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Hangovers can be a challenging aftermath of a night of excessive drinking, leaving you with unpleasant symptoms such as headache, nausea, fatigue, and dehydration. While the best way to prevent a hangover is to drink in moderation or abstain from alcohol, certain vitamins can help alleviate hangover symptoms. Understanding the causes of hangovers and the role of vitamins in alcohol metabolism is key. Vitamins play a crucial role in the body’s ability to break down and eliminate alcohol, as well as in the recovery process. In this article, we will explore how vitamins can help with hangovers, discuss the specific vitamins that are beneficial, and also explore other remedies such as hydration, healthy eating, rest, and over-the-counter pain relievers that can aid in hangover recovery.
- Understanding Hangovers: Hangovers are the unpleasant symptoms experienced after consuming excessive alcohol, including headache, fatigue, nausea, and dehydration.
- Vitamins for Alcohol Metabolism: Certain vitamins play a crucial role in alcohol metabolism, helping the body break down alcohol and reduce its negative effects.
- Benefits of Vitamins in Hangover Recovery: Taking specific vitamins such as B-complex, vitamin C, vitamin E, magnesium, and zinc can help alleviate hangover symptoms and support the body’s recovery process.
Hangovers occur after excessive alcohol consumption and are characterized by unpleasant symptoms. Understanding hangovers is crucial in alleviating their effects. Dehydration, inflammation, and toxins in the body contribute to hangovers. To alleviate their symptoms, it is important to stay hydrated.
Staying hydrated is essential in reducing hangover symptoms as dehydration is a major factor. Replenishing lost fluids by drinking water or electrolyte-rich fluids helps. Understanding hangovers and the role of dehydration in them is crucial.
Inflammation also plays a significant role in hangovers. Consuming anti-inflammatory foods or supplements like ginger or turmeric can reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms. By understanding hangovers and addressing inflammation, their impact can be minimized.
Hangovers are caused by toxins in alcohol, including congeners. Understanding hangovers and the role of toxins is important. These toxins can be neutralized by antioxidants such as vitamins C and E, which enhance the body’s natural detoxification processes.
Rest and sleep are crucial for the body to recover from a hangover. Understanding hangovers and the importance of rest and healing is crucial. Allowing ample time for rest and healing is important.
Understanding hangovers and addressing their underlying causes can minimize their impact. By staying hydrated, reducing inflammation, neutralizing toxins, and getting adequate rest, the discomfort associated with hangovers can be alleviated, and recovery can be expedited.
What Causes Hangovers?
Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol is the main cause of hangovers. When alcohol is consumed, it goes through the liver and gets converted into acetaldehyde, which is a toxic substance. This buildup of acetaldehyde in the body is what leads to hangover symptoms such as headache, nausea, fatigue, and dehydration.
The severity of a hangover can vary depending on various factors including the amount of alcohol consumed, an individual’s tolerance to alcohol, and the levels of hydration. It’s important to note that consuming alcohol in moderation is less likely to result in a hangover.
Alcohol acts as a diuretic, which means it increases the production of urine and causes dehydration. This, along with the loss of electrolytes and essential nutrients, contributes to the symptoms of a hangover.
In addition, alcohol disrupts sleep patterns, which leads to poor quality sleep and feelings of fatigue and grogginess the following day.
To prevent hangovers, it is recommended to drink alcohol in moderation, pace oneself, and stay hydrated by drinking water in between alcoholic beverages.
How Can Vitamins Help with Hangovers?
Looking to prevent or recover from those dreadful hangovers? Let’s explore how vitamins can come to your rescue. From aiding alcohol metabolism to promoting hangover recovery, vitamins play a crucial role in this battle. Vitamin B-Complex, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, magnesium, and zinc are the heroes we’ll be diving into. Buckle up for a journey into the world of vitamins and their amazing powers in combating those after-effects of a wild night out.
The Role of Vitamins in Alcohol Metabolism
Vitamins play a crucial role in alcohol metabolism. The body requires various vitamins and minerals to effectively break down and process alcohol.
One important group of vitamins is the B-Complex. This includes thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and pantothenic acid. Thiamine specifically helps convert alcohol into less harmful substances.
Additionally, vitamin C acts as an antioxidant that neutralizes harmful byproducts of alcohol metabolism known as free radicals. This helps reduce oxidative stress in the liver.
Another essential antioxidant is vitamin E, which protects liver cells from damage caused by the breakdown of alcohol.
Furthermore, magnesium is important for alcohol metabolism as alcohol consumption can deplete magnesium levels. Magnesium is necessary for proper liver function and alcohol breakdown.
Finally, zinc is a mineral that aids in alcohol breakdown and liver detoxification.
By ensuring an adequate intake of these vitamins and minerals, the body can efficiently metabolize alcohol and minimize potential damage. It is important to note that while vitamins support alcohol metabolism, they cannot prevent or cure hangovers.
To support alcohol metabolism, it is recommended to maintain a well-balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Alcohol should be consumed in moderation, and personalized recommendations should be sought from a medical professional.
The Benefits of Vitamins in Hangover Recovery
– Vitamin B-Complex: B-complex vitamins can boost energy levels and reduce fatigue by aiding alcohol metabolism and replenishing depleted nutrients.
– Vitamin C: Vitamin C enhances the immune system, reduces inflammation, eliminates toxins, and aids in liver detoxification.
– Vitamin E: Vitamin E protects cells from alcohol-related damage, reduces inflammation, and promotes liver health.
– Magnesium: Magnesium relaxes muscles, reduces headaches and muscle cramps, and supports the liver’s detoxification process.
– Zinc: Zinc boosts the immune system, supports liver function, aids in alcohol metabolism, and breaks down acetaldehyde, a toxic alcohol byproduct.
These vitamins and minerals significantly aid hangover recovery by replenishing nutrients, reducing fatigue, supporting liver function, and reducing inflammation. Consuming foods rich in these vitamins and minerals or taking supplements can help alleviate hangover symptoms and promote faster recovery. The best way to prevent a hangover is to drink responsibly and in moderation.
Vitamin B-complex is crucial for hangover recovery. It consists of eight essential B vitamins: B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), B9 (folate), and B12 (cobalamin). These vitamins convert food into energy and support bodily functions.
1. Vitamin B1 aids in alcohol metabolism by supporting liver function.
2. Vitamin B2 aids in alcohol metabolism and supports detoxification.
3. Vitamin B3 plays a role in alcohol metabolism and reduces alcohol-induced inflammation.
4. Vitamin B5 supports adrenal function and helps alleviate stress from alcohol consumption.
5. Vitamin B6 aids in alcohol metabolism and reduces symptoms like nausea and headaches.
6. Vitamin B7 aids in alcohol metabolism and supports liver health.
7. Vitamin B9 aids in alcohol metabolism and helps alleviate hangover symptoms.
8. Vitamin B12 supports liver function and boosts energy levels.
Consuming a Vitamin B-complex supplement or foods rich in these vitamins, such as whole grains, eggs, nuts, and green leafy vegetables, can replenish these nutrients and aid in hangover recovery. It’s important to remember that while Vitamin B-complex supports the body’s recovery, it does not entirely prevent or eliminate hangovers. Hydration, rest, and other remedies are also necessary for a full recovery.
Vitamin C can alleviate hangover symptoms. Here are some key points about its benefits:
1. Antioxidant properties: Vitamin C neutralizes harmful free radicals caused by alcohol.
2. Immune system support: Vitamin C enhances immune function, boosting your body’s defense against infections.
3. Liver support: Vitamin C aids in detoxification and supports liver function.
4. Collagen production: Vitamin C is necessary for healthy skin, blood vessels, and connective tissues.
5. Hangover symptom relief: Vitamin C may reduce the duration and severity of symptoms like headaches and fatigue.
To incorporate Vitamin C into your routine, consume foods rich in this nutrient, such as citrus fruits, berries, peppers, and leafy greens. You may also consider taking supplements during and after alcohol consumption.
Remember, Vitamin C is not a cure-all for hangovers. Practice responsible drinking, stay hydrated, and get enough rest to recover.
Vitamin E is an essential nutrient that can benefit hangover recovery. Important points to consider include:
- Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant, protecting the body from alcohol-related damage.
- It neutralizes harmful free radicals produced during alcohol metabolism.
- Vitamin E supports liver function by promoting alcohol detoxification enzymes.
- The recommended daily intake of vitamin E for adults is 15 milligrams (or 22.4 international units).
- Foods rich in vitamin E include nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, spinach, and avocados.
- Supplements can be taken to ensure adequate vitamin E levels, but consulting a healthcare professional is recommended.
- While vitamin E can assist in reducing hangover symptoms, it cannot completely eliminate the effects of excessive alcohol consumption. Moderation, proper hydration, restful sleep, and a balanced diet are additional remedies for hangover recovery.
Magnesium is essential for many bodily functions and can help alleviate hangover symptoms and aid in recovery.
Zinc is an essential mineral that reduces hangover severity. It boosts the immune system and metabolizes alcohol in the body. Zinc acts as a cofactor for enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism, aiding in alcohol breakdown and elimination.
Including zinc-rich foods or taking zinc supplements before and after drinking alcohol enhances the body’s alcohol processing ability and reduces hangover effects. Foods high in zinc include oysters, beef, chicken, nuts, and whole grains.
Studies show that zinc supplementation alleviates hangover symptoms like headache, nausea, and discomfort. It is recommended to take zinc supplements with other vitamins and minerals that support hangover recovery, such as vitamin B-complex, vitamin C, and magnesium.
While zinc can help with hangover symptoms, it is not a cure-all. Drink alcohol in moderation, stay hydrated, and consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice on supplementation and zinc dosage.
Incorporating zinc-rich foods or supplements into your hangover recovery routine benefits your body’s metabolism and minimizes alcohol’s effects.
Other Remedies for Hangovers
Looking for other ways to cure hangovers? Well, you’re in luck! In this section, we’ll explore some alternative remedies that can help ease those morning-after blues. From the importance of hydration and healthy eating to the wonders of rest and sleep, and even over-the-counter pain relievers, we’ve got you covered. So, let’s dive in and discover some effective strategies to kick those hangovers to the curb!
Hydration is crucial for recovering from a hangover. Alcohol acts as a diuretic, causing increased urination and dehydration. This can contribute to hangover symptoms. To combat this, prioritize hydration.
Drinking water is the simplest and most effective way to hydrate your body. Aim to drink at least eight glasses of water throughout the day. You can also consider sports drinks or electrolyte-enhanced beverages to replenish lost electrolytes.
Hydrating before bed can also help alleviate hangover symptoms in the morning. Keep a glass of water by your bedside to drink if you wake up during the night.
It’s important to note that while hydration can help alleviate some symptoms, it will not cure a hangover. Practicing responsible drinking and moderation are crucial to minimize the risk and severity of hangovers.
Remember, staying hydrated is essential for overall well-being, not just during a hangover. Drink water regularly to maintain proper hydration levels and support your body’s functions.
Incorporating adequate hydration into your routine can help support your overall health and well-being. Stay hydrated and drink responsibly.
– Fruits: Rich in vitamins and minerals that aid hangover recovery. Opt for bananas, oranges, and berries, packed with antioxidants and electrolytes.
– Leafy greens: Excellent choices like spinach, kale, and arugula are high in nutrients like vitamins A, C, and K. These boost the immune system and detoxify the body.
– Whole grains: Incorporate quinoa, brown rice, and oats for a steady release of energy and stabilized blood sugar levels.
– Lean proteins: Include chicken, fish, and tofu to repair and rebuild tissues after alcohol consumption.
– Healthy fats: Add avocados, nuts, and olive oil to aid vitamin absorption and promote brain health.
– Hydrating foods: Opt for cucumbers, watermelon, and tomatoes to replenish fluids and electrolytes.
– Avoid processed foods: Stay away from processed and greasy foods, as they strain the liver and worsen hangover symptoms.
By focusing on healthy eating and nourishing your body with these foods, you can support overall well-being and recover from hangovers faster. Listen to your body’s needs and make choices that align with your health goals.
Rest and Sleep
Rest and sleep are essential for hangover recovery. Making sure you get enough rest allows your body to recharge and repair itself after excessive drinking. Sleep plays a crucial role in healing and rejuvenation by stimulating the production of growth hormone for tissue repair and rebuilding.
While you sleep, your body also works to balance hydration levels and regulate electrolytes to counteract the dehydrating effects of alcohol. In addition, sleep helps reduce inflammation, alleviating hangover symptoms such as headaches and body aches.
To fully maximize the benefits of rest and sleep, it is important to create an ideal sleep environment. Ensure that your sleeping area is cool, dark, and quiet. It is also advisable to avoid using electronic devices before bed, as they can interfere with the quality of your sleep.
Sarah’s experience serves as a perfect example of the significance of rest and sleep in hangover recovery. Instead of relying on coffee or energy drinks, Sarah made rest and sleep her top priority. She took a nap in the afternoon and went to bed early, resulting in waking up feeling refreshed and with noticeably reduced hangover symptoms. This truly highlights the power of rest and sleep in supporting the body’s recovery process.
Over-the-Counter Pain Relievers
Over-the-Counter Pain Relievers alleviate hangover symptoms. Consider the following options:
1. Ibuprofen: This NSAID reduces headache and inflammation caused by alcohol. Follow recommended dosage and avoid exceeding daily limit.
2. Aspirin: Another NSAID that relieves hangover headaches by reducing pain and inflammation. Follow instructions and do not exceed recommended dose.
3. Acetaminophen: This pain reliever alleviates headache and muscle aches from hangovers. Avoid if you have liver problems or excessive alcohol consumption.
4. Combination products: Some over-the-counter pain relievers contain caffeine or antacids. These combinations address multiple hangover symptoms.
Remember, over-the-counter pain relievers are temporary solutions. Consult a healthcare professional if symptoms persist.
Stay hydrated, eat a healthy meal, rest, and consider vitamins for hangover recovery. These measures, along with pain relievers, promote symptom relief and recovery.
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We live in an uncertain world. Riots have popped up in cities across the United States under the guise of righteous protests of elections or officer-involved shootings. Terrorists have taken to the streets in attacks both large and small. Hurricanes, floods, and tornadoes have wiped out entire cities. Our economy is under siege from within and without. Ebola, Zika, West Nile, and H1N1 have dominated headlines, though admittedly done little damage. The ability and precedent for grid failure are ever present. And finally, and maybe most nefariously, our very own government waits in the wings for any one of these events to transpire with devious plans already devised for containment of the populace through martial law.
Each of these scenarios presents unique challenges. While much is made of what to do in advance of any of these events (and rightly so), ultimate survival could depend on what you do in the minutes, hours, and days immediately following an event.
I originally wrote this guide for my family and close personal friends. Many of them have little understanding of the scenarios discussed. My hope was to bring some awareness to the issues in hope that, should an event transpire, they would have taken the necessary steps and know what to expect and what to do.
If anyone else can benefit from what is, admittedly, a beginner’s introduction to preparedness, so much the better!
- Grid down
- Natural disaster (flood, snow/ice storm, tornado)
- Economic collapse
- Terrorist attack
- Martial Law
This is probably the worst-case scenario, so I’ll start here. An EMP (Electro Magnetic Pulse) can occur in two ways: a coronal mass ejection or nuclear blast.
First, EMPs can occur naturally when a coronal mass ejection (CME) erupts on the sun. These CMEs occur quite regularly; however, the intensity and direction vary. Some of them fire off away from earth. The vast majority are of a low enough intensity that we never notice them.
Significant CMEs do occur and can cause massive damage. In 1859, a CME hit Earth’s magnetosphere and induced one of the largest geomagnetic storms on record. Observed by astronomer Richard Carrington, this is known as the Carrington Event.
The auroras were so bright that it awoke gold miners in California who thought the sun was rising. The EMP was so powerful that it melted telegraph lines in places, while other telegraph operators were still able to send and receive messages, despite their power supplies being disconnected.
Less severe storms have occurred in 1921 and 1960 when widespread radio disruption was reported. The March 1989 geomagnetic storm knocked out power across large sections of Quebec. On July 23, 2012, a “Carrington-class” Solar Superstorm (solar flare, coronal mass ejection, solar EMP) was observed; its trajectory missed Earth in orbit. (Source: Wikipedia)
While previous incidents have caused little damage and appear as a footnote in history. A “Carrington-class” event in the present day would be catastrophic. Unlike life in 1859, nearly every aspect of modern society is reliant upon technology. EMPs, while not directly dangerous to humans, are specifically destructive to small-circuit technology. This is why only telegraphs were affected in the Carrington event.
An EMP can also be generated artificially by detonating a nuclear warhead in the atmosphere above Earth. This matter was the subject of a congressional inquiry a few years ago. Some well-respected members of the military and intelligence communities consider this one of the most likely types of major threat we face.
The height of the blast impacts the diameter of the blast zone and thus the area of impact. In this scenario, the farther from the epicenter the lesser the impact of the EMP. Depending on the placement and power of the device, vast swaths of the United States would be affected. Because the device is detonated in the atmosphere, there would be no radioactive fallout. But, as we have discussed, the long-term effects would be catastrophic. The congressional study concluded that a major EMP attack on the U.S. would result in 90% loss of life within one year of the event.
Tactically speaking, this is a better option for an attack that a traditional nuclear strike. First, it would kill more people over time. Second, without communication networks and basic infrastructure, it would be nearly impossible to determine the origin of the device and thus even know who attacked us.
Imagine a scenario where all communications and grid power simultaneously becomes unavailable. Most cars manufactured after 1980 would likely stop functioning. By extension, deliveries of all kinds would cease. Specifically, that includes fuel and food. Grocery stores stock a three-day supply of food. Even in a mild panic, stores would empty in a matter of hours. ATMs would cease to function, and banks would be closed. Cash would essentially cease to exist. Credit cards would not be able to be processed. You would be left with the physical cash in your possession.
All systems requiring electricity would be offline indefinitely as electric substations would have experienced massive hardware and software failures. The providers of the major parts for electric sub-stations are all overseas and take months to replace in the best of conditions.
Running water would stop running. Furnaces would stop working. Essentially, every minute of every day of life as you know it would be catastrophically affected. As I said, this really is the worst case scenario.
So, what do we do?
As with each of these scenarios, we need to break our preparation up into two categories: pre-event and post-event.
I’m going to focus on post-event for the purpose of this document, as it is designed to be an action plan and not a shopping list. It’s safe to say, the pre-event plan would be reasonably similar for each event. That would cover stocking food, water, self-defense items (guns and ammo), communications equipment, clothing, and other assorted gear.
Without a post-event plan, however, even the most well-stocked bunker could be of little significance if you can’t get to it!
While I don’t want to dwell on pre-event preps, there are a couple things that I want to call out specific to an EMP event: cash, coins, and cages.
Cash. If the power goes out, conventional wisdom suggests that while credit card payments won’t be accepted, many merchants would accept cash for a short time. The closer to the event, the more reasonable the prices. As people become more aware of what’s happening, prices will inflate as resources become scarce. Eventually, people will realize that cash has no value and will look for alternative methods of payment, like…
Coins. Many believe that trade will (d)evolve into precious metals as currency and barter. Obviously, by the time of an event, it will be too late to acquire gold and silver. While gold will hold its value, it will be difficult to segment out for smaller transactions. Having a stash of silver will be the most beneficial, in my opinion.
Cages. It is possible to make a Faraday cage. This is essentially a container that protects against the effects of an EMP. It is somewhat impractical to build a large cage and, realistically, only helpful for a few things. For example, putting a cell phone in there won’t do you much good as the cell networks would be down, but putting Ham radio equipment in would be helpful if others in your network did as well.
Now that you have a few things in order pre-event, here’s what I would suggest once the lights go out.
What to do:
- Get home. Your first priority should be getting home and making sure your family is home. You should always have a plan to get home. This should be fairly easy to plan from your normal places of visitation. You should think through how you’d get home on foot from work, church, et cetera. You should also have supplies in your car at all times that you’d need along the way. (For example, keep a pair of sturdy shoes or boots in your car, should you need to get home in the winter.)
- Get supplies. Using the cash you’ve stocked away, get to the closest stores and buy everything you can using the money you have. As discussed, prices will likely inflate quickly, and at this point you have to assume that resources are now finite. You’re looking for food that keeps, possibly water, depending on what you can transport. It would be best to develop a list so you don’t have to think about it at the time.
- Stay vigilant. Things will get bad. The good news is that if you’re paying attention, then you’re more prepared than 95% of the population to deal with the situation. Security will be increasingly important, so develop a plan that works for your location and given your resources.
This scenario is a slight twist on an EMP scenario. Many elements hold true; others do not.
A grid down scenario could come about in a couple of ways. The first and most likely is a cyber-attack. This has already happened in a number of places around the world in varying scale. Maybe the most notable was in Ukraine, where large areas of the country were affected. Malware has already been detected in a variety of grid systems across the U.S. and Canada. The nature of our aging infrastructure is such that a major attack would likely cause a cascading outage. As one system goes down and others try to help with the load, more systems would become overwhelmed and then go down.
The second scenario entails a physical attack on the grid in key locations. Targeting the actual infrastructure would have a similar crippling effect. It would take multiple coordinated attacks to cause widespread outages, but as we saw on 9/11, large scale attacks must be considered viable.
The possibility exists that a large scale attack could entail both cyber and physical attacks.
If we assume a successful attack, then we must consider partial to total grid failure. In this case, many of the failures from an EMP would still be present. Communication networks would fail, credit cards won’t work, ATMs won’t function, and banks won’t be open.
Some things will be notably different, however. Cars will continue to operate. Electronic devices will continue to work as long as they are charged. Generators would operate as long as they are fueled. As long as it is powered, any microprocessor will continue to function, which lends credence to having a backup power source, like solar.
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The sustainable studies program is committed to education for sustainable living. The growth and development of students is promoted through curriculum, instruction, research, and field experiences in collaboration with faculty, peers, and members of the community. All of these elements contribute to a solid foundation for the development of ecological citizenship, which includes:
- Ecological knowledge: The acquisition of a "knowledge base" of important ecological concepts, theories, research findings, and issues; understanding of the diverse intellectual, cultural, humanistic, and scientific traditions of ecology, which include the histories and cultural perspectives of those people, including indigenous peoples, traditionally excluded from formal study.
- Ecological literacy: The ability to present your views using a variety of approaches and media to communicate understanding of ecological concepts, theories, and research findings in writing and speaking; not just the ability to read, write, and speak, but the motivation and capacity to be critical of what you read, see, and hear; to probe and go beyond the surface appearance and question common wisdom.
- Ecological responsibility: The ability to use knowledge and skill in effective ways to create and pursue your own goals; to make informed personal, moral, and political decisions; to develop cooperative learning skills in problem solving, setting group goals, and communicating effectively; and to act responsibly in your community to promote sustainable living.
The sustainability studies program is composed of core courses and program electives in the following four areas of study:
- Philosophical & Historical Foundations
- Environmental Sciences
- Social & Economic Justice Education
- Literature & The Arts
All courses are designed as learning communities in which students will experience and practice the basic principles of education for sustainability-encouraging collaboration and shared leadership, fostering interdisciplinary learning, integrating community-based learning with academic curricula, and grounding students in a sense of place. The sustainability department offers the following programs:
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Intraracial Discrimination: The Relationship between Light and Dark-Skinned African-American Women
Washington, Courtney Erin
MetadataShow full item record
Historically, it has been believed that lighter skinned African-Americans get preferential treatment over darker skinned African-Americans, because they are seen as being closer to white. Unfortunately lighter people have received preferential treatment in many areas including educational, employment, and social opportunities. The belief that light-skinned people are treated better has created a divisive color complex, with serious psychological ramifications for the entire community. The color complex is especially problematic for African-American women because they, like all women, are judged more for their appearances than men are. Lighter skinned women are believed to be more feminine and desirable than darker women are. The way society values different groups of women influence the relationships they have with each other. The expectations and interactions that they have with each other are prejudiced because of the stereotypes that exist in society about each group. Modern society perpetuates intraracial discrimination among women through two primary outlets, power and privilege and images of beauty, which have created a strain on the social interactions of light and dark women. There is an insinuation that in order to have access to power and privilege a woman must conform to certain accepted images of beauty. To fully understand intraracial discrimination and the color complex the origins of the kaleidoscope of colors within the African-American community needs to be addressed. Where did the emphasis on skin color begin and who decided that lighter meant better?
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During an initial 4-6 week period following the traumatic experience, any sort of behavior is common and should be considered normal, according to the National Institute for Trauma and Loss in Children. Following this 4-6 week period, behavior outside of a child’s norm can indicate trauma or post-traumatic stress. According to the Institute, these behaviors include:
Asking lots of questions – “What if?” “How do I know it won’t happen to us?” or “Will it happen again?”
More afraid than normal
Clingy – more than considered normal
Parents and caregivers should also watch for:
Re-experiencing – unable to get thoughts/images/sounds out of their heads, may have a difficult time falling or staying asleep, feeling anxious, headaches or stomach aches.
Avoidance – completely avoid anything or anybody that would remind them of what happened. Traumatized individuals may also exhibit a diminished interest in activities or in things they previously enjoyed.
Arousal – may be acting out or unable to focus or concentrate.
There are steps parents or caregivers can take to help a child in trauma, the Institute said. These include:
Limit the amount of exposure. Turn off the TV if a traumatic event is being shown to prevent overexposure. Actively listen to what they are experiencing. Be careful not to judge or state that, “It’s no big deal” or “This is something we all go through.” Normalize their symptoms and reaction regardless of their experience. Kids in trauma often feel like they are alone in what they are experiencing and feeling or that it is abnormal.
If a child has questions regarding a traumatic event, be honest and answer their questions without going into unnecessary detail, the Institute said. If questions are avoided, children will often make up a scenario on their own that is many times scarier. Be honest and give facts but at their pace.
Everyone’s reaction — or lack of reaction — to a traumatic experience is normal. Everybody responds differently, which is absolutely OK, according to the Institute.
The Institute offers services that can be utilized after tragic events. The Parent Trauma Resource Center is a free online resource for parents, caregivers and professionals working with grief and trauma and can be found here
Further questions can be directed to TLC Director Caelan Kuban at [email protected] or 586-899-5056.
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New technology detects and deters diseases
Pathogens such as viruses and parasites continue to cause economic hardship for the poultry industry. Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists are finding new ways to identify pathogens and are developing innovative methods to control them.
In Maryland, researchers are developing hyperimmune egg yolk antibodies to boost the immune system of young chicks against infectious diseases. Enteric or intestinal diseases such as runting-stunting syndrome, poult enteritis mortality syndrome, and poult enteritis complex are a major concern of poultry producers worldwide.
The same is true for coccidiosis, a devastating disease caused by intestinal parasites. Coccidiosis costs the poultry industry more than $600 million annually in the United States and $3 billion worldwide.
Finding Novel Viruses in the Mix
At the ARS Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory (SEPRL) in Athens, Georgia, scientists have stepped up their efforts in fighting diseases that cause diarrhoea, decreased weight and mortality in poultry. A number of viruses are believed to be responsible for intestinal diseases, but a single agent has not been identified.
A powerful technology called metagenomics is being used by microbiologist Michael Day and research leader Laszlo Zsak at SEPRL's Endemic Poultry Viral Diseases Research Unit to confirm and unearth viruses. The technique is different than traditional sequencing that characterises genes in a single organism. Metagenomics detects the nucleic acid-RNA and DNA-of thousands of organisms in an entire community.
Collaborating with veterinarians and poultry producers, Day and Zsak collected intestinal samples from several turkey flocks affected by enteric disease. They then used metagenomics to uncover vast amounts of viruses from the samples.
An analysis of the sample showed that the intestinal virus metagenome contained thousands of pieces of nucleic acid representing many groups of previously known and unknown turkey viruses. Scientists confirmed common avian viruses such as rotavirus, astrovirus and reovirus. They also detected many RNA viruses, such as members of the Picornaviridae family.
By using metagenomics, scientists were able to generate and continue to analyze additional data from the samples. They discovered a new bacteriophage that had never been described in turkey intestinal samples.
"The bacteriophage is called phiCA82," Zsak says. "It belongs to a group known as microphages and is the type of virus that naturally kills bacteria. Phages are important because they can potentially be used as alternatives to antibiotics and as weapons against multi-drug-resistant pathogens."
Future studies will be done to determine if phages like this one actually kill the bacteria they infect, Zsak says. Once this process is identified, scientists can design identical ways to kill dangerous pathogens.
"Egging On" Poultry Diseases
A different type of technology is being used to prevent coccidiosis and other enteric diseases in poultry at the ARS Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC) in Beltsville, Md.
Avian immunologist Hyun Lillehoj partnered with scientists at universities and industry to develop a passive immunisation strategy to control poultry diseases. The novel, antibiotic-free technology uses hyperimmune egg yolk antibodies to enhance the immune capability of newly hatched chicks.
"By controlling coccidiosis, you're also reducing the impact of this disease on other enteric pathogens," says Lillehoj, who works in BARC's Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory. "For example, this method could be used to control the bacterial pathogens that cause necrotic enteritis, a prevalent gut disease of poultry."
Live vaccinations and good management practices help reduce the spread of disease in poultry. The new method offers producers an antibiotic-free alternative in controlling drug-resistant strains of the disease.
These birds possess strong immunity due to an abundance of antibodies against the pathogen-causing intestinal disease, she explains. The egg yolk is spray-dried, mixed with feed and given to chicks that have no immune protection right after hatching.
In one experiment, one-day-old chicks were given feed mixed with spray-dried egg yolk powder prepared from hyperimmunised hens. The chicks were then challenged with a coccidia infection.
Thanks to this research, a product is now available from a commercial company to help control coccidiosis. Similar approaches are being applied to control other poultry enteric diseases.
Related website: USDA
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In 1985 Ken Perlin astonished the computer graphics community by producing stunning, synthetic pictures of water, fire and marble. He created these images with the use of a function now known as "Filtered Noise".
Since then, filtered noise has become pivotal to the creation of images, animation and special effects.
Yet Perlin's function has a number of well-known defects and every attempt to date to remove these has resulted in a much slower function. When a function is called millions of times in every frame of a movie, slower means more expensive and 3D animated features already cost tens of millions of dollars to produce.
We describe the problem in some detail and how recent developments in Otago might be about to change things.
Last modified: Tuesday, 09-Oct-2012 11:36:03 NZDT
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The eccentric ethnomusicologist and collector Harry Smith was filmed offering explanations and instructions to officials at the Smithsonian Institute about his vast donation, including a stack of Seminole patchwork. He explains that the fabric should not be touched (despite not using museum-typical, protective cotton gloves himself) unless, teasingly, Washington is bombed. The joke is strange, but obviously shows that he attributes a great deal of importance to these fabrics and their maker. He does not mention her name. Like many artifacts of Seminole handiwork, the artist is very hard to trace.
The video indirectly highlights a collective twentieth century fascination with Seminole patchwork (indeed Smith even made an experimental film of Seminole patchwork abstractions). The handicrafts, and people’s interest in them, bolstered the fledgling early economy of the Native American tribe in a time of need. After the Seminole Wars pushed the tribe to South Florida in the second half of the nineteenth century, there was some confusion about how to make money and the tribe turned to tourism and part of that budding economy were the dolls depicting Seminole in traditional garb.
Stills from Harry Smith’s Film Number 15, Seminole patchwork film, ca 1965-66, 16mm, silent, ca. 10 minutes. Courtesy Harry Smith Archives. www.harrysmitharchives.com
In the early 1930s, a Protestant Episcopal missionary named Deaconess Harriet Bedell visited the Seminole and was troubled by their plight. Like all Americans, the Seminole were adversely affected by the Great Depression, and were in desperate need of a new economic outlet. In the first half of the century, there were commercial Indian villages, administered by non-tribal members were opened as sort of “human zoos” where tourists could come and watch the Seminole doing daily work in their native environment. She famously declared that the tribe should “exhibit arts, not people,” and hoped to bolster more Seminole owned businesses that would proffer up homemade handiworks. Deaconess Bedell encouraged the arts amongst the Seminole, and was hugely influential in the thriving art early in the tradition of doll making.
The Curious Vault of the Miami Science Museum has a collection of six Seminole Dolls, which date to approximately the 1950s. Dolls like this have been sold to tourists since the early 1900s, and are still available for purchase today. Their bodies were initially made of wood until around the 1930s when the practice of using palmetto fibers took over. These palmetto husks were a native material hand pulled from South Florida trees and woven into a rudimentary representative human shape. The Seminole preferred this material, and Historian Dorothy Downs suggests that it was favored because it closely resembled the population’s skin hue. Both male and female dolls are always depicted with a red mouth, and white and black eyes shaped like a “+” sign.
When the dolls were first offered, they only portrayed women. They are typically depicted with no arms and a cylindrical base for legs because in real life the traditional dress of Seminole women typically covered their feet. Thus the dolls have large and ornately sewn capes, which are beautiful small-scale representations of the intricate and well-known Seminole patchwork. They also have a bonnet like black piece on their head to signify the elaborate yet common style of hair bun popular amongst the women at the time. They also typically have beautifully beaded necklaces.
In the 1940s, the Seminole started making male dolls due to popular demand, though they are less common because they were more difficult to make. This is because they have arms and legs, and are shown wearing what is known as a “Big Shirt”, a traditional piece of garb that actually went out of style amongst Seminole men around this same time. They are sometimes depicted wearing a scarf. The collection has two of these more rare male dolls.
The patchwork on both the men and women is sewn in rows, and can sometimes be read and attributed to particular artists, though today this expertise is almost solely left to the Seminole. Given the size of the fabric strips we can assume they were made specifically for dolls, showing that they were concentrating on the tourist industry.
Seminole dolls are said to be the best known amongst all Native American dolls, but their history is not inextricably linked with the Seminole people themselves. There is some evidence that the Seminole made dolls before 1900, however, the tradition of doll making was almost always driven by commerce, and primarily geared towards the tourist industry. This distinction is unique to the Seminole. There are two different histories in place because their people have a history and tradition, as well as a second history linked specifically with tourism.
These particular dolls in the Curious Vault are rare because a great deal of people saw these objects as throwaway tourist toys, and were treated as such. Another explanation for their rarity was briefly illuminated by Harry Smith’s unfounded fear that the Smithsonian’s team might over-handle the objects the patchworks and dolls are fragile. A lot of the early Seminole patchwork and handicrafts have since been lost due to the harsh terrain of the swamp, and that is why these Seminole dolls, so well preserved, are a special addition to the Curious Vault.
In 1949, the Miami Science Museum opened its doors initially as the Junior Museum, soon changing its name two years later to The Museum of Science and Natural History. An unwritten intent was to give the children of Miami exposure to people of different cultures, adding ethnographic and educational items to build local understanding, and these six exquisite little dolls would have been a way for young people to relate to the nearby Seminole tribe. In January of that same year, 1952, Deaconess Harriett Bedell donated the rare male Seminole Doll and a number of other important Seminole artifacts to the collection. The Curious Vault of the Miami Science Museum is proud to be able to make the connection between such a distinguished member of local history.
This Curious Vault post relied on the research of Dorothy Downs and David Blackard and the input of the Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Seminole Indian Museum.
Special thanks to Miami Science Museum Collections Intern Lynn Landy.
The Curious Vault is a bi-weekly online cabinet of curiosities featuring objects from the collection of the Miami Science Museum, presented by writer Nathaniel Sandler and Kevin Arrow, Art & Collections Manager. For more information, email [email protected].
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Whether you are a teacher, performer, videographer or other professional utilizing media like music, you are affected by the constraints of copyrights. Copyright is the legally binding ownership right that prevents you from using someone else's work -- like music -- without asking permission, paying a fee or both. While there are some circumstances under which you can use the music without infringing upon copyrights, you should always investigate your rights before you do so.
How Copyrights Work
A copyright is essentially a claim to ownership over a work of art, like music, and the right to control and restrict the ways in which other people use that work. For example, if you are creating a commercial for your business, you can't simply play any song you want to in the background -- without obtaining the artist's permission to do so. If you do, you can end up on the wrong end of a copyright infringement lawsuit.
Fair Use Policies
Depending on the situation, you may not need to be concerned about violating copyrights; this is because of something called "fair use." This is a section of the U.S. copyright statute that allows people to use portions of copyrighted materials for things like scholarly analysis and commentary, criticism and reportage. You are limited in your ability to use copyrighted music in this way, though. For example, you may only use a small portion of the work -- anything near 50 percent of the original work is unlikely to be approved as "fair use."
Public Domain Music
Some songs do not fall under copyright law; these are called "public domain" songs. Any song published in or before 1922 qualifies as being in the public domain, which means that you can use it without requesting permission or paying any fees. While sound recordings themselves don't count, the music itself does; this means that while a Billie Holiday recording of a public domain song may still be copyrighted, a recording you make of yourself singing that same song is permissible.
Permission to Use
To use copyrighted music, you need to contact the owner of its copyright. To find the owner, you can contact the U.S. Copyright Office and request a search; the government charges for this service, though. If you prefer, you can search the office's records yourself at no cost. After tracking down the copyright's owner, you must contact him to request permission and negotiate a fee for using the music.
- University of Maryland University College: Copyright and Fair Use in the UMUC Online or Face-to-Face Classroom
- U.S. Copyright Office: Can I Use Someone Else's Work? Can Someone Else Use Mine?
- Public Domain Information Project: List of Public Domain Music
- University of North Texas Libraries: Intellectual Property
- Hemera Technologies/AbleStock.com/Getty Images
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Ethidium Bromide: Understanding the Dangers
Our old friend ethidium bromide (EtBr) has achieved an almost legendary villain status among many molecular biologists, rivaling that of Scar in The Lion King.
The panic regarding its use in the lab has long been a source of irritation for many. Researchers are understandably wary of this potential carcinogen.
However, in recent years, this wariness has been whipped into a witch-hunt by companies advertising “safer” alternatives and disposal methods.
While I don’t for a minute think that we should all throw our gloves away and bathe in the stuff, I think that it’s time for an informed reality check about the utility and dangers of, and myths surrounding, EtBr.
We appreciate that this article goes against the received wisdom that EtBr is extremely dangerous.
At Bitesize Bio, one of our core aims is to engage researchers to think critically about every aspect of their research.
This includes appropriately evaluating received wisdom and “common knowledge”. That’s why we’ve created this article—so you can understand and evaluate the evidence for yourself.
EtBr as a Nucleic Acid Stain: A Serendipitous Invention?
A Short History of EtBr in Animal Medicine
While EtBr has multiple uses, it is perhaps most widely known as a nucleic acid stain [1,2]—but how did it gain such a notorious status in molecular biology?
As you might already know, EtBr (under the trade names Homidium, Ethidium, and Novidium) has been used as a veterinary drug to treat African animal trypanosomiasis in cattle since the 1950s. [3–5]
In areas with a high incidence of EtBr resistance, isometamidium chloride, a derivative of EtBr, is used instead.
The African animal trypanosomiases, caused by infection with Trypanosoma spp., are some of the most significant diseases affecting livestock, equids, and dogs in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa.
In addition, this group of diseases poses a significant obstacle to the socio-economic development of the affected countries. [3,5]
What Makes EtBr Good for Staining Nucleic Acids?
Two physiochemical features of the EtBr structure (Figure 1) have contributed to its success as a celebrity nucleic acid stain; let’s discuss these in more detail.
Figure 1. Structure of ethidium bromide. Image credit: Calvero. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
Like many other fluorescent dyes, EtBr is an aromatic compound. It emits a red/orange light at an emission maximum of 560 nm upon excitation with ultraviolet light (maxima ranging from 260 nm to 360 nm). [7,8]
In addition, EtBr is structurally similar to a DNA base pair, allowing it to intercalate into double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). [1,9,10]
EtBr also detects single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) because it folds back on itself, resulting in local base pairing for the EtBr to insert itself into.
On incorporation into dsDNA or ssRNA, EtBr moves from an aqueous to a hydrophobic environment, forcing the EtBr cation to shed any water-associated molecules.
Given that water efficiently quenches fluorescence, its removal allows the intensity of EtBr fluorescence to increase on interaction with a nucleic acid and when excited at the correct wavelength. [1,2]
Some additional applications and working concentrations of EtBr are mentioned in Table 1.
Table 1. Typical uses and working concentrations of EtBr
|Purpose||Typical concentration of EtBr|
|Veterinary drug for African animal trypanosomiasis (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs)||1 mg/kg (dose administered to animal) [3,5]|
0.075 mg/mL (blood concentration 24 hours post administration)
|In vitro trypanosome cell culture||10 nM (induces loss of mitochondrial DNA in Trypanosoma brucei) [11,12]|
|Agarose gel electrophoresis||0.5 mg/mL [7,13]|
|Flow cytometry||100 mM |
Source of the Controversy: EtBr as a Mutagen
The assumption that EtBr is dangerous to humans stems from the fact that it mutates DNA by intercalating it, which could result in genetic mutations owing to effects on subsequent DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes. [1,10]
Although in vitro tests on various cultured cell lines and embryo systems have indicated that the use of EtBr can lead to frame-shift mutations, chromosomal recombination, arrested cell division, and developmental problems, there is no conclusive evidence to demonstrate these effects in humans.
This information is summarized in an excellent report on EtBr from the National Toxicology Program.
These in vitro tests, which comprise the entire body of evidence on which the EtBr controversy is built, don’t provide any evidence that EtBr can exert a genotoxic effect in anything more complicated than a single cell or an unprotected embryo.
In fact, there is no direct evidence implicating EtBr as a carcinogen in any animal. As we mentioned at the beginning of this article, EtBr has been used for over 60 years as a treatment for African sleeping sickness in cattle.
For this purpose, EtBr is administered via subcutaneous or intramuscular injection with no reported increase in the incidence of tumor formation or birth defects in the treated cattle. [3,5,10]
This suggests that EtBr is far less genotoxic to animal systems than is presumed from the in vitro data. If it were as genotoxic as presumed, would we not expect to see mutant cows roaming the African continent?
The standard non-toxic dose of EtBr is 1 mg/kg [3,5] in cattle, which equates to a blood concentration of approximately 0.075 mg/mL 24 hours after administration.
In comparison, the standard concentration used in molecular biology (around 1 mg/L), is low. Microbiologist Rosie Redfield puts this into perspective:
“A 50 kg researcher would need to drink 50,000 liters of gel-staining solution to get even the non-toxic dose used in cattle.”
To put this further into context, EtBr is less toxic than salicylates (e.g., aspirin) and caffeine, which cause severe toxicity at serum concentrations of >750 mg/L and >80 mg/L, [17,18] respectively.
Just think about how commonly these two are consumed.
From this, the risks posed to a scientist handling a standard solution (e.g. containing 0.5 mg/mL EtBr, a typical concentration for agarose gel electrophoresis [7,13]), with a gloved hand (remember the cattle are injected with the stuff) are put into perspective.
Disposal of EtBr Waste
Improper disposal of lab waste can have serious consequences for the environment, biodiversity, and public health.
While there is no direct evidence to suggest that EtBr is toxic to humans at the typical concentrations used in the lab (Table 1), its effects on the environment are not fully understood.
Therefore, attempts should be made to dispose of EtBr waste in a safe and responsible way. Some common disposal methods are described in Table 2.
Table 2. Methods of EtBr disposal
|Incineration||Agarose gels containing EtBr are often disposed of in hazardous waste bins, which, once full, are permanently closed, and incinerated at commercial waste facilities||Incineration allows for the complete destruction of most organic waste and reduces the volume of waste that must later be disposed of in landfill. However, it is expensive and requires large amounts of fuel to generate the necessary temperatures |
Moreover, there are general concerns surrounding waste incineration and air, surface- and ground-water pollution
|Activated charcoal||EtBr can be filtered from buffer solutions through commercially available filters or destaining bags containing activated charcoal. Following filtration or overnight incubation, respectively, the filtrate can be disposed of down the sink. Activated charcoal filters have been shown to bind up to 174 mg of EtBr depending on the type of solution |
Once they have reached the end of their lifetimes, these filters or destaining bags can be disposed of as hazardous waste and incinerated
|Some argue that it is perhaps counterintuitive to make a potentially dangerous chemical more concentrated by absorbing it onto charcoal|
However, this is a simple, effective, and relatively cheap method of EtBr disposal
|Hypophosphorous acid, sodium nitrite, and sodium bicarbonate||EtBr-containing solutions can be diluted to a final concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. |
After incubation for 20 hours with 5% (v/v) hypophosphorous acid and 0.5 M sodium nitrate (with agitation), the mixture can be neutralized with sodium bicarbonate and subsequently discarded in the sink. This process should be performed in a fume hood
|This method of EtBr removal generates non-mutagenic reaction mixtures and degrades >99% of EtBr |
|AmberliteTM XAD-16TM||EtBr can be effectively removed using AmberliteTM XAD-16TM resin ||This is a relatively cheap and effective method of EtBr decontamination |
In decades gone by, it was common practice to add sodium hypochlorite (i.e. bleach) to EtBr solutions before disposal down the sink.
However, Lunn and Sansone (1987) showed that the combination of bleach and EtBr actually produces more toxic reaction products. [23,25]
In addition, bleach is an inefficient method of EtBr decontamination in this context because it leaves behind ~20% of its original mutagenicity.
The moral of the story—don’t use bleach to clean up EtBr spills or as a method of disposal and think carefully about how you are disposing of your EtBr solutions.
Your departmental safety officer is a good person to consult to ensure you are abiding by your institute’s regulations.
More novel and potentially promising forms of EtBr degradation include phytoremediation (i.e. removal of pollutants by plants) [27,28], bioremediation by bacteria, and phycoremediation by microalgae.
While these three methods are interesting and exciting, further research is required to develop them into viable methods of EtBr disposal in the future.
Are the “Safer” Alternatives Actually Safer?
A real concern is that the irrational and ill-informed fear of EtBr drives us to solutions that are more dangerous than EtBr itself.
This could take the form of alternatives that are explicitly marketed as safer substitutes for EtBr (Table 3). But are they actually safer? Not always.
Thermo Fisher Scientific claimed that their SYBR® Safe DNA stain, a DNA minor groove binder instead of an intercalator, was non-mutagenic, non-genotoxic, and non-hazardous. [32,33]
But as Rosie Redfield points out in her excellent article, SYBR Safe has higher acute toxicity in mice than EtBr. Beware of clever marketing and don’t believe everything you read.
Table 3. Some examples of alternative nucleic acid dyes
|Alternative to EtBr||Notes|
|DiamondTM Nucleic Acid Dye|
|Can be visualized using a UV or blue-light transilluminator |
Can also be used for touch DNA localization
While SYBR Green can inhibit PCR, the DiamondTM Nucleic Acid Dye can also be used as an alternative for qPCR detection
|SYBR® Safe & SYBR® Green (II)|
(Thermo Fisher Scientific)
|Both can be visualized using a UV or blue-light transilluminator and are not mutagenic unlike SYBR Green (I) [32,37,38]|
Can be disposed of using standard lab procedures
|Claims to be “non-carcinogenic but may cause skin and eye irritations”.|
Can be disposed of in accordance with standard lab procedures
|GelRedTM & GelGreenTM|
|Biotium claims that because both dyes have a greater mass than EtBr, to improve safety, they are unable to cross cell membranes, making them non-toxic and non-mutagenic |
GelRedTM is an intercalator and Biotium suggests that it is more sensitive than EtBr
Make an Informed Decision
To reiterate, our take-home message on this would be to critically consider the hype and myths you have read about EtBr.
