimpse of the more subtle impacts of human activities on wildlife. In addition to conducting further research to verify the patterns reported here, it will also be important to determine the long-term and population-level consequences of stress responses to anthropogenic sound pollution.
Rolland, R.M., Parks, S.E., Hunt, K.E., Castellote, M.,Corkeron, P.J., Nowacek, D.P., Wasser, S.K., and Kraus, S.D. 2012. Evidence that ship noise increases stress in right whales. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, online advance publication.
Thanks to the following websites for providing the images used in this post:
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Chaos theory has a bad name, conjuring up images of unpredictable weather, accidents and economic science has gone wrong. But there is a fascinating and hidden from the chaos, that scientists are only beginning to understand. It turns out that chaos theory answers a question that mankind has asked for millennia – How did we get here?
In this documentary, Professor Jim Al-Khalili is to discover one of the great mysteries of science – How does a world order begins as dust with intelligent life? How to get out of disorder? It is an amazing, counterintuitive and for many people a very troubling.
But Professor Al-Khalili reveals the science behind much of the beauty and structure in the natural world and discovers that, far from it magic or an act of God, in fact is an intrinsic part of the laws of physics . Surprisingly, it turns out that the mathematics of chaos can explain how and why the universe creates exquisite order and pattern. The best part is that one need not be a scientist to understand.
The natural world is full of impressive examples of how nature transforms the simplicity in complexity. From the trees to the clouds to humans – after seeing this film will never be able to see the world the same way again. To learn more about the secret life of chaos.
31 years ago, NASA experienced one of the greatest disasters in the history of the space program. The space shuttle Challenger broke apart just 73 seconds into the flight.The disas...
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Journey to the Center of the Earth, by Jules Verne, , at sacred-texts.com
At eight in the morning a ray of daylight came to wake us up. The thousand shining surfaces of lava on the walls received it on its passage, and scattered it like a shower of sparks.
There was light enough to distinguish surrounding objects.
"Well, Axel, what do you say to it?" cried my uncle, rubbing his hands. "Did you ever spend a quieter night in our little house at Königsberg? No noise of cart wheels, no cries of basket women, no boatmen shouting!"
"No doubt it is very quiet at the bottom of this well, but there is something alarming in the quietness itself."
"Now come!" my uncle cried; "if you are frightened already, what will you be by and by? We have not gone a single inch yet into the bowels of the earth."
"What do you mean?"
"I mean that we have only reached the level of the island. long vertical tube, which terminates at the mouth of the crater, has its lower end only at the level of the sea."
"Are you sure of that?"
"Quite sure. Consult the barometer."
In fact, the mercury, which had risen in the instrument as fast as we descended, had stopped at twenty-nine inches.
"You see," said the Professor, "we have now only the pressure of our atmosphere, and I shall be glad when the aneroid takes the place of the barometer."
And in truth this instrument would become useless as soon as the weight of the atmosphere should exceed the pressure ascertained at the level of the sea.
"But," I said, "is there not reason to fear that this ever-increasing pressure will become at last very painful to bear?"
"No; we shall descend at a slow rate, and our lungs will become inured to a denser atmosphere. Aeronauts find the want of air as they rise to high elevations, but we shall perhaps have too much: of the two, this is what I should prefer. Don't let us lose a moment. Where is the bundle we sent down before us?"
I then remembered that we had searched for it in vain the evening before. My uncle questioned Hans, who, after having examined attentively with the eye of a huntsman, replied:
And so it was. The bundle had been caught by a projection a hundred feet above us. Immediately the Icelander climbed up like a cat, and in a few minutes the package was in our possession.
"Now," said my uncle, "let us breakfast; but we must lay in a good stock, for we don't know how long we may have to go on."
The biscuit and extract of meat were washed down with a draught of water mingled with a little gin.
Breakfast over, my uncle drew from his pocket a small notebook, intended for scientific observations. He consulted his instruments, and recorded:
"Monday, July 1.
"Chronometer, 8.17 a.m.; barometer, 297 in.; thermometer, 6° (43° F.). Direction, E.S.E."
This last observation applied to the dark gallery, and was indicated by the compass.
"Now, Axel," cried the Professor with enthusiasm, "now we are really going into the interior of the earth. At this precise moment the journey commences."
So saying, my uncle took in one hand Ruhmkorff's apparatus, which was hanging from his neck; and with the other he formed an electric communication with the coil in the lantern, and a sufficiently bright light dispersed the darkness of the passage.
Hans carried the other apparatus, which was also put into action. This ingenious application of electricity would enable us to go on for a long time by creating an artificial light even in the midst of the most inflammable gases.
"Now, march!" cried my uncle.
Each shouldered his package. Hans drove before him the load of cords and clothes; and, myself walking last, we entered the gallery.
At the moment of becoming engulfed in this dark gallery, I raised my head, and saw for the last time through the length of that vast tube the sky of Iceland, which I was never to behold again.
The lava, in the last eruption of 1229, had forced a passage through this tunnel. It still lined the walls with a thick and glistening coat. The electric light was here intensified a hundredfold by reflection.
The only difficulty in proceeding lay in not sliding too fast down an incline of about forty-five degrees; happily certain asperities and a few blisterings here and there formed steps, and we descended, letting our baggage slip before us from the end of a long rope.
But that which formed steps under our feet became stalactites overhead. The lava, which was porous in many places, had formed a surface covered with small rounded blisters; crystals of opaque quartz, set with limpid tears of glass, and hanging like clustered chandeliers from the vaulted roof, seemed as it were to kindle and form a sudden illumination as we passed on our way. It seemed as if the genii of the depths were lighting up their palace to receive their terrestrial guests.
"It is magnificent!" I cried spontaneously. "My uncle, what a sight! Don't you admire those blending hues of lava, passing from reddish brown to bright yellow by imperceptible shades? And these crystals are just like globes of light."
"Ali, you think so, do you, Axel, my boy? Well, you will see greater splendours than these, I hope. Now let us march: march!"
He had better have said slide, for we did nothing but drop down the steep inclines. It was the facifs descensus Averni of Virgil. The compass, which I consulted frequently, gave our direction as southeast with inflexible steadiness. This lava stream deviated neither to the right nor to the left.
Yet there was no sensible increase of temperature. This justified Davy's theory, and more than once I consulted the thermometer with surprise. Two hours after our departure it only marked 10° (50° Fahr.), an increase of only 4°. This gave reason for believing that our descent was more horizontal than vertical. As for the exact depth reached, it was very easy to ascertain that; the Professor measured accurately the angles of deviation and inclination on the road, but he kept the results to himself.
About eight in the evening he signalled to stop. Hans sat down at once. The lamps were hung upon a projection in the lava; we were in a sort of cavern where there was plenty of air. Certain puffs of air reached us. What atmospheric disturbance was the cause of them? I could not answer that question at the moment. Hunger and fatigue made me incapable of reasoning. A descent of seven hours consecutively is not made without considerable expenditure of strength. I was exhausted. The order to 'halt' therefore gave me pleasure. Hans laid our provisions upon a block of lava, and we ate with a good appetite. But one thing troubled me, our supply of water was half consumed. My uncle reckoned upon a fresh supply from subterranean sources, but hitherto we had met with none. I could not help drawing his attention to this circumstance.
"Are you surprised at this want of springs?" he said.
"More than that, I am anxious about it; we have only water enough for five days."
"Don't be uneasy, Axel, we shall find more than we want."
"When we have left this bed of lava behind us. How could springs break through such walls as these?"
"But perhaps this passage runs to a very great depth. It seems to me that we have made no great progress vertically."
"Why do you suppose that?"
"Because if we had gone deep into the crust of earth, we should have encountered greater heat."
"According to your system," said my uncle. "But what does the thermometer say?"
"Hardly fifteen degrees (59° Fahr), nine degrees only since our departure."
"Well, what is your conclusion?"
"This is my conclusion. According to exact observations, the increase of temperature in the interior of the globe advances at the rate of one degree (1 4/5° Fahr.) for every hundred feet. But certain local conditions may modify this rate. Thus at Yakoutsk in Siberia the increase of a degree is ascertained to be reached every 36 feet. This difference depends upon the heat-conducting power of the rocks. Moreover, in the neighbourhood of an extinct volcano, through gneiss, it has been observed that the increase of a degree is only attained at every 125 feet. Let us therefore assume this last hypothesis as the most suitable to our situation, and calculate."
"Well, do calculate, my boy."
"Nothing is easier," said I, putting down figures in my note book. "Nine times a hundred and twenty-five feet gives a depth of eleven hundred and twenty-five feet."
"Very accurate indeed."
"By my observation we are at 10,000 feet below the level of the sea."
"Is that possible?"
"Yes, or figures are of no use."
The Professor's calculations were quite correct. We had already attained a depth of six thousand feet beyond that hitherto reached by the foot of man, such as the mines of Kitz Bahl in Tyrol, and those of Wuttembourg in Bohemia.
The temperature, which ought to have been 81° (178° Fahr.) was scarcely 15° (59° Fahr.). Here was cause for reflection.
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The interaction of NGC 2276 with the intracluster medium — the superheated gas lying between the galaxies in galaxy clusters — has ignited a burst of star formation along one edge of the galaxy. This wave of star formation is visible as the bright, blue-tinged glow of newly formed massive stars towards the left side of this image, and gives the galaxy a strangely lopsided appearance. NGC 2276’s recent burst of star formation is also related to the appearance of more exotic inhabitants — black holes and neutron stars in binary systems.
On the other side of the galaxy from this burst of new stars, the gravitational attraction of a smaller companion is pulling the outer edges of NGC 2276 out of shape. This interaction with the small lens-shaped galaxy NGC 2300 has distorted the outermost spiral arms of NGC 2276, giving the false impression that the larger galaxy is orientated face-on to Earth .
NGC 2276 is by no means the only galaxy with a strange appearance. The Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies — a catalogue of unusual galaxies published in 1966 — contains a menagerie of weird and wonderful galaxies, including spectacular galaxy mergers, ring-shaped galaxies, and other galactic oddities. As befits an unusually contorted galaxy, NGC 2276 has the distinction of being listed in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies twice — once for its lopsided spiral arms and once for its interaction with its smaller neighbour NGC 2300.
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Ragbir Bhathal takes us along on the search for ‘dirty snowballs’ in the night sky
Ragbir Bhathal takes us along on the search for ‘dirty snowballs’ in the night sky
Comets have fascinated, intrigued and even cast fear among the citizens of planet earth for several centuries. Every culture has its own stories, interpretations and depictions of comets that have graced their night sky for thousands of years. To the ancient Chinese they were known as broom stars, to the Tshi people of Zaire they were hair stars and to the Tongans they were stars of dust. Comets were also seen as harbingers of calamities, omens fortelling a disaster or the overthrow of kings. The Bayeux Tapestry shows the Comet of 1066 and the killing of King Harold of England by the Norman invaders. More than 500 years later, Shakespeare in Julius Caesar wrote: ‘When beggars die there are no comets seen; The heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes’. Despite their superstitious beliefs about comets, the ancient Chinese observed and catalogued a remarkable number of these small celestial bodies. The excavation in the 1970s of Number Three Tomb at Mawangdui in China revealed illustrations of comets painted on silk. It was probably the first atlas of comets to give detailed information on such things as the date, type of comet and the constellation in which it appeared.
From about the seventeenth century, scientists began clearing the cobwebs of superstition that surrounded the appearance of comets and started answering the question of where they come from and what they are made of. A new breed of comet observers and hunters appeared on the scene. Famous physicists and astronomers, such as Kepler and Galileo, entered the debate about the nature and properties of comets. The Comet of 1618 was first observed on 25 August in Hungary. It was also observed by Johannes Kepler, who gave us the laws of the heavens, through his new telescope. In fact, it was probably the first comet to be observed in this way. Two other comets appeared in the same year and another shortly after, in 1619. They provided sufficient fodder for the scientists to argue about the nature of these newly arrived celestial bodies in the earth’s night sky.
It was, however, Edmond Halley (of Halley’s Comet fame) who gave us a first insight into the trajectories of comets. He showed us that they are members of our solar system. The appearance of three major comets in 1680, 1682 and 1683 fired his imagination and inspired him to calculate their orbits. In a most remarkable paper, A Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets, he used Isaac Newton’s laws of universal gravitation to solve one of the great mysteries of science. From his calculations, he predicted that the comet seen in 1531, 1607 and 1682 would appear again in 1758. In order to provide an accurate time of arrival, French mathematician Alexis Clairaut and astronomer Joseph-Jérôme de Lalande refined Halley’s calculations. The comet was observed by Johann Palitzsch, a German farmer and avid comet hunter, as predicted by Halley on Christmas night in 1758—16 years after his death. It was a great triumph for Newton’s theory of universal gravitation and clinched the argument that comets could return and were part of our solar system. An answer to the question of a comet’s composition proved more elusive. It was only in 1950 that American astrophysicist Fred Whipple told us they were dirty snowballs made up of ices, dust and gasses.
The prejudice against women scientists was glaringly obvious in this hunt for comets. There was a third member of Clairaut and Lalande’s team who worked on the calculations, but they did not mention her in public. Nicole-Reine Lepaute hailed from the upper classes and was an accomplished mathematician. In Lalande’s Astronomical Bibliography, he tells us that while she was vital to their work, she was not pretty. Caroline Herschel, the sister of the famous British astronomer John Herschel, fared much better. She found eight comets in all and was awarded the Royal Astronomical Society’s gold medal. She was a celebrity in her own right. In more recent times, American astronomer Carolyn Shoemaker has discovered 32 comets and is well known for her co-discovery of the Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet in 1993.
In 1986, Halley’s Comet once again appeared in the night sky and was met with a new breed of observers. Five highly sophisticated spacecraft—two Japanese (Sakigate and Suisei), two Soviet (Vega 1 and Vega 2) and the European Space Agency’s Giotto—studied the comet. Giotto was named after the Florentine painter who included his own observation in 1301 of Halley’s Comet as the Star of Bethlehem in his now famous painting the Adoration of the Magi.
Australia entered the comet-hunting field with a big bang in international astronomical circles in the nineteenth century. On arriving in Sydney in 1821, Sir Thomas Brisbane, the sixth governor of New South Wales, established the first private observatory in Australia at Government House in Parramatta. With him, he brought two astronomers, Charles Rumker and John Dunlop. Within months of establishing the observatory, they discovered Encke’s Comet, a short-period comet. It was found on its first predicted return in June 1822. In an article on ‘Progress of the Mathematical Sciences’, the French scientist M. Fourier wrote:
the return of this star is an astronomical event of the greatest interest. Its faint splendour and crepuscular light did not allow it to be observed in Europe. Nor were they more fortunate at the Observatory of the Cape of Good Hope; but it was decried in the region of the earth the most remote from Europe—New Holland. The astronomer of the observatory at Parramatta, the most recent establishment of such a kind, observed this comet throughout the month of June 1822, and in positions very near those which had been anticipated.
This comet, which had been seen previously in 1818 by the astronomer J. Pons in the northern hemisphere, was named after astronomer Johann Franz Encke who had calculated its 3.3-year orbit. The rediscovery of Encke’s Comet was important because it was only the second time that the predicted return of a comet had been observed. The first, as noted earlier, had been Halley’s Comet. This observation made Encke’s Comet a permanent member of the solar system and confirmed that comets, like planets, obeyed Newton’s laws of gravitational motion.
This success on the international scene was followed several years later by Australia’s most famous nineteenth-century comet hunter, John Tebbutt, whose papers are held at the National Library. Tebbutt’s interest in comets began with his first naked-eye observation of a comet in May 1853. His next was Comet Donati, which had been discovered by the Italian astronomer Giovanni Donati in Florence on 2 June 1858. He beat the professional astronomers in the state observatories to it. Tebbutt shot to international fame with the discovery of the Great Comet of 1861. He wrote in his memoirs that this discovery ‘made him known to the astronomers of the northern hemisphere’. His next great discovery and international exposure took place in 1881. In her monumental work on the history of nineteenth-century astronomy, Agnes Clerke wrote that ‘the comet of 1881 was of signal service to science … Cometary photography came to its earliest fruition with it’. For his extraordinary work, Tebbutt was awarded the Hannah Jackson (nee Gwilt) Gift and the Bronze Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1905. In 1973, the International Astronomical Union renamed the lunar crater Picard G ‘Tebbutt’. In 1984, Tebbutt and his observatories were depicted on the Australian $100 note.
Apart from Tebbutt, Australia has had and continues to have a number of comet hunters who have discovered new comets. Hunting comets is a hobby that can be carried out by anyone who has the patience to search the night sky for fuzzy objects several hours a week. One does not need to use highly sophisticated or very large telescopes. The late Bill Bradfield, a rocket-propulsion engineer from South Australia, was one of these amateur astronomers who had cobbled together a homemade telescope and had begun his search for comets in 1970. Six years later, he had discovered six comets. By the time of his death at the age of 86, he had discovered 18. What is remarkable is that he relied on sweeping the sky visually rather than using sophisticated computerised equipment. Roger Sinnott, a senior contributing editor with the US Sky & Telescope magazine, noted that ‘His remarkable tally of 18 comets, each discovered visually and credited to him alone, puts him among the most prolific and elite comet discoverers of all time’.
Living in the twenty-first century has given us a different perspective of our universe. Comets no longer hold superstitions for us, nor are they omens of bad tidings. They are just dirty snowballs that obey the laws of universal gravitation and come along and greet us from time to time with their magnificent long tails.
Dr Ragbir Bhathal is a Distinguished Teaching Fellow at Western Sydney University. He conducts the National Oral History Project on Eminent Australian Astronomers and Physicists on behalf of the Library and has published four books with NLA Publishing.
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There are apps that can help when you’re in an emergency.
Mobile apps have helped us connect with friends and family and they have, in some way simplified communication between people. From sharing pictures and messages and sometimes making audio and video calls, apps offer a variety of solutions and entertainment. Mobile apps provide access to tasks, maps and messages on tablets and smartphones. They can also provide safety for communities. Apps can be used as a tool to report crime and inform our loved one when we are in danger. Reporting emergencies via an app can reduce response time and potentially save a life.
A safe environment is an important human right and building a safe environment for citizens should be a priority. Advances in technology, such as mobile and GPS-enabled devices, have created a foundation for governments and emergency response providers to develop better services and become accountable.
There have been numerous cases of abuse against women not only in Africa but globally. Women continue to suffer and become victims of violence, rape and domestic abuse. The United Nations Population Fund states that violence against women and girls is one of the most prevalent human rights violations in the world.
There are some impressive safety technology out there that all women should know about. Having these apps on your smartphone may be more important and helpful than having any other game of the week. With violence against women on the rise, ensuring safety has become very important.
In light of the recent outbreak of violence against women, We have compiled a list of apps that not only women but everyone can use to keep safe. Some of these applications are free of charge while others can be bought whether on Google Play or App Store.
Pre-Yell Safety app
This Safety application connects victim with the dear and preferred ones in an Emergency situation, anywhere in the world. It is activated by a touch on the colour coded bars, activating the response chain by sending an SMS to the respondent of your emergency need, including sharing your location. No Verbal response from the Victim is needed at all. The app is available on Google Play.
Available for free on Google Play and App Store, WatchOver Me delivers emergency alerts via push notifications. You can press your phone or smartwatch, and help will be called instantly. The members of your personal safety network will receive a notification, and they’ll be able to track your location on a map. Depending on the situation they can talk to you, or contact the emergency services.
The app also has Continuous Safety Monitoring (subscription feature). Once activated, the app periodically asks you to confirm that you’re safe. In case you don’t confirm your safety, the members of your safety network will automatically be alerted.
React Mobile Safety App
A security app available on both Android and iOS. This app works with the React Sidekick, which can be ordered at here. The React Sidekick personal safety device pairs with the React Mobile safety app so that users can quickly send out a widespread emergency alert without having to access and unlock their phone. The app allows users to share GPS location with friends and to keep track of loved ones. When concerned with their safety, users can slide the “Follow Me” button to choose which contacts they would like to share your location with. There is also the “SOS Help Me” button to send out a widespread emergency alert.
Scream Alarm app
A free app that has only one button, which when pressed the phone screams loudly in a woman’s voice. The app is available on Android.
Circle of 6
A free app available for downloads on Android and iOS, Circle of 6 was initially designed for college students and has since evolved and now used by everyone. How the app works is that users pick six friends or family members to be in your circle, then every time you need to be picked up or want them to call/text you, you can hit the car, phone, or chat icons in the app. There’s also a danger button that you can activate to reach hotlines for victims of sexual or domestic abuse.
Red Panic Button
Red Panic Button application is designed to improve the life of all citizens by offering them a higher degree of security in our society. As a mobile device, the application offers users safety guidance in unknown environments (using a GPS option) and helps people feel confident and safe when moving or working. Users can also can also opt to set up emailed panic alerts with more information such as the local time, or Twitter and Facebook panic buttons, which will tweet an emergency message from your account or post as your status once enabled.
The main goal of this app is to provide security for women. The app is available on both Android and iOS. At the click of the power button of your smartphone 2 times consecutively, the app sends out alert messages every 2 minutes to contacts that were saved into the app as the designated receivers or guardians.
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A new research published in Psychological Science found that individuals suffering from severe neck pain could alter pain experiences by using virtual reality to imagine how far the neck is turned. It may seem like our experiences of pain stem from some objective, physiological source, but research has shown that many factors - including sensory, cognitive, and emotional cues - can have a significant influence on if, when, and how we feel pain.
"Our findings show that the brain does not need danger messages coming from the tissues of the body in order to generate pain in that body part - sensable and reliable cues that predict impending pain are enough to produce the experience of pain," says researcher G. Lorimer Moseley of the University of South Australia. "These results suggest a new approach to developing treatments for pain that are based on separating the non-danger messages from the danger messages associated with a movement."
Moseley, co-author Daniel Harvie, and colleagues recruited 24 chronic neck pain sufferers from physiotherapy clinics. The participants had experienced the pain for an average of 11 years, stemming from issues including posture, tension, repeated strain, trauma, and scoliosis.
The researchers had participants sit in a chair while wearing a virtual reality head-mounted display (Oculus Rift). The display showed a virtual indoor or outdoor scene while simultaneously recording participants' head movements using gyroscopes. The participants wore a seatbelt that prevented them from moving their torso and they also wore headphones that blocked out incidental noise.
For each scene that was presented, the participants were asked to rotate their head, either to the left or to the right, until they experienced pain. What the participants didn't know was that on some trials the researchers were manipulating the visual feedback provided in the virtual world so that it didn't accurately represent the degree to which the head was turned. In some cases, the scene indicated that participants weren't turning their head as far as they actually were - it understated the degree of rotation. In other cases, the feedback indicated to participants that they were turning their head farther than they were, overstating the degree of rotation.
The results showed that the visual feedback played an important role in determining when the participants reported feeling pain.
When the display understated actual head rotation, participants had a broader range of pain-free motion; they were able to turn their head about 6% farther than they normally would. But when the display overstated head rotation, their pain-free range of motion shrank by an average of 7%.
Importantly, the participants didn't report any differences in the intensity of pain across the various conditions. "We were surprised at how robust and predictable this pattern of results was," says Moseley. While previous research has indicated that external cues can influence the intensity of pain experiences, these results are novel in showing that external cues can also shift the physical point at which pain is experienced.
The researchers note that their work, though experimental in nature, could have significant implications for the clinical treatment of pain: the researchers said, "If cues signaling danger amplify or indeed trigger pain, then these cues present a novel target for therapy."
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In the aforementioned poem by Charles Bukowski, the following words may be found:
"listen, he said, you ever seen a bunch of crabs in a
no, I told him.
well, what happens is that now and then one crab
will climb up on top of the others
and begin to climb toward the top of the bucket,
then, just as he's about to escape
another crab grabs him and pulls him back
We Can Pull Each Other Down...
In nursing, older seasoned nurses are said to "eat their young". Many nurses were treated poorly by their more experienced peers, and as hostile as it may sound, they then begin to believe that this is a right of passage that every nurse should undergo. Some nurses might say, "Well, they did it to me, so now I have the right to do it to the next ones."
Meanwhile, nurses can also be known for backbiting, backstabbing, and all manner of nasty, caddy behavior that undermines our image of the compassionate, caring nurse who forsakes herself for the needs of others.
Nurses can indeed pull each other down, stepping over one another like crabs trying to escape a bucket. And yes, if one nurse begins to move towards the top, other nurses may do their best to tear him or her down in an attempt to thwart the forward movement of a colleague. Jealousy is indeed "the green-eyed monster", as Shakespeare wrote in Othello, and it will cause nurses to do things that would make you shudder.
"Oh, beware, my lord, of jealousy!
It is the green-eyed monster which doth mockThe meat it feeds on."
Nurses can be like crabs in a bucket; they fight, scratch, bubble and hiss with rage, and clamber for the best position, with little thought for others.
...Or Pull One Another Up
We nurses can also pull ourselves and one another up. We work to elevate the profession, support our colleagues, and otherwise contribute to the collective good.
In this scenario, we're not crabs in a bucket. Rather, we're creatures who will band together in order to accomplish a larger goal. We understand that when one nurse moves higher and makes a larger splash in the pond, the ripple effect of her splash will also elevate us. We know that when the level of the pond rises, we rise with it.
Nurses who are willing to support one another are natural collectivists. We are willing to allow other nurses to stand on our shoulders, and we will actively and happily elevate another nurse who we trust, know, and respect.
We're happy when another nurse achieves greatness, and we understand that his or her advancement has a larger impact for the profession as a whole.The improvement of one nurse thus improves and elevates the entire profession, and we feel pleased for our colleague and the positive impact she will achieve.
Don't Be Crabby
Crabbiness is fine in the early morning when you need your coffee, but ongoing crabbiness that manifests as jealousy, envy, aberrant behavior, and nasty backbiting is uncalled for and unkind.
If there's a crabby nurse in your midst, perhaps you can use compassion in an attempt to get to the bottom of her crabbiness. Is she having struggles in her marriage or paying the bills? Is her mother terminally ill? Is her house in foreclosure? Does she just need a hug?
Meanwhile, there may be someone on your unit who's simply a bully who uses open hostility or a subtler form of passive-aggression to elevate himself while putting others down. That type of ugliness deserves a collective response to counteract it. You're clearly not able to literally boil a bully nurse in hot water, but you can create an environment where that crabby, hostile nurse feels like she's being boiled alive. Eventually, she may try to clamber out of the pot, and you can give her a friendly push so that she easily falls over the edge and runs out the door, never to return.
Collectivism is Key
Crabs may seem like a collective bunch when they're stuck in a bucket together, but when you look closely, the only thing they're really doing is mindlessly clambering over one another in an attempt to save themselves. Crabs don't think of the good of the whole, and when they're in that boiling pot of water, you can rest assured that it's every crab for himself.
For nurses, collectivism is key. We have a collective reputation to uphold for the public, and we cannot practice in isolation. For the most part, nursing is a team sport, and symbiosis and collaboration are part and parcel of who we are. We collaborate with one another, with doctors, with other allied professionals, and with patients and their loved ones. We are collaboration in action.
Crabiness is fine when it's a passing feeling, but when it becomes endemic to a unit, agency, or group, that spells troubles. Weed out the crabbiness, offer support, and attempt to assuage the pain of others. And if a crabby nurse turns out to be a bully or bad apple, then concerted action is called for to remove him or her from the team---and eject them from the bucket.
Collectivism is our nature, nurses. Own it, and remember that we can lift ourselves out of the boiling water when we work together as a team.
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Stray Capacitance A parallel plate capacitor is made of two metal plates facing each other. In fact two make a capacitor, we do not need the plates to be parallel, or even close to each other. Any two conductors in proximity to each other, with a potential difference between them will five rise to a capacitance. These capacitances are usually unwanted and are anyway unavoidable. The job of the designer is to minimise these so they are much smaller than any capacitance in the circuit and do not produce a signal that distorts the desired output. This is done by minimising the lengths of conducting leads and grouping components together.
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ANTHRACITE STRIKE. The anthracite coal strike of 1902 involved over 147,000 of the ethnically diverse miners of eastern Pennsylvania. Their goals were to gain operator recognition of the United Mine Workers (UMW), increased wages, and improved working conditions. When the mine operators rejected miners' demands, UMW president John Mitchell called the strike on 12 May 1902, and within several weeks the miners—including both established miners and newcomers from southern and eastern Europe—were joined by many engineers, firemen, and pumpmen in labor's greatest walkout to that time. By the fall of 1902, urban dwellers were in a near panic over what they feared was an imminent coal famine. This perception, along with clashes between strikers, nonstrikers, and management's private forces, resulted in the first federal intervention into a labor dispute that was not completely in support of management.
In October 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt invited representatives of both sides to meet with him in Washington, D.C., and asked them to compromise in the public interest. When the coal operators demurred, Roosevelt threatened federal seizure of the mines and sent his representative, Secretary of War Elihu Root, to negotiate with J. P. Morgan, whose firm had major interests in the railroads that owned the mines. Morgan and Root outlined the basis for arbitration while aboard Morgan's yacht, The Corsair. The Corsair Agreement was announced on 14 October 1902, with the coal operators forced to accept UMW head John Mitchell as the miners' representative on the Anthracite Coal Strike Commission. Ultimately, for the miners, the agreement was a defeat in one major respect: the document's preamble refused the UMW's primary objective: union recognition.
The results for miners and operators were mixed. An important union victory was the permanent establishment of the UMW in the anthracite coalfields, along with a nine-hour day, a 10 percent pay increase, and a structure for discussion and arbitration. But the anthracite commission had compromised on hours and wages, forced no changes in work rules, and decided that union recognition was beyond its jurisdiction. The labor-management boards that the commission established approximated collective bargaining, but in reality the power rested with federal judges. It was thirteen years more before the unions received actual recognition. Also, against the UMW's wishes, the commission recommended separate unions in bituminous and anthracite coal and condemned the union shop. The anthracite strike is noteworthy for making government the third party in labor disputes and earning Theodore Roosevelt recognition as the first president of the modern era not inextricably tied to business interests in labor-management matters.
Cornell, Robert J. The Anthracite Strike of 1902. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University Press, 1957.
Harbaugh, William Henry. Power and Responsibility: The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt. New York: Octagon Books, 1975.
Morris, Edmund. Theodore Rex. New York: Random House, 2001.
Mowry, George Edwin. The Era of Theodore Roosevelt, 1900–1912. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1958.
Perlman, Seig, and Phillip Taft. History of Labor in the United States, 1896–1932. Vol. 4, Labor Movements. New York: Macmillan, 1935.
