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Symptoms of Hip Arthritis
- Hip pain while walking, running, sitting down, standing up or at rest
- Stiffness of the hip joint
- Difficulty in moving the joint
- Difficulty in tying shoe laces or trimming toe nails
- Muscles aches and pains
- Loss of flexibility
Diagnosing your condition
Diagnosis of hip arthritis is normally made clinically by your surgeon along with the help from some X rays and blood tests.
The most important help to diagnose the condition is a simple X-Ray.
Although there is no cure for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, all patients do not require surgery immediately. Some early stages can be managed by…..
- Lifestyle Modification – Activities which are strenuous on the hip joint are to be avoided, weight reduction helps in decreasing the load on the joint and can help decrease the pain during movements.
- Physical Therapy – Early physical therapy has been shown to improve long term pain relief and helps maintain overall health of the joint and the person. Daily exercise at home can also be performed once the patient learns the correct method of the exercise.
- Medication – There are several medications which can be used for the treatment of arthritis. NSAIDs are the most common drugs which are used for the treatment of osteoarthritis.
- Surgery – If the pain and decreased movements become unbearable and can no longer be tolerated, surgery becomes inevitable. Hip Replacement surgery is one of the most commonly performed surgeries in India and the world. In this surgery, the joint is replaced by artificial devices (prosthesis)
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I got the idea to make these thumb controlled pots from the pottery ones I’ve seen at Historic Williamsburg. The original earthenware “thumb pots” were used in 17th and 18th century English gardens. I reproduced this clever watering device using salvaged plastic bottles and jugs. It is ideal for watering delicate seedlings. I use this watering pot all the time now.
Find a suitable “pot.” I love using maple syrup containers but I was successful making other smaller pots with smaller plastic milk bottles. The smaller bottles are easier for children.
Drill a hole in the center of the cap of your container. I used a 7/32nd drill bit. Next, drill small holes in the bottom. I used a 1/16th drill bit. When using softer plastic containers, it is possible to poke holes instead of using a drill. Make sure the cap is on tight; otherwise the water will not stay inside.
How it works:
It works similar to holding your thumb over the top of a drinking straw.
1. To fill your thumb pot, place into a bucket of water. Do not cover the hole in the top.
2. Hold your finger over the hole in the cap to prevent water from escaping the bottom as you lift.
3. Continue to hold your thumb over the hole as you lift.
4. Take your thumb off the hole when you are ready to water your plants. Removing your thumb allows the water to gently stream out the holes on the bottom.
How to hold a thumb pot.
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mass (m)Type: Term
1. A lump or aggregation of coherent material.
2. pharmacotherapy a soft solid preparation containing an active medicinal agent of such consistency that it can be divided into small pieces and rolled into pills.
3. One of the seven fundamental quantities in the SI; its unit is the kilogram, defined as the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram, which is made of platinum-iridium and maintained at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures.
4. The quantity of matter in a body or substance.
5. In pulmonary radiology, a lung or pleural lesion larger than 30 mm in diameter, as inferred from an opacity on the x-ray image; most often a neoplasm.
6. Commonly used as a synonym for tumor or neoplasm.
The information shown above for mass is provided by Stedman's.
* Stedman's, part of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, provide a comprehensive line of health-science publications for healthcare professionals and medical students.
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Drosera intermedia, Burlington Co., New Jersey. Photo © Jason Ksepka.
The largest group of carnivorous plants is in the plant order Caryophyllales [Wikipedia]. From DNA studies we know the close relatives of the Caryophyllales carnivores are the salt tolerant plant families Frankeniaceae (seaheath), Tamaricaceae (tamarisk, salt cedar), and Plumbaginaceae (plumbago, leadwort, sealavenders, seapinks) plus the Polygonaceae (buckwheat, knotweed, rhubarb, and sorrel), and a number of small, obscure families. The salt tolerant species are noted for being able to live in salty soils near oceans and brackish water and excrete excess salt from their leaves.
It is difficult to know from the DNA studies exactly which family is the closest to the Caryophyllales carnivores. The split happened too long ago to resolve with confidence. The family Plumbaginaceae is the one commonly used as an outgroup because it contains many familiar garden plants such as Plumbago auriculata and many species in the family have characteristics in common with the carnivorous families.
DNA cladogram of the Caryophyllales carnivores (labeled in black) with non-carnivorous relatives in green. The length of the lines horizontally are proportional to genetic changes.
What does this cladogram tell us? We have mucilage-based tentacle trap plants closely related to snap traps, resinous tentacle traps related to pitfall trap plants, a genus of part-time carnivorous lianas (think Tarzan swinging through the jungle), and a genus of non-carnivorous lianas all having a potentially carnivorous common ancestor. When did that common ancestor live, what did it look like, and how did we get from that ancestor to what we have now?
A World in Motion, Plants in Motion
Through continental drift, the land masses of this planet are constantly changing their climate. The plants have to shift and adapt or go extinct. That is part of the reason relic species tend to be found on mountains. It is easier to move up and down a mountain as climates shift than to migrate hundreds if not thousands of miles north and south. Sometimes the plants run out of mountain or continent. Antarctica had carnivorous plants on it 6 million years ago. Where are they now and were any of them key players evolutionarily?
And then there are ice ages and other global climate shifts. These global changes are partly a result in changes in the earth to sun distance, partly to changes in the angle of tilt of the planet relative to the sun, and partly a consequence of the configuration of continents. Only 15 thousand years ago, kilometer thick ice sheets extended well into North America, Europe, and Asia [Wikipedia] where there are whole communities of carnivorous plants live today. Where were those plant during the ice age? (see Degreef 1989a PDF, Decoding Diversity: Glacial Stragglers for more on this topic)
To make matters even more interesting, there have been a number of mass extinctions. The Cretaceous–Tertiary global extinction event 65.5 million years ago [Wikipedia] did in more than the dinosaurs. The worst area hit was North America with over 50% of the plant species wiped out. Who knows how many species if not genera of carnivorous plants ceased to exist in that event. There was another less severe global extinction event 15.5 million years ago. That one hit northern Europe hardest. All these factors shape the life on this planet. They also make it hard for us to understand the details of how things evolved because so many pieces of the puzzle are missing.
To help put some dates on the Caryophyllales carnivores cladogram, there are two CPN review articles about Aldrovanda fossils. Degreef (1997 PDF ) reviewed publications on the fossil record of Aldrovanda seeds and pollen. (The fossils known as Paleoaldrovanda splendens have been shown to be insect eggs (Hermanova and Kvacek 2010). Ignore that part.) The oldest fossils of Aldrovanda itself were found in Europe in Eocene age rocks, 38 to 55 million years old. At times since then there is evidence for at least 4 species extant at one time and at least 6 lineages going extinct. Schlauer (1997, PDF ) points out the record of a 6 million-year-old fossil leaf that appears to be Aldrovanda. We don't know what the older Aldrovanda species looked like. Since the seeds were discovered in aquatic sediments it is likely the plant was aquatic or semi-aquatic that whole time. (see Cross (2012) for a complete summary of the fossil data)
Fossil evidence indicates Nepenthes did not always live where they are found today. The oldest Nepenthes pollen discovered was in Eocene sediments deposited just north of the Tethys sea in rocks now located in Europe (Krutzsh 1985). At that time proto-Europe was farther south and more tropical. As the climate of Europe and southern Asia changed during the Miocene with the closing of the Tethys Sea, Nepenthes expanded their range into Southeast Asia and subsequently went extinct in Europe (Krutzsh 1989). This was supported and expanded by the DNA results of Meimberg and Heubl (2006) where they found the north and west Indian Ocean populations were founded by fully advanced Nepenthes before or simultaneously with the Southeast Asia populations. There may have been more than one wave of migration into Southeast Asia from central Asia and there has been a lot of migration between islands presumably as sea levels have gone up and down. This means that by the Miocene, fully modern Nepenthes were extant.
Unlike Aldrovanda and Nepenthes, the earliest Drosera-like pollen fossils are known from Australia and Antarctica. Truswell and Marchant (1986) described pollen from central Australia they named Fischeripollis halensis. The fossil pollen was found in rocks dated to the early to mid Eocene near Alice Springs. Macphail and Truswell (2004) reported on pollen they called Fischeripollis sp. A. It was recovered in sediment cores drilled off the coast of Antarctica. When the images in these papers are compared to images in Takahashi and Sohma (1982) it appears Fischeripollis is Drosera and Fischeripollis sp. A is more ancestral-like than Fischeripollis halensis. These fossils show that Drosera as we know it was in Australia and Antarctica around 40 million years ago. Considering how little pollen Drosera species have in their flowers, that any is found is amazing! The vast majority of fossil pollen found in lake bottom cores is from wind pollinated flowers. In the case of Antarctic cores with Fischeripollis pollen, about a third of pollen in the cores was from Nothofagus-like (southern Beech tree) species.
The fossil evidence indicates that the genera and at least some of the subgenera of the Caryophyllales carnivores existed during the Eocene, 34 to 54 million years ago. Aldrovanda and Nepenthes were found in the northern hemisphere while Drosera was found in the southern hemisphere. This dates the last common ancestor of the Caryophyllales carnivores in the late Cretaceous, 90 to 65 million years ago, assuming it takes at least 15 million years for a group of plants to diversify that radically. It is fun to think two Caryophyllales carnivore species survived the end Cretaceous asteroid event 65 million years ago, leading to the two main clades. We really do not know the timing at this point. The pollen of the Droseraceae and Nepenthaceae is quite distinctive and may be found in older rocks in the future.
Before discussing what the last common ancestor of the Caryophyllales carnivores looked like, we need to look at the African carnivore Triphyophyllum peltatum. This drawing from a letter in a 1972 CPN ( PDF ) says it all:
The young plant is like a pitcherless Nepenthes with some Drosophyllum leaves—those are not flowers pointing up. The carnivorous leaves with tentacles even unroll the way Drosophyllum does (reverse circinate) which is backwards from the way Drosera unrolls leaves. Drosera has it main digestive surface and most tentacles on the side of the leaf inside to the plant while Triphyophyllum and Drosophyllum have their primary digestive surface on the outer side of the leaf. The leaves unroll with the primary digestive surface inside to the coil.
The carnivorous leaves of Triphyophyllum do have a short, leaf-like petiole which makes the tentacular leaves analogous to the multi-part Nepenthes leaves. One difference is the pitchers of Nepenthes are constructed from leaves that fold in. Proto-Nepenthes must have had their primary digestive surface on the interior facing part of the leaves, unlike Triphyophyllum and Drosophyllum.
Mature Triphyophyllum are lianas [Wikipedia]. The leaves on the liana stems have grappling hooks on the tip where you would otherwise expect to find Nepenthes-like pitchers. The liana stems will occasionally supplement nutrition by putting out trapping leaves next to the grappling hook leaves. You can read more about this unbelievable plant in Bringmann et al. (1999 PDF , 2002 PDF ) and McPherson (2008).
There has been much discussion about whether the last common ancestor of the Caryophyllales carnivores was pre-adapted for carnivory or a full-fledged carnivore. In other words, did carnivory evolve one, two, three or more times in the group? The question cannot be answered with any certainty. Since we are talking about a plant that lived more than 60 million years ago, we have to make a lot of inferences from what we see today. What we do know is the closest relatives of the Caryophyllales carnivores today live in marginal habitats and many have glands for excreting salt or mucilage.
Can we see the roots of carnivory in the relatives of the Caryophyllales carnivores? The Caryophyllales carnivores did not just appear out of thick air. Nepenthes fanatics may think they recognize this image by Wilson (1890).
It looks exactly like a pitcherless Nepenthes such as Nepenthes rafflesiana. It isn't! The drawing is of the sea pink Limonium peregrinum found along the seashore in South Africa. This species is in the Plumbaginaceae and shows many leaf and gland characteristics common to the Plumbagos and to the Caryophyllales carnivores. It has leaf bases that extend well around the stem. In some species these can get quite elaborate and pitcher like. This species has salt excretion glands in the base or petiole of the leaves and the dark material in the drawing is mucous secreted by those glands running down the stems. The leaf bases catch the exudates and may provide an effective barrier to crawling insects. This plant and its relatives display many leaf and gland characters that might be expected in the last common ancestor with the carnivores. They also display special adaptations that would have had many millions of years to evolve since they split from the carnivores. We cannot be certain what the plants were like 90 million years ago.
The glands of importance to compare across the Caryophyllales carnivores are the sessile digestive glands (see figures to the right). The trapping tentacles of Triphyophyllum and Drosophyllum are a later development as are the multipurpose tentacles of Drosera. Drosera tentacles took over much of the original role of the sessile digestive glands. There is no common theme among the sessile gland across all the genera. This makes it more likely they became specialized for carnivory separately but is not proof.
The plants in the Drosera / Dionaea /Aldrovanda clade are all either aquatic or wetland while all the plants in the Nepenthes / Drosophyllum clade are adapted to well drained habitats. Some authors claim based on development and physiology that Aldrovanda, Dionaea, and Drosera appear to be derived from an aquatic or semi-aquatic ancestor (Degreef 1988 PDF ), there is no evidence of this for the Nepenthes or members of the Drosophyllum clade. It is easier to imagine the last common ancestor being more like the Nepenthes / Drosophyllum clade ancestors because they are more like typical plants with "normal" roots and leaves.
What about the last common ancestor between the Drosera and the Dionaea/Aldrovanda clades? Degreef (1989 , PDF ) has a good discussion of this. The most likely last common ancestor was a bog or semi-aquatic carnivorous plant. Based on the characteristics of the species extant today, how they misform leaves under stress conditions, and the kinds of glands and other structures on their leaves, that plant likely had the aspect of a sundew similar to Drosera arcturi (see Gibson 1999 PDF for more information on this species). The ancestor probably did not have tentacles but did have sessile digestive glands and maybe nectar glands on the leaves. The leaves more than likely were mobile and could close slowly on a prey. The specific characters we are looking at are the amplexicaul leaf bases of the more primitive species; most species, including Dionaea and Aldrovanda, regress to cuneate or spatulate leaves; all of them have similar sessile digestive glands on their leaves; and all have mobile leaves. All the genera have other glandular structures but the structure of the other glands is not the same between genera.
There are many hypotheses attempting to describe how Dionaea could have evolved from a relatively modern Drosera or other plant with tentacles. These stories, although clever, all require a set of unnecessary and extremely unlikely events and developmental changes. Degreef (1988 PDF ) lists a number of reasons with references to other scientific work. Essentially the analogous structures between Dionaea and Drosera result from having a common ancestor with common developmental pathways that produce derived structures that are superficially similar but very different in the fine details. The biggest objection is evolutionarily you can not get there from here. Carnivorous plants are carnivorous because that is the only way they can survive. To get from Drosera, which snags small insects on tentacles, to Dionaea, which traps larger flies between halves of a leaf, you have to go through intermediate forms with drastically reduced trapping efficiency. The scheme that makes most sense evolutionarily is both Drosera and Dionaea developed their trapping mechanisms in parallel under different environmental conditions.
Dionaea and Aldrovanda evolved their traps separately. If you look at how the snap traps of Dionaea and Aldrovanda operate, it is apparent that Aldrovanda is not an aquatic version of Dionaea. The traps of Aldrovanda work in a completely different way. Poppinga and Joyeux (2011) illustrated how the traps of Dionaea close by the outer layer of cells in the traps expanding to cause the trap walls to curve or cup closed. On the other hand the traps of Aldrovanda close at the hinge without changing the conformation of the trap walls. This implies the traps of the two plants evolved independently of each other. This was not known when Degreef wrote his CPN reviews.
How did the three part leaves of Nepenthes evolve? What we can look at to help us understand this is the leaves of seedling or juvenile plants. Some authors give the impression that Nepenthes pitchers evolved at the tips of tendrils. This is clearly not the case.
Mature Nepenthes leaves have three parts: the wide green petiole at the base, a tendril in the middle, and the pitcher at the end. In the youngest seedling leaves the petiole is very short and there is no tendril. The pitchers may be leafy pitchers or just like miniature adult pitchers. In slightly older seedlings, depending on the species, you can get a wide leafy petiole that grades into the pitcher or just a longer petiole. In yet older plants, a tendril forms between the petiole and the pitcher.
The current three part leaf structure appears to have developed as specializations for spreading out traps while the plants are in the rosette form and for grasping by the liana or vine form of the plant. The wide petiole increases the photosynthetic area and the tendril holds on to shrubs and other things while climbing. Owen and Lennon (1999) have a nice article showing how an adult pitcher develops and details of the glands.
Nepenthes rafflesiana juvenile leaves. Note on the left, the younger plant shows the petiole intergrades directly into the pitcher. A leaf from a more mature plant on the right shows the beginning of a clear separation of the petiole and the pitcher by a tendril.
Just like the other side of the family tree, understanding the evolution of adaptations used by the genera in the Nepenthes / Drosophyllum clade is difficult. It is essentially impossible for Triphyophyllum and Drosophyllum to have evolved from a plant we would recognize as a Nepenthes. Nepenthes plants are dioecious—each plant produces either male flowers or female female flowers—while Triphyophyllum and Drosophyllum plants have hermaphroditic flowers. Although it is possible a dioecious plant could evolve to have have both male and female flowers, to evolve flowers with both sexes would require the evolution of something unique. In addition, all Nepenthes species tested have been shown to be octoploid, having 8 sets of chromosomes, while Triphyophyllum is a tetraploid and Drosophyllum is a diploid.
It is also unlikely something like Triphyophyllum and Drosophyllum could give rise to Nepenthes. Both of the sticky-leaved plants are very specialized with their primary digestive leaf surfaces on different sides of the leaves from Nepenthes. The simplest explanation is a species with digestive glands on both the leaf surfaces split into two species that evolved in two different directions. One lineage folded its leaves in to protect the inner digestive surface from rain, the other formed tentacles on the outer surface.
A grain of salt for DNA Studies
DNA studies comparing species within genera help greatly in explaining the relationships among the existing species and give us hints as to paleogeography of the genus in general. However, even if all known species today are included in a DNA study there will be huge gaps in the results even beyond the technical issues of constructing trees. This is because it is extremely likely key species are extinct or otherwise missing from the data. As a result the cladograms can show spurious associations or apparent linkages that never actually occurred. All of the DNA testing results need to be verified with other physical data to make sure they make sense.
In reviewing the results of the DNA studies we have to keep in mind there has been a lot of hybridization between species in both Drosera and Nepenthes. The DNA sequence analysis software assumes independent evolution of the lineages studied. Hybridization produces data that violate this assumption. Most if not all species of Nepenthes can be crossed as well as many Drosera species can form hybrids. Hybridization results in plants that are a mix of the parents. If a study only looks at one or a few sequences or only plastid sequences, the results could indicate the hybrid is one or the other parent. If more sequences are added, especially if the sequences are nuclear, the resulting tree could show a lineage that never existed. If the study lumps nuclear and plastid sequences, the relationship trees can become quite distorted compared to trees with unlumped data.
We need to discount species counts because most Drosera species in Australia are self-incompatible and all Nepenthes species have only male or female plants. That is, for Nepenthes you need both a male and a female plant to get seeds. In the self-incompatible Drosera species, the flowers on any given plant can only be successfully pollinated from flowers of a plant that is sufficiently distantly related. That relative could easily be a different species. This results in many narrowly endemic species because an isolated plant is doomed not to reproduce by seeds. To make it more interesting, a Nepenthes or self-incompatible Drosera plant that migrates into the range of a different species could spawn a new species via hybridization with the resident species. The immigrant would not be able to reproduce itself but could inject new variation into the resident species allowing the local population to become different from the rest of the species.
The widespread Drosera species in Australia today and the Australian species that have migrated to New Zealand and to other continents are almost all self-compatible. All it takes is one seed to found a new population at a distant location. This is the sort of situation that is assumed by the DNA sequence analysis software.
Rivadavia et al. (2003) did a huge DNA study on Drosera species. In my mind it wasn't huge enough because it is missing some key species, but it did provide interesting results. I did an analysis in 2010 from publicly available data including all the data used by Rivadavia et al (2003). The results are on the Drosera Phylogeny page.
Based on the DNA data the most ancient species still in existence today are in South Africa (Drosera regia) and Australia/New Zealand (Drosera arcturi). Not all possible ancient species were tested so there may be more, especially in South America. This would confirm the pollen data and indicate an origin in southern hemisphere. During the cretaceous period the southern continents were closer together and without the Antarctic Circumpolar Current the climates were warmer so there could have been a lot of movement between the continents at that time. However it is not possible to rule out long-distance dispersal of Drosera regia much later. Either way, Drosera regia did not found the current Drosera flora of Africa. Drosera arcturi is found in sub-alpine regions of Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand and does not have any close relatives either.
Australia has a very large number of Drosera species, many of them with narrow specializations. It is clear none of the woolly, tuberous, pygmy, or forked sundews contributed more than a species here or there to the flora of the other continents. The existence of a large number of species and/or forms in these groups and their mostly narrow endemic nature is most likely because of their self-incompatible flowers. Drosera glanduligera and Drosera burmannii are self compatible annuals, equally ancient, but didn't break up into dozens of species.
It is clear from Rivadavia's data that one or more relatively primitive Drosera migrated probably from Australia (and/or Antarctica) to the northern hemisphere via Asia. Separate migrants went to South America and to Africa relatively recently, possibly during the Miocene although it could be later. South America and North America subsequently exchanged a number of North America clade species back and forth. There is no clear species identified as the world colonizer in Rivadavia's study. However more recent data indicate that Drosera spatulata is a strong candidate as the species basal to most Asian, American, and African species. Those data also indicate that what we call Drosera spatulata may actually be a species group. More DNA studies need to be performed to better understand this species and the radiation out of Australia and/or Antarctica.
The African species (excluding Drosera regia) are so closely related Rivadavia could not make a definitive tree of their relationships. This could be because of a recent radiation into the continent or it could be a result of hybridization or both.
There were several intercontinental jumps noted producing sibling species. Drosera sessilifolia in eastern South America appears to be a very recent (for plants) disjunct from the Australian and south east Asian Drosera burmannii. Drosera uniflora in southern South America is a disjunct of the New Zealand Drosera stenopetala. There are a number of other species in South America that are either there by long distance dispersal or are relict species. One example is Drosera meristocaulis, which is found in northeastern South America. It is a basal or primitive pygmy Drosera with its closest relatives, including Drosera scorpioides, in Australia (Rivadavia et al. 2012).
-- John Brittnacher
For a more detailed discussion please see the following articles and articles they reference. Keep in mind each author states their view at a given time with the data they have at that time. Recent discoveries could modify their ideas.
Bringmann, Gerhard and Jan Schlauer and Kristina Wolf and Heiko Rischer and Uwe Buschbom and Andreas Kreiner and Friedrich Thiele and Martin Duschek and Laurent Ake Assi (1999) Cultivation of Triphyophyllum peltatum (Dioncophyllaceae), the part-time carnivorous plant. Carniv. Pl. Newslett. 28(1):7-13 ( PDF )
Bringmann, Gerhard and Heiko Rischer and Jan Schlauer and Kristina Wolf and Andreas Kreiner and Martin Duschek and Laurent Ake Assi (2002) The Tropical Liana Triphyophyllum peltatum (Dioncophyllaceae): Formation of Carnivorous Organs is only a facultative prerequisite for shoot elongation. Carniv. Pl. Newslett. 31(2):44-52 ( PDF )
Cameron, Kenneth, Kenneth J. Wurdack, and Richard W. Jobson (2002) Molecular evidence for the common origin of snap-traps among carnivorous plants. American Journal of Botany 89(9) 1503-1509.