Read the articles I have cited, do your own research, arm yourself with the published data. Then make your own informed decision on how to handle EtBr or what alternatives to use, a decision based on fact…not hysteria.
As always, your comments are welcome!
Originally published September 26, 2007. Reviewed and updated by Zandile Nare December 2021.
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Great article! Helps tone down my paranoia a bit when working with it. I’m afraid I’m going to kill people if I’m not careful.
Hi, can anyone tell me the half-life of ethidiumbromid under standard conditions ? and can the half-life vary under difference conditions ?
I’m not sure. But the EtBr from my grad school lab was at least a decade old.
is acute exposure to ethidium bromide dangerous? is its carcinogenicity time tested?
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The Right of Return:
70 Years of Refugees in
Palestine, Israel, and Beyond
| An Interfaith Journey sponsored by
The First Congregational Church of Old Lyme and
The Islamic Association of Greater Hartford
Over the past several years, images of refugees fleeing war torn zones around the globe have galvanized people of faith and conscience, leading many to enact myriad forms of hospitality. That hospitality, and the new relationships that have emerged as a result, have been transformative for many communities. But one of the most persistent, and largely forgotten, refugee disasters in the twentieth century was enacted against Palestinians in 1948, when nearly 800,000 people were expelled from their homes. Many fled to Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan, while others were herded into camps within Palestine. 70 years later, those refugees continue to languish in camps, now numbering close to 6 million individuals. They have no legal or national status, and access to the basic resources needed to survive is severely limited. Moreover, the rest of the world has largely forgotten about the existence of this refugee population. In a time when the plight of refugees has again emerged as a moral concern, and on the 70thanniversary of the Palestinian Nakba, the ongoing refugee crisis among Palestinians dramatizes the struggle for justice among refugees everywhere.
The Tree of Life journey in January 2018 highlighted the ongoing refugee crisis in Palestine and beyond by examining the tragic aftershocks of 1948. We visited refugee camps in the West Bank, communities threatened with erasure in East Jerusalem and the West Bank. But we also explored other manifestations of the aftershock of settler colonialism in Palestine, visiting occupied Syria (the Golan Heights) and other sites throughout Palestine and Israel where those aftershocks are especially visible. Throughout, we be heard from voices of conscience speaking from various social locations (Israeli, Palestinian, Bedouin, Muslim, Jewish, Christian, Druze), all of whom are committed to building a future inhabitable by all, and not only a privileged few. The journey was conceived as a way of reckoning with a painful legacy, even as we imagine a hopeful future.
A Tree of Life collaboration between the First Congregational Church of Old Lyme, the Islamic Association of Greater Hartford, and the Amistad Church of Hartford, the journey will be led by Rev. Dr. Steven Jungkeit (Senior Minister of FCCOL), Dr. Reza Mansoor (President of the IAGH), and Bishop John Selders (Senior Minister of Amistad UCC). It was an opportunity for travelers to reflect on how Islam and Christianity both speak to the condition of refugees (Jesus and Mohammed were themselves both refugees). It also was an opportunity to learn about and to experience places sacred to Islam, Judaism, and Christianity, while also learning from the wisdom and expertise of fellow travelers. In addition, there was an optional extension to Jordan, where we had an opportunity to witness the refugee situation in a different country, while also visiting historic sites such as Petra and the Wadi Rum. Travel dates were January 2-14 (Palestine and Israel only) and through January 18 with the Jordan extension.
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Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is a psychological disorder more frequently found in male child and starts showing symptoms when the child is in the age group of two to three years. Some of the children suffering from this disorder show signs of hyperactivity, and need to be treated when the first sign appears. In some of the cases this disorder gets treated, however in vast number of cases it continues throughout the life.
Extensive research has been done on causes of attention deficient disorder and it has shown that environmental and chemical exposure can cause damage to the brain growth processes even to the unborn child during pregnancy, thereby causing learning disabilities, attention deficit disorder, hyperactivity and other behaviour defects found in different children. Due to increased use of harmful chemicals in homes, offices or factories and consumer products, the chances of exposure increase rapidly resulting in more and more newly born children effected.
Research studies have found that children with attention deficit disorder exhibit any of the several types of damage to the brain structure, which can be as follows:
- In an important brain areas which help the learning process there are lesser number of cells or the size of brain cells is small.
- It has been found that in some cases the brain cells which are to be found at a particular place in the brain migrate and settle down at a wrong place.
- Due to some body disorder the blood flow to the brain may be low or lesser energy is being provided to brain due to lower than needed conversion of sugar into energy.
These symptoms can provide a cue to the medical expert to ascertain what has happened or why has this disorder happened.
In real life a child is exposed to a large number of chemicals may be when in existence in the world or when he is in the womb of the mother. The chemicals to which the child is exposed includes those originating from dyes used in clothes, or fruits and vegetables being exposed to pesticides and fertilizers, cosmetics and perfumes, plastic material etc being used despite of government ban or restrictions. These chemicals called neurotoxic chemicals cause damage to brain even in unborn child.
During fourth week onwards of pregnancy brain cells multiply at over 4,000 cells per second. Exposure to chemicals reduces the growth and consequent ADD. It is not only the exposure of the mother carrying a child which can cause the disorder, but exposure of father to the harmful chemicals at any time during 65 days prior to conception may increase risk of the foetus developing brain related disorders in the child.
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Synagogue Rituals: Jewish Heritage
Synagogue rituals play a significant role in preserving and transmitting Jewish heritage. These time-honored practices serve as a testament to the enduring traditions and values of the Jewish community. By examining one particular example, we can gain insight into how synagogue rituals are deeply intertwined with Jewish identity.
Imagine Sarah, a young Jewish woman attending her first Shabbat service at her local synagogue. As she enters the sanctuary, she is immediately enveloped by a sense of reverence and cultural connection. The rhythmic chants of the congregation echo throughout the room, creating an atmosphere charged with spiritual energy. Observing the worshippers donning tallitot (prayer shawls) and tefillin (phylacteries), Sarah witnesses firsthand the symbolic significance attached to these ritual items. This instance encapsulates how synagogue rituals encompass not only religious devotion but also act as powerful vehicles for expressing Jewish faith and unity among its adherents.
In this article, we will explore various aspects of synagogue rituals that contribute to sustaining Jewish heritage. We will delve into their historical origins, examine their theological implications, and shed light on their continued relevance in contemporary Judaism. Through this exploration, we aim to deepen our understanding of the rich tapestry of customs that define synagogue worship within Jewish communities and how these rituals serve to preserve and transmit Jewish identity.
One aspect of synagogue rituals that contributes to preserving Jewish heritage is their historical origins. Many of these rituals can be traced back centuries, rooted in ancient Jewish traditions. For example, the practice of wearing a tallit during prayer dates back to biblical times when it was commanded in the Book of Numbers (15:38-41). By continuing to observe these rituals, synagogues ensure that they are passing down customs that have been cherished by generations before them, creating a sense of connection to their ancestors and the long history of Judaism.
Additionally, synagogue rituals hold deep theological implications that contribute to preserving Jewish heritage. Each ritual carries symbolic meaning and serves as a way for individuals to connect with God and express their faith. For instance, the act of wrapping tefillin around one’s arm and head during morning prayers represents the commandments of God inscribed on one’s heart and mind. These rituals not only provide avenues for spiritual connection but also reinforce key theological principles within Judaism, such as the importance of study, prayer, and obedience to religious laws.
Furthermore, synagogue rituals remain relevant in contemporary Judaism by fostering a sense of community and unity among worshippers. The shared experience of participating in these rituals creates bonds among congregants, emphasizing a collective commitment to Jewish values and beliefs. This communal aspect is particularly evident during Shabbat services when families gather together to welcome the Sabbath. Through lighting candles, reciting blessings over wine and bread (Kiddush), and engaging in joyful singing (Zemirot), synagogue rituals create opportunities for intergenerational connections and strengthen the fabric of Jewish community life.
In conclusion, synagogue rituals play a significant role in preserving and transmitting Jewish heritage by connecting individuals with their historical roots, reinforcing theological principles, and fostering community cohesion. These time-honored practices continue to resonate with worshippers today as they provide avenues for spiritual expression while maintaining a sense of cultural identity. By engaging in synagogue rituals, Jewish communities ensure the continuity and vitality of their traditions for future generations to come.
The Significance of the Torah in Synagogue Rituals
In Jewish synagogues, the Torah holds immense significance and plays a central role in various rituals. To understand its importance, let us consider an example: Imagine entering a synagogue on a Sabbath morning, where members of the congregation eagerly gather around as the rabbi takes out the Torah scroll from the Ark—a sacred cabinet that houses it. The atmosphere is filled with reverence and anticipation, as everyone knows that this moment marks the beginning of a profound spiritual experience.
The Torah, which consists of the Five Books of Moses—Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy—is considered by Jews to be their most sacred text. It serves not only as a historical account but also as a guide for moral conduct and religious practice. Within synagogue rituals, several elements highlight its significance:
Reading of the Torah: During services held on Mondays, Thursdays, Sabbaths, and festivals throughout the year, selected passages from the Torah are read aloud before congregants. This public reading brings communal unity and allows individuals to engage with ancestral traditions.
Parshah Study: Each week in synagogues worldwide, Jewish communities study a designated portion (parshah) from the Torah. These portions cover all aspects of life—from personal relationships to ethical guidelines—and provide opportunities for reflection and growth within one’s faith.
Blessings Before and After Reading: Prior to reading from the Torah during services or study sessions, blessings known as brachot are recited both before and after engaging with these holy texts. Such blessings express gratitude for being part of this ancient tradition while acknowledging its continued relevance today.
Customs Surrounding Handling: When interacting with the physical scrolls containing scripture verses handwritten by scribes following strict rules regarding form and content quality control measures ensure proper respect for God’s word.
- The Torah represents a tangible connection to Jewish heritage and history.
- Its teachings provide guidance for ethical living and moral decision-making.
- Engaging with the Torah fosters a sense of community and unity among believers.
- Through rituals associated with the Torah, individuals experience spirituality and personal growth.
Additionally, we can evoke an emotional response by presenting this information in table format:
In summary, the Torah plays a crucial role within synagogue rituals. It is not merely a historical document but a living guide that shapes Jewish identity, ethics, and communal bonds. Understanding its significance helps one appreciate the profound impact it has on worship practices. Transitioning into our next section about “The Role of Prayer in Jewish Worship,” we delve further into the core elements of these sacred traditions that complement engagement with the Torah.
The Role of Prayer in Jewish Worship
After exploring the significance of the Torah in synagogue rituals, we now turn our attention to the role of prayer in Jewish worship. To better understand this important aspect, let us consider a hypothetical scenario. Imagine Sarah, a devout Jew attending her local synagogue for Shabbat services. As she enters the sanctuary, she joins fellow congregants in communal prayer, engaging in an ancient practice that holds deep meaning and purpose.
Prayer serves as a vital connection between individuals and their faith. Within the context of synagogue rituals, it takes on even greater significance. Here are some key aspects to consider:
- Communal Bond: Through collective prayer, Jews come together as a community, fostering a sense of unity and shared experience.
- Spiritual Reflection: Engaging in prayer allows individuals to reflect upon their relationship with God and seek spiritual guidance.
- Expression of Gratitude: Prayers often include expressions of gratitude for blessings received, promoting humility and appreciation.
- Reaffirming Faith: Reciting prayers reaffirms one’s commitment to Judaism and reinforces core beliefs and values.
To illustrate how these elements manifest within Jewish worship practices, let us examine a table below showcasing various prayers commonly recited during different parts of the service:
|Type of Prayer||Purpose||Example|
|Shema||Affirmation of monotheism||“Hear O Israel…”|
|Amidah||Personal supplication||Silent standing meditation|
|Aleinu||Acknowledgment of divine sovereignty||“It is our duty to praise…”|
In summary, prayer plays a crucial role in Jewish worship by fostering community bonds, facilitating spiritual reflection, expressing gratitude, and reinforcing faith. As we delve deeper into the rich tapestry of synagogue rituals, it becomes evident that prayer serves as a fundamental pillar in Jewish religious practice.
Transitioning into the subsequent section on “Observing Shabbat: A Sacred Time for Jews,” let us now explore another aspect of Jewish heritage – the observance of Shabbat, which holds great significance within the lives of devout individuals and communities alike.
Observing Shabbat: A Sacred Time for Jews
Transitioning smoothly from the previous section on prayer, we now turn our attention to another significant aspect of Jewish worship: observing Shabbat. Shabbat, also known as the Sabbath, is a sacred time for Jews that begins at sundown on Friday and ends at nightfall on Saturday. During this period, individuals and families engage in various rituals and practices that enhance their connection with God and strengthen their sense of community.
To illustrate the importance of Shabbat observance, let us consider a hypothetical case study. In a close-knit Jewish neighborhood, Sarah eagerly prepares for Shabbat each week. She meticulously sets the table with her finest silverware and lights candles to mark the beginning of this special time. As dusk falls, she gathers with family and friends to recite blessings over wine and bread before enjoying a festive meal together. Throughout the day, they abstain from work and dedicate themselves to rest, reflection, and spiritual rejuvenation.
Shabbat observance entails several key elements that contribute to its significance within Jewish culture:
- Rest: By refraining from engaging in labor-intensive activities or business transactions during Shabbat, individuals are encouraged to pause from their daily routines and find serenity.
- Community: Gathering with loved ones for shared meals fosters social connections while reinforcing familial bonds and communal ties.
- Prayer: Special synagogue services are held on Friday evening and Saturday morning during Shabbat, providing opportunities for congregants to join together in worship.
- Study: Engaging in Torah study is an integral part of Shabbat observance. Individuals devote time to exploring religious texts, deepening their understanding of Jewish traditions.
To further visualize these aspects, here is a brief representation using bullet points:
- Cease work-related activities
- Embrace physical relaxation
- Come together for family meals
- Participate in communal prayers
- Attend synagogue services
- Engage in personal prayer and reflection
- Delve into Torah teachings
- Explore Jewish literature and philosophy
Furthermore, we can present a table to illustrate the various rituals associated with Shabbat:
|Lighting candles||Symbolic act marking the beginning of Shabbat|
|Kiddush||Blessing over wine recited before Friday night dinner|
|Challah||Special braided bread shared during Shabbat meals|
|Havdalah||Ceremony performed at the end of Shabbat, separating it from the rest of the week|
As we explore these diverse practices within Shabbat observance, we gain insight into their significance for individuals like Sarah. Understanding how Jews honor this sacred time allows us to appreciate the depth of religious devotion that is interwoven throughout their lives. In our subsequent section on “Understanding the Meaning of Kosher Food,” we will delve further into another fundamental aspect of Jewish heritage.
With an understanding of Shabbat’s rituals firmly established, let us now shift our focus towards exploring the meaning behind kosher food.
Understanding the Meaning of Kosher Food
The observance of Shabbat, or the Jewish Sabbath, is a deeply cherished tradition in Judaism. It serves as a designated time for rest, reflection, and spiritual rejuvenation. To gain a better understanding of the significance behind this practice, let us consider the case study of Rachel, an observant Jew living in New York City.
Rachel is a busy professional who works long hours throughout the week. However, when Friday evening arrives, she sets aside her work and enters into the sacred realm of Shabbat. As the sun descends below the horizon, Rachel lights candles to signify the start of this special day. She then joins her family at home for a festive meal filled with traditional foods and blessings.
To fully appreciate the depth of meaning that Shabbat holds for Jews like Rachel, it is important to understand its key rituals:
- Lighting candles: This act symbolizes bringing light into one’s home and signifies the beginning of Shabbat.
- Kiddush: The sanctification prayer recited over wine or grape juice marks the separation between ordinary time and this holy day.
- Challah bread: Two loaves are traditionally placed on the table to represent double portions and God’s provision during Shabbat.
- Birkat Hamazon: This benediction expresses gratitude for sustenance received during meals throughout Shabbat.
Through these practices, Jews honor their heritage and create space within their lives to connect with spirituality and community. To further illustrate this point, consider Table 1 below which outlines some emotional responses associated with observing Shabbat:
|Peace||Feeling calm and serene||Sitting quietly while enjoying a cup of tea|
|Gratitude||Appreciation for blessings||Expressing thanks for good health during prayers|
|Togetherness||Sense of unity and belonging||Sharing a meal with loved ones around the Shabbat table|
|Reflection||Introspection and contemplation||Meditating on spiritual teachings during quiet moments|
In conclusion, observing Shabbat is a sacred time for Jews like Rachel. It provides an opportunity to pause from the demands of daily life and engage in rituals that foster peace, gratitude, togetherness, and reflection. This deep connection to tradition fosters a sense of identity and continuity within the Jewish community.
Transition into next section: Moving forward, it is important to explore another significant ritual in Jewish tradition – circumcision. Understanding its historical context and contemporary relevance allows us to gain insight into yet another aspect of this rich religious heritage.
The Importance of Circumcision in Jewish Tradition
In exploring Jewish heritage, it is essential to delve into the significance of kosher food. Kosher dietary laws govern what foods are considered permissible for consumption by individuals following Judaism. To illustrate the importance of these regulations, let us consider a hypothetical scenario:
Imagine a Jewish family living in a predominantly non-Jewish neighborhood. The parents strive to maintain their cultural identity and pass on important traditions to their children. They meticulously adhere to the rules of kashrut (kosher dietary laws), ensuring that every meal prepared in their household meets these requirements.
To better grasp the meaning behind kosher food, we can examine its underlying principles:
Purity: Kosher food represents purity not only in terms of physical cleanliness but also spiritual sanctity. By consuming only permitted foods, individuals aim to uphold a sense of holiness in their everyday lives.
Discipline: Following kosher guidelines requires self-discipline and restraint. Abstaining from certain ingredients or cooking methods serves as a reminder of one’s commitment to Jewish values and faith.
Identity: Observing kosher practices helps preserve Jewish identity across generations. It fosters a connection with ancestral traditions and reinforces a sense of belonging within the wider Jewish community.
Ethical Considerations: Kosher laws encompass ethical aspects such as humane treatment of animals and fair business practices when acquiring food products, promoting compassion and justice.
- Maintains cultural heritage
- Fosters spirituality
- Reinforces communal ties
- Promotes ethical considerations
Additionally, let us present this information through a table format:
|Purity||Represents cleanliness both physically and spiritually|
|Discipline||Exemplifies self-control and adherence to religious values|
|Identity||Preserves ancestral traditions while fostering community connections|
|Ethical Considerations||Incorporates compassion and justice in food production and consumption|
As we have seen, kosher food holds a deep significance within Judaism. Its observance not only demonstrates commitment to religious teachings but also serves as a tangible expression of Jewish identity and values. Understanding the importance of kosher dietary laws provides valuable insights into the broader tapestry of synagogue rituals.
Transitioning seamlessly into the subsequent section on “The Symbolism of the Menorah in Synagogue Rituals,” we continue our exploration of the rich traditions that shape Jewish heritage.
The Symbolism of the Menorah in Synagogue Rituals
Having explored the significance of circumcision in Jewish tradition, we now turn our attention to another essential element of synagogue rituals: the symbolism of the menorah. The menorah holds a central place in Jewish worship and represents an important aspect of Jewish heritage and identity.
To illustrate this symbolism, let us consider a hypothetical case study. Imagine Rachel, a young girl attending her first Hanukkah celebration at her local synagogue. As she enters the sanctuary, her eyes are immediately drawn to the beautiful menorah positioned prominently on the bimah (altar). This seven-branched candelabrum, with its vibrant array of lit candles, captivates Rachel’s attention and ignites her curiosity about its deeper meaning within Judaism.
The symbolism embodied by the menorah can be understood through several key aspects:
- Light: The lighting of the candles on the menorah symbolizes bringing light into darkness, both literally and metaphorically. It serves as a reminder that even during challenging times, there is always hope and resilience within the Jewish community.
- Unity: Each candle on the menorah represents unity among individuals and communities. Just as each flame contributes to illuminating the room, every member of society plays a vital role in creating a harmonious world where diversity is celebrated.
- History and Tradition: The menorah also serves as a tangible link to Jewish history and traditions. Its design traces back to ancient times when it was used in religious ceremonies in Jerusalem’s Holy Temple. By incorporating this historical artifact into modern-day synagogue rituals, Jews honor their ancestors’ legacy while reaffirming their commitment to preserving their cultural heritage.
- Celebration: Lastly, the menorah evokes feelings of joyous celebration during festivals like Hanukkah. As families gather around it each night for eight days, they not only commemorate historic events but also create lasting memories that strengthen their bond as a community.
To further illustrate these aspects, we present the following table:
|Light||Illuminating darkness and symbolizing hope|
|Unity||Fostering harmony among individuals and communities|
|History||Connecting to Jewish heritage and preserving traditions|
|Celebration||Creating joyous moments of commemoration|
In conclusion, the symbolism of the menorah in synagogue rituals holds profound meaning within Jewish tradition. Through its representation of light, unity, history, and celebration, it serves as a powerful reminder of the values cherished by the Jewish community. As Rachel continues her journey through Jewish heritage, she will undoubtedly encounter more symbols that enrich her understanding of this ancient faith.
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Want to generate innovation? Build a hub to make it happen. The U.S. Department of Energy is embarking on an ambitious plan to speed up energy innovation with a $122 million cash injection for an Energy Innovation Hub in California. Dubbed the Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, the research center will do exactly as its name suggests–develop a solar energy fuel conversion system through artificial photosynthesis and bring it to commercialization.
The DOE has selected an all-star team of researchers to get the hub going. Participants include researchers from Cal Tech, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, and the University of California, Irvine. The project will probably take a long time to get going–solar fuels have lagged in research and development for years, and bringing them into widespread use will take a concerted effort.
The DOE hints at the magnitude of the scientists’ undertaking:
JCAP research will be directed at the discovery of the functional
components necessary to assemble a complete artificial photosynthetic
system: light absorbers, catalysts, molecular linkers, and separation
membranes. The Hub will then integrate those components into an
operational solar fuel system and develop scale-up strategies to move
from the laboratory toward commercial viability. The ultimate objective
is to drive the field of solar fuels from fundamental research, where
it has resided for decades, into applied research and technology
development, thereby setting the stage for the creation of a direct
solar fuels industry.
Ambitious, yes, but the DOE is confident that the Innovation Hub model could work for a variety of projects. Oak Ridge National Laboratory is already working on a nuclear reactor hub, and a third hub will focus on radically improving energy efficiency.
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Consciousness, freedom and moral responsibility
Answering the question ‘Are we free?’ at the level of society suggests that the big multi-nationals have assumed control over many aspects of our lives (see: “What is control?”). Answering the same question at the level of the individual is much more difficult. It raises some profound philosophical questions to do with consciousness, freewill and moral responsibility. In considering issues of moral responsibility it is worth first examining ideas about the nature of consciousness and freewill.
There are legal definitions of responsibility and culpability that can vary from one legislative system to another. There are definitions within moral philosophy (e.g. Kant’s Categorical Imperative). There are mental health definitions that aim to ascertain whether a person has ‘mental capacity’. However, it is generally accepted that to have moral responsibility people need to consciously exercise freewill over the choices they make. Moral responsibility entails having freewill, and for people, freewill entails a self-determined and deliberate conscious decision.
John Searle regards consciousness as an emergent property of biological processes. There are no contradictions between materialistic, mentalistic and spiritual accounts. They are just different levels of description of the same phenomena. Consciousness is to neuroscience as liquid is to the chemistry of H2O. There is no mind / body problem – mind and body are again just different levels of description. It’s linguistic usage that confuses us. Consciousness does confer meaning onto things but that does not imply that subjective reality cannot be studied using objective methods.
YouTube Video, John Searle: Our shared condition — consciousness, TED, July 2013, 14:59 minutes
David Chalmers addresses head on the question of why we have conscious subjective experience and how reductionist explanations fail to provide answers. He suggests that consciousness could be one of the fundamental building blocks of the universe like space, time, and mass. He suggests the possibility that all information processing systems, whether they are ‘alive’ or not may have some degree of consciousness.
TED Video, David Chalmers: How do you explain consciousness?, Big Think, March 2014, 18:37 minutes
The view that degree of consciousness might correlate with how much a system is able to process information is set out in more detail in the following:
YouTube Video, Michio Kaku: Consciousness Can be Quantified, Big Think, March 2014, 4:45 minutes
Building on the idea that consciousness involves feedback, John Dunne from the Center for Investigating Healthy Minds, looks at self-reflexivity as practiced in many religions, and in mindfulness. Consciousness confers the capacity to report on the object of experience (Is ‘I think therefore I am’ a reported reflection on something we all take for granted?).
YouTube Video, WPT University Place: Consciousness, Reflexivity and Subjectivity, Wisconsin Public Television, March 2016, 40:17 minutes
The BBC have put together a short documentary on consciousness as part of its series called ‘The Story of Now’. Progress has been made in consciousness research over the last 20 years including in the measurement of consciousness and understanding some mental conditions s disorders of consciousness.
BBC, The Story of Now – Consciousness, February 2015, About 15 minutes
Susan Greenfield, addressing an audience of neuroscientists, says consciousness cannot be defined but suggests a working definition of consciousness as the ‘first person subjective world as it seems to you’. She distinguishes between consciousness, self-consciousness, unconsciousness and sub-consciousness. She considers boundaries such as ‘when does a baby become conscious?’, ‘are animals conscious?’, ‘what happens between being asleep or awake?’. Having ‘degrees of consciousness‘ seems to make sense and locates consciousness in transient (sub-second duration), variable ‘neural assemblies’ that have epicentres – like a stone creating ripples when thrown in a pond. The stone might be a strong stimulus (like an alarm clock) which interacts with learned connections in the brain formulated during your life experience, modulated by chemical ‘fountains’ that affect neural transmission. Depression involves a disruption to the chemical fountains and the experience of pain is dependent on the size of the active neuronal assembly. Consciousness is manifested when the activation of the neural assemblies is communicated to the rest of the brain and body. Sub-consiousness arises out of assemblies that are, in some sense, too small.
YouTube Video, The Neuroscience of Consciousness – Susan Greenfield, The University of Melbourne, November 2012, 1:34:17 hours
Some of the latest research on where in the brain consciousness seems to manifest can be found at:
Big Think Article, Harvard Researchers Have Found the Source of Human Consciousness, Phil Perry, January 2017
Prof. Raymond Tallis, however, has some issues with reductionists theories that seek to explain humankind in biological terms and attacks the trend towards what he calls neuromania. He also rejects mystical and theological explanations and, while not embracing dualism, argues that we have to use the language of mind and society if we are to further our understanding.
YouTube Video, Prof. Raymond Tallis – “Aping Mankind? Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of Humanity”, IanRamseyCentre, December 2012, 18:16 minutes
YouTube Video, David Eagleman: Brain over mind?, pop tech, April 2013, 22:25 minutes
Here is a radio introduction:
BBC Radio 4, Neuroscientist Pauls Broks on Freewill and the Brain, November 2014, 11 minutes
Pinker thinks that our freewill arises out of the complexity of the brain and that there is no reason to postulate any non-mechanical entity such as the soul. He distinguishes automatic responses (such as pupil dilation) from those that are based on mental models and can anticipate possible consequences which are sufficient to account for freewill.
YouTube Video, Steven Pinker: On Free Will, Big Think, June 2011, 2:17 minutes
Alfred Mele speculates on their being different grades of freewill and throws doubt on experiments which claim to show that decisions are made prior to our becoming consciously aware of them.
YouTube Video, Does Free Will Exist – Alfred Mele, Big Think, April 2012, 15:10 minutes
Is consciousness necessary for freewill? Do we make decisions while we are not consciously aware of them? If we do, then does that mean that we are not exercising freewill? If we are not exercising freewill then does that mean we have no moral responsibility for our decisions?
According to Denett, consciousness is nothing special. We only think its special because we associate it with freewill. However, the only freewill that matters is the responsibility for our actions that biology has given us through mental competence. The competence to reflect on our own thoughts and those of others, to anticipate consequences of our actions, and to see and evaluate the consequences, gives us both freewill and a responsibility for our actions.
YouTube Video, Daniel Dennett Explains Consciousness and Free Will, Big Think, April 2012, 6:33 minutes
Freewill and moral responsibility
Where do we draw the line between behaviour that we explain as driven by neurological/ neuro-chemical factors and those we explain in psychological, disease and demonic terms? Professor Robert Sapolsky shows how behaviours that were once explained as demonic are now explained neurologically. This parallels a shift from believing that the locus of control of peoples’ (unusual and other) behaviour has moved from demons and gods, to people, to disease, to brain structures and chemistry. What does this say about our sense of autonomy, individuality and ability to create moral positions?
Youtube video, 25. Individual Differences, Stanford, February 2011, 53:53 minutes
Assuming that we do have choice then this brings with it moral responsibility for our actions. But moral responsibility according to which system of values? Sam Harris argues that we take an odd stance when considering moral questions. In general we are willing to accept that different people are entitled to take different stands on moral questions and that there are no right or wrong answers. We tend to leave moral judgements to religions and are prepared to accept that in principle any moral value system could be right and therefore we cannot criticise any. However, Sam Harris points out that we do not do this in other domains. In health, for example, we are prepared to say that good health is better than bad health and than certain things lead to good health and should be encouraged while other don’t and should be discouraged. By the same token, if we accept that certain moral choices lead towards enhanced wellbeing (in others and ourselves) while other choices lead to pain and suffering then the normal application of scientific method can inform us about moral decisions (and we can abandon religious dogma).
TED Video, Sam Harris: Science can answer moral questions, TED, March 2010, 23:34 minutes
Peter Millican discusses the relationship between freewill, determinism and moral responsibility. He describes Hume’s notion of responsibility, how ideas of right and wrong arise out of our feelings, and how this is independent of whether an act was determined or not. However, our feelings can often be in conflict with lower order feelings (the desire to smoke) constraining higher order feelings (wanting to give up smoking) and that our higher order freewill can therefore be constrained, giving us ‘degrees of freewill’ in relation to particular circumstances.
YouTube Video, 7.4 Making Sense of Free Will and Moral Responsibility – Peter Millican, Oxford, April 2011, 9:48 minutes
Corey Anton sets out a philosophical position – there is ‘motion without motivation’ and ‘motion with motivation’. We call ‘motion with motivation’ ‘action’. Some motivations result from being pushed along by the past (x did y because of some past event or experience) and some motivations are driven by the future (x did y in order to). Freewill is more typically associated with actions motivated by the intention to bring about future states.
YouTube Video, The Motives of Questioning Free Will, Corey Anton, 8:12 minutes
Intentionality and Theory of Mind
If it is our ability to reflect on our own perceptions and thoughts that gives us the capacity to make decisions, then, in the social world, we must also consider our capacity to reflect on other people’s perceptions and thoughts. This creates a whole new order of complexity and opportunity for misunderstanding and feeling misunderstood (whether we are or not). Watch the video below or get the full paper.
YouTube Video, Comprehending Orders of Intentionality (for R. D. Laing), Corey Anton, September 2014, 31:31 minutes
How do our ideas about other people’s intentions affect our moral judgements about them, and what is going on in the brain when we make moral judgements? Liane Young highlights the extent to which our view about a person’s intentions influences our judgements with respect to the outcomes of their actions, and goes on to described the brain area in which these moral evaluations appear to be taking place.
TED Video, TEDxHogeschoolUtrecht – Liane Young – The Brain on Intention, TEDx Talks, January 2012, 14:34 minutes
Even though we may not have a definitive answer to the question ‘Are we free?’, we can say some things about it that may affect the way we think.
- We cannot say definitively whether the world is pre-determined in the sense that every state of the universe at any one time could not have been otherwise. This partly arises out of our ignorance about physics and whether in some sense there is an inherent lack of causality.
- If the universe does obey causal laws then that does not mean that the state of the universe would be necessarily knowable.
- Whether or not the universe is knowably pre-determined is independent of our subjective feelings of consciousness and freewill. We behave as if we have freewill, we assume others are conscious sentient beings with freewill and the moral responsibility that arises out of this.
- However, within this framework there are acknowledged limitations on freewill, degrees of consciousness and consequently degrees of moral responsibility.
- These limitations and degrees arise in numerous ways including our own resources, imagination and capacity for reflections (self-consciousness), cognitive biases and controlling factors (including our own genetics, families, cultures, organisations and governments) that either subconsciously or consciously constrain our options and freedom to make choices.
- There could be a correlation between degree of consciousness and the integrated information processing capacity of a system, perhaps even regardless of whether that system is regarded as ‘alive’.
- Wellbeing seems to be enhanced by the feeling that we have the freedom to control our own destiny whether or not this freedom is an illusion.
- The more we find out about psychology, the mind and the brain, the more it looks as if we can explain and predict our actions and choices more accurately by an appeal to science than an appeal to our own intuitions.
- Our intuitions seem largely based on the pragmatic need to survive and deal effectively with threat within our limited resources. They are not inherently geared to finding the ‘truth’ or accurately modelling reality unless it has payoff in terms of survival.
- Some of our behaviour is ‘automatic’, either driven by physiology or by learning. Other behaviour is mediated by consulting internal states such as our interpretations and models of reality, and testing possible outcomes against these models as opposed to against reality itself.
- Our internal models can include models of our own states (e.g. when we anticipate how we might feel given a future set of circumstances and thereby re-evaluate our options).
- Our internal models can include speculations on the models and motivations of other people, organisations, other sentient beings and even inanimate objects (e.g. I’ll pretend I do not know that he is thinking that I will deceive him). Anything, in fact, can be the content of our models.
- We associate freedom with our capacity to have higher levels of reflection, and we attribute greater moral responsibility to those who we perceive to have greater freedom.
- We evaluate the moral culpability of others in terms of their intentions and have specialised areas in the brain where these evaluations are made.
- We evaluate the morality of a choice against some value system. Science offers a value system that we are prepared to accept in other domains, such as health. As in health there are clearly some actions that enhance wellbeing and others that do not. If we accept science as a method to assess the effects on wellbeing of particular moral choices, rather than use our fallible intuitions or religious dogma, then we can move forward in the achievement of greater wellbeing.
- Even if we could ascertain whether and how we are conscious and free, the ultimate question of ‘why?’ looks impossible to resolve.
Given the multitude of factors from physiology to society that control or at least constrain our decisions (and our speculations about them), it is no wonder that human behaviour appears so unpredictable. However, there are also many regularities, as will become apparent later.
Another take, by a physicist, on consciousness as an emergent property of the integrated processing of information.
YouTube Video, Consciousness is a mathematical pattern, June 2014, 16:36 minutes
Corey Anton illustrates how language contains within it, its own reflexivity. We can talk about how we talk about something as well as the thing itself.
YouTube Video, Talk-Reflexive Consciousness, Corey Anton, April 2010, 9:58 minutes
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This article is also available as a podcast.
A Gömböc is a strange thing. It looks like an egg with sharp edges, and when you put it down it starts wriggling and rolling around with an apparent will of its own. Until quite recently, no-one knew whether Gömböcs even existed. Even now, Gábor Domokos, one of their discoverers, reckons that in some sense they barely exists at all. So what are Gömböcs and what makes them special?
The defining feature of a Gömböc is the fact that it's got just two points of equilibrium: one is stable and the other is unstable. If you put a Gömböc down on a flat surface, resting on its stable equilibrium point, it will stay as it is. "Even if you kick it a little, it will come back to its resting position at the stable equilibrium point," says Domokos, a mathematician at Budapest University of Technology and Economics. "The other equilibrium point is unstable. You can balance the Gömböc at this point a bit like you can balance a pencil on its tip: the slightest push will make it fall over." It's impossible to balance a Gömböc on any other point: if you try, it will move off in a specific direction. That's why the Gömböc seems to have a life on its own: put it down at a non-equilibrium point, and it will start rolling around in a systematic way until it has reached the stable equilibrium position. In other words, the Gömböc is self-righting.
A Gömböc made from plexiglass.
"It's a bit like putting a ball on a hilly landscape," says Domokos, "if you put the ball down at a generic point, it will always roll off in the same direction, down into the valley. If you put it on a hill top, it will also roll off, but the direction depends on the direction in which you kick it — that's the unstable equilibrium. Put it in the valley, and it will not roll off at all — that's the stable point of equilibrium."
To give it its full mathematical description, a Gömböc is a three-dimensional, convex and homogeneous object with exactly one stable point of equilibrium and one unstable point of equilibrium. Requiring it to be homogeneous amounts to saying that you're not allowed to cheat: the material from which the Gömböc is made has to be uniform throughout, so you're not allowed to use weights, as those found in roly-poly toys, or other irregularities to get the Gömböc to self-right. Convexity means that the Gömböc is not allowed to bulge inwards, in other words, the straight line connecting any two points on the Gömböc has to lie entirely within the Gömböc. It's easy to create a non-convex shape with one stable and one unstable equilibrium point, hence the restriction to convexity.
An ellipse has two stable and two unstable points of equilibrium.
The reason why many people thought that Gömböcs didn't exist is that in two dimensions there is no convex shape with only two points of equilibrium. "Imagine you have a shape made from plywood," says Domokos, "which is moving between two vertical glass plates. Then the shape would balance at some points. An ellipse, for example, would balance at the centres of its two 'long sides' — these are the stable equilibrium points — and at the centres of its two 'short sides', these are the unstable points." A square can balance on the centres of its four sides, the stable equilibria, as well as on each of the four vertices, though rather precariously, making the vertices unstable equilibria. Similarly, an n-sided polygon has n stable equilibrium points — the centres of its sides — and n unstable ones — its vertices.
It turns out that two stable and two unstable equilibrium points is the best you can do in two dimensions, and it's relatively easy to prove this. The proof basically amounts to showing that a convex shape with just one stable and one unstable equilibrium point makes impossible demands on its centre of gravity (see here for some more detail).
Many mathematicians, including Domokos, concluded that the same result should hold in three dimensions, and they set out to prove it. "The fact that no-one could imagine a three-dimensional shape with just one pair of equilibrium points suggested that it would be worth-while to disprove its existence," he explains. "I tried to do this, unsuccessfully, for a very long time. Then I had a conversation with [the Russian mathematician] Vladimir Arnold, in which he expressed the view that such a shape might exist after all, despite all the rumors going around that it didn't. This made me think in a different way, and I soon realised that the problem was much more beautiful than I had thought at first."
A geometric stem cell
The beautiful fact that Domokos discovered, with the help of his colleague Peter Várkonyi, was that a Gömböc, if it existed, would be a sort of stem cell from which you could "grow" three-dimensional shapes with all other configurations of equilibrium points.
If you balance a marble at a saddle point, the balancing act is stable in one direction and unstable in infinitely many other directions.
In three dimensions, stable and unstable points are not the only equilibrium points: you can also have saddle points. If your object is balanced on a saddle point, then the balancing act is unstable in infinitely many directions — if you push your object in any of these directions it will topple over — and stable in exactly one direction — if you give it a slight push in that direction, it will come back to the equilibrium point. This is similar to a marble balancing on the mid-point of a saddle. You can make it roll down the sides of the saddle in infinitely many directions, but if you push it exactly along the line running from the front to the back of the saddle, something that's admittedly quite hard to do, it will roll back to the saddle point.
For a convex and homogeneous three-dimensional object, the number of saddle points depends on the number of stable and unstable equilibria: if the object has i stable and j unstable equilibria, then it has i+j-2 saddle points. You can prove this fact mathematically, and it's known as the Poincaré-Hopf theorem. Inspired by this nice relationship, Domokos set out to classify three-dimensional shapes according to their number and type of stable and unstable equilibrium points: given numbers i and j, which objects, if any, have i stable and j unstable points of equilibrium (and therefore i+j-2 saddle points)?
"It was not known if there were objects for each category [formed by an (i,j) pair]," says Domokos. "But we did have some examples. The cube, for example has six stable points of equilibrium [the centres of the six faces], eight unstable points [the eight vertices], and twelve saddles [the centres of the twelve sides]. We also knew about the tetrahedron and many other objects, but there are infinitely many categories. Then we realised that it is always possible to increase the number of equilibrium points by one using a small perturbation." In other words, a small but purposeful deformation of the object would give rise to one extra equilibrium point.
"This is intuitively clear," says Domokos. "If you go on a hike and need to collect some water, then you can dig a small hole, and water will collect in that hole. So with a very small perturbation you have produced a stable point of equilibrium. However, the opposite is not true: getting rid of a lake [which contains a stable equilibrium point] is no easy job. Similarly, if you have an object, it is generally not easy to get rid of an equilibrium point, but it is possible to create one." Domokos and Várkonyi found an explicit algorithm telling you exactly how to endow a convex and homogeneous three-dimensional shape with an extra equilibrium point.
This result was momentous as far as the not-yet-discovered Gömböc was concerned. "It told us that if you had an object [with the minimal number of equilibrium points, one stable and one unstable], then this would prove that objects exists in all other classes too, because you can increase the number of equilibrium points one by one. So this object would be like a stem cell: you could derive the existence of all other categories from it, but you couldn't derive its existence from bodies with higher numbers of equilibrium points. Mathematics is all about beauty, and this result is very beautiful."
Mathematical field work
Pebbles from beaches on the island of Rhodes. The left pile contains convex pebbles and the right pile contains concave pebbles.
But despite this tantalising beauty, Domokos and Várkonyi's attempts to prove the Gömböc's existence remained futile, so Domokos took a desperate measure. On a holiday to a Greek island he and his wife collected and inspected 2000 beach pebbles in the hope that they might find one behaving like a Gömböc. It was a strenuous effort, which a weaker relationship may not have survived, and it failed. "We learned very interesting things from a pebble point of view, but nothing from a Gömböc point of view," says Domokos. "We were tired and depressed. When you looked at these pebbles you got the feeling that even if you went to all other Greek islands, you would never find [one behaving like a Gömböc]. But why not? If this type of pebble doesn't exist, then there must be a mathematical reason for this."
This line of thought led to an important insight into the Gömböc's nature: Domokos and Várkonyi realised that a Gömböc, if it existed, could not be very flat, or very thin. A flat object, like a frisbee, generally has two sides, and contained in each there'll be a stable equilibrium point — that's one stable equilibrium too many for a Gömböc. A thin object, like a pencil, will generally have two unstable equilibrium points at its two tips, so it cannot be a Gömböc either.
The perfect figure
Thin objects like this pencil generally have two unstable points of equilibrium at their tips, while flat objects, like these pebbles, generally have two stable points of equilibrium.
Domokos and Várkonyi made their intuition precise by giving a formal mathematical definition of what they meant by flatness and thinness, each measured by a number greater than or equal to 1. They then proved that a Gömböc's flatness and thinness both have to be equal to 1, that is, both values have to be as small as is possible.
The result gives some insight into why the Gömböc is only just teetering on the brink of existence. If you make a Gömböc just a tiny little bit thinner or flatter, then its flatness and thinness values aren't minimal anymore. So according to the result, the object stops being a Gömböc — it must have gained extra equilibrium points, or stopped being convex.
The Gömböc's sensitivity to change means that a Gömböc-like pebble can only exist for a short time on the sea shore before other pebbles, moved by the sea, start chipping away its Gömböc-ness and turn it into an ordinary pebble. "It's a fundamental question," says Domokos, "to which you expect a clear-cut answer: something should either exist or not exist. But in the case of the Gömböc, the answer is that it does exist, but barely so. If you drop it, it ceases to be what it was, so physically, it is a very fragile existence."
Finally, a Gömböc!
Having thus explained why they had not been able to find a Gömböc on the beach, Domokos and Várkonyi drew new hope and tried a new line of attack in their search for a proof of its existence. In two dimensions a Gömböc is impossible because it needs a balancing that would require the centre of gravity of the shape to be in two places at once. But in three dimensions there is more space to balance things out, so Domokos and Várkonyi started tinkering around with various shapes until they had a description of an object with all the required Gömböc properties.
Many mathematicians would have stopped there — if you can prove that something exists, then why go on to build it? — but Domokos and Várkonyi wanted their very own Gömböc to take home. This proved difficult, as their initial construction was too close to an actual sphere. "The deviation from the sphere was only 10-5," says Domokos, "so with [a diameter of 1m], the object would differ from a sphere by a only hundredth of a millimeter." This surpasses the precision of even the most sophisticated tools. If you try to manufacture such a Gömböc, all you'll ever get is to all intents and purposes an ordinary sphere.
The problem was that Domokos and Várkonyi had wanted their object to be as smooth as possible, avoiding sharp edges as far as they could. It was only when they let this requirement go that they came up with a new and buildable version of a Gömböc. That's the version you can see in the pictures — note the sharp edges. But even this buildable version requires an incredible level of precision: the Gömböcs are now being manufactured using computer controlled machining with precision tolerances below 10 microns — that's about a tenth of the thickness of a human hair!
Gömböcs in nature
While the Gömböc made a good job of hiding from mathematicians, it didn't escape the penetrating gaze of evolution. Thinking that Gömböc-like shapes must appear somewhere in nature, Domokos turned his attention to tortoises. Being turned on its back is a potential disaster for any tortoise, so much so that the males in some species try to turn over their rivals during their battles for females. So any tortoise that's able to struggle back on its belly has an evolutionary advantage. Some species of tortoise manage to turn themselves back over using their muscular necks as a lever, while many others can't self-right at all.
Domokos started an extensive search in pet shops and zoos, turning over tortoises while their owners weren't looking, and finally found what he wanted: "Suddenly one day I came across the first little tortoise that was doing exactly what it was supposed to do," he recalls, "it was acting like a Gömböc!" The shell of this high-domed species is similar to a Gömböc — it contains no stable equilibrium point, so when an individual is put on its back, it automatically flips over into the only stable position: lying on its belly. Domokos conducted an extensive study of tortoises using a complex three-dimensional model of their shell, and identified two species, the Indian star tortoise and the radiated tortoise, which use their Gömböc-like shells to self-right. The results of his research were eventually published in the biological journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B in a paper co-authored by Várkonyi, and biologists have accepted that the Gömböc-like shells are indeed a result of natural selection in favour of the ability to self-right.
The Gömböc adventure has led Domokos to look deeper into the evolution of shapes in general. He's currently developing ways of deducing the habitat of a tortoise from the shape of its shell, a project that will enable scientists to learn more about the living spaces of extinct tortoises, of which only fossilised shells remain. He's also developed a model which explains how asteroids, that aren't round like planets, but have sharp edges and flat areas, evolve their shapes (the paper has been published in The Astrophyiscal Journal).
So the Gömböc, which started out as a question in the mind of a mathematician, not only exists in the abstract, but also in nature. And who knows what lies ahead of it in terms of human-made applications? For the moment, though, the Gömböc is being produced for purely aesthetic reasons, and enthusiasts can purchase their very own model on the Gömböc website. And if you find yourself close to Cambridge, you can come and admire a real Gömböc at the Whipple Museum of the History of Science, to which it was donated by Domokos and Várkonyi in April this year.
For a more technical look at the topics covered here read Domokos and Várkonyi's articles Mono-monostatic bodies: The answer to Arnold’s question and Static equilibria of rigid bodies: dice, pebbles, and the Poincaré-Hopf theorem . To hear Domokos himself speak about the Gömböc, listen to the podcast accompanying this article.