Wiebe, Robert H. "The Anthracite Strike of 1902: A Record of Confusion." Mississippi Valley Historical Review: A Journal of American History 48 (1961): 229–251.
Williams, John Alexander. Appalachia: A History. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
"Anthracite Strike." Dictionary of American History. . Encyclopedia.com. (September 22, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/anthracite-strike
"Anthracite Strike." Dictionary of American History. . Retrieved September 22, 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/anthracite-strike
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(View plain language abstract)
Silent chromosomal translocations frequently occur in newborn children. However, the origin of these translocations remains poorly understood. Caffeine, a natural inhibitor of topoisomerase II, induces DNA double strand breaks and may be involved in the production of translocations. Moreover, caffeine enhances error-prone repair by inhibiting ATM kinase, essential for maintaining DNA ends in repair complexes. The dose of caffeine reaching the fetus depends predominantly upon maternal intake and toxicokinetics. The objective of the project was to improve the limited understanding of the factors affecting in utero chromosome translocation. The project aimed to demonstrate proof of principle that RNA can be extracted from Guthrie blood spots, and screened for translocations.
From a well defined mother/baby cohort of 1340 pregnancies, we identified 1300 individuals and recovered 1287 Guthrie cards (Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sheffield Children's Hospital). These were punched and shipped to the University of Maastricht where, from a defined sub-set, RNA was isolated and amplified in preparation for mutation screening. RNA was isolated from Guthrie cards with the RNeasy Micro Kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Mutation screening was performed using the Hemavision Screen kit (DNA Technology, Rosskov, Denmark).
In addition to the planned work we have evaluated the effect of sampling procedure and storage conditions of whole blood, upon levels of oxidatively damaged DNA. We have also developed methodology which allows for the comet assay (including the enzyme-modified variant) analysis of small volumes of whole blood.
The amplification step resulted in a low RNA yield, which was insufficient for the mutation assay. As a positive control for the mutation assay, we performed the assay on two cord blood samples for which we knew the RNA quality was good. For one sample, the kit’s control RNA band was slightly visible but was absent for the other sample. This indicated to us that the kit was not working poorly.
From our additional work, we successfully demonstrated that small volumes of blood can be simply integrated into the comet assay (including the enzyme-modified variant) for rapid analysis of DNA damage. This significantly increased the speed and throughput of the assay by removing the need for isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells prior to analysis. The assay revealed that, surprisingly, whole blood appears to act as an effective cryopreservative, when small volumes of samples are stored at -80 °C. We also demonstrated that small volumes of blood, such as those obtained via a Lancet/pin-prick (~250 µL) show long term stability at -80 °C, and are amenable to our modification of the comet assay.
We continued to check the RNA quality from blood spots, concluding that, contrary to earlier reports in the literature, RNA quality is too low for further downstream applications. We also continued to isolate DNA from the Guthrie cards, as originally proposed, and will then perform limit mutation analyses as originally proposed in the application.
We also reported conditions that allows the storage of whole blood at –80 C, without cryopreservative, for at least one month without artefactual formation of DNA damage, as measured by the comet assay.
Leukaemia is the most common form of childhood cancers (35 % of all childhood malignancies). Chromosomal (DNA) alterations are frequently found in newborn children and have been linked to increased risk of childhood leukaemia. However, the origin of these alterations remains poorly understood. The diet contains compounds, such as caffeine, which promote formation (and persistence) of these chromosomal alterations. There is a wide range of dietary sources of caffeine, and it freely crosses the placenta, leading to the baby’s blood levels being the same as the mother’s. We propose that mother’s caffeine intake increases the incidence of certain common chromosomal translocations, which are seen in childhood leukaemia. From an existing mother/baby group of 1340 pregnancies, we proposed to screen DNA from the newborns’ heel-prick test for common chromosomal alterations, evaluate mothers’ caffeine intake and ability to metabolise caffeine, using information and specimens already collected. Known risk factors, such as folate status, birth weight and DNA damage will be taken into account, plus other dietary sources of DNA-damaging compounds. This is a unique opportunity to investigate the source of chromosomal alterations during pregnancy, which, after further testing, may be a biomarker of newborns with increased susceptibility to future disease.
This study continues to work to establish whether RNA can be extracted from Guthrie cards, that have been stored for up to seven years, as reported in the literature, and analyse this for the 28 main DNA modifications reported in chronic and acute leukaemia. To date, it would appear that the kit, which analyses these modifications is not performing as it should. Our fall back position is to extract DNA from the Guthrie blood spots, and screen these for the DNA changes, as originally proposed in the application.
A total of 1340 mother-baby pairs were potentially available for inclusion in the study. From these, the EuroKing system identified 1300. We have now assembled a total of 1287 Guthrie cards in Maastricht, awaiting analysis for the DNA changes most frequently associated with leukaemia.
In addition to the planned work, and in anticipation of an extension, we have evaluated the effect of sampling procedure and storage conditions of whole blood, upon levels of DNA damage. We showed that rather than isolating white blood cells prior to analysis, storage of whole blood protects the cells from damage induced by storage at frozen temperatures. We have also modified an existing methodology to analyse DNA damage in white blood cells in whole blood, without the need for their isolation prior to analysis. This is a significant improvement upon present methods, which are labour intensive, significantly increasing the ease and speed of the assay, and giving the potential for retrospective analysis of previously stored samples.
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In children, stress alters growth of a specific piece of the brain and abilities associated with it, suggests study.
The study was conducted by researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
"There has been a lot of work in animals linking both acute and chronic stress to changes in a part of the brain called the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in complex cognitive abilities like holding on to important information for quick recall and use," Jamie Hanson, a UW-Madison psychology graduate student, said.
"We have now found similar associations in humans, and found that more exposure to stress is related to more issues with certain kinds of cognitive processes," he said.
Children who had experienced more intense and lasting stressful events in their lives posted lower scores on tests of what the researchers refer to as spatial working memory.
According to the study, they had more trouble navigating tests of short-term memory such as finding a token in a series of boxes.
Brain scans revealed that the anterior cingulate, a portion of the prefrontal cortex believed to play key roles in spatial working memory, takes up less space in children with greater exposure to very stressful situations.
"These are subtle differences, but differences related to important cognitive abilities," Hanson said.
However, they may not be irreversible differences.
"We're not trying to argue that stress permanently scars your brain. We don't know if and how it is that stress affects the brain.
"We only have a snapshot - one MRI scan of each subject - and at this point we don't understand whether this is just a delay in development or a lasting difference. It could be that, because the brains is very plastic, very able to change, that children who have experienced a great deal of stress catch up in these areas," Hanson said.
The researchers determined stress levels through interviews with children ages 9 to 14 and their parents.
The research team, which included UW-Madison psychology professors Richard Davidson and Seth Pollak and their labs, collected expansive biographies of stressful events from slight to severe.
"Instead of focusing in on one specific type of stress, we tried to look at a range of stressors.
"We wanted to know as much as we could, and then use all this information to later to get an idea of how challenging and chronic and intense each experience was for the child," Hanson said.
Interestingly, there was little correlation between cumulative life stress and age. That is, children who had several more years of life in which to experience stressful episodes were no more likely than their younger peers to have accumulated a length stress resume.
Puberty, on the other hand, typically went hand-in-hand with heavier doses of stress.
The researchers, whose work was funded by the National Institutes of Health, also took note of changes in brain tissue known as white matter and gray matter. In the important brain areas that varied in volume with stress, the white and gray matter volumes were lower in tandem.
White matter, Hanson explained, is like the long-distance wiring of the brain. It connects separated parts of the brain so that they can share information.
Gray matter "does the math", Hanson said.
"It takes care of the processing, using the information that gets shared along the white matter connections," Hanson said.
Gray matter early in development appears to enable flexibility; children can play and excel at many different activities. But as kids age and specialize, gray matter thins. It begins to be "pruned" after puberty, while the amount of white matter grows into adulthood.
"For both gray and white matter, we actually see smaller volumes associated with high stress.
"Those kinds of effects across different kinds of tissue, those are the things we would like to study over longer periods of time. Understanding how these areas change can give you a better picture of whether this is just a delay in development or more lasting," Hanson added.
The study will be published in the Journal of Neuroscience.
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E nshrined in the Massachusetts Constitution is the following command:
“Wisdom and knowledge ... diffused generally
among the body of the people, being necessary for
the preservation of their rights and liberties ... it
shall be the duty of legislatures and magistrates, in
all future periods of this commonwealth, to cherish
the interests of literature and the sciences …”
In other words, the Massachusetts Constitution
states that the purpose of education is to preserve
democracy. Therefore, education must be spread
widely and treasured by the government.
That is a radical idea!
In 1993, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial
Court ruled that to “cherish” education, the state has
a constitutional responsibility to fund it.
The SJC also affirmed another democratic ideal:
that of the fully educated student who possesses a
number of “capabilities”
and is able to function as a
citizen of our democracy.
skills “to function in a
complex and rapidly
sufficient knowledge to
make informed choices;
an “understanding of
in order to understand
issues at the local, state,
and national levels; self-knowledge of one’s own
mental and physical wellness; a grounding in the arts
sufficient to appreciate one’s cultural and historical
heritage; the capacity to “choose and pursue life
work intelligently”; and the skills needed to compete
favorably in an academic field or the job market.
These capabilities represent the “wisdom and
knowledge” necessary to preserve democracy.
Public education is under attack
These profound ideas have been under attack
for decades by the “education reform” movement.
The movement is composed of and funded by people
who for ideological reasons do not believe in public
schools or unions and want to privatize education in
order to profit from it. Their weapons are austerity
Central to the educator uprisings nationwide is
the fight against these measures and for reclaiming
public education. When we understand what and
whom we are up against, we know how to fight back
Austerity and accountability measures work
hand in glove. Austerity budgets are imposed to
intentionally starve public schools and colleges of
necessary resources. Educators are forced to do
more with less, work longer, and achieve results
that are measured by damaging metrics. With fewer
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Opinions must be clearly identified as belonging to the
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The purpose of public education
full-time faculty members in our public higher
education system, more adjunct professors are hired
and exploited. And still, students are shouldering the
burden of tuition and fee hikes.
Accountability measures in the form of high-stakes testing, school leveling and punitive educator
evaluation systems are used to blame educators
and school districts for their so-called “failure.”
They serve as the justification to rob educators of
autonomy and outsource public schools to private
receivers, charter operators and empowerment zones
that profit from public dollars.
Our schools are not failing. They have been
failed — on purpose. And numerous groups are
now calling for money to fix them.
Beware! Our opponents will say they are for
more funding, but only if it is for more privatization
carve-outs. They have not changed their tune.
Who’s who in the funding campaigns?
Like the Hydra, the many-headed groups that —
with dark money flowing in the background — pulled
out all the stops to raise the charter cap in 2016 are
back together, working through an entity called the
Massachusetts Education Equity Partnership.
MEEP members include Stand for Children;
former leaders of Families for Excellent Schools, now
with Massachusetts Parents United; and Educators
for Excellence, which grew out of Democrats for
Education Reform. They are working in concert with
Governor Charlie Baker, former Education Secretary
Paul Reville, the Pioneer Institute, and Education
Secretary Jim Peyser, among others.
They are clamoring for new “accountability.”
That’s their code word for weaker collective
bargaining rights, less academic freedom for
educators, and reduced local autonomy for school
districts. The Board of Elementary and Secondary
Education has called for “targeted assistance ...
where investment can be leveraged with local and
third-party resources to close achievement gaps.”
Peyser and others believe, as he says, that “how
We crushed the privatizers in the fight over
Question 2. But they have learned something from
our landslide victory: They understand better now
that they lack the authentic voice and relationships
with families that educators possess. They have
adapted and emerged with a new plan.
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A round cone with half-angle α = 30° and the radius of the base R = 5.0 cm rolls uniformly and without slipping over a horizontal plane as shown in Fig. 1.8. The cone apex is hinged at the point O which is on the same level with the point C, the cone base centre. The velocity of point C is v = 10.0 cm/s. Find the moduli of (a) the vector of the angular velocity of the cone and the angle it forms with the vertical; (b) the vector of the angular acceleration of the cone.
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In complexity theory, RP ("randomized polynomial time") is the complexity class of problems for which a probabilistic Turing machine exists with these properties:
- It always runs in polynomial time in the input size
- If the correct answer is NO, it always returns NO
- If the correct answer is YES, then it returns YES with probability at least 1/2 (otherwise, it returns NO).
In other words, the algorithm is allowed to flip a truly random coin while it is running. The only case in which the algorithm can return YES is if the actual answer is YES; therefore if the algorithm terminates and produces YES, then the correct answer is definitely YES; however, the algorithm can terminate with NO regardless of the actual answer. That is, if the algorithm returns NO, it might be wrong.
Some authors call this class R, although this name is more commonly used for the class of recursive languages.
If the correct answer is YES and the algorithm is run n times with the result of each run statistically independent of the others, then it will return YES at least once with probability at least 1 − 2−n. So if the algorithm is run 100 times, then the chance of it giving the wrong answer every time is lower than the chance that cosmic rays corrupted the memory of the computer running the algorithm. In this sense, if a source of random numbers is available, most algorithms in RP are highly practical.
The fraction 1/2 in the definition is arbitrary. The set RP will contain exactly the same problems, even if the 1/2 is replaced by any constant nonzero probability less than 1; here constant means independent of the input to the algorithm.
Related complexity classes
The definition of RP says YES is always right and NO is usually right. The complexity class co-RP is similarly defined, except that NO is always right and YES is usually right. In other words, it accepts all YES instances but can either accept or reject NO instances. The class BPP describes algorithms that can give incorrect answers on both YES and NO instances, and thus contains both RP and co-RP. The intersection of the sets RP and co-RP is called ZPP. Just as RP may be called R, some authors use the name co-R rather than co-RP.
Connection to P and NP
P is a subset of RP, which is a subset of NP. Similarly, P is a subset of co-RP which is a subset of co-NP. It is not known whether these inclusions are strict. However, if the commonly believed conjecture P = BPP is true, then RP, co-RP, and P collapse (are all equal). Assuming in addition that P ≠ NP, this then implies that RP is strictly contained in NP. It is not known whether RP = co-RP, or whether RP is a subset of the intersection of NP and co-NP, though this would be implied by P = BPP.
Full article ▸
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1889 SERIES – CHICAGO POLICE COAT SHIELD DESIGN
Below is a complete pictorial presentation of the 1889 Series Chicago Police Department Shield. The image shown is of the actual Department issued shield that existed in the 1889 series.
An ordinance providing for a new badge of authority was brought before the city council on May 13, 1889 and was passed into law. A new appropriation for the cost of the new shield was not needed as the cost was saved from the previous years appropriation. 1500 shields were ordered at a cost of $1350.00. The new shield was first worn by police on April 15, 1889. However this design was short lived because the men on the force disliked the shape of the shield. They were more accustomed to the six point star. General Superintendent George W. Hubbard, at the time, made the following statement as to why the shape of the badge was changed:
“The old star badges were a confounded nuisance, in going through a crowd the points were sure to catch in something and either a rent torn in some one’s clothing or the star pulled off. The new badge is fastened so that it hangs flat and tight on the coat, and there are no awkward points in the way. Then there were about fifteen varieties of badges in the city. They were worn by employes of detective agencies, Coroners, Constables, Special Watchmen, and so on. Each of them was more or less like the police badge. They all number from one up, and when a policemen was reported by number we were not by any means sure whether it was the policeman. Now we have an ordinance making it a misdemeanor, with a heavy penalty, for any one to imitate or duplicate the new police badge. We had a good deal of trouble getting this one up; it was hard to avoid imitating sombody’s else badge, but I think we have not only a unique, but an artistic design.”
PATROLMAN COAT SHIELD
In Service Dates: April 15, 1889 – June 1889
Status: Inactive – Retired
Manufactured By: S.D. Childs & Co.
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by David Scott
An Advanced Summary of Chapter 1: History in Cannabis Medicine by David Bearman, M.D. Learn how you can get your FREE copy today!
Cannabis sativa L., including varieties of hemp, have been cultivated across the world over the past 10,000 years to align with the nutritional, nutraceutical, entheogenic, social, and prescriptive demands of their day. Interestingly enough, the “self-defensive” evolution of the plant has proven essential in relation to the medicinal benefits to humans, including cannabinoid and terpene profiles. Beyond these medicinal benefits, hemp was also cultivated for fiber and seeds to make paper, textiles, oils, and foods.
The first written recordings of herbal medicines, including cannabis, occurred between 1065 and 771 B.C.E., and overtime the medicinal use of cannabis spread from Asia to Europe until cannabis was banned by the Pope in the 15th Century, labeling it a tool of the devil for its healing properties. Medicinal cannabis was reintroduced to Europe by William O’Shaughnessy after a visit to India in the 19th Century. Cannabis gained so much popularity that it received the royal treatment from Queen Victoria who consumed cannabis to relieve her menstrual cramps. Sir William Osler soon dubbed cannabis “the best migraine treatment,” particularly the relief associated with pain and nausea. Through the 1920s, physicians wrote three million prescriptions every year for remedies containing cannabis, however use dwindled due to inadequate treatment standards and the relatively short shelf life of bioactive cannabis.
Over time, cannabis fell out of favor with Americans as the government sided with booze over bud, big pharma over small farmer, and factory nylon over industrial hemp. However, the past twenty years has seen the slow undoing of restrictions on cannabis in the states and abroad. Over twenty years ago, DEA Chief Administrative Law Judge, Francis Young, suggested that cannabis was “one of the safest therapeutic agents known to mankind...safer than eating ten potatoes.” Unfortunately, this was ultimately rejected by President George Bush and DEA Director John Lawn.
After a long hiatus, hemp is rebounding in a big way as a new generation of farmers look to cultivate the future. As regulatory constraints continue to loosen, the 2018 Agricultural Improvement Act (aka Farm Bill) established a .3% Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) threshold for the psychoactive component of the plant. According to Richard Schultes, this threshold is arbitrary as there is no botanical science to make a distinction between industrial hemp and medicinal cannabis.
Within the industrial hemp market, a new opportunity is taking form. While industrial hemp products contain only trace amounts of THC and manufacturers must refrain from making unfounded medical claims about additional cannabinoids like Cannabidiol (CBD), there is a whole new wave of research being conducted to help us better understand the industrial hemp plant as researchers explore bioactive properties like terpenes and cannabinoids in addition to valuable fiber, grain, and seed applications.
Rather than blaming the Pope, our government, your body or mind, it may simply be time to seek a whole new approach to cannabis. Industrial hemp products can be some of the best on the market, boosting relaxation without any intoxicating effects. Now that the government is finally coming around, it may be your turn now. Cannabinoids and other bioactive properties have been observed positively interacting with the Endocannabinoid System (ECS), a naturally occurring system within your body that helps regulate various human functions. Consuming the plant and its natural derivatives, may be helpful to individuals dealing with chronic pain, insomnia, anxiety, and cancer along with autoimmune, neurological, and vascular disorders. Make sure you stop by our shop or visit us online to begin the FREE consultation form so one of our personal CBD consultants can follow up with you and find the right hemp-based product for you!
Representing approximately 50% of our planet's dry biomass, carbon is considered an essential component to all known life forms on earth. While most forms of carbon are not suited for human consumption, Carbon 60 (C60) is often formulated with other compounds for it's antioxidant and bioactive properties.
Joshua Raderman (Boulder, CO) and Kevin Fortin (Williams, IN) recently submitted a U.S. patent application for a formula including C60 and cannabinoids. They suggest the addition of C60 to cannabinoid-based products improves the active "shelf life of cannabinoids and inhibits degradation of the cannabinoids over time due to oxidation." On a cellular level, C60 "enhance(s) the bioactivity of the cannabinoids" while interacting with the human body.
What is CBD and What Medical Conditions Might It Help?
Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of many cannabinoid molecules produced by cannabis, second only to THC in abundance. These plant-derived cannabinoids, or phytocannabinoids (phyto = plant in Greek), are characterized by their ability to act on the cannabinoid receptors that are part of our endocannabinoid system. While THC is the principal psychoactive component of cannabis and has certain medical uses, CBD stands out because it is both non-intoxicating and displays a broad range of potential medical applications including helping with anxiety, inflammation, pain, and seizures. These makes CBD an attractive therapeutic compound.
Why Does THC Get You High But Not CBD?
Despite being chemical cousins, THC and CBD have very different effects. The primary difference is that THC get you high while CBD does not. This is because THC and CBD affect our endocannabinoid system (ECS) in different ways. The major ECS receptor in the brain, CB1, is activated by THC but not CBD. In fact, CBD can get in the way of compounds like THC, preventing them from activating the CB1 receptor. This is why the THC:CBD ratio is so important for influencing the effects of cannabis products.
Scientific Evidence for CBD’s Medical Effects
Perhaps the most remarkable thing about CBD is the sheer number and variety of its potential therapeutic applications. It is important to recognize that each application may be supported by different levels of evidence. These range from ongoing clinical trials evaluating its efficacy in the treatment of human disorders, to animal studies investigating its behavioral and physiological effects, to in vitro work (test tube experiments) measuring its pharmacological interactions and mechanisms of action. Each type of study comes with its own strengths and weaknesses.
Clinical trials allow us to draw conclusions about the safety and effectiveness of potential therapeutic agents in humans, while animal studies and in vitroexperiments allow researchers to explore their biological actions in greater detail. However, because the latter class of studies are not conducted in humans, the results don’t always lead to the clinical application that we hope for—the majority of drugs that start in human clinical trials never become approved. Nonetheless, animal studies provide us with a strong foundation of biological knowledge, and are where the initial breakthroughs in research are made.
Why Does CBD Have So Many Potential Therapeutic Benefits?
CBD is famous for the promise it holds for treating treatment-resistant forms of childhood epilepsy. A number of clinical trials, testing the efficacy of CBD in human epilepsy patients, are currently underway. But there is also evidence, mainly from animal studies and in vitro experiments, that CBD may have neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and analgesic (pain-relieving) properties, and potential therapeutic value in the treatment of motivational disorders like depression, anxiety, and addiction.
What’s the biological basis for this wide range of potential medical uses? A key part of the answer lies in CBD’s promiscuous pharmacology—its ability to influence a wide range of receptor systems in the brain and body, including not only cannabinoid receptors but a host of others.
Receptor Systems in the Brain
The brain contains large numbers of highly specialized cells called neurons. Each neuron connects to many others through structures called synapses. These are sites where one neuron communicates to another by releasing chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters (Figure 1 below).
A neuron’s sensitivity to a specific neurotransmitter depends on whether or not it contains a receptor that “fits” that transmitter, like an electrical socket fits a plug. If a neuron contains receptors that match a particular neurotransmitter, then it can respond directly to that transmitter. Otherwise, it generally can’t. All neurons contain multiple neurotransmitter receptors, allowing them to respond to some neurotransmitters but not others.
Brain receptors are not only sensitive to neurotransmitters produced naturally within the brain, like dopamine or serotonin, but also chemical messengers produced outside the body, such as plant cannabinoids like THC or CBD. So when you ingest an edible or inhale some vapor, you’re allowing compounds originally produced by a plant to enter your body, travel through your bloodstream, and enter your brain. Once they arrive, these plant-derived compounds can influence brain activity by interacting with receptors on neurons. But they don’t interact with all neurons, just the ones that have the appropriate receptors.
CBD Has Effects on Many Different Receptor Systems
Although it is a cannabinoid, CBD does not directly interact with the two classical cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). Instead, it affects signaling through CB1 and CB2 receptors indirectly. This partly explains why, in contrast to THC, CBD is non-intoxicating. In addition to its indirect influence on the CB1 and CB2 receptors, CBD can increase levels of the body’s own naturally-produced cannabinoids (known as endocannabinoids) by inhibiting the enzymes that break them down.
Even more intriguing: CBD also influences many non-cannabinoid receptor systems in the brain, interacting with receptors sensitive to a variety of drugs and neurotransmitters (Figure 2). These include opioid receptors, known for their role in pain regulation. Opioid receptors are the key targets of pharmaceutical pain killers and drugs of abuse such as morphine, heroin, and fentanyl. CBD can also interact with dopamine receptors, which play a crucial role in regulating many aspects of behavior and cognition, including motivation and reward-seeking behavior.
This raises the intriguing possibility that CBD’s ability to influence either opioid or dopamine receptors may underlie its ability to dampen drug cravings and withdrawal symptoms, effects directly relevant to the treatment of addiction. However, we can’t say for sure at this point; more research on CBD’s interactions with the opioid and dopamine receptor systems is still needed.
CBD’s therapeutic potential with respect to addiction also extends to the serotonin system. Animal studies have demonstrated that CBD directly activates multiple serotonin receptors in the brain. These interactions have been implicated in its ability to reduce drug-seeking behavior. CBD’s influence on the serotonin system may also account in part for its anti-anxiety properties, which have been robustly demonstrated across both human and animal studies.
CBD and the Serotonin System: Exciting Possibilities
CBD’s ability to target a specific serotonin receptor, the serotonin 1A receptor, is associated with a remarkable range of therapeutic possibilities. Professor Roger Pertwee, an English pharmacologist renowned for his research on cannabinoids, spoke with Leafly about this aspect of CBD biology.
“It’s apparent ability to enhance the activation of serotonin 1A receptors supports the possibility that it could be used to ameliorate disorders that include: opioid dependence, neuropathic pain, depression and anxiety disorders, nausea and vomiting (e.g. from chemotherapy), and negative symptoms of schizophrenia,” he said. “One big unanswered question is what the human clinical relevance and importance of each of these potential therapeutic uses of CBD, identified solely by examining data from non-human preclinical research, actually is.”
Given that these possibilities come mainly from animal studies, more research will be needed before we can think seriously about human applications.
CBD: Psychiatric Utility From Complex Pharmacology?
Understanding CBD’s neurological effects is a complicated business, because of the wide variety of receptors with which it interacts. But that complexity may be the key to its promise as a therapeutic agent. Motivational disorders like addiction and anxiety are themselves highly complex; they arise from incompletely understood causes that span multiple receptor systems and neural networks in the brain. CBD’s complex, multi-target effects may therefore be crucial to its potential for aiding the treatment of such disorders. Over the coming years, researchers will continue to further understand this complexity and uncover the full scope of CBD’s therapeutic potential.
This article was first published on Leafly by Nick Jikomes 10/10/16
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Why do so many companies fail to make use of the energy-saving technologies which are available? Dutch researcher Mark Koetse used a meta-analysis of various empirical studies to assess the relevance of two possible explanations.
Meta-analysis is a research method that has been gradually gaining ground within economics since the mid-1980s. The doctoral research of Mark Koetse focused on the problems associated with this methodology. That is why in his thesis he described the negative effects of several frequently-occurring problems using simulation techniques and investigated the extent to which these effects could be mitigated using standard models in meta-analysis.
Koetse analysed the outcomes of empirical studies on the investment behaviour of entrepreneurs to find out whether uncertainty exerts a positive or negative influence on investments within companies. Very few of these studies revealed a positive and statistically significant relationship. A further quantitative analysis demonstrated that the variation in empirical outcomes can largely be explained by differences between the underlying studies. Furthermore, the meta-analysis suggests, albeit indirectly, that the uncertainty about, for example, energy prices possibly has an inhibitory effect on investments in energy-saving technologies.
Dr Mark Koetse | alfa
Waste from paper and pulp industry supplies raw material for development of new redox flow batteries
12.10.2017 | Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
Low-cost battery from waste graphite
11.10.2017 | Empa - Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt
University of Maryland researchers contribute to historic detection of gravitational waves and light created by event
On August 17, 2017, at 12:41:04 UTC, scientists made the first direct observation of a merger between two neutron stars--the dense, collapsed cores that remain...
Seven new papers describe the first-ever detection of light from a gravitational wave source. The event, caused by two neutron stars colliding and merging together, was dubbed GW170817 because it sent ripples through space-time that reached Earth on 2017 August 17. Around the world, hundreds of excited astronomers mobilized quickly and were able to observe the event using numerous telescopes, providing a wealth of new data.
Previous detections of gravitational waves have all involved the merger of two black holes, a feat that won the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics earlier this month....
Material defects in end products can quickly result in failures in many areas of industry, and have a massive impact on the safe use of their products. This is why, in the field of quality assurance, intelligent, nondestructive sensor systems play a key role. They allow testing components and parts in a rapid and cost-efficient manner without destroying the actual product or changing its surface. Experts from the Fraunhofer IZFP in Saarbrücken will be presenting two exhibits at the Blechexpo in Stuttgart from 7–10 November 2017 that allow fast, reliable, and automated characterization of materials and detection of defects (Hall 5, Booth 5306).
When quality testing uses time-consuming destructive test methods, it can result in enormous costs due to damaging or destroying the products. And given that...
Using a new cooling technique MPQ scientists succeed at observing collisions in a dense beam of cold and slow dipolar molecules.
How do chemical reactions proceed at extremely low temperatures? The answer requires the investigation of molecular samples that are cold, dense, and slow at...
Scientists from the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, using high precision laser spectroscopy of atomic hydrogen, confirm the surprisingly small value of the proton radius determined from muonic hydrogen.
It was one of the breakthroughs of the year 2010: Laser spectroscopy of muonic hydrogen resulted in a value for the proton charge radius that was significantly...
17.10.2017 | Event News
10.10.2017 | Event News
10.10.2017 | Event News
20.10.2017 | Information Technology
20.10.2017 | Materials Sciences
20.10.2017 | Interdisciplinary Research
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The Origins of Civilization in Greek and Roman Thought (Routledge Revivals)
By Sue Blundell
Routledge – 1986 – 234 pages
Series: Routledge Revivals
It has been much disputed to what extent thinkers in Greek and Roman antiquity adhered to ideas of evolution and progress in human affairs. Did they lack any conception of process in time, or did they anticipate Darwinian and Lamarckian hypotheses?
The Origins of Civilization in Greek and Roman Thought, first published in1986, comprehensively examines this issue. Beginning with creation myths – Mother Earth and Pandora, the anti-progressive ideas of the Golden Age, and the cyclical theories of Orphism – Professor Blundell goes on to explore the origins of scientific speculation among the Pre-Socratics, its development into the teleological science of Aristotle, and the advent of the progressivist views of the Stoics. Attention is also given to the ‘primitivist’ debate, involving ideas about the noble savage and reflections of such speculation in poetry, and finally the relationship between nature and culture in ancient thought is investigated.