Cross, A. (2012) Aldrovanda the Waterwheel Plant. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole, Dorset, England.
Degreef, John D. (1988) The Evolution of Aldrovanda and Dionaea Traps. Carniv. Pl. Newslett. 17(4):119-125 ( PDF )
Degreef, John D. (1989a) The Droseraceae during the glaciations. Carniv. Pl. Newslett. 18(2):45-46, 52-54 ( PDF )
Degreef, John D. (1989b) Early history Drosera and Drosophyllum. Carniv. Pl. Newslett. 18(3):86-89 ( PDF )
Degreef, John (1990a) Evolutionary patterns in Drosera. Carniv. Pl. Newslett. 19(1-2):11-16 ( PDF )
DeGreef, John D. (1990b) More on the evolution of Drosera. Carniv. Pl. Newslett. 19(3-4):92 ( PDF )
Degreef, John D. (1997) Fossil Aldrovanda. Carniv. Pl. Newslett. 26(3):93-97 ( PDF )
Gibson, Robert (1999) Drosera arcturi in Tasmania and a comparison with Drosera regia. Carniv. Pl. Newslett. 28(3):76-80 ( PDF )
Haberlandt, Gottlieb (from Sinnesorgane Im Pflanzenreich, Trans. By Carla R. Powell) (1982) Insectivores: Drosera and Drosophyllum. Carniv. Pl. Newslett. 11(3):66-73 ( PDF )
Hermanova, Z. and J. Kvacek (2010) Late Cretaceous Palaeoaldrovanda, not seeds of a carnivorous plant, but eggs of an insect. Journal of the National Museum (Prague), Natural History Series, 179(9):105–118.
Heubl, G., G. Bringmann, and H. Meimberg (2006) Molecular phylogeny and character evolution of carnivorous plant families in Caryophyllales -- revisited. Plant Biology 8(2006):821-830.
Jonathan (1992) A letter from Sierra Leone. Carniv. Pl. Newslett. 21(3):51-53 ( PDF )
Krutzsh, W. (1985) Uber Nepenthes-Pollen (alias "Droseridites" p.p.) im europaischen Tertiar. Gleditschia 12:89-93.
Krutzsh, W. (1989) Paleogeography and historical phytogeography (paleochorology) in the Neophyticum. Pl. Syst. Evol. 162:5-61.
Lledo, M. Dolores, Manuel B. Crespo, Kenneth M. Cameron, Michael F. Fay and Mark W. Chase (1998) Systematics of Plumbaginaceae Based upon Cladistic Analysis of rbcL Sequence Data. Systematic Botany 23(1):21-29.
Macphail, M.K., and E.M.Truswell (2004) Palynology of Site 1166, Prydz Bay, East Antarctica. In Cooper, A.K., O’Brien, P.E., and Richter, C. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 188:1–43. ( PDF )
McPherson, Stewart (2008) Glistening Carnivores: the sticky-leaved insect-eating plants. Redfern Natural History Productions.
Meimberg H. and G. Heubl (2006) Introduction of a Nuclear Marker for Phylogenetic Analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(2006):831–840.
Müller, K. and Th. Borsch and L. Legendre and I Theisen and W. Barthlott (2002) Evolution of carnivory in the Lentibulariaceae: considerations based on molecular, morphological, and physiological evidence. Proc. 4th Intl. Carniv. Pl. Conf. pages 63-73 ( PDF )
Owen,T. P. Jr. and K. A. Lennon (1999) Structure and development of the pitchers from the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata (Nepenthaceae). American Journal of Botany 86(10):1382–1390 ( PDF )
Poppinga, Simon and Marc Joyeux (2011) Different mechanics of snap-trapping in the two closely related carnivorous plants Dionaea muscipulaand Aldrovanda vesiculosa. Physical Review E 84, 041928. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.84.041928
Rembold, Katja, Andreas Irmer, Simon Poppinga, Heiko Rischer and Gerhard Bringmann (2010) Propagation of Triphyophyllum peltatum(Dioncophyllaceae) and observations on its carnivory. Carniv. Pl. Newslett. 39(3):71-77.
Rivadavia, Fernando and Katsuhiko Kondo and Mitsuyasu Hasebe (2002) Phylogeny of the sundews, Drosera (Droseraceae) based on chloroplast rbcL and nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA sequences. Proc. 4th Intl. Carniv. Pl. Conf. pages 9-13 ( PDF ) (incomplete)
Rivadavia, Fernando, Katsuhiko Kondo, Masahiro Kato, and Mitsuyasu Hasebe (2003) Phylogeny of the sundews, Drosera (Droseraceae) based on chloroplast rbcL and nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA sequences. American Journal of Botany 90(1):123-130.
Rivadavia, F., V. F. O. de Miranda, G. Hoogenstrijd, F. Pinheiro, G. Heubl and A. Fleischmann (2012) Is Drosera meristocaulis a pygmy sundew? Evidence of a long-distance dispersal between Western Australia and northern South America. Ann Bot 110(1): 11-21.
Schlauer, Jan (1997) 'New' data relating to the evolution and phylogeny of some carnivorous plant families. Carniv. Pl. Newslett. 26(2):34-38 ( PDF )
Schlauer, Jan (1997) Fossil Aldrovanda -- Additions. Carniv. Pl. Newslett. 26(3):98 ( PDF )
Stoltzfus, A. and J. Suda and R. Kettering and A. Wolfe and S. Williams (2002) Secretion of digestive enzymes in Plumbago. Proc. 4th Intl. Carniv. Pl. Conf. pages 203-207 ( PDF )
Takahashi, H. and K. Sohma (1982) Pollen morphology of the Droseraceae and its related taxa. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ., IV 38(2):81-156.
Truswell, E.M., and N.G. Marchant (1986) Early Tertiary pollen of probable Droseracean affinity from central Australia. Spec. Pap.—Palaeontol., 35:163–178.
Wilson, John (1890) The mucilage- and other glands of the Plumbagineae. Ann. Bot. 4:231-258.
Yesson, C. and A. Culham (2006) Phyloclimatic Modeling: Combining Phylogenetics and Bioclimatic Modeling. Systematic Biology 55(5):785-802.
The murderous plant Plumbago auriculata has stalked glands that will trap and kill small organisms -- usually crawling insects attempting to get to the flowers. It can be induced to secrete digestive enzymes (Stoltzfus et al. 2002 PDF) but not in a way that would be typical of a true carnivore. Plumbago is a close relative to several genera of carnivorous plants including sundews.
Evolution of Aldrovanda. Original figure by Barry Rice and Jan Schlauer based on references published in article by Degreef (1997 PDF ). Fossils attributed to Paleoaldrovanda splendens are now believed to be fossil insect eggs (Hermanova and Kvacek 2010). This "species" was removed from this version of the figure.
"Satellite view" of Europe in the Eocene, 50 million years ago. This is about the time the first Aldrovanda seeds were turned to stone on islands that later became Europe as we know it. Image © Ron Blakey, Northern Arizona University Geology.
Miocene "Satellite view" of the Indian Ocean about 20 million years ago. This is the time many plants were "migrating" as a result of climate change on migrating continents. Note Antarctica is ice free along the coast. Image © Ron Blakey, Northern Arizona University Geology.
Triphyophyllum peltatum with three glandular leaves in the greenhouse of the Botanical Gardens of Bonn. Cover photo from September 2010 CPN issue (Rembold et al. 2012). Photo by Katja Rembold.
Figure from Haberlandt (1982 PDF ) drawn by Wayne Perry. Notice the different structure of the tentacles and sessile glands. The Drosophyllum sessile gland is vascularized for quick and copious release of mucilage while the Drosera sessile gland is not.
Drawings not to scale of digestive glands from Müller (2002 PDF ) reproduced from other sources. Note the The Nepenthes and Triphyophyllum digestive glands are similar to the Drosophyllum digestive gland although they are not vascularized. In an actual pitcher the Nepenthes gland is vertical and is recessed with a flap of cells over the gland that prevents a prey from getting a foothold on the gland. A Triphyophyllum-like gland would give a prey an escape ladder. The Dionaea digestive gland looks like it could evolve into a tentacle but is not vascularized like the Drosera tentacle.
Salt excretion gland of Limonium peregrinum (Statice rosea in paper) as drawn by Wilson (1890).
Limonium fruticans from the Canary Islands also drawn by John Wilson (1890) showing troughs at the amplexicaul leaf bases accumulating mucous.
Nepenthes aristolochioides pitcher.
Dionaea muscipula traps.
Drosera regia leaf. Note the large tentacles and small red sessile glands on the leaf surface.
Drosera regia from South Africa (growing in captivity). The plants are about 40 cm tall. Drosera regia is so different from other Drosera, it was proposed in 1996 that it be renamed Freatulina regia. This name change has not been accepted by the CP community.
Rosette phase of the Australian Drosera peltata.
Juvenile leaves of Drosera binata from Tasmania. Eventually the plants will have the typical forked leaves for which the species is named.
Drosera spatulata from southern New Zealand. The plant is about 20 mm wide.
Drosera spatulata from Hong Kong. The plant is about 35 mm wide.
Drosera tokaiensis from Japan. This species is of hybrid origin. The parents appear to be Drosera spatulata and Drosera rotundifolia.
Drosera hirtella from South America.
Drosera dielsiana from South Africa.
Drosera brevifolia from North America. This warm temperate species is closely related to the cold temperate (hibernacula-forming) D. rotundifolia.
Drosera rotundifolia found across the northern hemisphere.
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Walking School Bus: A Guide for Parents and Teachers
Guide and Manual, 2010
A Walking School Bus (WSB) is a group of children (passengers) and adults (drivers and conductors) who walk to and from school along a designated, safe route. The “bus” picks up students and drops them off in the reverse order in the afternoon. This guide identifies the benefits, such as safety, environmental, and health of a WSB. It also goes through the process needed to set up a Walking School Bus.
Million Messages: 6 to 12 Months
Information Card, 2012
The Million Messages program is the development of a comprehensive plan to standardize messages given to parents about injury by public or community health nurses. Each of these messages is simple, consistent, routine, and targets an issue that affects children at specific stages in their growth and development. The messages are developed for visits during the prenatal, newborn, two months, four months, six months, twelve months, eighteen months, and preschool periods. This program was developed by Capital Health in Alberta.SKU: 4-353
Home Safety Tips: 5-9 Years
This brochure contains information on the common causes of injury for children between five and nine years of age. Injury prevention at home as well as within a community is discussed including: car seats, playgrounds, bikes and other wheels, pedestrian safety, falls, drowning, poisoning, and burns and scalds.SKU: 4-025
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During the Bronze Age, Santorini was called Strongyli, meaning ‘rounded.’ Devastating volcanic eruption of 1650 BC resulted in decimation of Strongyli, creating the crescent shaped Santorini and several surrounding islands.
The island of Hiera was formed due to volcanic eruption which started around 197 BC. In 47 AD the volcano reawakened spewing huge quantities of magma forming a new island which merged with Hiera to form Palia Kameni. Breakup of Palia Kameni occurred between 1457 and 1458, as per Roman historian Aurelius Victor’s ‘Historia Romana’. At that time the island had a perimeter of 5,550 meters. It gradually acquired its present shape through fragmentation by great cracks and collapse of its shoreline, with the current perimeter of only about 4000 meters. Like a slumbering demon, the volcano remained dormant for the next seven centuries. It became active again, very violently in 726 AD.
Nea Kameni is Eastern Mediterranean’s youngest volcanic landform. It is a protected natural monument and national geological park. In 1573 AD, about 65 years after Palea Kameni reached its present form, volcanic activity broke out resulting in the formation of a small island called Mikra Kameni meaning ‘small burnt’. Formation of Nea Kameni commenced with the volcanic eruptions from 1701 to 1711. Volcanic eruptions of 1866 to 1870 caused the smaller island of Mikra Kameni, to be joined with the larger Nea Kameni. During the period 1939-1941, many eruptions occurred in Nea Kameni which changed the topography of the island. The volcanic activity ended in July 1941. Today, magma exists at depths of a few kilometers, giving Nea Kameni its trademark sulfur odour.
From our hotel we rode a local bus to Fira, the capital of Santorini on the West coast of the main island. Fira is a ‘whitewashed’ town of cafes, bars, restaurants and shops, all filled with tourists. We had to now go to Gialos, the old port of Fira to sail to the volcanic islands. Till a few decades ago, Gialos was the main commercial port of the island. The port now is active mostly in summer and serves only the cruise ships, the excursion boats to the volcano, and a few fishing boats. The port is located about 275 meters below the cliff.
Alighting from the bus, we walked to the cable-car terminal to purchase tickets for the ride to the port. The queue was pretty long and we got our tickets after about 30 minutes. The ladies made use of this time to buy trinkets and memorabilia from the shops around, while the men stood in the queue.
There is a zigzag track of 588 steps called Karavolades stairs from the Fira to the Old Port. There were many tourists walking up and down these steps. There are mule-taxis, that operate on the same track, taking tourists up and down. The Karavolades stairs have several large bends which offer magnificent view of the volcanic islands.
The fastest option to reach the old port is surely by the cable car system, commissioned in 1982. The project was funded by Loula & Evangelos Nomikos Foundation created by the wealthy Santorini ship owner Evangelos Nomikos. He mediated with the traditional mule drivers who were operating here and ensured that a part of the income went to the mule drivers and the rest to the city. The cable car runs every 20 minutes and a single ride takes 3 minutes. The cable car ride to the old port gave us a stunning view of the volcanic islands, bizarre cliff sides and still blue waters.
On all sides of the old port were restaurants, taverns and small shops, mostly catering to cruise ship tourists who come ashore by chartered boats as the huge cruise ships cannot berth at the harbour. At one end of the port is the caved houses that appear stuck on to the rock and rock caves that have been created by erosion. We booked our tickets for the boat journey to the volcanic islands and had lunch at a restaurant at the pier.
The cove is formed between small cliffs filled with solidified lava rocks. The island is uninhabited, but we saw goats grazing, presumably wild, miraculously perched on the ledges on the cliff, chewing away on the almost non-existent shrubbery.
The boat anchored about 75 meter away from the hot springs. We had to jump seven meters from the boat deck, plunging into deep cold sea water which is greenish yellow and then swim for about five minutes towards the orange coloured hot springs. (Attempt this only if you are a good swimmer.) At the mouth of the hot springs stands a little Greek Orthodox church dedicated to Saint Nikolaos, the patron saint of sailors in Greece.
Due to volcanic activity in the cove area, the water is warm and rich in sulphur, iron and manganese. This gives the water an orange colour and is believed to have therapeutic benefits. As one swims closer to the cliff where the water is orange, one can feel the increasing water temperature. It is slightly warm and there is no fear of getting burned. The seafloor around the hot springs is muddy, rocky and slippery, making it difficult to walk on.
After about half hour stay at the cove, a swim in the warm waters, a view of how the earth would have evolved, the boat steamed off to Nea Kameni, the younger sister island of Palea Kameni.
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Although both ancient and modern Chinese are mostly written with the same characters, the modern daughter languages have become very different from the ancient one. One of the most conspicious differences is just that the terse, monosyllabic nature of Classical Chinese --"old writing," or"literary language" -- has given way to many more particles, polysyllabic words, and periphrastic idioms. The following story, given in both Classical Chinese and a translation into modern Mandarin-- or the"colloquial speech, vernacular" -- illustrates the difference.
Grass fully cursive Regular non-cursive Regular script is considered the archetype for Chinese writing, and forms the basis for most printed forms. In addition, regular script imposes a stroke orderwhich must be followed in order for the characters to be written correctly.
Simplified ChineseTraditional Chineseand Debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters In the 20th century, written Chinese divided into two canonical forms, called simplified Chinese and traditional Chinese.
Simplified Chinese was developed in mainland China in order to make the characters faster to write especially as some characters had as many as a few dozen strokes and easier to memorize. Little systematic study has been conducted on how simplified Chinese has affected the way Chinese people become literate; the only studies conducted before it was standardized in mainland China seem to have been statistical ones regarding how many strokes were saved on average in samples of running text.
The speech radical on the left has also been simplified. Tomb of Fu Haoc. Each written character corresponded to one monosyllabic word.
Over the centuries, Classical Chinese gradually acquired some of its grammar and character senses from the various dialects. This accretion was generally slow and minor; however, by the 20th century, Classical Chinese was distinctly different from any contemporary dialect, and had to be learned separately.
This role may not differ substantially Nathan in chinese writing the role of other Nathan in chinese writing francaesuch as Latin: For those trained in written Chinese, it serves as a common medium; for those untrained in it, the graphic nature of the characters is in general no aid to common understanding characters such as "one" notwithstanding.
However, the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China is currently releasing a standard character set for Hokkien, which is to be taught in schools and promoted amongst the general population. Chinese family of scripts Chinese characters were first introduced into Japanese sometime in the first half of the first millennium AD, probably from Chinese products imported into Japan through Korea.
In modern written Japanesekanji are used for most nouns, verb stems, and adjective stems, while hiragana are used for grammatical elements and miscellaneous words that have no common kanji rendition; katakana are used for transliteration of loanwords from other languages, the names of plants, animals and certain scientific or technical words, onomatopoeia and emphasis.
At one time, many Chinese characters called hanja were introduced into Korean for their meaning, just as in Japanese.
Each square block character contains Hangul symbols, or letters, that together represent a syllable. The largest non-Han group in China, the Zhuanghave for over years used Chinese characters. Despite both the introduction of an official alphabetic script in and lack of a corresponding official set of Chinese characters, more Zhuang people can read the Zhuang logograms than the alphabetic script.
Bamboo and wooden slipsfrom at least the thirteenth century BC Paperinvented no later than the second century BC Silksince at least the Han dynasty Stone, metal, wood, bamboo, plastic and ivory on seals.
Since at least the Han dynasty, such media have been used to create hanging scrolls and handscrolls. Literacy[ edit ] Because the majority of modern Chinese words contain more than one character, there are at least two measuring sticks for Chinese literacy: John DeFrancisin the introduction to his Advanced Chinese Reader, estimates that a typical Chinese college graduate recognizes 4, to 5, characters, and 40, to 60, words.
In many cases, a single character came to be written in multiple ways. This development was restrained to an extent by the standardization of the seal script during the Qin dynasty, but soon started again.
Although the Shuowen Jiezi lists 10, characters—9, of them unique some of which may already have been out of use by the time it was compiled plus 1, graphic variants—the Jiyun of the Northern Song Dynastycompiled less than a thousand years later incontains 53, characters, most of them graphic variants.
Chinese dictionary Written Chinese is not based on an alphabet or syllabary, so Chinese dictionaries, as well as dictionaries that define Chinese characters in other languages, cannot easily be alphabetized or otherwise lexically ordered, as English dictionaries are. The need to arrange Chinese characters in order to permit efficient lookup has given rise to a considerable variety of ways to organize and index the characters.
These roots, or radicals, generally but imperfectly align with the parts used to compose characters by means of logical aggregation and phonetic complex.
A canonical set of radicals was developed during the rule of the Kangxi Emperor around the year ; these are sometimes called the Kangxi radicals. The radicals are ordered first by stroke count that is, the number of strokes required to write the radical ; within a given stroke count, the radicals also have a prescribed order.A comprehensive, coeducational Catholic High school Diocese of Wollongong - Albion Park Act Justly, love tenderly and walk humbly with your God Micah Welcome to The Writing Center, a dynamic young company with a fresh approach to admissions essay editing and consulting.
Our team of experienced young editors and writing teachers has been personally selected, coached, and led by company founder Nathan Labenz. Ancient Chinese writing evolved from the practice of divination during the Shang Dynasty ( BCE).
Some theories suggest that images and markings on pottery shards found at Ban Po Village are evidence of an early writing system but this claim has been challenged repeatedly. Ban Po was. Two years ago I trained for my private pilot license over the course of nine months.
Besides being fun and exhilarating, flying requires a lot of knowledge and skill: aerodynamics, crosswind landings, stall recovery, navigation, recognizing and dealing with system failures, and so on.
Chinese Through Tone & Color (Chinese and English Edition) [Nathan Dummitt] on feelthefish.com *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Introducing a groundbreaking visual technique--successfully tested in classrooms--for mastering the correct pronunciation of over basic Chinese characters.
*Each character is printed in a color representing its tone. Arch Chinese is a premier Chinese learning system crafted by Chinese teachers in the United States for Mandarin Chinese language learners at K schools and universities.
Designed from the start specifically for English speakers who have no or little knowledge of Mandarin Chinese, it offers a rich set of features with a slick and easy-to-use user interface.
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Understanding the Problem:
Websites are powered by powerful computers (called servers) that are always on in large specialized buildings (called data centers). Servers require considerable amounts of electricity to operate and need constant cooling to prevent overheating. In most places, this electricity is produced by burning coal or other fossil fuels, which creates emissions that accelerate climate change.
How Websites Pollute
In 2012, there were 500,000 data centers worldwide. In 2019 there are more than 8 million. This rapid growth has led experts to predict that data centers will make up 10% of global electricity usage by 2030, and generate more emissions than the entire airline industry.
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Frequently Asked Questions about Green Hosting
Green web hosting is a website hosting service that reduces its greenhouse gas emissions through its underlying infrastructure and method of operation. Web hosting accounts with most traditional providers are often housed on servers or in data centers which are powered by carbon-emitting power sources, notably gas or coal. As a result, harmful emissions are released into the atmosphere and contribute to accelerated climate change.
A green hosting provider reduces its carbon emissions through smart, sensible choices when it comes to its power sources and power consumption. Web Hosting Canada’s green hosting platform is powered entirely by renewable energy, sourced from hydroelectricity generated in Quebec and British Columbia. Furthermore, WHC reduces its power consumption through the use of energy-saving Solid State Drives (SSDs) and water-cooling technologies, as opposed to power-hungry air conditioning systems. WHC's efforts are verified and accredited by the Green Business Bureau.
Clean, renewable energy, in combination with energy efficient servers and an energy-conscious company culture, allows you to operate your website with little to no negative impact on the planet.
Because you care about our planet’s future and want to minimize the environmental impact of your website and email services.
Also, going green is smart business. Reducing power consumption also means reducing costs, and we pass along the savings to you.
Finally, with the use of our Green Badges, you can differentiate yourself from your competitors and show your own website visitors that you support green initiatives through your choice of website and email hosting provider.
Some other hosting providers will generate carbon emissions but rely on carbon offsetting, which involves paying a predetermined fee for each unit of pollution generated. If a hosting company used coal to power their data centers they can offset the emissions they produce by paying another company to reduce emissions somewhere else. This solution is better than nothing but carbon emissions are still being produced even though they are being offset.
Web Hosting Canada provides a greener alternative by virtually eliminating carbon emissions in the first place. It powers all its operations with hydroelectricity, a renewable power source that generates up to 70 times less carbon emissions than coal-fired generating stations during regular operations.
Web Hosting Canada’s Green Hosting Badge is a visual site seal that you can display on your own website to show your visitors that it’s powered by renewable energy. It’s free to use and available in multiple formats and styles for any website that’s actively using WHC’s Green Web Hosting platform.