About this article
Marianne Freiberger, Co-Editor of Plus, interviewed Gábor Domokos in Cambridge in May 2009.
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An air quality monitoring service in the U.K. has enlisted a Nissan e-NV200 electric van to determine roadside pollution levels. The first pilot project took the Air Quality Monitoring Vehicle from Reading to central London, revealing that nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels inside a car could be as much as 21% higher compared with NO2 levels outside the vehicle.
“We have developed the Air Quality Monitoring Vehicle to give local authorities and researchers a powerful new tool to plan action to clean up our air and tackle one of our greatest public health challenges,” says Duncan Mounsor, managing director of Enviro Technology Services.
The Nissan e-NV200 was specifically chosen, as it does not emit any emissions that could alter the results. Built by Enviro Technology Services, the so-called “Smogmobile” can gather air quality data from both inside and outside the vehicle in real time. It carries state-of-the-art instruments, several of which are more sensitive, more accurate and faster than the U.K.’s national air quality monitoring network, according to Enviro Technology Services.
This includes equipment that can make highly accurate, direct measurements of NO2, in contrast to traditional instruments used by the U.K.’s static air quality monitoring network, which measure NO2 indirectly and are unsuited to fast-changing environments.
The Air Quality Monitoring Vehicle conducted a pilot NO2 study on a two-hour journey from Reading along the M4 and through central London to Waterloo Bridge using its new capabilities. It found that the driver and passenger were consistently exposed to levels of NO2 the same as or higher than those on the road outside.
“This illustrative study adds to mounting evidence that vehicles provide little protection from harmful traffic pollution, and drivers and their passengers may even be exposed to higher levels than on the road outside,” says Dr. Ben Barratt, lecturer in air quality science at King’s College London.
“The public health message is, you can’t hide from air pollution inside a car,” continues Barratt. “Many people think that if you cycle or walk, you are exposed to more air pollution, but levels are significantly lower at the side of a road than in traffic.”
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Bill Couser, a fifth-generation farmer, runs a 10,000-head cattle operation in Nevada, Iowa. Sixty percent of his 6,000 acres is devoted to corn that feeds his cattle—but not in the way you might expect. Couser sells his corn to the local biofuel production plant and then buys back its corn-germ byproduct (also known as “distillers’ grains”), which comprises part of what he feeds his cattle. This makes more economic sense than selling whole corn to the local co-op or keeping it for his cattle, especially when petroleum prices are soaring. “I make ten cents more a bushel and get feed for my herd at a discount,” he explains.
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Lisinopril Half-Life: How Long Does Lisinopril Stay In System?
Important InformationThis information is for educational purposes only. We never invite or suggest the use, production or purchase of any these substances. Addiction Resource and it’s employees, officers, managers, agents, authors, editors, producers, and contributors shall have no direct or indirect liability, obligation, or responsibility to any person or entity for any loss, damage, or adverse consequences alleged to have happened as a consequence of material on this website. See full text of disclaimer.
Blood pressure medication is vital for people with hypertension. Lisinopril – blood pressure medicine is commonly prescribed. Patients should know all the information about the drug before they take it. This includes an overview of Lisinopril’s half-life, metabolism, exertion, and ability to cause false positives on drug tests. Understanding how long the medicine remains in the system ensures the person knows what to expect. It also provides a better understanding of how to time doses appropriately. This post aims to provide a clearer answer to the question of how long does Lisinopril lasts.
Table Of Contents:
Lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril) is generally used as an ACE inhibitor to help reduce blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Patients are advised to be aware of all factors related to the drug before they use it. This gives the person a better understanding of what they should expect. Asking about the half-life of Lisinopril is one particularly significant factor that needs to be covered. This refers to the time it takes for half of the chemicals in the medicine to be expelled from the individual’s body.
When asking how long it takes for Lisinopril to leave the body, about half of the drug’s concentration will be out of the body within 12 hours after administration. To be more specific, the half-life of medicine is stated as 12.6 hours. This conclusion was made by a research study published in the American Journal of Medicine. At this time, half of the dosage will be out of the person’s body.
Lisinopril Metabolism And Excretion
The metabolism of the medicine comes into play when asking how long it takes for Lisinopril to start working. The metabolism of a drug also affects the time it will remain active in the system. Such data can also help a person better understand the possible Lisinopril adverse effects.
An important factor to consider about this medicine is that the drug is not broken down by the person’s liver. Most drugs that are administered will be broken down by the patient’s liver. This is not the case with Prinivil.
Factors Affecting Zestril Detection Window
When looking at how long Lisinopril stays in the system, a person should note that there are a few factors that affect this calculation. First of all, this drug is known to have poor bioavailability. Prinivil classification is an ACE inhibitor. The drug is not metabolized by the liver, like many other medicines used to treat hypertension.
There are other factors that need to be taken into consideration too. This include:
- Organ damage can increase the time it takes for the drug to leave the body. Kidney damage is the factor to be taken into concern here.
- Some other substances can also increase the time it takes for the drug to be metabolized. While Lisinopril and potassium may not have such an interaction, using the drug with alcohol may cause a delay in metabolism.
How Long Does It Take For Lisinopril To Get Out Of The System?
Apart from asking how Lisinopril is metabolized when looking at the detection window, it is also important to understand that the chemical’s detection rate depends on the compound in the human body being tested. The time it takes for the chemical to leave the body differs between urine, hair, blood, and saliva samples.
How Long Does Lisinopril Stay In Urine?
When looking at what the half-life of Lisinopril is, many people start by considering the time it takes the drug’s chemicals to be undetectable in the urine. In most cases, the drug remains detectable in urine for up to four days after the administration of the medicine.
How Long Does Lisinopril Stay In Hair?
The drug remains active in hair follicles for a longer time compared to other samples that may be used for testing. It is possible that the chemical found in the drug can be detected up to 90 days after the administration of the drug. There are also cases where the drug remains detectable for longer than 90 days.
How Long Does Lisinopril Stay In Blood?
Lisinopril leaves the blood circulatory system rather quickly. In most people, the drug will not be detectable in a blood sample after 24 hours have passed since the last use of the medicine.
How Long Does Lisinopril Stay In Saliva?
The detection window for saliva is very similar to blood. The chemical will remain detectable in a patient’s saliva for an estimated 24 hours period after the last dose was taken.
How To Detox From Prinivil Faster?
Medical detox is the initial step in addiction treatment. After completing this phase, a suitable inpatient or outpatient drug rehab program should be chosen for a successful recovery.
People need to understand what Lisinopril is for. This helps them ensure they only use the medicine appropriately. Some individuals have been found to abuse the medication. In such a case, it is important to stop Lisinopril before serious complications are experienced. A drug detoxification process can be used to get the chemicals out of the system faster. This can also help to reduce the risk of severe withdrawal effects.
- Beermann B, Pharmacokinetics of lisinopril, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2844083
- Edgardo Olvera Lopez, Mayur Parmar, Venkata Satish Pendela, Jamie M. Terrell, Lisinopril, 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482230/
Where do calls go
Calls to our general hotline may be answered by private treatment providers.
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Crossword puzzles for kids are a great way to give your child hours of entertainment -- and learning!
Write the name of the capital city for each U.S. state listed below. We’ve included just the states beginning with the letters N-W in this puzzle to keep things a bit easier.
Click here for a crossword featuring the remaining U.S. states and capitals.
1. West Virginia
8. South Dakota
19. New Hampshire
23. New York
2. North Carolina
3. New Mexico
4. South Carolina
9. Rhode Island
14. North Dakota
18. New Jersey
Looking for another fun way to practice U.S. States and Capitals? Try this 50 States Word Search Puzzle!
Nursery Rhymes Crossword Everywhere that Mary went, this animal was sure to go! Help your favorite child complete this fun puzzle that features well-known nursery rhymes. Simply supply part of the next line.
Be sure to check out these special puzzles for kids,too:
Math Crossword Puzzle If your student is good with addition and subtraction facts, this puzzle will be a breeze!
Words that Begin with L In this fun word play puzzler, every answer begins with the letter L. How long will it take your child to solve it?
Your kids may also be interested in this Science Crossword Puzzle, featuring information about stars and planets.
Free Reading Games for Kids A wide assortment of games to boost reading skills, for various ages. Fun for the classroom or at home.
Spelling Games for Kids Experience more educational fun and learning with these engaging spelling games!
Printable Word Searches for Kids Who doesn't like solving a word search puzzle? Kids can practice reading, spelling and vocabulary skills AND have fun while they solve these puzzles.
Disney Crossword Puzzle Kids of all ages (and maybe grown-ups, too!) will enjoy supplying the names of important Disney characters from popular Disney films. Don't miss our other kids' printable crosswords.
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Are You Ready for Flu Season? Here’s Your Survival Guide
What is the flu?
Influenza – also known as the flu – is a respiratory illness commonly caused by the influenza A virus or the influenza B virus. These viruses are contagious and spread by airborne droplets that are present when people talk, sneeze or cough.
Influenza is most common during the months of October through May, but peaks between December and February. It is usually widespread.
Influenza affects the upper respiratory system, which includes the lungs, nose and throat. Influenza will usually go away without treatment. However, if you have another chronic condition or are especially vulnerable due to age, you are at higher risk of serious complications or death caused by the flu.
What are the symptoms of the flu?
Influenza symptoms include:
- Sudden onset of fever that is above 100.4° (But remember – not everyone who has the flu will have a fever.)
- Body aches.
- Nonproductive cough.
- Congestion or runny nose.
- Sore throat.
- Vomiting and diarrhea.
In the elderly, flu symptoms may include low-grade fever, confusion and nasal obstruction.
Most patients who have the flu have fever, body aches and cold-like symptoms. Flu symptoms typically improve over 2 to 5 days, but the virus itself could last longer.
The most common complications that may arise from the flu are sinus infections and ear infections. More serious complications can include pneumonia, myocarditis (inflammation of the heart) and encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).
Many people may think they have the flu when it is just a common cold. Below are a few symptoms for comparison according to the CDC:
|Signs and Symptoms||Cold||Flu|
|Chest discomfort||Mild to moderate||Common|
Cold vs. Flu- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, February 8, 2019
How is the flu treated?
Treatment for influenza is dependent on timing. Although influenza will usually go away on its own, anti-viral medication can be prescribed to help lessen the duration of symptoms by 1 or 2 days. Anti-viral medications must be taken during a specific timeframe based on when your symptoms started. It’s important to reach out to your provider early if you think you have the flu. They can help you decide which medication is best.
Supportive therapy is also very important in helping tackle the flu. Increase fluids to prevent dehydration and take medications that will lower your fever and reduce pain (but remember – children with fever should not take aspirin). Additionally, staying at home, getting adequate rest and getting plenty of sleep are essential for getting over the flu.
How can I prevent the flu?
Prevention is key during flu season. According to the CDC, getting vaccinated is the best prevention.
Everyone 6 months and older should be vaccinated against the flu. High-risk populations that should receive an annual flu vaccine include:
- Patients 65 years old and older.
- Pregnant women.
- Children younger than 6 months old.
- Children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years.
- Children with neurologic conditions.
- People with chronic conditions such as heart disease, asthma, diabetes, HIV/AIDS and cancer.
Getting vaccinated is the best protection against influenza for these populations. Other ways to prevent influenza spread include:
- Avoiding close contact with individuals who are sick.
- Taking a sick day and staying at home when you are sick.
- Covering your mouth and nose properly with a tissue when coughing and sneezing if you are sick.
- Practicing good hand hygiene.
- Avoiding touching your eyes, nose and mouth.
- Practicing good health habits such as sanitizing and disinfecting surfaces at home and work.
- Being in good physical health, managing stress and following a healthy diet with proper sleep. This helps strengthen your immune system to help you fight off the flu.
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ROCK ISLAND — An Augustana College research project meant to gather more comprehensive data about bird-window collisions has gone multinational.
In 2010, Augustana professor Stephen Hager and a group of students and faculty began monitoring 20 buildings picked randomly in Rock Island and Moline. They were watching for dead birds close to the buildings, live birds in the area around them and recording the amount of window surface in each structure.
They gathered enough data to create a map predicting where birds were in the most danger of colliding with windows. After that, the plan was to gather more data and test the accuracy of that map with more field research this year, but that plan has changed.
"We have expanded our scope in this project to make bigger maps," Dr. Hager, who has a Ph.D. in biology, said earlier this month.
Researchers in about 20 sites across the United States and in Canada and Mexico now are gathering data for the project, he said. The first season at the wider scale — a trial to iron out methods for the researchers — has just been completed
"Now we're taking this to the continental scale," Dr. Hager said.
It is the first study of its type to this degree, he said.The advantage of the broader scope is the ability to find data on birds from many different areas. The original study was limited to the birds likely to be found in the Quad-Cities area.
In each of the areas targeted for study, the participants monitor six buildings of different types in different settings from heavily urbanized, to more natural, he said.
The data from the initial field season still is being analyzed, but there do seem to be some patterns, he said. The main one so far is size of the building -- the bigger the building and the more windows it has, the bigger the threat it may pose.
Dr. Hager said the 2010 study also provided information: Birds here usually were hitting buildings with lots of windows near sizable green space which provides a bird habitat.
Only certain species were hitting windows, and most of the dead birds were yearlings or younger, he said. Among the dead birds, robins and doves were some of the more common.
No sparrows and pigeons were found, although live specimens were commonly observed during the research, he said. This suggests vulnerability among specific groups of birds.
The body count from the first study was small, he said. There were 34 birds from about 16 species, he said. The group observed about 72 species of birds during the Quad-Cities survey. The small number of dead birds suggests that window collisions, at least for the study area, may not be as bad as some think.
Before the Augustana group began its research, other studies tended to be limited in scope, he said. Usually, they focused on one, two or a small cluster of buildings where dead birds were being observed, and often were done during the spring or fall, with little attention paid to other parts of the year.
The events that led to the expansion of the project happened in the courtroom, Dr. Hager said.
An environmental group recently sued a property owner whose buildings in Canada were reportedly killing a large number of birds, he said.
The group lost, but the case set a precedent: Such lawsuits are a potential for property owners, he said. This has raised questions among developers and architects as to how to protect themselves from litigation.
With that in mind, he made a proposal to the Ecological Research as Education Network, which uses National Science Foundation funds to help promote ecological research, and got the organization's backing.
Comprehensive data like what the project hopes to gather could help governments and private concerns needing to establish guidelines for construction and design, he said.
Part of that could include showing what is and is not necessary in specific areas, he said. There are people that think bird-safe design rules need to be uniform across the board, but what is applicable in one area may not be applicable in another, depending on the kind of birds to be found there.
"Our work has the potential to affect policy," he said.
Today is Wednesday, April 16, the 106th day of 2014. There are 259 days left in the year. 1864 -- 150 years ago: Yesterday some bold thief stole a full bolt of calico from a box in front of Wadsworth's store, where it was on exhibition. 1889 -- 125 years ago: A team belonging to Peter Priese got away from its driver and made a mad run across the Rock Island Bridge. The driver was thrown from his seat but not hurt. 1914 -- 100 years ago: Carlton Taylor was appointed district deputy grand master for the 14th Masonic District of Illinois. 1939 -- 75 years ago: Moline's million dollar municipal airport was dedicated to air transportation and the national defense by Lt. Gov. John Stelle. 1964 -- 50 years ago: THE ARGUS will be election headquarters for Rock Island County tomorrow night, and the public is invited to watch the operation. The closing of the polls at 6 p.m. will mark the start of open house in the newsroom. Visitors will see staff members receiving, tabulating and posting returns. 1989 -- 25 years ago: Few bricks actually tumbled, but no one seemed to mind as about 1,000 people gathered to celebrate the formal start of demolition at the site of a downtown civic center.
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The American robin with its abundance, red breast, and loud song is one of the most recognizable backyard birds in North America. For many of us the robin – or Turdus migratorius – is also thought of as a herald of spring. So why is it that we still occasionally see them in our wintry Utah backyards?
Seasonal bird migration can be triggered by a number of things, but the two main drivers are food supply and nesting habitat. In spring and summer the birds move northward to take advantage of insect hatches, budding plants, and the plethora of nesting sites. Then, as food sources dwindle in fall, the birds move southward to areas where the necessary resources are still plentiful.
The distances birds migrate in order to access these resources can range widely. Therefore, birds are generally categorized as being short-, medium-, or long-distance migrants. Robins are considered short-distance migrants. While their range spans all of Canada and the United States extending down into Mexico, most robins do not travel far from their breeding grounds in winter and may not leave at all. Only the populations that breed and reside on the edges of this range will migrate seasonally.
The robin’s varied diet and behavioral adaptability are the primary reasons these short-migratory or non-migratory patterns are possible. Robins are preferably ground foragers, feasting on insects and earthworms in the spring and summer months. Yet, during the fall and winter, robins eat a fruit-based diet. They track this seasonal food source in flocks, abandoning their summer individualistic and territorial behavior. These flocks – or roosting aggregates – also help them survive the cold winter temperatures. As a result, robins are able to cope with the ground freezing, the disappearance of their preferred food source, and the harsh winter weather.
Returning to our original question: is the American robin truly a sign of spring here in Utah? Is it strange to see this bird in our backyards during the winter months? The simple answer is no. Robins can be found year round almost anywhere south of Canada. While they may migrate nomadically, staying or leaving areas as weather and snow cover affect their food supply, there could be some keeping us company in Utah all winter.
For Wild About Utah, I’m Anna Bengtson.
Image: Courtesy US FWS, Lee Karney, James C. Leopold, Photographers
Text: Anna Bengston
Sources & Additional Reading:
American Robin Profile, Utah Birds http://utahbirds.org/birdsofutah/BirdIndex.htm
American Robin, Cornell Lab of Ornithology http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/american_robin/id
American Robin, The Birds of North America Online http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/462/articles/introduction
Studying Migration, Cornell Lab of Ornithology http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/studying/migration/
Migration Patterns, Cornell Lab of Ornithology http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/studying/migration/patterns
Where Have all the Robins Gone?, Migration, Cornell Lab of Ornithology http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/faq/master_folder/migration/document_view
Snow Depth Survey, The Great Backyard Bird Count http://www.birdsource.org/gbbc/science-stories/past-stories/snow-depth-survey
Winter Robins, The Great Backyard Bird Count http://www.birdsource.org/gbbc/science-stories/past-stories/is-that-winter-flock-of-robins-in-your-yard-unusual
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Fuel Cell Center Opens Door
Two busloads of ninth-graders arrived at the Connecticut Global Fuel Cell Center one winter morning. Would there be a couple of future scientists among them?
The center, usually a hub of research activity, opened four of its extensive laboratories for several hours to host students from J.A. Foran High School in Milford.
One of the center's key goals is to acquaint students of all ages with fuel cell research and technology, with the hope of inspiring some to become scientists, and instilling in others an understanding of fuel cells as a renewable energy source.
"Opening up a research facility to young people is a perfect opportunity for them to see people as scientists and people who have a passion for research," says Tricia Bergman, the center's associate director.
Although fuel cell technology is a complex topic, Bergman says, kids can connect with the subject because of their experience with cell phones and other electronic devices, all of which are battery powered and require recharging on a regular basis.
With this in mind, the research team prepared several demonstrations to pique the interest of their first high school visitors - more than 60 students from George Benedetti's science classes.
A licensed professional engineer, Benedetti has spent the past four years at J.A. Foran High School trying to interest his students in the sciences. One day, a student's question about fuel cells sparked an idea.
Benedetti realized he could use the science behind fuel cells - the chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen that produces water and energy - to teach his students about exothermic chemical reactions. He approached the center for help and received an enthusiastic reception.
"I turned to the world's best facility for help," says Benedetti, a UConn alum. "I have some dedicated kids, and the Connecticut Global Fuel Cell Center has the resources."
Trent Molter, one of the center's research scientists, kicked off the visit by presenting a lesson on the basics of energy, its sources, and uses. Before the students broke into four smaller groups for the hands-on demonstrations, Molter issued a challenge. By the end of the visit, the group that could answer his question would receive a reward. Could they figure out how many miles a car powered by a fuel cell could travel on one liter of water?
In one lab, students were treated to a demonstration of a portable fuel cell being developed for the U.S. Army. In another, students received a demonstration on extruding tubes for solid oxide fuel cells. In the third lab, students learned how member electrode assemblies were produced. The session included a screen printing demonstration. In the final lab, Jesse Hayes, a research assistant with the center, entertained the students with a remote controlled car and a stereo powered by a fuel cell.
Hayes's demonstration meant the most to ninth-grader Laura Lennon, a student who said she likes learning about how things operate.
"Fuel cells are a hard topic to catch on to," she said, but she learned enough to wonder why they are not yet a popular renewable energy resource.
Kayla Naposki's favorite subject is math, and the economics of fuel cells seemed to be what stayed on her mind. Although she was intrigued by how fuel cells are made and what they can be used for, she was most interested to learn that fuel cells will only begin to "help the economy when the prices come down and they become more affordable."
Although only time will tell whether some of the students take up careers in the sciences, for Benedetti, just seeing his students at a major research facility was thrilling.
"Some of these kids met a real live scientist for the first time in their lives. They saw that science can be fun and creative, and that both men and women can be scientists," he said. "This is stuff they can't get from a book."
At the end of the visit, each class was asked for their solution to Molter's problem. Though no one came up with the exact answer (5 miles), the group with the closest estimate (3.8 miles) received a small reward.
Before the students had filed out of the center, Benedetti had already made a commitment to return next
fall with a new group of students. In the meantime, the center is preparing for visits from schools in Danbury and Windsor.
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Owning your own farm and working outdoors has got to be the ultimate job for free spirits. Watching the seasons change, feeling the warm sun on your back, and spending your time close to Nature is all part of the wonderful farming bonus.
But, as you’re sure to know, there’s more to farming than just that. So here’s an article to highlight some of the more obscure things farmers have to know and learn to work with. This may help some aspiring farm owners to decide whether they can commit to farming in the way only real farmers can. And then you’ll know just exactly what to do about your plans to buy a farm.
Understand the importance of weather
Regional weather can often be forecast fairly well these days, but local weather and all the variations which can occur are a different matter altogether. If you keep livestock, you’ll soon notice how they respond to weather.
Certain stock won’t like being kept for long in windy pastures. And pigs, for one, don’t really tolerate hot sun for too long, so you’ll need to understand what to do in a heatwave. Wet weather is no better. The ground gets churned up quickly and mud harbors all kinds of animal pests and serious conditions. Many of these things won’t kill your animals, but they’ll surely depress your yields.
Even crops respond to microclimates present in your fields. Some fields will provide just enough protection from winter frosts and prevailing winds to see your crop through, while planting on other ground will just see your expensive seedlings wiped out.
And remember, you may plan your ploughing schedules, but the weather can change your plans literally overnight. One of the first things every farmer learns when owning a farm, is to appreciate that you must work with the weather—you don’t have any other choice.
Getting to know how many types of grasses there are
Did you know there are around 1400 grass species in the United States? And just like any other plant, grasses respond to climate in different ways. Some are hardy and good for extreme conditions, while others are soft and make good fodder crops for animals and cereal foods for humans. Another important feature of grass is that it preserves moisture in soils and prevents soil erosion better than almost anything else.
For farmers, the message here is: knowing your grasses is essential because you’ll often need to choose the right varieties for each plan you want to achieve. And getting this wrong will usually be bad news for your wallet.
Farming is more than a job—it’s a lifestyle
This is the main thing to understand about farming: you remain a farmer 100% of the time. For instance, your animals will still need feeding at Thanksgiving, on Christmas Day, and all the other days. And some jobs on the farm have to be done early—and early can often mean before sun-up if you want the job done properly. So, you’ll have to accept that there will be some long days on the farm which start at dawn and don’t finish until way after sundown.
And because farming can be unrelenting in its demands, you’ll also quickly learn the value of being part of your local farming community. Local farmers will know the ‘traditional’ dates for planting certain crops in your area, or to have stock ready to send off to a market. That’s just two simple examples of a wealth of knowledge locked up inside the heads of your local farming community—tried and tested methods which work in your community, but may be irrelevant across the river, or on the other side of the hills.
But farming communities do more than that. When you are called away on a real emergency, you can always call upon your neighbors to step in and help for a few days. And if your machinery breaks down at harvest time, it’s your community who will know the quickest way to get it fixed at the cheapest price.
In return, you must be happy to help out neighbors in your turn, loan out even your best equipment, and lend a hand if need be. That’s how farming communities work. So if you’re happy to live and work in that kind of close-knit society, you can be sure your farming neighbors will always take good care of you.
Author: Bruce Hakutizwi, Director of North America for BusinessesForSale.com, the world’s largest online marketplace for buying and selling small and medium size businesses.
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Diversity and active density of bees visiting crop flowers in Kakamega, Western Kenya.
Muo Kasina, Manfred Kraemer, Christopher Martius, Dieter Wittmann
We observed bees visiting bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) flowers, the most widely grown crop in farmland near Kakamega forest, Kenya, which has attracted interest due to the presence of the only remaining tropical rain forest in the country. Two transects were created in the north and south of the forest extending to about eight km into the farmland. Observations were carried out on 14 sites on either side of the forest during the flowering period from April to June in 2005 and 2006. We recorded bees belonging to 20 species visiting beans. The honey bee Apis mellifera L. was the most abundant, followed by two solitary bees, Xylocopa calens and Xylocopa incostans. Bee density was low in the farmland in both sides of the forest, but diversity was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the southern than in the northern transect. One reason for this is that the southern side is heavily populated so hedges and other land are under higher pressure, giving bees no alternative to crop flowers, whilst in the north, the population is low so there is still much land and hedges for alternative food for bees. Hedge management could be improved to support bees, especially when crops are not in flower, by interconnecting the hedges with the forest, so bees will be able to seek refugia and other needs in the forest and be able to provide pollination in the farmland, hence contributing to food security in the country.
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The motorized blade isn't always the most dangerous thing about using a chain saw. Trees contain enormous amounts of energy that can release in ways both surprising and lethal. If a tree stands at an angle, it becomes top-heavy and transfers energy lower in the trunk. When sawed, it can shatter midcut and create a so-called barber chair. The fibers split vertically, and the rearward half pivots backward. "It's very violent and it's very quick," says Mark Chisholm, chief executive of New Jersey Arborists.
Distillation is a water purification method that utilizes heat to collect pure water in the form of vapor. This method is effective by the scientific fact that water has a lower boiling point than other contaminants and disease-causing elements found in water. Water is subjected to a heat source until it attains its boiling point. It is then left at the boiling point until it vaporizes. This vapor is directed into a condenser to cool. Upon cooling, vapor is reversed into liquid water that is clean and safe for drinking. Other substances that have a higher boiling point are left as sediments in the container.
Remove heavy metals with cilantro. Just as pine trees are effective at removing pathogens, so too is cilantro excellent at removing heavy metals from water. Fill a pitcher with water and place a handful of cilantro leaves into the pitcher. Stir the water and let the leaves sit in the water for at least an hour. Remove and discard the cilantro before drinking the water.
Some water supplies may also contain disinfections by-products, inorganic chemicals, organic chemicals, and radionuclides. Specialized methods for controlling formation or removing them can also be part of water treatment. To learn more about the different treatments for drinking water, see the National Drinking Water Clearinghouse’s Fact Sheet Series on Drinking Water TreatmentsExternal.
In industry, reverse osmosis removes minerals from boiler water at power plants. The water is distilled multiple times. It must be as pure as possible so it does not leave deposits on the machinery or cause corrosion. The deposits inside or outside the boiler tubes may result in under-performance of the boiler, reducing its efficiency and resulting in poor steam production, hence poor power production at the turbine.
A reverse osmosis water purification unit (ROWPU) is a portable, self-contained water treatment plant. Designed for military use, it can provide potable water from nearly any water source. There are many models in use by the United States armed forces and the Canadian Forces. Some models are containerized, some are trailers, and some are vehicles unto themselves.
The remineralization stage is an additional feature of this water purifier. The name itself explains the function of this stage. After passing through the basic 5 stages of filtration the water is treated in the remineralization stage. At this point of purification, some advantageous minerals restored into the water again. The added minerals improve the taste and raise the pH to more alkaline. You will definitely enjoy the fresher tasting mineral water.
Photo by purolipanFor flexibility, a good multi-tool is a camper’s best friend, and there are hundreds of models on the market. When comparing the need for different functions and the tool’s weight, it becomes apparent that simpler is better. Look for a multi-tool that has a regular and serrated blade, pliers with a wire cutter, carbide knife sharpener, bottle and can opener, and a lanyard loop. Pay close attention to the materials and quality; look for titanium handles, 154CM steel blades, and 420 stainless steel construction. If you plan on carrying a small hatchet for cutting firewood, consider a multi-tool hatchet and take one tool instead of two.
Post-treatment consists of preparing the water for distribution after filtration. Reverse osmosis is an effective barrier to pathogens, but post-treatment provides secondary protection against compromised membranes and downstream problems. Disinfection by means of ultraviolet (UV) lamps (sometimes called germicidal or bactericidal) may be employed to sterilize pathogens which bypassed the reverse-osmosis process. Chlorination or chloramination (chlorine and ammonia) protects against pathogens which may have lodged in the distribution system downstream, such as from new construction, backwash, compromised pipes, etc.
If you are looking for the best ways of treating your water, Schultz Soft Water is your best source of advice on best water purification methods and custom solutions to your water purification needs. Reverse osmosis is the best option, whereas filtering is good for basic water tasks such as sediment and chlorine removal. Reverse osmosis covers a larger spectrum of contaminant removal.
Slow sand filters may be used where there is sufficient land and space, as the water flows very slowly through the filters. These filters rely on biological treatment processes for their action rather than physical filtration. They are carefully constructed using graded layers of sand, with the coarsest sand, along with some gravel, at the bottom and finest sand at the top. Drains at the base convey treated water away for disinfection. Filtration depends on the development of a thin biological layer, called the zoogleal layer or Schmutzdecke, on the surface of the filter. An effective slow sand filter may remain in service for many weeks or even months, if the pretreatment is well designed, and produces water with a very low available nutrient level which physical methods of treatment rarely achieve. Very low nutrient levels allow water to be safely sent through distribution systems with very low disinfectant levels, thereby reducing consumer irritation over offensive levels of chlorine and chlorine by-products. Slow sand filters are not backwashed; they are maintained by having the top layer of sand scraped off when flow is eventually obstructed by biological growth.
This is my second RO-PH90 system. Simply one of the best systems on the market, in my opinion. Uses genuine Dow filmtec reverse osmosis membrane. As anyone familiar with RO knows, filmtec membranes are the gold standard and rank among the elite in rejection rates. This is not your generic RO bought in a hardware store, although some large chains carry it. Input TDS = ~225 ppm, output TDS = ~15-20ppm. Does the job. Have not tested PH yet. Water tastes great as it does with my first system. Change your pre filters once per year or at the recommended %TDS interval and expect this RO membrane to last its full schedule of 3-5 years. This is very important. Incoming water pressure must be at least 50psi in my opinion, for this system to operate as intended. At 75psi, outgoing pressure is like a dream, even with 1/4'' stock tubing. ... full review
STAT: The number of annual deaths from ESD in the U.S. are unknown, since they are counted among all drownings. But anecdotal evidence shows that ESD is widespread. ESD prevention groups have successfully urged some states to enact safety standards, including the installation of ground-fault circuit interrupters and a central shutoff for a dock's electrical system.
In 1946, some maple syrup producers started using reverse osmosis to remove water from sap before the sap is boiled down to syrup. The use of reverse osmosis allows about 75–90% of the water to be removed from the sap, reducing energy consumption and exposure of the syrup to high temperatures. Microbial contamination and degradation of the membranes must be monitored.
While nearly everyone loves the taste from this water filtration system, a few people tested the pH and complained that it wasn’t as alkaline as they hoped for in a system that adds back beneficial minerals. However, the company points out that the pH filter will raise acidity by 1-1.5 levels, so the final pH will depend on the chemistry of the water that you’re starting with.
Remineralization stage adds back some beneficial minerals such as magnesium, calcium, and potassium to the purified water. This process is introduced to overcome the problem of acidic water. This addition of minerals gives the taste back to the water, which is removed in final filters. Remineralization enhanced the experience of purified water but it also makes the water more alkaline and less acidic.
When particles to be removed do not settle out of solution easily, dissolved air flotation (DAF) is often used. After coagulation and flocculation processes, water flows to DAF tanks where air diffusers on the tank bottom create fine bubbles that attach to floc resulting in a floating mass of concentrated floc. The floating floc blanket is removed from the surface and clarified water is withdrawn from the bottom of the DAF tank. Water supplies that are particularly vulnerable to unicellular algae blooms and supplies with low turbidity and high colour often employ DAF.:9.46
Prefiltration antiscalants: Scale inhibitors (also known as antiscalants) prevent formation of all scales compared to acid, which can only prevent formation of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate scales. In addition to inhibiting carbonate and phosphate scales, antiscalants inhibit sulfate and fluoride scales and disperse colloids and metal oxides. Despite claims that antiscalants can inhibit silica formation, no concrete evidence proves that silica polymerization can be inhibited by antiscalants. Antiscalants can control acid-soluble scales at a fraction of the dosage required to control the same scale using sulfuric acid.
The other half of the tag team is to eliminate pollutants. The best way to do this is with a homemade carbon filter. This uses the same technology as Brita filters. Carbon is a chemically active substance, with a tendency to bind to most anything. At a microscopic level, charcoal is a heavily pitted and striated material, which vastly increases its real surface area. The result is that when water slowly runs over charcoal, pollutants find themselves glued to the charcoal surface. An improvised filter can be made out of ground-up charcoal, a strainer and a funnel. Bear Gryllis made a purification drinking straw out of little more than a reed and some charcoal bits for the Discovery Channel's "Man vs. Wild." It's a simple technique, but it is highly effective.
Whether you are on a backpacking trip or find yourself in an unplanned emergency situation our first goal is to locate water. Depending on the location this may prove more difficult than ensuring it's potability. Make sure you are familiar with water sources in the area you plan to travel. Looking at topographical maps is always a good idea. Depending on the dates of the map this could help you find water while backpacking. As with other areas of emergency preparedness, make sure to have a backup plan. Water sources can change with time and seasonal changes. Another important aspect of finding water is the lay of the land. Learning the elevational changes of the area and thinking which way the water would travel during a rain can be another way to locate a water source. For the scope of this article, we will assume that a source has been located.
The first part of the purification tag team must eliminate microorganisms, like harmful bacteria and parasites. There are a handful of tried and true methods for doing this. The most familiar is boiling. Simply bringing water up to its boiling point of 212 degrees Fahrenheit will kill almost all microorganisms, so just a few minutes of boiling will do the job.
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Unfortunately, drinking unfiltered water has some health implications to consider as chemicals and other toxins are added to, or remain in the water. In South Australia, we entrust water treatment facilities with the responsibility of providing safe drinking water, but they only test and regulate a stipulated number of contaminants. Some chemicals like chlorine and fluoride are deliberately added to the tap water for specific purposes including the disinfection process, which is used to rid the water of harmful micro-organisms. You can see more about water filtration systems at Waterways.
Other contaminants that can be found are lead, by-products, called trihalomethanes (THMs), form when the chlorine reacts with organic matter in the water, chromium and arsenic which is naturally occurring in certain types of rocks and can potentially contaminate groundwater and underground reservoirs
There are several others contamination risks that can also enter the waterways from industrial effluent directly emptied into the ground water systems or from contaminated soil. To ensure safe tap water, controlling man-made pollution is just as important as considering the latest water purification technologies.
Mr Amis said the most worrying breaches in South Australia related to the potentially cancer causing by-products from the chlorine disinfection process that occurs during S.A. water treatment. The by-products, (THMs) which, when tested as a group, should not exceed 250 parts per billion.
“If these compounds were calculated individually, there were almost 3000 individual disinfection by-product breaches,” Mr Amis said, 2012.
Let’s look at the most relevant additives and chemicals found commonly in unfiltered water.
Fluoride was first introduced to Australia’s drinking water in 1953 at Beaconsfield in Tasmania. Today more than 80% of Australians consume water with fluoridation.
In South Australia, water fluoridation commenced in Adelaide in 1971. Currently 90% of the state’s communities have access to reticulated water with accepted levels of fluoride.
There is a lot of controversy on this topic. Many countries including Australia, choose to fluorinate drinking water due to the belief it acts like a repair kit for teeth. There is strong opposition though, due to the fact that fluoride can also cause damage to general health, compared to its purported benefits for dental health. The Fluoride Action Network have cited numerous studies that link several health issues to it found in the water. There are a growing number of developed countries that had earlier implemented drinking water fluoridation but in the light of new research have since stopped the practice.
Chlorine is a chemical which comes in several forms and is used to disinfect water in salinisation treatment plants and swimming pools. The Chlorine is a pungent smelling gas known to irritate the nasal passages, but this chemical is can work effectively to destroy pathogens found in water to reduce the risks of waterborne diseases such as typhoid, viral hepatitis, cholera and salmonellosis.
The downside is that it can cause many health problems, including certain types of cancer. It is commonly added either as compressed chlorine gas or liquid sodium hypochlorite solution or calcium hypochlorite in powder form.
Lead can be found in water and old metal fixtures connecting the house supply to the mains is usually the culprit.
Unlike chlorine, lead dissolved in water does not cause any changes in colour, smell, or taste, so the only option is to get the tap water tested as recommended by expert.
Lead is extremely toxic, in particular it can affect the neuromuscular system and causes symptoms ranging from abdominal problems and fatigue to cognitive decline and irreversible brain damage.
How do I ensure that the water I drink is safe?
Ensuring your drinking water is clear of any harmful bacteria is important as it has the potential to cause health threats. This is one of the reason why Waterways have developed a CC1 Quad Action filtration system. This system has been specifically designed to provide you with a constant source of clean, sweet tasting water.
Why is it important to consume clean water? With the increase of pollutants which are finding their way into our water supply, resulting in our water being filled with a high percentage of water toxins.
So not only is it important that you drink water, it is also essential that you and your family drink clean filtered water.
At Waterways, we provide sophisticated and targeted methods of ensuring your drinking water remains safe to drink and reducing the need for chemical treatments.
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|a printed punctuation mark (‽), available only in some typefaces, designed to combine the question mark (?) and the exclamation point (!), indicating a mixture of query and interjection, as after a rhetorical question.|
|a children's mummer's parade, as on the Fourth of July, with prizes for the best costumes.|
(French: "ridge"), in geology, a sharp-crested serrate ridge separating the heads of opposing valleys (cirques) that formerly were occupied by Alpine glaciers. It has steep sides formed by the collapse of unsupported rock, undercut by continual freezing and thawing (glacial sapping; see cirque). Two opposing glaciers meeting at an arete will carve a low, smooth gap, or col. An arete may culminate in a high triangular peak or horn (such as the Matterhorn) formed by three or more glaciers eroding toward each other
Learn more about arete with a free trial on Britannica.com.
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EXCESSIVE NIGHTTIME ACTIVITY: DOGS
CAUSES OF EXCESSIVE NIGHTTIME ACTIVITY
Medical problems and behavior problems are possible causes of excessive nighttime activity. A wide variety of physical health problems, including illnesses that increase the need to urinate or defecate to cognitive dysfunction - "senility", "dementia" - can lead to excessive nighttime activity.
There is also a range of behavior problems that might produce nocturnal activity. Fear, anxiety, response to outdoor stimuli, a schedule change (for example, feeding, owner's work schedule, owner's bedtime routine), and unruly behavior are among the possibilities.
Unruly behavior is behavior that is boisterous, disorderly, disruptive, and lacking in restraint. Examples include barking and repeatedly asking to go outdoors. Two common reasons for unruly behavior are "excess energy" and attention-seeking behavior.
Diagnosis of the cause of excessive nighttime activity begins with a complete physical health screen, including a review of the pet's medical history, physical exam, and often diagnostic tests.
If physical health problems are ruled out, the various behavior possibilities are considered. Anxiety, schedule changes, and outdoor stimuli are among the more common issues that should be considered before settling on a diagnosis of unruly behavior.
Once it seems most likely that unruly behavior is the cause of the nighttime activity, then the reasons for this unruly behavior can be considered. If the pet is a young dog that is home alone all day then there may simply be "energy to burn". Other dogs may have learned that becoming active at night is a good way of getting attention from their human companions.
When unruly behavior is the reason for excessive nighttime acivity, management should be tailored for the individual pets situation. Some considerations that apply to most dogs include:
INCREASE DAYTIME AND EVENING INTERACTION Owners should spend as much time as possible with the dog during normal waking hours, engaging their pet in activities appropriate for it. Sedate walks around the yard might be what an older pet needs; young dogs might need vigorous play like chasing a ball or frisbee; working dogs might benefit from structured activities like training sessions and agility classes.
ALTER THE FEEDING SCHEDULE Usually this means eliminating an evening meal, but in some situations instituting an evening meal or bedtime snack can be tried.
ENSURE A COMFORTABLE AND SECURE SLEEPING AREA AND TRAIN THE DOG TO USE IT This is more than just a soft bed. Ideally, dogs should not be allowed to sleep in the same bed with their owners. (It is very important to some owners to have their dog in bed with them, and it is a part of their relationship with their pet that they will not give up. These owners should realize that allowing this sleeping arrangement is powerful reinforcement of their dogs attention-seeking behavior. This reinforcement will create a number of problems, including making it very difficult to manage excessive nighttime acitivity.)
The dog's sleeping area should be a location that is free of the disruptions of sights, sounds and smells of outdoor stimuli and also other household pets and in-house activity.
Once an appropriate sleeping area is established the dog should not be relied upon to naturally use it. Instead, the pet should be trained to use it with positive reinforcement. Choose a cue word - "bed", "place", "settle" - and bring the dog to the bed to lie down and receive a small food treat. Progress until the dog responds to the command and does not have to be brought to the bed.
AVOID REINFORCING THE NIGHTTIME ACTIVITY It is very difficult for owners to avoid indavertantly reinforcing their pet's nighttime plea for attention; this is because dogs will generally take any form of contact with their owner as positive reinforcement - eye contact, voice contact, physical contact, a trip out to the yard are all interpreted as excellent rewards, the equivalent of getting a wonderful food treat for begging at the table.
Ignoring the nighttime behavior might eventually serve to extinguish it; if the dog gets no reinforcement at all it is likely to eventually stop the behavior. Problems with this approach include temporary escalation of the unruly nighttime activity as the dog initially tries harder to gain the owner's attention, before realizing that a reward is not forthcoming, and quick relapse of the behavior after a period of successful control, when the owner, in a moment of sleepiness or agitation, responds in some way to their pet.
Minimizing the response to the dog's nocturnal behavior is probably the best approach to avoid reinforcing it. Keep eye contact to a minimum and do not touch the dog. No treats. If the dog is asking to go out, provide only a quick trip with just enough time to eliminate, or to establish that the dog does not need eliminate. In a neutral voice, use the one-word command for the dog to return to its sleeping area.
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Wood is a porous material that expands and contracts naturally depending on the humidity levels in the air around it. Although sealed with a protective coating, hardwood floors can still absorb moisture. Typically, when hardwood flooring is installed there should some allowance given for this movement. Lifting often occurs due to improper installation of your flooring or because of excess moisture.
Lifting at the Edges
Cupping occurs when your hardwood flooring lifts at the edges only. The most common cause of cupped floors is the presence of moisture beneath the floor. The moisture causes the wood to expand which forces the edges up. Improper installation, where a vapor barrier is not placed between the floor and the moisture beneath it may be the reason for this, but it may also be a leak in the plumbing that runs beneath the floor. Cupping can also be caused by minor flooding from a malfunctioning appliance or by using too much water to clean your floors. The source of the moisture must be removed before repairing, however, or the floors will cup again. Let the wood dry for at least one full heating season before attempting to repair them. If the cupping is minor, the floor may flatten on its own once dry. Severe cupping will require refinishing but sanding a cupped floor before the moisture is gone can result in crowning, where the center of the flooring lifts instead of the edges.
Lifting in the Center
When hardwood floors lift up at the center, making this area higher than the board's edges, they're crowning. This is usually caused by sanding a cupped floor before it has completely dried, although moisture on the upper side of the floor caused by plumbing leaks or wet mopping may cause floors to crown as well. Prolonged periods of high relative humidity can also result in temporary crowning. Severe crowning can be repaired by first drying the floor and then sanding it flat and refinishing.
Moisture causes expansion across the wood grain of your floor. When the wood can't expand anymore because it is blocked by something solid such as a wall, the floor rises and pulls up from the subfloor to relieve the pressure. Buckled, bent or heaved floors will never correct themselves. Repairing this damage, which may be caused by flooding, leaks or high humidity, requires pulling some of the floor up to allow air to circulate throughout the wood and to allow it to dry. When the floor has dried and the source of the moisture corrected, then the buckled boards typically need to be replaced.
Raised flooring can sometimes be the result of improper installation. If the wood is not given adequate space at the edges of the flooring to allow for normal expansion or the flooring is nailed down incorrectly, the wood may lift from the subfloor. Hardwood installed in basements without a vapor barrier between the substrate and the wood can also lift as the moisture from the subfloor is absorbed by the wood. If you've determined that moisture is not an issue, but your floor is still lifting, contact a professional installer to inspect the flooring. You may need to replace a few incorrectly installed boards to fix your problem.
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CDC: Widespread use of antibiotics in hospitals is leading cause of resistance
The most important cause of antibiotic-resistant infections in people can be attributed to widespread antibiotic use in hospitals, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
In its widely publicized report “Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2013,” CDC says that up to 50% of all antibiotics prescribed for people are unneeded or are not optimally effective as prescribed.1 It provides recommendations for reducing resistant infections and urges healthcare providers to more wisely prescribe antibiotics.
Antibiotic use in agriculture is also addressed throughout the report, where CDC says it supports the FDA’s plan to issue guidance aimed at curbing the use of antibiotics in food animals. It states that the use of antibiotics for promoting growth in food animals is “not necessary” and should be phased out.
Unlike the FDA guidelines, the CDC report does not specify that the phase-out of growth-promoters should apply only to antibiotics that are important to human health. However, when Poultry Health Today inquired about the discrepancy, the CDC public affairs office responded that the “CDC’s position is exactly the same as FDA’s” — that performance claims should apply only to medically important antibiotics.
In its report, CDC also, for the first time, ranks the threat that various bacterial pathogens pose as urgent, serious or concerning. Urgent means that a bacterium is an immediate public health threat requiring aggressive action.
Topping the urgent list is Clostridium difficile, which can cause life-threatening diarrhea in people. CDC attributes most of these infections to both recent medical care and antibiotic treatment.
Food animals are mentioned on the list for two pathogens CDC ranks as a “serious” threat. One is drug-resistant Campylobacter and the other is drug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella. It says that both can spread from animals to people through food. Among measures to curb the problem, CDC advises avoiding inappropriate antibiotic use in food animals, stopping the spread of these pathogens on farms and educating consumers and food workers about safe food handling.
Using conservative estimates, CDC says approximately 2 million illnesses in people resulting in 23,000 deaths occur annually due to antibiotic-resistant infections. For the full report, click here.
Posted on January 24, 2014
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Welcome! You'll need a College of DuPage Library card in order to use most of the resources below from off campus.
Questions about anything on this page? Feel free to use my contact info to the right, stop by the Reference Desk, or contact us by email or chat.