Preface Part I: The Origins of the Human Race 1. Mythological explanations 2. The theories of the Presocratic philosophers 3. Later theories 4. Evolution and the survival of the fittest Part II: Patterns of Cultural History 5. Values and Cycles 6. Golden Age Theories 7. Theories of progress 8. Hard primitivism and the noble savage; Conclusion; Select Bibliography; Index
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When you are diagnosed with diabetes, healthcare provider (doctor, nurse practitioner [NP], or physician assistant [PA]) will work with you to put together a diabetes care plan designed to control your blood glucose and reduce your risk for diabetes-related complications. Your diabetes care plan will typically involve monitoring your blood glucose level, lifestyle modifications (healthy eating plan and physical activity), and medication to improve glycemic (blood glucose) control and other parameters associated with diabetes risk (eg, weight, blood pressure, lipids), and approaches to decrease risk for cardiovascular complications (eg, quitting smoking, management of high blood pressure, and, in certain people, taking a daily low-dose of aspirin). While lifestyle modifications (healthy eating, weight control, and physical activity) are the core of any type 2 diabetes care plan, many healthcare providers will suggest that you start on the oral diabetes medication metformin when you are diagnosed or shortly thereafter. If a single medication is not sufficient for glycemic control, then your provider may suggested adding another oral or injectable medication or insulin.1,2
Blood glucose control. Your blood glucose treatment goal or target will depend to some degree on individual factors, including your age and health status. However, keeping hemoglobin A1C around or under 7% has been shown to decrease the risk of microvascular complications (these include complications where small blood vessels are affected, such as retinopathy and kidney disease). Keeping A1C levels under 7% is a reasonable goal for many non-pregnant adults. However, your healthcare provider may suggest an even lower A1C target of 6.5% or under, if you can achieve this goal without developing hypoglycemia or having side effects due to medication. Younger people who are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes sometimes use this lower A1C target. A higher A1C target of 8% or less may be appropriate for people who are affected by severe hypoglycemia, older people, or people with advanced cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, or other complications.1
Blood pressure control. People with diabetes (who do not have kidney complications) should maintain blood pressure below 140/80 mmHg. Blood pressure below 130/80 mmHg may be appropriate for certain patient groups. Talk to your doctor about what your blood pressure target should be.1
Lipids. If you have type 2 diabetes, you are at increased risk for heart disease. Therefore, your low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level should generally be below 100 mg/dL, your triglycerides should be be below 150 mg/dL, and your high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol should be greater than 40 mg/dL (for men) and greater than 50 mg/dL (for women). If you have heart disease and diabetes, you should aim to keep your LDL cholesterol lower—below 70 mg/dL.1
Blood glucose monitoring. Ongoing monitoring of blood glucose is an important and necessary part of managing diabetes. If you have type 2 diabetes, your healthcare provider will monitor your glycemic control using hemoglobin A1C testing on a regular schedule during office visits. Since A1C testing gives shows you what your blood glucose average is over a period of 2 to 3 months, it is particularly useful for monitoring how well your treatment plan is working. The frequency of monitoring will be determined by how well your blood sugar is being controlled and other factors. Your provider may want to test you more frequently after a change in medication. If you use insulin therapy, your provider will have you do self-monitoring of blood glucose using a blood glucose meter.1,2
Self–monitoring of blood glucose may be recommended if you are taking insulin to control your blood glucose. Such monitoring allows you to check your blood glucose level at any time and enables you to make changes in treatment to fine-tune your blood glucose level.1
Self-monitoring of blood glucose typically involves using a lancet which inserts into a spring loaded device to get a tiny drop of blood from your finger and applying the blood sample to a test strip which you insert into the blood glucose meter. The blood glucose meter then within seconds displays the result of the test. The frequency of daily testing will depend on the specifics of your treatment plan. People with type 1 diabetes who depend on insulin injections typically need to test their blood glucose at least four times per day. For people with type 2 diabetes, the frequency of testing varies greatly depending on medication use and whether you take insulin or not.
There are many different blood glucose monitoring systems on the market today for self-monitoring of blood glucose. Your choice of a monitoring system may be determined, in part, by your health insurance plan. However, your healthcare provider and your diabetes educator will be able to offer guidance and training in using your monitor.
Learn more about different glucose monitoring devices and how to choose between different models.
If you have type 2 diabetes, lifestyle modifications will be the core of your diabetes care plan. It can be a challenge to make fundamental changes to the way you live. However, healthy changes, including losing weight and keeping it off, getting regular physical activity, controlling your blood pressure and lipids, quitting smoking, and healthy eating will make a big difference when it comes to protecting yourself from complications associated with diabetes. Reach out to your healthcare provider and your American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE)-certified diabetes educator to help you make the behavioral changes that you’ll need for successful diabetes self-management.1
Changes in eating habits and food choices. Many factors affect blood glucose levels, including how much food and what types of foods are eaten, how active a person is, and the dosing of blood glucose-lowering medications. For a person with diabetes, getting a consistent amount of the right foods on a daily basis is very important for blood glucose control. It is also important in terms of reducing risk for common complications associated with diabetes and for weight control. Ask your healthcare provider to refer you to a certified diabetes educator who is also a dietitian to work with you to make changes in your eating behaviors and help you put together a food plan tailored to your individual needs and preferences.3
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends an energy-appropriate, nutrient-dense, and culturally appropriate eating pattern for people with type 2 diabetes. A healthy eating pattern should be based on recommendations for the general public in the US Department of Agriculture’s Dietary Guidelines for American, 2010 and should include a high intake of fruits, vegetables, and dietary fiber and a low intake of total fat, saturated fat, and added sugars. For example, when it comes to carbohydrates, you should choose whole grains, legumes (peas and beans), vegetables, and fruits (especially those high in dietary fiber). For protein, animal- and plant-based source can be part of a healthy eating plan. However, some animal-based protein sources contain saturated fat, so low-fat, non-fat, or lean sources should be selected. For fats, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, such as those found in seafood, nuts, seeds, and oils should be selected.1,4
Learn more about healthy eating and nutrition and diabetes
Physical activity.. Regular physical activity is a powerful tool that can contribute to your health whether you have diabetes or not. However, for people with diabetes regular physical activity is a must. The benefits of regular physical activity include cardiovascular fitness, weight loss, improved blood glucose control, decreased blood pressure, improved lipids, and improved sense of well-being.
Pre-exercise examination. Since physical activity affects blood glucose, you should get a sense of how an activity affects your blood glucose by measuring levels before, during, and after your exercise routine. This will allow you to know how you will need to adjust your insulin dose (if you take insulin) or to develop a strategy for eating foods that will keep your blood glucose at a normal level during and after physical activity. Make sure to drink adequate amount of liquids before, during, and after exercise to avoid becoming dehydrated. In people with diabetes, dehydration can have a direct impact on blood glucose levels.6
Special considerations.Since physical activity affects blood glucose, you should get a sense of how an activity affects your blood glucose by measuring levels before, during, and after your exercise routine. This will allow you to know how you will need to adjust your insulin dose (if you take insulin) or to develop a strategy for eating foods that will keep your blood glucose at a normal level during and after physical activity. Make sure to drink adequate amount of liquids before, during, and after exercise to avoid becoming dehydrated. In people with diabetes, dehydration can have a direct impact on blood glucose levels.6
Learn more about physical activity and diabetes
Medications and insulinAt the time you are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes or shortly thereafter, your healthcare provider may recommend that you start on an oral diabetes medication in combination with lifestyle modifications for control of blood glucose. If your blood glucose is extremely high (A1C of 10% to 12%), your provider may start you on insulin alone or in combination with another diabetes medication.
Many people who are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes will be started on an oral medication (take as a pill) called metformin (brand names: Glucophage, Gumetza, Riomet, Fortamet). Metformin is an insulin sensitizer. This means it helps the liver and the muscle use excess glucose. By sensitizing your tissues, metformin helps your body make better use of the insulin you continue to make. If the maximal dose of a single medication is not sufficient to lower blood glucose, your healthcare provider may suggest you add another medication to metformin. There are many different kinds of medications, both oral and injectable, to help you control blood glucose.
When it comes to medications to control type 2 diabetes, the ADA recommends using an approach of adding medications (including insulin) in a stepwise fashion as needed to achieve blood glucose control. As mentioned, most people will start with the drug metformin. If this drug is insufficient for blood glucose control after a 3-month period, another oral or injectable diabetes medication or insulin is added to treatment. If this combination is insufficient for blood glucose control after a 3-month period, then another medication or insulin is added. Options for second and third diabetes control medications include sulfonylurea, thiazolidinediones (also known as glitazones), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and insulin. If a three-drug combination is not sufficient, your provider may recommend a more intensive program of insulin treatment, with or without other diabetes medications.1,2
Learn more about diabetes medications and insulin.
Decreasing risk for diabetes complications
Diabetes is associated with a range of serious health complications, including cardiovascular disease (heart attack and stroke), kidney disease, vision problems, and problems affecting the feet. Therefore, strategies for preventing diabetes complications are an important part of every person’s diabetes care plan. Keeping blood glucose under control is an important key to reducing risk for complications. Additionally, there are a range of other preventative strategies that you can use to protect yourself from diabetes complications.
Learn more about preventing and treating diabetes complications.
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Edited By: SJ Kays
Vegetables make up a major portion of the diet of humans and are critical for good health. With the world population predicted to reach 9 billion people by 2050, they will play an increasingly important role in food availability. The purpose of this book is to facilitate accuracy in communication among individuals working in agriculture and a better understand of the extent and diversity of vegetable production and utilization worldwide.
Increasing global economic interdependence and trade in agricultural products makes precise communication among individuals utilizing different languages essential. There is currently a wide range of vegetables shipped around the world as seasonal, economic and other forces are shifting markets from exclusively local toward global. The text provides up-to-date scientific names, synonyms, and common names for the commercially cultivated vegetable crops grown worldwide (404 crops), in addition to information on the plant parts utilized and their method of preparation. Common names from 370 languages are presented along with information on each of the languages.
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Dr. Akira Miyawaki specializes in seeds and the study of natural forests, and is active worldwide as a specialist in the restoration of natural vegetation on degraded land. He has advocated the value of natural forests and the urgent need to restore them. He calculated only 0.06% of present Japanese forests are indigenous forests. Most are monoculture crop plantations designed to forestry principles. In his view, these are not resilient nor best suited for the geobioclimatic conditions in Japan, or best suited to address climate change.
Miyawaki developed, tested and refined the ‘Miyawaki method’ of planting to restore native forests from seeds of native trees on degraded soils, deforested without humus. He quickly and successfully has restored, over large areas, protective forests (disaster-prevention, environment-conservation and water-source-protection forests) at over 1,300 sites in Japan and various tropical countries, in particular in Pacific area in the form of shelterbelts, woodlands and woodlots, including urban, port and industrial areas. He has shown that rapid restoration of forest cover, restoration of soil is possible by using pioneer and secondary indigenous species, densely planted and mycorrhized. Miyawaki uses local species that have key and complementary roles in the normal tree community accompanied by a variety of accompanying species (40 to 60 types of plants or more in the tropics) for forest floor “support”.
Professor Katsuhiko Matsunaga is a marine chemist, now retired from Hokkaido University in Japan. His important scientific work has proven the essential tie of life giving nutrients from forests to our oceans. He and fellow researchers solved the mystery of collapsed marine ecosystems along the Japanese coast. His research is a lesson for all of us no matter where we live.
For decades it seemed that scientific specialists were not interested in the connection between forests to oceans, lakes and rivers. But with declining fish stocks and the collapse of vast areas of coastal marine habitats, this one Marine chemist and his research team dedicated themselves to solving the mystery of disappearing fish and damaged marine ecosystems. Professor Katsuhiko Matsunaga, determined that a decline in upstream broad-leaf forests due to clear cutting, had led to a loss of fulvic acid. Fulvic acid is essential for marine plants to be able to absorb iron enabling the growth of foundation marine foods like phytoplankton. This essential fulvic acid is created in the humus of the forest floor through the composting process of tree leaves. The fulvic acid is then delivered to rivers lakes and oceans by way of rain and streams.
The Call of the Forest production team would like to extend our sincere thanks for the kind generosity and hospitality shown to us by Professor Matsunaga and his family during our filming with them in Ise Bay.
Jessica Hutchinson specializes in ecological restoration, riparian areas management and landscape level planning. She has worked in the environmental field for 14 years conducting wildlife habitat assessments, terrestrial ecosystem inventories, fisheries habitat assessments, and watershed level restoration plans. She is currently the Executive Director for Central Westcoast Forest Society and Ecologist/Owner of Coastal Rainforest Services and President of Strawberry Isle Marine Research.
Andrew St. Ledger is a Dublin born artist, wood sculptor, furniture maker and activist and since 2002 he is committed to restoring Ireland’s native forests. With Ted Cooke and Brendan Kelly, Andrew is co-founder of ‘The Irish Woodland League’, an NGO dedicated to restoring the relationship between people and their native woodlands in Ireland. He is a biodiversity officer with CELT (Centre for Environmental Living and Training) who works in partnership with the Woodland League on forest projects.
Andrew is actively restoring native forest on his own land in Ireland since 2007 and he drafted the first restoration proposal for the Great Forest of Aughty, a surrounding uphill area, which is now being implemented. He continues to run workshops, give talks, visit schools, promoting native forest restoration while also working on his wood sculptures used for forest education purposes.
Sophia Rabliauskas is a respected member of the Poplar River First Nation in the boreal region of Manitoba who has worked with her community to secure interim protection of their two million acres of undisturbed forest. In 2004, Rabliauskas along with several other community members led Poplar River in the development of a comprehensive land protection and management plan for their territory – a precedent-setting accomplishment among First Nations in the boreal. Rabliauskas’s and Poplar River’s current efforts are focused on securing permanent protection of their land from the Manitoba government. With that victory, they sought a UNESCO World Heritage listing for a larger region of First Nations boreal forest called Pimachiowin Aki.
Pimachiowin Aki (Ojibwe for the ‘Land that gives life’) is a large proposed UNESCO biosphere reserve and World Heritage Site located in the Boreal Forest that covers parts of Manitoba and Ontario. The proposed area includes over 43,000 square kilometres (17,000 sq mi) is in similar size to the area of Denmark and means that Pimachiowin Aki would be larger than 100 other countries in the world. It is also supported by five First Nations reserves including Poplar River First Nation, Little Grand Rapids First Nation, Pauingassi First Nation, Pikangikum First Nation, and Bloodvein First Nation. The area also includes the Manitoba Provincial Wilderness Park of Atikaki Provincial Park and the Ontario Woodland Caribou Provincial Park. The proposed World Heritage Site all started with the signing of the Protected Areas and First Nation Resource Stewardship in 2002 by the First Nations of Little Grand Rapids, Pauingassi, Poplar River and Pikangikum.
It would not have been possible for us to have filmed in Germany if not for Silke. She offered us tremendous hospitality by way of accommodation at her home in Germany’s Black Forest, she fed us and served as a contact liason and locations person for us while there. Silke longtime love has been the forest. She is presently the forest district manager at the Office of Forestry in Wolfach, Germany.
Dr. Bill Libby is Professor Emeritus of Forest Genetics, having taught forestry at the College of Natural Resources in the Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management between 1962 and 1994. His pioneering work in the field of forest tree genetics is internationally recognized and respected. Dr. Libby has practiced forestry on several continents and is well known for his work with California’s coast redwood and Monterey pine trees. He currently sits on the Board of the Save the Redwoods League with a focus on promoting research on redwood forest disturbance effects and the impacts of climate change on California’s coast redwood and giant sequoia forests. Dr. Libby’s observations on state and national forest policy are reflective of his insight and intellectual curiosity. His dedication in service to the forests of California and elsewhere is inspirational.
Meinrad Joos has been the president of the forest agency Regierungspräsidium in Freiburg, Germany since 2005 and launched the Organisation of the Forest Education for Pupils in Urban Agglomerations. In July 2009, Joos was appointed CEO of ForstBW and head of the branch office of Fribourg. For many years Joos has been a leader in German forest management, an advocate for intelligent sustainable forestry and has initiated important decisions for a renewable energy supply.
Merit Motion Pictures is one of Canada’s leading producers of documentaries. Passionate about creating films that enlighten, inform and inspire, Merit has won dozens of international awards including a prestigious Humanitas Award for films of humanitarian significance. Most notably, she produced the 4x1hr One Ocean series and interactive website with CBC’s The Nature of Things, National Geographic International and Discovery Channel. One Ocean tells the story of the world’s ocean from its early beginnings to dire predictions for its future. The series and its ambitious interactive website have won numerous international awards and screened at festivals around the world.
My first ‘encounter’ with Diana Beresford-Kroeger was a radio interview I happened upon while running errands one morning. I had never heard anyone talk about trees the way she did. She shone a light on each value of a tree. And as it turned out – for more than three years, I worked to create the film, ‘Call Of The Forest – The Forgotten Wisdom Of Trees’. After making many films since 1985, the experience of working with Diana on this film has been a truly gratifying one and that I’ve really cherished. I wish to personally thank everyone who participated in the making of Call Of The Forest and to my production partner Merit Jensen-Carr who has been steadfast in her support. Our production has been so fortunate to find like-minded creative collaborators and broadcasters – Filmmaking can be an exhausting and often very challenging process and we hope you may have an opportunity to experience the film, from all of us who have given so much of ourselves to its creation.
Through three years of day in day out production and post-production, Dodie worked as COTF’s production manager coordinating all aspects of filming, including the coordination of international locations and scheduling travel. She has maintained Diana’s blog posts since they began. Dodie is the director of several documentary films and is the Canadian correspondent for the US pagan blog, ‘The Wild Hunt’. With her constant companion, Oban the wonder dog, Dodie can be seen in her spare time wandering through many of Winnipeg’s wild spaces.
Laurel has a deep appreciation for the Canadian wilderness. She grew up in a beautiful wooded valley in South Western Manitoba where she explored the aspen parkland forest surrounding her family home. Laurel has worked in fundraising for many years. She has extensive experience working with non-profit organizations from hospitals and medical fitness facilities such as Seven Oaks Hospital Foundation and the Reh-Fit Centre to arts organizations like Artbeat Studio in Winnipeg. She spends much of her summer in the Canadian Shield surrounded by majestic white pines, poplar and oak. Laurel’s combined experience of living immersed in the Canadian Wilderness and her background in the philanthropic sector provide her with a unique perspective when it comes to building partnerships and facilitating community outreach on behalf of the Call of the Forest.
Alexa brings a Bachelor of Commerce from McGill University, a MBA from Rollins College/ Crummer Graduate School of Business, and she spent six years managing the film and tax credit programs at the provincial funding agency, Manitoba Film & Sound (MF&S). Since arriving at Merit Motion Pictures, Alexa has been the head of business affairs. In 2010 she was the co-producer (with Tactica Interactive), of the multiple award winning, ‘One Ocean Interactive’, the digital media component of One Ocean. A 4×60 minute series co-produced with CBC, Nature of Things and Merit Motion Pictures.
Steve hails from Chicago, Illinois, USA. From out of nowhere Steve appeared. Like an angel on a cellphone with cinema on the brain – through the mist came Steve’s voice – sometimes a voice of reason and sometimes a voice of challenge! COTF director/editor Jeff McKay, thanks Steve for his words of support and encouragement throughout the editing of ‘Call Of The Forest’.
Miyuki was our coordinator while in Ise Bay, Kyoto and also for a period while we were in Tokyo. She was excellent at her job in both translating during interviews and in production coordinating. Miyuki is a news correspondent for NHK Japan, a documentary news director and she is an extremely talented fixer. She has told me that she has recently given up tap dancing for judo.
Masayo worked as a professional actress in the U.K. After her return to Japan, she joined Amatelas, Inc. in 2013. Since then, she has been involved in a TV programme series about people and their lives affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake. She is currently a production member of a new debate show, “Global Agenda” on NHK World.
Norman has been passionate about music and sound since he was a wee tyke. Projects on which he has collaborated have won and been nominated for numerous awards, including Gémeaux (francophone Gemini), Juno, Peabody, Canada and Western Canadian Music Awards. Norman started out as a musician, and continues to ply his craft in the roles of sound design, location and studio recording, mixing and music production. He is very grateful to have been a part of the crew for “Call of the Forest: The Forgotten Wisdom of Trees”, and for the incredible life experience it provided.
Alan Geldart is the best type of sound designer – one who can source and record and mix his own field material. With thirty years experience in sound design and post production, Geldart is one of the veteran players in Canada’s film industry. His own recorded library of award-winning sound effects and ambiences rivals commercial collections. A heavy-weight sound editor in a wide array of formats and subjects, Geldart has a proven track record in audio post. Visit www.geldart.ca for more info.
Howard is Frank Digital’s chief audio engineer, sound designer and mixer. With more than 35 years experience in the music and post-production industries, his skills and knowledge have brought him accolades in both; including his most recent industry nod—the 2014 Canadian Screen Award for Best Sound in a Documentary. Having been a part of both the Vancouver and Winnipeg production communities, Howard has put his creative touch on hundreds of projects, including award winning albums, TV shows and films.
Harold Budd is an American avant-garde composer and poet. He has a dedicated following worldwide of both fellow musicians and music listeners. Harold’s long career, is filled with notable collaborators such as Brian Eno, Robin Guthrie, Daniel Lanois, Andy Partridge, Clive Wright, John Foxx, Eraldo Bernocchi and Bill Ellis to name a few. COTF is proud to have both previously released and original music scored by Harold for this film. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Budd
Cesar is a extremely talented composer of original music, who performs on keyboard, guitar, horn and wind instruments. Cesar is presently studying Chinese and Japanese. He lives in Mexico city. Treespeak Films is very happy to have worked with Cesar to create original music for ‘Call Of The Forest’.
Jorge is a talented musician and composer. Jorge is the vocalist for the band, ‘Mariachi Ghost’, which recently played to critical acclaim at the 2016 SXSW music festival. Jorge is also a talented director of documentary film. With his production partner Orlando Braun, they operate the production co., ‘Prairie Boy Productions’.
Musician/ Producer/ Engineer
Dino has been writing and recording music for more than 30 years. He is presently the recording engineer and operations manager at Sonic Recording Studio. He also owns and operates Steamroll Studio Winnipeg.
Jason is a Fine Arts graduate from the University of Manitoba with over twenty-five years of professional experience in Traditional Animation, directing and animating for film and television. His work has appeared on Sesame Street, Sesame Park, MTV, Nickelodeon, and productions for The National Film board of Canada. Currently through Animation Dog Studios, Jason is Producing/Directing and Animating Television commercials for a global clientele. He has also received national and international awards for his Children’s book Illustrations. His book titles include “Monster Truck Buck”, “Would Someone Please Answer The Parrot!”, and, “Freddie’s Problem”.
Matt has been living in Winnipeg and working on various tv shows and documentaries for past 7 years. He loves to BBQ and thinks Charles Dickens’ “Great Expectations” was probably a waste of a really good book title.
Diedra originally is from Ottawa. She is now living and working in Winnipeg. Learning from her editor uncle, Diedra began working in film Post Production, and has worked on many different shows & films as a reliable and effective team member of post production. She has also worked in the production office, done accounting, on set data wrangling & visual research and so on. Side projects & passions include videography, photography, video / audio / photo editing, deejaying, dancing, painting, snowboarding, yoga & traveling. Diedra is a known animal lover who cares deeply about environmental issues & compassionate living. With her partner Sean, she hopes to instill some of these values in their son, Sullivan.
An outstanding artist, originally from Hokkaido Japan, Takashi has made his home in Winnipeg Canada. His art has been exhibited in galleries around the world, from Paris France, NYNY, Bangalore India, to little ol’ Winnipeg. Takashi and his wife recently welcomed a wonderful daughter to their family.
After growing up in the Yukon and Saskatchewan, Andrew moved to Winnipeg Manitoba and began his post production career in 1998. Over the past 18 years the post production industry went from analog linear tape-to-tape standard definition to non-linear 4 & 6K super high definition and Andrew was at the forefront of it all editing, colouring and finishing. Perfecting digital workflows became Andrew’s focus when he began working in high definition about 15 years ago. Since then he has refined his skills editing, conforming, colouring, finishing and the delivering of feature length movies, documentaries, shorts, series’ and television commercials. Andrew’s clients have included broadcasters nationally and internationally (CBC, NBC, CTV, HBO, ABC, Smithsonian, TSN, SuperChannel, ESPN, SportsNet, CNN, BBC, PBS and more) along with film studios, production and distribution companies around the world (20th Century FOX, Sony, DreamWorks SKG, Universal, TVF, Arte, Earth Touch and more).
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face recognition web
How do you find someone with facial recognition? What is face API?
Facial recognition and biometric scanning systems also use computer vision technology to identify individuals for security purposes. The most common example of computer vision in facial recognition is for securing smartphones. More advanced uses of facial recognition and biometrics include in residential or business security systems that use unique physiological features of individuals to verify their identity. Deep learning algorithms can identify the unique patterns in a person’s fingerprints and use it to control access to high-security areas such as high-confidentiality workplaces, such as nuclear powerplants, research labs, and bank vaults.
In this video we will be setting up face recognition for any image
Furthmore, face-api.js provides models, which are optimized for the web and for running on resources mobile devices. And the best part about it is
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This is the fourth part of the Geometer’s Sketchpad Essentials Series. In this tutorial, we are going to construct another triangle which is congruent to a given triangle using the concept of the SSS triangle congruence. Recall that the SSS congruence theorem tells us that two triangles are congruent, if their corresponding sides are congruent. In doing the construction, we are going to learn how to use the Ray tool, the Circle tool, and other commands.
1.) Construct triangle ABC.
2.) Next, we construct ray DE. To do this, click the Straightedge tool box and hold the mouse button to display the other tools. Now, choose the Ray tool.
3.) Click two distinct points on the sketch pad and display the names of the two points. Your sketch should look like the first figure.
4.) Next, we will construct a segment DF which is congruent to AC. To do this, be sure to deselect all the objects by clicking on the vacant part of the sketch pad. Select point D, then select segment AC (do not select the points!), click the Construct menu, and then click Circle By Center+Radius. This will produce a circle with center D and radius equal to the length of AC.
5.) Intersect the circle and the ray by selecting both objects, clicking the Construct menu and the selecting Intersection. Move point C or A and observe how the radius of the circle adjusts.
6.) Next we hide the circle. To do this, be sure that the circle (and no other object) is selected, click the Display menu from the menu bar, and then click Hide Circle.
7.) We now copy AB. This means that we will create a circle with center D and radius equal to the length of AB. To do this, select point D, select AB, click Construct, and then click Center By Center+Radius.
8.) Next, we copy the third side BC. We construct the circle with center F and radius BC. To do this, select point F and segment BC, and click Construct, and then click Center By Center+Radius. Your sketch should look like the second figure. Note that one of the intersections of the circles is our third vertex. 9. Using the Construct>Intersection command will give us two intersections, but we only need one. To do this, click the Point tool, hover over the intersection, and click when the two circles are highlighted. Name the intersection G.
10.) To complete the triangle, construct segments DG and FG, and hide the two circles. Hide the ray, point E, and connect DF to complete the activity. Your sketch should have two congruent triangles.
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Why Fair Trade?
Not all trade is fair! Farmers and workers at the beginning of the chain don’t always get a fair share of the benefits of trade. Fairtrade enables consumers to put this right.
Fairtrade is an alternative approach to conventional trade and is based on a partnership between producers and consumers. When farmers can sell on Fairtrade terms, it provides them with a better deal and improved terms of trade. This allows them the opportunity to improve their lives and plan for their future. Fairtrade offers consumers a powerful way to reduce poverty through their every day shopping.
When a product carries the FAIRTRADE Mark it means the producers and traders have met Fairtrade Standards. The Fairtrade Standards are designed to address the imbalance of power in trading relationships, unstable markets and the injustices of conventional trade.
For more information, please visit Fairtrade International.
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By Alicia H. Munnell
In a recent column in the New York Times, Richard Thaler (a pioneer in behavioral economics) reported on two studies regarding financial literacy – one demonstrating the extent of the problem and the other documenting the lack of success to date of educational efforts to improve financial literacy. The important implication is that we should never have let our retirement system evolve into one where individuals are responsible for all of the complicated decisions of saving and investing for retirement. But given where we are, we need to make the system we have as easy and automatic as possible.
I am going to repeat the questions asked of a nationally representative sample of Americans, which come from a study by Annamaria Lusardi of George Washington University’s School of Business and Olivia S. Mitchell of the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
1) Suppose you had $100 in a savings account and the interest was 2% per year. After five years, how much do you think you would have in the account if you left your money to grow? (a) More than $102; (b) exactly $102; (c) less than $102.
2) Imagine that the interest rate on your savings account was 1% per year and inflation was 2% per year. After one year, how much would you be able to buy with the money in the account? (a) More than today; (b) exactly the same; (c)less than today?
3) Buying a single company’s stock usually provides a safer return than a stock mutual fund. True or false?
The first two questions are aimed at fundamental economic concepts related to saving; the third evaluates the respondent’s understanding of risk diversification, a concept crucial for investing. The answers seem so simple: more than $102; less than today; and false. Yet among those ages 51 to 65, the percent answering three questions correctly was 69%, 78%, and 60%, respectively. Only 41% got all three right. (The results were worse for those younger and older!) The findings of this study are consistent with a lot of other evidence showing that Americans lack basic levels of financial literacy.
On first being exposed to results such as these, most people’s immediate response is that we need more financial education. Indeed, that was a common response when 401(k) plans first came on the scene. But a “meta” analysis of 168 studies by three business school professors finds that interventions to improve financial literacy have virtually no effect on financial behavior, with particularly weak effects for low-income groups. The problem is that, like all educational efforts, financial education decays over time and has negligible effects on behavior after 20 months. The authors suggest that, given this decay, “just in time” financial education, which focuses on what people need to know when taking on student loans, applying for a mortgage, or making initial 401(k) investment decisions, might be a more effective way to proceed.
For those of us interested in retirement security, the message is clear. People need a simple system. Unfortunately, with respect to Social Security, deciding when to claim benefits has now become a mini-specialty as the options have multiplied. The public needs a clear message to wait as long as possible, assuming they are relatively healthy. And in the 401(k) arena, employees need to be auto-enrolled; they need auto-escalation in their default contribution rate; they need clear guidance that they and their employer should be putting aside a total amount of about 15%; they should be enrolled in low-fee target-date funds; and they need very simple mechanisms for withdrawal.
Given the state of play, better design of retirement systems seems like it will trump education every time.
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What is the IMF’s Special Drawing Rights?
Ever since the governor of China’s central bank, Zhou Xiaochuan, called for an IMF quasi-currency called Special Drawing Rights to replace the dollar as the global reserve currency, speculation has swirled over whether SDRs could play this role. Reuters IMF Correspondent Lesley Wroughton explains what the SDR is, why it was created and what it’s purpose is:
WHAT IS THE SDR?