When visitors click on the badge, they’ll see additional information that helps them understand how your website is making a difference. The badge looks great in a website’s navigation bar, footer, sidebar, or header. Grab yours from your Client Area's Green Badges section.
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The average visitor spends about 10 to 20 seconds on a web page, leaving little time to make a lasting impression. Our green badges quickly and visually presents your business as ecologically responsible, often setting you apart from your competitors by adding heart and soul to your business proposition.
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Simply choose the badge you’d like to use and copy its HTML code into your site, at the location where you’d like your badge shown. The badge looks great in a website’s navigation bar, footer, sidebar, or header.
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It’s easy to think today’s surge to preserve Utah’s water resources is a fairly recent development. Consider the work of special and local districts such as the Granger-Hunter Improvement District; water conservation programs such as Slow the Flow and H2Oath; and Prepare60′s race to be ready for a doubling of our population by 2060.
But that’s hardly the case, as historical records prove. Even the Fremont and Anasazi Indians had concerns about water. Although scientists say much of Utah was underwater in prehistoric times–the Great Salt Lake, for example, is a puddle left behind by Lake Bonneville–times have changed and the organized drive to conserve water has left a legacy that we’re still building on today. Consider these historical anecdotes about Utah’s water efforts:
If we’ve learned anything from our history, it is that this is not a fight easily won. All of us must work together to preserve what others have achieved. At Granger-Hunter Improvement District, we’re committed to building on what our ancestors started as we prepare for the needs of future generations.
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When CNN’s John King used the term “dark-skinned” to describe the individual that he thought was an alleged suspect in the 2013 Boston Marathon bombings, he was widely criticized for not being descriptive enough and also for using a charged phrase that carries with it racial connotations.
“There are some people who will take offense for even saying that,” King said during the live broadcast in April 2013. “I understand that.”
With regard to his reporting, King turned out to be dead wrong: The perpetrators of that terrorist attack were two white Chechen brothers; but more importantly, the incident revealed how arbitrary the phrase “dark-skinned” can be and the power of language.
In The Root TV segment above, The Root staffers Diana Ozemebhoya Eromosele and Diamond Sharp explain why they have a personal vendetta against the term and why more descriptive vocabulary like “chocolate-complexioned” should be used to describe individuals with brown skin tones. Plus, “dark-skinned” seems to suggest that white, porcelain skin is the starting point when discussing skin hues—and that’s not the case.
Diana Ozemebhoya Eromosele is a staff writer at The Root and the founder and executive producer of Lectures to Beats, a Web series that features expert advice for TV and film’s most complex characters. Follow Lectures to Beats on Facebook and Twitter.
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Matter is anything which has mass and occupies space
It exists in 5 Phases VIZ, solid, liquid, gas, plasma, Bose Einstein condensate. out of which the former three are commonly seen.
States of matter
The three important States of matter are discussed below
- They have definite volume and shape
- They are incompressible and have strongest intermolecular interaction
- They are very dense as compared to liquid and gas example wood stone iron etc
- It is the temperature at which a substance convert from its solid state to liquid state melting point of ice at zero degree centigrade
- Melting point decreases in the presence of impurity
- It is the process of conversion of a substance from the solid phase 2 gas page without passing through and intermediate liquid phase
- It is used to separate sublimate from non sublimate
- They have definite volume but no definite shape. they take the shape of the vessel in which they are kept.
- They can close or considered as fluids e.g. milk, water, Mercury etc.
- It is a temperature at which vapor pressure of liquid become equal to atmospheric pressure
- It is different in different places
- Boiling point of water at normal condition is 100 degree centigrade
- It usually decreases at high altitude that’s why at high altitudes, the boiling point of water is less than 100 degree centigrade add more time is required to cook a food
- Boiling point of water in pressure cooker is high due to high pressure and hence, less time is required to cook the food.
- Boiling point increases in the presence of impurity
- It is the process of conversion of a liquid into vapours at any temperature below its boiling point.
- It increases with increase in surface area and temperature
- It produce cooling. that’s why we feel cool and some nail polish remover or spirit is kept on our palm
- They have neither definite volume no definite shape. they take the shape and volume of the container in which they are filled.
- They are highly compressible.
- They can flow so considered as fluids e.g. air, Oxygen and nitrogen.
- It is the process of conversion of gas into liquid
- Solid, liquid and gases are interconvertible by changing the condition of temperature and pressure
- Fluorescent tube contain helium gas and neon sign bulb continue on gas
- The fourth state of matter is called plasma. this state content ionized gas is super energetic and super excited particles.
Bose Einstein condensate
- In 1924-25, Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein gave the information about Bose Einstein condensate. it is a state of matter of lower density gas of boson cooled up 2 temperature which is very close to absolute zero or – 273. 15 degree centigrade. in fact, it is a fifth state of matter
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Part of the series Discovering Science - Upper Primary.
Discovering Science is a single solution to address Australian Curriculum: Science, providing everything you need in one package, while being designed to maximise student engagement.
Discovering Science Upper Primary Teacher Resource Book
Discovering Science Teachers Resource Books are written by experienced classroom teachers, allowing for simple implementation of the Australian Curriculum: Science while keeping learner engagement at the heart of the series. A step-by-step, easy-to-use teacher resource book that provides teachers with the content and confidence to implement the Australian Curriculum: Science F-6 whilst engaging the learner through a variety of resources, practicals, texts and activities and include many engaging BLMS and creative ideas for field trips. The Teacher Resource Books unpack the Australian Curriculum: Science and provide detailed Scope and Learning Sequences. In particular, they outline how each Australian Curriculum content descriptor fits in and covers each curriculum strand; including hands-on practical activities that will engage students and get them excited about science around them. They will also outline expected student learning and outcomes at each level.
- Teacher Resource Books provide explicit learning sequences and accompanying practicals for the classroom that give teachers an assurance that the Australian Curriculum: Science for F-6 is being covered in class
- Topic Starter Picture Cards, both print and digital provide a tool to introduce topics to students as well as discussion questions
- Guides teachers through the Australian Curriculum: Science, by providing step by step learning sequences on key, and sometimes difficult, science concepts like: Biology, Chemistry and Physics
- There are explicit learning sequences and lesson plans to support teachers with teaching the curriculum
- Provides teachers with fun-filled easy-to-do practical activities. Research has shown that one of the biggest obstacles in teaching Science in the Primary years is the cost and access to equipment. Therefore, included are practical activities that don’t rely on equipment or large budgets to support them
- Builds teachers knowledge and confidence to teach science in a structured way while supporting the implementation of the Australian Curriculum
View Sample Pages
View Other Year Levels in the 'Discovering Science' Series
|Product Type||Learning Cards & Boxes, Teacher Resources,|
|Year Level||Year 5, Year 6,|
|Author(s)||Julie Williams, Jim Williams, Anna Pilkington, Rosemary Joslyn, Michael Wagner & Troy Potter|
Be The First To Review This Product!
Help other Teacher Superstore users shop smarter by writing reviews for products you have purchased.
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| 0.902654 | 533 | 3.703125 | 4 |
The Straits Chinese: A Cultural History
Since ancient times, Southeast Asia has been an important link in the trade routes connecting China with India, Arabia and Europe. Contacts between China and the states of the Malay-Indonesian archipelago were reported as early as the fifth century AD, and Chinese tradespeople began to settle in this region in the 15th century. Chinese communities emerged in the port cities of Java, Sumatra and other islands of the archipelago, and especially along the west coast of the Malay Peninsula, in what would become known as the Straits Settlements: Penang, Malacca and Singapore. This book provides a detailed account of the development of the Straits Chinese social and material culture. The text is illustrated with many historical photographs, and a very large selection of high quality colour plates of architecture, furniture, costumes, beadwork, textiles, embroidery, gold and silver jewellery, domestic objects and ceramics.
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Associations and clubs
Chinese religion and customs
3 other sections not shown
airwell amah architecture Baba Malay batik beads beadwork became betel bridal bride British Buddhist called Cantonese ceramic ceremonies Cheah Jin Seng China Chinese community clan cloth clubs colours costume Courtesy Penang Museum Courtesy Prof cultural decorated dragon dress Dynasty embroidered embroidery English European Festival Fujian girls gold groom groups Guangdong haju panjang Hokkien included jewellery kehaya Khoo Joo Ee Khoo Kongsi Kong Kongsi language Malacca Malay language Malay words Malaya mansion metal moon motifs nineteenth century Nyonya Nyonyaware overseas Chinese Penang Hokkien Peninsula Pepin Press Peranakan photo Cheang Yik photo H Photo Khoo Joo photo The Pepin popular Qing rice ritual roof sarong secret societies shophouses silk silver Singapore Sinkhek slippers sometimes Southeast Asia stitch Straits Chinese Straits Settlements style Sumatra Swatow symbolic Tang Dynasty Teik temple terraced houses thread trade traditional usually wealthy wedding western women wore worn
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A clock puzzle with building blocks in colourful numbered shapes to teach children number recognition and how to tell the time.
Perfect for use at home or in the classroom environment, the bright colours and shapes encourage engagement, keeps children focused and stimulates learning.
Encourages hand-eye coordination.
Develops fine motor skills and dexterity.
Improves colour and shape recognition, counting and telling time.
Age: 2 Years +
Item size: 24.5 x 22.5 x 3 cm
1 x Clock
12 x Blocks
Materials: Teawood, Plywood
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The bystander effect is a psychological occurrence in which a person or persons will be less inclined to help or attempt to help a victim if there are other people present. This phenomenon is also referred to as bystander apathy. The bystander effect has been highly studied for its sociological implications.
This phenomenon was first studied in the late 1960s after the murder of Kitty Genovese. In this crime, the victim was murdered in broad daylight with scores of witnesses. However, no one attempted to intervene or help the victim.
Researchers determined a number of things about the bystander effect.
- The higher the number of individuals present at the scene of the crime, the less likely they will be to offer help.
- There is a range of psychological factors that influence people's behavior in these situations. One of these is diffusion of responsibility, in which people feel less responsible when others are present.This is because they will observe the actions of others, to see if they deem it necessary to intervene.
- When more people are present, individuals are less likely to notice, or take longer to notice emergency events, perhaps due to the fact that in Western culture it is considered rude to look around.
These factors explain the social influences on the bystander effect.
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William Moore McCulloch
|William Moore McCulloch|
|Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Ohio's 4th district
November 4, 1947 – January 3, 1973
|Preceded by||Robert Franklin Jones|
|Succeeded by||Tennyson Guyer|
November 24, 1901|
|Died||February 22, 1980
|Political party||Republican Party|
|Alma mater||College of Wooster
Ohio State University
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Moore McCulloch.|
William M. McCulloch was born near Holmesville, Ohio. He attended the College of Wooster in Wooster, Ohio. He graduated from the college of law of Ohio State University at Columbus, Ohio, in 1925. He was admitted to the bar the same year and commenced practice in Piqua, Ohio. He was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives from 1933 to 1944, serving as minority leader from 1936 to 1939 and as speaker from 1939 to 1944. He served in the United States Army from December 26, 1943, to October 12, 1945.
McCulloch was elected as a Republican to the Eightieth Congress, by special election, November 4, 1947, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Robert Franklin Jones. He was reelected to the twelve succeeding Congresses.
Fight for Civil Rights
As the ranking member of the House of Representatives’ Judiciary Committee, William McCulloch took a leading role in the civil rights movement. He introduced Civil Rights legislation months before Kennedy presented his act to congress. This was not only politically imprudent, but some considered it to be political suicide. Representative McCulloch had a small number of African-American constituents, and thus few votes to gain from introducing or supporting civil rights legislation. Regardless of the possible political ramifications, Representative McCulloch fought to repair an unjust system.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a path to justice for a nation that had allowed injustice for so long. It was his political and moral guidance that quelled anti-civil rights sentiments from members of the committee. McCulloch’s influence with the 1964 Civil Rights Act led President Kennedy to declare “Without him it can’t be done.”
Congressman William McCulloch never shirked from responsibility. In fact, he rose to become recognized by President Johnson as “…the most important and powerful political force” in passing the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
Throughout his career, McCulloch was a conservative (demonstrated by low Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) scores) and a strong supporter of civil rights. As ranking Republican on the House Judiciary Committee, he, with Democratic Chairman Emanuel Celler, pushed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 through the House of Representatives. During the Great Society Congress, although he supported Johnson's civil rights programs, he opposed most Great Society legislation. After the Great Society Congress (1965–1966), he began to adopt a few liberal positions, such as favoring strong gun control legislation in 1968 and support for busing. He was not a candidate for reelection in the 1972 election to the Ninety-third Congress. He resumed the practice of law in Piqua, Ohio, and died in Washington, D.C., on February 22, 1980. Interment in Arlington National Cemetery.
- William Moore McCulloch at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- The Political Graveyard
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The one-armed man was just one of 222 bodies found at an ancient cemetery excavation in Italy. But when bio-archaeologists examined the corpse decades later, they found that the body of this Lombard warrior who lived between 600 and 700 A.D. reveals an ancient precursor to a seemingly modern medical trend: repairing injured warriors to return them to battle.
The Lombard warrior, according to a paper published this summer, lost an arm from medical amputation. Doctors fitted the stump with a prosthetic to replace the arm. More intriguing, the man's new arm appears to be a long knife fitted to the forearm for use in combat.
Handy With a Knife
Working out the details from a pile of bones takes a combination of forensic science and social studies. Researchers know the burial site is a traditional Lombard cemetery because of the beheaded horse buried with dead greyhounds, a typical animal sacrifice associated with the Lombards.
All the other warriors buried at the ancient site had knives in the graves. So did this individual, but his arm was bent in a weird way and the blade was not at his side. Researchers also found the remains of some organic material, presumed to be leatherwork that kept the blade fixed in place. With this evidence taken together, the bio-archaeologists concluded he was buried with his prosthetic knife hand.
The corpse also shows evidence that the soldier survived the loss of his arm, showing signs of healing and a reduction in bone mass as the man used his injured arm less. But he still used it with the aid of a prosthetic—bone spurs indicate wear and tear over the years.
From this data, modern scientists can tell a lot about the value of this man’s life, considering his injury occurred before the advent of antibiotics. “This highlights a community-level effort to provide an ideal setting for healing to take place,” the researchers say. “This suggests a clean environment and intensive care during the early stages of healing, with the ability to prevent death from blood loss.”
Back to the Front
Despite the extreme effort required to return such a grievously wounded soldier to battle in antiquity, there are even older historic references to equipping soldiers with prosthetics. One of the oldest references is contained within the Rigveda, an Indian poem written 1500 years before the Lombard man lost his arm. In it, a woman (or according to some translators, a horse) named Vishpala receives an iron leg to replace an injured one in order to fight once again.
There's also other physical evidence of soldiers receiving new limbs. Archeologists have found the Capua Leg (300 B.C.) near Naples. The leather and woodwork is combined with bronze sheeting in a way that clearly resembles the leg armor of Roman soldiers. Those who made weapons also made devices to heal wounds.
The practice has continued in the modern day. An estimated 6,000 amputations occurred during the Vietnam War, and several junior officer survivors not only returned to active duty but had future careers. This includes Gen. Eric Shinseki, who lost part of his foot, and Gen. Frederick Franks, a below-the-knee amputee who commanded the Gulf War coalition’s famed VII Corps.
Afterward, the number of wounded who returned to serve waned. A 1995 study found that only 2.3 percent of U.S. amputee soldiers returned to duty during the 1980s. The research covered injuries from 1980 and 1988 and concluded that continuation on active duty “is a rare event” after amputation. “Only 11 of 469 soldiers remained on active duty after amputation. Of those who returned to duty, most (6 of 11) sustained partial hand amputations, three had partial foot amputations, and two were below-knee amputees.”
But this trend changed again as medical technology improved and frontline fighting after 9/11 increased. Service members injured in Afghanistan and Iraq who required amputations have returned to active duty. To do so, the wounded warrior must face a Medical Evaluation Board that determines whether the soldier meets medical retention standards. Sometimes they refer a service member to a Physical Evaluation Board for more scrutiny.
Medical evaluators who studied injuries between 2001 and 2006 found a different dynamic than the 1980s. There were 395 major limb amputees and of those, 65 returned to active duty. That’s 16.5 percent as compared to the paltry 2.3 percent from the 1980s. But presumably none returned with a knife instead of an arm.
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Knowing Your Text
- Text is something that we make meanings from, for example, a tattoo, a book, a TV show, magazine, or even signs printed on a T-shirt.
- The use of different approaches could lead to different understandings, even when studying the similar topics and sources.
When you are reading a text, always remember the following keys points:
- Text is not absolute, no text can truly describe the reality in an unbiased manner, it only represents certain perspectives, part of the story or less accurate representation of reality.
- There are differences in value judgements.
- There are differences in the existence of abstract things.
- There are differences in relationships between things.
- There are differences in seeing things. (e.g. think about the controversies of the term “fish ball riot” and “fish ball revolution”)
When dealing with text in cultures we are not familiar with, people may respond differently to the text (McKee, 2003):
Why is it meaningful to know how others make sense of the world?
- It reflects how your research participants treat people around and how they respond to different things. More than that, it is closely related to our identities.
- We tend to associate ourselves and others in groups and treat them differently, and the way we do it continue to change over time and contexts. It should be clarified that no one has full control of such change in sense making, and there are always alternatives to make sense of something in a culture.
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Redefining the university (Deadline 18 February 2011)
Changing schools, universities or the education system as a whole, in order for them to be able to serve their purpose and fulfil their roles in today’s rapidly changing societies, is a highly demanding task. While the Bologna process is leading the transformation of universities, PISA studies denounce gaps at basic education levels. Redefining implies innovating in order to transform, to change, and to better respond to new situations or environments. Innovation is the natural way systems adapt to survive.
We can think of innovation in the organisational sense, or in terms of improving teaching methodology, changing learning strategies, implementing ICT, or developing new formats for teacher training. On the other hand, redefining means reflecting on how we understand the human being, the soul or life on the Earth.
The public education system was institutionalised in the 19th Century, refined during the 20th and is now disintegrating. Perhaps the question is when death will arrive to universities, and if schools will survive. We could also reflect on the relationship between the process of redefining education and current changes in modes of communication: are universities and schools a mere product of what is written in books?
We can observe that society is demanding changes in traditional schooling. Multicultural or transcultural societies, new ethical frameworks, a highly individual participation level and networked situations require new education paradigms. Indeed, multiple approaches to this topic clearly illustrate the need for transformation and innovation.
eLearning Papers seeks contributions about ‘Redefining Education’ in both sections: In-Depth and From the Field. These are some of the suggested topics for articles:
Redefining teachers’ roles
Defining new universities and schools
The transformation of Public Education Systems
Innovation with new methods, new media
Education for a new society
Ethics in 21st century schools and universities
Education within a new communication framework
Isolated schools in a networked world
New curriculum or No-curriculum.
Evaluating… what? What for?
Teachers’ reactions to change
Redefining physical space and time (ubiquitous learning)
Foresight in education and learnin.
The article submission closes on 18 February 2011. The provisional date of publication is April 2011.For further information and to submit your article, please contact: [email protected]
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Galapagos invasive species:
[ Español ] [ Invasives
home page ]
Glossary of terms used in this site
- Biodiversity: Ecological diversity, and the diversity of native and endemic species in all their variability of subspecies, races, geographically distinct populations, and genetic diversity in general.
- Biological control: Strategy of pest control in which live natural enemies, antagonists, competitors, or other biological entities capable of reproduction are used.
- Biological control agent: Natural enemy, antagonist, competitor, or other biological entity capable of reproduction used to control pests.
- Biological pesticide: A general term which is applied to a biological control agent, normally a pathogen or micro-organism, formulated and applied in a way similar to a chemical pesticide, and used for the rapid reduction of a pest population in a short-term control programme.
- Biosecurity: Protection of all natural resources from biological invasion and threats.
- Bug: Used here in the general sense of any invertebrate, and specifically referring to insects.
- CDF: Charles Darwin Foundation. The Charles Darwin Foundation (and the Charles Darwin Research Station) is an international research organisation.
- Control: The suppression or containment of a population of pests; a continuous activity.
- Emergency response plan: Development of strategies to be implemented when a new plant
or animal infestation, or infection by a pest or disease is detected.
- Endemic: A species or organism with a restricted range and which does not occur anywhere else. Many species in Galapagos are endemic to
specific islands or volcanoes. Endemism is the characteristic of being
- Eradication: Application of measures to totally eliminate a pest or weed from an area, where the risk of re-infestation is minimal or zero.
- GNP: Galapagos National Park. Depending on context, this can refer to the organisation,
the Galapagos National Park, which is responsible for managing the terrestrial
and marine protected areas, or to the Galapagos National Park itself.
- INGALA: Galapagos National Institute. INGALA is the regional planning body.
- Introduced: A species or organism which arrives and establishes as a result of human activities. Some introduced species are also invasive (See “Invasive”).
- Introduction: The entry of a pest or weed which results in its establishment.
- Invasive: Introduced species or organism which causes damage to biodiversity, agricultural production or human health.
- Invertebrate: Animals without backbones, such as insects, spiders, worms, snails, millipedes, crabs, etc.
- Monitoring: A formal process whereby information is acquired and recorded from surveys, checks or other procedures related to the presence or absence of a pest, weed or disease.
- Native: A species or organism which arrives and establishes in a site by natural processes.
- Organism: See “Species or organism”.
- Pathogen: A microbiological organism which causes disease in animals, plants or people.
- Pest: A common name for an animal (vertebrate or invertebrate), plant or disease which adversely affects the native animals and plants of Galapagos, agricultural production, or human health and well-being.
- Pest risk analysis: Evaluation of the risk of introduction or invasion of pests, and management of pest risk.
- Quarantine: All activities directed at preventing the introduction and/or spread of
quarantine pests, or to ensure their control. Quarantine is a package of activities or legal measures imposed on the entry of animals, plants, agricultural products and other organisms and micro-organisms,
including the time they must remain isolated in order to prevent, control or delay the introduction of pests potentially harmful to Galapagos.
- Quarantine pest: A pest of potential economic importance for a specific area, the pest in question not occurring in that area, or of restricted distribution and the target of a formal control or eradication programme.
- SESA: Ecuadorian Agricultural Health Service. The Provincial office, SESA-Galapagos, is responsible for the inspection and quarantine system of Galapagos, SICGAL.
- SICGAL: The Quarantine and Inspection System for Galapagos (SICGAL for its abbreviation in Spanish), executed by the Ecuadorian Agricultural Health Service in Galapagos.
- Species or organism: A living thing of any age, and its eggs, sperm, seeds, or any portion of a plant or animal which has the ability to live or propagate itself. The definition includes plants, fungi, animals and micro-organisms.
- Surveillance: A formal process whereby information is acquired and recorded from surveys, checks or other procedures related to the presence or absence of a pest, weed or disease.
- Vertebrate: An animal with a backbone, such as goats, rats, cats, birds, fish, snakes and tortoises, etc.
- Weed: A plant which is causing damage in some way to native or endemic vegetation or ecosystems, or to agricultural production, such as blackberry, quinine, etc.
- Weed risk analysis: Evaluation of the risk of introduction or invasion of weeds, and management of weed risk.
[ Invasives home page ]
[ CDF ] [ GNP
] [ INGALA ] [ SESA ]
Questions/comments? Write: [email protected]
was created on 25 October 2004 by PT and JK, and was last updated on
27 April 2006
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Canada needs an agency to investigate research misconduct, states an editorial in CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal).