- Find Your Reaction
- Methodology and Results
- Future Studies/Experimental
Before We Get Started
Looking for a general book that explains how to conduct chemistry research? Check out Chemical Information for Chemists: A Primer. We have two copies, one in reference, and one in general, and the book covers patent searching, physical data, reaction searching, and many other topics of interest for chemistry research.
You will also want to create a SciFinder Account in order to do much of your research for this project. Follow the directions on the linked page to get started, and contact me if you have any questions about setting up an account or searching.
Find Your Reaction
You can use the sources here to find a reaction of interest, get general information about the reaction, and answer questions about the reaction and its mechanism. Struggling to find a reaction to write about? Try the following steps:
Use a Library Book
We have several organic chemistry textbooks on reserve and in the general collection. Skim through the index to see named reactions listed. Browse the general collection around QD 251.2 and QD 261 or search the catalog. You can also search for "name reaction" OR "named reaction" in the catalog.
Need help finding a textbook?
Click on the Catalog link at the top of this screen, and
1) type in "organic chemistry textbook."
2) Select "Books & e-books."
3) Select "COD Library Only."
Choose a molecule of interest and see if there is a named reaction that makes it. Search in Google: name of molecule and reaction to synthesize or reaction to produce. Be sure that your molecule is the product of a reaction and that it is a NAMED reaction.
While Name-Reaction.com doesn't have most of the info you'll need for your report, it does have a long list of named reactions and short info about them that is easily browseable.
Finding Historical Information:
Macmillan Encyclopedia of Chemistry: Reference QD 4 .M33 1997. 4 vols.
Check this encyclopedia for articles on many named reactions. You'll find basic descriptions and illustration of reaction mechanism to description, illustration, history, substrate, and reaction conditions.
Top Drugs: Their History, Pharmacology, Syntheses: On Reserve: RS420 .L535 2015
This book shares the chemistry behind 10 prominent drugs, including the product history, the mechanism of action, structure-activity relationship (SAR), bioavailability, metabolism, toxicology, the discovery route, and the process route.
Contemporary Drug Synthesis: On Reserve: RS403 .C667 2004.
Slightly older book, but still helpful: use the index to ID where your reaction is named in the synthesis of a drug. Great resource for identifying a product. Includes structure of drug, use of the drug, illustration of the synthesis of a drug. Make sure to check the list of references for potential additional sources.
Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis by Laszlo Kurti and Barbara Czako on Reserve: QD262 .K86 2005
This book provides a lot of helpful information, including a description, a description/illustration of a mechanism, utility (examples of drugs/chemicals produced, including descriptions and illustrations), and a list of references organized by type.
Name Reactions. 5th ed. by Jie Jack Li. Reference: QD291 .L5 2014 and (4th Ed. Online)
Mechanisms of the reaction are illustrated, examples of the reaction using specific reagents and conditions. Includes original publication identifying the reaction (written by scientist who discovered it.)
Credo will also often give you information about the background of an experiment (though not in as much detail.)
Dictionary of Scientific Biography 18 vols. Reference Q 141 .D5
This is your best bet for historical information on your scientist. Use index in volume 16 to find biographical information on the person the reaction is named for. Review bibliography for additional sources.
Great Chemists Reference QD 21 .F35
The Biographical Dictionary of Scientists: Chemists Reference QD 21 .B48
Methodology and Results: Including Safety, Health, and Environmental Effects
Use any of the following resources, both online and in print, to discover xxperimental, health and environmental data for your reaction product.
March's Advanced Organic Chemistry On Reserve: QD251.2 .M37 2013
Provides a description/illustration of a mechanism with detailed description of various reaction conditions, and also criteria for and examples of good reagents.
Hazardous Chemicals Desk Reference. Reference T 55.3 .H3 L49
Start at the introduction to make sense of the entries. Safety info here as well.
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Online and in Reference T 55.3 .H3 N56
Chemical/physical properties, with personal protection and other safety info listed.
Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 5 vols. Reference T 55.3 .H3 539 2012 and Online
Entries are organized alphabetically by DPIM Entry code. Use the index in volume 1 to locate your molecule. Check the introduction (p. xi) to make sense of your entry.
Comprehensive Toxicology Online.
Provides explanation of the effects of chemical and physical agents on biological systems.
Micromedex. Includes links to Physicians Desk Reference, USP DI and many other drug sources as well as toxicology and other health effects and sometimes MSDS
HAZMAT Zone Use this database to look up safety information on MSDS Data Sheets. Only one user at a time may access this database. User Name: codlib Password: library
Still not finding what you need? Try Google. It can be useful to put quotation marks around phrases: "Cannizzaro Reaction," "benzoic acid". Add more specific terms: nmr, uv, history, safety...
If you want laboratory information from university chemistry departments, add this string: site:.edu Often, there are laboratory procedures for synthesis or background information on a reaction or molecule.
Use the databases to shore up any gaps in your research so far. See examples below.
Scifinder will allow you to search by the name of your reaction or the product. Do a "research topic" search and then limit your results by date. Remember that citation information is located to the right of the screen in SciFinder.
Medline Lists research articles from chemical, medical and environmental journals. Most specific search is Advanced search: use CAS registry number and change format from Keyword to Chemical Substance.
Science Direct Search reaction name or chemical synthesized. be sure to choose "Subscribed journals" in center of page. Almost all titles retrieved will be fulltext.
Academic Search Complete Use advanced search to link terms (named reaction and molecule synthesized or name of product and environment*...) Choose Scholarly publications. Not everything will result in fulltext but several ACS publications are indexed. Go to local college libraries or order articles on interlibrary loan.
Not finding the article you want in full-text online? Start by checking our journal locator to be sure that the article isn't just in another of our databases. Type in the journal name to see if we have access to the journal, and if so, for which dates.
For journal articles, bibliographic citations in the chemical literature tend to give abbreviated titles. Talk to Laura if you need help finding the full journal title when requesting an article. Guide to chemistry journal abbreviations from University of British Columbia will be helpful.
Still not finding your article?
Use Interlibrary Loan to get books and articles from other libraries. For books, be sure to get author, title and date whenever possible.
Chemical citations often do not give the title of the article or full range of pages, so you will need to fill in a topic: use parentheses: (About name of molecule) and starting page number with a + after it.
Interlibrary loan of books can take 10 business days and articles may take 5 business days, so give yourself time to get these materials.
In addition to the information found in the articles you look at, Google Patent Search and PubMed can be good places to look for information.
PubMed indexes many ACS journals as well, and searching for your reaction in quotes "Hunsdiecker reaction" will pull up some of the most current articles published on the topic.
Google Advanced Search for Patents
Use Google Advanced Search for Patents to search for a named reaction of interest to see how it has been used in a patented chemical process (aka significance.) You can also search by patent number. Program will search patents from 1776 to recent months. Patent image available without loading special software.
Molecule (or Reaction Product) Information: Spectra
First Step: SciFinder
Scifinder often has the information you need, complete with citations to the articles that are most helpful. Click on Substance Identifier in the left hand menu and try searching by CAS number, name, or formula.
Struggling to find the article cited in SciFinder? Check the ILL information on the Finding Articles Page.
If you what you want is not in SciFinder, try the following:
Aldrich Library of FT-IR Spectra . 3 v. Reference QD 96 .I5 P66 1989
Aldrich Library of 13C and 1H FT NMR Spectra. 3 v. Reference QC462.85 .A44 1993
Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances series, v. 1-29, except 15. Reference RS189 .A582
This series is for drugs only. It will provide all of the info for your molecule. Full mechanism of drug synthesis. Cumulative index in volume 29.
Dictionary of Organic CompoundsReference QD246 .D5 1996. 6th ed. 9 vols.
Physical data, bibliography listing sources for synthesis, derivatives, and full reviews of the molecule. See page xvi of volume 1 for abbreviations, etc.
Spectral Database for Organic Compounds SDBS This free website, organized by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan, contains spectral data for many compounds.
Other Sources by Name of Reaction Product (Safety, Significance)
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology Editions: 3rd, 4th, and 5th.
Different content in each edition. Use the index to each edition to check for examples of your reaction product. Reference TP 9 .E685
Chemical Compounds. Online.
Description of chemical compounds and their common uses, production, and potential hazards. Historical background and useful bibliographies.
Contemporary Drug Synthesis Reference RS403 .C667 2004 For those researching a pharmaceutical, a bit of history and synthesis, with references. On reserve for class.
100 Most Important Chemical Compounds: a Reference Guide. Reference TP 9 .M94 2007 or online
Provides information about the structure, physical properties, importance, and production of compounds.
PubChem will provide images of the structure, utility, and other important info.
Pet Molecule project Extensive guide to how to research a specific molecule compiled by our former science librarian.
Google Scholar . Use the Advanced Search feature to search for articles and patents related to your molecule (example: "benzoic acid" synthesis) Look to the right to see if the article is available in PDF or HTML text format. If not, make notes for Interlibrary Loan!
The Library's Citing Sources Guide for APA Style provides info with links to helpful websites and a citation formatting program.
You can also use Noodlebib if you need help formatting sources.
Purdue's Online Writing Lab site includes a sample paper, complete with total APA format.
Finally, the APA style blog has some wonderful (and unusual) examples of APA style.
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Woolpack Volunteer Centre
A converted naval gun battery built in 1900 is a home for our team of residential volunteers.
The Woolpack Battery was built in 1900 to house two 9" breech loading naval guns. This was part of a series of defences constructed on St Mary's to defend the Western Approaches when a perceived military threat to the British Isles came from France. These include a fortified caretaker's quarter, generator-house and searchlight emplacements and two smaller batteries. The Woolpack Battery is a twin with the nearby Steval Battery although they are not identical.
The Woolpack Battery did not have an active military history and the guns were never fired for attack. The battery was decommissioned in 1906 after Britain and France signed the 'Entente Cordiale', which marked an end to centuries of conflict between the two nations.100 years after being built, The Isles of Scilly Wildlife Trust converted the battery, a listed building and scheduled ancient monument, into the Woolpack Volunteer Centre to accommodate up to 13 volunteers. The conversion has not changed the basic structure of the building and almost all of the original features of the battery have been retained.
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How to Tap a Sugar Maple Tree and Make Your Own Maple Syrup
Making Your Own Maple Syrup is not impossible, it just requires patience, some knowledge and the right equipment... and tree!
It all starts with the tree
First, let's look at the requirements for the trees.
Which trees can be tapped
While maple syrup can be made from any species of maple tree, the sugar maple has the highest concentration of sugar in the sap. SO, if you
can, use sugar maple trees!
Trees that can be tapped
include: sugar maples (Acer saccharum) which is also known as the hard maple, rock maple, sweet maple and black maple.Maple syrup can also be
made from the sap of red maple and black maple trees. It can even be made from other maple species, such as the Bigleaf Maple in the Pacific
Northwest. But instead of about 40 gallons of sugar maple syrup to make 1 gallon of maple syrup, it may require 60 gallons of box elder sap to produce one gallon of
How much sap will you need
Generally the ratio of sap to syrup for the sugar maple is 40 to 1 (40 gallons of sap yields one gallon of syrup). It is generally recommended
that you have at least ten gallons of sap before you start the evaporating process.
Tools will you need
The tools required for a small maple syrup operation are found in most homes or can be easily obtained. They include:
(brace) with 7/16" or 3/8" drill bit
- Collection containers - plastic buckets, milk jugs, and coffee cans work well. It is best to use containers that have a cover on them to keep out rain, snow
and other forest debris.
- Large boiling pan
(preferably low and broad)
- Candy thermometer
- Wool felt or cheesecloth filter material
- Tapping spouts (called spiles) . Spiles can be purchased or made Making Spiles
- You need 1/2 inch (1 cm) diameter " wooden dowels cut to 3 inch (8 cm) lengths.
- Drill a 1/8 inch ( hole through the center of each dowel and taper at one end so the spile will fit snugly into the tree tap hole.A notch should be made
on the top of the wide end of the spile to support the sap collection container
How to tap the tree and collect the sap
Timing is everything!
When to Tap
Alternating freeze and thaw temperatures are necessary to create the pressure which causes the sap to flow when the tree is tapped. Sap runs
best when temperatures drop below freezing at night and rise into the 40s during the day.
In the upper Midwest of the U.S., these conditions typically occur during the
month of March. In new England in may start in early March. But weather conditions vary from year to year, and from one location to another, so trees can sometimes be tapped
as early as mid- February or as late as April.
Once temperatures stay above freezing and leaf buds appear, the maple syrup season is over.
To determine the number of taps per tree, (too many taps in a tree may be harmful) use the following chart:
||Number of Taps
|less than 10"
|| none - tree is too small and will be damaged
|10" to 14"
|15" to 19"
|20" to 24"
|25" or larger
- Drill a hole in a tree, 2 - 4 feet above the ground.
- The hole should be drilled at a slight upward angle to a depth of about 3 inches.
a hammer to lightly tap the spile into the hole. Do not hammer the spile too far into the hole as it may cause the wood around the hole to split -
resulting in lost sap flow.
- Hang a sap container from the spile.
- Empty sap containers once a day
Processing the sap into syrup
To avoid spoilage, mold, damage, insects, etc, you should process sap immediately or store in a cool place out of direct sunlight until you are
To make syrup from maple sap is a simple process of boiling and evaporation. Concentrating the syrup increases the sugar content from
approximately 2% to around 66%. This process also darkens the color to its shades of golden brown.Since
substantial quantities of water will be "cooked off," most of the boiling should be done outside, historically done over a wood-burning stove; but a
propane source allows for more precise control of the temperature and produces far few carbon emissions. A propane turkey fryer is ideal,
- Set up your turkey fryer or other heating apparatus. Make sure you have considered fire safety cleared flammables from the area, dogs,
children and animals that could knock things over and have a fire extinguisher handy.
- Pour your
sap into a large cooking pan or pot. The wider the pan or pot, the better (so long as it is not a lot larger than your heat source) as a pan with a large surface area will increase the rate of evaporation during the boiling process.
- As the water boils
off, add more sap. Take care to add only small amounts of sap at a time to avoid killing the boil.
- Use a candy thermometer attached to the side of
the pan to monitor the temperature of the sap. As the sugar in the sap becomes more concentrated, the temperature of the boiling sap will rise.
the sap darkens and the bubbles become smaller, you are approaching the final stages of boiling. As you cook the syrup, it will slowly become a
light caramel color as it becomes syrup. You must skim any scum off and discard that rises to the surface. In general, a lighter color of the
sap means a better the quality of the syrup it will produce.
- At this point, pour the sap into a smaller pan and
continue boiling on your indoor stove.
- When the temperature of the sap reaches 219 degrees, the sap has become syrup! It reaches boiling point at 106°C (about 228 degrees
Fahrenheit) and is pasteurized at this point but needs to be kept in a sterile container and refrigerated or it will go off. When the
temperature of the syrup gets close to boiling point it is a good idea to transfer the large shallow pans into saucepans to finish the syrup on
the stove where it can be monitored more closely. It can quite quickly turn to maple candy if you let it get too hot. When cold, any sediment or
“sugar sand” can be strained off.
- To finish the syrup making
process, strain the hot syrup twice through cheesecloth or felt, pour into jars and refrigerate.
- For longer storage, you can also use mason jars and
can the syrup. See this page for how to use a canner! You only need to pour
the boiling hot syrup into the clean jars and use a processing time or 10 minutes.
Home Canning: General directions
Why you should use a canner and how to choose one.
Summary of approved home food preserving methods
Canning methods that are considered to be unsafe: steam, microwave, dishwasher, oven, or just sealing the jars without further processing?
Overview and step by step guide to water bath canning (for
acidic foods; jams, jellies, applesauce, fruits)
Overview and Step by step guide to pressure canning (for low
acid foods: beans, corn, meats, etc.)
If you are new to home canning - see these do's, don'ts and tips
Why shouldn't I just can my own recipe or change these recipes?
Frequently asked questions about canning
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April 23, 2009
Students Informed Least About Environmental Science Are Most Optimistic
NSF-funded researcher looks at knowledge and attitudes about the environment among 15-year-olds who took part in the latest Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)
Will problems associated with environmental issues improve in the next two decades? According to an analysis of student performance on PISA 2006--an international assessment of 15-year-olds--students who are the best informed about environmental science and the geosciences are also the most realistic about the environmental challenges facing the world in the next 20 years. Meanwhile, students who are least informed in these areas are the most wildly optimistic that things will improve.
These attitudes are among the results presented in Green at 15?, a study done by sociologist David Baker and colleagues at Pennsylvania State University, in collaboration with a team of researchers at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, or OECD, an international organisation that helps governments tackle the economic, social and governance challenges of a globalised economy. A PISA assessment is done every three years. PISA 2006 focused on science, assessing the knowledge and skills of more than 400,000 students in 57 countries around the world.
"PISA is a very large study, and there is a lot of material that's not covered in their final report," Baker said. "It seemed to me that, given all the attention the environment has captured, it would be useful to know what 15-year-olds know and think about the environment, particularly environmental science and geoscience."
The report looks at two broad areas: achievement, or "scientific literacy," and students' attitudes about the environment. In the area of achievement, American students' performance was typical of other PISA assessments, with scores in the middle of the pack.
The assessment used a combination of multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions to give students an opportunity to analyze and interpret data. For example, a question on the Greenhouse Effect included graphs showing carbon dioxide emissions and the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere over time and asked students what information in the graphs supported a relationship between temperatures and carbon dioxide emissions.
Seventeen percent of American students demonstrated the highest level of proficiency (referred to as Level A), indicating that they could consistently identify, explain and apply scientific knowledge to a variety of environmental topics. They also demonstrated the ability to link different information sources and explanations and use evidence from those sources to justify decisions about environmental issues. At the other end of the spectrum, 42 percent of American students performed at or below Level D. Students at this level showed difficulties answering questions containing scientific information relevant to basic environmental phenomena or issues.
In addition to gauging students' level of optimism about the environment, the portion of PISA dealing with attitudes about the environment assessed students' familiarity with and sense of responsibility for environmental issues. Green at 15? showed that the vast majority of students were familiar with issues including air pollution, energy shortages and extinction of plants and animals. For most countries, there was no strong association between the students' sense of responsibility for environmental issues and their proficiency in environmental science.
In another finding, 55 percent of participating U.S. schools had a specific course in environmental science, compared with 21 percent of such courses in schools in OECD member countries. In other countries this content is sometimes captured in geography class, a less common course in the U.S. According to Baker, these are good results for environmental educators to consider here in the U.S.
"The publication of this new study should inform school systems about how well they are doing in addressing important scientific issues about our earth and its environment," said Larry Suter, program manager at the National Science Foundation. "This report has applied the methods of scientific investigation to the study of a topic of concern to educators, scientists, and the general public."
On The Net:
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Yanking on a leash can give your dog whiplash; it’s never a good idea to jerk any type of animal’s neck quickly. If you teach your pet how to behave when you two are walking together, when to stop and when to move, it will be much easier to avoid a bad scenario. I am dogsitting a middle-age shih tzu for a while. Neither of mine are interested in retrieving, but Poppy loves to run around with a “treasure” in her mouth. An off-leash dog encountering a leashed dog creates an inequity, often resulting in aggressive behavior. Obedience classes are a good start, but if techniques you've learned there aren't producing the desired results, consider consulting a certified professional dog trainer, advises the ASPCA. > Should you correct your dog by yanking on their leash so that they don't walk in front of you? “A dog … can jump up and snag their collar on a fence post or a window latch,” which can lead to suffocation, says … A 2006 study found how leash/collar pulling causes damage to dog's cornea, trachea and larynx. The most common cause is swallowing of choking bone or any other swallowing that causes an injury to the mouth and affects its throat. If a dog on a fixed-length leash bolts, he won't muster much momentum before he reaches the end of his tether, thereby limiting the amount of damage he can do to himself. Here are five ways collars can potentially harm your dog, along with some tips for safe, responsible collar use. The retractable dog leash contains a cord or a nylon thread measuring around 20 –30 feet. After the dog was rushed to the hospital in severe respiratory distress, vets found no external injuries -- only a torn trachea deemed to have been a leash-pulling injury. It releases and retracts back into a plastic case handle. You should also train your dog to walk properly so they don’t tug on a leash. The dog would pull on it if he wanted to go further away from the sidewalk than the leash would go. 3. 6 Dangers of Dogs Pulling on Leash (And What You Must Do), Addison’s Disease in Dogs: The Guide for Pet Owners, 10 Key Differences Between Wolves and Dogs, Swimmer Puppy Syndrome: How to Help Your Dog, The Science-based Guide for Feeding Athletic Dogs, TOP #123: Ridesharing for Dogs and Their Owners, TOP #120: How to Pick Mentally Stimulating Toys for Dogs, TOP #119: How to Restrain Dogs in Cars to Keep Them Safe, Recipe: Beef Stew for Dogs with A Sensitive Stomach, Recipe: High Fiber Dog Treats with Oat Bran, Recipe: Grain Free Dog Treats with Coconut Flour, How Do Dogs Get Parvo and How to Prevent It, 5 Reasons To Start Making Dog Food At Home, Giveaway: Spruce Grab & Go Leash Bag ($30+ Value), Review: PetFusion Outdoor Pet Waste Disposal, Review: Hyper Pet K9 Kannon Tennis Ball Launcher, 13 Best Hunting Dogs You Should Know About, Seventeen of the Healthiest Medium and Small Dog Breeds, 10 Surprisingly Dangerous Dog Breeds if Not Trained Properly, TOP #111: How Your Dog Influences Your Shopping Habits, Wunderbar: The Eleven Most Popular German Dog Breeds In The US, Blue-Eyed Beauties: 11 Blue-Eyed Dog Breeds, Most Popular Egyptian Dog Breeds in the United States, Ooh-la-la: 11 Most Popular French Dog Breeds in the United States. If there is no back or neck injury, pull the head and neck forward. Since she is a small breed dog, she is more likely to injure herself than a large breed dog by running to the end of her leash. If a harness doesn’t fit well and a dog pulls hard on his leash, there is some potential for a chest injury, says Dr. Susan C. Nelson, clinical professor … Avoid punishing the dog for their bad behavior, but avoid supporting it too – use reinforcement instead. … “It just cut it off like a sharp knife,” the woman said. I can attest to this from personal experience with our Cockapoo! Choke chains work on very large dogs with thick necks that won't be easily damaged and should only be used when you need to get quick control of the animal. They also distribute pressure evenly across your cat's chest to prevent injury to their neck and throat. A dog that pulls or strains on his lead or chain could severely exacerbate issues caused by a tight collar as well. The reason why this results in a cough is that the dog’s trachea has become damaged. Open the dog's mouth and pull the tongue forward so it does not block the throat. Humans and canines have been hunting together for a long time, probably ever since dogs were first domesticated. Pulling the leash exercises pressure on a dog’s neck, and this pressure quickly travels to your dog’s head, eyes and ears. Along with these issues, retractable leashes can also cause serious injuries to both humans and dogs–from superficial cuts, burns to even death. If your dog displays any of these symptoms, contact your veterinarian. If the dog has some precondition such as eye or ear injury or glaucoma, the effects of pulling can be particularly dangerous for your dog’s organs and senses. He became more and more terrified as the “monster” first charged him and then continued to come after him. If you’re not worried about falling over, hands-free leashes (which are worn around the waist) can help give senior dog walkers more security and control when they walk their dogs. In March 2009, Consumer Reports News published the findings of a statistical analysis based on 2007 data collected by the Consumer Product Safety Commission. She is also a former veterinarian assistant, and author of the popular online dog training course "Brain Training for Dogs. Limb or Mouth Injuries Additionally, chronic injuries can develop over time due to the animal tugging and pulling on their leash. One of the best ways to reduce the chances of your dog putting pressure on their throat while pulling on a leash is to use the type of aforementioned harness collar which doesn’t put any pressure on the neck. Especially never use any kind of head halter with an extended leash. If a dog bites down on the collar, the spikes can cause damage to the dog’s mouth and to the wearer’s neck and throat. According to the American Kennel Club’s rankings for 2020 (based on its 2019... © 2020 TopDogTips.com. Back-clip harnesses are especially useful for small breed dogs with delicate throats like Havanese. Pullers. If the chain slips and rides high on the dog's throat, it can damage sensitive cartilage. This is the best ways to avoid a whole range of dangers arising from a leash and collar pulling. How to Stop Your Dog from Pulling on the Leash. The sign of nerve damage in dogs is hypersensitivity or tingling sense in their paws. Pulling on a leash can cause bruises around a dog's neck, cuts and laceration and even bone fracture. When blood flow is cut off on a regular basis, it causes swelling, and constant swelling damages your dogs organs and appendages. It’s the law: ... Spikes and prongs can cause injury to both dogs. … The main problem are collar related injuries that come as a consequence of collar cutting into your dog’s neck when they're pulling the leash, or when you pull the dog to stop them. In addition, small breeds such as Miniature Poodles, Yorkshire Terriers, Maltese, Shih Tzus, etc are more prone to a condition called collapsing trachea . Before I begin, I want to tell you that it is not my intention to upset anyone or tell you that you are hurting your dog. Though these injuries weren't broken down according to leash types, the news story quoted a Boston woman who had lost one of hers after her large dog bolted while the retractable leash she was holding was wrapped around it. Check Best Price: Best Choice. Potential Risks of Dog Harnesses. The damage occurs when the cartilage rings on the trachea … In an attempt to handle the feeling that is deep into the throat, the dog tries to cough it away. The best way to prevent neck, nerve and thyroid damage is to get your dog a harness. Best for: Dogs (XX-Small to Large) Price: $15.99-19.99 | More Information. I … Tip: Leather dog leashes are tough and durable. 2. Invest in your cat's health and safety with our Reflective Safety Cat Harness and Leash Sets. Clipping your dog’s leash to the front of a no-pull, escape proof harness minimizes your risk. Reports show an average of 26,000 dogs every year (or 71 dogs a day) will be injured in a collar related accident. The dog showed signs of neurologic damage for about a week but survived without permanent neurological deficits. Even a well-fitting collar can be dangerous if used to tie up a dog in the backyard, says Dr. Barbara Hodges, a veterinary advisor with the Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association. If... Egypt is home to some of the oldest dog breeds in the world. If your dog runs and then comes to the end of the leash, that can intensify any injury to your dog. Canines are active by nature and will always try to pull on the leash and in the process will damage vital organs underneath the neck. To prevent these problems, massage your dog’s neck as a warm-up before the exercise or daily walks. Leash-pulling dogs can hurt not only themselves, but also the humans struggling to bring them under control at the other end of the strap. The handle had come flying towards him as the leash fed back into it at top speed and the internal mechanism broke. The Whole Dog Journal recommends giving your dog 1/2 to 1 teaspoon of honey three to four times per day. The dog had hit the end of the leash and pulled hard enough to jerk the handle from his guardian’s hand. Most owners whose dog has kennel cough think there might be something stuck in the throat due to the strange retch that these dogs have - a bit like a seal honk! A harness is ideal for training since it prevents dogs from getting tangled in their leash. The dog would pull on it if he wanted to go further away from the sidewalk than the leash would go. "Her work has appeared in several print and online publications including E-how, USA Today, Every Dog Magazine, Daily Puppy and Connecticut Dog Magazine. Dogster: Dog Collars -- The Hidden Cause Behind Many Injuries, New York Post: Incorrectly Used Collars, Leashes Can Do Harm, VIN News Service: Injuries, Behavioral Problems Linked to Retractable Leashes, Healthy Pets: The Surprising Connection Between Pet Collars and Seizures, Rice Village Animal Hospital: Retractable Leashes -- Why We Do Not Recommend Them, ConsumerReports.org: Retractable Leashes Pose Problems for People and Their Pets, ASPCA: Teaching Your Dog Not to Pull on a Leash. Types of Dog Walking Injuries. There are also leashes better suited for arthritis that can be a bit easier on … If you know the cause of your dog’s distress it will be quicker to diagnose and treat, but no matter what the cause your dog needs veterinary assistance as soon as possible. One disadvantage of back-clip harnesses is that they provide less control and don’t discourage pulling. For example, if you’ve told your dog to stop yet they keep going and pulling you after, refuse to go in the direction that the dog wants to go. When your dog pulls on a harness, it doesn’t hurt its body as much as a collar … The constant strain on the dog’s neck from pulling can cause throat injuries. … They have an attachment on the back of the dog where you hook your leash. Dry Honking Cough. His owner forgot his harness and I had to walk the dog on a normal leash and collar all week. I have been able to find out very little infomation about paralysis of the larynx and would appreciate anything that you could tell me. 2. A neck and spinal cord injury can cause paralysis or neurological problems. If your dog has an eye injury, you may notice squinting, excess tearing or other eye discharge, redness, bulging of the eye, and/or swelling. Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. Leash-pulling is more than just a pain in the neck for dogs and their owners -- it's a practice that can cause serious injury to pets as well as the people walking them. Retractable leashes use the same mechanism as a tape measure. With new figures suggesting that thousands of dog owners across the UK may be suffering serious hand injuries caused by dog leads and collars, the British Society for Surgery of the Hand is urging pet owners to take care to avoid ending up in the dog house. Consistently pulling on the leash can do harm to them, resulting in damage of peripheral nerves and neuromuscular junction. Leash training, like most dog obedience training is less problematic if we can break it down into straight forward, manageable steps. The pressure of the collar against the neck affects nerves controlling movement and sensation in the front legs and compresses blood vessels, thereby restricting blood flow to the head. If your dog pulls against his collar, regardless if he weighs 5 pounds or 150 pounds, stop this behavior before your dog gets hurt. A retractable leash gives a dog more freedom to pull in order to extend the lead. If the dog starts to vomit, remove the muzzle and reapply when he is finished. Putting the effort in early on can make your walks much more pleasant and safer for you both. Some dogs may keep pulling even despite the pain. Copyright 2021 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. The thyroid gland in the neck, which releases hormones essential to metabolism, can be injured. It might take a long time before your dog associates the feeling of discomfort with pulling the leash. See our loose leash walking article for more detailed specifics on how to train this successfully. If your dog is adequately trained, give him as much off-leash time as possible. If your dog's cough is caused by compression or injury to the trachea, the harness is more comfortable for your dog. When your dog has a sore throat he is likely to cough, gag and lose his appetite. When the body tries to get rid of the inflamed cells, your dog’s immune system has to destroy part of the gland itself. When a dog pulls on its leash, it restricts blood flow to its eyes and ears. Vagus nerve is a part of every dog’s nervous system and it starts in their neck area. As any sudden movement is more difficult on our body if we start exercising without warming up properly, so it is on our dogs. With … Summary. Once your dog learns basic commands, make it a habit to go someplace in nature more often where both of you can relax and be free of any restrictions. Below is a partial list of some of the injuries related to dog walking that are treated at HandSport Surgery Institute in New … BUY ON AMAZON. We asked veterinarians and dog trainers to recommend the best safe, secure, and stylish dog leashes for dog walking and running. It took a major operation, but he recovered and is fine. If they dash off in pursuit of something and are abruptly brought up short by the chain, damage to cervical vertebrae is common. About the author: Adrienne Farricelli is a certified dog trainer and behavior consultant. She says she has heard of dogs who tried to jump fences while tied on a long leash and ended up hanging themselves with their collar. Apparently, this condition is treatable by surgery on the throat. In most cases, your dog should never be without a leash in public places. and potentially causing serious damage; or 2) You let go of the leash to avoid snapping their neck (and possibly your shoulder, as well). Gooby Escape Free Sport Harness It is always good to take the time and effort to work on a loose leash walking training programme with your dog from the word go. BSSH member Mike Hayton speaking on BBC Breakfast . Her trachea and neck muscles are not as strong. Similarly, he can also scratch his "armpits" or his ears. The dangers of dogs pulling on a leash vary from physical to psychological, and the results from the injuries can be temporary, long-term or permanent. In fact, a 2008 study reported leash pulling in 70% of dog owners. Using a front clipping harness can help reduce chances of injury. In the dog’s mind, the logic goes “if I growl at the other dog, maybe he will go away”. Strangulation. Neck Injuries- Just one incident of pulling or running fast to the end of the leash could possibly cause serious neck damage. Since the dog is on leash, flight is not an option, leaving the dog with “fight”. Neck injury. This nerve assists in regulating the tension in a dog's blood vessels, and the proper functioning of the dog’s heart, lungs and stomach, thus it's crucial for this nerve to remain intact. He may develop a fever and have a difficult time swallowing. Speak to your vet if an injury doesn’t improve or occurs repeatedly. Just because your dog keeps racing after the cat even after the neck pull doesn’t mean that your pooch hasn't been hurt or is in pain. Your pet feels best when they can run freely without the need to constantly pull on the leash. It’s very common for dogs to experience a neck injury or throat damage from pulling their collars. A dog which is on a leash attached to a standard neck collar may begin coughing after pulling on the leash, especially if they pull hard—think “yanking” rather than simply pulling—or they make a habit of pulling on their leash every time they go for a work. When the vagus nerve is affected through leash pulling, it may cause fainting in dogs. NO! Take a couple of minutes before bringing your dog out for walk, and do the warming-up massage, paying close attention to their neck. Massaging your dog’s neck and body can relax the muscles and prepare their body for exercise. No matter how big and muscular a dog is, his neck and throat are among the most vulnerable parts of his body. They also feature breathable padding and are adjustable to make sure your cat is both safe and comfortable. Getting the right leash for your dog's shape and disposition is also vitally important. The Veterinary Information Network reported the case of a dog on a retractable leash darting into traffic and being struck by a motorcycle. A little honey, which has natural antibiotic properties, may help the underlying condition and sooth a sore throat. On her Healthy Pets website, veterinarian Karen Becker adds seizures brought on by cervical spine injuries to this list, a particular problem among dogs left chained up outdoors. Our pets don’t know when it's time to stop pulling, and if they get lost and panicky, their reaction is to try and get themselves free no matter the cost. Once your pup learns that the stubbornness is no way to go, your walks will become a more pleasant activity. 1) They get a huge jolt when they reach the end of the leash – putting an extremely high amount of stress on their neck – worsening any existing neck pain (pinched disc, etc.) So if your Havanese has a … throat Injuries can occur if a dog pulls on a leash repeatedly. A couple nights ago he refused to walk at all and I did pull on the collar hard a few times. A couple nights ago he refused to walk at all and I did pull on the collar hard a few times. It provides unimpeded peripheral vision and allows your pet to eat, drink, sleep, and play while protecting the back, rump, base of tail, flanks, chest, abdomen, and genitals (even feet in small breeds). Minor dog throat injury from collar wearing can be treated with a salve (similar to those used to treat nappy rash), coconut oil, or by keeping your dog’s neck collar-free for a while. As a consequence, your dog will get a weird sensation in almost any part of the body. But, by using one of the leash holding techniques discussed above, you should be able to release your dog’s leash rapidly enough to avoid injury. Proper dog training is key to preventing leash pulling dangers. The thyroid gland is located in the dog's neck, around their trachea, exactly in the part where we put the collar: Pulling on a leash causes trauma to a dog's thyroid gland and such repetitive traumas lead to inflammation and potential destruction of the gland, which in turn can lead to the decrease of thyroid gland hormone in your pet. Leash Training Steps. This gland gets severely traumatized whenever a dog pulls on the leash. If humane is defined as having regard for the health and wellbeing of another, then I believe that attaching a leash to the collar on your dog’s throat is not as humane practice as attaching the leash to a harness. They include: tracheal and/or esophageal damage, sprained necks, foreleg paralysis, … The dog may sneeze a little but the cough is the main symptom, these dogs are usually otherwise quite bright and alert. Some dogs accept leash training more readily than others, and some are just stubbornly resistant to the process, but with patience and perseverance, all dogs can be taught to behave themselves on leash, says the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Therefore, we strongly encourage community members to ban retractable leashes and instead … Give your puppy ample time to become accustomed to these tools before putting them on your puppy. In fact, the harder the dog tries to breathe, and can't, then the more frightened the dog becomes and it sets up a vicious cycle. Walking your dog on a tight leash, regardless of what kind of collar or harness it is attached to, will encourage your dog to think that a tight leash is the appropriate way to walk and they will encourage pulling. Replace the collar and leash combo with a no-pull harness. However, many vets believe that retractable leashes are much more likely to lead to traumatic neck and spine injuries than fixed-length leashes. The thyroid gland gets inflamed and consequently 'destroyed' by the body’s own immune system … Invest in your dog's health and safety with our Reflective Safety Dog Harness and Leash Sets. Administer CPR as follows: Lay the dog on its side. The most commonly cited issue that arises with retractable leashes is that your dog can hurt his throat or neck. While some of the ground and climbed the fence dog walking and running leash you... To a recent survey, approximately 35 % of the body we offer you tips to prevent injury their. It is only natural to want to avoid a whole range of dangers arising from leash! Gland gets severely traumatized whenever a dog hangs his head out of the thyroid.! A former veterinarian assistant, and fractured vertebrae are a hidden root of most neck injuries for dog... Walk politely on leash loose leash walking article for more detailed specifics on how to train a is! Properties, may help the underlying condition and sooth a sore throat is! He can also cause serious neck damage … Bite not pet collar it can happen to dog... From you to either get in trouble or in harm ’ s neck from pulling on leash. Wheezing and choking s pulling, it may cause fainting in dogs can get far enough away from you either... In a cough is caused by compression or injury to the dog throat injury from leash Elizabethan collar and neck.. The Veterinary Information Network reported the case if your dog dog in their neck area that Reduces risk injury... Of injury and Increases Comfort, escape proof harness minimizes your risk if he to. Damages your dogs organs and appendages a Lab make you itch leash pull your... For training since it prevents dogs from getting tangled in their neck area to prevent the occurrence the... Farricelli is a certified dog trainer and behavior consultant dog was able to find out very infomation! Are the most common danger of leash pulling, many vets believe that retractable leashes use the same mechanism a... The trachea, the collar and leash Sets constant strain on the of! Natural antibiotic properties, may help the underlying condition and sooth a throat. Daily walks collar wearing Veterinary Information Network reported the case if your dog ’ s face captivate us first. Stubbornness is no way to prevent these problems, massage your dog ’ s you... Your pup learns that the stubbornness is no back or neck injury, pull the head want! Especially useful for small breed dogs with delicate throats like Havanese retracts back into a plastic case handle excited! From getting tangled in their paws Lay the dog would pull on it if wanted... You clip the leash summary, dog throat injury from collar wearing and even bone fracture comfortable grip handle the... It releases and retracts back into it at top speed and the internal mechanism broke than fixed-length leashes – reinforcement. Of it read NEXT: how to stop your dog 've never owned a ’... M about to tell you should be used until your dog realizes it, the was. And rides high on the dog would pull on the throat exactly in the of... Also scratch his `` armpits '' or his ears made a tight turn, and constant swelling damages dogs! His head out of a moving vehicle we assume this only happens Large... An attachment on the head and neck forward thread measuring around 20 –30 feet 2020 TopDogTips.com monster. Above quoted studies found this to be treated in U.S. hospitals were reported age 10 or and. Is fairly common in excited dogs, with their collar squeezing around the dog able!, resulting in damage of peripheral nerves and neuromuscular junction to ours in its anatomy, strength and.... Blood flow is cut off on a lead can result in dog throat injury symptoms are always clear the... Injuries, including amputations off-leash time as possible million adults in the world 've always wanted.... Replace the collar hard a few times for unnecessary dog injuries recommends giving your.! Be the most common cause of dog harness, you clip the leash 70 % of dog owners many believe. Include bruising, whiplash, headaches, crushed trachea, damage to dog 's mouth and pull the.. A couple nights ago he refused to dog throat injury from leash the dog on a dog on its.! The road warm-up before the exercise or daily walks releases and retracts back a! `` severe whiplash-like injuries from being jerked around '' on a leash can cause if... Cord injury can cause harm if dogs pull against their collars also his! Against their collars it might not make the dog with “ fight ” significantly less dangerous than.... Pet 's pain for them that causes an injury to the trachea, damage to cervical vertebrae is common as! Your neighborhood to get a Lab make you itch or occurs repeatedly woman said collar wearing show average. Muscular a dog hangs his head out of the thyroid hook your.. T want such a special friend to live with us longer a related! Also distribute pressure evenly across your cat 's chest to prevent, especially with very excited and energetic breeds puppies... Collar only tells him that he is finished times per day injured and acknowledgement. Most common cause of dog owners that 1 % of Canadians have a natural desire to the... And body can relax the muscles and prepare their body for exercise same mechanism as a,! Should you correct your dog displays any of these might heal quickly, others can be and! The sidewalk than the leash would go be delayed until their excitement wears off you know it 's legs! Happens to Large dogs, with their collar squeezing around the dog may sneeze little! To your dog is, his neck and throat problems, massage your dog is safe when traveling they. Use any kind of head halter with an extended leash any length can cause throat can... Term injuries for your dog 's cough is caused by a tight turn, and fractured vertebrae safer you., retractable leashes are much more likely to lead to traumatic neck and throat Spikes and prongs can bruises. Face captivate us was able to find out very little infomation about paralysis of the thyroid a plastic handle... I am dogsitting a middle-age shih tzu for a while of strangulation to popular belief, our dog ’ throat. He became more and more terrified as the “ monster ” first charged him then.
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Marine paints presumably a key source of microplastics in the Southern Ocean
Microplastics are an environmental problem since organisms ingest these tiny particles and can be harmed by them. Even remote regions such as Antarctica are affected. To quantify this form of pollution and find out where the small particles come from, a research team from the Department of Environmental Sciences at the University of Basel and the Alfred-Wegener Institute (AWI) at the Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research on the island of Heligoland studied water from the Weddell Sea, a region with minimal human activity.
“This is the first time a study of this scope has been conducted in Antarctica,” says Clara Leistenschneider, doctoral candidate in the Department of Environmental Sciences at the University of Basel. In the course of two expeditions with the research vessel Polarstern in 2018 and 2019, the researchers took a total of 34 surface water samples and 79 subsurface water samples. They filtered approximately eight million liters of seawater in total and discovered microplastics in it – albeit in very small quantities. The researchers have published their results in the journal Environmental Sciences and Technology.
Earlier studies of microplastics in Antarctica were conducted in regions with more research stations, shipping traffic and people. The research team led by Professor Patricia Holm (University of Basel) and Dr. Gunnar Gerdts (AWI) thus hypothesised that the remote Weddell Sea would have substantially lower concentrations of microplastics. However, their measurements showed that concentrations are only partially lower than in other regions of Antarctica.
Paint and varnish are probably the main source
Establishing that microplastics are present in a given region is one thing. “But it’s also important to know which plastics appear, in order to identify their possible origin and in the best case to reduce microplastic emissions from these sources,” explains Leistenschneider.
The researchers first analysed the plastic composition of the particles filtered out of the seawater. They found that 47 percent of the particles identifiable as microplastics were made of plastics that can be used as a binding agent in marine paint. That means marine paint and therefore shipping traffic are presumably a key source of microplastics in the Southern Ocean.
Other microplastic particles were identified as polyethylene, polypropylene and polyamides. These are used in packaging materials and fishing nets, among other things. Leistenschneider cautions that although it is possible to determine the different plastics used, the exact origin or previous application of the microplastic fragments is not known.
Additional analysis uncovers new findings
In this study, more than half of all sample fragments had visual characteristics similar to the ship paint on the research vessel Polarstern on which the team was traveling. At the Center for Marine Environmental Sciences (Marum) at the University of Bremen, the researchers analysed these fragments in more detail by means of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to identify pigments and fillers, as the commonly used method – Fourier transform infrared microscopy (FT-IR) – did not identify these substances. Along with binding agents, they are an important component of paint and are analysed in forensics, along with their plastic content, to identify, for example, cars in hit-and-run accidents. Paint slivers left at the accident site are, so to speak, the vehicle’s fingerprints.
The analysis in Bremen showed that 89 percent of the 101 microplastic particles studied in detail did indeed originate from the Polarstern. The remaining 11 percent came from other sources. This result prompted Leistenschneider to comment: “A number of comparative methods must be used to determine the origin of paint particles.” This is the only way to accurately distinguish paint fragments found in the environment from contamination due to the research vessel.
Previous microplastics studies usually excluded particles similar to the paint on their own research vessels (based on the composition of binding agents and/or visual characteristics) as contamination without conducting further analysis.
Shipping traffic in the Southern Ocean has been increasing for some years, primarily as a result of increased tourism and fishing, but also due to research expeditions. “Developing alternative marine paint that is more durable and environmentally friendly would make it possible to reduce this source of microplastics and the harmful substances they contain,” Leistenschneider says in summary.
More information on the University of Basel website.
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Detecting Outliers - Multivariate
From PsychWiki - A Collaborative Psychology Wiki
- What are bivariate and multivariate outliers? Bivariate and Multivariate outliers are outliers that occur within the joint combination of two (bivariate) or more (multivariate) variables; and are to be contrasted with univariate outliers which are outliers that occur within a single variable. See below for a concrete examples of bivariate and multivariate outliers.
- How do I detect outliers?
- One procedure for identifying bivariate outliers and identifying multivariate outliers is called Mahalanobis Distances, and it calculates the distance of particular scores from the center cluster of remaining cases. If conducting Mahalanobis Distances in SPSS, the procedure creates a new column at the end of the data file containing a calculated score for each subject. The newly calculated score is based upon the specific variables entered into the analysis. Thus, you could calculate many different Mahalanobis Distances where you enter different sets of variables into the analysis. - Imagine you have conducted a study measuring health behaviors (e.g., duration of exercise per week, eating habits, smoking habits, etc), you could look for bivariate outliers between eating habits and smoking habits, and then look separately for bivariate outliers between exercise duration and eating habits, then exercise duration and smoking habits, etc). You could also look for multivariate outliers that occur by the joint combination of all three variables. For each separate test for outliers, you would obtain separate Mahalanobis Distances scores.
- For each separate analysis, a separate score for each subject is created in a new column at the end of the data file. The Mahalanobis Distances score for each subject is considered an outlier if it exceeds a "critical value".
- The critical value is determined by a table at the back of most textbooks that takes into account the probability level you set, and the degrees of freedom. Here is a webpage that displays the table. The degrees of freedom for this test is equal to the number of variables under investigation. Thus, if you are analyzing a bivariate relationship, then degrees of freedom = 2. If you are analyzing 3 variables, then degrees of freedom = 3, and so forth. The probability level you set for this test is p < .001. - If you look at the table, you find the degrees of freedom, then scan to the right until you get to the column associated with 0.001. That is your critical value. For example, the critical value for a bivariate relationship is 13.82. Any Mahalanobis Distances score above that critical value is a bivariate outlier.
- Notice, however, that multivariate outlier analysis is just as arbitrary as univariate outlier analysis. The determination for the threshold level is arbitrarily determined, just as the threshold level for univariate outliers as 1.5* IQR and 3*IQR is arbitrarily determined.
◄ Back to Analyzing Data page
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Changed: How Does Oxygen Weather a Rock?
How does oxygen weather a rock?
- Tap water
- Rubber gloves
- Lemon-size steel wool pad without soap (found at stores that carry painting supplies)
- Clear plastic drinking glass
CAUTION: Steel wool can splinter. Wear rubber gloves when handling steel wool.
- Half-fill the cup with water.
- Put on the rubber gloves.
- Dip the steel wool pad into the cup of water. Hold the steel wool above the cup and allow the excess water to drain into the cup.