The SDR was created by the IMF in 1969 to support the Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system. Countries participating in this system needed official reserves — gold and the U.S. dollar — that could be used when needed to purchase their local currency in foreign exchange markets, as required to maintain its exchange rate.
But the international supply of the two reserve assets was not enough to support growing world trade and financial developments. The international community decided to create the SDR as a new international reserve asset under the auspices of the IMF.
It is not a currency. It can be held and used by member countries, the IMF and certain designated official entities called “prescribed holders.” SDRs can be traded for one of the “freely usable” currencies through voluntary trading arrangements among official SDR holders, and there is also a backstop system to ensure the liquidity of the SDR for countries with balance of payments needs.
These official SDRs cannot be held, for example, by private entities or individuals, but the private sector can denominate bonds and deposits in SDRs. They serve as the unit of account of the IMF and other global institutions, like the Bank for International Settlement.
WHY IS THE UPCOMING SDR REVIEW OF INTEREST?
The meteoric rise of emerging market economies such as China, India and Brazil has prompted increased debate over whether the world needs a reformed monetary system, in which currencies such as the Chinese yuan play a more prominent role.
China is now the world’s second-largest economy, although its currency is not convertible on the capital account and therefore it is barely used outside China.
In March 2009, Chinese central bank governor Zhou Xiaochuan suggested the dollar could give way as the premier reserve currency to a beefed-up SDR.
Russia too has called for the expansion of the SDR to include its currency, the ruble, plus the yuan and gold.
More recently, Brazil’s Central Bank President Henrique Meirelles on Thursday said he favored replacing the U.S. dollar as the world’s reserve currency with the SDR.
France, which takes over the rotating chair of the Group of 20 major economies next week, wants to make global monetary reforms the focus of its presidency. A thorny issue, according to French officials, is the diversification away from the dominance of the dollar.
The upcoming SDR review would be an opportunity to expand or alter the composition of currencies that make up the SDR basket.
Read more here.
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Sixteen children and a female teacher have died after their school bus caught fire in eastern Pakistan, according to local police.
The blaze was apparently caused by a spark when the driver of the dual-fuel van switched from gas to petrol, ...
What are gas and petrol?
The confusion here is a cultural one. The term gas in the United States refers to what countries on the other side of the ocean call petrol. The use of the term gas instead of petrol is a phenomenon limited to use in North America only. Everywhere else, petrol (or the equivalent in the country's native language) is used to refer to the same fuel source.
Gas in N.America/Petrol everywhere else refers to the fuel source pentane and hexane.
The term gas in Pakistan refers to compressed natural gas. It's a cheaper alternative fuel source compared to petrol and is used by many in lieu of petrol.
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| 0.953333 | 185 | 3.046875 | 3 |
We continue to develop resources related to the COVID-19 pandemic. See COVID-19 initiatives on Appropedia for more information.
World Shelters Titanium Sun Shield
Titanium Sun shield is a primer and topcoat application over the polypropylene exterior of a WorldShelters temporary structure. The plastic sheeting makes adhesion difficult, so a primer is used and the purpose of applying a topcoat is to protect the plastic from ultraviolet radiation.
World Shelters is a not-for-profit volunteer organization that designs, manufactures, delivers, and assembles temporary shelters for both emergency and long-term humanitarian needs. The shelters are made of corrugated polypropylene sheets that are safe, durable and simple to transport and assemble. The structures last an average of three years, as ultraviolet radiation from the sun degrades the polypropylene. The HSU Spring 2010 Engr215 Introduction to Design class worked together with World Shelters to improve the designs of their emergency shelters.
Problem statement and criteria
The polypropylene structures used by World Shelters in emergency situation are degraded by ultraviolet radiation. The objective of this project is to extend the lifespan of the polypropylene shelters.
Client criteria shown below in Table 1 are qualitative and quantitative parameters used to evaluate possible solutions. PickUpStix Engineering and the client World Shelters have collaborated to develop solution criteria. In 2009, after two years of exposure, a model U-Dome structure built by World Shelters in Arcata, California collapsed in a windstorm. Analysis of the polypropylene showed cracking of the material along the seams where it is scored with a knife and then bent to form the panels that make up the structure. The failure of the PP material that caused the ultimate collapse of the structure occurred where the fasteners that puncture two overlapping panels to give the structure rigidity, tore through the PP. Visual examination by World Shelters showed that the PP material cracked where the failure occurred instead of stretching, as is the normal reaction of polymeric materials under stress at normal temperatures. The cracking is evidence of UV degradation of PP. World Shelters has since changed manufacturers and the PP now used includes an additive that has a manufacturer warranty against UV degradation for ten years (Armand Mullin, personal email communication, April 15, 2010).
Table 1: Client criteria and corresponding constraints.
|Application durability||Minimum of three additional years||9|
|Ease of application||Maximum of two hours of instruction||8|
|Cost||Maximum of $500 per unit||6|
|Level of mass production||Maximum of 200 units||6|
|Availability of materials||Locally available or easily imported||6|
|Structural durability||U-Dome: 12 pounds per square foot
TranShel: 6.3 pounds per square foot
Description of final project
Titanium Sun Shield is the final solution for the protection of World Shelters’ polypropylene shelters against ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. Titanium dioxide rutile is used as an opaque white paint pigment that acts to refract UV radiation from the Sun, preventing the radiation from degrading the PP. The PP material must first be cleaned; an oil-based primer is then applied creating a surface to which the topcoat of paint may adhere securely. The topcoat paint is a water-based and contains the bulk of the TiO2 pigment, though some TiO2 is also in the primer.
Design Cost (hrs.)
Design costs in hours are shown in the following figure, which is an estimated value of the work done. These estimated values are dated as of April 28, 2010, the total cost in working hours for the design project is 407 hours. The percentages shown on the pie chart are the amount of hours that were put into this project.
Materials for the Titanium Sun Shield are as follows in the table below. These prices do not include sales tax. The total cost of testing materials is $38.11. Detailed costs for our solution are given below in following table. The amount of paint needed to coat the U-Dome is estimated to be one gallon of primer and one gallon of top-coat paint, totaling $100. The total projected cost including materials is $112 per U-Dome.
|Materials||Quantity||Our Cost||Projected Cost per Dome|
|XIM 400W Primer (quart)||1||$13.31||$50.00|
|ACE Royal High-Gloss Int./Ext. White Paint (gallon)||1||$5.84||$50.00|
To maximize the life span of the PP, you must maintain it by applying the paint. The maintenance consists of cleaning off any dust particles or dirt on the PP, as well as applying paint to the exterior of the shelter. Detailed maintenance costs in terms of hours are shown in the table below.
Maintenance and operation costs in time.
|Maintenance Cost||Time/Projected Frequency|
|Cleaning Dome||2 hours/10 years|
|Applying Paint||5 hours/10 years|
|Total Cost/Month||7 hours/10 years|
A. Mullin, personal email communication, April 15, 2010.
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The Gazette’s Feb. 1 Fact Checker “Water quality” points out that many of Iowa’s waters are contaminated with pollutants including bacteria, algae and nitrates. There are more than 600 rivers, streams and lakes that are unsafe for swimming, fishing or sourcing drinking water.
Our nation created the Clean Water Act to prevent this situation. Unfortunately, several legal cases put into question which waters are protected under the act. I encourage President Obama and his administration to restore the Clean Water Act protections to safeguard more of our valuable and increasingly scarce water resources.
Environment Iowa Clean Water Campaign Coordinator
Comments are closed.
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How to Taste It
Tasting chocolate can be as simple as ripping open a bag and digging in.
But to fully appreciate chocolate, you should experience as many of its moods and flavors as possible. Here’s how to do a more formal tasting.
- Sample Several: Buy several different kinds. Try white, milk and dark. Experiment with chocolates you’ve never had before. Choose various brands, cacao percentages and countries of origin. Select different varieties of beans—rare Criollo, and Forastero and Trinitario. Experiment with unusual add-ins, such as chilies, sea salt or bacon.
- Arrange Them: Lay them out, from light to dark, and from lower cacao percentages to higher.
- Sense Your Chocolate: Notice the gloss and color of each chocolate. Color may be a clue to its taste; darker colors generally have a richer flavor. However, lighter colors may actually be an indication of the bean’s characteristics, rather than the chocolate’s cacao content or the presence of milk. Starting with the chocolate with the lightest color and lowest cacao percentage, break off a piece. Listen for a sharp snap, which indicates freshness and quality. Dark chocolate, with its higher concentration of cocoa liquor, will have the cleanest break.
- Breathe It In: Next, bring your chocolate to your nose and inhale its aroma. A chocolate's aroma will vary depending on its variety, where it's from and how it was made. A chocolate may be reminiscent of fruits, nuts, spices, flowers, herbs, dairy products, sugar, alcohol, bread or wood. Its scent may even be like a color—green for grass or purple for tartness.
- Taste It: Bite off a small amount, and let it melt on your tongue. Then bite another small piece and chew it slowly. Notice how creamy it feels in your mouth and whether it melts all the way. Higher-quality chocolates often have a smoother texture.
Feel the flavors swirl. Dark chocolate is the most complex. Pay attention to the different flavors of the ingredients—the cocoa, the sugar, the vanilla. You may taste the same characteristics that you could smell when breathing in that particular chocolate, or you may find that the flavors differ from the aromas. Blackberry, butter, brown sugar, mint, coffee, pepper, even wine or ash—the list goes on and on. These are all flavors that may appear in the chocolate itself, even if those ingredients weren't added at the factory.
- Repeat: Cleanse your palate with a bland, unsalted cracker or a slice of green apple and a sip of water or seltzer. Then try the next in line; sample them all!
Some cocoa certification programs are modeled on success with a similar product—coffee.
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Orr v. AllenAnnotate this Case
248 U.S. 35 (1918)
U.S. Supreme Court
Orr v. Allen, 248 U.S. 35 (1918)
Orr v. Allen
Submitted October 14, 1918
Decided December 9, 1918
248 U.S. 35
The "Conservancy Act of Ohio," designed to prevent floods and authorizing creation of drainage districts and drainage improvements through administrative boards empowered to exert eminent domain, and to tax, assess for benefits, and issue bonds, affords full opportunity for testing private grievances judicially, and, as correctly construed by the court below, is consistent with the state and federal constitutions.
245 F. 486 affirmed.
The case is stated in the opinion.
Official Supreme Court caselaw is only found in the print version of the United States Reports. Justia caselaw is provided for general informational purposes only, and may not reflect current legal developments, verdicts or settlements. We make no warranties or guarantees about the accuracy, completeness, or adequacy of the information contained on this site or information linked to from this site. Please check official sources.
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Dental disease in cats and dogs
Dental disease is common in cat and dogs – it is estimated that 4 out of 5 pets over the age of 3 years have evidence of gum disease. Daily dental care at home with regular check-ups and professional treatment as needed is just as important for our pets as it is for us.
Acorn House Veterinary Surgery offers outstanding dental care.
Brand new dental suite completed January 2016.
The only pratice in Bedford with dental radiography - teeth can be fully evaluated above and below the gums.
Exceptional hospital and anaesthetic care included as standard - separate cat and dog wards, 24 hour nursing care, anaesthetic blood test, blood pressure monitoring and intraoperative fluids for every case.
Free of charge nurse clinics to demonstrate tooth brushing and discuss dental care - or watch our video
How does dental disease develop?
Because animals do not brush their teeth or floss between teeth, food accumulates on the teeth. Bacteria grow on these fragments of food. Over time, the bacteria move into the gums and cause damage that results in discomfort, tooth loosening and infection that can spread to other parts of the body.
Older animals are more likely to suffer from dental disease but animals of any age can be affected. It is estimated that 80% of adult cats, dogs and humans have some degree of gum disease!
Wet food may promote dental disease more rapidly than dry food.
Animals that receive regular home tooth brushing are at lower risk for dental disease than those that do not.
The direct problems caused by dental disease are
- Bad breath
- Poor grooming
- Excessive salivation
- Behaviour changes – e.g. uncharacteristic irritability, depression, aggression, appetite changes – as result of dental pain
- Tooth loss
As in people, periodontal disease may contribute to or increase the risk of other diseases such as diabetes and infection of the heart, lungs, liver or kidneys.
Dental disease is diagnosed by a veterinary professional examining the mouth. To safely and thoroughly evaluate the teeth on all surfaces and below the gum line, our patients need to be anaesthetised, and dental Xrays are often required. However, it is possible to make a general assessment of dental health during a routine, conscious examination (e.g at vaccination or consultation). At Acorn House Veterinary Surgery our vets use a scoring system to estimate the
extent of dental disease. If there are significant signs of dental disease we will recommend that your pet is booked in for dental assessment and treatment under a general anaesthetic.
|Grade 0||No plaque or gingivitis present.||Preventative brushing.(see video below) If not possible dental diets and chews|
|Grade 1||Mild plaque and gingivitis.||Preventative brushing. If not possible use dental diets and chews.|
|Grade 2||Mild to moderate tartar and gingivitis on multiple teeth.||Dental evaluation and treatment under anaesthetic in the next 3 months Then preventative dental care as above|
|Grade 3||Heavy tartar and periodontal disease with bone loss/wobbly teeth.||Dental evaluation and treatment under anaesthetic in the next month Then preventative dental care as above|
|Grade 4||Severe tartar, periodontal disease, wobbly teeth||Dental evaluation and treatment under anaesthetic in the next month Then preventative dental care as above|
|Fracture (F)||Recommend anaesthetic in the next month to assess fracture and extract tooth if necessary|
|Resorptive lesion (R)||Recommend anaesthetic in the next month with evaluation and extraction of resorptive teeth|
Your veterinary surgeon has assessed:
What are the options for dental care at home?
There are several different ways of looking after your pet’s teeth. Different methods will suit different pets and their owners. The veterinary surgeons and nurses at the practice will be happy to advise you if you require further information.
1. Tooth brushing
Daily tooth brushing is the best method for protecting your pet’s teeth. We recommend that you use a soft toothbrush designed for cats or dogs. You can choose between a traditional long-handled toothbrush or a rubber brush that is worn over your finger. Make sure that you use a special pet toothpaste as the fluoride in human toothpaste can be toxic to pets and most don’t like the flavour or foaming sensation. Veterinary toothpastes come in fish and poultry flavours and are safe to be swallowed. Some also contain enzymes that help to break down plaque.
Start off by introducing your pet to toothpaste by applying some to your finger or a toy. Let them lick the toothpaste and give them lots of praise and fuss. Repeat this every day for three to five days.
The next step is to place your finger with the toothpaste on it into your pet’s mouth and gently massage the teeth and gums. This will get your pet used to the toothpaste and the sensation of having their mouth handled.
Once your pet is comfortable with these sessions introduce the toothbrush. Begin with just a few teeth and gradually build up the number of teeth brushed. You need to lift up your pet’s lips so that you can brush the outside surface of each tooth. However, you do NOT need to open your pet’s mouth and brush the inside of the teeth – most pets will not tolerate this, and it is rarely necessary since the tongue tends to keep the inside of the teeth fairly clean. The small teeth across the front of your pet’s mouth may also be ignored unless your pet is particularly cooperative – most dogs take exception to brushing of these teeth and it is better to brush the more important teeth at the sides of the mouth well, than annoy your dog trying to do the front teeth as well and do a less good job overall.
Please ask a member of staff if you would like a demonstration of pet tooth brushing. Contact the surgery if you experience any problems whilst following the above instructions.
Make sure that you give your pet lots of praise after each tooth brushing session, and try to do it every day!
2. Oral hygiene gel
If you find it impossible to brush your pet’s teeth as described above, there is some benefit to using a mouth gel such as “Logic”. This gel can be squirted into the mouth of your pet, or placed on a cat’s paw to be licked off. The gel sticks to the teeth and gums and helps to break down plaque and control the levels of bacteria in the mouth. However, tooth brushing gives much better results as the physical action of brushing physically removes plaque and food particles.
3. Dental chews and treats
If your pet will not allow tooth brushing there is some benefit to using specially designed dental chews and treats. These are designed to gently scrub the outside of the pet’s teeth as they chew.
Ask the nurses or reception for details of the chews and food available – some examples include Pedigree Dentaflex (a very chewy treat to be given twice weekly) and Whiskas dental bites for cats. Small spaces and gaps between teeth will not be targeted by chews and treats so these products will never be as good as tooth brushing but they are better than nothing!
4. Dental diets
Prescription diets are available that will help to slow down the build-up of tartar on your pet’s teeth. These may work by mechanically rubbing against the tooth surface to work away the plaque, or by containing ingredients which slow down tartar build up and inhibit bacteria in the mouth. These diets are dry foods (for example Hills T/D) and can be ordered via reception.
- You and your pet will have an admission appointment with the nurse to check your details and check that your pet is fit and well
- Your pet will be taken through to the ward to be weighed and given a pre-anaesthetic check by the veterinary surgeon on duty. A few drops of blood are tested at this point. This tests kidney function, and some other basic tests of hydration, oxygenation and circulation. This makes sure that we know that your pet is fit and well before any medication or anaesthesia is given.
- Your pet will be given a pre-medication injection. This is a combination of medications to make your pet sleepy and comfortable.
- Your pet will rest in his kennel for the pre-medication to take effect.
- An intravenous cannula will then be taped into a front leg. An anaesthetic injection is given gradually through the cannula until your pet falls asleep. The cannula remains in place throughout the anaesthetic and recovery providing immediate access to the circulation so that fluids and medications can be given as needed.
- A tube is then placed into the airway. This is connected to our anaesthetic machine so that your pet is breathing a combination of oxygen and anaesthetic gas to keep them asleep during the procedure.
- Your pet is monitored continuously throughout the procedure and adjustments made to the depth of anaesthesia, pain relief, blood pressure, and fluid balance as necessary.
- Your pet will be moved into the dental suite.
- Each tooth is examined on all surfaces and a periodontal probe is used to check for pockets and inflammation
- Dental Xrays are taken to examine the tooth roots and surrounding bone as required
- The tartar and plaque are scaled away from the tooth surfaces, paying particular attention to the areas between the teeth and under the gum – areas that are very difficult to reach with tooth-brushing.
- Teeth that are irreversibly damaged will be extracted. For small teeth with single roots this may be quite a simple process. For larger teeth with multiple roots or very long roots it will be necessary to divide the teeth into sections before extraction, or even to perform a surgical extraction where a flap of gum and bone is lifted to expose the root and then stitched back into place. Dental Xrays are used to examine the roots before beginning the extractions and at the end to ensure that there are no fragments of root left behind.
- The clean teeth are polished and rinsed.
- Your pet will remain under one-to-one monitoring until he is awake but sleepy. He will then be returned to his kennel bed and monitored by the ward nurse.
- Pets are rechecked by the veterinary surgeon later in the day to confirm the medication, discharge time and aftercare appointment for your pet.
- Home time! The vet or nurse will give you aftercare instructions and arrange any follow-up appointments that are needed.
- We usually re see patients 5 days after their dental procedure to check the mouth and advise you on preventative dental care so that you can keep the teeth and gums clean and healthy.
- Practice Newsletter
- Read the latest information, offers and advice by reading our practice newsletter.
Acorn House Veterinary Surgery
Linnet Way, Brickhill, Bedford, MK41 7HN
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| 0.935249 | 2,302 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Chemicals in Chopsticks Raise Health Concerns
Disposable chopsticks could post health risks
Disposable chopsticks may look like innocent little strips of wood, but producing them involves chemicals and preservatives that raise questions about potential health risks and food safety concerns.
According to Shanghaiist, China produces more than 80 billion pairs of disposable chopsticks every year. But a recent investigation by Shanghai Youth Daily found that disposable chopsticks are sometimes produced by boiling them in chemicals and then fumigating them before packing them up in their little paper sleeves for distribution at restaurants.
One chopstick factory in Zhejiang province was found to be boiling its chopsticks in a bath of industrial hydrogen peroxide, then polishing them with paraffin to make them more smooth before sending them to market.
One customer told the paper that she boiled her chopsticks to sterilize them before using them for food, but she was disturbed to find that the water in the pot became cloudy. According to experts, the chopsticks were soaked in a preservative called sulphur dioxide, of which many of the chopsticks in Shanghai markets contained excessive amounts.
Be a Part of the Conversation
Have something to say?
Add a comment (or see what others think).
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CC-MAIN-2014-41
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http://www.thedailymeal.com/chemicals-disposable-chopsticks-health-concerns/30814
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| 0.961591 | 254 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and proteins are routinely resolved by electrophoresis, which separates molecules based on size and/or charge. Following electrophoresis, the molecules need to be extracted from the electrophoresis medium for use in downstream applications and experiments. Electroelution is routinely used to extract both nucleic acids and proteins from electrophoretic media.
This kit teaches the principles of electroelution and allows students hands-on experience of electroelution.
Supplied with components needed for hands-on experimentation for six workstations of 4-5 students or 24-30 students. Supplied with Teacher’s Guide and separate Student’s Guides.
- Understand principles and alternatives to electroelution.
- Purification of DNA fragment using electroelution.
|Material Safety Data Sheet|
|Life Science Educational Program||A guide to the educational training products offered by G-Biosciences|
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CC-MAIN-2020-10
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https://www.gbiosciences.com/Miscellaneous-Biotechniques/Electroelution
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| 0.849059 | 197 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Antibiotics for Dental Visits
Some patients may require pre-medication before a dental visit
Why do I need to pre-medicate with antibiotics for a simple cleaning?
For some, a “simple” cleaning may not be so simple. Cleanings cause varying degrees of bacteremia (the introduction of bacteria into the bloodstream). This could place specific individuals at risk for serious illness which may however be averted by “pre-medicating” with antibiotics.
This topic has been considered controversial by many in the medical and dental professions. Antibiotic pre-medication or “prophylaxis” is defined as taking antibiotics prior to treatment in order to prevent disease. There is consensus among doctors that there are relatively few medical situations where antibiotic pre-medication is indicated; primarily for the prevention of endocarditis (inflammation of the inner membranes and valves of the heart); prosthetic (artificial) joint infections and those with compromised immune systems (reduced ability to resist infection).
The subject of antibiotic pre-medication has incurred a great deal of confusion and controversy in the past because there had been little supportive scientific evidence.
The subject of antibiotic pre-medication has incurred a great deal of confusion and controversy in the past because there had been little supportive scientific evidence. The theory of “focal infection” that bacteria from the mouth can result in systemic illness or cause disease in distant parts of the body following oral surgery was first theorized in the early 20th century. In the 1930s and 1940s, a strong correlation was shown between dental procedures that cause bleeding and bacteremia (bacteria in the bloodstream) and infective endocarditis. This led to the use of antibiotics for patients identified as having a risk for endocarditis and which was later expanded to include patients with prosthetic joints and those with compromised immune systems.
For many years, the American Heart Association (AHA) recommended that patients with certain heart conditions take antibiotics shortly before dental treatment. This was done with the belief that antibiotics would prevent infective endocarditis, previously referred to as bacterial endocarditis.
The guidelines regarding premedication have recently changed representing a major change in philosophy. The AHA's latest guidelines were published in its scientific journal, Circulation, in April 2007: the AHA and the ADA (American Dental Association) recommend that most of these patients no longer need short-term antibiotics as a preventive measure before their dental treatment. The new guidelines state that taking preventive antibiotics is not necessary for most people and, in fact, might cause more harm than good. Unnecessary use of antibiotics could cause allergic reactions and dangerous antibiotic resistance.
Patients who have taken prophylactic antibiotics routinely in the past but no longer need them include people with:
- mitral valve prolapse (valves failing to work in harmony)
- rheumatic heart disease (caused by rheumatic fever)
- bicuspid valve disease (valves failing to work in harmony)
- calcified aortic stenosis (narrowing of the aortic artery)
- congenital heart conditions (birth defects)
The new guidelines are aimed at patients who would have the greatest danger of a bad outcome if they develop a heart infection.
Infective endocarditis is characterized by growth of “vegetations” on, and inflammation of the inner heart lining which can be life threatening. Preventive antibiotics prior to a dental procedure are advised for patients with:
- artificial heart valves
- a history of infective endocarditis
- certain specific, serious congenital (present from birth) heart conditions, including:
- unrepaired congenital heart disease
- a completely repaired congenital heart defect with prosthetic material or device during the first six months after the procedure
- any repaired congenital heart defect with residual defect at the site or adjacent to the site of a prosthetic patch or a prosthetic device
- a cardiac transplant that develops a heart valve problem.
The most usual recommendation of the AMA includes antibiotic pre-medication with 2 grams of amoxicillin one hour before certain dental or surgical procedures, or other antibiotics for those allergic to amoxicillin. Because there are no similar guidelines for patients with prosthetic joint replacements or whose resistance is severely compromised, the decision is up to the individual physician.
Because the conditions that now require premedication are highly technical in nature, there should be a clear indication for antibiotic pre-medication and it is the physician's responsibility to make the decision based on the degree of risk to a patient. It is the dentist's responsibility to communicate with the physician and make sure the patient is protected. That is why the relationship between the medical and dental professions is critical for your well-being.
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http://www.deardoctor.com/inside-the-magazine/issue-1/antibiotics-for-dental-visits/
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| 0.938806 | 992 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Brainwaves are electrical impulses in the brain.
An individual’s behavior, emotions, and thoughts are communicated between neurons within our brains. All brainwaves are produced by synchronized electrical pulses from masses of neurons communicating with each other. Our brainwaves occur at various frequencies. Some are fast and some are slow.
Our brainwaves change according to what we’re doing and feeling. When slower brainwaves are dominant we can feel tired, slow, sluggish, or dreamy. The higher frequencies are dominant when we feel wired, or hyper-alert.
The classic names of these EEG bands are delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma. They are measured in cycles per second or hertz (Hz).
What Brainwaves Mean to You
Each of us, however, always has some degree of each of these brainwave bands present in different parts of our brains. Delta brainwaves will also occur when areas of the brain go “offline” to take up nourishment. If we are becoming drowsy, there are more delta and slow theta brainwaves creeping in. If we are inattentive to external things and our mind is wandering, there is more theta present. If we are exceptionally anxious and tense, an excessively high frequency of beta brainwaves is often present.
Our brainwave profile and our daily experience of the world are inseparable. When our brainwaves are out of balance, there will be corresponding problems in our emotional or neuro-physical health.
Binaural Beats and Music
There are also techniques that use the concept of brain wave entrainment, whereby your brainwaves begin to match or synchronize with the frequency of an external stimulus, like a pulsing sound or a light. You can use this concept to train your brain waves to a particular frequency during a specific task. For example, you may want beta waves while you’re preparing for a test, or alpha or delta waves to help you sleep.
To get our brain on the right wavelength, you can listen to binaural beats, which are basically two different sound frequencies played in each ear.
If you find binaural beats to be a bit boring or repetitive, there are also services that play music designed to enhance certain brainwaves.
The next time you’re stressed or relaxed, motivated or depressed, think about what your brain is doing and how you can help it calm down or get energized. Mind over matter!
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en
| 0.93197 | 505 | 3.6875 | 4 |
A French term meaning 'rebirth' and applied to a revival of the arts and learning stimulated by an interest in the past.
A French term meaning 'rebirth' and applied to a revival of the arts and learning stimulated by an interest in the past. Although we speak of the Carolingian, Northumbrian, and twelfth-century renaissances, the term by itself denotes a two-hundred-year period, from approximately the mid-fourteenth to the mid-sixteenth century, that marks a transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era and is characterized by the revival of the learning of classical Antiquity. Renaissance (originally the Italian rinascimento) was coined by Italian humanists (see Humanistic), who saw their own age as significantly different from the preceding one, which they perceived as Gothic. Working initially in centers such as Florence and Rome, the humanists began to study classical texts, although many of the copies available to them dated no earlier than Carolingian times. In the art of the period, we find a noticeable concern with naturalistic rendering and the use of classical motifs. A love of decoration remained a feature of Renaissance illumination, but the grotesques of medieval art were replaced by putti, classical masks, vases, jewels, and other motifs. Miniatures increasingly reflected the advanced styles of easel and fresco painters (the famous sixteenth-century illuminator Giulio Clovio was known as "the little Michelangelo"). Humanist scholars such as Petrarch (1304-1374) and Poggio Bracciolini (1380-1459) were themselves involved in book production, and their reforms of script and promotion of literacy were to play an important role in the early development of printing. Secular patronage was a significant factor in Renaissance book production: kings, princes, and other nobles no less than popes and ecclesiastical leaders throughout Europe used the arts to promote their political and economic status.
Michelle Brown, Understanding Illuminated Manuscripts (Malibu, CA: J. Paul Getty Museum in association with the British Library, c1994).
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https://hmmlschool.org/lexicon/15055/
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| 0.967772 | 443 | 3.734375 | 4 |
• Shows every passenger line in the UK (except around London)
• Creates a clear impression of the network by showing the ‘bones’ of the system as straight lines with the minimum of direction changes
• The point size and readability is the best of any map in its class with all captions horizontal and all London terminals named in position
• Shows stations as nodes as the actual orientation of lines into junction stations isn't usually relevant to actual services; but shows where station reversal is required on plain line
• Additionally shows geographical regions (ie North York Moors), route marketing names (Marsh Link), traditional route names (Trent Valley Line) and railway structures of interest (ie Forth Bridge)
• Is the only map to solve the problem of repetitive names (by grouping multiple stations with lilac ovals)
• Shows High Speed 1 running into St Pancras as at 2007 plus Ebbsfleet and the two Stratford stations
• Now even shows Liverpool South Parkway
• Shows Hull trains and Grand Central’s Sunderland services as ‘principal’ routes
The design criteria
The aims and principles were to:
• Create a map that would benefit public transport by creating an integrated image, overview and icon
• Simplify routes as much as possible into straight lines, removing the effects of topography where these are a handicap, but retaining alignments that reflect the character of Britain
• Show better the system as a network, particularly improving the appearance of cross country routes
• Show routes between nodes (stations), as it is not possible to show services and the actual orientation of junctions isn't necessarily relevant to services
• Reflect better the geographical relationships between countries, major conurbations and regions where possible
• Particular attention to interpret complex networks (Cheshire/Lancashire, Yorkshire, Strathclyde)
• Enough detail to ensure that users cannot make an impossible journey
The key to the solution was the establishment of a grid to simplify the complex Lancashire-Yorkshire network and a triangle for the critical London/Derby/Bristol ‘belly’. Adding a new 22.5° angle (even 11.25° occasionally) to the classic London Transport map system enabled all main lines to radiate from London and the East Coast and Midland main lines to describe the slant of Britain.