Although honesty, accuracy and professionalism of scientists are vital for research integrity, there have been many public examples of serious research misconduct. Conflicts of interest, author misrepresentation and manipulation of data are other issues that also affect scientific and academic research.
Scientific journals can and will investigate misconduct when detected, and academic institutions will investigate if it is reported before submission to a journal. However, there is an inherent conflict of interest when an institution investigates one of its own researchers as the need for an institution to maintain a positive reputation with respected faculty is necessary to attract and keep grants, sponsorships and donations.
"We need a better system to prevent, report and respond to allegations of research misconduct," writes Dr. Matthew B. Stanbrook, Deputy Editor, Scientific, with CMAJ editors.
The authors suggest that Canada needs a new agency with the mandate and power to investigate allegations of research misconduct. Alternatively, an existing authority such as the Panel on Research Ethics could be given this role with increased powers. The cost of the agency could be shared between the federal government, which provides significant funding of research, and academic institutions as part of taking responsibility for their research staff.
"Such an agency would be likely in any case to have better resources for investigations and satisfactorily resolve allegations in a timely manner," write the authors. "But its real benefit for the public and researchers alike would lie in independent and transparent public reporting."
Cite This Page:
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See also Alcohol, Alcoholism, and Prohibition.
Jack S. Blocker, Jr.. American Temperance Movements: Cycles of Reform. Twayne. 1989. 199pp.
Ruth Bordin. Woman and Temperance: The Quest for Power and Liberty, 1873-1900. Temple University Press. 1981. 221pp.
Jed Dannenbaum. Drink and Disorder: Temperance Reform in Cincinnati from the Washingtonian Revival to the WCTU. University of Illinois Press. 1984. 245pp.
August F. Fehlandt. A Century of Drink Reform in the United States. Jennings and Graham. 1904. 410pp.
Holly Berkley Fletcher. Gender and the American Temperance Movement of the Nineteenth Century. Routledge. 2008. 189pp.
John W. Frick. Theatre, Culture and Temperance Reform in Nineteenth-Century America. Cambridge University Press. 2003. 256pp.
J. C. Furnas. The Life and Times of the Late Demon Rum. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1965. 381pp.
Joseph R. Gusfield. Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement. University of Illinois Press. 1986. 226pp. 2nd Edition.
Richard F. Hamm. Shaping the Eighteenth Amendment: Temperance Reform, Legal Culture, and the Polity, 1880-1920. UNC Press. 1995. 341pp.
Brian Harrison. Drink and the Victorians: The Temperance Question in England, 1815-1872. Faber and Faber. 1971. 510pp.
Norman Longmate. The Waterdrinkers: A History of Temperance. London: Hamish Hamilton. 1968. 322pp.
Elizabeth Malcolm. Ireland Sober, Ireland Free: Drink and Temperance in Nineteenth-Century Ireland. Syracuse University Press. 1986. 370pp.
Thomas R Pegram. Battling Demon Rum: The Struggle for a Dry America, 1800-1933. Ivan R. Dee. 1999. 224pp.
David S. Reynolds; Debra J. Rosenthal (editors). The Serpent in the Cup: Temperance in American Literature. University of Massachusetts Press. 1997. 237pp.
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I owe much of my success in high school and college to organization. I organized my clothes so I could find them easily in the morning and get that ten extra minutes of sleep. I organized my notebooks in my locker so I didn’t lose anything important for class. I organized and color coded my notes so I could find key information and study it. There is evidence color coding helps. Organizing my notes probably was the single biggest contributor to my success in high school. It took a lot of trial and error (which cost me on some quizzes), but I eventually found a method that worked best for my learning style and stuck with it.
The whole point of taking notes is so you can remember which material is being covered in class. If notes are disorganized this process can be frustrating and ineffective. Not all note taking styles work for everyone and the most important thing to do is to try different styles and see which one works best for you.
No matter what method you use there are some universal rules for note taking. Stick with key words, phrases and short sentences. Try not to write down every exact word your teacher is saying, but put the information in your own words. Develop a short-hand for common terms and phrases to help you capture information quickly. Try to review your notes as soon as possible after class while the information is till fresh in your mind. Always write something down if the lecturer says it will be on the test, if the information is repeated more than one time, anything written on the board, or in a PowerPoint, and anything repeated slowly so that you have time to record what is being said.
Five methods you can use in a lecture or at home:
The Cornell Method
Draw a vertical line down the left side of the paper, about 2.5 inches to the left and 6 inches to the right, and draw a horizontal line about 2 inches from the bottom of the paper. Take notes in the right portion of the page, write the main idea and key questions on the left column, and summarize the notes in the bottom portion. Use bullets and make sure separate concepts are separated by a line. Test your self by hiding the right side of the page and leaving the left side in sight.
The Outlining Method
Make a standard outline of the material. The first level is for topics. The next level relates to the topic above. The advantage to this method is its is easy to review and is well organized. The disadvantage is it requires thinking during the presentation to organize information and doesn’t work well for a lecture that moves at a quick pace.
The Charting Method
Set up a table giving each topic covered in class its own column. Populate the chart with keywords and main ideas for each category. The advantage of this method is the material is easy to review. This method is recommended when a lot of material is presented that involves people and dates, like in a history class for example.
The Sentence Method
Write every new thought or topic on a separate line and number each sentence. The advantage of this method is it’s more organized than writing paragraphs and still records most of the information. The disadvantages are it’s hard to determine major/minor points and it’s hard to edit and review. This is a good method when there’s lots of information and you don’t how ideas fit together.
The Mapping Method
Write a central idea in the center and link supporting information with a line to that central idea. The lines can come out of the central idea from every direction so eventually the central idea is surrounded by supporting information.
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Slave in Greenland, NH
Read about Ona Judge Shaines
Read about George Washington
Black History as Poetry
The following verses are from M. O. Hall's "Rambles About Greenland in
Rhyme" (Boston: Alfred Mudge & Sons, Printers, 1900), an anecdotal
history of the town of Greenland, NH. In these stanzas, the author
takes poetic license with the story of Ona Judge Staines, distorting and
embellishing many facts. For example, she was older than age fifteen at
the time of her escape, gave birth to several children, and Eliza died
many years before her mother just to name a few distortions. However,
Hall's account is biographically inspired, captures the excitement of
Ona's escape, and shows how this former bondswoman became a local
legend. (Notes by Evelyn Gerson)
Ona, Washington's Runaway Slave
By M. O. Halls (1900)
But what I have to tell, is, how a slave was hid,
A maid of Martha Washington, a little kid,
And almost white; she had some help and found a way
To make escape upon a schooner down the bay.
The vessel came with wood; behind a pile she hid,
Until, just as the vessel sailed, she thought and did
Just what occasion prompted, slipped on board and hid
Again, and there she stayed in fear until they bid
Her to come on deck, and have no fear, for she was safe;
And all were drawn in pity to the little waif
Of fifteen years. The vessel, bound for Portsmouth, kept
Right on until she reached her port, and then she wept
For joy. Liberty is sweet (bear this in mind)
To all-to bird and beast, as well to all mankind.
A man by name of Staines took her to wife. By her
He had two daughters. 'Liza lived, and many were
The presents made to pave the way to see a slave
Of Washington. Now, when 't was known he wished to save
This chattel, she was warned and fled to this retreat.
The course pursued was very wise; he was discreet.
His letter showed the noble man he always was.
"His wife would like her back, but would not be the cause
Of any strife, take any action, give offence,"
He said, "if public feeling had become intense."
Charles Sumner, senator and statesman (this maintains,)
Was written the collector of the port 'bout Mrs. Staines.
And when the story spread, that she was wanted back,
She sought and found a shelter in the house of Jack.
The Jacks were very jealous of attentions paid
To this lone widow woman, and, when some were made
In common, took the lion's share, scoop in the whole
And treated little Staines as though she had no soul.
The ground where once the cottage stood, there by the brook,
To-day is all smoothed down, and in this garden nook,
Where once sweetwilliams, daffodils, and beds of rue,
Old fashioned flowers, perfumes mixed and drank the dew.
There's nothing left to tell the tale of daily strife,
Of constant struggle, ending only with the life.
They are all buried in a lonely, far-off spot,
Away from human kind-a lonely pasture lot.
Now let us leave this lovely, lonely, sacred dell.
A fallen tree hides what remains of the Jacks/Staines grave site off of
Dearborn Avenue in Greenland, NH. Many thanks to Everett Street for his
assistance in locating the burial plot. Photo by Evelyn Gerson.
Ona received many visitors, people curious to meet the slave who once
belonged to the Washington family. However, Hall's last lines portray
the Jack family as being envious of their housemate's notoriety. He
even goes so far as to accuse the Jacks of mistreating the fugitive.
Since Ona spent almost 25 years living under the same roof as Phillis
and Nancy, one has to doubt Hall's report. In fact, the Jack sisters
probably welcomed curious visitors since most brought presents such as
food, sundries, and other much-needed supplies that would be shared
throughout the household.
Remnants from the headstone of Phillis Jack, Jr. This is the only inscribed marker found at the site. Photo by Evelyn Gerson.
The author leaves his readers with a reminder that the family really had
to struggle in order to survive. Rockingham county did not have a
multifarious population and as a result the seacoast area's
African-Americans fused together to confront cultural isolation. To
overcome social marginalization, prejudice, scant housing, lack of
economic opportunity, and pejorative white attitudes that faced their
small community, Portsmouth area blacks, like the Jack-Staines domestic
partnership, relied upon bonds of mutual dependence.
Copyright © 2000 Notes by Evelyn Gerson
Copyright © 2000 SeacoastNH.com design & cyber publication
Click for MORE Seacoast Black History
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Bible Story: Children learn about our Lord and Savior through the telling of familiar Bible stories and the teaching of Christian values.
Art/Craft: We work with many different mediums as the children experiment and create their own masterpieces.
Large Motor: We learn balance, rhythm, and coordination through movement, dance, games, and playground play time.
Centers: Children are given the opportunity to choose, explore, and discover the different areas of the classroom. These areas will include activities in math, science, literacy, dramatic play, and art.
Story Time: As we read and discuss interesting stories, we strengthen our vocabulary and literacy skills.
Music: Children begin to understand different parts of music like rhythm and timing as we sing, dance, and play instruments.
Snack: The art of sharing, good manners, nutrition, and polite conversation are all practiced during our snack.
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Agenda Capital Market Primary Market Features of Primary market Secondary Market Features of Secondary Market Conclusion
CAPITAL MARKET The market where investment instruments likebonds, equities and mortgages are traded isknown as the capital market. The primal role of this market is to makeinvestment from investors who have surplusfunds to the ones who are running a deficit.
The capital market offers both long term andovernight funds. The different types of financial instrumentsthat are traded in the capital markets are:> equity instruments> credit market instruments,> insurance instruments,> foreign exchange instruments,> hybrid instruments and> derivative instruments.
Importance of Capital Markets Help firms and governments raise cash by sellingsecurities Allow investors with excess funds to invest and earn areturn Channel funds from savers to borrowers Allocate resources optimally (i.e., provide funds to thosewho can make the best use of them) Help allocate cash to where it is most productive Help lower the cost of exchange Secondary markets, where investors trade existingsecurities, assures investors that they can quickly selltheir securities if the need arises
Types of capital marketThere are two types of capital market: Primary market, Secondary market
Primary Market It is that market in whichshares, debentures and other securities aresold for the first time for collecting long-term capital. This market is concerned with new issues.Therefore, the primary market is also calledNEW ISSUE MARKET.
In this market, the flow of funds is from saversto borrowers (industries), hence, it helps directlyin the capital formation of the country. The money collected from this market isgenerally used by the companies to modernizethe plant, machinery and buildings, forextending business, and for setting up newbusiness unit.
Features of Primary Market It Is Related With New Issues It Has No Particular Place It Has Various Methods Of Float Capital: Followingare the methods of raising capital in the primarymarket:i) Public Issueii) Offer For Saleiii) Private Placementiv) Right Issuev) Electronic-Initial Public Offer It comes before Secondary Market
Initial public offering (IPO) The first sale of acompany’s stock to the general public. Investment bankers Financial specialists who handlethe sales of most corporate and municipal securities. Underwriting Process of purchasing an issue from afirm or government and then reselling the issue toinvestors.
Factors to be considered by Investors Promoters Credibility Project Details Product Financial data Risk factors Auditors report
Secondary Market The secondary market is thatmarket in which the buying andselling of the previously issuedsecurities is done. The transactions of the secondarymarket are generally done throughthe medium of stock exchange. The chief purpose of the secondarymarket is to create liquidity insecurities.
If an individual has bought somesecurity and he now wants to sell it, hecan do so through the medium of stockexchange to sell or purchase throughthe medium of stock exchange requiresthe services of the brokerpresently, their are 24 stock exchangein India..
Features of Secondary Market It Creates Liquidity It Comes After Primary Market It Has A Particular Place It Encourage New Investments Aids in financing the industry Ensures safe & fair Dealing( MEDIABROADCASTING)
Functions of Secondary Markets Provides regular information about the value ofsecurity. Helps to observe prices of bonds and their interestrates. Offers to investors liquidity for their assets. Secondary markets bring together many interestedparties. It keeps the cost of transactions low.
Famous Secondary Markets worldwide New York Stock Exchange NASDAQ The London Stock Exchange The Tokyo Stock Exchange Shanghai Stock Exchange
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Educational attainment is the result of a rather complex process involving the formation of educational aspirations, the development of competencies and educational decisions. Sociological transition research has revealed that educational attainment must be understood as a sequence of successive decisions, and that the relevant environments in which these decisions take place vary considerably between educational stages. Individuals are embedded in various contexts that are known to have an impact on educational attainment, such as families, classrooms or schools, but educational differences between individuals even exist when family- or school-related conditions are comparable. These educational disparities may be due to varying regional environments, e.g. to neighbourhoods and local labour market conditions. This project focuses on these socio-economic environments and their relevance for educational aspirations, competencies and decisions. Life course research further assumes that environments have a different influence on the process of attainment at different stages of the educational career. Based on theoretical models of educational decision making, this project analyses context effects on educational attainment along the educational career. We use NEPS data from various cohorts and enrich them with context data from additional sources.
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Central to the proposal to develop a truly indigenous American Christianity – the Gospel of and for Turtle Island – is the re-conception of the communion of God and humanity as essentially a communion between God and Creation. This communion is conceived as a dynamic ecological relationship between all that is and the Creator. Humanity plays an important but entirely dependent role – dependent upon the integrity of the web of life itself, with Spirit at the center. It is critical to note that this point of view contradicts many of the central premises of the missionary efforts of the Western churches, especially among the Indigenous peoples of North America and around the world.
The West’s view of creation was and is shaped by materialistic scientism and economically conceived individualism. These forces eclipsed the West’s own Biblical and theological roots long ago. The cosmology of the West, still prevalent in many contemporary “mission” efforts, was an unchallenged partner of the colonizing churches. It is significant that after 500 years of systematic proselytism, the rejection of this aspect of the West is one of the defining characteristics of Indigenous spiritual identity and renewal. This is true even among Aboriginal Christians.
The communal articulation of faith by Indigenous peoples is an inspiration and challenge, especially for communities of faith and spirituality that are concerned about the environment. We are witnessing the emergence of a spiritual community that conceives of itself theologically and ecologically. This points to a communal spiritual consciousness different from the churches that operate in a Western cultural framework. We may look for a spirituality inspired, not only by the past and its traditions, but also by the future, a hope-filled imagining of what a renewed family of Creation might be.
The living relationship between humanity and Creation is a defining element of Aboriginal identity and the source of its on-going conflict with the West. The Gwich’in, for example, have had a hard time making the larger society, even environmentalists, understand their living relationship to the ecological community they live in. They are saying, quite clearly, that they do not exist in any meaningful way apart from the ecological community that gave their nation its birth and sustains it to t
As seen in this example, Western development can often pose human rights issues for the Aboriginal nations. Development can involve the destruction of an ecological community, not just a restructuring of economic resources. To Aboriginal communities, God or Spirit created this ecological community as an irreducible moral absolute for humanity. Without this community, we don’t exist in any way that can be construed as human. Oxygen may be processed in our lungs, blood may be pumped in our hearts, but we will be something quite a bit less than human.
Over time, it has become clear that many people in the West cannot understand the living relationship that is involved in the ecological community of life. In Aboriginal societies, this relationship is often spoken of in family terms, underlining its importance and intimacy. In contrast, though the environment may have a high value to the West, it appears that humanity can exist apart from it or that science can create a substitute for it. The destruction of the environment, however tragic, is not the end of human life, in this view. The relationship between humanity and eco-system is a mechanical or chemical exchange, and not a reciprocal one.
There is also a sharp difference between Western notions of ownership, now impacting every areaof life around the globe, and those of Indigenous value systems. For the West, everything can be bought and sold – everything. In traditional Indigenous thought, such conceptions are often treated as blasphemous, absurd, and destructive. That which is possessed by the individual is held in trust for the larger community of life. If all share, there will be enough for all and more; if we hoard, there will never be enough for anyone. There are things that it is simply not conceivable to buy or sell: land, water, air, and life itself.
In the Western cultural framework, the consequences of environmental demise have been measured in human-centered terms, mostly economic. This is a sharp contrast to the theological, moral, and eschatological terms that are the basis of Aboriginal cosmology. This disagreement grows in significance as the environmental crisis reaches greater levels of danger and urgency.
Aboriginal Christians have discovered an unexpected pre-Western artery of Theo-ecological understanding in the primal elements of Christian faith. The developments in the Anglican Church of Canada are part of a larger pattern that can be seen in Indigenous groups around the world. We are witnessing an unprecedented cultural renewal and renaissance despite, or perhaps, speaking in a prophetic mode, because of its context in a threatened universal ecology. This
pattern has both moral and ecological significance to all, but especially to people of faith. Aboriginal peoples provide a unique and essential prophetic challenge in our world today. Attention to their situation and struggle, at all levels, should be one of our highest priorities.
A longer version of this article originally appeared in the September 2007 newsletter for the Forum on Religion and Ecology. It is reprinted with permission.
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| 0.959423 | 1,040 | 2.65625 | 3 |
a. The derived feminine stem in inī is inflected, of course, like any other feminine in derivative ī (364).
441. a. There are no irregularities in the inflection of in-stems, in either the earlier language or the later — except the usual Vedic dual ending in ā instead of āu.
b. Stems in in exchange with stems in i throughout the whole history of the language, those of the one class being developed out of those of the other often through transitional forms. In a much smaller number of cases, stems in in are expanded to stems in ina: e.g. çākiná (RV.), çuṣmiṇa (B.), barhiṇa, bhajina.
442. These stems fall into two sub-divisions: 1. those made by the suffix अन्त् ant (or अत् at), being, with a very few exceptions, active participles, present and future; 2. those made by the possessive suffixes मन्त् mant and वन्त् vant (or मत् mat and वत् vat). They are masculine and neuter only; the corresponding feminine is made by adding ई ī.
443. The stem has in general a double form, a stronger and a weaker, ending respectively in अन्त् ant and अत् at. The former is taken in the strong cases of the masculine, with, as usual, the nom.-acc.-voc. pl. neuter; the latter is taken by all the remaining cases.
a. But, in accordance with the rule for the formation of the feminine stem (below, 449), the future participles, and the present participles of verbs of the tud-class or accented á-class (752), and of verbs of the ad-class or root-class ending in ā, are by the grammarians allowed to make the nom.-acc.-voc. du. neut. from either the stronger or the weaker stem; and the present participles from all other present-stems ending in a are required to make the same from the strong stem.
444. Those verbs, however, which in the 3d pl. pres. active lose न् n of the usual ending न्ति nti (550 b), lose it also in the present participle, and have no distinction of strong and weak stem.
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| 0.921554 | 561 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Books & Music
Food & Wine
Health & Fitness
Hobbies & Crafts
Home & Garden
News & Politics
Religion & Spirituality
Travel & Culture
TV & Movies
Seated Dollar Surprise
The surprise of the 1860-O Seated Dollar is quite an interesting tale. Reportedly, a few thousand of these dollars were paid out by the Treasury at face value during the major silver dollar release during the years 1962-1964. One would have to wonder how minted coins that were already over a century old managed to emerge at face value to the public. Nonetheless, it did happen.
The 1860-O was a different type of coin from the beginning. Its mintage of 515,000 was rather high to begin with, plus it followed the 1859-O, which also had a high mintage for the series of 360,000. In fact the 1859-O mintage total had set a record until the 1860-O was minted.
The most surprising fact of these two coins is that they were minted at the New Orleans Mint. No one expected the “O” mint to out produce the Philadelphia mint which issued 218,930 that year. No one seems to know what exactly what was going on at the New Orleans Mint to cause it to mint such high numbers of Seated Liberty dollars.
There was significant pressure from the merchant and banking community of San Francisco to have more dollars produced for use in trade with China. The effects of that pressure, caused a few dollars to be minted with the “S” mint mark. No doubt there was other demands that stimulated a higher production from the New Orleans and Philadelphia Mints.
Prior years had seen much lower mintage numbers. The survival of the 1859-O and the 1860-O dollars from the New Orleans Mint before it was captured by Confederate forces would be a another story in itself. How they made it to the North is a miracle. The uncirculated bags made it there somehow, in spite of the circumstances of the time.
The dollars appear to have been heavily bagmarked or abraided or both. The 1860-O dollars are especially bagmarked. This happens from the coins rubbing against each other in the bags holding them. No explanations have been offered as to why these older coins were recirculated at face value.
Estimate vary on how many of these dollars were released to the public. One estimate claims that 6,000 were released, but most experts believe the numbers were much less to as few as 1,000. Truthfully, no one knows the answer to this question. Most of the coins released were heavily bagmarked and were usually graded at around MS-60. There are very few examples above this Mint State.
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Content copyright © 2015 by Gary Eggleston. All rights reserved.
This content was written by Gary Eggleston. If you wish to use this content in any manner, you need written permission. Contact Gary Eggleston for details.
Website copyright © 2016 Minerva WebWorks LLC. All rights reserved.
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| 0.974193 | 649 | 3 | 3 |
11 August 2017
In August, the UNESCO City of Literature offices in Melbourne and Reykjavik are collaborating on a web-based literary project for children, Sleipnir Travels.
Through the Sleipnir Travels website, children are invited to collaborate on a storytelling project following the adventures of an imaginary horse from Norse mythology.
Since 2012, the City of Literature Office Reykjavík has associated the figure of Sleipnir with initiatives aimed to get more children and young adults to read. The eight-legged horse of Norse god Odin can travel freely from one world to another and is thus symbolic for the mind-travel that we experience through reading.
Sleipnir Travels is a web literacy tool for children that documents Sleipnir’s journey from Reykjavik to Melbourne. Children who visit the site are encouraged create digital postcards and flash fiction mini stories – ranging from just six words or the length of a tweet – about Sleipnir’s journey, describing the places and things that Spleipnir encounters along the way.
This month, Sleipnir will travel to Bendigo Writers Festival. The Festival will hold a week of in-school creative writing workshops focusing on Sleipnir and the horse will feature prominently at the Festival’s children’s day.
Where is Sleipnir today? Go here to find out
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What are 5 mental health benefits of exercise?
- Help for depression and anxiety. Exercise is a scientifically proven mood booster, decreasing symptoms of both depression and anxiety.