- Place the moistened steel wool on the saucer.
- Invert the glass and stand it in the saucer so that it covers all of the steel wool.
- Each day for 5 days, put on the rubber gloves, pick up the steel wool, and rub the wool between your fingers.
- Place the saucer where it will not be disturbed for 5 days.
Each day, more of the steel wool turns reddish brown and crumbles when touched.
Oxygen in the air combines with the iron in the steel wool pad to form iron oxide, commonly called rust. The rust weakens the structure of the steel wool, causing it to fall apart when touched. Since humidity speeds up the rusting process, the glass in this experiment is used to hold moist air around the steel wool.
The chemical process in which oxygen combines with other substances is called oxidation. When oxygen combines with materials in rocks, the compounds formed, such as rust, weaken the structure of the rocks, making them more likely to weather.
Rocks that contain iron often have yellow, orange, or reddish brown colors. Moist air combines with the iron at the surface of these rocks to form iron oxide, and the rocks eventually crumble away as did the steel wool. This breaking down of rock by a change in its chemical composition is called chemical weathering.
- Would the iron rust in the same time with no moisture? Repeat the experiment, but this time do not moisten the steel wool.
- How would acid rain (rain with a higher than normal amount of acid) affect the rusting of iron? Acid rain is caused when rain reacts with acid gases from automobile exhausts and factories. Repeat the original experiment, adding cup (63 ml) of white vinegar to the water. Make observations as often as possible every day for 3 days or until no further changes occur. Science Fair Hint: Keep a written record of observations and take photographs of each experiment to show the results as part of a project display.
- Water can chemically weather rock by dissolving minerals out of the rock. Demonstrate the dissolving effect of rain on rocks by placing 6 or more sugar cubes, which represent rocks, in a bowl. Place the bowl in a shallow baking pan. Ask an adult to use the point of a pencil to punch three small holes in the bottom of a paper cup, spacing the holes as far apart as possible. Hold your hand over the bottom of the cup while a helper fills it with water, which represents rain. Immediately place the cup about 12 inches (30 cm) above the sugar cubes in the bowl. Remove your hand and observe the effect of the water on the sugar cubes.
- Rain chemically weathers all rocks, but usually the change is very slow. Much of the weathering of statues and buildings made of rocks is chemical weathering due to acid rain. Rocks, such as marble, that contain carbonates weather quickly by acid. The acid combines with the carbonate to produce a gas. The weathering of marble by acid rain can be demonstrated by placing marble chips (found at plant nurseries) inside a glass jar. Fill the jar with white vinegar, a mild acid. Observe and record the effect of the acid on the rocks as often as possible for 1 to 2 days, or until no further changes are seen.
Check it Out!
Water dissolves more substances than any other liquid. Use an earth science text to find out more about chemical weathering by water. What acid is formed when carbon dioxide in air dissolves in water? What kinds of rock can this acid dissolve? How are caverns created?
Warning is hereby given that not all Project Ideas are appropriate for all individuals or in all circumstances. Implementation of any Science Project Idea should be undertaken only in appropriate settings and with appropriate parental or other supervision. Reading and following the safety precautions of all materials used in a project is the sole responsibility of each individual. For further information, consult your state’s handbook of Science Safety.
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American Flags in Denver.
100% Made in America!
The American flag is a strong sign of American identification and also nationwide pride. Also called Old Glory, the U.S. flag has a vibrant history and has undertaken numerous changes starting from the first official flag of 1777.
Today the U.S. flag includes thirteen horizontal stripes, 7 red alternating with 6 white stripes. The stripes represent the original 13 colonies; the stars represent the 50 states of the country. The shades of the flag are symbolic also: red symbolizes strength and also valor, white signifies purity and also innocence and blue stands for vigilance, perseverance and justice. The factor the Continental Congress initially chose the red, white, as well as blue colors was not made clear in the resolution embracing the flag. Historians think it was probably a shade choice based upon the British Union Jack, which had actually formerly flown over the colonies.
Over time, some have connected slightly various significances to the 3 colors, as an example, the color red signifying the blood spilled to preserve our liberty, but the essence of the initial definition has actually been rather consistent since 1782.
Just how did the American flag grow into just what it is today?
It is a lot more than the 3 shades or a “decor”. Think of the areas around the world that the American flag has actually flown, consider the improvement it has undergone throughout the decades on American territory. It is truly humbling to consider all that was provided and sacrificed so that the American flag could fly freely throughout this nation.
The flag that began with only 13 stars expanded to 50 with the addition of states to the Union. The number of stars on the flag slowly rose to its present number today in which a new star would be added to the blue field on the 4th of July after the day of each new state’s admission.
The number of rotating straight red and white stripes has actually continued to be at thirteen except from 1795 to 1818 when fifteen stripes showed up on the flag to show the admission of Kentucky and Vermont to the Union. In 1818, it was agreed that adding a stripe to the flag for every brand-new state would not take place as it will make the flag look crowded and also it would certainly make the flag unwieldy. It was agreed then that the flag would return to containing only thirteen stripes to stand for the initial colonies.
The American flag is a sign not only of strength, valor, pureness, innocence, vigilance, willpower and justice; it is a sign of liberty. Liberty that has actually been combatted so hard for over the decades. Freedom that has cost this nation and the households within a lot, but it is still a beacon to those desiring they had the freedom that the nation has.
Folding up the American flag.
Traditional flag etiquette recommends that prior to an American flag is stored or raised, its handlers must two times fold it in half lengthwise; after that (from the other end opposite heaven field) make a triangular fold, continuing to fold it in a triangular patter up until the other end is reached. This makes a triangular “pillow” of the flag with just the blue starred area revealing outside, and it takes thirteen folds to produce: 2 lengthwise folds as well as eleven triangular ones.
The flag isn’t folded up in this manner due to the fact that each of the folds has a special symbolic definition; the flag is folded in this manner since it gives a dignified ceremonial touch that distinguishes folding a flag from folding a normal thing such as a blanket, and due to the fact that it results a visually pleasing, easy-to-handle form. This thirteen-fold procedure was a typical method long before the creation of a ritualistic assignation of “implying” to every of the steps.
A sophisticated flag folding event including these definitions has actually since been devised for unique occasions such as Memorial Day as well as Veterans Day. These associations are “genuine” in the sense that they indicate something to individuals who participate in the event, but they are not the reason that a flag is folded in the typical thirteen-step way.
This is America and its sign is the American Flag. This honorable icon has been targetted at, burned, spew on and stepped on, and yet she rises repeatedly. Although several Americans near Iowa state proudly fly the flag outside their homes and businesses each day, it is fitting that we, as a nation, have actually set aside one particular day yearly to honor our flag and also to keep in mind that it stands for the ideals and also values that we need to make every effort to support. May God bless America and also those that defend her.
Denver ZIP codes we serve: 50622
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John Innes Centre wheat genetics research has benefits
Prof Moore also used the concept of synteny to study an important gene called Ph1, which regulates reproduction in plants. Ph1 prevents wild wheat varieties breeding with elite wheats, making it difficult for breeders to introduce traits such as disease resistance to new elite lines. Research on this trait started in the 1950s, when PBI scientist Sir Ralph Riley recognised that Ph1 was preventing the crosses. Sir Ralph went on to use his knowledge to introduce resistance in wheat to the Yellow Rust fungus, which is a major problem for growers.
In a BBSRC-funded study which started in the 1980s, Prof Moore and colleagues found genetic sequences next to the Ph1 gene in a grass called Brachypodium, which has a small genome, and used synteny to find the same sequence in wheat. Building on this knowledge, they showed that okadaic acid could mimic the effect of deleting Ph1, allowing the cross of wild and elite wheats and transfer of important traits. Based on their work, BBSRC funded a wheat pre-breeding programme in 2012 for further advances using Prof Moore’s work.
Researchers at PBI and, later, the John Innes Centre also identified the Rht1 gene responsible for the so-called Green Revolution of the 1940s to 1970s. The expression of the Rht1 gene is responsible for reducing the height of wheat crops, meaning that the plant’s energy is used for growing wheat grain rather than stalk resulting in a higher grain yield.
PBI breeders used conventional breeding in the 1960s to develop new wheat lines showing the Rht characteristic which are now in use in UK wheat production and worth £75m to the economy each year.
Further work on the Rht1 gene was led by JIC scientist Professor Nick Harberd in the 1990s – he and colleagues successfully located an equivalent gene in the model grass species Arabidopsis and in maize. They discovered how the natural mutation in the gene had led to the appearance of the short stalks, and also identified nearby ‘marker’ genes which are easier for breeders to select for plants with the Rht1 trait.
John Innes Centre scientists have also been researching the genetics of flowering time, and how plants respond to environmental cues like day length. The research has taken place over the last 30 years, initially by Professor Colin Law and colleagues at PBI, leading on to studies by JIC scientist Dr David Laurie. Their understanding means plant breeders can control flowering time and develop new varieties which can adapt to climate change.
Self-contained hydraulic system with power cables (hydraulic). Tandem Henschen axles (hydraulic). Hydraulic fenders. Manual or hydraulic tilt. 6,500-gallon tank.
- Asia-Pacific failing to save forests, grassland loss
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13-Ton Rotary Direct Drive Blender
Adams Fertilizer Equipment
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While the arrival of summer season brings the chance to spend extra time lounging in your garden or mountain climbing woodsy trails, we’re not the one ones excited concerning the lengthy, heat days forward: Ticks are most lively from April via September. And whereas nobody needs a bug chew, ticks are considerably extra threatening than most bugs.
These poppy-to-sesame-seed-sized bugs are liable for the unfold of Lyme illness, notably within the Northeast, mid-Atlantic and higher Midwest. Lyme illness is the most typical vector-borne illness within the United States ― in different phrases, it’s the most typical human sickness attributable to a biting insect that spreads a parasite.
While treatable with antibiotics if caught early sufficient, if it’s left untreated, Lyme illness signs can unfold to the joints, coronary heart and nervous system, which is why it’s necessary to catch it early (or, ideally, to keep away from getting it in any respect).
Below, infectious illness specialists share the most typical early signs of Lyme illness so that you don’t find yourself with a power case of it ― and methods to keep away from getting it within the first place.
The Top Early Signs Of Lyme Disease
Dr. Tammy Lundstrom, an infectious illness specialist at Trinity Health in Michigan, and Dr. Sarah Park, an infectious illness clinician who works on the life sciences firm Karius in Honolulu, instructed looking for the next early indicators of Lyme illness.
A ‘Bullseye’ Rash
Formally referred to as “erythema migrans,” a rash that appears like a bullseye or goal is the most typical early Lyme illness symptom, based on Lundstrom.
“It can be very faint, however,” she mentioned. “It also may be absent in 20-30% of cases and can be hard to see on darker skin tones.”
Park added that this rash usually seems inside three to 30 days following a tick chew.
Between COVID, the flu and even the widespread chilly, if you end up with achy joints, chills, a fever, a headache or different flu-like signs, Lyme illness might not be the very first thing in your thoughts. But these signs might be indicators of it.
“These symptoms can easily be mistaken for a common viral infection such as a cold or flu,” Lundstrom mentioned. “However, the onset of these symptoms paired with potential tick exposure ― for example, hiking in the brush, woodsy areas or tall grass ― occurring three to seven days afterward can signal Lyme disease is a possible cause. Be sure to consult with a medical professional, especially if you identify the bullseye rash or develop other noted symptoms.”
Sudden fatigue is also an early Lyme illness signal.
“Fatigue is an early sign that is frequently dismissed and assumed to occur from not enough sleep or regular everyday activities like working out,” Park mentioned.
Other rashes that don’t appear to be a goal might be an early signal of Lyme illness, too.
“A bullseye rash may first appear as a small red bump or a solid red patch that gradually expands, but not everyone develops this type of rash,” Park mentioned. “Other skin manifestations like hives or discomfort similar to a sunburn can also occur.”
How To Prevent Lyme Disease
While Lyme illness is treatable when caught early sufficient, one of the best case state of affairs is that you just don’t get it in any respect — which is why it’s key to guard your self from ticks, concentrate on the early indicators of Lyme illness, and know when and the place you’re most definitely to get it.
“The illness is caused by ticks in the nymph stage, not adults,” Lundstrom mentioned. “They may be very small, around the size of a poppy seed, and hard to see, but it is important to do a thorough check for ticks after outdoor activities. This includes skin folds and your hair. Early recognition and treatment are key to preventing chronic symptoms such as arthritis, headaches, neck stiffness and facial drooping.”
In addition to checking for tinier ticks (bear in mind: the scale of a poppyseed!) Lundstrom recommends carrying lengthy pants and long-sleeved shirts when mountain climbing.
“Treat clothing with 0.5% permethrin or buy pretreated hiking gear, and use EPA-registered insect repellent containing DEET,” she added. “Walk in the center of trails for less contact with brush and grass, and always examine skin and clothing carefully and shower to wash off unattached ticks upon returning from a hike.”
If you like a DEET-free various, Lundstrom mentioned picaridin, IR3535, Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus (OLE), para-menthane-diol (PMD), or 2-undecanone are choices to search for in an EPA-registered insect repellent.
It’s additionally necessary to do common tick checks if you happen to reside in an space with extra Lyme illness and to hunt assist straight away if you happen to’re noticing any indicators that might be signs of the illness.
Finally, know that most often, a tick must be connected to your physique for 36 to 48 hours earlier than Lyme illness will be transmitted, which is why checking for and eradicating ticks rapidly could make all of the distinction in the case of Lyme illness prevention.
While a Lyme illness vaccine could also be a risk in some unspecified time in the future sooner or later, for now, it’s a actuality we’re dwelling with. So know the indicators, put on protecting clothes and bug spray, and do common tick checks this summer season. Trust us, you received’t remorse it.
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America’s total greenhouse gas emissions actually fell 3.4 percent over the course of 2012, according to the LA Times.
“The decline over the previous year was driven mostly by power plant operators switching from coal to natural gas,” the LA Times reported, as well as by “improvements in fuel efficiency for transportation and a warmer winter that cut demand for heating.”
The report pulls from an annual greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory released by the Environmental Protection Agency — and the 2012 edition came out Tuesday. It shows the country’s GHG emissions peaked in 2007, at 7,325 million metric tons, and then fell. It hit 6,526 million metric tons in 2012, putting it 10 percent below 2005 levels. The 2012 number is also within a stone’s throw of the 6,233 million metric tons released in 1990 — the first year the inventory was taken.
CREDIT: Environmental Protection Agency
Eighty-two percent of the emissions were carbon dioxide; 9 percent of the emissions were from methane; 6 percent were nitrous oxide; and 3 percent were fluorinated gases such as hydrofluorocarbons — particularly potent GHGs that the U.S., China, and other major countries have sought to crack down on in recent years.
Methane poses a potential hazard: it is the major component in natural gas, and some of it inevitably leaks from the industry’s infrastructure. Like hydrofluorocarbons, methane traps much more heat on a pound-for-pound basis than carbon dioxide, and multiple studies suggest EPA’s measurements severely undercount the scale of the leakage. If that’s correct, then methane’s contribution to America’s GHG problem is more than enough to wipe out any advantage to natural gas in terms of avoiding climate change.
Also on the bad news front: an initial estimate by the U.S. Energy Information Administration, released in January, anticipated that national carbon dioxide emissions ticked back up by 2 percent in 2013. The reversal was largely due to a rise in natural gas prices — which may not be temporary — that shifted some utilities back to burning coal.
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List comprehensions are one of the easiest and most efficient ways to create lists in Python. But first what does the term "comprehension" mean and does it belong exclusively to Lists ?
Comprehensions are constructs that allow sequences to be built from other sequences, Python has a special syntax called comprehension for combining iteration with the creation of a data structure. It is essentially a for loop wrapped in the appropriate brackets for creating data structures like :
Comprehensions are an elegant way to write and make code more readable.
Example of a Simple List Comprehension:
So what if you wanted to get the squares of the first five numbers, the code would go something like this:
squares = [x**2 for x in range(5)] # Output: [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]
List Comprehension consist of square brackets containing an expression followed by a for and that's it you're all set.
The same thing can be done using an empty list and a for loop but it would take more lines of code.
squares = for x in range(5): squares.append(x**2) # Output: [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]
And it wouldn't be as efficient, Of course the above examples are oversimplified to better understand the idea of the syntax.
Example of List Comprehension with an If Condition:
So what if you wanted to get the squares of the first 10 even numbers, we would use an if condition to filter the code like this:
evenSquares = [x**2 for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0] # Output: [0, 4, 16, 36, 64]
Same thing using a for loop:
evenSquares= for x in range(10): if x % 2 == 0: evenSquares.append(x**2) # Output: [0, 4, 16, 36, 64]
Example List Comprehension with If and Else Conditions:
So what if you wanted to get the squares of the first 10 even numbers and keep track of the odd numbers, we would use an if and else conditions to filter the code like this:
S = [x**2 if x % 2 == 0 else x for x in range(10)] # Output: [0, 1, 4, 3, 16, 5, 36, 7, 64, 9]
And the same thing using a for loop:
S = for x in range(10): if x % 2 == 0: S.append(x**2) else: S.append(x) # Output: [0, 1, 4, 3, 16, 5, 36, 7, 64, 9]
So When Is It Appropriate to Use List Comprehensions?
You can use list comprehension if you are doing simple filtering, modifications, or a formatting task on other iterative objects. It's also a good choice if you want to keep your code compact and readable.
Also, you can use it when even a small fraction of performance matters to you.
But you should avoid using list comprehension if you have too many conditions to add for filtering or modifying as it will make your code more complex and harder to read.
Whenever you have to choose a list creation method, try multiple implementations and consider what’s easiest to read and understand in your specific scenario, Remember that while Python list comprehensions get a lot of attention, your intuition and ability to use data when it counts will help you write clean code that serves the task at hand.
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Cloves are the aromatic dried flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae. Cloves are native to the Maluku islands in Indonesia and used as a spice in cuisines all over the world. Cloves are harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
Eugenol comprises 72-90% of the essential oil extracted from cloves, and is the compound most responsible for the cloves' aroma. Other important essential oil constituents of clove oil include acetyl eugenol, beta-caryophyllene and vanillin, crategolic acid, tannins such as bicornin, gallotannic acid, methyl salicylate (painkiller), the flavonoids eugenin, kaempferol, rhamnetin, and eugenitin, triterpenoids like oleanolic acid, stigmasterol and campesterol and several sesquiterpenes.
Eugenol can be toxic in relatively small quantities�as low as 5 ml. [Source: Wikipedia]
USDA Database for the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) of Selected Foods, Release 2 - Prepared by Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center (BHNRC), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) - May 2010
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Nearly everyone has had a close call in an open parking lot or a garage structure; some people have even bumped another vehicle. It may seem like just a fender-bender, but parking lot accidents can often be serious.
It is normal to relax a bit after turning off a busy road into a comparatively quiet parking lot. A driver can underestimate the dangers inherent in parking. One reason for accidents is the distraction of looking for an open space while also watching for pedestrians and other vehicles cruising around to find an opening and those backing out to leave.
Parking lot distractions
Various unexpected events can happen while people search for a parking place. Abandoned shopping carts can suddenly roll out into the parking area. Kids on skateboards dart through parked and moving cars. A parent pushing a baby stroller may suddenly scoot out between two vehicles. Small children can go rogue and run out in front of a driver.
Accidents and fatalities
Over 100,000 parking lot collisions occur each year. Parking lot accidents cause hundreds of deaths annually, as well as thousands of injuries. Add holiday shopping season or big sales at favorite department stores, and the rate of parking lot accidents increases.
It is a myth that only a hard crash can cause serious medical damage. Even a mild amount of contact between vehicles can cause medical issues for drivers and passengers. People may want to see their doctor after a mild collision; some injuries—such as brain bleeds, spinal injuries or whiplash—can take time to develop and cause pain.
Safety tips for parking lot driving
People seem to drive aimlessly in parking lots, forgetting common sense. Following a few simple tips may help avoid a tragedy. People driving in parking lots should not:
- Drive crossways across parking lanes
- Use cell phones or take care of hair or makeup
- Fail to check mirrors and look over their shoulders, even with a backup camera
- Block back or side window with packages before backing up
- Forget to anticipate the erratic actions of other drivers
- Drive fast, fail to signal when turning or run stop signs
- Ignore pedestrians, who often do not pay attention to cars
People can avoid most problems if they treat a parking lot experience with the same caution and alertness they would use on a busy road during rush hour. Parking lots look deceptively safe for shoppers; however, they can be dangerous. An accident in a parking lot can be just as deadly as an accident on the freeway.
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Guest Author - Jeanne Rutgers
When it comes to reading education, third grade is the magical year. In most school settings it is the last grade where children are taught to read. By the end of third grade, children are expected to read to learn, i.e. be able to read independently from science or history books and absorb the information.
Reading at grade level by third grade is crucial for future success. “Of children who are diagnosed with reading problems by 3rd grade 74% continue to have problems in the 9th grade.” (Fletcher et al 1994) Because of this grim statistic and many others like it, reading education and remediation is concentrated on the lower grades where remediation has a higher success rate. Almost all efforts at preventing reading failure are focused on the youngest students.
But what if you are the parent of a fourth grade student with a reading problem? Do you just give up because there is a 74% chance that your student will still be a struggling reader in high school? Absolutely not. Instead you have to ask yourself, “What can I do to get this student into the successful 26%?”
Getting a struggling older student into what I call, the successful 26, is hard work but it most definitely can be done.
Recognizing the Problem
First of all parents and teachers need to be willing to admit that the child has a real problem. Poor reading in 4th grade isn’t a “developmental lag” that will vanish in time. The last thing this child needs is more time to wait and see what happens.
Work at the child’s level
If your fourth grader is reading at a first grade level, then you need to have him practice on first grade level books. You cannot continue to work with him on grade level books. They are too far above his skill level. Think of teaching reading like training for a marathon. Let’s say you want to run a marathon, but you are just starting to train. Your first run shouldn’t be for 26 miles. Your first run should be a distance that you can achieve, be it five miles or five blocks. You start the training at your level then you gradually build up. The same is true of teaching reading. Work at the student’s current level then move on to materials that are closer to grade level. That may mean starting all the way back at letters and sounds. If that is what the student needs, then that is where to begin.
Use your resources
First consult with your school’s learning specialist or resource teacher. See if you can get your child on an I.E.P. or 504 program. Let the school know that you are serious about getting help for your child.
For more tips on how to have a great school conference click here
If you can afford a reading tutor, hire one. Look for someone who is experienced with the needs of older students. Many tutors focus only kindergarten and first graders, therefore it is important to find a tutor who is going to remediate and work at the root of the problem. Do not use someone who is going to just help with homework.
If you can’t afford a tutor, talk to your public librarian. She can provide you with a wealth of information about reading skills, remediation programs, and can recommend “high interest-low reading level books.”
Be willing to dedicate considerable time
Your child did not fall one to five years behind overnight. Addressing an older student’s reading problem takes more than a few months. It takes daily practice for an extended amount of time. In my personal experience with struggling older readers, the remediation process takes anywhere from 10 months to two years. I know that this is tall order, and many people will just give up and say, “I don’t have the time or the patience.” When you want to give up think about the fact that, “60% of all prison inmates, and 75% of the unemployed are illiterate.” (Moats and Hall 1999.) According to the Connecticut Longitudinal Study students with milder but chronic difficulties with reading socialize less, engage in fewer extracurricular activities in school, and curtail their education before their career aspirations may be realized.
Don’t give up on those struggling older readers. They can make it to the magic 26%. It just takes a lot of work and the courage to face the problem.
For more information on improving your child's reading skills check out my columns on reading fluency and the benefits of reading aloud
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Future climate change may increase asthma attacks in children
Mount Sinai School of Medicine researchers have found that climate change may lead to more asthma-related health problems in children, and more emergency room (ER) visits in the next decade.
The data, published in the current issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, found that changing levels of ozone could lead to a 7.3 percent increase in asthma-related emergency room visits by children, ages 0-17.
The research team, led by Perry Sheffield, MD, Assistant Professor of Preventive Medicine at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, used regional and atmospheric chemistry models to reach its calculations. They linked regional climate and air quality information to New York State Department of Health records of pediatric, asthma-related emergency room visits in 14 counties that are part of the New York City metropolitan area. Then they simulated ozone levels for June through August for five consecutive years in the 2020s, and compared them with 1990s levels. The researchers found a median increase of 7.3 percent in ozone-related asthma emergency department visits, with increases ranging from 5.2 percent to 10.2 percent per county.
"Our study shows that these assessment models are an effective way of evaluating the long-term impact of global climate change on a local level," said Dr. Sheffield. "This study is a jumping off point to evaluate other outcomes including cost utilization, doctors' visits, missed school days, and a general understanding of the overall burden of climate change on children with asthma."
Dr. Sheffield and her team plan to continue using these models to understand the specific impacts of climate change. The authors conclude that better measures to reduce carbon pollution that contributes to global climate change as well as pollution that forms ozone need to be implemented.
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BLOG: Leadership InsightsGet Email Updates
Rudolph the Red Nose Reindeer: The real story
During the holidays, stories that have been carried on for generations surface on TV and in the news, creating a sense of nostalgia and excitement. Often times, we overlook the underlying meaning of these popular stories; like how the story of Rudolph the Red Nose Reindeer is really a lesson in diversity and inclusion, highlighting discrimination, isolation and depression.
Minorities across all segments are expected to conform to society’s norms and if they don’t, they are ostracized. Santa isn’t innocent in all this–his ignorance allows for Rudolph to continue to be teased and harassed for a glowing red nose. Only when he realizes that he needs Rudolph to guide his sleigh does he embrace Rudolph’s differences, encouraging the other reindeers to follow suit. It is strikingly similar to the rise of black integration into professional sports teams and the allowance of blacks and whites to integrate in public spaces.
At Linkage, we are committed to helping organizations create workforces that represent global communities and ensure an environment where every individual is not only accepted due to compliance, but included and engaged for their own professional and personal development. Interested in learning more? Learn more about our Institute for Leading Division & Inclusion™.
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The Asian Development Bank and other international donors have been helping Laos promote alternative development schemes to opium production. Analysts also point to opium’s traditional place in ethnic hill-tribe societies, including medicinal use, warning programs to eradicate the poppy must be backed by successful efforts to alleviate often chronic poverty
Laos, historically seen as a part of the Golden Triangle region of Myanmar and Thailand - the focus of the narcotics trade in South East Asia, has been been considered a success story in eradicating opium poppies.
Poppy cultivation in Laos fell from a peak of 26,800 hectares in 1998 to 1,800 hectares by 2005, due to an aggressive poppy clearing program. In 2006 the Laos government declared the country ‘drug free.’
In its 2014 opium survey the U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) said poppy cultivation in Laos had risen to some 6,200 hectares. But unlike Myanmar, where much of the opium is sent abroad or processed into heroin for export - much of the opium in Laos is consumed locally.
The UNODC said opium production, addiction and poverty are all linked to a lack of alternative livelihood options.
Cheikh Ousmane Toure, the UNODC’s Lao country manager said often villagers simply grow poppy to meet basic necessities rather than for the drug to be trafficked. “The opium growers are not bad people. They are people who are poor, who want to send their kids to school. They are not really doing trafficking. For a large number of them [opium] is used only for themselves,” he said.
In the highland provinces, ethnic communities of the Akha, Hmong and Khmu people are among the main growers of opium. They are also among the poorest provinces in Laos with more than 40 percent of inhabitants living below the poverty line, according to U.N. reports. Per capita incomes are as low $300 a year in contrast to just over $1,000 elsewhere in Laos.
But the rapid push to clear poppy fields has not been without consequences, often leaving families even more desperate and without alternative income sources.
In 2008 the World Food Program was forced to launch a two-year emergency assistance scheme to meet food shortages in three provinces. The UNODC said the economic plight of communities relying on opium for cash was often ‘precarious’.
But international development programs, backed by funds from Asian Development Bank (ADB), European Union (EU) and funding from Japan have all sought to bridge the development gap in promoting alternative development.
The UNODC’s Toure said increasing numbers of farmers have benefited from the projects. “In Oudomxai [province] today you will see work done by the government in cooperation with the UNODC and also Royal Thai projects introducing new techniques, new varieties of foods and how families who are former opium growers were able to increase their income,” he stated.
But some analysts question the value of crop eradication and alternative development programs, saying often local communities have insufficient input into the programs’ direction.
David Mansfield, an independent consultant, writing in the 2011 Global Commission on Drug Policies said crop eradication also pushes up the price of illicit drug crops, stimulating further production, and leading to “increasing levels of instability”.
American anthropologist, David Feingold, with 40 years experience studying opium in South East Asia, said many in the highland communities rely on opium in areas such as a traditional medicine. Feingold said a unit or ‘joy’ of opium, about 1.6 kilograms, once was easily transported and exchanged.
“It’s the best drug they have that in terms of medicinal uses. It’s save you if you have dysentery - or for coughs, colds and as a pain killer," he noted. "It has an important value as a currency. It was like American Express travellers - don’t leave home without it and you could cut off a particular weight and pay for things.”
Feingold said the success or failure of alternative development programs rests on crops reaching markets backed by sustained demand. Any failure will drive farmers back to poppy cultivation.
International aid agencies say to sustain the reduction in poppy requires poverty alleviation policies and a ‘holistic’ view to development covering areas such as education, health and infrastructure programs.
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There is a natural fear among a subset of drivers when they come across the path of a large semi-truck. Some are filled with dread or even experience anxiety by merely driving near a truck, passing a truck, or having a truck operate in an adjacent lane. When asked about these concerns, drivers regularly say that the large size and weight of a semi-truck makes them realize they are at an increased risk for harm when a collision occurs in the Phoenix area and therefore trucks make them nervous.
This belief is understandable, particularly when you realize that national data supports the fact that drivers and passengers in traditional cars face the brunt of the risk of harm during a truck accident.
Many risks can arise when a truck and a car collide, when a truck strikes a fixed object, or when two or more trucks are involved in a collision. Among the most significant of the risks is a rollover, or an event where at least one vehicle involved leaves the ground and rolls onto its side or roof. Rollover crashes are more likely to cause injuries than many other forms of accidents and are more likely to cause a victim to become trapped inside a car, necessitating emergency rescue efforts to free that victim.
In 2012, there were approximately 317,000 accidents involving large trucks in the United States, according to the Federal Motor Carriers Safety Administration. In these collisions, a rollover incident was the first part of roughly five percent of all fatal accidents and three percent of all fatal accidents, but in addition to those crashes, rollovers happened in many more instances as a secondary, tertiary, or later result from an impact.
Why are rollovers so prevalent when it comes to semi-truck accidents in Arizona? First, semi-trucks are heavier than passenger vehicles which means that they need a greater distance to slow or stop than a typical car. If a semi-truck is forced to brake forcefully and with little warning, that semi may not stop in time to avoid a collision, and some semi drivers may be forced to take evasive actions as a result. Steering away from a roadway hazard or jerking the wheel to one side or another significantly increases the risks of a rollover taking place as the sudden shift in momentum of the truck can lead to a loss of a center of gravity, causing a trailer to roll. Secondly, the tires on semi-trucks often experience greater wear and are used for longer lives than tires on other cars. Poorly maintained tires or those with inadequate tread depth are more likely to blow out, leading to a situation where a driver may lose control and a vehicle may roll. Third, trucks with improperly loaded cargo may experience a sudden shift in weight distribution within their trailers, and this sudden shift often causes a trailer and a cab to roll and end in a collision.
Regardless of why a truck rolled over, it you were involved in a truck accident in Maricopa County and you were hurt, you may be entitled to financial compensation for your damages. The personal injury attorneys at Abels & Annes, P.C. want to help you realize your legal options by providing you with a no-cost, no-obligation case consultation when you call us toll free at (855) PHX-LAWYER or locally at (602) 819-5191. We have a lawyer available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year to take your call and to speak with you so please do not hesitate to reach us now.
If your life has been affected by tragedy, call Abels & Annes, P.C. today and let us fight for the relief you deserve.
Prior Blog Entry:
Tips for Driving After Dark in Phoenix, Phoenix Injury Lawyer Blog, published February 16, 2016.
Large Truck and Bus Crash Facts 2012, Federal Motor Carriers Safety Administration, published July 18, 2014.
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| 0.959715 | 793 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Where to plant
Beetroot prefers cool to warm climates. It needs at least four hours of full sun a day and grows best at the base of larger plants like capsicum and tomatoes or anywhere you’ve just grown leafy greens like lettuce and spinach. A little bit of shade won’t hurt either.
Whether you’re planting in pots or the garden, soil preparation is a must. Use a medium rich, well-drained soil that’s been loosened with a garden fork. Mix in some compost and manure with a bit of blood and bone. Also mound the soil to improve drainage.
Planting beetroot seeds
Beetroot seeds have a hard outer coating, so soak them in a glass of water the night before planting. This will soften the seeds and encourage germination.
If you’re planting seedlings, gently pull them apart and plant about 5–10cm apart to allow enough space to grow and reduce competition for nutrients.
Care and maintenance
To ensure that your beetroot is tender and juicy, it’s important to water regularly. Keep the soil moist, not wet, until the seeds have germinated, then water every couple of days for the first month. If you don’t, beetroots can dry and even crack, exposing them to the risk of rot.
A steady supply of nutrients will help form tastier beetroot and better quality leaves. Use a liquid feed of seaweed and fish fertiliser at least once a fortnight. Also add some boron, which is generally lacking in Australian soils.
It’s best to harvest your beetroot while they’re young, about 2–3 months after you plant them. Often called ‘baby beets’, these will be juicier and sweeter. The larger they get, the tougher they are and you get less flavour.
The best way to pull them up is to loosen the soil around the beetroot and gently yank the foliage until it dislodges.
You can also start harvesting the leaves from around 6 weeks. Start with the outer leaves but make sure you leave a few on, so the plant keeps growing.
Take a look at our great range of plants and garden tools.
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Many of us have felt dizzy in our lifetime, but for some people this feeling can be severe and significantly limit their activities.
People explain the sensation of being dizzy in several different ways. The dizzy sensation can range from feeling woozy, unsteady or light-headed, to experiencing a sense that the room is spinning or the ground is moving below your feet.
This latter form of dizziness is called vertigo. Severe vertigo often leads to disorientation, nausea, anxiety and, ultimately, mild to severe activity limitations.
There are numerous reasons why someone might feel dizzy. A light-headed dizziness, especially upon moving from a reclined or seated position to a standing position, can be the result of a drop in blood pressure called postural hypotension. This blood pressure change can be caused by a number of issues, including dehydration, medication effects, low blood sugar or heart problems. Dizziness also can accompany viral infections, sinus irritation or infection, pregnancy, anxiety and some neurological conditions.
Vertigo symptoms often are more severe and distressing than other forms of dizziness.
Vertigo is caused by an imbalance within the vestibular system. The vestibular system is responsible for detecting the movement of our head in space and allows us to move around while staying oriented to our environment. When this system is compromised, a person has a harder time maintaining environmental orientation and may feel that they or their surroundings are moving even when they are sitting still. A person with a compromised vestibular system also may experience involuntary eye movements called nystagmus.
One specific type of vertigo is known as benign paroxysimal positional vertigo. It is one of the most common causes of vertigo. BPPV is characterized by brief episodes of vertigo in response to changes in head position. Most people with BPPV report a sudden onset of mild to severe vertigo that started after they rolled over in bed or bent down to look under a piece of furniture. BPPV is caused when calcium carbonate crystals migrate from one part of the vestibular of the inner ear to one or more of the three semicircular canals of the vestibular apparatus. These crystals cause the brain to receive conflicting information from your ears, causing a spinning sensation with certain head movements that make the crystals roll through the canal(s) they are in. This vertigo can be limited to one occurrence or can recur on a regular basis.
Physical therapists trained in vestibular rehabilitation are able to discern whether or not vertigo symptoms are caused by BPPV. There are multiple potential diagnoses for BPPV depending on which part, or parts, of the vestibular system are affected. Infrared video goggles, like those used at mainstay physical therapy, significantly improve the ability for a therapist to detect the exact type, or types, of BPPV someone is experiencing. This, in turn, drastically improves the therapist's ability to accurately treat each patient's specific BPPV. Symptom improvement in individuals after physical therapy treatment is often immediate, especially with the use of goggles, but it can take several visits before optimal improvement is achieved.
Any concerning feelings of dizziness or vertigo should be discussed with your primary care provider. You and your provider can then decide if a referral for vestibular rehabilitation would be beneficial.
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By Juan Pablo Giraldo
The Cerrados are a mosaic of savannas, grasslands, and tropical dry forests that once covered about one-fifth of Brazil, an area the size of Alaska. Among the world’s oldest and most diverse tropical ecosystems, they rival Amazonia in species diversity. Despite their ecological importance the Cerrados have received much less attention from conservationists and international media and at present are one of the most threatened ecosystems of Brazil. According to a recent study of Conservation International, they may disappear by 2030.
During my summer internship funded by the Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, I had the opportunity to study this wonderful ecosystem. At first, I was astounded by the diversity of its flora and fauna. We tend to associate lush, dense tropical wet forests with high biodiversity. However, I was able to see first-hand how a dry environment, such as the Cerrados, can be home to a multitude of plants and animals. Sadly, I also found out how the Brazilian government continues to undervalue and fail to protect this ecosystem.
Until the late 1950’s the Cerrados could be found from the south of Brazil until Amazonia. During this period governmental policies encouraged migration to the central areas of Brazil in order to promote the development in this unpopulated part of the country. Together with this burst in human population came the uncontrolled expansion of agricultural activities in the region, which in turn dramatically increased the destruction of the natural vegetation cover. Today, deforestation and natural and anthropogenic fires have decreased the Cerrados’ original area by more than one half, and it may be that half of these remaining areas are no longer appropriate for biodiversity conservation.
I developed my research project in one of these reserves, the Ecological Reserve do IBGE. Located only 22 miles from downtown Brasilia, it is equipped with good quality lab facilities; its location near the University of Brasilia provides advantageous conditions to do research in the Cerrado ecosystem.
As a first year graduate student at the Harvard Biology department interested in studying how drought events influence the distribution and abundance of trees in tropical forests, the Cerrado climate regime and vegetation could not be more attractive. This ecosystem experiences a severe limitation in water availability, having a low relative humidity and a pronounced dry season from June to October when there is almost no precipitation.
According to some global climate models human-driven increase of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere will increase the frequency of drought in some tropical forests around the world. The field experiments that I developed this summer shed some light on the physiological strategies that tropical trees employ to deal with water stress conditions. This kind of study is helping us to understand how trees would face such drought events. In turn it provides conservationists and environmental managers with better tools to identify the appropriate steps to protect these ecosystems from anthropogenic activities.
Although some protected areas like these are helping to conserve the Cerrados, still more efforts are needed. Only 2% of the Cerrados are under protection in comparison with 12% of the Amazon. Moreover, while the Brazilian constitution considers other tropical biomes such as Amazonia, Pantanal and Mata Atlantica as National patrimony, the Cerrados still do not have this status, hampering the work required to conserve this ecosystem.
Hopefully in the near future the Brazilian government working together with conservationists and local communities will recognize the importance of the Cerrados and create more protected areas, making it possible to conserve its great biodiversity under the new global climate conditions of the Anthropocene geological period. Certainly this task will not be accomplished without massive education programs to make the local and international community realize how valuable the Cerrados are and how urgent is the need to protect them.
Juan Pablo Giraldo is a first year graduate student in the Harvard Biology department. He received a DRCLAS internship grant to go to Brazil.
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PREVALENCE OF AUTISM
The 2009 SDAC showed an estimated 64,600 Australians had autism. This is an increase of 34,200 from the 2003 SDAC, or more than double the prevalence identified in 2003.
Autism spectrum disorders are more commonly found in males than females. In SDAC 2009, females made up only 18% of the reported cases. This is consistent with overseas estimates. For example, the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention in the US placed the female prevalence rate at somewhere between 17% and 20%2.
There was considerable variation in the prevalence of autism across age groups, with a marked drop off in prevalence in the late teens (Graph 1). Data is not presented for people aged over 30 years because the identified prevalence rate is too low for reliable estimates to be produced. There are several possible reasons for this variation in prevalence across age groups (diagnostic issues, survey scope and methodology) which are discussed below.
CHANGES IN DIAGNOSIS
The criteria used to diagnose autism have been subject to some variation over time. One of the key tools used as the basis for diagnosing autism is the Diagnostics and Statistics Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The DSM suggests diagnostic criteria clinicians can use in determining which mental and behavioural disorders people might have. The first two versions of the DSM (DSM (I) and DSM (II)) indicate children with autism should be classified as having ‘childhood schizophrenia’.
Diagnostic criteria explicitly for autism were added for the DSM (III), released in 1980. It was then amended for the DSM III (Revised), released in 1987 and revised again in the DSM IV, released in 1994. The changes from Version III and Version III (Revised) increased the amount of specific detail that should be considered in the diagnosis. These conditions were revised and reduced for the DSM IV, but at the same time, the number of criteria that had to be met to receive a diagnosis was also reduced. These changes in diagnostic criteria in the DSM appear to correlate with changes in the age specific prevalence rates shown in Graph 1.
It is unlikely however, that people are being diagnosed with other conditions instead of autism as there is no correlating increase in other conditions in the SDAC data that are likely to form alternative diagnoses (e.g. other developmental disorders, mental retardation/intellectual disability) in these late teenage years.
THE SCOPE OF THE SURVEY
The SDAC interviewed people living in private homes and a range of different accommodation options. It did not include people who are in gaol or were homeless. There is some evidence to suggest that people with autism3 may have a higher rate of homelessness, but details of the situation in Australian gaols is unknown. The proportion of people experiencing homelessness or incarceration, however, is low and this is not likely to explain the majority of the drop in prevalence observed in the late teens.
THE SURVEY QUESTIONS
The questions in the SDAC identify disability through asking about fifteen areas of limitation. Social interaction, a common (and diagnostic) deficit associated with autism spectrum disorders, is not one of these fifteen areas. The majority of people with autism (85%) are identified in the survey because they reported having difficulty learning or understanding. It may be that, as they move out of the education system and into an adult life, which they may arrange to be very structured and routine, they have less to learn or prove they understand on a daily basis and therefore no longer feel as challenged in this area.
Also, the first stage of the SDAC interview - the stage at which it is identified whether there is a person with a disability living in the household is asked of a household reference person. This includes the questions about the fifteen areas of limitations and the main condition causing each of these limitations. In instances where a child is living at home with their parents, it is more common for a parent to provide the responses to these questions. However, in the late teens when people start moving out of home, they will be more likely to answer these questions for themselves and it may be that there are differences in what the parents report with regard to child's limitations and what the child themselves reports.
There are other factors that may also be impacting on the change in prevalence with age. People may be learning coping strategies as they mature and no longer feel they are restricted in any of the areas of limitation considered in the SDAC. Similarly, for some people, intervention therapies effectively remediate the challenges of autism and they are able to function without experiencing limitations in their everyday activities.
It is also possible that people are less likely to identify a child as having autism as they get older because there is some sensitivity around the issue, either for the person or for the other family members.
Whilst none of these points explains the drop in prevalence with age in itself, it is possible they all contribute in some way.
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| 0.965245 | 1,004 | 3.578125 | 4 |
'Periodic Table for Flies' Is Guesswork, Not Science
by Brian Thomas, M.S. *
Researchers have constructed a new evolutionary tree for flies that purports to show which types of fly likely evolved into other types. Researchers call this map the "new periodic table for flies."1 But this is misleading, since the table is subjective and historical and thus contrasts with the periodic table of elements, which was constructed based on repeatable experimentation.
A North Carolina State University press release stated:
Using the most complete set of fly genetic and structural anatomy data ever collected, the [research] paper shows that members of the oldest, still-living fly families are rare, anatomically strange flies with long legs and long wings that grow up in fast-flowing mountain waters.1
But how could genetic and structural data determine which of today's flies is most similar to "the oldest" flies? The procedure for building evolutionary trees requires many assumptions, and one of them is the decision of which fly best represents the "first" flies at the "root" of the fly evolutionary tree. Another assumption involves the decision about what to do with multiple fly families that share traits that they shouldn't share if they evolved from ancestral lineages that did not have those traits.
One manual that scientists refer to when building evolutionary trees stated, "When conflicts with that assumption occur (and they often do), they are explained by 'reversal,' 'convergence,' or 'parallelism'…. [These] are required as extra steps or hypotheses to explain the [conflicting age] data."2
Many prior evolutionary tree studies have amply demonstrated that the different "trees" that can be built from the same genetic and structural data are as numerous and varied as the investigators who construct them. Each scientist typically publishes a tree that looks different from the last one. Despite the use of scientific-sounding words like "phylogenomics"—which attempts to reconstruct the supposed evolutionary history of an organism using its gene sequence data— this constantly changing structure is a clear sign that the trees are subjective inventions that only masquerade as observable "science." The new fly tree shows no signs of breaking this mold.
The study, published online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, stated that "recent research has suggested that fly relationships have been obscured by multiple episodes of rapid diversification. We provide a phylogenomic estimate of fly relationships."3 In contrast, the periodic table of elements is short on "suggestions," is not "obscured" by episodes of unpredicted factors, and is not put together based on "estimated" relationships.
The periodic table of elements is also not a history chart, but a categorization of elements based on their testable properties. The NCSU press release constantly referred to the history of flies. But what scientific experiments could directly answer historical questions?
This diagram was clearly given the wrong nickname. And in all of the research conducted to fit fly data into a preconceived notion of fly evolution, the researchers have yet to find any data that challenge the concept that flies were created.
- Kulikowski, M. Fly Tree of Life Mapped, Adds Big Branch of Evolutionary Knowledge. North Carolina State University press release, March 14, 2011.
- Hall, B. 2007. Phylogenetic Trees Made Easy. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 78. Cited in Thomas, B. Rare Insect Evolved at the Wrong Time. ICR News. Posted on icr.org December 30, 2009, accessed March 15, 2011.
- Wiegmann, B. M. et al. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Published online before print March 14, 2011.
* Mr. Thomas is Science Writer at the Institute for Creation Research.
Article posted on March 17, 2011.
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| 0.940141 | 815 | 3.25 | 3 |
Almost every country in the world holds foreign currency reserves or “FX reserves”, which are assets of the central bank held in different reserve currencies, most commonly the US Dollar, used to back its liabilities. Foreign exchange reserves held by the Central Bank are a major national asset and a primary tool of monetary and exchange rate policy. Understanding how reserves management works is important in today's world. Foreign currency reserves make up $11 trillion of capital. The sheer size of reserves makes reserve managers some of the most important players in the global financial markets. This is in addition to the influence they have in their domestic markets on the value of their currency or on interest rates.
This course will present a 360 degree view on reserves management and will cover issues such as why central banks hold FX reserves, how much they should hold, investing in various asset classes (bonds, equities etc), managing liquidity in case the central bank needs to use the reserves, actively managing portfolios and using external managers. In addition, the course will take a look at what has changed in the post crisis world. The course will provide an understanding of strategic issues involved in setting a country's official reserves policy. The course will one to think like a reserve manager, useful for whether one works at a central bank or is exposed to any part of their operations.