An indication of service frequency and quality is indicated by three line weights, and two levels of station importance were based on previous rail maps.
Ideal size for the main map is A2, but it is still readable at A3. A smaller version (A4/A6) removes local services and provides an outline of the network ideal for diaries with stronger, larger, opened-out type. There is also a Community Rail Partnerships route diagram and Reopening Proposals.
Showing places with multiple stations on different lines where it is undesirable to repeat the name of the location is a long-standing problem which has not been addressed consistently by other maps. For example, Birmingham New Street, Birmingham International and Birmingham Snow Hill - including such long titles in such a small area is very difficult and taxes the cartographers skills. This also applies to small locations, ie Burnley and Yeovil, and the largest of all - London. The solution, which must be consistent is as follows. The oval shape sums up the shape of all British towns and cities, it’s the shape of London and Glasgow and their circular underground lines. The conurbation name and station captions can also extend over the edge without confusion. The lilac also adds a bit more colour to the map. Overall, they give a good impression of the built-up areas of the country and explain the railways direct march towards them.
The priority in the design was to keep the main lines as straight as possible, the ‘bones’ of the network, such that you could see the main lines when the map is viewed from a distance. This has meant the station names sometimes have to fall across lines (not allowed on the LU map because of dark line colours but occurring on the ATOC map) but this is always avoided unless strictly necessary. This means that you can clearly understand the underlying structure of the network, with regional lines linking at a secondary level and finally local lines filling the gaps or radiating from their respective cities.
Bad routes on the ground due to geography, politics or history that have been straightened include Sheffield-Leeds, Exeter-Plymouth and Stafford-Stoke; curves that have been kept as they describe the shape of the country are Berwick and Huntly.
The point size in relation to the overall map size is the largest of any map in its class with all captions horizontal and London terminals named in position.
The map is the perfect combination of geometry and geography.
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<urn:uuid:0911daab-a554-41b0-93e6-95431a0d9ef1>
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CC-MAIN-2014-15
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http://www.projectmapping.co.uk/projecttrainrail.html
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en
| 0.947249 | 1,001 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The causes of stuttering have long remained a mystery. Over time, people have been led to believe that stuttering can be caused by psychological issues or develop due to parenting style. But, experts are discovering that these beliefs may not be true. Recent research has started to develop the idea that stuttering is actually caused by a structural problem in the brain.
Dr. Scott Grafton, Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences at University of California, Santa Barbara explains that diffusion MRI scanning has been used in research to discover that a large portion of the arcuate fasciculus was missing in seven of the eight stutterers, but it was present in all of the non-stutterers. The arcuate fasciculus connects two parts of the brain that allow for language function, so if these parts of the brain are not connected, an individual’s ability to perform classic language functions can be affected.
Another cause of stuttering in speech is related to issues of perception. Dr. Devin McAuley, Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at Michigan State University states that individuals who have a difficult time discerning musical beats may also have a hard time picking up on natural speech rhythms, too. This inability to perceive beats may induce a stutter in an individual because they are not capable of timing their speech due to an issue in generating natural rhythms of language.
How can these new discoveries help doctors develop new treatments for those who suffer from a stutter? Dr. Roger Ingham, Professor of Speech and Hearing Sciences at University of California, Santa Barbara explains one new method of altering speech. It is called modifying phonation intervals (MPI) which is a treatment that trains people to reduce the frequency of very short intervals of phonation in order to create fluent speech. While MPI treatment works about twice as well as other speaking treatments, there is still plenty of research to be done in order to increase the effectiveness of treatments for stutters.
- Dr. Roger Ingham, Professor of Speech and Hearing Sciences at University of California, Santa Barbara
- Dr. Scott Grafton, Professor of Psychological and Brain Sciences at University of California, Santa Barbara
- Dr. Devin McAuley, Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at Michigan State University
Links for more information:
- Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)
- Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)
- Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window)
- Click to Press This! (Opens in new window)
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<urn:uuid:349dca4f-aebf-471d-9e9e-640f24468ae5>
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https://radiohealthjournal.org/2018/02/18/18-07-segment-1-dashing-old-stuttering-myths/
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| 0.942562 | 517 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Women with bleeding disorders
Frequently Asked Questions & Facts - Women with Bleeding Disorders
Q1: Don’t bleeding disorders just affect males?
A: No. Bleeding disorders can affect females as well as males.
Q2: Which bleeding disorder most commonly affects women?
A: Von Willebrand disorder (VWD) is the most common bleeding disorder. It affects males and females equally, though women tend to have the added issue of menstruation. For more information click here.
Q3: Can females have haemophilia?
A: Haemophilia in females is extremely rare, but it is possible. For more information click here
Q4: Can anything be done to prevent heavy periods?
A: A doctor may prescribe birth control pills to control bleeding. The hormones in these pills cause an increase in von Willebrand factor and factor VIII levels. If heavy periods are bothering you, speak with your doctor or treating health professional.
Important Note: This information was developed by Haemophilia Foundation Australia for education and information purposes only and does not replace advice from a treating health professional. Always see your health care provider for assessment and advice about your individual health before taking action or relying on published information.
This information may be printed or photocopied for educational purposes.
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CC-MAIN-2013-48
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http://www.haemophilia.org.au/bleedingdisorders/cid/31/parent/0/pid/1/t/bleedingdisorders/title/women-with-bleeding-disorders
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en
| 0.890066 | 269 | 2.703125 | 3 |
There are so many wonderful extracurricular activities for kids to enjoy these days that it may be hard to decide between them all! Here are four reasons why choir is a fantastic experience for young people!
#1. Music is good for your health:
There are many studies (here, here, and here) that have shown how beneficial music can be in maintaining good health. In a very interesting study published in Frontiers of Neuroscience, researchers demonstrated that when people sing together in a choral setting, their heartbeats actually begin to sync together! The benefits of learning music are many!
#2. Choir is social:
Unlike other musical endeavours, choir is very a social activity. The main purpose of choral music is to make many voices sound like one voice! This requires teamwork, excellent listening skills, and above all a group mentality. In choir, you can make friendships that will last the rest of your life!
#3. Additional Skills:
The study of music imbues students with many skills other than the ability to read music. Performance skills, essential to any kind of presentation, confidence, focus, and self-discipline are all skills that result from time spent in choir.
One of the greatest adventures in choir is going on tour! The Calgary Children’s Choir tours both nationally and internationally every two years, and it is always a wonderful experience for choristers. Exposure to other cultures, languages, and music is such a valuable asset to young minds!
Why do you think choir is a great activity? Tell us in the comments below!
2 responses to “Why Choose Choir?”
I met my husband through choirs (those hearts really do beat as one). I met my closest friends through choirs. No matter how the day has gone, I leave a rehearsal feeling energized and positive. I love choirs! Christina
Yes, I simply feel better when I sing! I was fortunate to grow up in an environment where singing was an integral part of our culture. It is a phenomenal activity involving the speech centre and the music centre of the brain. And when you sing with other people, scans have shown that yet another part of the brain is engaged.
As I age, I recognize that is it an activity worth pursuing to keep those grey cells active.
It was singing that helped my mom regain her speech after a catastrophic stroke. She couldn’t speak but she could sing so we would sing with her as often as possible and eventually the language from the songs worked their way back into the speech centre of her brain.
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<urn:uuid:ebfc9d55-383b-4cc6-9918-da2e8ca83bce>
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://calgarychildrenschoir.com/why-choose-choir/
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| 0.970228 | 541 | 2.90625 | 3 |
About the Ara constellation: It’s always interesting for anyone to know and read about the space and the things present in the space, fromm the Sun to the moon and stars they are all an essential part of the space system. There are also several things located in space that are not so much known to us. However, we know a lot about the Ara constellation which is also a constellation that is located in the space system having plenty of characteristics and interesting facts.
Facts about the Ara constellation
The Ara constellation is one of the smallest constellations and it is located in the southern sky; it can always be seen in the southern direction of the sky. Its name is implemented from the Greek language and normally means “the alter “for knowing further information about this constellation Ara we should have to point out the following assumptions made by the scientists who discovered much about the space system.
Characteristics of the Ara constellation
The given constellation is located in the southern direction of the sky this common thing we had known; now we want to read and understand the several properties that the given constellation have. Following are the main properties of the constellation:
Shape and measurement
The constellation is triangular in shape means it structure is almost like a triangle, so the constellation will look like a triangular body that is located in the space system. Having a triangular shape, the constellation covers 237 square degrees in the present third quadrant of southern direction or hemisphere. Its size is considered as to have the 63rd in the ranking of the constellation.
Like we already know that nothing is freely moving means all the things present there are surrounded by some of the nearby things, so does the Ara constellation have. There are almost seven constellations present there who the neighbors are of the given constellation; the neighboring constellations of this constellation are Apus, Norma, Pavo, and Scorpius. The remaining constellations are Telescopium and Corona-Australis, Triangulum-Australe
Main stars of Ara constellation
We know that this constellation is a queue of stars or a line which can be straight or not having the stars in a line, so obviously, the ara constellation also has total six or seven stars. The stars of this constellation are given as:
Beta Arae: the brightest star.
Alpha Arae: its main feature is its spinning.
Gama Arae: known as blue-white located 574 light years away.
Mu Arae: situated about 50 light years from the earth.
Epsilon Arae: This is the main sequence star.
Tales or myths about the constellation:
There are plenty of stories or myths are related to this constellation, One of the most known is that Ara was considered as an altar on which the long debate was done the ancient time. In the other story, the Ara presents the altar of Lyacon story that was related to the king.
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https://interstellarium.com/en/constellations/ara/
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| 0.967216 | 601 | 3.234375 | 3 |
University of Massachusetts Press, 2016
When Stephen Clingman, Distinguished Professor of English at UMass Amherst,
was two, he underwent an operation to remove a birthmark under his right eye. The operation failed and the birthmark returned, but in somewhat altered form. In this captivating book, Clingman takes the fact of that mark—its appearance, disappearance, and return—as a guiding motif of memory.
Not only was the operation unsuccessful, it affected his vision, and his eyes came to see differently from each other. Birthmark explores the questions raised by living with divided vision in a divided world—the world of South Africa under apartheid, where every view was governed by the markings of birth, the accidents of color, race, and skin. But what were the effects on the mind? Clingman’s book engages a number of questions. How, in such circumstances, can we come to a deeper kind of vision? How can we achieve wholeness and acceptance? How can we find our place in the midst of turmoil and change?
In a beguiling narrative set on three continents, this is a story that is personal, painful, comic, and ultimately uplifting: a book not so much of the coming of age, but the coming of perspective.
Simon & Schuster, 2016
Did you realize that the first person known to observe and document the life cycle of moths and butterflies was a woman—and that she was the first person ever to take a scientific voyage? And that a woman found and chiseled out the first ichthyosaur skeleton? And that a woman astronomer from Nantucket spent many cold nights out on her roof before discovering a new comet in 1847?
It is these lives that Jeannine Atkins ’80, who teaches children’s literature at UMass Amherst, presents in Finding Wonders: Three Girls Who Changed Science, her new novel in verse about natural historians Maria Sibylla Merian, Mary Anning, and Maria Mitchell.
All of the women emerge from the context of their time: Merian in Germany at a time when gathering wild herbs led to suspicions of witchcraft; Anning during haranguing religious debates about the age of Earth; Mitchell from a Quaker faith that was both emotionally strict and intellectually supportive.
Composing in verse allowed Atkins to explore details, find images, and compress things. She deliberately begins the life narratives when each girl is about 13—the target age of her audience, and also the age when she says “so many girls start to lose science.”
Atkins’s writing glows in describing the exhilarating uncertainty of science: the power to look past received knowledge, to learn from mistakes, and to find answers to questions that don’t already have answers—particularly answers to questions that no one yet knows how to ask.
“There’s a lot of mystery in science,” Atkins says, “and that’s where the joy is.
—By Laura Marjorie Miller
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<urn:uuid:0d417124-258a-4d93-bb72-9dc773826bd8>
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https://www.umass.edu/magazine/spring-2017/accomplished
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| 0.952993 | 644 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Assignment Solution/Sample Task(Used)
Processing and Modifying Resources 3
Reducing congestion in the inter-urban and urban road market 5
First, in its 1987 analysis Our Common Future, the World Environment and Development Commission (WCED) suggested the terms ‘sustainable development’ (also known as the Brundtland Commission report). The United Nations formed WCED in 1984, which comprised 23 delegates from 22 countries, and for three years investigated the conflicts between growing global climatic issues and the needs of underdeveloped countries.
Project design and construction, which conserve natural resources, are economically efficient and foster human and natural environments, makes it possible for engineers to play an important role in sustainable development. A closed loop human environment will demonstrate the many practises of engineers promoting sustainable development.
For an engineer, a system that is sustainable either is balanced or changes slowly. This notion of sustainability is best demonstrated by natural ecosystems with nearly closed loops that are slowly evolving. (Trollman, Rahimifard, 2018). For example, plants are eaten by insects, herbivores and eaten by large animals in the presence of sunlight, moisture, and nutrents in the food cycles of plants and animals. The resulting natural waste recharges nutrients, enables plants to flourish and restart the cycle.
Engineers contribute in all phases of this model:
• We can minimise waste and increase efficiency of resource use by designing, manufacturing and transportation of natural resources in closed loop systems.
• Harvesting of nature-level renewable resources such as water, fish and trees would ensure that resources for humans and natural habitats continue to be provided . (Hussain and Al-Aomar, 2018). It also helps to improve the availability of natural resources by minimising our use of non-renewable resources such as petroleum and scarce minerals as well as replacing them with environmental suppliers.
The planning and building of projects that protect the natural resources and are cost effective and promote human and natural ecosystems would allow engineers to have an important role in sustainable development (Frey et al., 2018). The many activities of engineers that promote sustainable development are seen in a closed-loop human ecosystem.
Processing and Modifying Resources
In the past many factories have produced waste products which, under natural conditions, were toxic and not easily degraded. In the last 100 years, it has contributed to the contamination of the atmosphere and to new environmental laws and regulations. Pollution has been detected that was previously unknown due to enhanced measurement and control technologies (Tejedor et al., 2018). Many companies have changed their way of using raw materials to manufacture goods – many find that improving processing results in higher profits by reducing their waste to a minimum.
In the processing and modification of resources, engineers perform the following roles:
- Development of emissions measurement and surveillance tools.
- Change in manufacturing processes to minimise energy and other resources and, where possible, to eliminate waste.
- Taking into account the overall input and output of operations over their entire life cycle.
- design of reuse or resource recycling items and packaging.
- Collaborate with other industries through the establishment of eco-parks or industrial environment. This solution involves many industries working together to make the waste products of each industry the raw materials for other industries.
During the past 200 years in the development of transportation systems, engineers have made continuous advances:
• Construction and improvement of canals, locks and rivers
• Design of road and highway all-Weather pipelines
• Design of engines
• Constructing bridges
• Construction of high-speed train and train networks and railway lines
• Development of ports and ports
• Design of aircraft and airports, and of air-trade systems. – Design and construction of high-speed railway lines.
• More usable energy
• Creating less detrimental environmental effects The engines will design these transportation systems in the future.
The project deals with the growing problem of congestion in the road and rail networks in the UK and evaluates the technological feasibility of various initiatives aimed at increasing them by buying time for new infrastructures or optimising their current capacity as the most effective means.
It proposes that government create an integrated plan to tackle road and rail congestion by carefully packaging various technology and policy actions together. The strategy must maximise the effect of any step. Furthermore, it found that competitive pricing in the road network provides the best possible way to deal with congestion from all the available interventions. The paper recognises that either politicians or the public do not currently like this, but that a well-developed system will gain common support and reduce the congestion substantially.
Congestion is most commonly linked to road transport and occurs as traffic volumes approach the capacity available. This leads to queuing and to longer and more erratic travel times. There is also an overpowering congestion on the rail network as service demand exceeds capacity. The key effect is not delay, but it also has a negative economic impact on road quality.
Supply-side initiatives will include new road construction and road expansion systems to strengthen urban and inter-urban road transport. However, the capacity of the road network can be improved by other means. For example, roads management may involve systems that improve capacity and reliability such as smart motorways. Regulation is applicable primarily to the use of roads (for example, speed limits), but also to freight vehicles and particularly to public transport (Raoufi et al., 2019). Prices and regulations in public transport are closely related to bus use through service patterns and fare levels and the ability of local authorities to control them. They are subject to public transport regulations.
The cost of implementation (using the scale from very expensive to very costly/revenue neutral) and the potential for reducing congestion were evaluated independently of each measure (using a scale from limited to excellent). Each measure then measured the overall value for money between a minimal and an excellent range by comparing its potential for congestion reduction and implementation costs.
Reducing congestion in the inter-urban and urban road market
This report concludes that effective road network pricing is technically the best policymakers can use to reduce congestion. It allows those who profit from travel to find alternatives by adding a fee that reflects the marginal cost of an extra trip on the road network.
Reform of bus services
Good quality and reliable bus services will aid congestion reduction by enabling people to leave their automobiles.
Parking Control and Enforcement
Parking is a vital motorist facility and must not be indiscriminately discouraged. However, management of the availability and usage of parking space in congested conditions in urban areas may contribute three main ways to relief congestion.
Car clubs—where many persons have access to a common vehicle that is widely used and either owned or leased — are an alternative to the traditional model of private car ownership.
Intelligent (or managed) roads increase the provision of road space through the provision of a hard hull when required and the variable speed control to reduce the risk of interruption.
Engineers also restrict their work to offering technical guidance or project planning. Many key initiatives, however, face significant delays or cancellations due to resistance from well-meaning NGOs or poorly informed politicians. Engineers may assist in directing vital initiatives and encouraging sustainable development by participating in all phases of decision-making in a project.
Engineers may participate as voluntary workers with an expertise that is crucial to sound decisions, in local and regional civic activities. In the case of proper evaluation of project scheduling studies, engineers should recognise and integrate various stakeholders into the project in order to identify their concerns. Even before project feasibility studies and environmental impact studies are carried out, open conversations with stakeholders will prove extremely useful.
The engineer should not shy away from public hearings when developing the project and should be prepared to participate in the settlement of disputes (KP et al, 2020). The engineer should be responsive to complaints and conflicts even during construction and operations of completed projects and give object advice whenever constructive.
Better approaches to project environmental studies will minimise time, funding and effort in the approval of projects and reduce the negative effects of projects on the environment. Sooner, and more longer, environmental studies should begin. The possible project should be consistent with the local or national development plan and strike a good balance between serving and preserving the environment of local communities. Baseline area climate research should be carried out years prior to the review of projects. When all the project options are known, environmental restrictions, if any, can be further included in the planning studies.
Rahimifard, S. and Trollman, H., 2018. UN Sustainable Development Goals: an engineering perspective.
Frey, M., Widner, D., Segmehl, J.S., Casdorff, K., Keplinger, T. and Burgert, I., 2018. Delignified and densified cellulose bulk materials with excellent tensile properties for sustainable engineering. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 10(5), pp.5030-5037.
Hussain, M. and Al-Aomar, R., 2018. A model for assessing the impact of sustainable supplier selection on the performance of service supply chains. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 11(6), pp.366-381.
KP, C., Bhat, V.S., Maiyalagan, T., Hegde, G., Varghese, A. and George, L., 2020. Unique host matrix to disperse Pd nanoparticles for electrochemical sensing of morin: sustainable engineering approach. ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 6(9), pp.5264-5273.
Raoufi, K., Manoharan, S. and Haapala, K.R., 2019. Synergizing product design information and unit manufacturing process analysis to support sustainable engineering education. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, 141(2).
Tejedor, G., Segalàs, J. and Rosas-Casals, M., 2018. Transdisciplinarity in higher education for sustainability: How discourses are approached in engineering education. Journal of cleaner production, 175, pp.29-37.
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- Wash your hands often and thoroughly-I have taught my grand kids to sing Happy Birthday while they wash so that I know they are washing long enough.
- My grand kids have been taught to cough into the crook of their arm and not into the air or on their hands.
- When you have finished blowing your nose into a tissue, throw it away immediately and wash your hands.
- It is okay to use alcohol-based hand sanitizers....be sure to rub it all over your hands until it dries.
- Stay away from sick people! This includes family members, loved ones, and strangers.
- Do not share food or drink with anyone...including your family members.
- Try to avoid places with recyclable air....like airplanes and trains.
- Use the stairs instead of the elevator. And think of the other benefits to this.
- Take advantage of the warm weather and meet people outside rather than inside.
- And if you are the one that is sick......STAY HOME! Don't send your kids to school sick either.
- Keep your hands away from your face and wash them often. This cannot be said often enough....Wash your hands!
And don't waste your money on face masks........THEY DON'T WORK! Viruses are tiny and will penetrate the mask readily. And not only that they make you look silly!
Don't panic.....but do WASH YOUR HANDS.
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Background: One of the evidences
for National Socialism as a pseudo-religious phenomenon is the flood of
poetry in praise of Adolf Hitler, poetry generally written in a worshipful
tone. There was an astonishing amount of it. A pinnacle of sorts was reached
in 1938 with the publication of this thin book written by Hitler Youth
members in Austria before the Nazi takeover in 1938. Goebbels awarded
it the National Book Prize for 1937/38. According to Goebbels, as cited
on the dust jacket of the book: “We had almost decided to split the
award or draw lots for it when a thin little book of poetry appeared on
the market. It made all further consideration pointless. This book fulfills
the goals of the our book prize better than any other.” There are
29 poems in all.
I’ve opted for fairly literal translations of six of the poems, which
lose the rhythm and meter. However, I am more interested in the content
than in trying to maintain a semblance of poetry.
The source: Das Lied der Getreuen. Verse ungennanter österreichischer
Hitler-Jugend aus den Jahren der Verfolgung 1933-37 (Leipzig: Philipp
Reclam jun., Verlag, 1938).
The Song of the Faithful
Verses by Unknown Members
of the Hitler Youth in Austria,
Written During the Years of Persecution:
In Praise of the Führer
- We often heard the sound of your voice
- And listened silently, with folded hands,
- As each word sank into our souls.
- We all know: The day will come
- That frees us from need and compulsion.
- What is a year!
- What is a law that would restrain us
- The pure faith that you have given us
- Pulses through, guides our young lives.
- My Führer, you alone are the way, the goal!
- Two men are joined as one in you:
- One seems cold and hard,
- One who achieves his goals.
- Another is tender and kind,
- He forgets not even the poorest.
- He feels for the least of us.
- Two streams owe their strength to you.
- You are the sap rising from each root,
- The seed that gives them birth
- A new spirit rose from you,
- That forged us together as a nation
- And dwells in us forever!
- There are so many people who bless you,
- Even if their blessing is a silent one
- There are so many who have never met you,
- And yet you are their Savior
- When you speak to your German people,
- The words go across the land
- And sink into countless hearts,
- Hearts in which your image long has stood.
- Sometimes the vision of you brings life
- To those in the midst of hard labor and heavy obligation ...
- So many are devoted to you
- And seek in your spirit a clear light.
Thoughts on the Führer
- Often you must feel alone, all by yourself,
- When you think of the mission you must fulfill.
- Your deeds are far beyond what others do,
- Yet you seek still greater goals.
- We can never reach your heights,
- All we can do is follow down your way,
- And our banner with its symbol of the sun
- Is under your leadership, under your guidance.
- Each word that you have given us,
- Each look that you have sent our way,
- Has cleansed us, led us
- Given new light to our lives’ paths.
- And should some day you be no longer with us
- Your spirit will yet endure
- It will carry our children
- Into a new age!
- Your pure strength rests not alone
- In your living word,
- But now that we have found their source
- They are the German people’s treasure.
- Those words it was that first awakened us,
- From dull brooding, hollow death
- We can no longer perish,
- A light burns for us in the night!
German Girls Address the
- We are the door that leads to the future.
- We are the tree on which fruit ripens,
- That which inspires us, that which is holy to us,
- Is planted once again, strong and pure,
- No one can take it from our soul.
- We carry in our hearts the light
- You spread to your people,
- We want to be its loyal guardians,
- Passing it on pure, unchanged,
- Through our bodies into new life.
- Should our future turn out otherwise,
- Than we with our young eyes today expect,
- If we must bear our heavy burdens
- For many long years to come,
- If many Mays will come like this one,
- And if our houses bear no festive decorations,
- If like now the sun must long shine
- Without our flags flying throughout the land.
- If that should be I have but one request,
- That we should have a mighty miracle,
- So that the old, who have suffered so much,
- May once again look into our Führer’s eyes.
- Then they will not have to die
- In uncertainty and desperation,
- Then they will have a happy confidence in victory
- To carry them through their final dying days.
[Page copyright © 1999 by Randall L. Bytwerk.
No unauthorized reproduction. My e-mail address is available on the
Go to the 1933-1945
Go to the German
Propaganda Archive Home Page.
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Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity and Digestive Enzymes
A new paper evaluates the ‘healthfulness’ of gluten-free foods in Australia. A total of 3,213 packaged food products across 10 food categories were analyzed for nutritional quality using the Health Star Rating (HSR) system. The HSR system is calculated based on an algorithm factoring in nutritional quality. Unfortunately, they do not assess the food products in terms of the one attribute that often matters most - gluten exposure.
Wu and colleagues report that gluten-free products had higher HSR ratings for ice cream, corn and potato chips, and sugar-based confectionaries. The HSR ratings for gluten-free plain dry pasta were significantly lower (vs non-gluten-free). In most categories (plain dry pasta, breads, ready-to-eat breakfast cereals, cereal bars, and sweet biscuits), gluten-free products had consistently lower average protein content. In the abstract, the authors write, “The consumption of gluten-free products is unlikely to confer health benefits, unless there is clear evidence of gluten intolerance.”
Gluten is the heart of the matter. Gluten is protein found in wheat, barley and rye which is very rich in the amino acid proline. Because of the unique structure of proline, intestinal enzymes often cannot cleave the bond between proline and other amino acids. This leaves large undigested residues, a 33 amino acid peptide (33-mer) derived from α-gliadin and a 25-mer peptide from γ-gliadin. These two immunogenic peptide residues bind to receptors found on the surface of pro-inflammatory T cells in the lamin propria of the small intestine. The 33- and 25-mer peptides derived from gluten are the primary initiators of celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity.
Notwithstanding the benefits of gluten in baking, nutritional ratings of food products may seem irrelevant if one is sensitive to gluten. It is the gluten content of these foods that is of primary importance. In the absence of celiac disease, 7.3% of Australians report adverse physiological effects, predominantly gastrointestinal, associated with wheat consumption. In short, they want to avoid consuming gluten. The prevalence of celiac disease varies geographically and is increasing in many regions, including Asian countries.
People are looking for gluten-free products. Gluten is one of the most commonly searched terms on the internet. Despite the 2013 FDA ruling on ‘gluten-free’ food labeling, consumers may still be exposed to low levels of gluten (20 parts per million of gluten).
Of several commercially available digestive enzyme supplements, only one using a prolyl endopeptidase enzyme from Aspergillus niger degrades immunogenic gluten epitopes. The prolyl endoprotease seems to be a promising option to degrade inadvertent dietary gluten.
Wu JHY, Trevena H, Crino M, Stuart-Smith W, Faulkner-Hogg K, Louie JCY, Dunford E. Are gluten-free foods healthier than non-gluten-free foods? An evaluation of supermarket products in Australia. 2015 Br J Nutr doi: 10.1017/S0007114515002056
Golley S, Corsini N, Topping D, Morell M, Mohr P. Motivations for avoiding wheat consumption in Australi: results for a population survey. 2014 Publ Health Nutr doi: 10.1017/S136898000652
Catassi C, Gatti S, Fasano A. The new epidemiology of celiac disease. 2014 J Ped Gastroenterol Nutr doi: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000450393.23156.59
Kabbani TA, Vanga RR, Leffler DA, Villafuerte-Galvez J, Pallav K, Hansen J, Mukherjee R, Dennis M, Kelly CP. Celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity? An approach to clinical differential diagnosis. 2014 Am J Gastroenterol doi: 10.1038/ajg.2014.41
Janssen G, Christis C, Kooy-Winkelaar Y, Edens L, Smith D, van Veelen P, Koning F. Ineffective degradation of immunogenic gluten epitopes by currently available digestive enzyme supplements. 2015 PloSONE doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128065
Salden BN, Monserrat V, Troost FJ, Bruins MJ, Edens L, Bartholome R, Haenen GR, Winkens B, Koning F, Masclee AA. Randomised clinical trial: Aspergillus niger-derived enzyme digests gluten in the stomach of healthy volunteers. 2015 Aliment Pharmacol Therapeut doi: 10.1111/apt.13266
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Introduction: Why do we need gender analysis in fisheries and aquaculture research?
Both men and women are employed in large numbers in these two sectors but women’s work is often underestimated or invisible
With an estimated 200 million people directly or indirectly dependent on fisheries by 2008, this sector contributes significantly to livelihoods around the world (FAO/IFAD/WB, 2009). The current estimates from the Big Numbers Project (BNP) for employment in small-scale capture fisheries in developing countries alone reach 25-27 million, with an additional 68-70 million engaged in post-harvesting (FAO, WorldFish and World Bank, 2008). As women form the majority engaged in post-harvesting in many countries, revised estimates of employment in fisheries could indicate that the sector is predominantly a female one, challenging the long-held notion that fisheries is a male domain.
Preliminary BNP data for nine significant fish producing countries, based on available national statistics and case studies, reveal that 47% of the labor force in the fisheries sector (including post-harvesting) is women (FAO, WorldFish and World Bank, 2008). If statistics for gleaning were included, these figures could be higher. Thus, gender analysis is necessary to understand the differentiated contribution of women and men to production and value addition within the sector, as well as how men and women might use and make decisions differently on the natural resources on which they depend for their livelihoods. Cash earned by women contributes to the local economy, and in some areas is provided as capital to male producers to improve their productive fisheries assets.
Labor productivity in these sectors remains low if women do not receive sufficient returns on their work
Gender disparities in fisheries can result in lower labor productivity within the sector and inefficient allocation of labor at household and national levels. Customary beliefs, norms and laws, and/or unfavorable regulatory structures of the state, reduce women’s access to fisheries resources, assets and decision-making (Neis et al. 2005, FAO, 2006; Porter, 2006; Okali and Holvoet, 2007), confining them to the lower end of supply chains within the so-called “informal” sector in many developing countries. This results in women receiving lower returns on their labor. This implies that women are likely to constitute a larger proportion of the poor within this sector, as much as in agriculture, forestry and industry. They often have little or no access to productive technologies which could increase the economic returns from their labor.