- Decreased stress.
- Increased self-esteem and self-confidence.
- Better sleep.
- Brain boost.
What are 6 ways exercise helps your mental health?
- Reduced Stress and Anxiety. Stress relief is one of the most important ways that exercise improves mental health.
- Social Interaction.
- Routine and Consistency.
- Sense of Safety and Security at Home.
- Improved Cognition.
- Better Sleep.
What are the 4 mental benefits of exercise?
Regular exercise can have a profoundly positive impact on depression, anxiety, and ADHD. It also relieves stress, improves memory, helps you sleep better, and boosts your overall mood. And you don’t have to be a fitness fanatic to reap the benefits.
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Bays, marshes, swamps, and inlets can all have estuaries. A view of an estuary from the air is usually an interesting sight: many estuaries meander (curve and bend) to find their way to the sea. Estuaries come in all sizes and shapes, each according to its location and climate. Where rivers meet the sea and fresh water mixes with salt water, the mixture is called brackish water.
Some estuaries are very large. They may be large ocean bays that have more than one river flowing into them. For example, Chesapeake Bay is a large estuary, and several different rivers meet the Atlantic Ocean there. In simple terms it is where a river meets with a large body of water only with ((one)) outlet and not many like a ((delta)).
Habitat[change | change source]
Estuaries are usually filled with shallow waters, and sunlight reaches all levels of the water. Marsh grasses, algae, and other kinds of plants live in estuaries and provide food for a variety of fish, crabs, oysters, and shrimp. Estuaries are especially important since they act as nurseries for many different types of young fish and other animals before they head out toward the open ocean. Many sea birds also nest in estuaries.
The United States government has a program to study and protect the natural environment in many different estuaries, called the National Estuarine Research Reserve System. One reason that the natural environment in so many estuaries is in danger is because they are also good places for people to live and build cities. Unfortunately, many of world's largest cities are at or near estuaries.
References[change | change source]
- Pous, Dinorah 2003. Blue Planet. McGrawHill.
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Areas and Volumes
We could say that all high school students know the formula for calculating the area of the circle, but very few really know how to explain why it works. In this course, through 30 instructional video sessions, you will be able to see and understand arguments that explain the reasons why the formulas to calculate the area of polygons and the volume of common solids work.
This course will also help you raise your level of mathematical reasoning and motivate you to ask questions in your science courses (Why is this so?, Why does this formula work?, How is this justified?, and so on.)
Who’s this course for?
- Teachers of mathematics of any academic level
- Teachers of pre-university levels in the area of basic science
- Undergraduate or Master’s students in Mathematics Teaching
- Students of any engineering or mathematics or physics major
- Students who already know how to apply formulas for calculating areas and volumes, but want to understand why they work
- People interested in enhancing their mathematical reasoning skills
- Anyone interested in understanding a small part of the geometry
What’s included in this course?
- Instructional videos
Instructional videos (in Full HD format) in which the instructor explains in detail the arguments that justify the formulas to calculate areas of polygons and volumes of common solids.
- Detailed course guide (downloadable in PDF format)
At the end of the course you will be able to download the guide. In it you’ll find the contents of the course explained in detail through text, equations, graphs, diagrams and figures. At the end of the guide there are references (some of which can be downloaded for free on the Internet) in which you can find more details to deepen in these topics.
¿Ofrecen este curso en Español?
Sí. Puedes estudiar este curso en Español aquí.
No Reviews found for this course.
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Tests and diagnosisBy Mayo Clinic staff
Who should be tested
The American Diabetes Association recommends blood glucose screening if you have any risk factors for prediabetes. This includes if you:
- Are overweight, with a body mass index above 25
- Are inactive
- Are age 45 or older
- Have a family history of type 2 diabetes
- Are African-American, Hispanic, American Indian, Asian-American or a Pacific Islander
- Have a history of gestational diabetes or have given birth to a baby who weighed more than 9 pounds (4.1 kilograms)
- Have a history of polycystic ovary syndrome
- Have high blood pressure
- Have abnormal cholesterol levels, including a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol below 35 mg/dL (0.9 mmol/L) or triglyceride level above 250 mg/dL (2.83 mmol/L)
Tests used to diagnose prediabetes
In June 2009, an international committee composed of experts from the American Diabetes Association, the European Association for the Study of Diabetes and the International Diabetes Federation recommended that prediabetes testing include the:
Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test. This blood test indicates your average blood sugar level for the past two to three months. It works by measuring the percentage of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. The higher your blood sugar levels, the more hemoglobin you'll have with sugar attached. An A1C level between 6 and 6.5 percent is considered prediabetes. A level of 6.5 percent or higher on two separate tests indicates you have diabetes.
Certain conditions can make the A1C test inaccurate — such as if you are pregnant or have an uncommon form of hemoglobin (known as a hemoglobin variant).
Following are other tests that your doctor may use to diagnose prediabetes:
- Fasting blood sugar test. A blood sample will be taken after you fast for at least eight hours or overnight. With this test, a blood sugar level lower than 100 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) — 5.6 millimoles per liter (mmol/L) — is normal. A blood sugar level from 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) is considered prediabetes. This is sometimes referred to as impaired fasting glucose (IFG). A blood sugar level of 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) or higher may indicate diabetes mellitus.
- Oral glucose tolerance test. A blood sample will be taken after you fast for at least eight hours or overnight. Then you'll drink a sugary solution, and your blood sugar level will be measured again after two hours. A blood sugar level less than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) is normal. A blood sugar level from 140 to 199 mg/dL (7.8 to 11.0 mmol/L) is considered prediabetes. This is sometimes referred to as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). A blood sugar level of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher may indicate diabetes mellitus.
If your blood sugar level is normal, your doctor may recommend a screening test every three years. If you have prediabetes, further testing may be needed. For example, your doctor should check your fasting blood sugar, A1C, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides at least once a year, possibly more frequently if you have additional risk factors for diabetes. Your doctor may also recommend an annual microalbuminuria test, which checks for protein in your urine — an early sign of damage to the kidneys.
- Prediabetes FAQs. American Diabetes Association. http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/prevention/pre-diabetes/pre-diabetes-faqs.html. Accessed Oct. 4, 2011.
- Insulin resistance and pre-diabetes. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/DM/pubs/insulinresistance/. Accessed Oct. 4, 2011.
- Standards of medical care in diabetes — 2011. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:S11.
- Diabetes mellitus (DM). The Merck Manuals: The Merck Manual for Healthcare Professionals. http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine_and_metabolic_disorders/diabetes_mellitus_and_disorders_of_carbohydrate_metabolism/diabetes_mellitus_dm.html?qt=diabetes%20mellitus&alt=sh. Accessed Oct. 7, 2011.
- Chaput JP, et al. Sleep duration as a risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance: Analyses of the Quebec Family Study. Sleep Medicine. 2010;10:919.
- Glucose. Lab Tests Online. http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/glucose/tab/test#. Accessed Oct. 7, 2011.
- Karam JG, et al. Update on the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Current Diabetes Reports. 2011;11:56.
- DeFronzo RA, et al. Pioglitazone for diabetes prevention in impaired glucose tolerance. New England Journal of Medicine. 2011;364:1104.
- Natural medicines in the clinical management of diabetes. Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. http://www.naturaldatabase.com. Accessed Oct. 4, 2011.
- Ratner RE, et al. Treatment recommendations for prediabetes. Medical Clinics of North America. 2011;95:385.
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Copyright © 2005 jsd
For any µ and ν, the joint probability that µ takes on the value a and ν takes on the value b will be denoted P(µ:x, ν:y).
The conditional probability that µ takes on the value a, given that ν takes on the value b, will be denoted P(µ:x | ν:y).
Similarly, the conditional probability that ν takes on the value b, given that µ takes on the value a, will be denoted P(ν:y | µ:x).
Note that P(µ:3 | ν:7) is a completely different concept from P(ν:3 | µ:7) ... so we can see why the conventional notation of just writing P(µ | ν) is abominable: it leads you to write things like P(3 | 7) which is hopelessly ambiguous.
The unconditional probability that µ takes on the value a is denoted P(µ:x).
Some basic identities include:
|P(ν:y | µ:x) =|
which is called the Bayes inversion formula.
In the case of Poisson distribution, suppose we know (based on an ensemble of measurements) that the expected count in a certain interval is µ. Then the probability that in a given trial we observe ν counts in the interval is:
|P(ν:y | µ:x) = e−x|
It is an easy and amusing exercise to verify that this formula normalized so that
|P(ν:y | µ:x) = 1 for all x (4)|
as it should.
Also by way of terminology, note that the term likelihood is defined to mean the a priori probability, namely P(data | model). In the data-analysis business, maximum-likelihood methods are exceedingly common ... even though this is almost never what you want. We don’t need a formula that tells the probability of the data; we already have the data! What we want is a formula that allows us to infer the model, given the data. That is, we want a maximum-a-posteriori (MAP) estimator, based on P(model | data).
This is not a solution to the general problem, but only an example ... sort of a warm-up exercise.
Suppose we have a molecule that can be in one of three states, called Bright, Fringe, and Dark. The probability of finding the molecule in each of these states is b, f, and d respectively. Similarly, in each of these states, the variable µ takes on the values B, F, and D respectively. That is,
where those are the prior probabilities, i.e. the probabilities we assign before we have looked at the data. Looking at it another way, these prior probabilities tell us where the molecule is “on average”, and we will use the data to tell us where the molecule is at a particular time.
So now let’s look at the data, and see what it can tell us.
Using the Bayes inversion formula (equation 2), we can write
|P(µ:B | ν:y) =|
|for all y (6)|
Next, we plug equation 3 into the RHS to obtain:
where this is the posterior probability, i.e. the probability we infer after having seen that ν takes on the value y. (If there were more than three states, you could easily generalize this expression by adding more terms in the denominator.)
You can check that this expression is well behaved. A simple exercise is to check the limit where B, F, and D are all equal; we see that the data doesn’t tell us anything. Another nice simple exercise is to consider the case where B is large and the other two rates are small. Then if y is small, we have overwhelming evidence against the Bright state ... and conversely when y is large, the probability of the Bright state closely approaches 100%.
From the keen-grasp-of-the-obvious department: The functional form of P(ν:y | µ:B) (equation 3) is noticeably different from the functional form of P(µ:B | ν:y) (equation 7). The latter is what you want to optimize by adjusting the fitting parameters, given the data.
If there are multiple independent observations, the overall posterior probability will have multiple factors of the form given in equation 7.
If we want something that can be summed over all observations and minimized, take the negative of the logarithm of equation 7.
If (big if!) the data is normally distributed then you can compute the negative-log-likelihood by simply summing the square of the residuals. This is the central idea behind the widely used (wildly abused) “least squares” method. Least squares is unsuitable for our purposes for at least two primary reasons: First of all we want MAP, not maximum-likelihood, and secondly our data is nowhere near normally distributed.
We want least log improbability, not least squares.
Copyright © 2005 jsd
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I have used this for 7th and 8th grade students successfully for a few years. Sentences worksheets for fifth grade.
Students read carefully and look for errors in capitalization spelling and punctuation.
Sentence correction worksheets for 5th grade. Free writing worksheets from k5 learning. Each file has a short paragraph on it. The goal in correcting a sentence should be to make sure that achieves its intended purpose.
Click on the image to view or download the pdf version. In these worksheets students correct run on sentences by adding conjunctions and punctuation. Just click on a link to open a printable pdf version of the desired worksheet.
It also includes 2 interactive notebook bell ringers with keys. Printable proofreading worksheets for building grammar spelling and writing skills. With this printable worksheet on editing and proofing students will be asked to circle the number of the sentence that is grammatically correct.
English language arts grammar. Correcting mistakes rewrite the sentences. Free sentence editing printable reading writing worksheets for 5th grade students.
Displaying top 8 worksheets found for correct the sentences for grade 5. Writing metaphors with linking verbs. Run on sentence worksheets for grade 5.
Ideal for 6th 12th grade students but can be used where needed. Word meaning and spelling 1. Correct the sentence for 5 grade worksheets total of 8 printable worksheets available for this concept.
Students will be given a prewritten sentence that they must edit and make grammatically corrections for. Sentence correction worksheets to print. Run on sentences occur when two or more independent clauses are not joined correctly.
Some of the worksheets for this concept are complex sentences work beginning sentence correction 1 editing exercises read the rewrite all the advanced sentence correction 5 sentences run ons and fragments simple present tense simple present tense in the negative proofreading 2nd grade proofreading proofread each. Worksheets are complex sentences work. Worksheets grammar grade 5 sentences.
Beginning level below you will find our full list of printable sentence completion worksheets to be used by teachers at home or in school. This includes 2 worksheets on sentence correction and it includes 2 keys. Need a last minute resource or just one you know you can trust.
Our grade 5 sentences worksheets focus on helping students improve their writing by avoiding common errors sentence fragments run on sentences comma splices using different sentence structures and making writing more readable by varying sentence length adding details in writing and so forth.
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Written By: Eliza Berman
Skiing is somewhere in the vicinity of 22,000 years old not as sport or recreation, but as a critical mode of transportation for early hunters. But skiing as Americans know it today, complete with high-speed chairlifts and cozy lodges selling overpriced French fries, only began to boom in the mid-1950s. With the advent of artificial snow and metal skis during that decade and plastic boots the next, more Americans took up the sport. Ski resorts, in turn, introduced new amenities to attract bigger crowds with each passing year.
LIFE photographer George Silk hit the slopes in 1957 to capture the building frenzy. A record 3.5 million skiers ad made their ways down America’s mountains the previous year, and several of the resorts he visited in Vermont—Stowe, Mount Snow, Mad River Glen—were host to ever more luxurious lodges, high-end apparel and, most of all, epic crowds. “As the peak late-February season approached,” LIFE declared, “the question was where all the skiers would find room to ski.”
The more skiers there were, the more the businesses rose to meet their demands. Mount Snow served up almost 20,000 hot dogs in a single weekend. Equipment rentals, previously unavailable, now came with free lessons. At Mad River Glen, skiers at the end of a long run could shed their gear and slip into a Catholic Mass. The only folks who weren’t pleased were the “old-line ski addicts,” who viewed new adopters of their sport as “a nuisance that crowds the slopes and inns they once had to themselves.”
But the newcomers were there to stay. Before long they would have snowboarders up on the mountains too.
Liz Ronk edited this gallery for LIFE.com. Follow her on Twitter @lizabethronk.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate urban movement patterns of the raccoon. We fitted five raccoons with GPS tracking collars in a major urban metropolis (Toronto). We collected coordinates at short regular intervals during a five-week period. The data yielded large number of sample points for each animal (up to 1500 positions per animal), giving us an unprecedented detailed look at home-range usage and of movement granularity. We found that raccoon territories were between 9 and 15 hectares and smaller than previously reported and that territories did not require a permanent source of water. Urban road traffic patterns seemed to delimit the boundaries of the territories. Raccoons used of a variety of natural and anthropogenic structures as sleeping or denning sites and each raccoon used many different sites within its territory during the study period. Each site had a latrine in close proximity. Our results illustrate the movement peculiarities and flags issues for management of this synanthropic species. Collaborators:
Prof. Suzanne MacDonald (York University)
Graham Crawshaw (DVM), (Toronto Zoo)
Also see the link to PBS Nature documentary "Raccoon Nation" featuring some of our research. Also seen on CBC The Nature of Things with David Suzuki.
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In preparation for next year’s study of the USA I am creating State Printable Packs for our unit – US States for Kids ! Studying the US States is a great way to get to know our great country, meet famous Americans, learn about natural habitats & their animals, famous landmarks, history, and have LOTS of fun!! I am thrilled that my Preschooler & 1st grader can learn side-by-side! The packs have lots of activities suitable for kids Preschool – 5th+ grade! Did I mention it is FREE!!
FREE Delaware State Printables
- State Fact sheet (blank & filled in – I suggest using the blank one for older children and the filled in one for younger children who do not have the skills or patience to fill it in)
- Chief Products
- Brief History
- Things to Sea
- State Fact Sheet #2
- Where is the state in the US?
- Longitude & Latitude Map Skills
- Math Activity as you travel from state to state
- Did you Know section
- Population & Size Graphs
- Map Work (including time zone activity)
- Number practice (from 1-50) – practice writing and counting
- Plant Cards (common to the state)
- Animal Cards (common to the state)
- Practice writing letters A to Z –twice
- OTHER – You will find about 20 sheets of other activities. These will incorporate educational skills with facts about the state. For example you may use a measure to see how tall the Missouri Gateway Arch is compared to the Willis Tower. Or you may learn skip counting with the Wright brothers. Play a KFC Chicken Sight Reading Game when learning about Kentucky or roll your Way through the Indianapolis Speedway. Learn about Nocturnal animals and coal. Or build a shape car while learning about Michigan’s Henry Ford. Each pack is different in this area – so browse for the activities that fit your child’s needs, interests, and skills.
These units do take time to prepare in a thoughtful, fun, educational way. I am grateful for your kind comments and encouragement as I continue to provide free printables for everyone to enjoy! Thank you! And happy learning!
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|About Us | What's New | Search | Site Map | Contact Us|
A.Word.A.Daywith Anu Garg
French puisné becomes puny when it crosses the water to land in the English-speaking world. Petit turns petty. That's how words naturalize. They adapt to their new surroundings.
They lose their accent marks. They shed their silent letters. They drop markers of their previous lives when they enter the land of Anglophonia.
Of course, there are two sides to each coin. If you were to ask the French, they'd claim these are French words that have been corrupted in English.
For this week's A.Word.A.Day we've selected five words that are completely anglicized. They come with no nasal sounds, no lip-rounding, no berets.
interjection: Used as an exhortation or to signal the start of an activity. For example, when coordinating efforts to lift something heavy.
noun: A basketball move in which a player throws the ball to a teammate near the basket who leaps to catch it in mid-air and then puts it in the basket before returning to the floor.
Phonetic respelling of French allez-hop or allez-oop, cry of a circus performer about to leap. From French allez, imperative of aller (to go) + hop/oop (an expressive word). Earliest documented use: 1923.
"You couldn't haul bodies without a partner and you needed to be able to talk, even if it was only to say alley-oop."
Cory Doctorow; Overclocked; Thunder's Mouth Press; 2007.
"Jawanza Poland soared to the basket and flushed home an alley oop."
Pete Thamel, et al; Bearcats Knock Off Florida State; The New York Times; Mar 19, 2012.
See more usage examples of alley-oop in Vocabulary.com's dictionary.
A THOUGHT FOR TODAY:Although men flatter themselves with their great actions, they are not so often the result of a great design as of chance. -Francois, duc de La Rochefoucauld, moralist (1613-1680)
Contribute | Advertise
© 2014 Wordsmith
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DOH Service Telephone Directory
Select directory to view the telephones number of the various DOH services.
Strategic National Stockpile
The mission of CDC's Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) Program is to ensure the availability and rapid deployment of life-saving pharmaceuticals, antidotes, other medical supplies, and equipment necessary to counter the effects of nerve agents, biological pathogens, and chemical agents. The SNS Program stands ready for immediate deployment to any US location in the event of a terrorist attack using a biological toxin or chemical agent directed against a civilian population.
Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Program
A release of selected biological or chemical agents targeting the US civilian population will require rapid access to large quantities of pharmaceuticals and medical supplies. Such quantities may not be readily available unless special stockpiles are created. No one can anticipate exactly where a terrorist will strike and few state or local governments have the resources to create sufficient stockpiles on their own. Therefore, a national stockpile has been created as a resource for all.
As part of the Department of Health and Human Services 1999 Bioterrorism Initiative, the CDC was designated to lead an effort working with governmental and non-governmental partners to upgrade the nations' public health capacity to respond to biological and chemical terrorism and establish a Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Program. Developing a sufficient capacity at federal, state, and local levels is critical to the success of this initiative.
The Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) Program is an essential response component of the CDC's larger Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Initiative. For more information, see the CDC Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response website.
National Repository of Life-Saving Pharmaceuticals and Medical Supplies
The mission of CDC's Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) Program is to ensure the availability of life-saving pharmaceuticals, antidotes, and other medical supplies and equipment necessary to counter the effects of nerve agents, biological pathogens, and chemical agents. The SNS Program stands ready for immediate deployment to any US location in the event of a terrorist attack using a biological toxin or chemical agent directed against a civilian population. The SNS is comprised of pharmaceuticals, vaccines, medical supplies, and medical equipment that exist to augment depleted state and local resources for responding to terrorist attacks and other emergencies. These packages are stored in strategic locations around the US to ensure rapid delivery anywhere in the country.
Following the federal decision to deploy, the SNS will typically arrive by air or ground in two phases. The first phase shipment is called a 12-hour Push Package. "12" because it will arrive in 12-hours or less, "push" because a state need only ask for help—not for specific items, and "package" because the Program will ship a complete package of medical material, to include nearly everything a state will need to respond to a broad range of threats. Also available are inventory supplies known as Managed Inventory, or MI packages. MI packages can be tailored to provide pharmaceuticals, vaccines, medical supplies, and/or medical products specific to the suspected or confirmed agent or combination of agents.
A CDC team of five or six technical advisors will also deploy at the same time as the first shipment. Known as a Technical Advisory Response Unit (TARU), this team is comprised of pharmacists, emergency responders, and logistics experts that will advise local authorities on receiving, distributing, dispensing, replenishing, and recovering SNS material.
The SNS Program was tested in a real-life terrorist attack in response to the tragic events of September 11th when New York State and local officials requested large quantities of medical material and logistical assistance. With the support of local and state public health and emergency response officials, all facets of the New York operation performed exactly as intended. The SNS Program has also assisted many states and cities by providing pharmaceutical and logistical support to areas affected by the anthrax attacks in October and November
Supplementing State and Local Resources
In a biological or chemical terrorism event, state, local, and private stocks of medical material will deplete quickly. The SNS can support local first response efforts with a Push Package followed by quantities of material specific to the terrorist agent used (utilizing MI). The SNS is not a first response tool. State and local first responders and health officials can use the SNS to bolster their response to a biological or chemical terrorism attack—thereby increasing their capacity to more rapidly mitigate the results of this type of terrorism.
For further information about the Strategic National Stockpile, contact the SNS Program Manager at (202) 671-4222.
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The largest population of Kiribati families reside in Warkworth and Rodney district in the northern part of the Auckland region. There are nearly 600 people of Kiribati descent living in Warkworth, with families settling there for work opportunities such as seasonal employment since the 1980s. Reflecting the Kiribati diaspora, the Waitematā District Health Board’s Pacific Health team opened a new clinic in Warkworth last year dedicated to the Kiribati community in that area.
Rae Bainteiti, a full-time student at Massey University, arrived in New Zealand under the New Zealand Aid Program as a scholarship recipient in 2016. Mr Bainteiti co-founded a youth charitable trust with a group of young leaders called Kiribati Aotearoa Diaspora Directorate (KADD).
The Trust is focussed on the community and how they can empower members to reach their full potential in their new home of New Zealand. One of KADD’s objectives is to promote the Kiribati language and culture, especially engaging young people to get involved.
A new bilingual story book called Nei Raoi Stays Home targeting children is funded by the Ministry of Pacific Peoples and is in partnership with Mahu Vision Community Trust. Mr Bainteiti said the book was written and illustrated by Moevasa Taboru with the help of their friends from the Kiribati community. “Moevasa studied graphic art and has pursued her love for art by working with KADD. She consulted her friends who work in the Ministry of Education in Kiribati as well as a master’s student in education leadership to translate the material for the book,” he said.