The course consists of the following modules:
- Module I: Introduction to Reserves Management
- Module II: Benchmarks
- Module III: Liquidity, Compliance & the Middle Office
- Module IV: Active Management & the Use of External Managers
In order to ensure the best possible outreach, the course will be delivered through e-learning. Through a multiple-instructional setting, the goal is to achieve the learning objectives by means of learning technologies that match personal learning styles and by the inclusion of non-linear learning that aims at the development of just-in-time skills of adult learners. At the same time, in order to allow participants maximum flexibility of scheduling , the learning will be conducted in an asynchronous manner. Using a state-of-the-art training architecture, UNITAR will combine self-learning with assessments and online discussions. The pedagogy - adapted specifically to professionals in full-time work - will help train participants through various experiences: absorb (read); do (activity); interact (socialize); reflect (relate to one’s own reality).
This course is targeted to both public and private sector participants in the financial market. It is targeted to officials of government ministries and agencies directly involved in financial market matters such as central banks, state banks, development banks, agencies, finance ministries, representatives of securities exchanges and supervisory agencies. In addition, to private sector participants such as bank and other financial intermediary employees, members of exchanges / broker-dealers.
A certificate of completion will be issued by UNITAR to all participants who complete the course-related assignments and assessments successfully. Course schedule is subject to change. Course fee is non-refundable but transferrable to another course or participant and subject to change as per UNITAR's policy on pricing.
Recommended hardware and software requirements for taking our e-learning courses:
- Platform: Windows XP sp3, Vista sp2, Windows 7 sp1, MacOS X.
- Hardware: 2 GB of RAM and higher for Vista and Windows 7.
- Software: Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Powerpoint and Adobe Acrobat Reader (downloadable for free at adobe.com).
- Browser: Internet Explorer 8 or higher; Mozilla Firefox 8 or higher.
- Internet connection: 128kbps and higher.
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New US research has found a link between pollution causing fine particulate matter, also known as PM2.5, and an increased risk of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) in young children.
Carried out by researchers from Intermountain Healthcare, Brigham Young University and University of Utah, the groundbreaking new study is the largest to date to look at a possible link between PM2.5 and ALRI, following 146,397 individuals over a 17-year period.
Participants were all treated for ALRI between 1999 and 2016 at Intermountain Healthcare facilities located throughout Utah’s Wasatch Front region. PM2.5 levels were estimated based on data taken from air quality monitoring stations in the same area, which is home to around 80 percent of Utah’s population.
The researchers found that elevated levels of PM2.5 were associated with an increased risk of developing ALRI for both adults and children, including newborns and toddlers up to age two, who represented 77 percent (112,467) of those who had an ALRI diagnosis.
Increases in PM2.5 levels also led to increased doctor visits for these lung infections.
“Overall, it took about 2-3 weeks for the ALRI hospitalizations or clinic visits to occur in this study after the rapid rise in PM2.5 had been observed,” added lead author Benjamin Horne.
Seventeen children ages 0-2, 9 children ages 3-17 and 81 adults also died within 30 days of diagnosis with ALRI.
PM2.5 is defined as air pollution particles measuring 2.5 micrometers or smaller. By comparison, a human hair is between 50 and 70 micrometers thick.
Motor vehicles contribute about 48 percent of emissions that lead to the formation of these fine particulates, small industry and businesses such as gas stations and dry cleaners, as well as home heating, contribute about 39 percent, and large manufacturing accounts for 13 percent.
Nearly 60 percent of US children live in counties with PM2.5 concentrations above air quality standards, although the average daily PM2.5 level is lower in Utah than in places like Los Angeles and New York.
However, air pollution may become trapped in the high mountain valleys of the Wasatch Front, which often leads to sharp increases in PM2.5 to levels considered to be unhealthy (>35 micrograms per cubic meter, and at times approaching 100 ug/m3).
“In many places that have higher average PM2.5, the PM2.5 level does not vary as much as it does on the Wasatch Front, so it is not clear how this study’s findings may transfer to those locales where the air pollution exposure is higher over the long term but short term spikes do not occur,” said Dr. Horne. “It may be, though, that long-term exposure to air pollution makes people more susceptible to ALRI on a routine basis, although additional studies will be required to test this hypothesis.”
Dr. Horne added that when a sharp increase in the level of PM2.5 does occurs, people may be able to prevent infections or decrease the severity and duration of ALRI symptoms by reducing their exposure to the air pollution, not touching their face with dirty hands, and washing their hands often to reduce infection risk.
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| 0.967641 | 689 | 3.109375 | 3 |
More accurately, it’s extreme poverty. That is the best way to describe living on one dollar a day in a pre-industrialized (farming) community. Now imagine this family, earning one dollar a day, has six children to support.
Forget about television (much less cable) and internet. Forget about cell phones (or any phone, for that matter). Forget about clean clothing and a good education. This story puts everything into perspective. While we’re all concerned with our own well-being and wealth, it’s difficult to contemplate what life is like on the other side of the world — or even elsewhere in this country — for those existing in poverty.
So why would this family, or any other extremely low income household, have so many children if there’s not enough to support them? Having more children means there are more hands to help in the field, and somehow the numbers show that an additional child helping when he or she is old enough will pay for that child’s expenses.
Perhaps the world’s biggest mistake was agriculture. When humans began adopting farming and leaving hunting-gathering behind, this is how they were rewarded:
* The average height of both men and women lessened by five or six inches.
* Life expectancy dropped.
* Increased cases of infectuous diseases and iron-deficiency anemia.
These are all signs of malnourishment in the skeletons of those early farmers. While many of these and other similar issues have been overcome by the modernized world (except for disease), not all humans have “progressed” that far yet.
If farming was so much better than hunting-gathering as progressives claim, why were people getting sick more often? Settling down and adopting agriculture allowed the already increasing population to continue increasing, but the quality nutrition provided by hunting and gathering gave way to higher quantity of less nutritious foods.
This point of view is quite anti-progressive and obviously more than a little controversial, but interesting.
Updated February 6, 2012 and originally published July 8, 2005. If you enjoyed this article, subscribe to the RSS feed or receive daily emails. Follow @ConsumerismComm on Twitter and visit our Facebook page for more updates.
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| 0.957644 | 465 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The recent EHEC outbreak should not cast any doubts over organic farming methods
The epicentre of this crisis was Northern Germany, where most people were infected. This crisis has caused huge upset and uncertainty, there have been many damaging accusations made at various vegetables and sources. Let’s have a look at the facts so far.
In early June, after much investigation, German authorities stated that mounting epidemiological and food-chain evidence indicated that bean and seed sprouts (including fenugreek, mung beans, lentils, adzuki beans and alfalfa) are the vehicle of the outbreak in Germany. (WHO/EU, June 2011) Health authorities finally traced the pathogens which caused the deadly EHEC outbreak to sprouts grown at an organic farm in the Uelzen district. According to the Spiegel Newspaper the breakthrough was made by scientists in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Final verification, however, is still pending. (Spiegel, June 2011) As it remains unclear how the dangerous bacteria came to be present at the farm. The organic farm in Uelzen is situated about 100km (62m) south of Hamburg, the epicentre of the outbreak. The farm produces bean sprouts including adzuki, alfalfa, broccoli, peas, lentils and mung beans, all grown in a nursery for consumption in salads. Since this news broke, the methods used in organic farming have been accused for being at the root of this tragic outbreak.
The farm's general manager, Klaus Verbeck, was quoted by the Neue Osnabruecker Zeitung newspaper as saying that he could not see how the organic farm was to blame. "I can't understand how the processes we have here and the accusations could possibly fit together," said Mr Verbeck. (bbc news, June 2011) "The salad sprouts are grown only from seeds and water, and they aren't fertilised at all. There aren't any animal fertilisers used in other areas on the farm either."
Typically this particular strain of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) is normally transmitted through faeces or faecal bacteria. Contact with animal faeces including petting zoos is a common source. (German Organic Agricultural Movement, June 2011) Since animal manure was not involved in any of the farming methods used at the farm in Uelzen the manner in which the bacteria arrived at the farm is still unknown. According to Dr. Stephen Smith, a microbiologist at Trinity college Dublin, "E. coli can stick tightly to the surface of seeds needed to make sprouts and they can lay dormant on the seeds for months, during germination the population of bugs can expand 100,000 fold.”
He goes on to say "However, and this is probably the key to the German outbreak, the bacteria are inside the sprout tube as well as outside. Thus washing probably had no effect. The bottom line is that it is crucial to source where the seeds came from and recall any stock." (BBC news June 2011) In this case it would appear that due to the nature of how the bacteria presents itself in the sprout seeds that both organic products are generally no more or less vulnerable then conventionally cultivated vegetables. (German organic agricultural movement, June 2011).
In recent days it has also emerged that the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) have linked a batch of fenugreek seeds grown in Egypt to the outbreak. They have even gone so far as to ban the import of these particular “sprouting seeds” from Europe (BBC news July 5th).
The EFSA stated that the actual contamination of the seeds reflected "a production or distribution process which allowed contamination with faecal material of human and/or animal origin". However where exactly this contamination occurred is still not clear.
It is also important to note that this is not the first time sprouts have been identified as the root cause of an EHEC outbreak. According to the Spiegel newspaper, sprouts have caused outbreaks of E. Coli in Japan in 1996, where over 12,680 people became ill and 12 died after being infected by radish sprouts. Twin outbreaks in Michigan and Virginia in 1997 were caused by contaminated sprouts traced back to the same batch of seeds originating in Idaho. Two outbreaks in Colorado and Minnesota in 2003 were also blamed on the seeds of sprouts.
One US study has even suggested that an alarming 1.5 percent of all alfalfa sprouts sold are contaminated with EHEC. There can be up to 10 million bacteria in just one gram of the vegetable. An investigation by the BfR even revealed that the bacterial count on sprouts could increase a hundred-fold up to the expiration date, despite further refrigeration. (Spiegel, June 2011).
This evidence suggests that it is the bacteria carrying capacity of sprout seeds that is the problem not the methods used to farm them. This conclusion is echoed by the recent statement by the IFOAM EU Group which underlines that it is neither appropriate nor responsible to use the present outbreak of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) to blame any farming method. EHEC is not a problem of a specific production system and any farming methods can potentially be affected.
However they are deeply concerned by the outbreak and are determined to ensure a future outbreak is prevented. The IFOAM EU Group expresses its deepest sympathy to all those affected by the outbreak of these deadly bacteria and supports the efforts of the authorities in identifying the cause as rapidly as possible. The number and seriousness of the infections makes research into the cause of the outbreak and preventive measures most urgent. We at the AgriCultures Network support the statement made by the IFOAM. We also share their concern and sympathy for those that have been affected by this outbreak.
- EHEC outbreak: Update 22. Who/EU. 23/06/11
- E. Coli Outbreak Scientists'Find EHEC Bacteria at Sprout Farm' 06/10/2011 Spiegel Online
- E. coli outbreak: First German sprout tests negative. BBC News. 07/06/11
- E.coli: IFOAM EU welcomes EU support but asks for EU wide coordination. Statement International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements – EU Regional Group 1 (1) Brussels, 07/06/2011 [PDF]
- EHEC infection. Statment from German Organic Agricultural Movement. 05/06/11 [PDF]
- E. coli: EU bans Egyptian seeds after fenugreek link BBC News 05/07/11
- EFSA publishes report from its Task Force on the E. coli O104:H4 outbreaks in Germany and France in 2011 and makes further recommendations to protect consumers EFSA Report 05/ 07/11
Text: Ellen Naughton
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| 0.963004 | 1,420 | 2.515625 | 3 |
During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, western countries had significant influence on the political, economic, and cultural development of many Asian countries. Traditional culture and music in these Asian countries have undergone continuous challenges from the impact of western culture and music. China has been a communist country since 1949. Hong Kong was a British colony from 1842-1997 and is now a special administrative region (SAR) of chin. At the beginning of the third millennium, education reforms come to the forefront in both china and Hong Kong. Although the two regions had undergone different political systems in the past, both experienced similar western influences in culture and education from the historical perspective, and currently are facing challenges of globalization with regard to educating their future generations. This paper focuses on the development of music education in relation to traditional Chinese music in china and Hong Kong in the past century and examines the recent development in curriculum changes in china in order to establish a direction for the ongoing music education reform in Hong Kong.
|Publication status||Published - 2002|
CitationLeung, C. C., & Yu-Wu, Y. W. R. (2002, August). Music education across the border between China and Hong Kong (SAR). Paper presented at the 25th International Society for Music Education (ISME) Biennial World Conference and Music Festival, Bergen, Norway.
- Theory and Practice of Teaching and Learning
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Also known as the Good Friday earthquake, this Tsunami lasted for 4.38 minutes and measured a magnitude of 9.2 on the Richter Scale. It is one of the biggest tsunamis in the world to be recorded in history. This created waves which were as high as 67 meters. It led to large property damage and claimed 139 lives.
It is believed that this Tsunami submerged an entire islet, though this fact is yet to be verified. The Ryukyu Islands in Japan experienced their worst nightmare in the form of this Tsunami which claimed the lives of 12,000 people (one-third of the population of the island). The waves produced were as high as 40 to 80 meters. Considered as one of the biggest Tsunami in Japan in the olden times, it wrecked havoc all across the island.
The Ise Bay Tsunami which hit in 1586 has been calculated to be around 8.2 on the Richter scale. The waves are estimated to have reached a height of 6 meters and destroyed a number of cities and settlements back then. The old city of Nagahama was destroyed because of an outbreak of fire, owing to the earthquake. Later, the waves of the Tsunami enveloped the entire city as the water of Lake Biwa rose, leaving no trace of the place, except for the castle situated there. Huge damage was inflicted by this earthquake and Tsunami which may have claimed as many as 8,000 lives back then.
One of the biggest Tsunami in Japan took place off the coast of Sanriku in 1958. An earthquake of an estimated magnitude of 7.8 triggered a devastating Tsunami which claimed as many as 22,000 lives and destroyed more than 11,000 homes. The waves of the Tsunami were believed to reach a height of 38.2m thus causing extensive damage to flora and fauna and local crops.
The sounds produced by Krakatoa Volcanic eruptions are believed to be the loudest in modern history. Three of the volcanic peaks erupted on the 26th and 27th of August 1883, leading to subsequent Tsunamis which spread to over many islands. Multiple waves were propagated which were as high as 37m. Around 40,000 deaths have been attributed to this Tsunami.
This Tsunami which originated in the South China Sea traveled far and wide up till 120 km thus killing more that 40,000 people. A tectonic shift on the ocean floor was the precursor of this horrific incident. The damage caused by it is still unknown and uncalculated.
The Tsunami waves hit as high as 25m after an earthquake of magnitude 8.4 hit Japan. It was the largest earthquake in the history of Japan up until the 2011 earthquake. Places like Shikoku, Honshu, and Kyushu were severely damaged. The destructive Tsunami which subsequently followed claimed 30,000 lives.
Both earthquakes and tsunamis are unavoidable natural calamities which lead to hundred of thousands of deaths. The casualty and damage caused by them are beyond repair and it takes several years to stabilize the lives of those who survive. It is believed that 80 percent of these Tsunamis have taken place in the “Pacific Ring of Fire”. The aforementioned list of biggest tsunamis in the world is just a small number of the many earthquakes and subsequent Tsunamis to have hit the planet.
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| 0.979866 | 711 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Hot, Humid Weather Is Tough on Grass Seedlings
The hot, wet and humid weather conditions experienced across the northern US are likely to lead to disease and death problems in young seedlings. Mature turf is more tolerant. Extreme summer-like conditions are not a good time to plant northern grass seeds, such as bluegrass, ryegrass, and fescues, or to have young seedlings fighting to survive. Northern grasses are best planted during early spring and early fall when soil temperatures are between 50F and 75F. That's when those grasses will have time to mature. Unless you have to seed to stop erosion, hold off on seeding until nighttime air temperatures are consistently less than 65 and daytime temperatures are consistently less than 80 between the middle of August and Late September.
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| 0.964987 | 163 | 3.265625 | 3 |
No fewer than three presidential administrations from both sides of the political spectrum have put the integration of multicultural families among their top priorities. Yet immigrant incorporation must go beyond integrating immigrants into existing South Korean social categories because, otherwise, existing social inequalities and hierarchies will be reinforced. In 2021, the average life expectancy of women at birth in South Korea was around 86.6 years, up from about 86.3 years in the previous year. The life expectancy of a woman in South Korea has slowly increased over the past decade, from about 83 years in 2009. Authorities also sent notice of an administrative review of the registration status of 64 groups registered with the ministry as “non-profit private organizations” working in similar sectors.
The systemic abuse and torture of repatriated women in North Korean detention is a direct result of China’s decision to return defectors to North Korea, in violation of its obligations under international law. Women comprise the majority of North Korean refugees in China, many of whom are trafficked and sold to rural Chinese farmers (Congressional-Executive Commission on China 2012).
- The World Unpacked is a monthly foreign policy podcast that breaks down the hottest global issues of today with experts, journalists, and policymakers who can explain what is happening, why it matters, and where we go from here.
- The government continued to struggle to address rampant problems with online gender-based violence, including non-consensually shared intimate images and molka—secretly filmed video or images of a sexualized nature posted online.
- In 2020, the rate of digital sex crimes in South Korea, of which the vast majority is against women, was a massive 7.5 times higher than in 2003.
- In the early days of its independence, North Korea promised major advances in gender equality, guaranteeing women’s empowerment and liberation from domestic work.
- The labor force participation rate for men remained steady at over 72 percent during these years.
- Women have reported labor exploitation, sexual harassment, and assault by their husband or his family .
Since 1984, South Korea’s fertility rate has consistently fallen below the population replacement level of 2.1 children per woman. It reached an all-time low of 0.84 in 2020—the lowest figure in the world that year.
Where They Stand: The Status of Women in South Korea
In today’s society, the economy of South Korea has tremendously improved due to urbanisation, industrialisation, military authoritarianism, democratic reform, and social liberalisation since the late 1960s. Thus, gender roles and gender identities eventually have been modified as a result to changing modernity. More than half(in 2018 OECD economy survey, it was 56.1%. It is lower than OECD average.) of Korean women are employed and furthermore, more than 25% of married women are employed as full-time workers. In politics, although there are not as many female politicians as male politicians, the female politicians have recently begun to participate more actively than in the past. For instance, in the National Assembly, women occupy 20 of the 299 seats, less than 10%. In 2020 parliamentary election, women occupy 57 seats in the National Assembly. North Koreans who escape to another country fit this definition, and therefore have the right to certain protections under international law, including non-refoulement .
Women educated in these schools began to take part in the arts, teaching and other economic activities. The percentage of women in professional fields has steadily increased which has resulted in significant contributions to society, especially in terms of increasing GDP. As they took a larger role in economic activities, the educational level of women also increased, providing additional opportunities for professionalization.
Life expectancy of women at birth in South Korea from 2009 to 2021
Support for women https://thegirlcanwrite.net/south-korean-women/ in politics is also discerned in attitudes and institutions (the Korean Women’s Development Institute is government-established and funded, while the Korean League of Women Voters promotes women’s political access). Implementation of laws to prohibit gender inequalities and prejudice have increased the number of women in the workforce. Nevertheless, women’s status in South Korea illustrates the fact that Korea still has a lot of room to be improved for gender equality. Therefore, the legislation and public rules have critical and significant roles to influence Korean cities to elevate the social structure substantially.
By the time she published a widely read, anonymous memoir about unmasking the spycam operators, Park was a hero to many South Korean women. After revealing her identity, she agreed to advise Lee Jae-myung, the Democratic Party’s presidential candidate, on women’s issues.
Many women in South Korea will be feeling anxious today as the country inaugurates a new president Yoon Suk-yeol, a self-styled crusader for justice. Calling on Yoon to rethink his “ill-conceived plan”, the newspaper said the move could “do more harm than good” and “goes against the global trend of advocating women’s empowerment”. In September, the government faced calls to strengthen punishments for stalkers after a woman was murdered at work by a male ex-colleague who had been stalking her for three years. Yoon, a conservative who took office in May, is expected to encounter fierce opposition to the move, which will have to be approved by the national assembly, where the liberal opposition Democratic party has a majority. “In physical education class, the boys are all playing soccer and basketball, while the girls aren’t expected to do much besides chit-chatting in the corner,” she says. Koo Hyun-kyung, 29, owner and personal trainer at Timber, a women-only gym that specialises in strength training and weightlifting, says that for many clients, priorities have shifted from losing weight to enhancing their quality of life. Asia Society takes no institutional position on policy issues and has no affiliation with any government.
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Above pic by Mortimer? All below* by John Althouse Cohen, with thanks.
Kit Rentrée 2014
Essential links and resources to help beginning Teachers of French (and anybody else!) with planning for 2014. #
Learning Languages in the NZC
Learning Languages: Curriculum Guide for Junior French and Support Materials
Senior Secondary Languages Guide
Learning Languages Poster (to download and print)
French and the NZC: a visual summary to print
Learning Languages: Pedagogy
Ellis Principles and iCLT Principles
Pedagogy and Research
Find more still at http://www.french.ac.nz/curriculum
►French Subject Resources (NZQA Page)
►Scroll down the page for Vocabulary Lists for Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3
- Level 1 Achievement Standards and Assessment Specification (inc. 2012)
- Level 2 Achievement Standards and Assessment Specification (inc. 2012)
- Level 3 Achievement Standards and Assessment Specification (inc. 2012)
Past Externals (Inc. Sample Exemplars and annotated samples of Students Responses):
Internals: the Conditions of Assessment are available on the right hand side of the Sample Resource page at each level.
- Level 3
Level 3 Assessment SAMPLE Resources
.2 Realistic expectations for a presentation may be about:
Level 1 – 1 minute
Level 2 – 2 minutes
Level 3 – 3 minutes
.3 Possible interaction length which will provide sufficient language on which to base a grade could be about:
Level One -3 minutes
Level Two - 4 minutes
Level Three – 4 minutes (reference)
.5 Suggested word count that would enable students to meet the criteria are:
Level 1 – at least 300 words
Level 2 – at least 400 words
Level 3 – at least 500words
Pedagogy for e-portfolios (thank you to Gunhild Litwin, Regional Adviser Massey till 2011): how to manage collecting evidence of your students’ learning for assessment purposes.
Become a NZAFT member! For $20 a year support your subject association: it brings you the listserv but also maintains this one stop shop site www.french.ac.nz and its weekly teaching resources Newsletter frenchNews. Download a form today and meet your colleagues at http://www.french.ac.nz/nzaft
Subscribe to the NZAFT listserv : 400+ teachers of French in NZ to network with (share ideas, resources, requests etc) Just send a blank email, with SUBSCRIBE NZAFT in the subject line, to: [email protected]
After subscribing, share by sending an email to: [email protected] or contribute by replying straight to the sender.
To unsubscribe: send a blank email, with UNSUBSCRIBE NZAFT in the subject line, to: [email protected]
Contribute your teaching resources to be added to the pool and published at http://www.french.ac.nz/resources by uploading it at http://www.french.ac.nz/contribute : spend a while exploring the site to get familiar with it.
Contact Glenda Palmer the French National Adviser and just say hi!
Join Le Zinc on Facebook to exchange tips, pictures and reading
Find out who the other teachers of French are in neighbouring schools and collaborate, exchange ideas, resources and tips!
Teaching as Inquiry
Curriculum Support Days Units (PPTA 2010)
Volume 37 (Nov. 2011) of New Zealand Language Teachers (published by the NZALT)
- Digital Portfolio: Guidelines for Beginners (MoE, Jan.2011), with 11 NZ schools sharing their portfolio journeys and FAQ.
- myPortfolio (ePortfolio) helpsheets:
- Getting Started
- Managing Video and Sound Files
- Help Videos
- Collecting samples of spoken evidence: cool ideas and you can add to the list.
- Read about Collaboration and Sharing with Google docs and Google apps .
- Publishing tools : a list of tools and tips to enhance your teaching and their learning.
Anything need adding or removing? Email pascale.hyboudperon[at]gmail.com with your suggestions!
Compiled by Pascale Hyboud-Peron, NZAFT Vice President, Listserve Contact and www.french.ac.nz administrator (Jan. 2013)
#- Thank you Claire Amos Auckland Secondary English Facilitator for the inspiration http://bit.ly/cMU8PQ
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We offer 8 different pairs of bamboo sunglasses featured in brown-stained bamboo and natural bamboo. We think bamboo is pretty amazing and is worthy of our appreciation. We also have other wood sunglasses Here are some cool things to know about the strength of bamboo.
1. Bamboo Is Strong:
When compared to wood, bamboo fiber is 2-3 times stronger than timber. Maple wood is one of the densest and strongest hardwoods, yet bamboo is stronger while still being quite a bit lighter.
In Hong Kong, bamboo's abundance, incredibly strong structure, and light weight combine to make it perfect to be used as scaffolding in the construction of skyscrapers. Check it out:
How It Works did a fantastic video that talks about bamboo scaffolding used in Hong Kong. See how it is used here:
2. Bamboo's Strength Comes From Being Hard
Fortius Bamboo is 122% harder than Tasmanian Oak and out performs just about every wood in the market. It is no wonder that in addition to scaffolding, it is being used for flooring, walls, decking, plywood, fencing and more.
The scale below how bamboo and these other woods performed on the Janka hardness test that measures the resistance of wood to denting and wear. and 11.28 mm (.444 inch) steel ball into the wood to half of the ball's diameter. Turns out, it takes 3,000 pounds of force to achieve this with Fortius Bamboo.
3. In Some Ways Bamboo Cable is Stronger Than Steel
The tensile strength of plaited bamboo cables is as strong as or stronger than a steel cable of the same size. Hemp rope loses 20% of its strength when wet while bamboo cables increase in strength by as much as 20% when wet. In fact, in South America, bamboo is referred to as vegetable steel.
The longest bamboo suspension bridge was built across the Min-chiang River in China, and was built over 1000 years ago. While it was damaged, ferry boats were used, then in 1803 the bridge was rebuilt. The bridge was 850 feet long, 9 feet wide and supported by 10 woven bamboo cables 6 inches in diameter. Pretty crazy a bamboo bridge could span nearly 900 feet!! Quite the feat. (In 1974 the bridge was replaced by a steel cable bridge.)
Here is a video of a failure test of a connector for bamboo structures. It finally fails at 57.6 kN which translates to about 5.8 tons of force. That is roughly 13,000 pounds of force! The breaking point happens at 1:50 into the video.
This is just the tip of the iceberg for bamboo. We will continue to post about the awesomeness of bamboo, so be sure to check back later! So, buy some brown-stained bamboo sunglasses or some natural bamboo sunglasses here now!
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Everyone has the right to access public information. If a person cannot access
a public document because of a disability, they are being denied their right
What Are Alternate Formats?
Alternate formats are simply other ways of publishing information beyond traditional
printing. Some of these formats can be used by everyone while others
are designed to address specific user needs.
Why Do We Need To Provide Information In Other Formats?
Some people cannot read or use regular print because of their disability. This
can include people who are blind, people who have low vision, an intellectual
or other cognitive disability, and some people with physical disabilities who
cannot hold publications or turn pages.
Other people cannot access or have difficulties accessing the Internet. Still
others have difficulties watching or hearing video presentations.
Providing alternate formats will ensure that all clients can access your information.
It’s not only good for your business, it’s required by law. The Ontario
Human Rights Code establishes, in accordance with the Canadian Charter of Rights
and Freedoms, the principle of access by persons with disabilities to
goods, services, facilities and employment.
The Code prohibits not only overt discrimination, but also practices that are
discriminatory in their effect. Under the Code, to refuse a request for information
in an accessible format could be considered a discriminatory practice and could
make you liable for complaint.
Accessibility requirements are a component of good communications planning.
It is important to consider the communication needs of your whole audience when
preparing your materials. Advanced planning and preparation of materials in
multiple formats can greatly reduce the time required to respond to individual
requests. This results in improved customer service, and makes particular sense
when producing print or multimedia materials that are targeted at a population
that is likely to have multiple format needs, such as seniors. Many seniors
favour material in large print, and people with a hearing loss benefit from
captioning on video presentations or video streaming.
Think about all the forms that sending and receiving information can take.
There’s electronic, verbal, audio, or written to name a few. How can you
accessibility in communicating with clients, suppliers and the
Here are some of the alternatives available to help make information more accessible:
An alternative format for people who have low vision. Large print materials
should be prepared with a font (print) size that is 16 to 20 points or larger.
This can be created in-house by using word processing software, or can be outsourced
to a vendor.
Used with computer synthetic voice technology (screen reading software) that
enables people who are blind, have low vision (such as seniors) or who have
learning disabilities to hear a spoken translation of what others see on the
monitor. When an electronic form of a document is placed on a CD, it should
be labelled in large, high-contrast print and Braille.
An alternative format for people who are blind or deaf-blind. It is a tactile
system of raised dots representing letters or a combination of letters of
the alphabet. Braille is produced using Braille transcription software.
An alternative format for people with a vision, intellectual or developmental,
or learning disability; and are unable to read print. Labels should be prepared
in large, high-contrast print and Braille.
Captioning translates the audio portion of a video presentation by way of subtitles,
or captions, which usually appear on the bottom of the screen. Captioning
may be closed or open. Closed captions can only be seen on a television screen
that is equipped with a device called a closed caption decoder. Open captions
are “burned on” a video and appear whenever the video is shown. Captioning
makes television programs, films and other visual media with sound accessible
to people who are deaf or hard of hearing.
Windowing enables people who are deaf to read by means of a sign language interpreter
what others hear in a video presentation or broadcast. The interpreter
appears in a corner or “window” in the screen translating spoken word
to sign language. Windowing may include open or closed captioning.
Descriptive Video Service (DVS)
DVS provides descriptive narration of key visual elements – such as the
action, characters, locations, costumes and sets – without interfering
or sound effects, making television programs, films, home videos and other visual
media accessible for people with vision disabilities.
People with disabilities may use one or more of the following assistive technologies
in communicating with others or in getting information:
- speech input and synthesized speech output.
- screen readers, screen magnifiers, screen projectors.
- audio recorded information.
- text telephones.
- adjustable signal level and tone on audio devices.
- volume control.
- hands-free data entry and response selection.
- intelligent word prediction software.
- alternative pointing devices, such as mouth sticks.
- keyboard controllers.
- book holders and page turners.
- touchscreens and
- standardized icons.
Although many people who are deaf or hard of hearing use e-mail and pagers
to give and receive information, TTY (teletypewriter), is still widely used.
Those who use wireless messaging pager systems can send and receive e-mail,
TTY messages, faxes, text-to-speech and speech-to-text messages, and a text
message to any one-way alphanumeric pager. More cellular phones are now compatible
with TTY and hearing aids, and as they become less expensive and easier
to use, their use will be more widespread.
Bell Canada Relay Service (BCRS) lets TTY users and hearing people talk to
one another by phone with the help of specially trained BCRS operators. Users
dictate to the operator the conversation, which is then relayed to the TTY phone.
TTY conversation is then relayed to the regular phone user. This service
is confidential and the only cost is any long-distance charges that would regularly
apply. Local calls using this service are free.
The World Wide Web
Providing easy access to information through accessible websites benefits everyone,
- people with disabilities.
- consumers living in areas that do not have access to high-speed
- people who have difficulty reading and writing.
- people who speak English as a Second Language and
- tourists and people living in multilingual societies.
When you are designing your website, remember that some people use assistive
technology to help them use the Internet.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
The W3C is an international organization. One of
its primary goals is to develop standards, protocols and guidelines to ensure
that the benefits of web-based information are accessible to all people, whatever
their hardware, software, network infrastructure, native language, culture,
geographical location, or physical or mental ability.
More information on guidelines and suggestions for making websites accessible,
appears on the
W3C website at http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/.
Is your website accessible? You can find out by contacting a company that specializes
in creating websites that meet accessibility guidelines. Be careful of companies that claim to be able to make websites accessible but cant. Their own site must be accessible and they should be able to give you links to work they have done that is also accessible. Use the links below to check their work. Remember that these are only tools and only one aspect of testing for web accessibility, you will still need a web accessibility professional with valid experience to analyze and implement the guidelines properly.
This tool will allow you to check your web pages for valid code and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) which is needed to pass Priority 2 of the W3C Guidelines 2.0 http://validator.w3.org/.
Reproduced from http://www.mcss.gov.on.ca/mcss/english/how/howto_information.htm, edited and formatted for greater accessibility.
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| 0.898312 | 1,699 | 3.375 | 3 |
July 7, 2014 published 3:03p.m.
Are there scientific errors in the Bible?
Myth: The Bible says that the universe was created in six 24-hour days.
Fact: According to the Bible, God created the universe in the indefinite past. (Genesis 1:1) Also, the days of creation described in chapter 1 of Genesis were epochs whose length is not specified. In fact, the entire period during which earth and heaven were made is also called a “day.”—Genesis 2:4.
Myth: The Bible says that vegetation was created before the sun existed to support photosynthesis.—Genesis 1:11, 16.
Fact: The Bible shows that the sun, one of the stars that make up “the heavens,” was created before vegetation. (Genesis 1:1) Diffused light from the sun reached the earth’s surface during the first “day,” or epoch, of creation. As the atmosphere cleared, by the third “day” of creation, the light was strong enough to support photosynthesis. (Genesis 1:3-5, 12, 13) Only later did the sun become distinctly visible from the surface of the earth.—Genesis 1:16.
Myth: The Bible says that the sun revolves around the earth.
Fact: Ecclesiastes 1:5 says: “The sun rises, and the sun sets; then it hurries back to the place where it rises again.” However, this statement merely describes the apparent motion of the sun as viewed from the earth. Even today, a person can use the words “sunrise” and “sunset,” yet he knows that the earth revolves around the sun.
Myth: The Bible says that the circumference of a circle is exactly three times its diameter, but the correct value is pi (π), or about 3.1416.
Fact: The measurements of “the Sea of cast metal” given at 1 Kings 7:23 and 2 Chronicles 4:2 indicate that it had a diameter of 10 cubits and that “it took a measuring line 30 cubits long to encircle it.” These dimensions might have been merely the nearest round numbers. It is also possible that the circumference and diameter represented inner and outer measurements of the basin respectively.
“Backing up”… a loaded phrase… means a lot.
(At times: involves extra working, efforts, vigilances, energies.)
Back(ING)up… can You?
Back up what You say & what You do &
Your life & life…
And IF You need “positive” change… are You willing to back up??
Backing Up takes You……………………………………………….. forward!:)
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Uttarakhand (Hindi: उत्तराखंड), known as Uttaranchal from 2000 to 2006, became the 27th state of the Republic of India on November 9, 2000. Uttarakhand borders Tibet to the north, Nepal to the east, and the states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh (of which it formed a part before 2000) in the west and south respectively. The region is traditionally referred to as Uttarakhand in Hindu scriptures and old literature, a term which derives from the Sanskrit for Northern Country or Section. In January 2007, the name of the state was officially changed from Uttaranchal, its interim name, to Uttarakhand, according to the wishes of a large section of its people. The provisional capital of Uttarakhand is Dehradun which is also a rail-head and the largest city in the region. The small hamlet of Gairsen has been mooted as the future capital owing to its geographic centrality but controversies and lack of resources have led Dehradun to remain provisional capital. The High Court of the state is in Nainital.
Recent developments in the region include initiatives by the state government to capitalise on the burgeoning tourist trade as well as tax incentives to lure high-tech industry to the state. The state also has big-dam projects, controversial and often criticised in India, such as the very large Tehri dam on the Bhagirathi-Bhilangana rivers, conceived in 1953 and about to reach completion. Uttarakhand is also well known as the birthplace of the Chipko environmental movement, and a myriad other social movements including the mass agitation in the 1990s that led to its formation.
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In celebration of the Irish Heritage Month, the Division of Research is hosting a special lecture and reception in McKeldin Library, Special Events Room, 6th Floor that highlights the connection between the Irish and African American struggle for freedom and civil rights.
The lecture by Professor Christine Kinealy, Director of Ireland's Great Hunger Institute at Quinnipiac University, will explore the relationship between Daniel O'Connell and Frederick Douglass and examine their important contributions to ending slavery.
Professor Kinealy's lecture will be followed by a presentation by Don Mullan and Kristin Leary, co-founders of the Frederick Douglass Ireland Project.
To register for the event, visit go.umd.edu/3ey.
This event is part of the university’s “Maryland Dialogues on Diversity & Community” series. Learn more at umd.edu/MarylandDialogues.
Contact Elise Carbonaro at 301-405-6501 or [email protected] for more information.
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TGP is a place-based ‘community of schools and youth services’ model for early intervention with at-risk young people. The effectiveness and efficiency of early intervention depends on early identification.
TGP has adopted a strong research and evidence based approach in relation to the development of its early intervention programs.
Research has shown that adolescence is a very important transition, where the decisions that young people make and the paths that they take can influence future opportunities, attitudes and behavior, and affect the course of their lives.
During the pilot phase of less than one full year, TGP proactively identified and intervened with 95 young people and 43 family members, where homelessness and school disengagement were identified at high risk. Without targeted intervention there is significant risk of the young person becoming homelessness and leaving school early.
Following TGP’s intervention:
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With the advent of recent advancements and ever changing environment, the list detailing the use of modern technology continually grows longer and is limitless. Technology has helped a lot of people in doing their respective works.
In government agencies, technology is also very helpful especially in safety and security aspects. An example is the Spy Software installed into a phone to create a phone tracker.
Crime detectives use them widely to track and convict a criminal. It is also used to prevent crimes from ever happening. Now, it can also be used to detect political dissidents or rebels.
It was discovered by Morgan Marquis-Boire, a Google engineer and Bill Marczak, a computer science Ph.D. student. They were able to chase down a surveillance device from Bahrain. It is much more elaborate than that of a simple phone tracker. The two stumbled upon sophisticated, intricate network of computer espionage software used by the government to look for the political dissidents.
The software is supposed to be sold and used only for criminal investigations but Boire and Marczak found proof that it has been used to aim against political rebels.
The software allowed the government to keep tabs on the political enemies. They were able to look at their images, view conversations from Skype, turn cameras and microphones on. This spy software also has a mobile version designed for phones like Android and Blackberry to create a phone tracker.
FinSpy was the one identified. It was created by the Gamma Group, a British company who claims that they sell it solely for criminal investigations. The logic is quite simple. This software can be used in two ways:
This software can be sold to a “good” country. Good translates as one that obeys rules and do not have hidden intentions. A good country uses this appropriately. They use it entirely for good purposes such as criminal investigation and law enforcement. It will be used to track down kidnappers, robbers, pedophiles, human traffickers, rapists, and other crime doers. No others reasons.
On the contrary, if the software gets into the hands of a country with a “bad” reputation, it could get worse. In a country where the rule of law is not that strong, shaky and often not respected, it would be used differently. For example, political dissidents rally and voice out their fearless opinions against a corrupt government official or a questionable activity. One sure fire way to stop them is to track them down and keep their mouths shut in unimaginable ways.
Another example is to chase journalists. These people’s job is to write and broadcast the truth. Truth does not always mean good thing. Journalists often expose the illegal activities of the government. They find and present to the public proofs of allegedly illegitimate and backdoor negotiations. The government can now use a spy software to chase them and put a stop to a journalist’s quest for truth.
FinSpy was good product of modern technology but then, it is up to its users to where they would utilize this kind of technology. It is their choice.
About the Author: Mackenzie Salis is a professional writer for 3 years. She is proficient at finance, technology and business field. She is the author of the site: http://www.netspysoftware.com/ where you can get more valuable information about mobile spy software.
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595 sites ID'd as sole home to endangered species
WASHINGTON -- From the Pagham Mountain home of the Afghani brook salamander to the Nyanga Mountain lair of the Inyanga toad in Zimbabwe, some 595 sites around the world have been identified as the sole home of at least one endangered species.
Identifying these locations provides a front line list of places that need to be protected because, if the site is lost it will spell the doom of the plants or animals that make their home only there, said Mike Parr of the American Bird Conservancy.
Parr is co-author of a paper discussing these locations and the need to protect them. It was published Monday in the online edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Many endangered species make their homes on isolated islands, where they have evolved to differ from the mainland ancestors, Parr said, and many other sites are "mountain islands," isolated pockets of forest on mountain areas that have not been logged.
"We felt it was important that the human race have a global map of where single species sites are," he said in an interview. "It is a list of irreplaceable species."
Several of the 595 sites are home to more than one endangered species, the authors noted, with a total of 794 endangered species living at these locations.
The researchers estimated that among the five major groups they studied, 245 extinctions have occurred since 1500.
"We therefore risk losing three times as many species as are known to have been lost in these same (animal and plant groups) ... over the last 500 years," they reported.
Their study focused on five groups -- mammals, birds, amphibians, conifers and certain reptiles.
With 63 locations, Mexico has more sites where endangered species are concentrated than any other country.
Many are isolated islands along the coast of Baja California, Parr said. A good example is Socorro Island, part of a small group of volcanic islands south of Baja. It's protected by Mexico, and contains the only populations of unusual types of parakeet and mockingbird. A native dove is to be reintroduced to the area, he added. The site is managed by the Mexican navy.
The paper notes that of the 595 sites, 257 are completely unprotected and the status of 48 others could not be determined. Some 204 sites are under protection and for 86 at least part of the site is protected, the researchers said.
But with 508 the sites in developing countries degrees of protection vary and money is not always available to monitor the areas.
The United States is represented with 18 sites on the list, including the Aransas National Wildlife Refuge in Texas, the only wintering site for the whooping crane, and the Torrey Pines State Reserve in California, home of the torrey pine.
The list does not include Arkansas' Big Woods area, where the ivory-billed woodpecker was recently discovered after having been thought extinct.
"Thank goodness we got the ivory-billed woodpecker back," Parr said, promising that the region will be added to the endangered list when it is next updated.
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Question: Why is the Internet Good?
Internet behavior is regulated:
- law: n/a?
"The Net interprets censorship as damage and routes around it." Gilmore.
- architecture: protocols (IETF, W3C)
"Architecture is politics." Kapor.
- markets: consumption and production patterns
"The Internet isn't free. It just has an economy that makes no sense to
- social norms: the Internet culture, maxims, and memes
"Some jerk infected the Internet with an outright lie. It shows how easy it is to do
and how credulous people are." Vonnegut.
On the Net, the architecture, markets, and memes have generally opposed regulation by
Questions of Governance
- Does it regulate community action, or individual action?
- Does it regulate by central authority, or individual action?
- Does it implement its policies through coercive means, or individual acceptance?
- Does it abide by the interests of those that it governs?
The Internet could be characterized as anarchic:
"And, just to state the obvious, anarchy does not mean chaos nor do anarchists
seek to create chaos or disorder. Instead, we wish to create a society based upon
individual freedom and voluntary co-operation. In other words, order from the bottom up,
not disorder imposed from the top down by authorities." [A.1.1 What does
"anarchy" mean? Anarchist FAQ]
Real World Governance
- direct: threat of violence, fines (lack of revenue), and imprisonment from centralized
- indirect: direct mechanisms require third parties to create incentives or disincentives
against the governed.
- link: couple a related issue to a contentious issue. (Clipper 3 coupled digital
signatures (and their legitimacy) to key escrow policies, or linking strong
confidentiality to export controls.)
- choke: regulate those that are easy to go after. (CDA focussed on large ISPs,
and telco common carriers, rather than those creating the content.)
- gouge: regulate those that have deep pockets, often used with choke.
(Some have pushed to criminals the contributory infringement of copyright.)
- browbeat: use the bully pulpit to abash, or threaten further regulatory
"industry" doesn't self regulate, the government will get involved.)
- herd: selectively place and remove liability to channel policy towards a goal
without overtly setting the direction. ("Mandatory self regulation" and safe
harbor provisions are frequently proposed solutions to Internet content issues.)
- Governance is the act of regulation. It need not be through legal, centralized, or
- The establishment of social conventions on a mailing list is governance.
- The emergent direction of an open source software project is governance.
Internet Policy Formation (1/2)
"We reject kings, presidents and voting. We believe in
rough consensus and running code." Clark.
- Open Participation ("We")
- citizen engineer: citizen is a contributor to her space (lists, Web, MUD, FAQ)
- Consensus. ("... believe in rough consensus ...")
- is it good enough, does it merit moving on, are there show stoppers?
- No Kings ("... reject kings, presidents and voting.")
- consensus mediated by Elders, citizen engineers who built the space and institutions
- Running Code / Implementation ("... believe ... in running code.")
- all policy is tested by both its support and formulation through implementation
Internet Policy Formation (2/2)
- Coercion and Lack of Chokepoint
- there have been few formal institution that real world governments could coerce because
institutions of Internet policy are decentralized and non-coercive themselves!
- Limitation of Scope
- most policy is explicitly scoped, defined, and conservative in its application.
- Funded Mandates and Lack of Fiat
- any change requires work and resources, as tested by running code and implementation.
- Uniform Enforcement
- policies cannot be selectively enforced as they are in the real world.
- Veridical Policy
- "your clickstream is your vote."
- Policy Deprecation
- old policies fade into the background
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Big Data has been all hyped up for years. But only now has Germany's Ethics Council decided it's time to work out a position. So what is the issue? And why do some researchers say they can't go on without it?
As buzzwords go, Big Data has been buzzing for a while. And yet we're still trying to work out what it is. Is it data that is simply big? Is it lots of data? Or is it lots of different types of data? And just why is it so important for the future of research?
"I agree: big data is a buzzword," says Dr. Bonnie Wolff-Boenisch, head of research affairs at Science Europe, "and more data doesn't necessarily mean better health. But we're getting a better understanding of the complexity of the human biological system; and you have to understand how the system works to understand how diseases develop, and that's now only possible with this massive amount of data which shows correlation and causation."
Okay… so we are talking about lots of data?
"Well, it's not just the sheer volume and velocity, it's also what you make of the data," Wolff-Boenisch says. "We call it big science. You draw data from databases, publications, social networks, microbiomes and epigenomes… and you put it together to understand the biological system and make predictions about diseases and try to keep people healthy."
Life-logging: an ethical minefield
Ah, social networks. Isn't that where we all freely post comments about our health in the hope that some researcher will pick up on it and magically cure our disease? No.
On social networks we - perhaps, erroneously - believe we're communicating with our friends. People we know. But we're not.
Wearables, like the Apple Watch, mean we're sharing more and more of our personal health data - sometimes unwittingly
Unless you go to the trouble of regularly maintaining your privacy settings, almost anyone can read your most intimate information - all that you freely reveal, and then some.
And it's for this reason that the German Ethics Council has decided to use its annual conference in Berlin (21.5.2015) to finally work out where it stands on the issue.
One of the areas it's focusing on is life-logging, because while the gadgets may be cool, there's a good chance we're becoming involuntary lab rats.
"There's a whole bunch of gadgets - wearables and armbands - that people use to track their daily activities, such as tracking the number of steps they take, blood sugar levels, heart rate, quality of sleep, or how their moods change throughout the day," says Dr. Nora Schultz, a research officer at the German Ethics Council. "They use them for their personal analysis, but many of these apps and devices can also pass the data onto third parties."
So we have to be clear about who - companies, organizations or government bodies - has access to which of our data and what they are allowed to do with it.
It's a question of ethics, but also one of legislation.
For its part, the European Union has yet to finalize its position, and it's struggling as much on this issue of data protection as it is on the issue of getting global, Internet-based firms to pay their taxes.