There is increasing evidence that those countries which have performed well towards achieving gender equity have also reached higher levels of economic growth and/or social well-being in general (World Economic Forum, 2008). There is a growing literature on how nations with greater gender equity could exhibit greater competitiveness in trade (World Economic Forum, 2008).
Human rights of women who comprise half of the fisheries population are being violated
Aside from the economic rationale for gender analysis, the violation of women’s rights for social equality in the fisheries and aquaculture sector undermines the well-being of women and deserves analysis in its own right, from a rights-based perspective. Women and men often have different access and tenure rights to water and land resources used for fishing and aquaculture. Even though women use aquatic and coastal resources, they are often excluded from fisheries governance and rarely consulted in attempts to manage these resources. The differential impact of and contribution to ecological degradation and depletion of aquatic resources by women and men are often overlooked. These disparities are likely to be exacerbated by climate change (Brody et al., 2008). Important for sustainable change are measures to improve governance, especially enhanced voice and accountability, and public sector capacity to be responsive to gender-specific needs.
The well-being of the entire household and thereby society in general increases if inequities between women and men are addressed
Even though women bear the brunt of the costs of gender inequities, these costs are distributed widely and are a cause of persistent poverty for all members of the society. Addressing gender inequities by improving women’s incomes and educational levels, as well as their access to information and decision making processes, enhances human capabilities of the household, as well as society in general. An IFPRI study (Smith and Haddad 2000) found that women’s education level and status within the household was the single most important factor for reducing child malnutrition in the world.
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Technology > why does this matter?
Cows used to have names. They used to be milked by hand. Nowadays, cows are milked by machine and cows have numbers. Farmers have lost that valuable, physical contact with each individual cow.
The changing dairy farming landscape and the rapid expansion of robotic milking has disrupted the industry. Improved it, to be sure; but we lost something along the way. More and more, farmers look at their computers rather than at their cows.
Instrumentation and automation in the milking process requires new, automated ways to monitor the health of the herd.
Mastitis is one of the most destructive diseases to the general health of the herd and to a generous dairy yield for the farmer. Early detection of mastitis to monitor health of the herd is crucial to farmers, but the equipment necessary for this has not been available. Most available means of detection signal the farmer only after a cow is already sick.
Detecting mastitis early, at the sub-clinical phase, is the best for farmer and herd. Automated monitoring of sub-clinical mastitis with LUCI® fulfills this need; providing valuable data for optimum productivity.
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Allen Distinguished Investigator stores frames of a movie in living cells
July 12, 2017
A team jointly led by Allen Distinguished Investigator Jeffrey D. Macklis, at Harvard University, has demonstrated the enormous potential of DNA as a medium for storing information within living systems by encoding black and white images and frames of a short movie in the genome of a population of E. coli bacteria. The work, published this week in the journal Nature, is an exciting first step toward storing more kinds of information, including biological information, within many kinds of cellular DNA.
In order to encode image information into DNA, researchers first had to create a code that represented the pixels, but instead of using zeros and ones, they used the nucleotides that make up DNA. The team, including Macklis, Seth Shipman, Jeff Nivala and George Church, then used CRISPR technology to precisely deliver the code into the bacterial genome. For the five frames of the short GIF—a clip of the mare “Annie G.” galloping from Human and Animal Locomotion by Eadweard Muybridge—each frame was delivered individually, in order. The data encoding the GIF could be later retrieved by sequencing the DNA and reading off the pixel nucleotide code: a feat accomplished with around 90% accuracy.
The paper serves as a proof of principle for inserting complex information into DNA, with the future goal of inserting not just frames of a movie, but complex biological information about the cell’s own development.
“This work demonstrates that an engineered system using CRISPR-Cas to edit bacterial genomes can capture and stably store large, practical amounts of real data,” says Macklis. “Our ultimate vision for this technology is for it to serve as a kind of ‘flight data recorder’ for developing neurons, where cells can record their molecular history and we can later read out that information to learn in great detail about cellular development. The work described in this paper provides a solid foundation toward inserting molecular ‘flight data recorders’ into cells and neurons that we want to deeply understand and control: their development, how they become diseased, and potentially even how they regenerate.”
- New York Times - Who Needs Hard Drives? Scientists Store Film Clip in DNA
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Traditionally literacy statistics have divided adults into two groups, those who can read and those who cannot. This division is misleading as the level of literacy of adults is really a continuum. Many who would pass the 'literate' threshold may have difficulty with information involving complex tasks or instructions that are not clearly laid out.
In this study, moderate literacy is roughly equivalent to the skill level required for successful completion of secondary education.
Note that this statistic excludes people who function at a high level. See also Adults with at least moderate literacy
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Pulse Width Modulation
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) uses digital signals to control power applications, as well as being fairly easy to convert back to analog with a minimum of hardware.
Analog systems, such as linear power supplies, tend to generate a lot of heat since they are basically variable resistors carrying a lot of current. Digital systems don't generally generate as much heat. Almost all the heat generated by a switching device is during the transition (which is done quickly), while the device is neither on nor off, but in between. This is because power follows the following formula:
P = E I, or Watts = Voltage X Current
If either voltage or current is near zero then power will be near zero. PWM takes full advantage of this fact.
PWM can have many of the characteristics of an analog control system, in that the digital signal can be free wheeling. PWM does not have to capture data, although there are exceptions to this with higher end controllers.
One of the parameters of any square wave is duty cycle. Most square waves are 50%, this is the norm when discussing them, but they don't have to be symmetrical. The ON time can be varied completely between signal being off to being fully on, 0% to 100%, and all ranges between.
Shown below are examples of a 10%, 50%, and 90% duty cycle. While the frequency is the same for each, this is not a requirement.
The reason PWM is popular is simple. Many loads, such as resistors, integrate the power into a number matching the percentage. Conversion into its analog equivalent value is straightforward. LEDs are very nonlinear in their response to current, give an LED half its rated current you you still get more than half the light the LED can produce. With PWM the light level produced by the LED is very linear. Motors, which will be covered later, are also very responsive to PWM.
One of several ways PWM can be produced is by using a sawtooth waveform and a comparator. As shown below the sawtooth (or triangle wave) need not be symmetrical, but linearity of the waveform is important. The frequency of the sawtooth waveform is the sampling rate for the signal.
If there isn't any computation involved PWM can be fast. The limiting factor is the comparators frequency response. This may not be an issue since quite a few of the uses are fairly low speed. Some microcontrollers have PWM built in, and can record or create signals on demand.
Uses for PWM vary widely. It is the heart of Class D audio amplifiers, by increasing the voltages you increase the maximum output, and by selecting a frequency beyond human hearing (typically 44Khz) PWM can be used. The speakers do not respond to the high frequency, but duplicates the low frequency, which is the audio signal. Higher sampling rates can be used for even better fidelity, and 100Khz or much higher is not unheard of.
Another popular application is motor speed control. Motors as a class require very high currents to operate. Being able to vary their speed with PWM increases the efficiency of the total system by quite a bit. PWM is more effective at controlling motor speeds at low RPM than linear methods.
PWM is often used in conjunction with an H-Bridge. This configuration is so named because it resembles the letter H, and allows the effective voltage across the load to be doubled, since the power supply can be switched across both sides of the load. In the case of inductive loads, such as motors, diodes are used to suppress inductive spikes, which may damage the transistors. The inductance in a motor also tends to reject the high frequency component of the waveform. This configuration can also be used with speakers for Class D audio amps.
While basically accurate, this schematic of an H-Bridge has one serious flaw, it is possible while transitioning between the MOSFETs that both transistors on top and bottom will be on simultaneously, and will take the full brunt of what the power supply can provide. This condition is referred to as shoot through, and can happen with any type of transistor used in a H-Bridge. If the power supply is powerful enough the transistors will not survive. It is handled by using drivers in front of the transistors that allow one to turn off before allowing the other to turn on.
Switching Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) can also use PWM, although other methods also exist. Adding topologies that use the stored power in both inductors and capacitors after the main switching components can boost the efficiencies for these devices quite high, exceeding 90% in some cases. Below is an example of such a configuration.
Efficiency in this case is measured as wattage. If you have a SMPS with 90% efficiency, and it converts 12VDC to 5VDC at 10 Amps, the 12V side will be pulling approximately 4.6 Amps. The 10% (5 watts) not accounted for will show up as waste heat. While being slightly noisier, this type of regulator will run much cooler than its linear counterpart.
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Strabismus and amblyopia are two very closely linked eye conditions that affect our eye muscles. Crossed and lazy eyes are mostly found in children; however, when left untreated, they can become a permanent condition in adult eyes.
Strabismus and amblyopia are often confused and people have a hard time telling the two apart. Both conditions affect the eye muscle and cause similar symptoms. So, what’s the difference?
Well, today we have our comprehensive guide packed will all you need to know about crossed and lazy eyes: what they are, how they are treated, and what causes them.
Strabismus (Crossed Eyes)
Strabismus, or better known as crossed eyes, is a condition that causes the eyes to cross. However, the name is somewhat misleading. Technically, and we mean very technically, strabismus is the term used to describe the turning of the eyes.
All this to say, though the word strabismus technically refers to the turning of the eye (in which case it would encompass amblyopia), we have a tendency to associate it with crossed eyes.
Crossed eyes is even a misleading term because it can refer to the eyes either crossing inward (esotropia) or drifting outward (exotropia).
The bottom line is that having crossed eyes doesn’t always mean they look crossed. In fact, some technically crossed eyes drift in completely different directions. One could be pointed up while the other one points down.
Symptoms and Causes
Symptoms of strabismus are very easy to spot because it is visible to us. We can clearly see when a child has strabismus because the eyes will not be aligned. They will drift inward, outward, or maybe in completely different directions. Either way, this is a clear sign of crossed eyes.
Many babies are born cross-eyed, but grow out of it as the eyes finish developing. On the other side of that, some babies don’t grow out of it. Special treatment is required to fix this early so that the eyes don’t permanently remain that way.
Crossed eyes can be either caused by weak muscles or a neurological condition. Sometimes the eye muscles just aren’t strong enough to keep the eyes aligned. However, sometimes it can be caused by the brain misaligning the eyes for some reason.
Genetics also play a large role in strabismus. If a parent or both are cross-eyed, then their child is more likely to be born with the same condition. It isn’t a guarantee, however. Sometimes the gene is passed down and sometimes not. There isn’t a way to really tell until the baby is born.
Treatments: Children and Adults
Because the eyes are still developing when a baby is born, it makes treating strabismus much easier. It’s easier to mold the eyes and get them to realign themselves. In adults, however, it can be more difficult.
In children, common treatments include wearing eye patches, using special eye drops and wearing the appropriate eyewear to help the brain and eye muscles communicate better. Sometimes, in severe cases, parents have their children undergo a surgical procedure; however, this is very risky and is not recommended.
For adults, treatments usually include personalized vision therapy programs. When an adult has crossed eyes, they will likely stay like that forever. The appearance of the eyes may not improve, but their eyesight can improve drastically using vision therapy.
Again, surgery is also an option for adults with crossed eyes, but rarely do people actually need it. The only benefit it brings to most is fixing the appearance of the eyes. It’s invasive and does not improve your vision.
Amblyopia (Lazy Eye)
Amblyopia, better known as lazy eye, is similar to strabismus in that there is one eye that drifts while the other remains in line. Lazy eye is the most common vision condition among children and is very treatable if treated early during childhood.
The key difference between lazy eye and crossed eyes is that lazy does not refer to the misalignment of the eye. Instead, it refers to the vision impairment that is caused by eyes misaligned.
When someone has a lazy eye it means that their brain is actively ignoring the weaker eye, and chooses to only receive images from the stronger eye. Where strabismus is caused by weak muscles, amblyopia is caused by one eye being tuned out by the brain.
Symptoms and Causes
Symptoms for amblyopia are not always easy to see. Sometimes an eye will drift to the side, while the other remains in line. But in some other cases, the eyes will be perfectly aligned, but the brain will still prefer the stronger eye.
If you suspect your child has amblyopia but shows no physical signs of it, there is a simple at-home test you can try. Simply cover one of their eyes and then cover the other. Ask them what they see when the right eye is covered and what they see when the left eye is covered. If they have trouble seeing when one eye is covered, but not the other, they may have amblyopia.
Several things can cause amblyopia. The most common cause is strabismus. Not everyone with strabismus will experience amblyopia, but it is very common. The brain will begin to favor the stronger eye and ignore the weaker one, leaving that one to drift even further.
Another thing that can cause amblyopia is uneven refractive errors in each eye. A child with a refractive error will have perfectly aligned eyes, but if one eye sees better than the other, then the brain will ignore the weaker eye.
Treatment for Crossed and Lazy Eyes
Treating amblyopia in children is fairly simple. It can be done by covering the stronger eye and forcing the brain to use the weaker eye until it is no longer weak. The brain is forced to adapt when it only has the option to use the weaker eye.
All children are different and some will overcome the condition quicker than others. It generally takes a few months of covering your child’s eyes every day with an eyepatch for at least 30 minutes. There are a variety of techniques you can try to help treat children experiencing crossed or lazy eyes.
For adults, unfortunately, there is no cure. However, like with strabismus, there are plenty of vision therapy programs available to help improve your vision in the weak eye.
If you or your child has strabismus or amblyopia, talk to your doctor to find the best treatment. Regular eye exams can help you to make sure you have someone to talk to should the situation arise.
This post originally appeared on Rebuild Your Vision.
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| 0.958113 | 1,420 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Acquiring knowledge and developing skills that will provide your kid with a competitive head start
Learning is more than just simply writing, reading, memorizing, and calculating. It’s about exploring, creating, and imagining, all while having fun. It’s about applying the laws of science into the real world and learning through trial and error. Teaching kids what we were taught in schools is insufficient. Children need to acquire skills they can apply in their future workplace. Like the computer and internet, 3D Printing will be an integral part of everyone’s life. Kids and 3D printing are the future!
3D printing opens up limitless opportunities for kids
Numerous blogs, posts, books, and articles emphasize on the infinite applications of 3D Printing. The landscape of tomorrow’s world of manufacturing is in the ability to bring change. Many “job titles” will disappear, but new ones will take their place. Operating a 3D Printer will be like opening your laptop and browsing the web.
3D Printing Technology to thrive in modern society
On one side, there is the practical skill of learning how to operate a 3D printer and on the other – creativity is developed. 3D Printing inspires kids to create, think, experiment, and solve problems. These technologies help them acquire and develop their knowledge in different subjects.Using the hands-on approach, will help them make mistakes, learn form them and correct them.Working on a project from a scratch will help the students to test their theories and apply their creativity.
3D printing as a rapid prototyping will help them improve and develop functional ideas and get rid of non-functional ones.
What if your child wants to design a building of modernistic looks and irregular forms? Sometimes ideas that look great on the computer screen can fail the expectations once materialized. 3D Printing a project helps to discover any flaws and eliminate them at a low cost. It can also be used not only for engineering, but for architectural projects too. 3D Printing can be applied in biology – printing a skeleton, DNA structure, cells – for better understanding; in geography – printing topographic maps, or in history – replicating objects, fossils, people, buildings, and even cities of historical significance. How about creating art!
3D printing will transform studying by giving kids the freedom to experiment, create, fail and succeed while having fun.
3D Printing will give kids the opportunity to experiment with applying math and science outside the classroom in the real world. This is done by printing spare parts for the broken refrigerator or in creating a beautiful and unique candleholder as a gift. Printing something they love (action hero or product of their own imagination) will keep their focus while making the learning process interesting and exciting. Stumbling upon difficulties and asking questions is an integral part of the learning process. Ask a question and discover the answer right away during the working process, will ensure immediate understanding and memorizing.
It will turn them into engaged learners and inspire
them to come up with creative solutions to problems.
Not only will 3D Printing help kids achieve academic success, but it also broaden their horizons and give them long-term knowledge. It will attract children to fields of science, engineering, technology and/or math workforces of tomorrow.
Here at My3DConcepts we offer private and group tutoring sessions – workshops. Only with few sessions your child will acquire basic designing skills and will be able to operate a 3D Printer leaving the coming-up-with-ideas phase to their imagination.
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Intense sand and gravel mining has created numerous man-made lakes around the world in the past century. These small lake systems (1-50 ha) are usually hydrologically isolated, often deep (6 – 40 meters) and stratified during summer and in cold winters. Our study area is located in the catchment area of the rivers Meuse and Rhine, in the southern part of the densely populated Netherlands, the province of Noord-Brabant. Due to their small size, these deep man-made lakes are usually not included in the regular monitoring campaigns, such as monitoring required for the European Water Framework Directive. Therefore, not much is known about their ecological functioning. During two summers, we measured the macrophyte diversity and a range of physio-chemical and biological parameters including pH and phosphate concentration in the water column in 51 deep man-made lakes. Comparing these deep lakes to the surrounding shallow water bodies, these deep systems add a good water quality and ecological quality to the total landscape. Man-made lakes are often described as dead and empty underwater deserts, but out results show this is not always the case. To preserve the good quality waters, care should be taken when selecting deep man-made lakes for storing e.g. dredging material. We urge water managers to not only judge the quality of the deep man-made lakes by the biological quality of the surface water, but include deep water quality as a key parameter to determine their suitability for storing materials.
|Translated title of the contribution||Unveiling the secrets of deep man-made lakes|
|Number of pages||27|
|Journal||De Levende Natuur|
|Publication status||Published - 29 Jan 2019|
- diepe plassen
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| 0.91655 | 362 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Olympic medallists live longer
- From: AAP
- December 14, 2012
THE life expectancy of Olympic champions should compel others to take up exercise, a researcher says.
A study published on Friday found Olympic medallists lived on average 2.8 years longer than the general population.
The University of Melbourne research compared the life expectancy of 15,174 Olympic athletes who won medals between 1896 and 2010 with the wider population.
The medallists' longer survival was a significant advantage over the general population in eight out of nine countries studied.
Australian athletes included in the study had similar results to the other countries, with survival advantages over the general population, who were compared to the athletes according to country, age, sex and year of birth.
Athletes had a similar survival advantage regardless of the medal won, although those in power sports like gymnastics and tennis had a slightly smaller but still significant advantage over the rest of the population.
However, the study published in the British Medical Journal was not designed to investigate why Olympic athletes live longer.
There could be many possible reasons for the findings, lead author Professor Philip Clarke said.
"There are many possible explanations including genetic factors, physical activity, healthy lifestyle, and the wealth and status that come from international sporting glory," Prof Clarke said in a statement.
"Perhaps the one thing those of us who do not make the Olympic team can do to increase our life expectancy is to undertake regular exercise.
"This has been shown to decrease the risk of big killers like type 2 diabetes."
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CC-MAIN-2013-48
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http://www.news.com.au/national/breaking-news/olympic-medallists-live-longer/story-e6frfku9-1226536694141
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| 0.963334 | 318 | 2.875 | 3 |
More breast cancer cancers might have been diagnosed sooner if Ontario had replaced outdated mammography machines more quickly, radiologists say.
Hard on the heels of a report published Tuesday by a Cancer Care Ontario researcher in the journal Radiology that found some mammography machines were less accurate in detecting cancer, the province announced it would spend $25-million to upgrade screening equipment.
Dr. David Jacobs, chairman of the diagnostic imaging section of the Ontario Medical Association, and Dr. Mark Prieditis say the study vindicates their 2010 report, which said the province should scrap less-accurate computed radiography (CR) machines.
“In retrospect, knowing what we know about CR now, because we didn’t have this transition, more CR was adopted in that 2 1/2 year period of time,” Dr. Prieditis said.
There’s no question there are some women out there that — if you believe the study that was just published — would have had undetected cancer, or cancer that was detected later
“There’s no question there are some women out there that — if you believe the study that was just published — would have had undetected cancer, or cancer that was detected later.”
Three kinds of mammography machines are used in Ontario: analog or screen-film (X-rays); direct radiography (DR), fully digital imaging; and computed radiography (CR), a hybrid of the two.
The CR machines, which perform about one in five mammograms in the province, are the least accurate.
Tuesday’s study found analog and DR devices detected cancer at a rate of about 4.8 and 4.9 per 1,000, compared with CR’s 3.4 per 1,000.
The doctors said their report recommended digital devices: They were faster for patients, used lower doses of radiation and produced digital images that could easily be sent between doctors.
“At that time, most other provinces were well on their way to transitioning that technology. We felt that they had to move that way, so we put together a report that would help develop a really good strategy to make that happen,” Dr. Prieditis said.
Early literature suggested the digital machines were better at detecting cancer in dense breast tissue. That was particularly important for people living in Toronto, said Dr. Jacobs.
“The Asian population in Toronto is substantial. That population tends to have very dense breasts [so] having something that can provide higher detection makes sense,” he said.
But the province failed to move on the recommendations, the doctors said.
Deb Matthews, Ontario’s minister of health and long-term care, said it was very unlikely a woman who had relied on the CR machines in the last two years would have an undetected cancer.
“It’s really unfortunate that the [Ontario Association of Radiologists] is taking that position. The study that was released [on Tuesday] was the first study ever that compares the three technologies,” she said.
The OAR’s previous report to the government focused on the efficiency of CR machines, not their effectiveness, she added.
“They want to move to digital because it improves their bottom line, because it’s faster for them. This is about the safety of women. It’s the effectiveness of the technology that matters and film technology is just as good as detecting cancer as digital. Their argument was based on efficiency. Ours, and the study that was released [on Tuesday], was based on the impact on women.”
Nonetheless, Ontario has been steadily phasing out analog mammography equipment, she added.
“That is happening, but it’s just wrong for them to say they flagged any concern about the effectiveness of [CR] machines,” Ms. Matthews said.
Although only few women might be affected, she said anyone who is concerned about the accuracy of a test done on a CR device should ask to have it repeated.
The radiologists said the province’s infrastructure is rapidly aging because of the way the government allocates funding to doctors, essentially freezing new equipment spending. Further, they added, the government’s $25-million announcement did n’o include guarantees of training or additional operating costs.
“There’s no commitment to fund [equipment] on an ongoing basis, there’s no commitment to deal with the actual physical infrastructure in different hospitals and clinics. They’re going to have to put these [new machines] in there and there are some real issues that have yet to be addressed,” Dr. Prieditis said.
“I think that we’ve got to be careful about saying, ‘Oh that’s great news’ and then walking away. At the end of the day, if you can’t afford to run these machines properly you’re getting yourself into to the same problems with infrastructure again.”
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CC-MAIN-2014-23
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http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/05/15/ontarios-outdated-mammography-machines-may-have-allowed-some-breast-cancers-to-go-undetected-report/
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| 0.975245 | 1,043 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Authors: William L. Stubbs
An assessment was done of the gravity data collected at the Mohe Observation Center in China during the March 9, 1997 total solar eclipse. After a search for the original tabulated measured data proved unsuccessful, the data was reconstituted by extracting values from a graph of the data found in a report. The reconstituted measured gravity values were processed by removing an approximation of what the gravity would have been had no eclipse occurred, leaving values of the gravity caused by the eclipse. These values were plotted and analyzed. The plot shows that, contrary to previous claims, there does not appear to be any anomalies in the data. The graph also suggests that the gravimeter collecting the data sensed the eclipse about eight minutes before it was visually noticeable. Based on the gravity profile of the eclipse, it appears to have behaved as expected.
Comments: 12 Pages.
[v1] 2013-02-03 17:48:40
Unique-IP document downloads: 90 times
Add your own feedback and questions here:
You are equally welcome to be positive or negative about any paper but please be polite. If you are being critical you must mention at least one specific error, otherwise your comment will be deleted as unhelpful.
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<urn:uuid:4d95eff0-9089-4dd8-b563-3dab5a0f932f>
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
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http://vixra.org/abs/1302.0019
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en
| 0.958364 | 258 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Your slow cooker is a great convenience on busy evenings, because you can get dinner started in the morning and have a piping hot meal ready once everyone is ready to gather at the table. Although a slow cooker keeps food hot due to insulation even after the power is turned off, it is not safe to leave cooked food sitting in it for an extended period of time.
Letting Food Sit
According to the University of Minnesota Extension, it is not safe to leave food in the slow cooker with the power turned off. Once the food is done, serve it right away or, if you're not ready to eat yet, refrigerate it until everyone is ready to eat. When you're ready, reheat it; and do so in the microwave, oven or on top of the stove -- it is not safe to reheat food in the slow cooker because it may allow bacteria to multiply.
More Slow Cooker Safety
Keep your food refrigerated before you put it in the slow cooker. Don't allow uncooked food to sit at room temperature because this allows bacteria to grow. Since the slow cooker does not get hot very quickly, this can give bacteria even more time to grow before the food cooks. You can reduce this problem by using the slow cooker's high setting for the first hour of cooking, which allows the crock to heat up more quickly. Although it is tempting to stir your slow cooker meal while it cooks, avoid it unless the recipe specifically calls for it. Each time you lift the lid, the temperature drops in the crock. Your food will take longer to cook, and you run the risk of the food hitting a temperature where bacteria multiply.
After you are done eating, it is important to put the food away within two hours, says the Canadian Partnership for Food Safety Education. After being cooked in the slow cooker, your food may still be warm, even after two hours. It is safest to spoon hot leftovers into shallow containers to allow for rapid cooling, and to refrigerate right away. Refrigerating hot food in deep containers could allow the food in the center to remain warm enough for bacteria to multiply.
Allowing food to sit in the slow cooker for several hours could put your family at risk for developing food poisoning. Telltale symptoms are vomiting, diarrhea, nausea and stomach cramps. You may also develop a fever or muscle aches. If you or your children develop these symptoms, keep yourself hydrated by drinking plenty of clear fluids. Call the doctor if you experience persistent vomiting, can't keep down any fluids or if diarrhea lasts more than a couple of days.
- Brand X Pictures/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images
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| 0.945869 | 539 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Speed and speed cameras are controversial topics in Australia. The prevailing belief is that speed kills. Even so, the presence of speed cameras does not seem to be lowering deaths on the road. Some say our driving skills are just not good enough. Is it possible our obsession with speed is stopping us from seeing the real problem?
Speed is still a strong predictor
Researchers at a Canadian university recently analysed 28 million trips for the crash risks of four poor driving styles. They compared speeding with hard braking, hard acceleration and hard cornering, and found only speeding was a strong predictor of crash risk. However, they would have to compare other factors in crash risk to be sure speed is the only strong predictor.
Roads and Maritime Services records the involvement of alcohol, speed and fatigue in fatal crashes in NSW. In the year to July 2019, excessive speed was definitely implicated in 36.5% of crashes. Fatigue was involved in 16.6% and alcohol in 14.8% of all crashes. While 67.9% of crash causes are known, these are still the only three we measure.
We still do not measure fatalities caused by illegal mobile phone use, which seems very strange.
No data about mobile phone use
When contacted recently about including mobile phone use as a factor in fatalities, Transport for NSW directed greenslips.com.au to crash data from 2010-2014 and mobile phone fines issued in 2014-2015. We were well aware of old statistics.
Its July 2019 road deaths report still fails to include mobile phones. At the same time, the NSW government is cracking down very hard on mobile use while driving and putting in technology that can catch people doing it. It seems ironic to have a hard crackdown when there are no statistics to back it up.
At least we know people who excessively speed can cause a crash. But is it possible travelling too slowly can also cause a crash? Drivers can become more easily distracted by mobile phones when travelling at low speeds.
Are we losing our driving skills?
We are also wondering about the unintended effect of so much driver assistance technology. Is it lulling drivers into a stupor or, worse, causing them to rely too heavily on these systems?
Drivers appear to be losing some of the basic skills of driving because their vehicles do the work. It is no longer a prime skill to reverse a car into a parking space. Moreover, many drivers now rely on lane keeping assist, emergency braking, or adaptive cruise control instead of their own abilities.
When intelligent speed assist comes in, as mandated by the EU, you will be forced to drive to the speed limit! What will happen to speed camera revenue then?
Speed cameras …hmm
Speed cameras bring state governments around $1.1 billion each year. But they do not seem to reduce lives lost: deaths in NSW are up 2% from 242 as at September 2018 compared to 247 as at September 2019. Severe injuries in 2018 are down 9.4% from 12,340 to 11,180. While speed cameras may help reduce serious injuries, modern cars are also much better at protecting occupants in case of a crash.
According to DriveTribe, in 2018:
- The UK raised $150 million from speeding fines, with a population of 66 million and a fatal crash rate of 2.9 per 100,000 people
- Australia raised nearly ten times more in fines, with a population of just over a third and a worse crash rate of 5.4 per 100,000.
Apart from issue lower fines, what does the UK do that Australia doesn’t? They drive differently over there. They drive faster, more confidently and, given very crowded conditions, they have to drive skilfully. Compared to British drivers, Australians seem slow, sluggish and uninvolved with the task of driving.
The competent driver
Road safety authority, Robert Solomon claimed: “a competent driver at 120 km/hr is far less dangerous than an incompetent one at 80 km/hr”. Supercars Greg Murphy also blames poor driving skills, rather than poor roads or fast speeds.
However, nothing is being done to improve driver training in Australia. Authorities assume, once we pass the test as an adolescent, we know what we’re doing from then on. This is in spite of driving conditions changing markedly during a driving life.
As more in-car technologies start doing the driving for us, we are concerned drivers will lose their skills completely. Then the rate of deaths and injuries may even go up.
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<urn:uuid:05185dc1-04cd-4265-be7e-b6fa5c17bb56>
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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https://www.greenslips.com.au/blog/is-speed-the-best-predictor-of-crashes.html
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en
| 0.971111 | 925 | 2.515625 | 3 |
|"Writing has an equal contribution to make to the child's language development. The ability to write clearly and expressively provides him/her with a skill that can greatly enhance personal, social and vocational experience. Furthermore, through the process of expressing thoughts and feelings he/she can clarify concepts and explore emotions. The child's writing experience in school can, therefore, contribute greatly to his/her cognitive, emotional and imaginative development. "NCCA Curriculum website|
English Curriculum - read details of the Primary level curriculum for English as provided by the NCCA service, curriculumonline.ie.
Read NCCA Article
For parents of children aged 0 – 12 yrs. Includes audio &video content to support parents with literacy difficulties
Useful when learning to write cursive script. Links to uppercase but there is also a lower case page.
A useful resource for kids to learn how to write Higher & Lower case letters, numbers, words and shapes online!
Partner site to Literacy Centre allowing you to download and print out worksheets for your child to do at any time.
New Primary Writing Resources Page and Discussion Thread (SchoolDays, 28/06)
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| 0.908205 | 246 | 3.96875 | 4 |
There’s nothing new about robots helping doctors learn their craft, but normally they are satisfied with just a CPR robot or just a robot that simulates a heart attack. However, the Forth Valley Royal Hospital’s high-tech Scottish Clinical Simulation Centre is like a robot house of horrors.