The second project launched this week was a 3D animated cartoon called Reirei ma Nei Mauri, which was developed by KADD to promote the Kiribati language to pre-schoolers, kindergarteners and toddlers both in Kiribati and New Zealand.
Nei Mauri is portrayed as the protagonist in this cartoon. The word Mauri dubbed on the main character is loosely translated as ‘health’ and ‘greetings’ and generally means the state of being protected and keeping danger at bay.
The metaphoric translation in the context of this project is the protection of the Kiribati language from the danger of extinction resulting from migration. “This is the first Kiribati cartoon that teaches three lessons about vowels, colours and numbers,” Mr Bainteiti said.
There are also Covid-19 lockdown diaries from i-Kiribati kids in the Rodney district, exhibited at the launch and supported by the Mahu Vision Community Trust.
“Beyond the project we wanted to engage artistic i-Kiribati people and we found a young qualified animator as well as a young music production person to help with the cartoon.
“Auckland libraries and Warkworth library did workshops with the kids to tell their stories about how they felt during lockdown and they developed their own paintings and about 20 kids came together.
“It became like a healing workshop for them as well as they paint and tell their stories in the English and Kiribati language,” Mr Bainteiti shared.
He said this week had been a reminder as to why it was important to treasure the Kiribati language in New Zealand. “We have Kiribati families move to New Zealand for economic reasons, not just because of climate change and so they start raising their families here and of course the English language is important, but at the same time we have to retain our native tongue as it is a form of our identity.
“The people who attended the launch, their eyes were beaming with pride and happiness, feeling proud to be who they are in their home away from home,” Mr Bainteiti said.
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A couple popular articles have challenged how well the scientific method works. David H. Freeman in The Atlantic, and Jonah Lehrer The Truth Wears Off, in The New Yorker.
Lehrer argues that effect sizes tend to get smaller over time in a broad range of disciplines, including in the physical sciences(More on that later.) According to Lehrer, “The decline effect is troubling because it reminds us how difficult it is to prove anything.”
John P. A. Ioannidis argues that in some fields the majority of positive findings are flat out wrong and are not corrected quickly. Even when corrected, not everyone notices. The science may not be as quickly self correcting as we like to think. Ioannidis found that 11 of 45 highly cited studies had never been even been retested. More disturbing, when others were tested and found to be incorrect, it sometimes took years for the word to spread. (Consider the Autism/vaccination link, for example.)
Some conventional explanations for problems include:
- Regression to the mean: This is probably the easiest to see. Early results are likely to be wrong because they result from small samples with a large standard error. As the sample size increases, the value will ”regress” towards its true value. Large effects in early work are likey to encourage follow up.
- Publication bias: Smaller effects or results that are not significant can be hard to publish. If they are not rejected by the publisher, the discouraged researcher might decide that the work is not interesting. Either way, the bias is to notice large effect measurements and forget send the smaller ones down the memory hole.
- Researcher bias: Scientific dispassion is as great a myth as the “mad scientist” see [Mitroff, 74]. Researchers work hard on their pet theories. They make their reputation with interesting and unexpected results. Researchers can select approaches most likely to get the desired results and they will look harder at results that don’t conform to their expectations. The problem is made worse by financial incentives, publish or perish, and flexible research designs.
- Population or environmental differences: Success in a specific situation may not carry over to another. For example, if drug, technique, or a treatment helps a well defined group, say people in a given age group who have a specific disease with a specific symptom, then it is likely to be tried with other similar, but different groups. If it is less effective with the new group, those numbers will used in the overall result, thus reducing the effect sized measurement. This wouldn’t explain the axial vector coupling referred to by Lehrer, but I challenge that example anyway.
- Chance (and publication bias): Significance at the p=0.05 level, means that 1 in 20 experiments a true null will still appear to have a significant effect.
- Significance Chasing: “If you torture the data long enough, it will confess”. (Attributed to Ronald Coase) If the originally planned experiment shows no statistically significant results, so one works the data, removes outliers, and scans for other effects. This is especially problematic when the research approach and objectives are flexible. This plays to the strong incentives of academics to publish.
- Large data sets. This often goes with data mining and statistically significant, but practically insignificant effects. Paul Meehl once demonstrated how easy it is to find correlations in a * large* data set. Large samples can detect much smaller effects.
(See also http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2010/12/science_is_not_dead.php, from whom I’ve adapted some of these ideas)
But the problems are deeper. In a field where we know the yield is low, that is the likelihood of a real positive result is low, most positive findings will be false. That’s just bayesianism. Consider the typical 80% power, 5% p experiment. The statistical approach has an implicit assumption of an uninformative prior, don’t really know if a positive result is likely or not. What if the field is very low yield, very unlikely to produce a result? If we get a positive result, the most likely reason is chance rather than a real effect. This works in reverse as well.
Less well known explanations include more subtle statistical arguments
Andrew Gelman: statistical significance testing can be biased towards large results. Statistical significance relies on both sample size and effect size. Especially with small sample and large errors, only a large measured effect will appear as statistically significant. Gelman recommends a retrospective power analysis to make explicit the effect size that could be resolved with the final sample.
Donald Berry and James Berger: statistical significance testing is overrated. Berry and Berger showed how the inverse probablity (significance testing assumes the probablity of Y if NOT X, Bayes probability would be Given Y, how likely is X) can be very different from the statisical significance calculation”1-p”. For very small p, one can underestimate the probability of an outlier by chance by orders of magnitude. Berry and Berger would recommend applying Bayesian analysis.
Most of these issues wouldn’t be a problem, the method is, after all, self correcting. But academics don’t get famous for repeating others’s work. Most work is not replicated. But it also seems likely that this is also less cited and less important.
in Why most published research findings are False, Ioannidis does a pretty good jo of laying out a number of problems.
Lord Rutherford: “If your experiment requires statistics, you ought to have done a better experiment.”
David H. Freeman, Lies, Damned Lies, and Medical Science, November 2010, The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/11/lies-damned-lies-and-medical-science/8269/
Johah Lehrer,, The Truth Wears Off, Is there something Wrong with the Scientific Method? December 13 2010, The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/12/13/101213fa_fact_lehrer
Why most published research findings are False, John P. A. Ioannidis,PLoS Med. 2005 August; 2(8): e124. Published online 2005 August 30. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182327/
Ian Mitroff, Norms and Counter Norms in a select group of the Apollo Moon Scientists: A case study of the Amvbialence of Scientists. American Sociological Review, vol 39, Aug 1974.
Andrew Gelman. Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science, , December 13, 2010, http://www.stat.columbia.edu/~cook/movabletype/archives/2010/12/the_truth_wears.html
Berger, J. O. & Berry, D. A. (1988). Statistical analysis and illusion of objectivity. American Scientist, 76, 159-165.
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Why Michelle Obama inspires women around the globe
Heather Ferreira works in the slums of Mumbai, India, where she has watched thousands of women live under a "curse."
The women she meets in the squalid streets where "Slumdog Millionaire" was filmed are often treated with contempt, she says. They're considered ugly if their skin and hair are too dark. They are deemed "cursed" if they only have daughters. Many would-be mothers even abort their children if they learn they're female.
Yet lately she says Indian women are getting another message from the emergence of another woman thousands of miles away. This woman has dark skin and hair. She walks next to her husband in public, not behind. And she has two daughters. But no one calls her cursed. They call her Michelle Obama, the first lady.
"She could be a new face for India," says Ferreira, program officer for an HIV-prevention program run by World Vision, an international humanitarian group. "She shows women that it's OK to have dark skin and to not have a son. She's quite real to us."
Those who focus on Michelle Obama's impact on America are underestimating her reach. The first lady is inspiring women of color around the globe to look at themselves, and America, in fresh ways.
"She might be the first woman of color that females in male-dominated countries have seen as confident, bright, educated, articulate and persuasive," says Barbara Perry, author of "Jacqueline Kennedy: First Lady of the New Frontier."
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The Organisation for International Cooperation and Development’s members are the world’s most advanced economies. It conducts international tests every three years known as PISA, or the Programme for International Student Assessment. Typically, U.S. students rank in the bottom half of these tests of reading, science, and math skills.
The latest PISA results also found something else that would probably surprise most people. Jared Woodard writes about it in the latest edition of the journal American Affairs:
The largest international education survey, the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), most recently tested over 540,000 students in seventy-two countries with exams on reading, science, and mathematics. The latest results showed that classroom usage of all of the most advanced equipment was associated with worse student performance on every type of exam.
Students using tablet computers at school saw on average a 10 percent lower math test score versus peers who didn’t. E-book reader use meant an 18 percent lower score in reading. Desktops, laptops, internet access, and Wi-Fi all were linked to lower scores. Even the widely touted interactive whiteboard was associated with worse results in reading, science, and math. The only technology linked to a meaningful improvement in test scores was that old standby, a projector.
Here’s a graph showing what the OECD found of the relationship between various types of electronic devices and student achievement.
This is why Redeemer Classical is a low-tech school, by design. Our teachers use their phones or tablets when it serves their teaching goals, such as to easily play a pre-selected piece of classical or folk music. But most of the time, screen distractions do not serve our students, and the costs of its added distraction to developing minds usually severely outweigh the potential benefits.
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February 13, 2013
Doctors Around The World Use, Recommend Diclofenac, Despite Heart Risks
Diclofenac most commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in 15 countries, listed on 74 national drug lists, despite cardiovascular risks
A study in this week's PLOS Medicine finds that the painkiller diclofenac (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in the same class as aspirin) is the most commonly used NSAID in the 15 countries studied and is included in the essential medicines lists of 74 low-, middle- and high-income countries, despite its known tendency to cause heart attacks and strokes in vulnerable patients. This risk is almost identical to that of Vioxx (rofecoxib), which was withdrawn from worldwide sales in 2004 because of cardiovascular risk. Researchers writing in this week's PLOS Medicine call for diclofenac to be removed from national essential medicines lists and to have its global marketing authorisations revoked.It has been known for over a decade that some NSAIDs such as diclofenac are associated with more cardiovascular complications than other NSAIDs such as naproxen, but in an analysis of the essential medicines lists of 100 countries, Patricia McGettigan from Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry and David Henry from the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences and the University of Toronto, Canada, found that diclofenac was listed in the essential medicines lists of 74 countries and naproxen, a much safer alternative, in just 27.
Furthermore, in an in-depth analysis of the sales and prescriptions of NSAIDs in a selection of 15 low-, middle-, and high-income countries using information from 2011, they found that diclofenac sales (or prescribing, in the case of England and Canada) were three times higher than that of naproxen. The findings demonstrate that evidence about the risks associated with diclofenac has translated poorly to clinical practice.
McGettigan states: "Diclofenac has no advantage in terms of gastrointestinal safety and it has a clear cardiovascular disadvantage." Henry added: "Given the availability of safer alternatives, diclofenac should be de-listed from national essential medicines lists. McGettigan concludes: "There are strong arguments to revoke its marketing authorisations globally."
In an accompanying Perspective, K. Srinath Reddy from the Public Health Foundation of India and Ambuj Roy from the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (uninvolved in the study) say that the results of this study suggest that immediate action is warranted to remove diclofenac from national drug lists and that the World Health Organization should provide information on the safety of NSAIDs.
However, according to Reddy and Roy, it is not just the case of diclofenac versus naproxen that is at stake but the broader challenge of ensuring that everyone responsible for the safety of patients makes informed decisions in an appropriate and timely manner.
Reddy and Roy conclude: "If we do not collectively rise to that challenge, no NSAID can relieve the pain of that failure."
On the Net:
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La Salle, Robert Cavelier, sieur de
He entered a Jesuit novitiate as a boy but later left the religious life. In 1666 he went to Canada, where he developed a seigniory at Lachine. In 1673 the governor of New France, Frontenac, made him commandant of Fort Frontenac (see Kingston , Ont., Canada). After a visit to France, where he was granted a patent of nobility, La Salle began (1675) to develop the trade at the post. In 1677 he was in France again and obtained a patent to build forts, explore, and trade. When he returned, he brought with him Henri de Tonti , who was his lieutenant in later enterprises.
In 1679 a blockhouse was built at the outlet of the Niagara River, and in August they set out across the Great Lakes in the Griffon, which Tonti had built. That first sailing vessel on the lakes took the adventuring traders to Green Bay the party then went by land. The Griffon was lost a little later, probably in a storm. La Salle went along Lake Michigan, erected Fort Miami on the site of present St. Joseph, Mich., then continued to the Illinois River. On that stream Fort Creve Coeur was built.
La Salle sent Michel Aco and Father Hennepin on an expedition to the upper Mississippi, while he himself went back to Fort Frontenac for supplies. After La Salle's departure Tonti was attacked by hostile Iroquois and was forced to flee the settlement. La Salle, returning, found the Illinois posts deserted. He set out to find Tonti and also organized (1681) a Native American federation of the Illinois, the Miami, and smaller tribes to fight the Iroquois.
He was reunited with Tonti at Mackinac Island, and the two men with Father Zenobe Membré and a small party descended the Mississippi to its mouth, arriving Apr. 9, 1682. La Salle took possession of the whole valley, calling the region Louisiana. Tonti went back to the Illinois and at Starved Rock began construction of a village La Salle joined him, and Fort St. Louis was completed (1682–83).
La Salle was deprived of his authority by the new governor in 1683 and went to France, leaving Tonti in the Illinois country. Given power to colonize and to govern the region between Lake Michigan and the Gulf of Mexico, La Salle set out (1684) with four ships for the mouth of the Mississippi. He never reached it. With three of his ships La Salle reached the Gulf of Mexico but because of the sandy sameness of the coastline he was unable to find the Mississippi. He and his men landed on the Texas shore, probably on Lavaca Bay. They made futile attempts to reach the Mississippi overland, and the men grew mutinous. On the third attempt the explorer was murdered by his own men.
Original narratives are translated in I. J. Cox, The Journeys of René Robert Cavelier, Sieur da la Salle (2 vol., 1922 repr. 1973). A classic account is F. Parkman's La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West (1889, repr. 1968). See biographies by R. F. Lockridge (1931) and E. B. Osler (1967).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Explorers, Travelers, and Conquerors: Biographies
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Here is a fun patterning activity for introducing the names of some polygons.
Start by considering only polygons that have equal sides and equal angles.
Make sure that students know the names of a triangle and a square. Then ask the question:
How can you make the triangle into a square?
Students should see that they need to open up the triangle and add another side of the same length.
Continue. Open up the square and add another side. What do you get now? Some students may know that this shape is called a pentagon.
Continue to hexagon, heptagon, octagon… as far as students want to go. Make a chart summarising the names and the number of sides.
Now inform students that the polygons they have been drawing are called regular polygons.
Ask students to add some examples of irregular polygons to their chart.
Stress that polygons with the same number of sides have the same name whether they are regular or not.
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August, 1997 - Improving Verbal Skills
Experts say that communication is composed of different methods: words, voice, tone and non-verbal clues. Of these, some are more effective in delivering a message than others. According to research, in a conversation or verbal exchange:
Non-verbal clues include:
In other words, WHAT you say is not nearly as important as HOW you say it!
A dull message delivered by a charismatic person, filled with energy and enthusiasm will be accepted as brilliant.
An excellent message delivered by someone who is not interested in the topic, will not engage the enthusiasm of its intended audience.
One of the classic examples of great verbal communications is Dr. Martin Luther King's I Have a Dream speech.
Why was it such a great speech? It was filled with powerful visual images that provoke strong emotions, delivered with passion by someone who captured the dreams of an entire race. Over time, the speech has transcended its original message to be a message of hope for all people, regardless of race.
What does the graphic tell you about this speaker?
2) We have been asked many times for a current source of the percentages as originally listed ("Words are 7% effective, Tone of voice is 43% effective, Non-verbal clues are 50%"). We lost the original source long before there was an Internet.
Notice that between the sender and the receiver the path appears to be straight. However, this is rarely the case. There are many different ways to distort the message or to filter it (both in delivering the message and in receiving the message). All of the distortions can occur for both the listener and the receiver.
Improving verbal communications requires first that we understand that communication is rarely perfect or clear in and of itself. We must learn to listen better and speak more clearly. We must also check whether our message is delivered correctly and whether we have heard a message clearly.
Carl Rogers, in On Becoming a Person, notes that, "The whole task of psychotherapy is the task of dealing with a failure in communication. . . . the major barrier to mutual interpersonal communication is our very tendency to judge, to evaluate, to approve or disapprove, the statement of the other person, or the other group. . . . Real communication occurs when we listen with understanding - to see the idea and attitude from the other person's point of view, to sense how it feels to them, to achieve their frame of reference in regard to the thing they are talking about."
Techniques that help achieve such understanding include the use of "perception checking" questions. Try this exercise with a friend or someone you trust.
Person 1. Start talking about any subject for 4 or 5 sentences
Person 2. When the first person stops talking, repeat back to them what you thought you heard, starting with phrases like:
Then, reverse the roles and the second person speaks for 4 or 5 sentences, then the first person asks perception checking questions.
By practicing such techniques, you are giving respect to the person speaking and showing that you understand what they are saying. If you misunderstand what they are trying to say, you can both work to clarify the message.
By practicing your listening skills, you will also develop better speaking skills. If you listen to where people misinterpret what you say, you will find ways to make it clearer. Your frustration at being misunderstood will disappear and you will assume less about what you hear because you have confirmed it with the speaker.
Remember, listening is not the same as hearing. Hearing is using the ears to acknowledge the sound of something. Listening means understanding from the perspective of the speaker.
Don Gabor, in his book Speaking Your Mind in 101 Difficult Situations, gives these examples as ways to boost your listening skills:
Person 1. "I'm not all that crazy about it." < - - - underline indicates key words
Person 2. "Tell me exactly what you don't like about it."
Person 1. "It ought to be pretty clear what I think about that great idea of yours."
Person 2. "I have no idea what you think of my idea. Do you like it or not?"
Person 1. "You know what I'm trying to say!"
Person 2. "No, I don't know what you are trying to say. Please tell me exactly what you mean."
Mr. Gabor offers these tips for using TACTFUL conversations:
Other DOs and DON'Ts to Accompany T-A-C-T-F-U-L Strategies
DO be direct, courteous and calm
DO spare others your unsolicited advice
DO acknowledge that what works for you may not work for others
DO say main points first, then offer more details if necessary
DO listen for hidden feelings
Could You Just Listen?
When I ask you to listen to me and you start giving me advice,
When I ask you to listen to me and you begin to tell me why I shouldn't feel that
When I ask you to listen to me and you feel you have to do something to solve my problem, you have failed me, strange as that may seem.
Listen! All I asked was that you listen, not talk or do - just hear me.
Advice is cheap; 20 cents will get you both Dear Abby and Billy Graham in the same paper.
I can do for myself; I'm not helpless - maybe discouraged and faltering, but not helpless.
When you do something for me that I can and need to do for myself,
But when you accept as a simple fact that I do feel what I feel, no matter how
When that's clear, the answers are obvious and I don't need advice..
Irrational feelings make more sense when we understand what's behind them..
Perhaps that's why prayer works, sometimes, for some people - because God is mute, and He/She doesn't give advice or try to fix things.
"They" just listen and let you work it out for yourself.
So, please listen and just hear me.
And if you want to talk, wait a minute for your turn - and I'll listen to you.
. . . Author Unknown
Making effective presentations to groups or key individuals is a regular part of an executive's job. Delivering a clearly understandable message that gains the support of the listeners obviously requires expertise in public speaking. Less obviously, it requires that you understand the perspective of your audience and be willing to adjust your presentation based on feedback during the session.
Experts tell us that public speaking ranks highest on the list of situations people fear most (followed by death!). Overcoming this fear requires education and practice, practice, practice!
Few of us are born to be excellent public speakers. We offer encouragement to those who feel insecure don't give up! Organizations such as Toastmasters (and many others) offer proven techniques for overcoming fear and assistance in mastering master speaking skills. We have seen many, many people become accomplished speakers, who in the past became speechless when asked to speak in public.
A personal experience: Many years ago, I (Barbara Taylor) worked for a boss who recognized that a co-worker and I would not progress well in our careers if we did not learn to overcome our fear of public speaking. The boss was program director for a national professional association and scheduled us to speak at their upcoming convention (a year away). We (naturally) were horrified when he told us his plan for us to speak there!! He explained that he would spend the year teaching us and coaching us how to speak in public. We were quite skeptical at first. After several months of coaching, we had lost our intense fear of speaking in public. By the time the convention came, we were excited and confident. We felt that we could talk about anything to anybody - because we had been doing it in so many different ways as part of our training. It was a wonderful learning experience for both of us and helped us both immensely as we progressed into management.
Some tips for improving presentation skills:
An aside about written communications:
The disparity in methods of delivering messages is why it is so difficult to write something that is clearly understand by large audiences - only 7% effectiveness is achieved by the words alone!
That is why good visual presentation using graphics, color, balanced design layout adds so much to a written message. These additional "clues" can help compensate for the non-verbal aspect of a written message by triggering emotions on the part of the reader. Without such non-verbal clues, the Internet would fail miserably as an effective communication tool.
Notice the difference in these two graphics (one animated and one plain) and the word by itself.
Which one gets your attention? Keep this little example in mind as you develop overheads, handouts and other written material for your presentations.
Leaders, executives and managers need to be very clear about what they expect from others. One of the best exercises we have seen to assist in this area is from the book, The Leadership Challenge by James Kouzes and Barry Posner. One of their suggestions for setting an example and behaving consistently with your stated values is to write a "Leadership Credo."
How to Write a Leadership Credo
This "simple" exercise is a very powerful way to measure your effectiveness in clear communication. It forces you to create a document that is clear, powerful and succinctly captures your business philosophy. It is also a strong measure of your ability to translate what you feel into succinct communication that others can use, understand and learn from.
One example of a leadership credo actually put into practice is shown below.
If you are willing to do this exercise, it will forever change you for the better. It may lead to pleasantly surprising results with your team members.
(Comment: the last line was suggested by the team members)
This exercise was part of Barbara Taylor's class in "Leadership in the Ministry" at Ernest Holmes College.
[Excerpts - Dr. Martin Luther King, August 28, 1963, Lincoln Memorial, Washington, DC]
I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: 'We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal.'
I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood....
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.
I have a dream today!
I have a dream that one day down in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers....
This is our hope. This is the faith that I go back to the South with.... With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together. . . knowing that we will be free one day . . .
This will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with new meaning, 'My country 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrim's pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring.' And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true.
So let Freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire; let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York; let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania; let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado . . .
Let freedom ring from every hill and mole hill of Mississippi. 'From every mountainside, let freedom ring.'
And when this happens, and when we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics will be able to Join hands and sing in the words of that old Negro spiritual, 'Free at last! Free at last! Thank God almighty, we are free at last!'
Links updated 3/21/2003
Page updated: January 14, 2012
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What are the uses of lemon juice?
1.Lemon juice is an inexpensive, readily available acid
2.Used to make lemonade - nimbu pani. Many mixed drinks, soft drinks, iced tea and cocktails/mocktails.
3.Meat chicken and fish are marinated in lemon juice with other ingridients to make tasty kebabs ,grills and snacks. The acid neutralizes the amines in fish by converting them into nonvolatile ammonium salts.