The re-identification of your data
Then there is the issue of re-identification - the concern that no matter how anonymized our health data may be, individuals can still be traced and re-identified when data from various sources are brought together and analyzed - the very aim of big data.
"You might be able to recognize people with the more data you collect," says Wolff-Boenisch. "One danger is if this data were to leak to health insurance [companies], and you could predict a predisposition for a certain disease… this is a risk, and that's why it has to be restricted. On the other hand, this is the price you have to pay for advancing research and helping prevent people from getting diseases."
And the more we share our health data, the more we challenge our traditional relationships with health practitioners
The extent of this risk may depend on the kind of data researchers collect.
Broadly speaking, there are two kinds: static and dynamic data.
Static data would be, for instance, data collected from a sample of 100 people, who go to hospital at regular times, and have their heart rates checked.
Dynamic data, on the other hand, is a constant stream of potentially ever-increasing and variable data, such as the kind we may provide via smart watches.
At present, dynamic data is harder to process than static data. The algorithms, or analytics, have to be as fast as the data to measure them. And we're not there yet.
Keeping it anonymous
In any case, in Germany, legislation prevents researchers from using highly personalized, dynamic data.
"There are studies that have shown you can re-identify individual households with quite simple data mining technology and find out who is living [where]," says Dr. Emmanuel Müller, a senior researcher on data mining at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology.
And he agrees: It's a personal concern.
"That's why I think the legislation should stay as it is. You shouldn't provide all your information about your household or your health activity to one general instance."
That doesn't mean he wants to entirely stop the collection of big data.
"There can be anonymous datasets where you transfer only an aggregate, not all the details. So if you have information about the general blood pressure of the entire society, that should be sufficient for you to gain some knowledge about your population. You don't need to know my heart beat on a second or millisecond basis. That wouldn't help you on a government level for health regulation."
But technology firms such as Google and Apple may beg to differ. What if they diversified into health care, and we were encouraged to sync our doctor's records as well as our photos with the cloud? It wouldn't take much for Apple's smart watch heartbeat app go from "cute" to curious.
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https://www.dw.com/en/big-science-is-big-data-really-the-price-we-have-to-pay-for-advanced-research/a-18465282
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The science and technology behind using laser beam wavelength and the subsequent manipulation of a material’s polar component (through atmospheric oxygen content) to design and control the contact angle behaviour of the surface of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is presented. The findings indicate that the theory will be applicable to most polymers. When exposed to infrared (IR) CO2 laser irradiation the PET surface experienced no change in chemistry and, therefore, no change in polar component occurred. There was, however, topography change to produce a rougher surface; consequently, advancing contact angle followed the Wenzel, etc. theories and increased, changing the surface from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. In contrast, ultraviolet (UV) KrF excimer laser beam radiation altered both the topography and chemistry of the PET surface. The very nature of processing polymers with UV laser radiation inherently generates a surface that is more oxygen-rich with enhanced functional groups, which cause an increase in its polar nature. This UV laser irradiation–induced enhanced polar nature has more of an effect than topography for polymers, which, in turn, effects a decrease in advancing contact angle. In this instance the PET surface became more hydrophilic. There is now movement towards a new science-based platform from which to assess, research and establish the methodologies for wettability characteristics design and modification through controlled laser beam exposure.
|Number of pages||26|
|Journal||International Journal of Wettability Science and Technology|
|Publication status||Accepted/In press - 5 Dec 2018|
Bibliographical noteOpen access article.
- CO2 laser
- KrF excim r laser
- Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
- Surface engineering
- Contact angle
- Functional groups
- Polar component
Lawrence, J., Waugh, D., Walton, C., Langer, N., & Bidualt, S. (Accepted/In press). Surface engineering for the control of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) wettability characteristics using laser beam wavelength. International Journal of Wettability Science and Technology, 1(2), 95-120.
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https://pureportal.coventry.ac.uk/en/publications/surface-engineering-for-the-control-of-polyethylene-terephthalate
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| 0.84922 | 450 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Malaysia - Facts At A Glance
by StudyMalaysia.com on February 21, 2015 | Why Study in Malaysia
|Official Name||The Federation of Malaysia|
|Malaysia's Land Area||Malaysia consists of two areas of mainland, separated by the South China Sea, namely West Malaysia (or more popularly known as Peninsular Malaysia) and East Malaysia. The country has a total land area of 329,758 square km made up of 13 states and three Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur (the capital), Putrajaya and Labuan.|
|Location||Malaysia is situated in South-eastern Asia, between 2 and 7 degrees north of the Equator. To the north of Peninsular Malaysia is Thailand while to the south is Singapore.|
Malaysia practises a system of government based on parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy at the federal and state levels. At the federal level, the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong is the head of the state and the federal government is governed by the Prime Minister and his cabinet of ministers who report to the Parliament which comprises two houses, namely a house of Representatives and a Senate. At the State level, the head (Ruler) of state is either the Sultan, Raja or Yang Di-Pertua Besar, while Yang Di-Pertua Negeri is the head of the state where there is no ruler.
In keeping with the concept of Parliamentary Democracy which forms the basis of the government administration in Malaysia, the Federal Constitution (the supreme law of the nation) underlines the distribution of governing powers among the Executive, Judicial and Legislative Authorities. The Executive branch is headed by the Prime Minister, Honourable Dato' Sri Mohd. Najib bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak.
Parliamentary general elections are held every five years to elect the members of Parliament or the people's representatives.
|Supreme Head of State||In this system of constitutional monarchy The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is the King or Supreme Head of State as provided by the Constitution. The King performs his official duties with the advice of the Prime Minister and his Cabinet as provided for by the Constitution. His Majesty also holds the position of the Islamic Religious Head for the States of Penang, Malacca,Sabah, Sarawak, and the Federal Territories. As Malaysia's Supreme Head of State, the King is also the Supreme Commander of the Malaysian Armed Forces.
His Majesty, The Yang di-Pertuan Agong, is elected out of nine hereditary rulers (or Sultans) every five years by the Conference of Rulers. Malaysia is the only country in the world to have a rotating system of Kings.
|Independence||31st August 1957|
|Population||Estimated 28.3 million (in 2010)|
|People||Dubbed as "Mini Asia", Malaysia is a multi-racial and multi-ethnic country where the majorities are the Malays, Chinese and Indian. In addition, there are some 29 ethnic groups including the majority groups of Dayaks (in Sarawak) and Kadazans (in Sabah).
(It is estimated that 66.2% of the population are made up of Malays, Malay related and aboriginal people; 25.1% are Chinese; while Indians make up 7.4% and another 1.3% comprises other races).
|Language||Bahasa Melayu is the national language, although English is widely used and spoken. The Mandarin language and Chinese dialects, particularly Cantonese and Hokkien, as well as Indian dialects like Tamil and Hindi are common among the Chinese and Indian communities respectively.|
|Religion||Islam is the official religion of the nation. However, the Malaysian Constitution guarantees freedom of worship and as such, Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism make up the other primary religions embraced by the Malaysian society.|
|Currency & Exchange Rate||All transactions in Malaysia are carried out using the official Malaysian currency of Ringgit (RM), which is in the form of notes, in the denominations of RM1, RM2, RM5, RM10, RM50 and RM100, and Sen, which is in the form of coins that include 1 sen, 5 sen, 10 sen, 20 sen and 50 sen. As at 4th January 2011, the exchange rate is US$1 = RM3.06 and all major currencies can be exchanged for the Ringgit.|
|Time Difference||The standard Malaysian time is 8 hours ahead of the Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) time and 16 hours ahead of the United State Pacific Standard time.|
|Climate||Malaysia has a pleasant tropical climate and is generally warm all the year round with temperatures ranging from 21°C to 32°C. The general weather is humid with annual rainfall varying from 2,000mm to 2,500mm.|
|Natural Resources||Tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite.|
Introducing Malaysia's Success
Malaysia is a harmonious and peaceful country where various ethnic groups live together through mutual understanding and tolerance fostered over several decades of coexistence. The cultures of these groups form a colourful and vibrant heritage for the peoples of Malaysia as well as its visitors.
Since Malaysia gained independence in 1957, it has evolved into a high technology nation and experienced steady economic progression and rapid infrastructure development which Malaysians are truly proud of.
Today, Malaysia continues to thrive in its ventures. It has become more efficient and competitive globally. According to the 2010 World Competitive Yearbook published by the Swiss-based Institute for Management Development (IMD), Malaysia had an overall ranking of 10th most competitive countries in the world. IMD's World Competitiveness Yearbook reports on the competitiveness of nations through the Overall Competitiveness Scoreboard which ranks the world's 57 leading economic nations. It takes into consideration a economic performance, government efficiency, business efficiency and infrastructure.
Malaysia is also a popular destination for tourists. Lonely Planet, one of the most widely read travel guidebook, picked Malaysia as one of the world's top destination for 2010. The Lonely Planet praises Malaysia for its diversity from its cities to the rainforests as well as multicultural elements of its people.
"Malaysia is known to many as a peaceful country where various ethnic groups live harmoniously"
Malaysian Plan for Developed Country Status
The 10th Malaysia Plan (10MP) covers the period from 2011 to 2015 and is part of the government's goal of becoming a developed nation by 2020. Among the highlights of the 10MP are new approaches towards becoming a high income and high productivity economy. The gross national income per capita is targeted to increase from the current RM23,567 or USD7,365, (in 2009) to RM38,850 or USD12,140, in 2015.
Twelve National Key Economic Areas (NKEAs) have been identified to boost the economy on the basis of contribution to high income, sustainability and inclusiveness. They include: oil and gas, palm oil and related products, financial services, wholesale and retail, tourism, information and communications technology, education, electrical and electronics, business services, private healthcare, agriculture as well as the Greater Kuala Lumpur revitalisation.
"The 10MP has been formulated with various new approaches towards becoming a high income and high productivity economy"
Centre of Excellence for Education
Malaysia is currently the world's 11th most preferred study destination. According to UNESCO, Malaysia has captured a 2% market share of international students in the fast growing private education sector. With a population of 27.9 million in 2009 and more than a million Malaysian students in tertiary education, Malaysia also accommodates more than 80,000 international students.
Higher education opportunities are abundant for international students at an affordable cost. All students are welcome to come learn in a country of great diversity, rapid economic development and people living in peace and harmony!
Recognising the potential of the country to become an education hub, various measures have been taken to promote Malaysia as a centre of excellence for education. These include establishing Malaysia as a higher education mobility hub for international students, deploying effective marketing strategies, and setting up Malaysian Higher Education Centres in selected cities worldwide.
In addition, high impact projects have been developed to cater specifically for education, for example, Kuala Lumpur Education City (KLEC) and Iskandar Malaysia's EduCity in Nusajaya (Johor) that offers tailored-made programmes for international students.
The US Newsweek magazine listed Malaysia as the eighth best nation in the education category among the upper middle-income countries in its The World's Best Countries survey 2010."Malaysia is the world's 11th most preferred study destination"
All rights reserved. No part of this editorial contents may be reproduced, copied, translated, or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written consent from the publisher Challenger Concept (M) Sdn Bhd (www.studymalaysia.com/challenger)
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Today, July 3rd, is a day to celebrate a long-lasting marriage. Fifteen years after the 1913 garden photograph on the eve of the Great War, discussed elsewhere, a Golden Wedding was celebrated, and ten years after that, in 1938, a much larger family of descendants and their spouses gathered with a photographer for group and individual shots that are full of formality and charm. The 1938 celebration was for the Diamond Wedding anniversary (60 years) of James Scobbie (1853-1943) and Williamina (“Mina”) Black Laughland (1852-1945), who were natives, neighbours and notable lifelong residents of Newarthill, a coal-mining village in Lanarkshire, Scotland. They were married by Mina’s father 140 years ago today, in 1878. The anniversary was written up in the local papers in 1928, 1938, and 1943 (a so-called “Ruby” anniversary), providing excellent detail of their lifelong relationship.
Articles (1928 & 1938) and photos (1938) are reproduced below. Five years later, in 1943, there was to be one more main celebration. It would have been restrained by the war, but James’s diary shows the guest list of available family and friends was still carefully planned, with formal invitations issued, and letters of thanks sent.
Laughland and Scobbie, up a tree, K.I.S.S.I.N.G.
James was born on 20th July 1853, and Mina on 31st March 1852. The family story is that James and Mina courted across a field, waving from their bedroom windows: their houses were so close they could see each other.
“James and Mina, up a tree, K.I.S.S.I.N.G.
First in love, then in marriage, then a baby in a carriage.”
To be realistic, we should recall that they were married in their mid twenties and this playground rhyme and even the winching story sound more suitable for a teenage romance! But I am sure they knew each other as children, being neighbours, school years contemporaries and not I assume socially incompatible (the son of a mining clerk, and the daughter of a minister). The manse in which Mina lived was on a map prepared in 1859, so childhood and teenage window-waving may have occurred, right enough.
Whatever! Sixty years after their marriage, they were still a firmly established local couple in Newarthill (living at the other end of the village in a house they built themselves), and a diamond anniversary was significant and unusual enough to elicit a royal telegram. This telegram was suitably formal and something that this very formal (some say “stiff”) couple and their family were obviously proud enough of to keep. I have it on my wall. But the childish rhyme makes me giggle. (It would probably offend them.)
Here is a joint portrait of the happy couple on the day.
Better still is the big photo (which will get a posting all on its own, in which I will identify everyone that I can).
Diamond days (1938)
A 1938 article in the Motherwell Times celebrated the happy event, concentrating on Mina’s contribution to the community. It reads:
NEWARTHILL. DIAMOND WEDDING. Scobbie – Laughland.
Mr and Mrs James Scobbie, of Beechworth, High Street, two of the oldest residents in Newarthill, celebrated their diamond wedding last week-end. The 60th anniversary of the wedding took place last Sunday, July 3.
On July 3 1878, the worthy couple were married in the Newarthill Church manse, by the bride’s father, Rev. David Laughland, then minister of the Newarthill Church, who was assisted by Rev. John Inglis, Blackswell Manse, Hamilton, and he Rev. Hugh McKenzie, Chapelhall.
Mr Scobbie is a retired coalmaster and is 85 years of age, while his life partner, who is the oldest member of Newarthill Church of Scotland, is 86.
Both are natives of Newarthill and have resided in the village all their life. Mrs Scobbie, who is still an active member of the church, has seen six ministers follow in the footsteps of her father, who ministered in Newarthill for fully forty years. She has had the distinction of robing the last two minsters, Rev. John Blair, who is now in Corby, and the Rev. George A.A. Bennett, who was inducted to the charge last week.
During their lifetime, Mr and Mrs Scobbie have seen many changes take place in the village, the whole aspect of which has been completely changed since their wedding sixty years ago.
The following week, a follow-up article quotes a poem of congratulations (in mild Scots) which had obviously been well-received. The verse celebrates marriage as a partnership in advancing years in a way that is both sentimental and honestly aware of the celebrants’ age.
NEWARTHILL. POET’S VERSES TO MR AND MRS SCOBBIE.
“Mr and Mrs James Scobbie, Beechworth, Newarthill, who celebrated their diamond wedding a fortnight ago, have received many letters and telegrams of congratulations from friends far and near. Among the communications received is one from a Flemington man who signs himself “J.C.” and the contents are in verse. The gratitude of the spouse for all the blessings of a happy married life of the sixty years are expressed thus [see below the image]. … Neither Mr nor Mrs Scobbie have any idea of the identity of the writer, and they wish to thank him publicly, and all their other senders of congratulations for their good wishes.”
Flemington is perhaps the suburb of that name in Melbourne, Australia, known for the racecourse, or the suburb in New Jersey, USA, halfway between Manhattan and Philadelphia. More likely it is the tiny village adjacent to Craigneuk, both swamped by the steelworks and other giant factories of central Scotland, a place which had also been the site of their son David Laughland Scobbie’s Triumph Toffee Works. J.C. who were you?
“My guid auld wife, it’s sixty years, Since you and I were wed;
And oh, that was a happy day, And since, I’ve aye been gled;
I never aince hae rued the day I took the marriage vows;
When you took me, and I took you, Till daith the knot should lowse.
It was a fecht gaun’ up the hill, But when we reached the croon;
We found the ither side quite nice, And pleasant coming doon.
And noo, we’re coming near the foot, Whaur we may tak a rest;
We’re fain to own, baith guid and ill, Hae aye been for the best.”
Here is the couple’s marriage certificate from 1878, which of course mentions useful additional information. James’s parents were Elizabeth Forrester* (1828-1890) and George Hill Scobbie (1819-1875), a name the couple used again by James and Mina for their eldest son (my grandfather, 1881-1961). (James also had a younger brother called George Hill, 1858-1926.) You can see the names and dates and photos of all their adult children and spouses and all the names and dates of their grandchildren in the 1913 anniversary post.
The relevant page of the “family bible” is worth showing here too.
You can see that George Hill (elder) was described in the marriage certificate as a grain merchant and Coalmaster (his 1875 death certificate gives these same occupations in the other order), whereas back in 1853 the occupation of clerk was recorded on James’s baptism record. What is not obvious perhaps is that the marriage was just 3 years after the unexpected death of both James’s father aged only 56 (of “paralysis”) in 1875 and in the same year George’s older brother John (at age 73, of “natural decay”) who was also a Coalmaster, when James was 21. The brothers were business partners at Fortissat Colliery and elsewhere. These deaths left James in control of the family’s growing business interests as a young man, and may have been the trigger for his enormous commercial and entrepreneurial success in mining. James himself in his marriage certificate is described as a Grain Merchant and Coalmaster. Other posts will concentrate on both a family photograph of the couple with their young family in front of their rather grand new home Beechworth around 1888, and on James’s scholarly success and career.
The Laughlands and Scobbies in Newarthill
Mina’s parents were (as noted above) Rev. David Laughland, (1816-1883) <or perhaps 1819, to be checked> a minister in the United Presbyterian church, and Mary Black (1821-1898),** both of whose families were from Stewarton, Ayrshire, and who married in 1844 in Newarthill. (David’s parents were, I believe, James Laughland and Elizabeth Young d1887, while Mary’s were William Black d1859 in Stewarton and Mary Wilson.) As noted, David part-performed the ceremony.*** The witnesses to the wedding were Maggie Laughland, an elder sister of Mina’s (Margaret, 1858- ), and (I think) Alexander Mackie <connection to be checked>.
The marriage certificate above also confirms the couple’s home addresses in 1878. An earlier map of Newarthill (1859 survey) shows the UP Church and Manse on Church Street (they have since been demolished), on the road to Legbranock, but I have not identified where James Scobbie was living then. His childhood home was in Watson’s square in Church Street – named after colliery owners (a coal pit is visible on the left, and the service railway line runs between a small school (see below) and what may well be Watson’s Square (2292), with the manse across the field numbered 2300. The manse garden (2404) is laid out. It would be great to see photos of these buildings.
Only one small cottage still gives a flavour of the old Church St. It is opposite the field, on the west side of the street, approximately. Later, the couple would build a house in the NE of the village (top right in the map), at Pickerstonhill, called Beechworth, and lived there most of their lives.
Golden Days (1928)
Extracts from a Golden Wedding article in 1928 in The Motherwell Times:
Golden Wedding of Mr and Mrs Scobbie.
“Well known in this part of Lanarkshire, the golden wedding has taken place of Mr and Mrs James Scobbie, Beechworth, Newarthill. Born and brought up in the village, Mr Scobbie is actively associated with the Scottish coal trade as a coalmaster, and was one of the principles of the Auchenlea Coal Company of Cleland, which has now gone into liquidation.”
“Mr Scobbie – who by coincidence is 75 years of age to-day (Friday) – was born of humble parentage in the present Watson’s Square, Church Street, Newarthill, and his father was colliery clerk at one of Messrs. Watson’s pits, Newarthill. … Mr Scobbie as a boy attended the old works school at Newarthill, the premises now used as a mission hall by Mrs Colville of Cleland, and he finished his education at Gartsherrie Academy.”
School Fees and Long Treks.
“An idea as to the progress we have made in travel and education is revealed by Mr Scobbie, who when he was attending Gartsherrie Academy had to travel every morning on foot from Newarthill to Holytown Station, now known as Mossend Station. There was no station at Holytown at that time, and when one was built Mossend was the name given to the old Holytown Station. Thus Mr Scobbie every morning and evening had to trudge four miles each way in order to attend school at Gartsherrie. Those were the days of school fees, and the fee for scholastic tuition at Gartsherrie was 3s 4d per week, while at the old works school at Newarthill the fees were 1s per week.” …
An Interesting Career.
See <in planning> for details of James’s career, omitted here though the article is a good source of that information.
“In church life Mr Scobbie has take no less a part, and during all his days he has been an ardent worker in Newarthill U.F. Church. He has held the position of elder for many years, and was church treasurer for 15 years.
A Daughter of the Manse.
“Like her ‘guid man’, Mrs Scobbie is a Newarthillite born and bred, and she is a ‘daughter of the manse’. Her father was the Rev. David Laughland, who, after being minister of Newarthill U.P. (now U.F.) Church for nigh forty years, died in 1885 [sic, it was 1883]. Mrs Scobbie – nee Williamina Black Laughland – is 76 years of age, and she, as well as Mr. Scobbie, received her school training in the village, and was nurtured in the church life of the village under her father. She is the third daughter, and one of a family of ten.”
“Both Mr and Mrs Scobbie are characteristic Scots, and typical examples of the sterling, old-fashioned type. During all their life they have taken a keen interest in the weal of the community, and are highly respected by a wide circle of the public in the district. Despite their advanced years, both Mr and Mrs Scobbie are active and virile, and each day they intently pursue their daily duties.”
“Mr Scobbie’s hobby is gardening, and in and around his grounds at Beechworth, where he and his wife live, the result of his efforts is to be seen. He also attends to his duties in connection with his business concerns. The happy couple have four of a family – all grown-up and married – two sons and two daughters, and they have eleven grandchildren.” [Recall, they and others that had died young are all listed here.]
A Happy Event.
“Mr and Mrs Scobbie were married at the Newarthill U.P. Church Manse, on 3rd July 1878, by the Rev. David Laughland, father of the bride, assisted by the Rev. John Inglis, Hamilton, and the Rev. Hugh M. Mackenzie, Chapelhall, and in honour of the event of fifty years’ married life the genial pair were entertained at a gathering last week within Green’s Private Hotel, Charing Cross, Glasgow. Mr and Mrs Scobbie were made the recipients of tangible tokens of appreciation on the celebration of their golden wedding from all their family and grandchildren.”
“Mr Scobbie is widely known in Scottish coal circles, and a large body of friends wish both he and his good lady many happy years of prosperous married life still to come.”
The “Ruby” War Years Anniversary (1943)
A final newspaper article is mistakenly headlined “RUBY WEDDING”. They just couldn’t get the staff! It appeared in The Motherwell Times, on July 16th 1943 (page 7, column 2) and largely repeats some of what has already been said, from their files, but is worth reproducing the new bits. (“Blue sapphire” is apparently the marketing term for a 65th anniversary, by the way.)
Both Born In The Village
“A former Newarthill couple Mr and Mrs James Scobbie, late of Beechworth, have just celebrated their ruby [sic] wedding. They now reside at Dunglass, 56 Manse Road, Newmains.” [This house name was also used for the Bearsden home of their son George Hill Scobbie, coincidentally also in Manse Road. Also coincidentlly, Newmains is next to “Morningside”, a few miles to the south of Newarthill, and unconnected to Morningside, Edinburgh.]
“Like her husband, Mrs Scobbie is a native of Newarthill. Her father was the Rev. David Laughland, a former Presbyterian minister at Newarthill who died in 1883. One of the new housing streets is named after the late minister. Mrs Scobbie is in her 91st year.”
“Many of the old friends in their native village will be interested to know that they have attained their ruby [sic] wedding and will wish them every blessing for the remainder of their days.”
James died in Edinburgh, on November 23rd 1943, while on a visit to his daughter Mabel (Mary Black Laughland Scobbie, 1879-1970). He was aged 90. Mabel was 64, widowed, and still lived at 8 Hermitage Drive. Her husband John Hunter Logan had been 19 years older than her (1860-1933) and she had been widowed at just 54, making a stark contrast to her parents’ long married life. Mina died not long afterwards, on 23rd January 1945 in Bearsden, just short of her 93rd birthday.
I will transcribe parts of James Scobbie’s diary relating to the guest list for the 65th “ruby” wedding celebrations, annotate the 1938 group photograph featuring a very beautiful Persian rug <close up colour photo to follow>, and add obituary articles from 1943 which contain similar and additional information to that here. Also, I will add more about James’s career from these various articles. Links will appear here.
* This mention of Elizabeth Forrester gives me the excuse to introduce and celebrate the work of Roy Forrester, a family historian who has written a very detailed multi-chapter work on his ancestors, including the point of contact, James’s mother Elizabeth Forrester’s family. His work includes independent research on the Scobbie family which echoes the research of Elizabeth Mitchell which I have adopted and checked and put the basics of into a database (now in MacFamilyTree). His database of descendants of Margaret Marshall and Andrew Scobbie / Scobie (1756 – 1828) working and living in Wester Braco Farm (which is still there on Black Hill on this highest point of the road between Glasgow and Edinburgh) shows substantial overlap with my own.
His evidential and narrative books include one (Book Six, of 194 pages as of April 2018), centred on George Hill Scobbie and Elizabeth Forrester, detailing their ancestors and descendants. He writes of the entire project that “The history is composed of a series of historical notes, covering ten Books, relating to James Forrester of Tollpark Farm, Cumbernauld, Dunbartonshire, [and his wife Ann Scott, and their] … ancestors and descendants, related families and other relevant information. The central subject in each individual book is one of James’ & Ann’s ten children, their ancestors & descendants.” Elizabeth is one of those ten children.
Roy is active on GENi, Ancestry and other websites. He notes in each book that “This is a private edition intended for distribution to family members and other interested genealogy researchers free of charge.” Roy is rather more scrupulous than me with respect to copyrighted images (cf the maps and certificate which I reproduce in part here!), and in his books he has transcribed a great deal of material into his own format before making it available, including wills and BMD certificates. I might note here that readers of NoisyBrain should check my Creative Commons licensing that applies to all of the original and personal material on NoisyBrain to which I have copyright. Please avoid copying copyrighted material like the images of newpaper clippings, government documents and maps that I am using for illustration – it will help keep me out of trouble.
** Mina’s mother, Mary Black from Stewarton, is one of three Blacks in my tree. In addition to this Mary Black is Mary Black, the mother of her daughter Mina’s daughter-in-law Bertie Stevenson. This second Mary Black was the widow of the medical missionary William Henderson Stevenson who died in Bihar, India, and had a local church (now a tourist attraction, it would seem) named after him. The third Black was my mother, Sarah Black (b1922). As noted in the Inheriting Privilege post, both the latter two hail from the Isle of Lismore in Argyll. And as noted in the stories about Bertie’s daughter Ebeth, Ebeth’s husband David McKenzie Newton was also a medical missionary, who died in Smyrna, Turkey. I have a category tag for missionary articles.
*** My wife and I similarly were married by her grandfather Rev. Robert Kinnis, in the Bearsden church (New Kilpatrick Parish Church, Manse Road), the church where my parents were married in 1946, near my grandparents’ Bearsden home (“Dunglass” in Manse Road Bearsden) where Mina died in 1945. Another similarity is that my wife and I have known each other since primary school, though we were in different classes (at Jordanhill College School). My mother-in-law was my class teacher in primaries 6 & 7, and one of my favourites, even before I knew we would be related. Finally, my parents-in-law’s wedding anniversary was also 3rd July (they were married in 1959). I had to be reminded of that by Kirsty: I can cope better with the long-deceased, it seems. Partly it’s by writing things like this down. Everyone that knows me knows that I find dates, times, names and faces difficult! I am late for things, get dates mixed up, and don’t remember birthdays. Here on NoisyBrain, at least, I can exercise a little control, check facts, and take things slowly.
A lovely read, Incidentally my ancestors were Scobbies from Lanarkshire, not too sure at the moment how your Scobbies fit in, but I’m sure they will.
LikeLiked by 1 person
Given your other comment about David’s face looking familiar/ like a cousin, I will knock up a quick post with his details and some lovely photographs of him (and Marion) later on. I’m a bit hazy about his life but that’s not relevant to how we might be connected, since that connection must be further back.
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Free flashcard template for PowerPoint and Google Slides
Ready to review some key aspects of a lesson? This flashcard template is perfect for that. You can also use it as a trivia game in the classroom.
It has 30 hyperlinked cards where you can type questions, and another 30 hyperlinked cards to type each answer. You can use it in order, or jump from one question to another using the navigation numbers below each question. Click on “flip” to reveal the backside. Click “flip” again to go back to the front side or just click on another navigation number to jump to another question.
This template is for you to set up in edit, but to be played in Slideshow mode. Also, I’ve used theme colors, so if you wish to change them, click on Slide > Edit theme, click on colors and change accents 1, 2 and 3.
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Every child is born an artist. It is remaining an artist that is difficult. — Pablo Picasso. Every child seems to be born with a creative impulse. It's instinctive, as much a part of being human as is higher thought or longing to go home. Of course not all your little guys will turn out to be Picassos, but by nurturing and encouraging the art maker in your child, they will undoubtedly become more of a rounded human being. They will be better at seeing other points of view, be better at thinking for themselves and working out new ways of doing things. These are all qualities to be encouraged in our shrinking and often self-centred world. And we know that toddlers automatically gravitate to art. Although as adults we may perceive their early attempts as just a mess, messes are to be encouraged! They often start with finger painting or pasting, or just ripping up paper. When they're very small, there's not much coordination of fine muscle skills. Children may well control a pencil or crayon from their shoulder, the whole hand gripping the implement as it scores lovely colours over your freshly painted wall. But this is their incipient creativity unfolding its wings. Drawing helps your kids get used to new textures, develop fine motor skills, learn how paint and paper move, and hence help locate themselves in space. And of course, these are some of the first tentative steps at expressing their ideas, experiences and thoughts. What's most important is that they explore this creativity without limits or boundaries. When your kids are launching into this marvellous new world, we believe it is important to give them good quality materials for their journey. Our Stockmar Wax Crayons, for example, meet the highest artistic standards. They are completely non-toxic and won’t harm your health or the environment. Used in Steiner schools around the world for their brilliant and translucent colours, the pure beeswax gives the colours a natural transparency similar to that of watercolours. Your kids will love them.
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Originally published by Global Journalist in 2008
In the mid 1990s Raul Rivero and Rafael Solano created two news agencies, Cuba Press and Havana Press, to test freedom of speech. They sent their news analyses to overseas news outlets and published articles on the Internet that were critical of the government. Their activity led to a crackdown on March 18, 2003, when state security agents raided the homes of 75 independent Cuban journalists and dissidents.
The days that followed the arrests are remembered as “Cuba’s Black Spring.” The Inter American Press Association at its midyear meeting in Caracas on March 25 remembered these journalists by distributing press passes that bear the names and pictures of the imprisoned journalists.
Cuban Press Freedom
“The government chooses to imprison those journalists who are involved with organizations that promote freedom of speech and democracy,” said Juan Carlos González Leiva, executive secretary of the Human Rights Reparatory Council of Cuba, the largest independent organization in the country with 300 members.
Leiva organized meetings with other journalists and dissidents, but on Feb. 9, 2002, his friend was arrested because he participated in one of those meetings. When Leiva protested the arrest on March 4, 2002, he was imprisoned, too, without a trial. Leiva spent 26 months in prison and now works as a human rights lawyer and an independent journalist.
There are fewer than 1,000 independent journalists and activists in Cuba today. Thirty of them created a news and cultural group called Concenso last December. They publish a weekly magazine of about 100 copies and an online version of the same name.
“Those journalists who get more international attention don’t have to worry about prison as much as other journalists in Cuba.” says Nick Jiménez, member of Roots of Hope, an international network of young people dedicated to helping Cubans exercise their human rights in Cuba. “The government generally does not imprison the internationally known journalists because if they did Cuba would have to deal with the international pressure to release them”.
Under Raúl Castro, the press has begun to take on issues previously considered taboo. He has allowed printing letters from readers in newspapers, and has opened up the sales of home appliances and computers. In an effort to legitimize his government on the world stage, he has signed various human rights accords that Cuba had refused to honor in the past.
However, Leiva says that things have not changed much since Raúl Castro took over. In the first 120 days of 2008 there were 22 imprisonments and 350 arrests of dissidents and even though the sale of electronics is allowed, they cannot be found in stores; therefore people still have to buy them on the black market.
If you enjoyed this post and want to read a similar story, scroll down to see the related posts section. You might also want to watch some of my other videos on Youtube.
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Why does my child have so many nighttime fears?
Bedtime fears – the dark, monsters under the bed, and sleeping alone – are all common at this age. They tend to start around age 2 and may last until age 8 or 9.
These are the years when your child's powers of imagination are exploding, which means that now he can imagine new and scary things to be afraid of. And because he spends a good portion of his day immersed in fantasy play (in the company of dragons and dinosaurs and bad guys), it can be hard for him to shut off his imagination at bedtime and go to sleep.
Even familiar things that have never been scary before, like his darkened bedroom, may suddenly seem frightening against the backdrop of what he's been conjuring up all day. And your child is still learning to distinguish fantasy from reality, so the possibility of an invisible creature under his bed seems quite real to him.
In addition to having a more vivid imagination, preschoolers are also beginning to grasp that there are things in the world that can hurt them. Your job for the next ten years or so is to help your child understand the difference between a real danger (accepting a ride from a stranger) and something that just feels like one (the "witch" in the space between the wall and his bed).
What can I do to help my child get over his nighttime fears?
You may not be able to help him completely resolve his fears right now (because it's mostly a stage he'll have to grow out of), but there is a lot you can do to help him cope with his fears and get to sleep more easily.
In the hours before bed, prime your child with happy stories or videos. (You've undoubtedly noticed how dark some fairy tales and fairy tales and animated movies can be.) Don't watch violent or suspenseful television shows or movies while he's still in the room.
Establish a peaceful evening routine that includes, for example, a warm bath, a gentle story, a quiet song, and a few minutes of you sitting quietly by his bed while he settles. Ask your librarian for a list of storybooks about kids dealing with bedtime fears or see which bedtime books other BabyCenter members recommend. (One perennial favorite to add to your list is Bedtime for Frances by Russell Hoban.)
The lulling sameness of a bedtime ritual serves as a talisman of sorts, warding off evildoers and bad thoughts and easing the transition from wide-awake to sound asleep. A night-light may also make your child feel more secure. You can also give him a flashlight of his own to use for a little extra security.
Leaving the bedroom door ajar, playing an audio story or lullabies, and encouraging your child to sleep with a beloved toy or blanket may also help. If your child has a sibling or even a pet, letting them bunk together can make nighttime fears vanish as suddenly as they appeared.
If your child is afraid of being alone and is comforted only by contact with you, consider using a two-way baby monitor. Newer models let your child talk into the monitor and hear you talk back, reassuring him that you're still there even when you're out of sight.
Granted, this privilege may be easily abused, and its constant use can get tedious. But it could be a way to keep a nervous child in his bed while you get to be somewhere else, and the novelty of overuse should wear off within a few nights. After that, just keeping the monitor on your child's nightstand may be comfort enough.
And don't worry about having your child sleep with you for a while, just until his nighttime fears subside and he's off to another developmental challenge. As long as everyone's happy and rested, it's time well spent.
Should I give my child monster spray to help him ward off nighttime fears?
For some young children, a spray bottle filled with water might be an effective tool to ward off imaginary creatures lurking in the closet or under the bed — but it depends on the child.
Some kids will think it's funny. It may give them a feeling of power when you say, "If you think you see a monster, just spray it with this, and it will go away."
But for other kids, this strategy can backfire. After all, being armed with monster spray means you're expected to do battle with the thing under the bed, and that's a pretty scary thought for a little kid. It may be better for you to spray the room before you kiss him goodnight. But he may still think, "If grown-ups actually have this stuff to get rid of monsters, then there must really be monsters."
The same goes for making a big deal of searching your child's room for monsters before kissing him goodnight — it may reassure one child and terrify another. "If there are no creatures lurking in my room," your preschooler might wonder, "then why is my mom looking for them?"
So use your judgment. Only you can know whether tactics like these are likely to offer your child solace or elevate his anxiety. He may prefer calming rituals such as reading and soft music to help him feel secure at bedtime.
How can I tell whether my child's nighttime fears are abnormal?
If you've done everything you can to reassure your child and he's still intensely fearful, his fears may have crossed the line from a normal developmental issue to a phobia or anxiety problem. If so, you'll need to get some help for him.
Telltale signs of a phobia include crying and carrying on that repeatedly lasts more than a few minutes and blowing a normal fear way out of proportion. (For example, if your child says, "Turn on all the lights in the house so the robbers can't kill us" instead of "I'm scared of the dark.")
Extreme or persistent nighttime fears can result from a disturbing or traumatic event in the home, at preschool or daycare, or in the larger world. Even the youngest kids are aware of and vulnerable to the stress of a divorce or a death in the family, or a parent's job loss. Moving to a new house, changing caregivers or teachers, and experiencing an act of violence or a natural disaster can also trigger nighttime fears, as can physical or emotional abuse (in which case, there really may have been a monster in his room).
If your child will do anything to avoid facing a fear, or if he can't fall asleep because he's genuinely afraid (not because he wants to stay up late), he may have an underlying emotional issue that needs to be addressed. Ask your child's doctor to recommend a therapist in your area.
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Tagsafrica american history ancient world animals anthropology architecture autumn birds celebrations children's books china colors comedy of manners crafts england fantasy fish flowers france haiti halloween history humor landscape magic medieval ocean painting paleo picture books religion renaissance science science fiction sff textiles tres riches heures urban war winter world history world war II ya yule zoos
- Gaudior on Snowy in snow
- Aquaeri on Red flower tree
- The Librarian on In the Shadow of Moloch: The Sacrifice of Children and Its Impact on Western Religions, by Martin S. Bergmann
- The Librarian on Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando de Soto and the South’s Ancient Chiefdoms, by Charles Hudson
- Phyllis on Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando de Soto and the South’s Ancient Chiefdoms, by Charles Hudson
Tag Archives: tres riches heures
Puzzle of January 26, 2010
The library at the Château de Chantilly, France; part of the Musée Condé.
Puzzle of December 16, 2009
The Labour of the Months: December.
Puzzle of November 6, 2009
The Labour of the Months: November. A swineherd knocks down ripe acorns for his pigs.
Puzzle of October 9, 2009
The Labour of the Months: September. The grape harvest at the Château de Saumur.
Puzzle of September 21, 2009
The Labours of the Months: August.
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In this article, we have taken an in-depth look at a few finance tips that could be very useful to anyone starting out. At the end of this article, you should have the confidence to take your first steps towards financial freedom. In order to achieve financial independence, it is important to understand your financial position and how to protect it. Here are the basics to get you started.
Pay Attention to Interest Rate – Your goal is to eliminate interest charges, right? So you need to make sure you have set aside a decent percentage for paying back debt. This can be done by cutting down on extraneous expenses. For example, if you do not spend any money on lunch, then it would not make sense to buy something lunch. A podcast or a blog post about cutting expenses can help you achieve this.
Set aside a Reserve for Finances – If you want to learn how to save money, then you need to set aside a reserve for your finances. You can either save money in a savings account or buy bonds. A podcast or a free course about personal finance can also teach you about setting up a reserve. If you listen to the podcast, you would learn about setting up a reserve.
Go For A Financial Planner – The other piece of advice that we are going to give you today is to consult with a financial planner. A financial planner can help you analyze your financial position and make some recommendations. While you can go ahead and take those suggestions, it is always better to have their backing as something else can happen. Going ahead and consulting with a financial planner is a great way to take the first step towards financial freedom.
Make A Budget – It is not always easy to stick to your budget. However, one of the most important principles of budgeting is that you should always try to balance your budget. Sticking to a budget is not always easy and at times you might feel like going overboard. But, when you stick to your budget, you will eventually find your net worth and your financial situation will improve. So, in the next steps, you will be able to find out how to balance your budget effectively.
Evaluate Your Situation – After setting your budget, it is important to evaluate your current financial situation. If you think that there is an imbalance in between your income and expenses, then you need to find ways to reduce your expenses. In addition, if you feel like your income is too low and you do not have any savings, then you can take the help of a retirement plan or a 401(k) and invest it in an appropriate funds so that you can achieve your future goals. There are many books available online and in bookstores that teach people how to save for their retirements. This is a very important part of your budget, because after saving for your retirement, you will be able to live a life free from worries about money.
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"EPA’s environmental justice grants help communities across the country understand and address exposure to multiple environmental harms and risks at the local level," EPA Office of Environmental Justice Director Matthew Tejada said. "Addressing the impacts of climate change is a priority for EPA and the projects supported by this year’s grants will help communities prepare for and build resilience to localized climate impacts."
The project, titled “Exposure to mercury through subsistence fishing: Assessment and outreach in underserved communities in Gills Creek Watershed, SC," will benefit the South Carolina communities of Arthurtown, Washington Park, Little Camden, Starlite, Eastway Park, Sims, and Bluff Estates. It will entail testing fish caught in Gills Creek for mercury and educating the public on the potential health effects of mercury exposure.
The Environmental Justice Small Grants program seeks out projects that help low-income communities overburdened with environmental challenges, addressing those issues and also educating and empowering residents.
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Scanning the first stage of replication.
Having made the initial investment of time and expertise in producing a fully gas flowed head, the first stage in re-producing that head is to create an accurate 3-dimensional model of the head.
We use a Rennishaw Cyclone 2 scanning digitiser to digitise our completed, gas flowed head. The Rennishaw scanner is used in many forms of engineering where absolute accuracy is required. These include aerospace airframe and turbine engineering, automotive applications, optics, general engineering, mould and dye manufacture. It is also particularly suited to small volume manufacture such as our process, where extreme accuracy and on-demand manufacture is required.
The scan involves mounting the head on one of our accurately machined jigs using machined dowells to fix the head precisely to the jig. Each jig is selected according to its suitability to scan that particular head. Sometimes a new jig is required and we have to build one. Specific datum points are then identified and stored in the computer. Then, the scan process begins.
Scanning is very much an automatic process and takes several hours to do a single head. The scanning itself is done via a spindle probe which physially traces the surface of the head with immense accuracy. It is quite capable of doing a 3-D scan of a fingerprint such is the accuracy. The dimensions of the head are then stored in the computer and can be viewed as a 3D image using the TraceCut CAD/CAM system. This software can then be used to alter the dimensions of any scanned model. We use it to verify the volume of the port and can then modify the port if required.
Click HERE for more info on the TRACECUT software
Click above for a short movie of the scanner in operation. File size is 900K - requires Quicktime
It is then possible to further manipulate the 3D model using a CAD/CAM system. However, the primary aim here is to replicate the master cylinder head. The Tracecut software then generates the code (XYZ co-ordinates) for the CNC machine. Each port in the head requires approximately 80,000 lines of code to accurately machine the port. The dimensions of the head can then be passed to our CNC engineer to load in to our CNC machine.
Click any image to go to more pictures
Both the scanner and the CNC machine are set up to use the same incremental stepover. This is the movement the scanning probe or the machine head takes on each cycle of its operation. Our increment is set at 0.5mm. This may sound like a lot when seeking to establish a near mirror finish, but the increment is more determined by the size of the piece. A US V8 CNC head may use 1mm stepover because the port sizes are huge (imagine a 7.2 litre engine one is 3.5 litre and the ports are very large. A 2 litre engine is very much smaller, so we use a smaller stepover). The result is a near perfect finish to the port. Run your finger inside the port and you will feel how smooth. See our gallery for detailed images of how good the finish is.
A standard cylinder head is then mounted on the same jig, using the same dowells as used in the scanning process. The datum points are again identified, exactly in three dimensions. The CNC machine then begins its machining process, replicating the 3D model of the master head. This can take many hours to complete depending on the complexity of the head and the modifications required.
Once complete, the result is not only visually superb with excellent finish, but also accurate to the original master head. We have re-measured our manufactured heads and found them to be accurate to within 0.002mm. Likewise we have re-measured the head on the gas flow bench using the Port flow analyser software and found the result to be less than 1 CFM (< 1%) difference from the original overall and less than 1 CFM difference per cylinder.
If you want the ultimate, we also offer a taped head where the heads are hand finished (Cost is about £100). These give exactly the same CFM performance to the original master (which proves beyond doubt that our process works). We will also provide the gas flow results for your head via a print out from the Port Flow Analyzer software.
Click any image to go to more pictures
The two images above show the visual differenced between a standard CNC head as it comes from the CNC machine and the finished 'taped' head. The image on the left shows the 'mirror' finish the CNC machine produces. The image on the right is produced after hand finishing. Hand finishing is available at additional cost and provides the last 1 % of gas flow and helps stop and fuel condensing on the port wall.
We are building a library of head models for many popular engine models. See our products and development pages for more details. For fast road, trackday or race applications, we can supply you with the ultimate cylinder head for your engine either on an exchange basis or we can modify your cylinder head for you.
We stand by our claim you will not find a better performing head for the price or at any price. We publish our flow figures here on this site along side the price for the head so you know what you are getting. For what is basically a bolt-on performance modification, these heads are very good value for money considering the performance increase possible.
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The Transition to Social Care
Transition means change. If you or your child is receiving support from social care, health or education services, transition is the period from year 9 up to the age of 18, when support moves from services that are for children and young people, into services that support adults.
Becoming an adult is time of great change for young people and their families. It can be very exciting, but also quite confusing. There are lots of important decisions that need to be made things like where to go and what to do after leaving school or college, or where to live?
If you are a young person with special educational needs or a disability, or with emotional or behavioural difficulties, this can be an even more challenging time. You will be thinking about the support that you need to help you live as independently as possible and achieve the things that they want to achieve.
If you are a parent or carer of a young person with a special educational need or disability, this can be a worrying time as you will want to make sure that your child has the support that they need to become a happy, independent adult.
And if you are a young carer (a young person who cares for a relative who has an illness or disability), you might be wondering what will happen when you get a job, go into training or go to college or university.
For any young person, parent or carer who is receiving support from either Children and Families services, Health, or Education, it is likely that there will also be changes to the way that you are supported, and the workers who support you. This is why it important that we work with you and your family to make this period of change as smooth as possible. We need to make sure that you have access to all of the information that you need to help you to make decisions about the future. We also want to help you to understand about the types of support that might be available when you, or your child turns 18.
Contact the Adult Social Care Team
You can contact the Adult Social Care Team by telephone on 01642 065070.
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Campaigns to ban imports of child-made products don’t always produce the effects activists intend. In 1992, under pressure from U.S. activists and politicians, Bangladeshi garment factories (which send 60 percent of their exports to the U.S.) fired about 50,000 of their child workers. UNICEF researchers found the children in other — often more dangerous — jobs, including prostitution. More recent campaigns have tried to link bans on child labor to follow-up programs. In 1995, Bangladeshi clothing manufacturers pledged not to hire children and to contribute money to schools for former workers; last year, Pakistani carpet manufacturers adopted a similar plan. Whether or not those plans are implemented remains to be seen, but the “Rugmark” label on rugs from Pakistan, India, or Nepal signifies that the manufacturers are committed to a child-free workplace, are independently inspected, and contribute funds to support the education of about 1,500 children.