It is there that trainee doctors and nurses in Scotland are perfecting their skills on robot patients. There are robots that breathe, speak and have heartbeats – and robots whose eyes dilate when a doctor shines a light in it. The robots are operated by computers and respond to the treatment in various ways.
That’s all well and good, but have a look at the video and be creeped out by how many of these freaky robots are just laying around on tables like the undead. Skip to about 40 seconds for stuff you’ll see behind your eyelids tonight in bed tonight.
And if the training robots aren’t enough, they have tons of robots working behind the scenes in the facility too. They patrol the corridors, sort the mail and take care of drug orders. These people need to evacuate that building now!
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| 0.961417 | 240 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Today's Image of Mars is of faults in Ius Chasma, one of many deep depressions in Valles Marineris, the solar system's largest known canyon. Ius Chasma is about 900km long and 8-10km deep. The chasma is divided by an east-west ridge called Geryon Montes.
The floor of Ius Chasma is comprised of layered deposits, but due to excessive faulting the deposits have become jumbled. The dark spots you see in this image are the result of ejecta from impacts. They have exposed a layer underlying the lighter surface area. Scientists speculate that the darker layer being exposed is basalt.
If you look closely you can also see many linear dunes, which are prominent all throughout Ius Chasma. These dunes have a north-south orientation, which is indicative of prevailing westerly winds through the canyon.
Clicking on this image will take you to the original captioned image from HiRISE.
If you like the HiRISE images showcased in the Mars Photo of the Day posts I encourage you to enter for a free 2012 HiRISE Calendar
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| 0.941271 | 234 | 3.609375 | 4 |
The length of time it takes earring holes to close is dependant upon how recently the person's ears were pierced. Within the first few months of a new piercing, earring holes may close in as little as a few hours without earrings to keep the holes open. Holes will stay open for several weeks or longer if they have been through many years of earring use.
Earring holes can close particularly fast within the first year following piercing. Without an earring, the diameter of the hole shrinks considerably and can completely close. For this reason, it is recommended that someone with a new piercing keep the original earring in for at least six weeks before removing. After six weeks, the earring can be removed for cleaning, but it is recommended to quickly replace the earring in the new hole for up to a full year to prevent closure.
If an earring hole begins to close, or it is difficult to reinsert earrings into the holes, it may be helpful to wipe the front and back of the earlobe with rubbing alcohol and stretch the earlobe to make the hole seem as big as possible. The earrings can likely then be reinserted at a different angle to successfully reopen the hole.
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https://www.reference.com/world-view/long-earring-hole-close-b02158b771ee73bd
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| 0.971106 | 251 | 2.546875 | 3 |
- 1 What writing system(s) does this language use?
- 2 How many people speak this language?
- 3 Where is this language spoken?
- 4 What is the history of this language?
- 5 Who are some famous authors or poets in this language?
- 6 What are some basic words in this language that I can learn?
- 7 What is a simple song/poem/story that I can learn in this language?
- 8 References
What writing system(s) does this language use?
Cherokee is written with symbols invented by Sequoyah in 1819. In his system, each symbol represents a collection of sounds, instead of one letter like in English.
- Cherokee symbol examples: Ꮔ (nu), Ꭽ (ha), Ꮭ (tla)
How many people speak this language?
In the whole world there are only about 15,000 to 22,000 people who can speak this language.
Where is this language spoken?
Cherokee is mostly spoken in the United States in the state of Oklahoma and also on the Cherokee Reservation in Great Smoky Mountains, North Carolina.
What is the history of this language?
Although Cherokee has been a spoken language for thousands of years, it was not written down until Sequoyah invented a system in 1819. Today there are newspaper articles and other things written in this language.
John Ross was a French writer who visited the Cherokees in 1621 to learn their language. They said he was the best student they trained. He wrote a book in the Cherokee language called Europa, intended to teach the Cherokee what life was like in Europe.
What are some basic words in this language that I can learn?
Hello ... ᎣᏏᏲ (O-si-yo)
OK ... Ꮀ Ꮹ (ho wa)
I love you ... ᎬᎨᏳᎢ (gve-ge-yu-hi)
What is this? ... (do-i-s-di-hi-na)
What time is it? ... (he-la-ya-a-hli-li)
Where do you live? ... (ha-dlv-hi-he-la)
How are you? ... (do hi tsu)
I am well ... (do hi quu)
And you? ... (ne he na ha)
Good morning ... (o s da su na le i)
Good evening ... (o s da su he ye e)
Good night ... (o s da su no e)
What is a simple song/poem/story that I can learn in this language?
Introduction • Glossary • Authors and Contributing • Print Version
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| 0.924385 | 582 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Graduating seniors Gabe McNeil, left, and Jason Russell talk about their plans before the graduation ceremony at Russell County High School in Russell Springs, Kentucky in 2006. About 200 seniors stood during the principal's opening remarks and began reciting the Lord's Prayer, after a federal judge's order banning prayer at commencement. The Supreme Court has established that students have limited First Amendment rights at school and school functions.(AP Photo/James Crisp, used with permission from the Associated Press.)
Supreme Court decisions have interpreted the establishment clause of the First Amendment not only to prohibit public prayers in public schools during school hours but also to exclude them from important school-sponsored functions. The Court has also ruled on other free speech concerns in schools.
Court has established that students have limited free speech rights
In Lee v. Weisman (1992), the Court ruled that a junior high school could not invite a member of the clergy to deliver invocations or benedictions at a graduation without unduly coercing those in attendance to be subjected to religious exercises of which they might not approve. The Court further extended this prohibition to student-led prayers at high school football games, in Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (2000).
Other Supreme Court decisions have established that students possess free speech rights in school but that these rights are more limited there than in other settings. While Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) recognized that high school and junior high school students had the right to wear black armbands to school to protest the Vietnam War, the Court indicated, in Bethel School District No. 403 v. Fraser (1986), that schools could censor a student’s sexually oriented speech that was to be given before a school assembly. Similarly, in Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988), the Court upheld censorship of a school newspaper that would have been considered unconstitutional in other contexts.
Court has upheld the censoring of student graduation speeches
It is not altogether clear how such varied precedents apply to students’ graduation speeches. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, in Cole v. Oroville Union High School District (9th Cir. 2000), upheld a decision by high school officials in Oroville, California, rejecting a proposed student prayer and a proposed student speech at graduation ceremonies. The reasoning behind the court’s decision was that both the prayer and the speech were attempts to proselytize that would involve the school in violations of the establishment clause by making it appear that the school was endorsing the students’ religious views. The school district was following its established policy of clearing all such speeches with the principal beforehand.
This Ninth Circuit Court came to a similar decision in Lassonde v. Pleasanton Unified School District (9th Cir. 2003). In that case, the principal had previewed the speech of a graduating high school valedictorian and concluded that the speech was proselytizing. The principal gave permission for the student to deliver a modified version of the speech and to distribute copies of his uncensored speech outside the graduation site. The court ruled that the principal’s censorship of the oral speech was appropriate: it avoided the appearance of the school’s sponsorship of such activities as well as the coercive effect on listeners who did not share the speaker’s religious beliefs.
The court rejected the idea that the Supreme Court’s decision in Good News Club v. Milford Central School (2001), which had opened a school to access by religious groups, compelled a different result. The judge observed that “[t]he graduation ceremony was a school-sponsored function that all graduating seniors could be expected to attend” and that “consideration of coercive pressure and perceptions of endorsement” were thus “in the forefront.” The court did not think the school was obliged to let the students speak and post disclaimers as to the content of the speech.
Another circuit court decision, however, clouds the picture. In Adler v. Duval County School Board (11th Cir. 2001), the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a procedure whereby a county in Florida allowed students to decide whether an opening speech and prayer would be given at the graduation ceremony, and it allowed the students chosen to deliver the words to do so without any prior censorship. This case has special significance because it came after the court reconsidered its original verdict in light of the Supreme Court decision in Santa Fe v. Doe.
Noteworthy, too, is that the judges on the circuit court split, with some judges viewing the school’s real purpose as the impermissible objective of promoting prayers, such as those the Court had invalidated in Lee v. Weisman. Such split decisions make it likely that the Supreme Court will revisit this issue in the near future.Send Feedback on this article
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Karlodinium micrum - various positions of the cell
This is the most recent species added to the list of harmful algae in the Chesapeake Bay. As recently as June 2003, a bloom of 1.5 million cells per milliliter occurred on a tributary to Chesapeake Bay. Go to Maryland Department of Natural Resources for more information about this bloom.
Karlodinium micrum was previously called Gymnodinium galatheanum. It can be easily mistaken for Gyrodinium estuariale depending on its position when observed. K. micrum is similar in size to G. estuariale at 15µ long by 11µ wide. It can also become a predator and attack organisms up to 80% its size. It is hypothesized that K. micrum can reproduce more quickly when in its predatory state.
Live photo of feeding frenzy of K. micrum
cells on small ciliate.
Sample was collected on June 16, 2003 near channel marker 1 in the Chesapeake Bay.
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http://www.serc.si.edu/labs/phytoplankton/guide/dinoflagellates/karlomic.aspx
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| 0.947707 | 213 | 3.15625 | 3 |
So begins the Country-Western hit by ____________ which describes a syndrome common in the higher latttitudesnbut not so well known closer to the equator - Seasonal Affective Disorder or SAD for short. SAD is one of those mental illnesses that are difficlt to someone supervising a SAD oersib ti aacceot. But trdrstvhrttd hsvr frrtminrf yhsy proplr who seasonally get less and less sunlight suffer depressioin,listlessness, . And in many cases, streatment with light psrimarily blue spectssru , will find smany of these symptsoms decresing and even disappearing.
In addition to being key in the prevention of seasonal affective disorder, regular exposure to light that is bright, particularly fluorescent lights, significantly improves depression in people with this disorder when it presents during the fall and winter. The light treatment is used daily in the morning and evening for best results. Temporarily changing locations to a climate that is characterized by bright light (such as the Caribbean) can achieve similar results. Light treatment has also been called phototherapy. Individuals who suffer from seasonal affective disorder will also likely benefit from increased social support during vulnerable times of the year.
Phototherapy is commercially available in the form of light boxes, which are used for approximately 30 minutes daily. The light required must be of sufficient brightness, approximately 25 times as bright as a normal living room light. Contrary to prior theories, the light does not need to be actual daylight from the sun. It seems that it is quantity, not necessarily quality of light that matters in the light therapy of seasonal affective disorder. The most common possible side effects associated with phototherapy include irritability, insomnia, headaches, and eyestrain.
Antidepressant medications, particularly those from the serotoninselective reuptake inhibitor family (SSRI) family, have been found effective treatment for seasonal affective disorder that presents during summer as well as that which tends to occur during the fall or winter. Examples of SSRIs include fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), andcitalopram (Celexa). Common side effects for this class of medications include insomnia, nausea, diarrhea, and decreased sex drive or performance. As with any other mood disorder, psychotherapy tends to accentuate the effectiveness of medical treatment and therefore should be included in the approach to addressing this disorder. In individuals who are perhaps vulnerable to the development of bipolar disorder, either light therapy or antidepressant medication can cause a manic episode as a side effect.
Since stimulant medications like modafin
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| 0.951037 | 555 | 3.125 | 3 |
The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Volume 6, Issue 12
, Pages 752 - 753, December 2006
doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70635-1Cite or Link Using DOI
Copyright © 2006 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
HIV infection as a weapon of war
The effect of violent conflicts on HIV/AIDS infection is poorly understood. The current epidemiological evidence is complex and suggests that HIV/AIDS prevalence in conflict-affected populations is lower than expected. 1
What is agreed, however, is that certain groups, particularly women and girls, are made vulnerable by sexual violence. 2
There has been considerable documentation of the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war, 3
and it has also been feared that purposeful HIV infection has been use ...
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a Centre for International Health and Human Rights Studies, Toronto, Canada b Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA c Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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| 0.885438 | 434 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Mummy Mask of a Young Lady
|Date:||mid-1st c. A.D.|
|Dimensions:||19.8 x 15.6 cm|
|Acquisition Credit:||purchased from a private collection, 1938|
Share Buy a sample print Shop
Mummy Mask of a Young LadyIn ancient Egypt, death was not considered as the end of life, but as part of creation, the entrance to eternal existence. The afterlife could be attained by those who lived a virtuous life on earth and for whom the proper material (i.e., a well-equipped tomb) and magical preparations (mortuary cult and offerings) were made. Life after death was envisaged as a continued spiritual and corporeal existence, which required the preservation of a sound body. From the Old Kingdom, the elite achieved this by the complex and costly procedure of mummification practiced by expert embalmers. The mummified corpse served as an anchor for the spiritual aspects of the deceased, his/her ka, "life-force" and ba, "spirit of mobility".
The "spirit of mobility" received sustenance in the form of mortuary offerings, magical spells and religious representations associated with the burial. The accidental destruction of the corpse was offset by providing a substitute body in the form of an anthropoid coffin or mummy-case. The preservation of the head was a primary concern in mummification. From the Middle Kingdom on, three-dimensional mummy masks were not only intended to protect the face but also substituted for the head in the event of loss. Anthropoid coffins and three-dimensional mummy masks presented, however, an ideal image of the deceased: his/her individuality was secured by inscriptions associated with the burial and by the mortuary cult.
In the Ptolemaic (332–30 B.C.) and Roman periods (30 B.C.–c. 300 A.D.) mummification continued to be practiced. During the last three centuries B.C. the traditional forms of burial came under the influence of the Hellenistic world, but the mortuary cult and funerary architecture of Egypt's Greek population also absorbed traditional pharaonic conceptions and forms. By the 1st century BC, mummy-cases were decorated with the figures of Egyptian gods and Egyptian religious scenes alongside with classical mythological representations and images of the deceased wearing classical costume and jewellery.
The coexistence of Hellenistic and Egyptian traditions in the arts of late Ptolemaic Egypt and especially the incorporation of Greek ideas and forms in Ptolemaic royal images paved the way for the Romanisation of Egyptian art after 30 B.C. In the early 1st century AD a new custom arose, replacing the face-mask of Egyptian-style coffins and mummy-cases either by a Roman-style individualising portrait of the deceased painted on a wooden panel or by a three-dimesional head-piece or mask. The masks were made from plaster, a mixture of sand, clay, lime and gypsum. The plaster masks were made separately in moulds and fastened to the mummy-case or coffin. The early pieces were hollow and fitted over the face. From the 2nd century A.D., the heads were modelled in the round and raised high above the coffin lid or mummy-case.
In spite of their classical appearance, the three-dimensional masks were not naturalistic portraits in the Roman sense of the word. The individualising of Roman portraiture is present in these mould-made masks only insofar as the added, freely modelled and/or painted coiffures and jewellery of the female masks, or the hairstyle, beard and moustache of the male masks presented clear indications of the social status and cultural background of the deceased who belonged to the Roman or Romanised Egyptian elite of the country. The hairstyles, dress (if indicated) and jewellery of the female masks as well as the hair- and beard styles of the male masks closely followed the changes in Roman fashion, while the physiognomies of the subjects imitated the style of contemporary imperial portraits.
Thanks to their characteristic facial types, hair- and beard styles and jewellery types, the plaster masks can be fairly precisely dated. The present mask kept in the Collection of Classical Antiquities illustrates the early phase in the production of plaster masks. The gently modelled and elegantly painted female mask displays a hairstyle uniting traditional Egyptian details with a Roman fashion. The (now missing) long corkscrew locks falling onto the shoulders behind the ears derive from the "Libyan locks" worn by Ptolemaic queens.
In turn, the hair parted in the center and combed back in wavy undulations and the short corkscrew locks framing the face follow the Roman hairstyle of the mid-1st century A.D. as it occurs in portraits of the younger Agrippina (A.D. 49–59). The partly preserved, freely rendered floral wreath on the head reproduced probably the wreath placed on the brow of the deceased in anticipation of the "wreath of vindication" to be awarded her in the afterlife.
Following LÁSZLÓ TÖRÖK
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| 0.944253 | 1,082 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Capacitors, essential components in electronics, store charge between two pieces of metal separated by an insulator. This video explains how capacitors work, the concept of capacitance, and how varying physical characteristics can alter a capacitor's ability to store chargeBy David Santo Pietro. . Created by David SantoPietro.
Want to join the conversation?
- why the electric potential is high near positive charges ?(46 votes)
- Electric potential at a point near a charger is measured in terms of the work done(by an external) agent in bringing an unit positive charge from infinity to that point. Clearly to bring an unit +'ve charge from infinity to a point near a positive charge would be more than the work done to bring the unit positive charge from infinity to an identical point near a negative charge since in the former case the agent would have to overcome a repulsive force which opposes the bringing of the charge..while in the latter case the attractive force helps in brining the unit +'ve charge(71 votes)
- sir u said that two metal pieces store same amount of charge independent of sizes. but capacitance is dependent on area. then how can it be possible.suppose if two pieces of different areas are taken then what will happen?(17 votes)
- I think the smallest plate limits the total charge, so regardless of the size of the larger plate
it has no impact on the capacitance of the capacitor.
Ideally each plate is the same area, to make use of materials.(22 votes)
- If you removed the salt bridge in a galvanic cell, would it hold the charge like a capacitor?
Or would the charges just equilibrate?(13 votes)
- Ideally, it should hold charge like any other system and it should pretty much act like a capacitor if the distance is not very great. Wait for an expert to answer on this topic.(9 votes)
- i have really simple question...
why need capacitor??
why do we need to store charge?
what could possibly go wrong if there is no capacitor??
plz tell me i want to explain to my future student(12 votes)
- Capacitors are used in TVs and this allows them to instantly turn on, they are also used in defibrillators.(11 votes)
- 3:57Why exactly is electric potential lower at where the negative charges are than at where the positive charges are? If the electric potential is the amount of work which will be used or gained per charge for or from moving an amount of charge, why would it matter if the charge creating the field is positive or negative?(5 votes)
- It takes positive work to move a positive test charge closer to a positive charge, so that means the electric potential energy is positive. Likewise it takes negative work to move a positive test change closer to a negative charge, so the electric potential energy around negative charge is negative. Electric potential (voltage) is a measure of the electric potential energy per unit charge, so if the electric potential energy is negative, the voltage will also be negative.(13 votes)
- Does the charge just travel through the air then? How does the current continue to flow through the entire circuit when a capacitor is in it?(9 votes)
- The circuit isn't actually complete, but there is still a push for the electrons to move, because the plates of a capacitor represent free, open space for them to distribute along.(3 votes)
- how potential difference is developed when positively charged pate and negatively charged plates are separated?(exact reasoning )(4 votes)
- The potential difference is simply the work that has to be done to bring a unit charge from one terminal to the other. This is also the case for a battery, there is a potential difference across the two terminals, because near the negative terminal there is a lower electric potential than at the positive terminal. Think of it as the free electrons really want to go to the positive side, but can't, as in the case of a battery, but as soon as there is a closed circuit the electrons will move to the positive terminal. So the potential difference, or the voltage, is simply a measure of how much work has to be done, to get from one point to the other, or how much of this work is stored in the separate electrons, which want to go back to the positive side.
If this doesn't make much sense, think of when you are lifting a book. You had to do work to overcome the force of gravity. As soon as you release that book, it will fall towards the ground. The work that you had to put in to lift the book, and which is now stored in the book, is analogous to the potential difference.(11 votes)
- whats the use of a capacitor if it has to be charged by a battery , why cant we just use a battery instead of a capacitor.....(1 vote)
- Capacitors are capable of supplying much higher currents than batteries, albeit for a much shorter period of time. Besides being used to store energy, capacitors are also used for signal filtering, impedance matching, signal coupling, touch sensing, oscillators, etc...(5 votes)
- If a capacitor is physically bigger, will it hold more charge?(2 votes)
- I think he means physically bigger. The answer is, not always. A material with a higher capacitance will do better even in small amounts at retaining charge than a lot of material that doesn't have quite as good capacitive properties.(4 votes)
- @2:05the video states that eventually electrons become attracted to the positive piece of metal - what dictates this occurrence? Is it only once both ends of the capacitor have reached an equal magnitude of charge?(2 votes)
- Thats a great question.
The electrons are ALWAYS ATTRACTED BACK TOWARDS THE POSITIVE PLATE.
However, they can continue to be moved from the positive plate onto the negative plate for as long as the voltage from the battery is LARGER than the voltage between the negative and positive plate.
When the voltage between the plates is equal to the voltage of the battery, no more lelectrons can be drawn from the positive plate.(6 votes)
What's a capacitor? Well this is a capacitor. OK, but what's inside of this? Inside of this capacitor is the same thing that's inside basically all capacitors. Two pieces of conducting material like metal, that are separated from each other. These pieces of paper are put in here to make sure that the two metal pieces don't touch. But what would this be useful for? Well, if you connect two pieces of metal to a battery, those pieces of metal can store charge. And that's what capacitors are useful for. Capacitors store charge. Once the battery is connected, negative charges on the right side get attracted towards the positive terminal of the battery. And on the left side, negative charges get repelled away from the negative terminal of the battery. As negative charges leave the piece of metal on the right, it causes that piece of metal to become positively charged, because now that piece of metal has less negatives than it does positives. And the piece of metal on the left becomes negatively charged, because now it has more negatives than it does positives. It's important to note that both pieces of metal are going to have the same magnitude of charge. In other words, if the charge on the right piece of metal is 6 coulombs, then the charge on the left piece of metal has to be negative 6 coulombs. Because for every 1 negative that was removed from the right side, exactly 1 negative was deposited on the left side. Even if the two pieces of metal were different sizes and shapes, they'd still have to store equal and opposite amounts of charge. Now I've only show negative charges moving, because in reality it's the negatively charged electrons that get to move freely throughout a metal, or a piece of wire. The positively charged protons are pretty much stuck in place, and have to stay where they are. This process of charge switching sides won't continue to happen forever, though. Negative charges on the right side that are attracted toward the positive terminal of the battery will start to also get attracted toward the positively charged piece of metal. Eventually the negative charges will get attracted to the positive piece of metal, just as much as they're attracted toward the positive terminal of the battery. Once this happens, the process stops, and the accumulated charge just sits there on the pieces of metal. You can even remove the battery, and the charges will still just continue to sit there. The negatives want to go back to the positives, because opposites attract. But there's no path for them to take to get there. This also explains why the pieces of metal have to be separated. If the pieces of metal were touching during the charging process, then no charges would ever get separated. The negatives would just flow around in a loop because you've completed the circuit. That's why you want the paper in there, to keep the two pieces of metal from touching. So capacitors are devices used to store charge. But not all capacitors will store the same amount of charge. One capacitor hooked up to a battery might store a lot of charge. But another capacitor hooked up to the same battery might only store a little bit of charge. The capacitance of a capacitor is the number that tells you how good that capacitor is at storing charge. A capacitor with a large capacitance will store a lot of charge, and a capacitor with a small capacitance will only store a little charge. The actual definition of capacitance is summarized by this formula. Capacitance equals the charge stored on a capacitor, divided by the voltage across that capacitor. Even though technically the net charge on a capacitor is 0, because it stores just as much positive charge as it does negative charge. The Q in this formula is referring to the magnitude of charge on one side of the capacitor. What the voltage is referring to in this formula is the fact that when a capacitor stores charge, it will create a voltage, or a difference in electric potential, between the two pieces of metal. Electric potential is high near positive charges, and electric potential is low near negative charges. So if you ever have positive charges sitting next to, but not on top of, negative charges, there's going to be a difference in electric potential in that region, which we call a voltage. It's useful to know if you let a battery fully charge up a capacitor, then the voltage across that capacitor will be the same as the voltage of the battery. Looking at the formula for capacitance, we can see that the units are going to be coulombs per volt. A coulomb per volt is called a farad, in honor of the English physicist Michael Faraday. So if you allow a 9 volt battery to fully charge up a 3 farad capacitor, the charge stored is going to be 27 coulombs. For another example, say that a 2 farad capacitor stores a charge of 6 coulombs. We could use this formula to solve for the voltage across this capacitor, which in this case is 3 volts. You might think that as more charge gets stored on a capacitor, the capacitance must go up. But the value of the capacitance stays the same. Because as the charge increases, the voltage across that capacitor increases, which causes the ratio to stay the same. The only way to change the capacitance of a capacitor is to alter the physical characteristics of that capacitor. Like making the pieces of metal bigger, or placing the pieces of metal further apart. Just changing the charge or the voltage is not going to change the ratio that represents the capacitance. [MUSIC PLAYING]
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Islamic fundamentalists in Syria are responsible for the destruction of many ancient monuments, including Byzantine mosaics and Greco-Roman statues. They do so because showing human beings in art is inconsistent with their confession. It is believed that destroying monuments in Syria is a greater disaster for cultural heritage than blowing up a giant statue of Buddha in Bamian (Afghanistan) in 2001. Then, also, religion was the motif.
In mid-January 2014, members of the Islamic State blew up a VI-century Byzantine mosaic near Raqqa on the Euphrates. The reliefs made in Shash Hamdan, the Roman cemetery in Aleppo were also destroyed, the two capitals in the colonnade on the main Roman street Decumanus in Apamea were damaged and the Roman mosaics were removed from the ground. As a result of the fights, statues from al-Qator and many, many more were also destroyed. What is worse, the area under the control of the Islamic State contains a large number of monuments, whose fate is not entirely clear. Palmira, an ancient city in central Syria (about 215 km northeast of Damascus), also served as a base for the ISIS.
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In 1884 Edwin Abbott Abbott published Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions, the first ever book that could be described as ‘mathematical fiction’. Ian Stewart, author of Flatterland and The Annotated Flatland, introduces the strange tale of the geometric adventures of A. Square.
Edwin Abbott Abbott, who became Headmaster of the City of London School at the early age of 26, was renowned as a teacher, writer, theologian, Shakespearean scholar, and classicist. He was a religious reformer, a tireless educator, and an advocate of social democracy and improved education for women. Yet his main claim to fame today is none of these: a strange little book, the first and almost the only one of its genre: mathematical fantasy. Abbott called it *Flatland*, and published it in 1884 under the pseudonym A. Square.
On the surface — and the setting, the imaginary world of Flatland, is a surface, an infinite Euclidean plane — the book is a straightforward narrative about geometrically shaped beings that live in a two-dimensional world. A. Square, an ordinary sort of chap, undergoes a mystical experience: a visitation by the mysterious Sphere from the Third Dimension, who carries him to new worlds and new geometries. Inspired by evangelical zeal, he strives to convince his fellow citizens that the world is not limited to the two dimensions accessible to their senses, falls foul of the religious authorities, and ends up in jail.
The story has a timeless appeal, and has never been out of print since its first publication. It has spawned several sequels and has been the subject of at least one radio programme and two animated films. Not only is the book about hidden dimensions: it has its own hidden dimensions. Its secret mathematical agenda is not the notion of two dimensions, but that of four. Its social agenda pokes fun at the rigid stratification of Victorian society, especially the low status of women, even the wives and daughters of the wealthy.
Flatland’s inhabitants are triangles, squares, and other geometric figures. In the planar world’s orderly hierarchy, one’s status depends on one’s degree of regularity and how many sides one has. An isosceles triangle is superior to a scalene triangle (all sides different) but inferior to an equilateral triangle. But all triangles must defer to squares, which in turn defer to pentagons, hexagons, right up to the pinnacle of Flatland society, the Priestshood. Referred to as ‘circles’, the priests are actually polygons with so many sides that no one can distinguish them. The sons of squares are usually pentagons, the grandsons hexagons, so there is a general progression along the greasy pole (there is no ‘up’ in Flatland).
But what of the wives and daughters? Flatland’s women are mere line segments, actually very thin triangles, whose social standing is zero. Their intelligence is little greater. They are required by law to wiggle from side to side so that they can be seen, and to emit loud cries so that they can be heard, because a collision with a woman is as fatal as one with a stiletto. Abbott took a bit of stick from some of his female contemporaries, who failed to appreciate his irony. But we know from his own life, including his daughter’s education, that he did a lot to improve the status of women and to ensure they received the same level of education as men.
Abbott wasn’t particularly good at, or keen on, mathematics, but his book tackled an issue of great interest in Victorian times, the notion of four (or more) dimensions. This idea was becoming fundamental in science and mathematics, and it was also being invoked in areas like theology and spiritualism, because an invisible extra dimension was just the place to locate God, the spirit world, or ghosts. Charlatans like the American medium Henry Slade were exploiting conjuring tricks to claim access to the Fourth Dimension. Legitimate hyperspace philosophers were speculating about the role that additional dimensions might play in illuminating the human condition.
Flatland approaches this topic by way of a dimensional analogy, widely used ever since, and not entirely Abbott’s own invention. The difficulties facing a three-dimensional Victorian attempting to grasp the geometry of four dimensions are similar to those facing A. Square attempting to grasp the geometry of three. Among Abbott’s sources for this analogy were frequent social encounters with eminent scientists such as the physicist John Tyndall, whom he met at George Eliot’s house in 1871. Tyndall may have told Abbott about the work of Hermann von Helmholtz, who gave public lectures on non-Euclidean geometry using the image of an imaginary two-dimensional creature living on a mathematical surface. Another likely source is the outrageous Charles Howard Hinton, who wrote his own book about a two-dimensional world in his 1907 An Episode of Flatland: How a Plane Folk Discovered the Third Dimension.
Abbott’s mathematico-literary legacy is a series of Flatland spin-offs: Dionys Burger’s Sphereland, Rudy Rucker’s short story ‘Message Found in a Copy of Flatland’ and his novel The Fourth Dimension, Alexander Keewatin Dewdney’s The Planiverse, and my own Flatterland. But what he was really trying to tell his readers was more subtle. Just as a humble square can transcend his plane world and aspire to the Third Dimension, so the women and the lower classes of Victorian England could transcend the confines of their stratified society and aspire to a higher plane of existence. More than 120 years later, it is a message that has lost none of its urgency.
Ian Stewart is Emeritus Professor of Mathematics at the University of Warwick and the author of numerous popular mathematics books, including Flatterland and The Annotated Flatland. His most recent book is Mathematics of Life.
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Ohio is home to the only non-rectangular state flag in the United States. It was designed in 1901 by Cleveland architect John Eisenmann for Ohio's display at the Pan-American Exposition held in Buffalo, NY. The flag, which is actually a burgee, was officially adopted by the Ohio legislature in May of 1902. Eisenmann modeled the state flag after Civil War cavalry flags. Every segment of the flag was designed to be symbolic of Ohio, including the number of stars, the dual circles in the midst of those stars, as well as the triangles and stripes. On any given day, you'll find several Ohio flags flying proudly on Capitol Square.