4.Lemon juice is sprinkled on certain foods to prevetnoxidation and their turning brown after being sliced, such as apples, bananas and avocados,
5. Indian snacks like bhel, and fried dals will not taste well withouit lemon juice.
6. Lemon juce is used to make non expensive and quick pickles like ginger, garlic and onion, Pickle.
7. Salads sprinkled with lemon juice is just yummy.
8. Lemon juice is the chief source of citric acid.
9. lemon juice is an electrolyte and conductor of electric current. ...more
Moreover lemon is a very good ani-oxidant effect, is a general adaptogenic.
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Our exercise routines are often compromised by weather (heat or rain) and many of us of uncertain of what to do inside.
Our Exercise Physiologist has put together a short 15 minute circuit which can be done inside.
Please consult your GP or Exercise Physiologist before commencing any exercise program.
- Step Ups (1 minute each leg)
Using an step inside (if you don’t have you can do a
tap to a chair) step up leading with the left leg before
stepping down with the left. Repeat for 1 minute
before switching to leading with the right leg)
- Couch Push Up (1 minute)
Holding yourself up on the couch with your feet on the
ground. Slowly lower yourself using your arms before
pushing yourself back up again.
- Single leg lunges (1 minute each leg)
Standing up straight rest one foot on the couch or a
chair. Bend your back knee to lower yourself toward
the ground. Pause before pushing back up again.
Repeat for 1 minute before switching legs.
- Oblique Crunch (1 minute)
Lying on the floor on a towel or mat, lift your legs off
the ground to creat a right angle. Place your hands
behind your head and bend trying to touch your left
elbow to your right knee. Repeat for 1 minute before
switching to take your right elbow to your left knee.
- Squats (1 minute)
Stand tall with your arms crossed over your shoulders.
Using your hips push your bottom back and down.
Keep your back straight and your knees over your
ankles. Pause before squeezing your bottom muscles
and pushing yourself back up.
Complete this circuit 2-3 times per week with at least 1 day in between. After 1 round rest
for 2-3 minutes before repeating for a second round.
You could also try other options for exercising indoors such as:
- Using machines such as a treadmill or stationary bike
- Follow a DVD
- Try some Pilates or Yoga
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My fourth grade class is now studying geometry. Geometry at the elementary level allows opportunities for students to get out of their seats and learn while using their compass and protractor. Last week my students dusted off their protractor and compass in preparation for the geometry unit. Throughout the years I’ve added different geometry explorations to this unit. Some of the activities in this post have been modified from the curriculum and others I’ve created or borrowed from some amazing teachers. I’m going to highlight four specific geometry explorations that I find valuable.
Students are given different types of polygons and asked to find interior angle measurements. I tend to group the students and have them work collaboratively to find a solution. Students can use any method to find a solution. I find that some groups use a protractor, while others find the measurement of the triangle and use it to find the interior angles of other regular polygons. Near the end of the session the class creates an anchor chart that shows similarities/differences between the polygon shapes and their sum of measures.
I pass out a notecard/piece of paper to each student. Students are asked to make an arc on each corner of the sheet. The arcs don’t have to be the same size. The arcs are cut out and put together to form a circle. Essentially, students use a rectangle and turn the rectangle into a circle and both have the same interior angle measurements. Students are then asked what conclusions can be made by completing this activity.
I generally use this activity before teaching about adjacent and vertical angles. Students are asked to draw and label two intersecting lines. This should be review, but most students haven’t been using angles in math class for about eight months. Once the angles have been created, students measure each angle. Students are then asked what they notice about the measures of the angles? Do they notice any similarities? This is a great opportunity to fill out an anchor chart indicating what angles are close in measurement.
After all the above activities take place I give students a quick formative assessment. It looks like this:
Students are asked to find and explain the reasoning for the measurement of angle Z.
Overall, these exploration activities allow opportunities for students to engage in math in unique ways. Math manipulative and explorations often open doors that ignite interest in many students.
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Sub Exercise() Dim Population As Long End Sub
The type character for the Long data type is @. The above variable could be declared as:
Sub Exercise() Dim Population@ End Sub
A Long variable can store a value between – 2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647 (remember that the commas are used to make the numbers easy to read; do not be used them in your code). Therefore, after declaring a Long variable, you can assign it a number in that range.
To convert a value to a long integer, call CLng() using the following formula:
Number = CLng(Value to Convert)
To convert a value to long, enter it in the parentheses of CLng().
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A tooth extraction, or any tooth operation (e.g. a dental implantation) is a haemorrhagic, in the medical-language an invasive, procedure. It is therefore advisable for the patient to prepare himself thoroughly for such interventions. If we choose a conscious preparation rather than fear and self-blame, we have much more chances for a quick and painless procedure and a faster healing.
What are the advices that you should pay attention to? Some rules must be closely followed, in order for the wounds to heal well after a tooth operation. We offer support in our article for this:
- What should be considered before a tooth operation?
- Medication intake before a dental surgery
- Guidelines for after the dental intervention
A dental extraction and all other dental surgical interventions will be most successful when the patient is in excellent health, well prepared and not tense, and has confidence that he is in good hands.
It is worth to eat before the treatment, because if the blood sugar level is too low, we are most likely to be more tense. There are dental surgeries where the patient is not allowed to eat for several hours after, so it is better to eat something beforehand (heavy, greasy foods should be avoided so the body is not overloaded).
The patient is not allowed to eat anything the day of the operation with interventions under general anaesthesia, but also not drink for 3 hours before the tooth operation. The teeth should be cleaned thoroughly of course.
The most important preparation for the oral surgery is the mental preparation. The calmer we are, the easier the procedure will be; as for the dentist, as for us. It is extremely necessary to trust the doctor. We should start with the dental surgery only if the trust is truly there.
If the patient regularly takes different medications (heart medication, antipsychotics, etc.), the treating dentist can request a consultation with the house doctor. The house doctor then can determine if and how the regularly taken medication should be taken. After a dental surgery, antibiotics and pain killers should be taken, which the oral surgeon prescribes.
Many patients are unaware that aspirin should not be taken for a few days before and after the operation, because it is not beneficial for blood clotting.
Vitamin C as well as multivitamin preparations should be taken regularly before and after the surgical dental treatment, because they also promote faster healing!
- Do not use any mouth rinse on the day and the days after the tooth operation, and do not suck on the operated area.
- The during surgery inserted gauze tampon should not be removed prematurely.
- Cool the operated area for 20 minutes every hour, as cooling reduces the possibility of local edema. If no cooler is available, wrap a frozen product in a towel.
- Prevent local edema by also taking a calcium tablet on a daily basis.
- Pay special attention to oral care! Plaques can infect the surgical wound, thus endangering the tooth surgery.
- Do not consume dairy products during the postoperative days, and also avoid egg dishes.
- Coffee and alcohol consumption is not recommended.
- If you smoke, avoid smoking for as long as possible; do not smoke for at least two days.
- If possible, do not lie on a flat pillow for 48 hours. First and foremost, try a half-sitting position (this also applies for during the night-time!).
- Take the medication exactly as described by the dentist, as the antibiotics may cause more damage if not taken correctly.
- Avoid any physical stress and physical work after a dental operation. This also applies to the use of a sauna, solarium and swimming pool.
- After a dental implantation, solid and spicy foods should be avoided.
If you follow these tips, the wound will heal faster after your dental surgery!
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KUSA - It's an idea that may sound ridiculous, but it's a question we've seen from quite a few people on social media.
Are the recent natural disasters somehow connected to last month's eclipse?
We've seen two historic and deadly hurricanes -- and Mexico's strongest earthquake in a century -- all since the eclipse.
One man tweeted, "The eclipse started the onslaught of bad hurricanes, solar flares and earthquakes. Not saying it's cause and effect, but makes ya wonder."
The Eclipse started the onslaught of bad hurricanes, solar flares and earthquakes. Not saying it's cause and effect but makes ya wonder 🤔— Ryan Maue (@RyanMaue) September 11, 2017
9NEWS asked Jeff Weber, an atmospheric scientist with the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research in Boulder. who was quick to say no, absolutely not.
"There's no real scientific basis for this at all," Weber said.
Weber explained why the eclipse couldn't cause the hurricanes - it's because they actually diminish energy needed to create them.
"When you think of hurricanes, they like solar energy, they like to be over a hot ocean," he said. "It's kind of counter-intuitive that taking away solar energy would create a hurricane or even make it more intense."
Weber added this is peak hurricane season so it's not unusual to see two or three hurricanes at the same time in late August or early September.
And as far as the earthquake, Weber says an eclipse, hurricane and earthquake can't be connected.
"There is no effect from the eclipse or hurricanes on land masses that move - these are completely different processes. So yes these are really big, large catastrophic events that are occurring within one month, but there is no connection between these events," Weber said.
© 2017 KUSA-TV
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New CPU Vulnerability risk to virtual machines based on AMD processors
In the area of cloud computing, i.e. on-demand access to IT resources via the internet, so-called trusted execution environments (TEEs) play a major role. They are designed to ensure that the data on the virtual work environments (virtual machines) is secure and cannot be manipulated or stolen. Researchers at the CISPA Helmholtz Centre for Information Security and Graz University of Technology (TU Graz) have now discovered a security vulnerability in AMD processors that allows attackers to penetrate virtual work environments based on the trusted computing technologies AMD SEV-ES and AMD SEV-SNP. This is achieved by resetting data changes in the buffer memory (cache), which gives the intruders unrestricted access to the system. They have chosen CacheWarp as the name for this software-based attack method.
Read the whole article by clicking on the link on the right!
More information on CacheWarp here!
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The lottery is a popular form of gambling that involves drawing numbers to determine a prize. Traditionally, lottery participants paid a small amount of money to enter the lottery and were given a chance to win a larger sum by matching all the winning numbers. In the past, many lotteries were held for charitable purposes or to raise funds for public usage. These lotteries were hailed as a relatively painless form of taxation. However, there are some dangers associated with the lottery, including its addictive nature and the likelihood that it can ruin a person’s quality of life. Fortunately, there are ways to protect yourself from losing too much money in the lottery.
The first step to protecting yourself from losing too much in the lottery is to understand how it works. There are several different types of lotteries, each with its own rules and procedures. A common feature is that the lottery organization must record the identities of each bettors and the amounts they stake. This information is usually stored on a computer system that is accessible only to lottery employees.
Lottery tickets typically contain numbers from 0 to 9 and letters A through F. These 32-character combinations are generated using a method called uniformly distributed random number generation, which produces numbers that are spread out across the whole spectrum of possibilities. The most common way to win the lottery is to match all seven of these digits, but you can also win by matching only five or four. If you’re playing a national lottery, its best to chart the “random” outside numbers that repeat and look for “singletons,” or digits that appear only once. A group of singletons is a good indication that your ticket will be among the winners.
If you’re lucky enough to be the winner of a large jackpot, be sure to plan carefully for your taxes. In most cases, the government will take 24 percent of your winnings in federal income taxes, and you’ll likely have to pay state and local taxes as well. Before you begin spending your millions, give yourself several months to prepare for the inevitable tax burden and talk with a qualified accountant to learn more about how to minimize your losses.
Despite the many negative aspects of lotteries, they’re not without their supporters. Many people argue that the risk of a loss isn’t as great as that of other vices like alcohol or tobacco, which are heavily taxed to discourage their use. They further argue that the benefits of a lottery are greater than those of other forms of government-funded revenue, such as sin taxes.
Others disagree with this argument, arguing that the state should not promote vices, especially ones that can lead to addiction. It’s difficult to compare the ill effects of gambling to those of other vices, though. While the ill effects of lottery addiction may be worse than those of alcohol and tobacco, they’re still no more harmful than those caused by a variety of other activities that governments promote to raise revenue, such as wars or military conscription.
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Ticking noise coming from engine is a source of concern for almost all car owners. What is a ticking noise in the engine? This type of noise or engine ticking when idle can indicate various problems, from minor issues to serious engine malfunctions. Understanding the possible reasons for a ticking noise in the engine is important to determine the severity of the issue and take necessary precautions to repair it.
Thus, you need to know that there are many different reasons for tick sound coming from engine. We can sort them as low-oil pressure, worn engine bearings, faulty valves, bad spark plugs, and exhaust leaks. Even though it’s best to have a mechanic diagnose the issue to determine the exact cause and necessary repair, you should have sufficient information about the above-mentioned reasons to maintain your vehicle.
In this article, we will explore these various reasons for the ticking noise engine and what they can indicate. If you ask, why is my engine making a ticking noise?” you should read our detailed research about it. When you gain a better understanding of the possible causes of a ticking noise in the engine, you can take steps to protect your vehicle and keep it running smoothly for years to come. Also, we will share a useful secret about increasing your vehicle’s general ride quality at the end.
Low Oil Pressure
One of the most well-known reasons for clicking noise in the engine is related to low oil pressure. It can cause the engine’s moving parts to contact each other without proper lubrication. Here, the ticking noise is typically caused by the engine’s metal components, such as the lifters, valves, and bearings, vibrating against each other due to insufficient lubrication. This situation leads to wear and tear on the engine over time. So, you can check the oil filter and oil pump. But, it's best to consult a qualified mechanic for further diagnosis and repair.
Worn Engine Bearings
Another common reason for tapping noise engine is based on worn engine bearings. It is responsible for metal-to-metal contact between the crankshaft and the connecting rod or the camshaft and the rocker’s arm. This metal-to-metal contact produces a clicking noise from engine. As the problem worsens, the ticking noise on engine may become more frequent and louder.
In fact, the engine bearings are designed to reduce friction between these metal components, allowing them to move smoothly and without much wear. When the bearings wear out, they can no longer provide adequate cushioning between the metal components and cause them to rub against each other. Thus, if you want to protect your car engine from possible more serious damage, you should know that it is important to address any ticking noise in the engine promptly and have it diagnosed and repaired by a qualified mechanic.
If you ask, “why is my motor ticking?” you should suspect a problem with the valves of your vehicle. The reason is that faulty valves can cause a ticking noise in the engine. The valves are responsible for controlling the flow of air and fuel into the combustion chamber, as well as the flow of exhaust gases out of the engine. When the valves are not working properly, they can no longer seal tightly against the valve seats.
Therefore, this situation leads to a loss of compression in the combustion chamber and then the sound of metal tapping against metal as the engine operates. If you have faulty valves, all you need to do is consult a qualified mechanic. Moreover, regular maintenance, including oil changes and keeping the engine clean, can help to prevent problems with the valves and other engine components.
Rod knock can cause a clicking noise in the engine. We can describe it as a serious engine issue that involves a malfunction in the engine’s connecting rod bearings. The connecting rod bearings are a critical component in the engine’s internal combustion process, which connects the piston to the crankshaft and transmits the force generated by fuel combustion to the crankshaft. So, the connecting rod helps to reduce friction and ensure smooth operation.
When the connecting bearings rod become worn or damaged, they can start to produce a ticking noise as they move around within the engine. Also, rod knock can cause serious damage to the engine, eventually leading to engine failure. Thus, it’s important to have a qualified mechanic inspect your vehicle if you suspect that you have a rod knock or any other unusual engine noise.
Bad Spark Plugs
If you have a truck making ticking noise, you should suspect the quality of your spark plugs. The reason is that bad spark plugs can lead to a ticking noise engine. When spark plugs are not working properly, they may not ignite the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber effectively. This situation can cause misfires, resulting in a ticking or tapping noise as the engine runs. Thus, faulty spark plugs require a thorough diagnosis by a qualified mechanic.
We can define faulty lifters as a sound reason for a ticking noise in the engine because they are a critical component of the engine’s valve train. Lifters, also known as hydraulic lifters, are small cylinders that are responsible for controlling the opening and closing of the engine’s valves. When lifters become worn or damaged, they can develop excessive clearance, which allows them to move around more than they should. So, you can hear a ticking noise as faulty lifters move around inside the engine.
Moreover, there are several potential causes of faulty lifters, including wear and tear over time, lack of proper lubrication, and contamination or blockages in the oil passages. If left unaddressed, faulty lifters can lead to further engine damage and, eventually, engine failure. For this reason, you should get professional help if you notice any unusual engine noises.
Dirty Fuel Injectors
Dirty fuel injectors can lead to a ticking noise in the engine because they can lead to misfires producing a ticking noise. Misfires occur when the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber fails to ignite or ignites at the wrong time. This situation causes a momentary loss of power and a ticking noise. Fuel injectors are designed to spray fuel into the engine's combustion chamber. So, when fuel injectors become dirty or clogged, they may not spray fuel evenly or at the correct time, which can cause misfires.
Moreover, dirty fuel injectors are responsible for reduced engine power, poor fuel efficiency, and rough idling. For this reason, the noise is often more noticeable at idle and may disappear or become less noticeable at higher engine speeds. Thus, if you want to protect your car engine parts, you should take your car to the nearest auto service.
Clogged Oil Passages
Another reason for a clicking noise in the engine is related to clogged oil passages. They are responsible for a lack of lubrication to the engine’s moving parts, which leads to metal-to-metal contact and increased friction. When the oil passages become clogged or dirty, the oil may not reach all the necessary parts of the engine. This situation can cause serious wear and tear on the engine components.
Also, the increased friction between the engine components can cause a tapping noise as the engine runs. It can cause more severe engine damage, engine overheating, and poor performance If the oil passages remain clogged for an extended period. So, if you want to avoid it, you should consult to an experienced mechanic.
Loose or Damaged Heat Shields
Loose or damaged heat shields fall into the category of the reason for a clicking noise in the engine. The reason is that heat shields are designed to protect nearby components from the high temperatures generated by the exhaust system. When the heat shields become loose or damaged, they can vibrate and contact other nearby components, such as the exhaust manifold, catalytic converter, or exhaust pipes. This situation poses a serious threat to these components.
Thus, if you notice any unusual engine noises, you may have loosed or damaged heat shields. For this reason, it’s always a good idea to have a qualified mechanic inspect your vehicle.
Faulty Fuel Pump
One of the most common reasons for a ticking noise in the engine is a faulty fuel pump. The fuel pump is designed to deliver fuel to the engine, but a faulty fuel pump can cause issues with the fuel delivery system. This may be caused by a worn or damaged mechanical component inside the fuel pump, such as a bearing or an impeller.
Another potential cause of a ticking noise from a faulty fuel pump is air in the fuel lines. If there is a leak in the fuel system or a clog in the fuel filter, it can cause air to enter the fuel lines, which can create a tapping noise as the fuel pump tries to draw in fuel. If left unaddressed, a faulty fuel pump can cause a number of problems, including engine stalling, poor fuel efficiency, and eventual engine failure. Therefore, a faulty fuel pump requires a thorough diagnosis by a qualified mechanic.
We can describe exhaust leaks as a common reason for a ticking noise in the engine. The reason is that exhaust leaks allow hot exhaust gases to escape from the exhaust system at an abnormal point, often before the muffler. This can cause the exhaust system to vibrate or rattle, producing a ticking noise. Also, the noise is typically more noticeable during acceleration or when the engine is under load.
Thus, if you suspect that your vehicle has an exhaust leak, you should visit an experienced mechanic. After you get rid of the clicking noise in the engine with the necessary auto maintenance and repair, you can focus on how to experience perfect driving pleasure with peace of mind. All you need to do is upgrade your vehicle with a high-quality performance part. Just keep reading us to learn it!
Experience Perfect Driving Pleasure with Pedal Commander
Multiple SEMA award winner, Pedal Commander is the most practical and versatile electronic throttle controller on the market. It is designed to eliminate throttle lag from your accelerator pedal. If you have just 10-15 minutes, you can easily install Pedal Commander in your vehicle. This is also valid for the removal process. Since Pedal Commander is designed with cutting-edge technology, you can operate it from your mobile phone thanks to the Pedal Commander app equipped with Bluetooth control.
Moreover, Pedal Commander offers and smooth ride quality, mind-blowing acceleration, effective fuel economy at the same time. The reason is that it allows you to control your speed with its four adjustable modes: Eco mode, City mode, Sport mode, and Sport+ mode. As you can see, Pedal Commander pays more attention to your comfort in all different road conditions and seasons.
After you solve some serious problems like clicking noise in the engine, you can focus on improving the general quality of your car with peace of mind. Thus, Pedal Commander will unleash the beast in your vehicle at an affordable price ($299.99). If you want to learn more about it, you can watch our YouTube video:
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Table tennis originated from a recreational game named ping-pong many years ago. When ping-pong was played at household parties or sports clubs, table tennis was not a well-known term. With the passage of time, some companies started manufacturing professional equipment for ping pong unofficial tournaments, and then this game started gaining popularity.
Now, ping-pong is officially known as Table Tennis and is played worldwide at the National and International levels.
There are various ways, techniques, and set Rules and regulations standardized by the International Table Tennis Federation. These rules are mandatory for everyone to study in detail whether they are interested in becoming a Table Tennis Player or already a professional.
According to my experience, there are more than 8 official rules of Table Tennis as per the ITTF protocol.
Let’s quickly go through all of these rules in a comprehensive and understandable description:
1- Total Points to decide the Winner/Loser:
According to International Table Tennis Federation, there is a total of 11 points that have to be scored by either of the parties in a single table tennis match. Going deep into the scoring criterion, further sub-rules have been announced by ITTF to evaluate which move shall be considered a fault and which stroke shall be considered a point. Also, check the Best Ping Pong Paddle Case.
- Scoring a point during serve:
For example, in the case of singles when a total number of players are two and one player on each side of the table is standing. Once the match starts after tossing, whichever player has decided to go for the serving should keep in mind all the mandatory serving rules. If the server accidentally hit the ball to the net and the ball reverts back to his side instead of going forward towards the opposite side he will be considered at fault and the opponent player would get a point.
- Not scoring a point during serve:
Similarly, if the ball touches the net but did not bonces back towards the server, this wouldn’t be a fault and no point will be given to any of the two players.
Winner Team/Player in a Table Tennis Match:
In a similar way, the player or the team (in the case of doubles) who successfully makes 11 points making sure that the other team is two points behind, then the first team shall be declared the winner.
2- The Rule of Alternate Serves & How to choose the Server?
At the beginning of the match, it is important to legally decide who is going to play first. The player who wins the toss by flipping coins method would decide if he is going to start the first move or not. The player who makes the first move is known as a ‘’Server’’ and the first shot is known as the ‘’Serve’’ or ‘’Service’’.
This is a standardized regulation by the International Table Tennis Federation that after scoring two points by either of the players/teams, the service will change. Also, check the How to Choose Ping Pong Paddle?
For example, if Team A won the toss and decides to serve if Team A or even Team B makes two points/scores, the next service would be shifted to Team B and vice versa.
This is the rule of alternate serving that after every two scores, the serving team will be changed alternatively.
3- Direction of ball tossing while serving:
This rule is given high importance because this move is the first move and decides the core competency of the player. A player can lose or gain confidence based on how successful and unsuccessful a serve is played. Also, read the Best Table Tennis Rubbers.
The rule is, while serving the ball must be tossed in the air vertically to a minimum level of 6 inches and then hit towards the table of his side in such a way that after bouncing from the table, the ball directly goes toward the opponent’s side of the table. The height of the ball can be more than 6 inches but not lesser than that.