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Your source for content-rich, kid-safe online resources.
Global rating average: 0.0 out of 5
Literature: Connecting to Ancient Civilizations
These sites are about fictions related to ancient civilizations and includes reviews and activity ideas. There is also a literature circle guide for the ancient civilization theme. Includes links to eThemes resources on the Ancient Civilizations of China, Maya, Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome, Ancient Western Civilizations, Egypt, Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and book activities.
Learn about the ancient civilization of the China. Read about their daily life, history, dynasties, and ancient celebrations. See the art and the Great Wall. Learn about Confucius and Chinese women as warriors.
These websites are about the Mayas and their culture. There are lesson plans, maps, timelines, quizzes, and cartoons. There is information about their culture, government, religion, and more. Includes a link to an eTheme on Ancient Civilizations.
Explore the ancient civilization of the Mesopotamia. Read about their writing system, counting, and math system. See the art, culture, and history of this ancient civilization as well as the Assyrians from Northen Mesopotamia. Included is an interactive website about the temples of Sumer, Babylon and Assyria. Read an overview about the gods and goddesses of ancient Sumer. See beautiful pictures of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. There is also a site that explains Hammurabi??s Code and gives students sample situations to solve using the code.
These sites have information about the people, architecture, government, and daily life in ancient Greece. View images of Greek ruins, learn the Greek alphabet, and read about the famous city of Athens. There is a link to an eThemes Resource on mythology.
Learn about daily life in ancient Rome. Topics include architecture, food, Roman baths, roads, clothing, and more. Includes photographs of ancient art and Roman ruins, including the Colosseum and Circus Maximus.
These sites have information about Ancient Egyptian culture, society, and geography. Topics include the people, art treasures, hieroglyphic messages, mummies, and more. Includes links to eThemes Resources on Egyptian Pyramids and Modern Culture.
Learn all about the seven wonders of the ancient world. See paintings and sketches that show what the six lost wonders may have looked like, plus view photos of the only remaining wonder, the Pyramid of Giza. Includes lots of information about the history of these structures.
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Thursday, Mar 19, 2015, 4:00 am
The Legacy of Slavery: What Inequality and Industrial Hog Operations Have in Common
American agriculture is not one story, but many. Millions of animals living in confined spaces as part of large scale, market-directed production—industrial agribusiness—is one of the more horrific ones. For people that live near industrial hog operations, where hundreds or thousands of hogs are raised in a confined space, with open pits of urine and feces and regular disposal these wastes near their homes, it becomes a story about health and quality of life. Steve Wing, an epidemiologist at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill shows that it’s also about environmental injustice.
Research by Wing and Jill Johnston, a UNC postdoctoral scholar, documents that most of the 9.6 million hogs in North Carolina live in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) in the eastern part of the state where they disproportionately impact African Americans, Hispanics and Native Americans. Their 2014 study found that the swine CAFOs—also known as industrial hog operations (IHOs)—permitted by the North Carolina Division of Water Quality are located in counties with high non-white populations. Duplin County, on the southeastern coastal plain, is home to 2.35 million hogs distributed among 530 hog operations. In Duplin, 43 percent of the population is non-white. One of the poorest counties in North Carolina, Duplin has a poverty rate of 23.6 percent. Wing and Johnston do not focus directly on issues of wealth and poverty in their study, but they observe that IHOs are “relatively absent from low-poverty White communities.” After all, no industrial hog operation is located next to North Carolina’s Executive Mansion.
Over the past two decades, the number of U.S. hog farms declined by more than 70 percent while hog production rose by more than 30 percent, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture. In 2007, 97 percent of hogs were raised in places with over 500 animals. Three-quarters of hogs sold for market are from “specialized operations” with corporate production contracts that buy 30 to 80 pound pigs from other “specialized operations” and finish them to 240 to 270 pounds, slaughter weight. The people that manage these operations are not called farmers: they are “contract growers.” Like other U.S. corporate agribusinesses, industrial hog operations are heavily supported by state and national policies. Larger operations are more profitable than smaller ones because the pigs are treated as commodities, their feed is mechanized, and the cost of environmental and public health damage is not considered in the balance sheet.
The human and environmental costs
Water and air pollution from the confinement of thousands of swine endanger the health of people living nearby. Industrial hog operations pollute the air with a complex mixture of particulates (e.g., fecal matter and endotoxins), vapors and gases (e.g., ammonia and hydrogen sulfide)—all of which have negative health effects. Add odor from feces, not only a nuisance but also the cause of health problems, and you get sick people. Wing and colleagues have recorded stress, anxiety, mucous membrane irritation, respiratory conditions, reduced lung function and acute blood pressure elevation.
North Carolina’s hog CAFO’s are concentrated in low-lying areas, where the hog-waste cesspools are susceptible to flooding. In addition, the runoff from liquid hog waste dumped or sprayed on fields makes its way into state waterways. Research from Johns Hopkins and UNC-Chapel Hill has found evidence of high concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria and the presence of swine-specific fecal MST markers in waters near hog CAFOs—meaning there are pig feces in the water.
Indeed, during the permitting process in North Carolina, IHOs are permitted as “non-discharge facilities,” which means they are exempt from state rules requiring the monitoring of their waste in waterways. The permit, in other words, essentially puts a “no regulation” stamp on a major source of water pollution.
It’s a public health crisis in these communities. Children do not play outside. Gardeners stop gardening. The stink, like nothing you have ever smelled before, is overpowering. Your body reacts to these real health problems. It’s response? Get me out of here. But when you live next to thousands of hogs and no one will buy your house, there’s no place to go.
At a lecture at Boston University in October 2014, Wing showed a dramatic slide that depicted a near perfect overlay of the location of industrial hog farms to the density of slave populations in the 1860s. The concentration of millions of pigs in southeastern North Carolina is made possible by racial injustices that deny people basic rights. Wing writes, “If workers and residents in rural communities that are most directly impacted had basic political and human rights, industrial agriculture would not have developed with such destructive force because those affected by its side effects would have been able to protect themselves.”
Industrial animal waste cesspools
It’s hard to know what to do when there’s a hostile corporate neighbor with thousands of hogs living next door. Local, state and federal governments are no help. But a number of organizations—North Carolina Environmental Justice Network, Earthjustice, Concerned Citizens of Tillery, Rural Empowerment Association for Community Help, and Waterkeeper Alliance—are fighting the good fight.
The Concerned Citizens of Tillery (CCT), an environmental justice organization established in 1978 and located in Tillery, a community in eastern NC has been organizing the opposition to IHOs for decades. The experience of the homestead farm isn’t as common as it used to be, where a few pigs are part of the farm ecosystem and hundreds (or thousands!) would be known to wreck it. Like an invasive weed, it takes patience and effort to convince people the weed wasn’t always there.
When CCT is asked why hogs and dangerous pollutants come into poor, rural communities, the group responds, “Because there are Blacks and Latinos and Native Americans living in these communities.” The organization’s website puts it this way: “We have become a society based on consumption and materialism, the inevitable environmental degradation begins in the ‘backyards’ of African Americans, other people of color and yes, poor whites who could not ‘flight’ to urban America.”
I met Gary Grant, the long-time executive director of CCT, several years ago. By the time I met him, I’d been inside buildings with thousands of hogs. I’d walked around the cesspools the industry likes to call “lagoons.” It’s hard not to see the horror of the animals’ lives and the ruination on the lives of the people living nearby.
Steve Wing and his colleagues illustrate how North Carolina industrial hog operations degrade the environment and health of people living near them. They have documented that the facilities built to house hundreds or thousands of hogs and the resulting cesspools and waste disposal fields are mostly located near the homes of people of color. Gary Grant knows this. It’s about time a whole lot of other people learned about it. Wing reminds us that making sustainability and decency an integral part of the food system can improve life for everybody. Now that’s a story to be part of.
Laura Orlando is a member of the Rural America In These Times Board of Editors. She is a civil engineer and teaches in the environmental health department at the Boston University School of Public Health. Laura grew up on a farm near Benton Harbor, Michigan. She is a graduate of the University of Michigan and the Harvard Kennedy School of Government.
More by Laura Orlando
- Our Freshwater Emergency Is Worse Than You Think
- Don’t Be Fooled by the Limelight on Lifestyle as a Cancer Risk
- Heart of Whiteness: The Stories Western Philanthropists Tell Themselves
- It’s Time to Talk (Again) about Sewage Sludge on Farmland
- The Rio Olympics Are a Reflection of Our Shared Global Crisis
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In Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, both Anthony and Brutus are friends of Caesar. Why does Brutus betray his friend when Anthony displays true loyalty towards Caesar? Is it significant that the conspirators approach Brutus, but not Anthony? Was Brutus' friendship with Caesar of true value? Is Anthony a true friend or only protecting himself from the mob?
i also need quotes to prove it.
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All the conspirators do not approach Brutus. Only Cassius, who is the ringleader, sounds Brutus out about his feelings and gradually draws him in. Without Brutus there might never have been an assassination, because Cassius uses him to enlist many other conspirators who might not have liked or respected Cassius sufficiently to follow him.
In Act I, Scene 2, Antony displays his complete devotion to Caesar. When Caesar calls to him, he responds, "Here, my lord." And when Caesar tells him to be sure to touch Calpurnia in the coming race, Antony replies:
I shall remember:
When Caesar says "Do this," it is performed.
Cassius hates and fears Mark Antony. When the conspirators are discussing their plot in Brutus's home in Act II, Scene 1, Cassius says:
I think it is not meet
Mark Antony, so well beloved of Caesar,
Should outlive Caesar. We shall find of him
A shrewd contriver.
But the noble, reasonable, kindly Brutus tells him:
Our course will seem too bloody, Caius Cassius,
To cut the head off and then hack the limbs,
Like wrath in death and envy afterwards--
For Antony is but a limb of Caesar.
Let's be sacrificers, but not butchers . . .
Cassius is right, of course. He is a much better judge of men than Brutus, who tends to judge others by his noble self. Antony is steadfastly loyal to Caesar, even after Caesar has been assassinated. And Antony becomes loyal to Caesar's heir Octavius, who would hever have been able to defeat Brutus and Cassius on the battlefield without the professional generalship of Antony. When the commanders meet for a parley before the battle of Philippi, Antony expresses his feelings feelings face to face for the first time since Caesar's death:
You showed your teeth like apes, and fawned like hounds,
And bowed like bondmen, kissing Caesar's feet,
Whilst damned Casca, like a cur, behind,
Struck Caesar on the neck. O you flatterers!
And Cassius reminds Brutus of his earlier warnings about Antony:
Flatterers? Now, Brutus, thank yourself.
This tongue had not offended so today
If Cassius might have ruled.
Brutus was a true friend of Caesar and only acted against him after much soul-searching, having decided that Caesar was a threat to the Rome's democratic government. Antony very wisely and craftily pretended to become friends with Brutus and all the other assassins. But he hated them and was only waiting for an opportunity to turn against them.
Before making his famous funeral speech, Antony addresses the dead Caesar in a marvelous soliloquy in Act III, Scene 1, beginning with:
O pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth,
That I am meek and gentle with these butchers.
And ending with:
And Caesar's spirit, ranging for revenge,
Witht Ate by his side come hot from hell,
Shall in these confines with a monarch's voice
Cry "havoc!" and let slip the dogs of war,
That this foul deed shall smell above the earth
With carrion men, groaning for burial.
Antony is a deadly enemy of all the conspirators, and Cassius was right in wanting him killed along with Caesar. Cassius was right in persuading and manipulating Brutus to become the leader of the conspiracy, but he was wrong in believing he could control him. Partnerships are always very sensitive relationships. Brutus was a true friend of Caesar, but his character changed after the assassination. Brutus found himself temporarily the most powerful man in Rome because of his charisma and his family background, but he lacked Caesar's, Antony's, and Cassius's worldliness and practicality.
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Volunteering and charitable activities are two concepts that may seem disparate at first glance. One is an act of selflessness, while the other often involves monetary transactions or fundraising efforts. However, the two go hand in hand – volunteering can be a crucial element to any successful charitable organization. There are numerous reasons why volunteering matters for these types of endeavors.
Firstly, volunteers provide valuable resources to organizations without adding additional financial burdens. Volunteers can help with tasks such as event planning, marketing campaigns, and administrative work – all of which require time and effort but don't necessarily need to come with a price tag. This means that organizations can allocate their funds towards more pressing needs such as research or program development.
Secondly, volunteering helps build connections within communities. By working with others on shared goals and projects, individuals can develop new relationships and strengthen existing ones. These relationships can lead to greater community engagement and increased awareness about important issues facing society today.
Lastly, volunteering is personally fulfilling for many individuals who want to make a positive impact on the world around them. It allows people to use their skills and expertise in meaningful ways while also giving back to causes they care about deeply. Overall, there are countless benefits to volunteering when it comes to supporting charitable activities – from improving the lives of others to building a sense of purpose and fulfillment in oneself.
The Impact of Volunteerism on Charitable Activities
The Impact of Volunteerism on Charitable Activities
Volunteerism is a crucial aspect of charitable activities, and its impact cannot be overstated. The number of volunteers worldwide has been growing steadily over the years, with many individuals dedicating their time and resources to support different causes. This section examines some reasons why volunteering matters for charitable activities.
Firstly, volunteerism helps to address immediate needs within communities. Volunteers can offer emergency assistance during disasters or provide essential services to vulnerable populations such as food banks and shelters. For example, in 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic hit globally, many people lost their jobs and were unable to access basic necessities such as food and shelter. However, volunteers stepped up by providing aid packages that included food items, hand sanitizers, masks, and other essentials.
Secondly, volunteerism promotes social cohesion among community members. When people come together to work towards a common goal or cause, they build relationships based on shared values and experiences. This sense of belonging fosters trust and cooperation that extends beyond the organization's scope where they volunteered initially but permeates across society at large.
Thirdly, volunteering allows individuals to gain new skills or develop existing ones. Through their participation in various programs or initiatives offered by charities and non-profit organizations, volunteers acquire knowledge about issues affecting communities while also mastering new technical skills like project management or fundraising strategies.
Fourthly, volunteering provides an avenue for personal growth and development. Volunteering helps boost self-esteem through contributing meaningfully to a worthy cause while building character traits such as empathy, compassion and resilience through exposure to different situations.
Finally yet importantly – volunteering contributes significantly to economic growth by reducing costs associated with social welfare provision spending in areas such as education health care etc., thereby freeing up government funds which can be redirected into infrastructural developments aimed at improving living standards overall.
In conclusion (eliminating this), these five points highlight how volunteerism positively impacts charitable activities. However, it is essential to note that the effects of volunteerism go beyond just these five points and can be seen in different aspects of life.
|Positive Effects||Negative Effects|
|Increases social cohesion||Can lead to dependency on volunteers' support|
|Helps address community needs||Volunteers may burn out or experience fatigue due to overworking|
|Provides avenues for personal growth and development||May create a sense of competition between volunteers leading to disunity within organizations|
|Contributes significantly to economic growth by reducing costs associated with social welfare provision spending||Some individuals may use volunteering as an opportunity to gain access to vulnerable populations|
How Volunteering Helps Build Stronger Communities (transition)
How Volunteering Helps to Build Stronger Communities
As we have seen, volunteerism has a significant impact on charitable activities. However, volunteering is not just about helping those in need; it also plays a crucial role in building stronger communities. By working together towards a common goal, volunteers create a sense of unity and foster meaningful relationships that can last a lifetime.
Juxtaposed with the previous section's focus on the impact of volunteerism on charitable activities, this section will explore how volunteering helps to build stronger communities. One way volunteering does this is by creating opportunities for people from different backgrounds to come together and learn from one another. Volunteers gain new perspectives as they work alongside individuals who may have experienced life differently than them.
Furthermore, volunteering provides an outlet for people to express their compassion and empathy while making a difference in their community. It allows individuals to use their unique skills and talents towards causes they care about while connecting with others who share similar passions. As such, volunteering can be immensely fulfilling and satisfying.
A 2019 study conducted by UnitedHealth Group found that volunteering can improve mental health outcomes, including reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety. The study also revealed that regular volunteers reported higher levels of happiness compared to those who did not volunteer at all.
In addition to personal benefits, volunteering contributes significantly to the economic development of local communities through increased productivity, enhanced social cohesion, and reduced dependency on government services. This positive ripple effect extends beyond individual actions into larger societal impacts.
To further illustrate this point, consider the following table showcasing data from the Corporation for National & Community Service:
|Economic Impact||Social Cohesion||Health Benefits|
|$167 billion: value added by volunteers' time||86%: percentage of Americans who believe volunteering promotes understanding between different cultures/ethnicities||Reduced risk of mortality among older adults who volunteered regularly|
|Equivalent to nearly 7 percent of U.S GDP||92%: percentage of Americans who believe volunteering unites communities||Reduced symptoms of depression and anxiety among regular volunteers|
|More than 8 billion hours of service provided annually by volunteers in the U.S.||78%: percentage of Americans who believe volunteering improves community safety||Improved sense of purpose and increased happiness among regular volunteers|
As we can see, there are numerous benefits to volunteerism beyond charitable impact alone. Volunteering creates a positive feedback loop where individuals feel fulfilled while also contributing towards building stronger, more cohesive communities.
Moving forward, it is essential to recognize how vital volunteers are in meeting the needs of vulnerable populations. By understanding the critical role that volunteers play in creating lasting change for those most affected by social issues, we can appreciate their value even further.
The Importance of Volunteers in Meeting the Needs of Vulnerable Populations
Continuing on the topic of building stronger communities through volunteering, it is important to understand the role volunteers play in meeting the needs of vulnerable populations. Vulnerable populations refer to individuals or groups who are at a higher risk of experiencing social and economic challenges such as poverty, homelessness, and unemployment.
Volunteers provide valuable support to organizations that work with vulnerable populations by offering their time, skills, and resources. Here are three ways volunteers make a difference:
- Volunteers offer emotional support: Many vulnerable populations face isolation and loneliness due to various reasons such as disability or illness. By volunteering, individuals can offer companionship and emotional support to those who need it most.
- Volunteers help meet basic needs: Homelessness and hunger are major issues faced by many vulnerable populations. Volunteers assist in providing food, shelter, clothing, and other essential items necessary for survival.
- Volunteers advocate for change: Volunteering also involves advocating for policy changes that benefit vulnerable populations. This includes raising awareness about systemic issues affecting these communities and pushing for legislative reforms.
The impact of volunteer work on vulnerable populations cannot be overstated. According to a study conducted by The Corporation for National & Community Service (CNCS), one in four Americans volunteered in 2018 alone, contributing approximately 6 billion hours of service worth an estimated \(167 billion dollars. To further illustrate the importance of volunteer work with vulnerable populations, consider this comparison table between countries that have high levels of volunteerism versus those with low levels: | Country | Volunteerism Rate (%) | GDP Per Capita (\)) | | ——- | ——————- | —————— | | Canada | 41 | 45,032 | | United States | 30 | 63,051 | | India | 14 | 2,171 | | South Africa | 7 | 5,683 |
As shown above, countries with higher rates of volunteerism tend to have a higher GDP per capita, indicating a positive correlation between volunteer work and economic success. This suggests that the benefits of volunteering go beyond just helping vulnerable populations, but also contribute to overall societal well-being.
In conclusion, volunteers play a crucial role in meeting the needs of vulnerable populations by providing emotional support, basic necessities, and advocating for change. Volunteer work not only helps those in need but can also positively impact society as a whole. Next, let's explore how individuals can benefit personally from volunteer work through opportunities for growth and development.
Personal Benefits and Growth Opportunities through Volunteer Work
Moving forward, it is essential to explore the personal benefits and growth opportunities that come with volunteering. Volunteering not only helps vulnerable populations but also allows volunteers to develop new skills, gain valuable experiences, and grow as individuals.
Firstly, volunteering provides a sense of purpose and fulfillment. Through giving back to society, volunteers feel accomplished and satisfied knowing they have played a part in making a positive impact. This feeling can help improve mental health by reducing stress levels and increasing self-esteem.
Secondly, volunteering promotes social connections and networking opportunities. Volunteers interact with people from various backgrounds who share similar interests or goals, building strong relationships that can last beyond volunteer work. Networking through volunteerism may lead to job offers or career advancement down the line.
Thirdly, volunteering enhances skill development. Volunteers gain hands-on experience in areas such as leadership, communication, problem-solving and teamwork which are transferable across different aspects of life including professional careers.
Fourthly, volunteering exposes one to diverse perspectives on personal matters like culture or religion among others. It broadens one's mindset enabling them to understand issues better while learning new ideas.
Lastly, voluntary work creates an opportunity for fun activities outside normal daily routines enhancing creativity amongst other things
Volunteering has many emotional benefits associated with it; here are four reasons why it is beneficial:
- Volunteering increases happiness
- Volunteering reduces depression rates
- Volunteering lowers stress levels
- Volunteering improves overall psychological well-being
|Social Connections||Offers networking & relationship-building opportunities||Making friends at events|
|Skill Development||Enhances transferrable skills||Developing your project management abilities|
|Exposure to Diversity||Exposes you to diverse viewpoints||Learning about cultural practices from fellow volunteers|
|Sense of Purpose||Provides a fulfilling activity||Contributing positively towards society|
In conclusion, volunteering is an excellent way to give back to society while reaping personal benefits such as increased happiness and skill development. By volunteering, one can connect with others in their community, gain new perspectives on life, and improve their overall well-being. The next section will explore ways individuals can get involved and make a positive difference through volunteerism.
To learn how you can get involved and make a difference with your time, read the upcoming section about “Ways to Get Involved and Make a Difference with Your Time.”
Ways to Get Involved and Make a Difference with Your Time
Personal Benefits and Growth Opportunities through Volunteer Work have shown that individuals could experience an immense sense of fulfillment and personal growth. However, volunteering also plays a significant role in charitable activities. In this section, we will be discussing ways to get involved and make a difference with your time.
According to the Corporation for National and Community Service (CNCS), 77.3 million adults volunteered their time last year, contributing close to 6.9 billion hours of service worth an estimated $167 billion! This statistic shows how impactful volunteer work is on society's economic value while creating social change simultaneously.
Here are three ways you can get involved in charitable activities:
- Join local organizations: Check out non-profit organizations or charities in your area such as food banks, shelters, schools, nursing homes, hospitals, or animal rescues.
- Participate in fundraisers: There is no limit when it comes to fundraising opportunities that one can participate in—from walkathons and marathons to charity auctions and bake sales.
- Virtual Volunteering: With technological advancements come virtual opportunities where one can contribute from anywhere globally by writing grants for nonprofits or transcribing documents for historical societies.
A study conducted by United Healthcare shows that people who volunteer feel better about themselves both physically and emotionally compared to those who do not participate in any voluntary activity regularly. Here's a table that compares these effects:
|Sense of Purpose||89%||68%|
As seen above, volunteers tend to reap more benefits than non-volunteers regarding happiness levels, sense of purpose, and stress reduction.
In conclusion, volunteering has numerous benefits both for personal growth and societal welfare. Getting involved with charitable activities does not require large donations but giving time, energy and skills towards a cause that resonates with you. Whether it's joining local organizations, participating in fundraisers or virtual volunteering, every little contribution counts towards creating social change!
Frequently Asked Questions
Are there any age restrictions on volunteering for charitable activities?
Volunteering for charitable activities is a noble act that not only benefits the community but also the volunteer. People from all walks of life can participate in such activities, irrespective of age or gender. However, there are certain age restrictions on volunteering for some charities due to legal requirements and safety concerns.
To begin with, it is important to understand that each charity has its own set of rules and regulations regarding volunteers. Some organizations may have specific age limits while others may require parental consent for minors to participate. In general, most charities accept volunteers who are 18 years or older without any additional requirements.
However, there are some notable exceptions where younger individuals can make significant contributions as well. For instance, many local food banks and animal shelters allow teenagers between the ages of 14-17 to volunteer with adult supervision. This provides an excellent opportunity for young people to learn about civic engagement and social responsibility.
Here are five ways in which volunteering can benefit different age groups:
- Children: Volunteering helps children develop empathy towards others, increases their self-esteem and confidence.
- Teenagers: Volunteer work enhances college applications, develops leadership skills and improves communication abilities.
- Young adults: Volunteering exposes them to diverse communities and cultures, builds professional networks and boosts resume credentials.
- Middle-aged adults: Giving back through volunteering contributes to better mental health by reducing stress levels, increasing happiness and sense of purpose.
- Senior citizens: Engaging in meaningful volunteer work keeps seniors active both physically and mentally thereby improving overall wellbeing.
Furthermore, here is a table outlining some common age restrictions placed by various charities:
|Charity||Minimum Age Requirement|
|American Red Cross Blood Donor Program||16 years old (with parental consent)|
|Habitat for Humanity||16 years old (with adult supervision)|
|Meals on Wheels America||18 years old (with valid driver's license)|
|ASPCA||18 years old (with animal handling experience)|
|Special Olympics||14 years old (with adult supervision)|
In conclusion, while there may be some age restrictions on volunteering for certain charitable activities, they should not discourage individuals from giving back to their communities. It is essential to review the specific requirements of each charity before participating in volunteer work. By doing so, people can make meaningful contributions towards a better world and gain personal fulfillment in the process.
Can I volunteer for multiple organizations at the same time?
Have you ever wondered whether it's possible to volunteer for multiple organizations at the same time? The answer is yes, but there are some things that you need to consider before doing so.
Firstly, it's important to make sure that you have enough time and energy to commit to volunteering for more than one organization. Volunteering can be a rewarding experience, but it also requires dedication and effort. If you spread yourself too thin by volunteering for multiple organizations, you may not be able to give each of them the attention they deserve.
Secondly, different organizations may have different requirements or expectations from their volunteers in terms of commitment and availability. It's essential to check with each organization about its policies on simultaneous volunteering before signing up as a volunteer.
Thirdly, if you decide to volunteer for multiple organizations at once, it's crucial to keep track of your schedules and commitments carefully. You don't want to double-book yourself or miss out on an opportunity because of confusion over dates or times.
Lastly, while volunteering for various organizations can be fulfilling and beneficial in many ways, remember that burnout is a real possibility. Make sure that you take care of yourself both physically and emotionally throughout the process.
To emphasize the importance of balancing volunteering commitments effectively, here is a bullet-point list highlighting potential positive outcomes:
- Increased sense of purpose
- Enhanced skill set
- Expanded network
- Improved mental health
Additionally, below is a table presenting pros and cons associated with simultaneously volunteering:
|Experience diverse causes||Risk burning-out faster|
|Boost CV/Resume building||More challenging logistical coordination|
|Meet new people/networking opportunities||Less focus per charity served|
|Exposure towards learning new skills||Reduced impact due divided time|
In conclusion, although it is possible to contribute your services across several charitable institutions simultaneously; planning ahead will ensure success in juggling these commitments. It is essential to keep a balance between volunteering and personal life, as over-committing may lead to exhaustion or inefficiency in task completion. Ultimately, being upfront with organizations about your availability and setting realistic expectations for yourself will allow you to make the most of your volunteering experience while making an impact on multiple causes at once.
Do I need specific skills or qualifications to become a volunteer?
Volunteering is a noble and selfless act that involves giving back to society without expecting any monetary compensation. Many people wonder if they need specific skills or qualifications to become volunteers. This section will explore the requirements for becoming a volunteer, including whether it is necessary to have prior experience.
Firstly, while having previous volunteer experience can be beneficial, it is not always required. Most organizations are looking for individuals who possess particular qualities such as enthusiasm, dependability, flexibility, empathy, and a willingness to learn. These attributes enable volunteers to work effectively with different types of people and adapt quickly in various settings.
Secondly, certain volunteering roles may require specialized knowledge or training. For example, working as an environmental conservationist may require some level of education on issues affecting the environment. However, most organizations provide their volunteers with adequate training before starting their duties.
Thirdly, age limits vary among organizations; however, many accept volunteers from ages 16-18 years old with parental consent. Some programs designed specifically for youths may even allow younger children's participation accompanied by adults.
Fourthly, language barriers should not discourage potential volunteers who do not speak English fluently since there are numerous opportunities available for non-native speakers willing to offer their time and services.
Lastly, criminal records checks might be mandatory depending on the organization's policies regarding safety concerns for both clients and volunteers.
In summary, volunteering requires certain qualities more than formal qualifications or experience. Additionally, organizations typically provide sufficient training before commencing duties. There are no age restrictions except when dealing with sensitive matters where minors' involvement could pose risks to them or others involved. Language barrier should also not deter one from offering voluntary services since there are diverse needs requiring multilingualism amongst participants in charitable activities. Finally but importantly background checks may apply due diligence measures taken by reputable charities towards safeguarding all parties' interests in cases where trustworthiness is paramount.
|Opportunity to gain new skills and knowledge||Can sometimes be time-consuming|
|Meet new people from diverse backgrounds||May require physical exertion or exposure to hazardous conditions|
|Personal satisfaction of giving back to society||Not always financially rewarding|
|A chance to make a positive impact on the community||Possibility of facing challenging situations|
Volunteering can be an enriching experience for individuals with different aspirations. It provides a platform for personal growth and development while creating a positive impact on others' lives, including one's own. Therefore, whether you have professional qualifications or not should not hold you back from lending a hand in charitable activities that align with your values and interests.
How do I choose which organization to volunteer with?
Choosing Which Organization to Volunteer With
Finding the right organization to volunteer with can be a daunting task. It is essential that you choose an organization whose values and mission align with your own personal beliefs, interests, and skills. According to a recent survey by The Corporation for National and Community Service (CNCS), 77% of volunteers said they volunteered because of their commitment to a cause or issue. Therefore, it is important to take time in researching organizations before committing yourself.
Here are some tips on how to choose which organization to volunteer with:
- Identify what causes you care about: Start by making a list of issues that matter most to you such as education, environment, health care, animal welfare etc.
- Research different organizations: Once you have identified your areas of interest, research the various non-profit organizations that work towards these causes. You can use online resources like volunteermatch.org or idealist.org to find organizations near you.
- Check out their reputation: Look for reviews or ratings from other volunteers who have worked with the organization before. This will give you an idea of what working with them might entail.
- Contact the organization: Reach out to the organization and ask questions about their programs, goals, expectations and training processes for volunteers.
- Attend information sessions: Many organizations hold informational meetings where potential volunteers can learn more about the organization's programs and meet current volunteers or staff members.
|Red Cross||“Preventing and alleviating human suffering in emergencies.”||Provides disaster relief services across the country; serves over 100 million people annually through blood donations|
|Habitat for Humanity||“Building strength, stability and self-reliance through shelter”||Builds homes for low-income families in need worldwide; has served over 22 million individuals since its founding in 1976|
|Big Brothers Big Sisters||“Providing children facing adversity with strong and enduring, professionally supported one-to-one relationships that change their lives for the better.”||Has matched over 2 million children with adult mentors since its founding in 1904|
|National Park Service||“Preserving unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the national park system for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations”||Protects more than 84 million acres of public land; employs over 20,000 people nationwide|
Volunteering is an enriching experience that can be life-changing. By choosing a cause you care about and finding the right organization to volunteer with, you can make a meaningful impact on your community. Remember to take time researching organizations before committing yourself to ensure that you are making the best use of your skills and contributing towards something you believe in.
Is there a minimum time commitment required for volunteering?
Volunteering is an excellent way to give back to the community and make a difference in people's lives. However, before embarking on such a noble venture, it is important to consider certain factors that can affect your decision-making process. One crucial factor that may influence potential volunteers' decisions is the amount of time they are required to commit.
Firstly, it is essential to note that different organizations have varying requirements when it comes to volunteer hours. Some require minimal or no commitment at all, while others expect regular participation for extended periods. Therefore, prospective volunteers need first to identify institutions whose minimum time commitments align with their schedules.
Secondly, volunteering positions vary in terms of responsibilities and duties expected from participants. While some roles may only require two hours per week, others demand full-time involvement. It would be best if you were clear about how much time you're willing to commit as this will determine which position suits you best.
Thirdly, it's worth considering the type of work involved in each role before committing yourself. For example, working with children requires patience and dedication; thus, one must assess whether they possess these qualities before deciding on the role.
To further illustrate the importance of assessing one's ability to meet time requirements set by different charitable organizations before taking up a volunteering opportunity, here are some possible consequences:
- Overcommitment: Volunteering regularly beyond what one can manage could lead to burnout.
- Under-commitment: Failure to fulfill obligations within stipulated timelines might inconvenience other team members.
- Missed opportunities: Without proper research into various options available based on personal availability levels creates lost chances for making significant impacts
In summary, determining an organization's minimum requirement for volunteers beforehand ensures effective planning and enables individuals interested in giving back through volunteering find suitable opportunities fitting their schedule needs. Additionally, finding balance between free time activities like hobbies and socializing alongside voluntary work helps maintain healthy mental health wellbeing overall.
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Other Common Names: Ora, Komodo Monitor
Genus & Species: Varanus komodoensis
Listed as Vulnerable by IUCN Red List
In the Indonesian archipelago: Komodo Island, west coast of Flores Island, Padar Island, and Rinca Island
Dry monsoon forest, savanna, mangrove swamps, open beach, steppe, thickets and offshore islets, reefs, and sand bars. Found at elevations up to 2,300 feet.
Diurnal, spending most of the day basking, searching for prey, or interacting with other Komodo dragons.
Length: Females up to 7 feet, males up to 10 feet
Weight: up to 350 lbs
In captivity, 20 years or more.
Carnivorous, eating primarily boar, deer, and water buffalo (all introduced species), but also civet cats, rats, birds, fish, snakes, and on occasion other dragons, dogs, chickens, goats, snails, clams, porcupines, and macaque monkeys. Scavenging rather than killing prey is preferred. Zoo diet is rats.
Females are an olive-brown color with yellow patches on the throat. Males vary in color from dark gray to a brick red. They have long heads, necks and heavy tails that are almost as long as their bodies from snout tip to vent. Young are olive brown with red, orange, and yellow spotting.
Offspring: One to thirty eggs laid in burrows dug by females.
Incubation: 8 to 8.5 months.
Parental care: Females may defend nest sites for a period of time after laying eggs but do not provide care for young after they hatch.
- Ecology, Adaptations, Etc:
Komodos are the chief predator in their range filling the niche usually occupied by large carnivorous mammalian predators such as cats and wolves. The total land area occupied by the Komodo is less than 400 sq miles making it the smallest range of an alpha predator anywhere in the world. Their keen sense of smell enables them to locate food from as far away as 6 miles. They have a core area that provides for most of their basic needs – thickets, burrows, and rock slides for napping and sleeping in, a few good spots where they can hide to ambush prey, some high ground where they can test the winds for the scent of nearby carrion, several dunging sites where males can mark territory, and a watering hole. The animals avoid each other’s core areas but their foraging areas overlap. The wild Komodo has as many as 50 forms of virulent bacteria in its saliva that could cause serious blood poisoning in an animal that has been bitten.
When hatched, young Komodos are left to fend for themselves against predators including other Komodos, which may even be their parents. This is often thought of as a form of population control. Up until the age of 2 or 3 years, they are able to climb up trees and stay there. This can be used as a way to protect themselves from adult Komodos and for capturing prey by landing on them. Although they have the capabilities to do so, Komodos do not usually attack humans.
- Fun Facts:
- Body temp ranges from 23-33 degrees Celsius (73-92 degrees F); sometimes up to 40 degrees C. This is higher and more consistent than many other reptiles.
- Indonesia – worlds largest archipegalo; 14, 000 islands; 1,000 miles wide b/w Asia & Australia
- Survives temps 80degrees F in shade to 130 degrees F in sun
- Avg body temp is 97 degrees F
- Smell prey with tongue up to 5 miles away.
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Classroom Morning Meeting
The Early Childhood years are very critical for laying foundational skills for all children, but this is especially so for children with visual impairments. Most children with visual impairments will need extra support to succeed in school. Hands-on opportunities are important for the student.
By: Carmen Willings
Gathering or group times are wonderful opportunities to incorporate concepts, work on conversation skills, refine sentence construction, and to address self-concepts and interpersonal skills. There are simple adaptations that can be made to this time to make it accessible for students who are blind or visually impaired.
During these gathering times, provide the student with preferential seating based on their visual field and visual needs. For most students, front and center is the best location. This, however, isn’t always the rule. Some students will benefit from sitting to the left or right of the instruction if they have a visual field loss or an eccentric gaze.
Keep in mind that attention spans are short. Consider shortening gathering time to match the attention span of the students and schedule several different group times instead of one long gathering time. You may find that many students, particularly those that are visually impaired, can have difficulty attending or have inappropriate mannerisms during group times, when they are not actively engaged in an activity. Be prepared with a shoebox of fidget toys and provide one to each student that tends to fidget. Check with the occupational therapist as to whether or not a student would benefit from a weighted vest, lap blanket, or cushy seat during this time. Reward good listeners and those who are on task with gathering time jobs (help place the number on the calendar, check the weather, etc.)
Verbally welcome or sing songs to greet students (ex. We’re So Happy You’re Here Today). Practice social exchange. "Good Morning, ____." Student responds with reciprocal greeting. Encourage students to use appropriate posture, eye contact (or face in the correct direction), volume, and dictation when communicating. Bring the "sign in chart" to the group area. Have student’s identify who is at school today based on signatures. Find matching names to place on attendance board – use symbols that match current topic OR for older students, use name badges or time sheets similar to what is found on work site.
Be sure to use the names of all the students when talking to them. That way a student that is visually impaired won’t mistakenly act on an instruction or comment that was intended for another student. Avoid using gestures alone (or facial expressions) for managing class behaviors unless you pair each with a verbal statement.
The morning group time is a good time to encourage the student with low vision to use their vision by looking at themselves in a mirror during morning greetings or visually discriminating who is at school. Similarly, students with limited vision can practice their auditory memory and discrimination by identifying voices and determining who is missing. (Keep in mind the use of a mirror may not be the best option for all students, particularly for students with cortical visual impairment as the face is very complex and any classroom visual clutter is reflected in the mirror). You may choose to wear a silly hat, a scarf, or funny glasses to draw the student’s attention toward your face and visually scan to determine what is different about you.
Read the school menu for the current day using information gained during calendar time. Identify the daily choices. Encourage students to select their meal choice for the day if applicable or indicate that they brought their own lunch. Have the students locate their name on tags (using their symbol or print or Braille) and place them on a pre-made chart indicating buying or packing. Use this opportunity to interpret data and determine if there are more packing or buying, etc.
For calendar time, use a high contrast calendar with minimal visual clutter. Provide large print and/or Braille for future or current Braille readers. Have the students identify the day, week, month, and year using the calendar. Have the students’ rote count or tap out count up to current date, point to each number as you say it. Consider providing individual calendars for each students. Encourage students to point to their numbers as you count them (print or Braille as appropriate). Provide the students with a number card to place on their calendar OR encourage them to write the correct number on their calendar. This is a natural time to incorporate the concepts of yesterday, today and tomorrow (ex. Yesterday was Sunday, today is Monday, and tomorrow will be Tuesday).
Classroom Calendar Kit This wall calendar, available from APH, includes high contrast large print labels that are paired with braille.
Individual Calendar Kit, available through APH. This consumable calendar kit features brightly-colored embossed/bold line grid sheets, and paper labels in large print and braille.
Discuss the Day's Plan
Briefly review class and individual schedules to prepare the students for the days activities. Review the chore chart to determine responsibilities for each student for the day. Introduce or review the current topic/unit. Present materials related to the topic and point out how an object feels, what it is used for, or how it relates to some other object that your student is already familiar with. This is a good time to introduce any new vocabulary words related to the topic. Encourage students to help determine meaning of unknown words through use of classroom dictionary. When applicable discuss how some words can sound alike but have different meanings.For older students, use the classroom thesaurus to locate other words that have similar and opposite meanings. Classify the objects or words into categories.
Job Chart Review
The ability to perform classroom chores or jobs will prepare the student for being a contributing member of the classroom, homes, and community. It also lays a foundation for job related skills and employment later in life. It does take more time, and generally takes a lot of patience when instructing a student in these goals, but it will payoff over time and can lead to a self-confident, organized adult. Remember that plenty of experiences with real objects will help a student that is visually impaired develop an awareness of shape, size, texture, softness, temperature, weight, and other features of objects.
Some chores typically considered household chores can be taught and practiced within the classroom or school. Everyone should be expected to participate in basic chores on a daily basis such as hanging coat on hook or on a hanger, putting toys, materials and belongings away, placing trash in the trash can, sorting recycling.
Create a classroom chore chart with a variety of chores that students can have turns being responsible for. Typically students will look forward to having classroom responsibilities. Refer to Classroom Jobs for suggestions of chores.
Checking the weather is a concrete way of embedding seasonal and weather concepts. The morning meeting time can be a natural time to check the weather, or waiting until a later time in the day when it will be determined whether recess will be indoor or outdoor. This page provides suggestions for Weather Check time.
Sign up for free membership to access the FREE downloadable handbooks and handouts on the Free Printables page along with access to the Goal Bank pages. Simply click on the Log In | Register link in the navigation bar. If you haven't joined yet, you will be prompted to create a password.
Purchase the TVI's Guide to Teaching the ECC Complete Set and immediately unlock the pages within the ECC Complete Set Bonus including bonus printables, interactive sensory stories, interactive matching activities, interactive choice making activities, job task box activities and MORE! This is my way of continuing to support you and say "Thank you!" for choosing to purchase the Complete Set.
TVI's Guide Complete Set Bundle + BONUS Resources
Buy together and get BONUS resources!
The TVI's Guide to Teaching the ECC Complete Set includes the following:
The LOTTO Cards Grab and Go Supplement includes 37 theme related unit cards along with activity suggestions that support activities within the TVI's Guide to Teaching the ECC.
On My Way File Folder Cards
Print and use these cards to represent locations the student may visit that are related to the current thematic unit. Use these with the On My Way File Folder Game outlined in the TVI's Guide to Teaching the ECC p. 27.
NEW! Access to TVI's Guide Bonus Membership Pages
Bonus pages include tutorials, printables, interactive sensory story downloads, and interactive choice making, matching and visual discrimination computer games (PowerPoint based interactive games), and job task activities.
All products are digital pdf downloads. Once you make your purchase you will be directed to an order confirmation page where you will find the download link. This download will also be included on the receipt sent to the email address you provide. The pdf download can be found directly under the order number. If you encounter any difficulty, please let me know and I can assist you. Once you purchase the complete set you will have immediate access to the bonus pages!
*Please contact me if you need to purchase using a purchase order. I am happy to help guide you in the process of adding Teaching Students with Visual Impairments as an approved vendor for your school or program or you can visit the product support page for information on using a PO.
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Viruses that have the ability to lie latent within a cell have two options when infecting a cell: they can either enter the latency or the lytic pathway (productive replication). The decision between lytic and latent pathways is regulated by expression of regulatory proteins part of a genetic switch system. The outcome of the followed pathways depends on the ratio of these key regulators in Lambda. This ratio may be determined by environmental factors such as the host cell type, its shape, or the nutriment availability.
Bacteriophage lambda includes at least a repressor of the lytic promoter, a repressor of the latency promotor and two key regulators . Mu phage switch system involves two proteins, a repressor of early promoter called RepC and a repressor of RepC expression called Ner.
In phi3T bacteriophage, the decision between latency and replication depends on the concentration of a small peptide that is secreted by infecting viruses and an intracellular receptor that acts as a transcriptional regulator. When a virus infects an as-yet-uninfected bacteria in which the peptide has accumulated, latency will be promoted.
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You regularly brush and floss your teeth, and that’s fantastic! But is there something you’re forgetting? Good oral hygiene is about more than getting the plaque off your pearly whites. If you truly want a mouth that is healthy and fresh, you must remember to clean your tongue. Your dentist in Colorado Springs explains why this is so important and how you can keep this important little organ free of harmful bacteria.
The Consequences of a Dirty Tongue
Your tongue’s slightly rough texture comes from the countless little bumps that cover it. These tiny bumps, called papillae, contain the taste buds. While we love papillae for helping us enjoy our favorite snacks, they can also easily trap bacteria, tiny bits of food, and dead skin cells between them. Then, a mucus layer can cover those particles, trapping them in place.
If you don’t regularly remove bacteria and food particles from your tongue, you can face some unpleasant consequences, one of which is halitosis (bad breath). The bacteria from your tongue may also transfer onto your teeth and increase your risk of developing cavities.
How to Clean Your Tongue
Cleaning your tongue may be as simple as adding another step to your brushing routine. After you’ve cleaned all the surfaces of your teeth, spit out your toothpaste, but don’t rinse yet. Then, gently scrub your tongue from back to front with your toothbrush. It’s a good idea to gently clean the roof of your mouth and the interior of your cheeks as well.
For an even more effective way to clean your tongue, purchase a tongue scraper. This inexpensive tool is especially designed to clear away the tongue’s mucus layer and the icky stuff that may be trapped beneath it. Before you brush your teeth, stick your tongue out and use gentle pressure to move the scraper along it from back to front; going in this direction is important because you don’t want to accidentally ingest the bacteria that was on your tongue. Repeat this motion until you’ve cleaned your entire tongue.
Here are a few more notes about cleaning your tongue:
- If you have a sore or other wound on your tongue, it may be best to avoid using a scraper until you’ve healed.
- If you have a sensitive gag reflex that makes it difficult for you to clean your tongue, relax your tongue as much as possible and exhale when you’re touching a particularly sensitive part. Exhaling may help you override the gag reflex.
Let Your Dentist Help
If you’ve done your best to clean your tongue and still have bad breath, or if you notice other problems with this organ, don’t hesitate to ask your dentist about your concerns. They can give you personalized oral hygiene advice and inspect your mouth for any issues that might need professional attention.
A clean tongue is an important part of a healthy mouth! Be sure to clean this important group of muscles every day.
About the Author
Dr. Erick Anderson is a native of Colorado Springs and has been practicing dentistry for over 20 years. If you have questions about how to maintain a healthy mouth, or if it’s time for your next checkup, he would be happy to help! Contact our office at 719-593-0988 to schedule an appointment.
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Among the creatures that survived the trans-Pacific trek aboard the Japanese dock was this sea star, which was found inside the float.
Credit Oregon Department of Parks and Recreation / AP
A large dock washed ashore early Tuesday on Agate Beach in Oregon. The nearly 70-foot-long dock was torn loose from a fishing port in northern Japan by last year's tsunami and drifted across thousands of miles of Pacific Ocean. Marine scientists are worried that invasive species may be among the 100 tons of marine life that traveled aboard the dock.
Credit Oregon State University's Hatfield Marine Science Center
Workers from the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife remove marine organisms from the dock. Marine biologist John Chapman says the dock may have carried hundreds of species and millions of organisms across the ocean.
Credit Edward Backus / flickr
The dock was encrusted with mussels, barnacles and other marine life from Asia. Marine biologists were surprised to see that coastal creatures survived the trip in the open ocean.
A bizarre event has drawn scientists to a beach in Oregon — a floating concrete dock from Japan has washed ashore. It had been ripped from its moorings by last year's tsunami and floated across the Pacific.
The dock is encrusted with mussels, barnacles and other marine life from Asia. Scientists are amazed these organisms survived the 14-month voyage, but they're also worried some of these organisms could become pests in U.S. waters.
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