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Evidence of Etheric Rain Engineering on the Radar Screen
First Use of Simple Cloudbuster Aboard SS Maui, 1979
|Vessel is at screen center. Screen diameter is 48 nautical miles. Heading flasher is diagonal dotted line, showing ship heading southwest. Ships speed is 22 knots. Barometer is 1025 millibars. Relative Humidity is 75 percent. Radar shows no rain echoes at cloudbuster turn-on, at 8.30pm ships time.|
|Radarscope at 9.30pm. Display shows rain echoes that developed at 10-12 miles directly ahead of the vessel, right on the radar heading flasher. This was in response to cloudbuster operation, aiming over the ships stern, along the fore-and-aft line of the vessel. Rain squall activity spread out in arrowhead form to each side of the ship. Squall activity diminished sharply once abaft the vessels beam. Geometry of the scenario remained unchanged until cloudbuster shut down on suggestion of Commodore Wright, a witness to the action. Cloudbuster was shut down at 9.40pm.|
|Radarscope at 10.30pm. Rain echoes are no longer generated dead ahead on vessels course line. Arrowhead rain formation is dissipating. Only fragments of former squall display remain, falling astern. Entire incident is described in the preceding text. Engineered rain echoes around the Maui always fell into geometric patterns, whose form was a function of the particular rain engineering equipment and the way it was employed. The arrowhead formation of squalls was only one of many engineered rain patterns objectified on radar.|
Radar — No Metaphysics, No Magic, No Mysticism — Simply Engineering!
Engineered Wall of Rain (photo 1)
Oahu Photo #1. Colossal wall of rain, over 40 nautical miles long and up to 10 miles thick, advances on the SS Maui (X) from magnetic east after being engineered into existence by etheric engineering equipment aboard the ship. The basic method is described earlier, in the text. The diagonal line of dashes, running from X to the radar screen perimeter, is the ships heading flasher. Each dash, and each space, denotes 2 miles of over-the-ocean distance. Scope diameter is 48 nautical miles. Ships speed is 18 knots.
As the ship steers 070 degrees for California, the east-to-west tropical flow of etheric force near Oahu, Hawaii, is being dammed up by engineering procedures, as the vessel moves. Local damming of this vast flow of etheric force, causes a local rise in etheric potential, which immediately attracts atmospheric water vapor to the dammed area. This in turn, causes normal potential from farther east to pile into the higher potential, dammed area, obeying the the reverse flow laws of the etheric continuum. This influx of etheric force further elevates potentials in the dammed area. This area powerfully attracts further atmospheric water vapor, regardless of the barometer, which in this case was 1020mb.
Result is the creation, out of nothing, of a vast rain line like this, containing perhaps millions of tons of water over its 40 mile length. Massive, continuous pushing by the east-west tropical ether flow, against the pulsatory etheric emissions and blocking action of the shipboard apparatus, produces still more etheric excitation, with the whole system eventually driven to lumination or discharge potential. Torrential rain is then released from the accretion.
Rising winds west of this engineered front show in the wide band of radar clutter, or spurious sea return, around and mainly behind SS Maui. Radar does not lie.
Engineered Wall of Rain (photo 2)
Oahu photo #2 shows what happens once the engineered rain line has overwhelmed the Maui, as a result of the combined effect of the ships eastward velocity, and the globe-girdling thrust of the tropical east-west ether flow. The damming effect that created this rain mass has been removed. A scant 12 miles beyond the Maui, the reflectivity and size of the rain mass have both sharply diminished. The rain system has shrunk from more than 40 to less than 27 miles in length. The entire rain mass has also slewed northward into a new orientation to the Maui, almost parallel to her course. At the Maui, a wind shift of almost 90 degrees has occurred, as denoted by the objective change in distribution of the radar sea clutter around the ship. The slewed 0rain mass is continuing to draw etheric force from the translators on the ship, but once west of the ship, no damming influence can be exerted in these latitudes, such as that shown in the first Oahu radar screen photo. The rain mass is also now geometrically out of tune with the shipboard translators, and will soon discharge itself out of existence. The entire process can be recycled, and a second damming action engineered, after a recovery phase completes itself in the etheric continuum. Scenarios like these were enacted literally hundreds of times during Trevor Constables more than 300 ocean crossings aboard SS Maui. Recorded often in daylight on time-lapse videotape, the happenings were totally objective. In addition, radar provided continuous, irrefutable evidence of etheric flow laws, and of the physical presence of enormous tides of etheric force that are involved in the whole life of the earth. Interdiction with simple geometric devices renders tangible this etheric action, The correct geometry, correctly applied, makes rain engineering technically feasible. Radar objectifies what is happening.
Scenarios like these were enacted literally hundreds of times during Trevor Constables more than 300 ocean crossings aboard SS Maui. Recorded often in daylight on time-lapse videotape, the happenings were totally objective. In addition, radar provided continuous, irrefutable evidence of etheric flow laws, and of the physical presence of enormous tides of etheric force that are involved in the whole life of the earth. Interdiction with simple geometric devices renders tangible this etheric action, The correct geometry, correctly applied, makes rain engineering technically feasible. Radar objectifies what is happening.
The Moses Effect
SS Mauis collision avoidance system display provides a record of the typical parting of the heavenly waters that occurs when the ship approaches rain masses with its biogeometric devices functioning. X is the position of the Maui, at center screen. Screen shows ocean surface over a 24 nautical mile circle around the ship. Dotted line from X to the screen perimeter is the ships heading flasher, showing the ship steering SW for Honolulu from Los Angeles. Rain mass on both sides of the ship has parted for her passage. An open trench through the rain is clearly visible. Phenomenon has been experienced numerous times during rain engineering experiments. Scenarios of this kind are described in detail elsewhere in this section of the website.
DAMMING UP ETHERIC FORCE FROM THE WEST
SS Maui (X) is one day outbound from San Francisco, California, on her way to Honolulu, Hawaii. In
temperate zones of the earth, the prevailing etheric flow is west to east. Mauis southwesterly course is shown by the dashes and spaces of her heading flasher. Each dash, and each space denoting 2 nautical miles of over-the-ocean distance. Barometer is 1022 mb.
Etheric engineering equipment on the Maui has been adjusted to oppose locally the regional west-to-east flow of etheric force. The translators and the 22 knot speed of the ship are utilized in combination to produce this local blocking of a planetary flow. Skill, experience and patience are necessary to produce etheric drainage flow away from the ship towards the west, directly into the advancing etheric flow from the general direction of magnetic west, opposing that flow.
Where the west-east etheric flow is opposed successfully, etheric potential rises, strongly attracting atmospheric water. The anomalous, engineered area of elevated etheric potential then becomes the focus and target of lower potential flow approaching from farther west. Following the low-to-high flow law of etheric currents, this powerful influx soon raises the etheric potential of the accreting rain area to lumination, or discharge potential. Heavy rain is then released, as in this radar depiction.
This radar screen photo shows the SS Maui almost dead center of a monstrous rain buildup, well over 20 miles long and up to 8 miles thick. Radar sea clutter south of the ship verifies the southerly winds in this format, which have virtually no influence on the rain accretion the latter being etherically generated and etherically controlled. Such control remains operative until the rain barrier eventually surges past the damming influence exerted by the shipboard equipment. The rain formation then melts away, as the west-to-east currents normalize after the removal of the local blockage caused by the etheric engineering equipment on the ship.
In such situation as the above, the rain mass parts locally where SS Maui approaches, so that the ship sails right through such a rain line as that above, in virtually rainless conditions. Walls of rain are visible on both sides of the ship as the rain mass is transited. Common occurrence of this parting of the waters caused it to be called The Moses Effect. Trevor Constable opines on the basis of his experience that someday before too very long, Man will be making wide technological use of the ether. Radar has illuminated the beginning made on SS Maui.
1990-2008 Etheric Rain Engineering Pte. Ltd.
Updated October 9, 2008
BorderlandResearch * ExplorationScience * Free-Energy
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According to a study by TechSci Research, the global oil and gas pipeline leak detection industry is expected to surpass $1.8 billion in the next five years. This is in part due to the increase in oil and gas leaks over the past few years.
Houston Public Media reported that, in Texas alone, the frequency of leaks, fires and other hazardous events has more than doubled since 1995. Research shows that weather, age and corrosion are all common causes of leaks.
According to Business Wire, most pipelines across the globe are between 30 and 100 years old. With age comes greater chance of corrosion and leaks. These pipes are therefore propelling the need for increased leak detection across oil and gas companies worldwide.
In Texas, the rapid increase of leaks is likely due to aging pipelines, according to Houston Public Media. However, funding to study pipelines and incorporate leak detection technology has dropped over the past seven years. Over the past five years alone, only $1.3 million has gone toward research of this kind. This is compared to the $8 million granted to research between 2003 and 2008.
Sam Mannan, a chemical engineering professor at Texas A&M University who leads oil and gas safety research at the university, explained to Houston Public Media that lack of funding and research could be detrimental to Texas oil and gas.
Meanwhile, California governor Jerry Brown signed three bills into law regarding the care and upkeep of oil and gas pipelines in the state, according to the Los Angeles Times. It was reported that Brown was reacting to an oil spill in May that leaked 20,000 gallons off the coast of Santa Barbara.
One bill requires pipelines in environmentally sensitive areas to have leak detection technology and automatic shut-off valves. The second states that the fire marshal inspect pipelines annually to detect any issues that need addressing. The third invites commercial fishermen and other nearby boats to help contain oil spills, thus speeding up the cleanup process.
On Oct. 1, the U.S. Department of Transportation's Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration also passed stricter regulations on pipelines throughout the country, according to a press release. The new rule requires all hazardous liquid pipelines, such as oil and gas, to have a leak detection system in place. It also states that following extreme weather, all pipelines in the affected area should be checked for damage.
"Hazardous liquid pipelines crisscross the country and pipeline failures can have profound impacts on local communities and the environment," Anthony Foxx, U.S. Transportation Secretary, said in a press release. "This proposed rule is an important step forward to enhance safety, and protect people and the environment."
Old pipelines pose a greater risk to surrounding environments than newer ones, though age and corrosion are not the only factors driving the oil and gas leak detection market up. New pipelines being built are beginning to incorporate the use of leak detection technology at deployment, according to a press release from TechSci.
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14 Jan Uruguay’s Eolic Energy Inspires the World
Eolic Energy may sound like a science fiction term to the uneducated ear, but it is little more than a fancy term for Wind Energy or Wind Power. A ship propelled by the wind in its sails, water pumped when wind rotates a windmill, and turbine blades moving to create electrical power are all examples of Eolic Energy. Wind, a renewable resource, is categorized as a “clean” energy.
While the majority of the world is still dependent on non-renewable fossil fuel resources such as coal and natural gas, Uruguay’s energy is 95% Eolic. The country achieved this impressive number without forced government subsidies or unreasonable costs to its 3.4 million citizens / consumers. The WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) has named Uruguay as one of the top Green Energy Leaders in the world, saying that the country is “defining global trends in renewable energy investment.”
One of the largest locations of wind farms is located on Route 5 going north from the nation’s capital city (and largest city), Montevideo. Within a two hundred mile stretch, rotating reliably in 8 miles per hour wind, are hundreds of 108 meter tall turbines. Because of wind farms, Uruguay’s vulnerability to drought has been reduced by 70%. Wind energy connected to hydro power plants help keep the water reservoirs full long after the country’s typical rainy season. This means that Uruguay does not have to rely on other countries such as Argentina to import electricity in an emergency.
Other countries have a lot of catching up to do with Uruguay. Leaders at the recent Climate Summit in Paris, France, acknowledged how deficient the rest of the world is in its clean energy compared to this South American country. It took Uruguay seven years, from 2008 to 2015, to drastically change its long term energy policies. Hopefully, with Uruguay to inspire them, everyone else will catch up in the next seven!
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The coronavirus is identical virus that’s behind a deadly virus that has contaminated hundreds of people in Europe. Rapid Test Boca Raton https://qualityhealthcareconcierge.com/service/mobile-covid-19-testing/ have discovered that many of these outbreaks have happened at faculties and well being care amenities. The reason for this is that this group of individuals often come into contact with other individuals who’ve the same virus.
There are two totally different strains of the coronavirus. The primary strain is accountable for most of the deaths and illnesses. The second pressure is harmless and does not trigger illness. These two viruses had been each identified when some mice died from consuming the identical mouse, which was contaminated by the first strain.
Most of the recent outbreaks have occurred in Europe and in the Middle East. They happen round the identical time, and all the outbreaks appear to have been brought on by the same individual. A brand new case can be diagnosed in the United States and Canada, however it’s rare to find one contaminated individual within the Center East.
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All of those are indicators of the virus, and it can proceed to unfold if there isn’t any remedy for the flu-like signs. Nonetheless, the virus also can cause different symptoms in the one who has it. These symptoms include the headache and the weakness and fatigue which can be much like those who have the flu.
More to this extreme sickness, health care professionals are going to be cautious about letting anyone in their facility to attend an outbreak. simply click the next web page is because they could catch the virus. It could possibly be transferred by means of direct contact with the bodily fluids of the infected person, so they should keep away from this at all prices.
The health care facility should even have coaching in tips on how to handle patients who’ve contracted the virus. Mobile Covid Test Boca Raton must be educated about how to take a person with the sickness to the hospital and how to guard themselves. If the affected person becomes contagious, they must be placed in isolation for statement.
As well as, the well being care facility wants to teach its employees on how to prevent and treat an infection with the virus. These consultants must discover ways to do chest x-rays, acquire blood samples, and learn how to recognize the symptoms of the virus. They should also learn about the therapy that is available to treat people with the virus.
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It is vital for the health care facility to be prepared for the approaching outbreak. They need to have someone in charge of emergency preparedness and will have a powerful plan to deal with the situation. They should prepare everyone on the procedures and guarantee that everyone is aware of what to do if the situation arises. Correct training on methods to keep away from the virus and the best way to deal with it are the best methods to combat this virus.
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Eggs are nutritional powerhouses that provide the body with many nutritional benefits. But while they top a lot of health charts, their yolks are often demonized for causing blood-cholesterol levels to skyrocket. This has caused people to order up, cook up and talk about egg whites as the way to go. So, is it true? Do egg yolks make you gain weight? The short answer is no.
Because heart disease is the number one killer in the United States, much work has been done to find ways to prevent rising numbers. Years ago, scientists discovered that high blood cholesterol was linked to heart disease, which caused foods high in cholesterol to quickly get a bad rap, eggs included. But 25 years later, scientists have come to find out that it’s not cholesterol in food that’s the problem, it’s saturated and trans fats that are the real villains.
Related: Do Bananas Make You Fat?
In fact, your body actually needs cholesterol in such things as eggs to make testosterone, which works to increase energy and help build more calorie-building muscle. One study at the University of Connecticut even found that the fat in egg yolks reduces “bad” cholesterol (LDL).
“Dietary cholesterol does not translate into high levels of blood cholesterol,” explains Dr. Luc Djoussé, who is an associate professor and heart disease researcher at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and has conducted research on eggs and heart disease. “Current scientific data do not justify worries about egg consumption, including egg yolk, when it comes to heart health.”
National health officials agree, with the latest Dietary Guidelines for Americans reflecting that we shouldn’t be limiting our dietary cholesterol.
Of course some may wonder about people with genes that put them at a greater risk for heart and cholesterol problems, but a new study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition finds that eating an egg every day isn’t of concern.
“Our focus should be on healthy dietary patterns, not specific foods or nutrients,” notes Dr. Robert Eckel, who is a program chair and professor of medicine at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. “Eggs get a lot of attention because they’re so popular and for a while were kind of vilified. But I’m a lot more concerned about people eating more fruits and vegetables, and adhering to a healthy dietary pattern.”
And it’s not just about the yolk not harming you, it’s about the benefits of the whole egg, too. They’re chock-full of beneficial vitamins and minerals. In fact, they offer up almost every essential vitamin and mineral our bodies need to function. They’re even among the few natural food sources of vitamin D, and have 7 grams of high-quality protein to boot. And that’s not all. Whole eggs are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, B6, B12, riboflavin, folate and choline which are thought to actually help prevent heart disease. When you skip the yolk and opt for the whites, you’re missing out on so many nutritional benefits, plus, you’re only getting half the protein.
But how much can you eat? Common recommendations include a maximum of 2-6 yolks per week, but there isn’t a whole lot of valuable scientific support for such limitations, making it hard to know where the fine line lives. Dr. Jyrki Virtanen of the University of Eastern Finland who led the new study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition believes focusing on one aspect of a food, such as the cholesterol in eggs, is not a reliable way to understand the impact of food on one’s health. His study’s “one egg per day” findings were the average of several days, which means that, even if you indulge in a three-egg omelet a couple days a week, so long as you’re averaging out one egg a day, you’re in the clear.
So if you’ve been constantly craving the egg yolk, but continuously passing it up, it’s time to banish your bad perspective and finally indulge.
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<urn:uuid:e7eb8de4-5c43-4e4c-91b7-a84660aaa7c4>
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://gethealthyu.com/do-egg-yolks-make-you-fat/
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en
| 0.947093 | 902 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Merian Lesster Damian, Iresh Bandara
Antenatal, Postnatal, Mental health awareness,Serious games, Game-based learning
18th February 2022
Antenatal mental health problems poses significant risk factors for postnatal mental health conditions. Early detection of this problem minimizes the risk of serious consequences. Statistics shows that the impact of this serious issue has led the affected mothers to commit suicide due to low mental tolerance. Lack of antenatal mental health awareness is the significant reason behind this study. The majority of the women are unaware of the psychological issues and the symptoms that could occur during the antenatal period, therefore, the likelihood of seeking professional help is very low. Serious games are a great solution to provide awareness for this problem and also has been proven to be effective in augmenting cognitive abilities. MamaMoods is a serious game that is researched and developed by the authors to raise awareness on antenatal mental health among society by letting the player play and learn through the game itself. Test results of the MamaMoods game show that the serious games can positively and seriously increase the antenatal mental health.
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://www.iit.ac.lk/publications/mamamoods-a-serious-game-designed-to-provide-awareness-on-antenatal-mental-health/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648850.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602172755-20230602202755-00076.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950259 | 239 | 3.140625 | 3 |
On Mar. 25, 2023, Rocket Lab successfully launched two BlackSky’s Gen-2 Earth-imaging satellites.
“The Beat Goes On” mission was launched from Pad B at Rocket Lab Launch Complex 1 in Mahia, New Zealand, and brought the total number of satellites delivered by Electron to orbit to 159.
The pair of high-resolution, multi-spectral, Gen-2 satellites expanded BlackSky’s network in space bringing the total number of spacecraft in the company’s constellation to 16.
BlackSky combines high-resolution images captured by its constellation of microsatellites with its artificial intelligence software to deliver analytics and insights to industries including transportation, infrastructure, land use, defense, supply chain management, and humanitarian aid.
Spaceflight Inc, an American aerospace company that specializes in organizing rideshare space launches, provided integration and mission management services for this mission.
“The Beat Goes On” was Rocket Lab’s second launch in about a week, following the liftoff of the “Stronger Together” mission from NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia.
Electron is an expendable vehicle but, during recent missions, Rocket Lab attempted to recover its first stage after it parachutes back to Earth and splashes down in the Pacific Ocean.
The recovery team retrieves Electron using a custom vessel and transports it to the company’s manufacturing complex for analysis.
The data from the recovered stage will help the Rocket Lab’s recovery and reuse program for their next vehicle, a larger rocket called Neutron; its first stage is designed to land vertically and fly again.
Another recovery method used by Rocket Lab is to capture the first stage in mid-air with a specially modified helicopter.
Founded in 2006, Rocket Lab is a space company that delivers reliable launch services, satellite manufacture, spacecraft components, and on-orbit management solutions that make it faster, easier, and more affordable to access space.
The company designs and manufactures the Electron small orbital launch vehicle, and the Photon satellite platform. It is also developing the Neutron 13-ton payload class launch vehicle with a fully reusable first stage.
Since its first orbital launch in 2018, Rocket Lab’s Electron launch vehicle has become the second most frequently launched US rocket annually and has delivered 159 satellites to orbit for private and public sector organizations, enabling operations in national security, scientific research, space debris mitigation, Earth observation, climate monitoring, and communications.
Rocket Lab has three launch pads: two at a private orbital launch site located in New Zealand and a third in Virginia (Rocket Lab Launch Complex 2).
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<urn:uuid:a730fc94-4cee-4e3d-a09e-e7c9c4599ee7>
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://www.spacevoyaging.com/rocket-lab-succesfully-delivered-two-satellites-for-blacksky/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653631.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607074914-20230607104914-00361.warc.gz
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en
| 0.916071 | 564 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Frank Murphy held diverse positions before his elevation to the Court. He was mayor of Detroit from 1930 to 1933, governor general of the Philippines from 1933 to 1935, governor of Michigan from 1937 to 1939, and United States attorney general from 1939-40. While attorney general, Murphy established the first civil rights unit in the Justice Department. Murphy longed to be part of the war effort while on the bench. During Court recesses, he served as an infantry officer in Fort Benning, Georgia.
Murphy was a strong liberal who had the most impact through his concurring and dissenting opinions.
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<urn:uuid:ecb7da1c-bb52-482d-9ac4-377e1c2b7ef8>
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CC-MAIN-2014-10
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http://www.oyez.org/justices/frank_murphy
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en
| 0.975814 | 119 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Bus rapid transit (BRT) and Bus of High Level of Service (BHLS) have been implemented in 197 cities around the world, with corridors extending a total of 5,000 km and carrying 32 million passengers per day. Furthermore, as cities continue to invest in and implement public transport, awareness of BRT and BHLS has spread quickly among planners and decision makers. Knowledge is also being distributed by various international institutions, ranging from the World Bank to ITDP.
Despite the recognized importance and rapid growth of BRT and BHLS over the last 15 years, these systems are still subject to high levels of controversy and misunderstanding, with the majority of the frustration aimed at local actors in charge of implementation. This means that it is key to have a holistic understanding of this relatively new and growing transport mode. For this reason, editors of the new “Handbook on Transport and Development” included a chapter devoted exclusively to this topic, explored below.
BRT’s Origins and Why It’s Growing
BRT and BHLS have evolved from simple bus priority measures, such as designated busways and bus-lanes, which were proposed—and occasionally implemented—as early as 1937 throughout the world.
The concepts behind BRT (and BHLS) gained popularity in Latin America after two major installations: (1) busways in Curitiba, Brazil were upgraded into a full-featured BRT system in 1982 and (2) the implementation of TransMilenio in Bogotá, Colombia in 2000. BRT then spread because of its high performance, low cost and ability to be rapidly implemented; moreover, its successful adaptations in Quito, Paris, Bogotá, Nantes, Amsterdam, Mexico City, Beijing, Jakarta and other cities demonstrated BRT and BHLS’s geographical and urban flexibility—making it attractive to urban planners across the globe.
Moreover, the majority of BRT’s growth has taken place within the last 15 years; of the 197 cities with BRT, 169 implemented their BRT systems since 2001, and about 120 more cities are currently building, designing or planning BRT systems. BRT and BHLS have also proven to be attractive options for public transport delivery, applicable to a wide variety of conditions from low to very high passenger throughput.
With rapid urbanization and motorization—especially in emerging economies—as well as a lack of funding to build new road infrastructure and costly rail systems, BRT and BHLS have emerged as solid solutions for mobility.
Challenges Facing BRT Moving Forward
Like any other method of transport, BRT and BHLS are not without their faults—and it is important that they are fairly analyzed as decision makers weigh their options for transit improvements. Critics of BRT and BHLS argue that these systems are not permanent, use precious surface space, and exhibit operational and cost indicators that are inferior to rail. Furthermore, BRT implementation requires strong political leadership, sound technical planning and adequate funding levels—resources that can be difficult to come by.
Despite recent growth, BRT and BHLS have also suffered from an image problem. More specifically, BRT and BHLS do not have a single meaning and image and are often regarded as a “second best” compared to rail alternatives. Critics also question their ability to foster urban development and their use of space traditionally designated for cars, as well as their actual costs and impacts. However, on the issue of space, occupying road area formerly designated for cars may be considered a positive feature, as cars are considered the least effective (and least sustainable) means of transport.
It’s important to note that criticisms of BRT and BHLS systems vary based on geography and context. For example, several BRT and BHLS systems in the developing world suffer problems resulting from poor planning, implementation, operation and maintenance—largely due to financial, institutional and regulatory constraints. Finally, even though BRT service tends to be more reliable in comparison with buses running in mixed traffic, bus bunching (when buses intended to be spaced out clump up) still remains a large problem.
The Future of BRT
BRT and BHLS are proving to be resilient transport modes, and seem to be adapting well over time. BRT and BHLS systems spur the development of complementary programs, such as citywide integrated bus systems, private sector participation, funding from national governments and additional bus manufacturers and technology providers. These integrative initiatives increase the effectiveness of BRT and BHLS, while also improving local mobility. Further, technological developments in vehicles—such as hybrid and electric propulsion and transport phone apps—are also improving the quality, performance and impact of BRT and BHLS.
Overall, the future of BRT and BHLS is bright but challenging, as they continue to grow as integral parts of multimodal public transport systems. To significantly reduce future dependence on cars and lower emissions, we need to build approximately 600 additional kilometers of BRT and BHLS around the world every year, which is about three times the current pace.
For more on this topic, see the full chapter on BRT and BHLS in the “Handbook on Transport and Development.”
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<urn:uuid:52c42058-2998-4068-91d1-7163dcc9cbd3>
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CC-MAIN-2023-50
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https://www.thecityfix.com/blog/where-brt-came-from-and-where-its-going-dario-hidalgo/
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en
| 0.958942 | 1,084 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Want to reduce your impact, but don’t have time to research everything you buy and everything you do?
So focus on the things that will make the most difference.
Eat as little meat as you can, and minimise food waste.
The crimes of the meat industry are too long to list here, but the reason it’s so destructive is because it involves the lot: huge greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss, deforestation, water use and pollution. A UN report described the overall environmental impact of livestock activity as ‘enormous,’ and that’s before we even get on to animal welfare issues, the health impacts of eating meat, antibiotic resistance, or the small problem of how we’re going to feed everyone if we continue to consume meat as much as we do. Meat production is so inefficient, it takes more calories to produce than it adds to the food system.
As for food waste, remember that whenever we throw food away, we waste all the water and greenhouse gas emissions that went in to producing it. So, for the UK (where 25% of all food bought by households is wasted) that amounts to 20 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions per year. So, do the planet a favour and don’t buy more food than you can eat.
What you can’t do: save the planet by worrying about the source of everything you buy.
Minimise the amount of new stuff you buy, especially fashion, electronic gadgets, tat, or anything you don’t expect to use that much. Remember that most of the environmental impact of the stuff we buy happens before it reaches the store, and anything meant to be used for a short time then thrown away, is a crap design.
What you can’t do: heal the world by doing the recycling alone.
Use a clean energy supplier for your home, and get real about flying and driving.
No-one needs to use a dirty energy supplier. While many people have difficulty getting by without a car, or giving up meat, changing your energy supplier makes no difference to your lifestyle whatsoever and could even save you money. So what are you waiting for? And if you’ve done that, make sure your money is not invested in fossil fuels.
And yes, it’s magical thinking to imagine we can heal the planet without reducing the distances we travel by carbon-powered transport. Deep down we all know this.
What you can’t do: halt global warming by switching off all the lights and ensuring you don’t overcharge your phone.
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<urn:uuid:59709532-776f-49a6-9c83-c6eb6b35bcb9>
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CC-MAIN-2020-34
|
https://thezerowaster.com/2018/01/13/the-lazy-individuals-guide-to-reducing-your-environmental-impact/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738892.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200812112531-20200812142531-00075.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.944822 | 538 | 2.71875 | 3 |
For a native English speaker, writing an essay in Hindi may be a big challenge. This is because the structures of the two languages are somehow different. But sometimes, there are chances when students will be required to write an essay in Hindi for the purpose of learning the language more. We are not going to talk about the students in the general population of a school. There are only a few students who are concerned with this type of an essay.
Did you enroll in a language class? To be more specific, are you taking a Hindi language course? If you answer yes to both questions, then most probably you will soon be writing an essay in Hindi. Most teachers require their students to write an essay during the course of the semester or academic year. Essay writing is technically one of the best ways to test the communication and writing skills of the students.
A children essay is generally an easy essay type and does not require much research work or analysis work on the part of the writer. As in all other essay types, the introduction of the essay should be written well so that it gets instant attention. It should introduce the topic in brief, and should state the objective of the essay clearly so that the reader can understand easily and also feels attracted to read further on.
There are lots of types of Music Essays as well as a huge variety of music papers. These types of essays can be based on essay topics such as classical music, rap music, hip-hop music and more. In order to write a good essay on music you need to structure your essay. The best way to do this is by sticking to the 5 paragraph essay format. This means dividing your essay into three segments: the introduction, the body and the conclusion.
An English research paper needless to say, is an important part of academic essay writing. Almost all students who study in this language, that is, if their mode of communication is in English, right from school level have written essays in this language. The basic English essays for the primary level will comprise of writing an essay on my best friend or my favourite book or my favourite animal and other similar topics. However as one moves from the primary level to the middle level and then onto the high school classes, thewriting topics will change accordingly. In the higher classes the instructor will give him to write different kinds of essays on various literary topics studied in the class. He may be asked write a critical essay on some famous drama or novel, or an analytical essay on some poem or any other literary work.
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<urn:uuid:404becfd-99a9-4261-8cfe-c1876b6f60ea>
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CC-MAIN-2014-15
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http://essay911.org/search/my-favourite-subject-hindi-paragraph.html
|
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|
en
| 0.957485 | 510 | 2.96875 | 3 |
1930s Film on Building the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge
Over at TheAtlantic.com's Video channel, Kasia Cieplak-Mayr von Baldegg finds this archival film from the 1930s detailing the massive construction project that was the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge.
Produced by U.S. Steel, it celebrates the engineering of the structure, one of the largest in the world at the time, and the people who built it. Skip to about 8:50 to see nonchalant workmen jumping up and down on terrifying mesh catwalks suspended high above the bay.
Via the Prelinger Archives.
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<urn:uuid:405be2a1-17fc-49b3-8e2e-31983fa0486a>
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CC-MAIN-2013-48
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http://www.theatlanticcities.com/design/2011/11/1930s-film-building-san-francisco-oakland-bay-bridge/433/
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en
| 0.895684 | 134 | 2.53125 | 3 |
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