4- The ball must be visible to the opponent while serving:
The server must show the ball to the opponent before and during the course of serving and should not try to hide the ball in any way. The procedure is to hold the ball and keep the palm slightly open so that it won’t fall down from the hand and neither it could be hidden from the opponent. While hitting the ball with the racket, no body part or even arm of the server should come into the sight of the opponent.
The purpose of this rule is to increase the game transparency so that the opponent can focus on the ball’s direction before it reached his side of the table.
5- Direction of the ball in case of doubles:
Sometimes in table tennis, a team of four players is involved in a single match. Each consists of two players and one member of a team stands on one side, and the other member of the team stands on the other side. The table is also marked in four sections when a double is being played. Rules vary for doubles and singles.
In the case of doubles, it is mandatory for the server to hit the ball towards the opponent’s side in such a way that it goes in the same direction as his position. For example, if the server is standing on the right side of the table, the server should go towards the right side of the opponent team and vice versa. Also, read the History of Table Tennis.
If the server hits the ball on the wrong side, a fault will be considered and the opponent team will score.
6- The rule of ‘’Let’’
In this rule, if the server hits the net before the ball goes towards the opponent’s side and then officially and legally the ball reaches the opposite side then this move shall be considered as ‘’’ Let’’.
Let does not score any points to any of the players and if this happens in a service, the service will start all over again without considering a fault.
Also, the players are allowed to make a let in any of the rallies during the match. There is no fault and score considered.
7- The rules of volleys:
For beginners who don’t know what a volley is in table tennis, let me first describe a volley.
A volley is a stroke hit by the player with his racket when the ball is in the air and reaches the other player without hitting any source in between. There are various rules related to the volley such as in which zone or area the player must be standing while making a volley.
- What are the valley and non-valleys zones?
The major rule in volley is that the racket must not hit the ball twice while making the serve. For example, you are starting to make the serve. You would first bounce the ball in the air up to 6 inches in height and then the ball would return to you where you would hit it towards your own side of the table. During this procedure when you bounce the ball in the air this cannot be done with the racket hitting the ball instead this would be done by holding the ball in your slightly open palm. Also, read the Fun Facts About Table Tennis.
If your paddles touch the ball while bouncing in the air, a point will be given to the opponent.
There’s another rule related to volley where the volley cannot be made when a player is in the non-volley zone. The non-volley zone is the area where the player is not allowed to stand while playing table tennis. This rule is basically applied in a pickleball game and not table tennis official authorities and applied this rule officially in Table Tennis.
However, in some unofficial and recreational matches, players are also applying this rule in table tennis.
8- Rule regarding ball spinning:
Spinning the ball while making service is a unique trick that not every player can learn and apply. However, if a player learns to be a good spinner with consistent practice, he can increase 80% the chances of winning the game. The rule applies when the server hits the ball in an extremely tricky and spinny way that it bounces back to his own side without allowing the opponent to hit it. The server would get a point in such a move
Table tennis is an interesting game beneficial for both physical and mental health. It is said that table tennis players are often more mentally active and pleasant than others because it is a kind of game where quick and prompt actions are required. The players have to do their best shot in a split-second decision to enhance their mental plus physical health. Memorizing and then applying all the table tennis rules in a match also helps in increasing the memorial capacity.
Questions frequently Asked by the Beginners:
Apart from the above-described rules, there are other various rules which are difficult to cover in one go. Let’s jump into the questions which are more frequently acquired especially by beginners :
1- Is it officially allowed to touch the ball with your hand holding the paddle?
If a player accidentally touches his hand which is holding the paddle while making a shot, it is not officially forbidden until and unless the legal shot is made after that. But it is highly mandatory that the ball should not be touched by the other hand (not holding the paddle) or any other body part otherwise it shall be considered a fault and a point will be given to the opponent.
2- Is it allowed for a player to put his other hand (which is not holding the paddle) on the table while playing the rally?
Yes, somehow it is allowed that the player can touch the table with his hands but make sure that the table should not be displaced to its position at all. If the table is displaced even to a cm, then it will be considered a fault.
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Video-recordings were made of adult spotted lanternflies, Lycorma delicatula, taking flight from apple trees in an orchard in northeast Pennsylvania in September, 2017 during a mass dispersal flight event involving thousands of adults. The trajectories of adults flying upwind in straight and level or gradually descending flight allowed them to traverse only up to ca. 40 m in a single flight-bout. Many did not make it to trees or bushes that were at even shorter distances than this and they landed in the grass. Flight tracks of 162 adults launching themselves into the wind from the upper branches of apple trees were video-recorded in plan view from below by a camera placed on the ground aimed straight up at the sky. The tracks were then digitized and analyzed using a triangle of velocities technique to determine the degree to which the adults were progressing in a directly upwind flight track, with the wind vector experienced by each adult calculated from the adults’ flight track itself. Average airspeeds of upwind-flying L. delicatula had been previously measured in another group of adults and shown to not vary with wind speed. The headings (direction of thrust) of adults in the video frames were determined by matching the image of the adult in each video frame with a template image of a pinned adult of a known distance from the camera and heading. Matching the body axis in this way works for this species because the adults flying in these elongated fairly straight flight paths did so with forewings spread out flat to the ground with little discernable roll. Having determined airspeed and heading plus ground speed and track for each set of images allowed the third side of the triangle of velocities — the wind velocity vector — to be calculated for each flying adult at whatever altitude or lateral location in the camera’s field of view it was flying. Adult L. delicatula were found to head upwind in flight at 10.7° off the wind line to produce resulting track angles of progression over the ground averaging 30.9° off the wind line due to this discrepancy between their headings and the wind velocities into which they were flying. The wind velocity vectors provided by a ground-based anemometer during the periods each adult was flying through the video frames deviated from the wind velocity vectors calculated using the triangle of velocities technique by nearly 22° and were 50% lower in wind speed than the calculated vectors taken at the higher altitudes and locations each adult was flying. The triangle of velocities technique might provide a new way of using certain species of insects as free-flying anemometers to take wind velocity readings at different heights and spatial locations that are not attainable through the use of ground-based anemometers.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
- Insect Science
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Eight years is a long time and the economy usually undergoes significant changes during that time frame. Eight years is also the length of time a president serves if they are re-elected.
Each two-term president in the nation’s history has implemented policies that had significant economic consequences.
In recent memory, President Richard Nixon’s economic policies plunged the economy into chaos as he took the country off the gold standard and experimented with wage and price controls. President Ronald Reagan restored stability to the nation and the economy.
Editor's Note: Obama ‘Blunder’ Spawns Massive Profit Opportunity
President Bill Clinton tried to undo the successes of Reagan, proposing a $16 billion stimulus bill in early 1993. Republican senators blocked his effort and the economy boomed.
President George W. Bush was forced to focus on national defense and allowed domestic spending to grow. President Barack Obama then took spending to a new level with a $787 billion stimulus bill during his first months in office, less than 10 years after Clinton’s $16 billion package was deemed excessive.
In time, historians will certainly judge Obama’s economic policies to be significant. He has taken government spending to levels once viewed as inconceivable in peacetime.
Obama will leave office after the 2016 election and the next president will be forced to deal with the economic problems created by runaway government spending. Reagan showed an unusual level of courage and quickly reversed the dangerous policies of his predecessors, accepting the short-term pain required to create long-term growth.
The next president will face the same problems Reagan did. A recession will probably be required to undo the harm of the past four years and the damage being done in the next four.
There may be another recession before 2017 as Obama focuses on growing government rather than the economy. But we know the United States has recovered from failed economic policies in the past and starting in 2017, the recovery should begin again.
© 2014 Moneynews. All rights reserved.
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What is the Higgs Boson? China’s collider to study particle in unprecedented detail
Large Hadron Collider, eat your heart out. China is planning to build a bigger, better particle collider that will be able to study the elusive Higgs Boson particle in unprecedented detail.
With a circumference of 52km, the “Higgs Factory” would be almost twice the size of Europe's equivalent, and significantly more powerful. The Chinese said it is due to be completed by 2028.
Europe's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) was finished in 2008 and sits at CERN, the European particle physics laboratory near Geneva in Switzerland. Twenty-seven kilometres in circumference, it is currently the most sophisticated collider in the world.
In fact, its capabilities are so immense it was able to recreate the conditions that existed in the universe a billionth of a second after the Big Bang happened, helping us to understand the particles and forces that shaped our universe into what it is today.
Most notably, it was the LHC that led scientists to make their first ever discovery of the highly sought after Higgs Boson in 2013. The existence of the mysterious particle was predicted 50 years ago but its minuscule nature has made it extremely tricky to track down.
We have only just scratched the surface of this perplexing particle, however, and researchers at the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) in Beijing are hoping to take it a step further with their $13bn collider.
Understanding the Higgs
A collider works by directing two beams of particles at each other at extremely high speeds. The energies that these particles hold is so high that when they collide, the by-products and their interactions with each other can give good evidence of the structure of the subatomic world and the laws of nature governing it.
Many of these by-products are produced only by high energy collisions and decay after very short periods of time. As a result, they are hard or near impossible to study in other ways.
One such (supposed) by-product is the Higgs Boson, and by studying the interactions of particles in the collider it is hoped scientists will be able to determine, once and for all, whether the Higgs definitely does exist. This could have huge repercussions for our understanding of the world through the standard model of particle physics.
The standard model, which has taken physicists decades to develop, offers a framework in which all known particles and forces of nature sit. A major but currently unidentified part of this is a quantum field responsible for giving particles their masses, called the Higgs field. Since all quantum fields have a particle associated with them, the particle associated with the Higgs field is the Higgs Boson.
Unless we are the subject of some huge trick, the particles around us definitely do have mass. We can assume, therefore, that the Higgs Boson exists if the standard model is accurate. But its existence has not yet been fully proven: last year's discovery was only an indication of it.
“One of the main aims of particle physics over the next couple of decades is to prove once and for all the existence or nonexistence of the Higgs boson,” Stephen Reucroft, member of the elementary particle physics group at Northeastern University, told Scientific American.
Shift in Power
If the plan is approved, China would become the world's number one player in particle physics for years to come.
This would mark a significant shift in power, since Europe and the US have traditionally led the way in this field. In fact, China is currently lagging way behind, with its largest collider being a mere 0.24km in circumference.
This has led some critics to describe the plan as over ambitious, including Brian Foster from Oxford University who believes the country will need international assistance to see it through. In an interview with Physics World, he said: “They maintain that this will be a Chinese project, although they also admit they don’t have the people to build it themselves, so assistance from the international community would be required.”
And he may well be right. After all, building Europe's LHC required collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100 countries, as well as hundreds of universities and laboratories.
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For Henry Only- 800-1000 word Essay answering Every question
•Address the following in 800–1,000 words:
◦Identify and discuss the historical development of corrections in the United States and its influences.
■How has corrections evolved since the early years of the United States? Explain.
■What were the major milestones in corrections throughout U.S. history? Explain.
■From where was the concept derived? Explain.
◦Describe and explain the rationale behind the following models:
◦Discuss the major components and pros and cons of each above model.
■Which model is mainly used today? Provide examples.
•Be sure to reference all sources using APA style. (At least 2 reliable references)
Must have cover page, abstract, body, and reference page
Answer rating (rated one time)
800-1000 word Essay
body preview (0 words)
file1.doc preview (936 words)
Running head: xxxxxxxxxxxx SYSTEMS xxx PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx � xxxx xx xxxxxxxxxxx �2�
xxxx were xxxxx at correcting the offender xxx teaching him/her x lesson and xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxx of the criminal xxxxxxxxx xxxx xxx xxxx meant to xxxxxxx fear into xxxxx xxxxx xx offenders. xxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx xxx xxxxxxx off xxxxxxx xxxx xxxxxx The severe xxxxxx xxxxxxxxx public execution xx hanging. This xxx xxxxxxxx for rapists and murderers.
With the xxxxxxxxxxx of common xxxx xxx colonists xxxx xxxxxxx systems from their xxxxxxxxx and xxxxxxx xx xxxxxxxxxxxx xx xxxxxxxxx xxxx xx judges previously. Slowly by xxxxxxx the colonists developed x criminal xxxxxxx system that xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx in xxx development xx x xxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx in America. xx xxxxx xxx first xxxxxx was established xx Philadelphia xxxxx New York xxxxx the
- - - more text follows - - -
Try it before you buy it
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<![CDATA[My goal this semester is to live more sustainably. In order to reach that goal, I pledge to:
- Gardens/ Horticulture
- Create or improve a school garden
- Grow native plants for students to plant
- Eat food from a/the garden at least X times per week
- Try at least one new food from the garden
- Green-building, Building Greening
- Use blinds in a way that conserves power consumption
- Transition to a more energy efficient system of lights as less efficient models burn out
- Plant a tree to shade the south side of my house/class/school
- Install/ask parents to install low-flow shower heads
- Green Spaces/ Conservation
- Adopt a…road, river, park!
- Volunteer for a local conservation group or environmental restoration project
- Raise money to purchase renewable AND sustainable power!
- Turn off lights whenever I leave the room
- Turn off monitor/computer accessories/ when I leave the room for a long period and at the end of every day
- Food and Health
- Buy local one more time per week – at farmers market, restaurant, etc.
- Give up fast food, or limit to once per month
- Not use disposable water bottles and ban them from the classroom, offer washable mason jars near a water fountain for students who forget to bring a bottle that day.
- Eat one more serving of fresh fruits and vegetables each day
- Only run dishwasher and washing machine when full, use recommended settings (cool or cold water for front end loaders is preferred for most detergents now)
- Wash dishes using a dish tub and only run the water when rinsing
- Limit or stop use of lawn chemicals, especially in places it can run or leach into ground water or storm drains with precipitation events
- Turn off faucet when brushing teeth, shaving, lathering hands, etc.
- Carpool once/one more time per week
- Drive only when necessary and use human-powered forms of transportation whenever possible
- Use alternative transportation one more time per week
- Waste Stream
- Research and learn about WHAT is recyclable where you live
- Recycle as much as you can
- Educate your family and friends on how and what to recycle
- Use both sides of paper, and keep a bin at the printer for scrap and reprints
- Start a compost pile or worm bin
- Encourage school-wide participation and at-home participation
- Consider the products you use every day – are they available in bulk or is there a way to use less packaging?
- Re-consider body wash vs. bar soap
Links to Inspiring Pledges:
Green Education Foundation Pledge
University of Washington Pledge
Emory Sustainability Pledge
Tips to Create Permanent Changes
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Sequestering atmospheric carbon through natural means
Climate change remains a hotly debated topic. But a scientific fact not up for dispute is the pronounced spike in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere over the past two centuries.
There's a building urgency to find solutions that can manage/reverse that spike -- a process known as carbon sequestration. But how to do that on a planetary scale? It's a massive predicament. And most of the 'solutions' being proposed are technologically unproven, prohibitively costly and/or completely impractical.
Enter carbon farming. It uses nature-based farming practices to park gigatons of carbon in the soil, rebuild soil health and complexity, and revitalize the nutrient density of the foods that we eat. It is quite likely the only practical -- and best -- way to sequester carbon at massive scale, as well as reap a multitude of by-product benefits.
In this week's podcast, field ecologist and agriforestry specialist Connor Stedman explains the science behind the carbon farming process:
For the last few million years of the Earth’s history, when there’s been this cycle of glaciers advancing and receding in the northern hemisphere, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has gone between about 180 parts per million and 280 parts per million. That is the band in which all of human history has happened, up until the last 200 or 300 years.
Now the concentration of carbon dioxide is about 407 parts per million, almost 50% higher than the upper end of that historical normal. Carbon dioxide is one of a number of greenhouse gases that hold heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, rather than it being fully reflected back out into space
To give you an image of the numbers involved here, to get down from 407 parts per million to 350 parts per million, we would have to remove at least 130 billion tons of carbon from the atmosphere and put it somewhere, plus zero net emissions beyond that. And because going to zero net emissions globally is not what’s going to happen, we’re going to have to take out quite a bit more than 130 billion tons. Most people are estimating between—even with rapid de-carbonization -- between 200 and 250 billion tons of carbon are going to have to be stored somehow.
Often when you read in the news about carbon sequestration, the main way it’s talked about is through geoengineering schemes and technologies. These include things like seeding clouds to increase the Earth’s albedo, the Earth’s reflective effect, so that more heat is reflected back into space. Or seeding the oceans with iron so that more carbon is stored in sea water. Or inventing nanomachines that would pull carbon out of the atmosphere and turn it into plastics directly. Or sucking carbon out of the atmosphere and putting it in deep geologic structures. Or even more fanciful things like huge arrays of panels orbiting the Earth reflecting sunlight back out into space. It’s really wild, some of the things that are being talked about.
There are a few different problems with these geoengineering proposals. One of them is that they’re enormously expensive, in the many billions or even trillions of dollars. Another one is that most of them rely on totally unproven technology. I mean, this is like cold nuclear fusion category speculation in a lot of cases. And the third one is that they don’t address any other human problems. They’re a way for some of the people who have gotten very wealthy off of our current crisis to continue getting very wealthy off of the solution for it.
So, the big thought behind carbon farming is that we already have the technology needed to accomplish that level of sequestration. And it’s sequestration into ecosystems and land rather than into technological forms. And it’s sequestration using trees and wetlands and soil and living things that people have been working with for all of human history, rather than requiring a cutting-edge breakthrough.
And also, that carbon farming systems have the potential to address a lot of other human needs as well at the same time: needs around food security; needs around other forms of climate security, like resilience from flooding, resilience from drought and heat waves; and just a lot of other things that come with more biodiversity and more intensified and diverse food production.
Click the play button below to listen to Chris' interview with Connor
Article by Adam Taggart, Peak Prosperity
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To the average person, the Lampe Gras may appear unremarkable. Dorm rooms and work spaces around the world have enjoyed the light thrown by it or one of its hundreds of knock-offs for nearly a century, so it’s easy to underestimate it. Nonetheless, this deceptively humble lamp is nothing short of historical.
The Birth of Lighting Design
Bernard-Albin Gras (1886-1943) had no aspirations to greatness; he was simply an engineer and prolific inventor who saw problems and tried to solve them.
Electric light, though increasingly popular, seemed chained to forms born from the traditions of flame-based light. As a result, electric lamps were usually inconvenient, cumbersome, and/or dangerous.
Gras’ solution was simple, elegant, and, above all, useful: metal-armature-based table lamps, floor lamps, and desk lamps that could be adapted to a space and then, within the space, easily adjusted to suit one’s needs.
This dynamic purity of function led to awards, such as the gold medal in the Lépine Competition of Inventions, but, more than that, served as the first true instance of lighting design, ie. a lamp whose beauty was a product of its functionality. Moreover, this unison of form and function is what turned it into a phenomenon.
An Accidental Paradigm
Modernism had been growing as a movement for decades by the time the Lampe Gras was patented in 1921, and many modernist architects took an early interest in the Lampe Gras, using it extensively in both their studios and their designs. Perhaps most notable among them was famous Swiss-French architect, Le Corbusier, who championed the Lampe Gras, and held it up as an archetype of his own philosophy.
Le Corbusier sought a sense of harmony in design, with his ideal being objects that were “perfectly convenient, perfectly usable, and whose genuine luxury flatters our minds and exudes the elegance of their design, the purity of their execution, and the efficiency of their services. They are so finely elaborated they feel harmonious and this harmony is enough to fill us with satisfaction.” To Le Corbusier, the Lampe Gras was such a device.
There is no element of the Lampe Gras that does not serve a purpose, yet it is this austerity that gives it a sense of sleek elegance: its form and function are harmonious. Moreover, by defying the capriciousness of style, it transcended it. Unfortunately, that also became its downfall.
All Good Things…
As years passed, Ravel SA—the company that manufactured the Lampe Gras—made no substantial alterations to the Lampe Gras. Nonetheless, tastes changed. Technology developed. Competitors entered the market. Supply-chain companies stopped producing necessary parts. Eventually, sales began to falter.
At last, faced with the choice between discontinuing the Lampe Gras and spending money to update it to current safety and design standards—while demand was already dwindling in the face of increased competition—Ravel chose to end production in 1970.
Everything Old is New
In 1970, changing standards and tastes led to production of the Lampe Gras ending after fifty years. Leading the Lampe Gras to be forgotten by some, and treasured by others. Countless installations were scrapped by over-eager renovators in favour of more decorative lighting fixtures, even as a community of devoted collectors began to grow.
Original Lampes Gras became hugely sought after, and knock-offs could only do so much to sate demand. Fortunately, in 2008, a new company called DCWéditions heard opportunity knocking…
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| Growing Neem Indoors |
Answered by: Conrad Richter
Question from: Suzanne J
Posted on: April 6, 1998
I have ordered a neem plant from you and would like detailed instructions for growing it in a "glass room" (conservatory) with 55 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit night temperature and flucuating warmer day temperature, typical Vancouver weather conditions.
Neem is a tree from India and Africa. It requires full sun, and room for the roots to grow. The temperature range is fine. Give it occasional feedings with organic fertilizer. Over the winter months, when the plant is likely to be semi-dormant, hold off on the fertilizer and take extra care not to overwater. During the summer you can set the pot outdoors (but do not plant it in the ground).
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"The Condition of Latinos in Education: 2015 Factbook"
A new report from Excelencia in Education, which advocates higher educational achievement for Latinos, dispels the perception that most Latino students are English-language learners.
Among students ages 5 to 17, the report found that 84 percent who speak a language other than English at home speak English with no difficulty.
Latinos represent the fastest-growing segment of all students in U.S. public schools, representing 24 percent of public school enrollment in 2011, the report found.
From 2003 to 2013, the high school dropout rate for Latino students, as a group, fell by nearly half, and they showed marked improvement on the National Assessment of Educational Progress in reading and mathematics for elementary and high school students.
Vol. 34, Issue 20, Page 5Published in Print: February 4, 2015, as Diverse Students
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The exhibition will feature two very talented Edwardian female illustrators whose work has been largely forgotten. Alice Bolingbroke Woodward was the first illustrator of the story of Peter Pan. She illustrated many books for Blackie & Sons and for George Bell between 1895 and the 1930s including a new edition of Alice in Wonderland. The exhibition has been designed around 19 of the original watercolour drawings from her Peter Pan and includes 7 watercolours from Alice.
Edith Farmiloe was the wife of a vicar who had parishes first in Soho and then in Hackney and between 1895 and 1909 she wrote and illustrated stories based on the lives of the children from the mostly very poor families who lived in her husband’s parishes. Self-taught, she had a natural affinity with the children’s world. Rather than satirizing them as other contemporary artists did, she shared their joys and humours, jealousies and kindnesses, and all the other quick emotions that make up the drama of childhood.
The exhibition of work by these two independent-minded women artists will coincide with the centenary of the Representation of the People Act of 1918.
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Health systems in low and middle income countries continue to face considerable challenges in providing high-quality, affordable and universally accessible care – this is primarily evident in rural areas. As of 2014, approximately 876.1 million people live in rural areas within India with poor access to primary healthcare. This amounts to more than two-thirds of the total population.
As a result, programme implementers, donors, research institutes are investigating innovative ways to eliminate the geographic and financial barriers to health. From this, there has been an increased interest in the potential of e-health and m-health (mobile use of technology for health, a subset of e-health) in low and middle income countries.
E-health makes use of developments in computer technology and telecommunications to deliver health information and services more effectively and efficiently. The George Institute has developed a mobile based system, SMARTHealth, as a point of care, clinical decision support (CDS) tool. This tool has been developed to help primary healthcare workers improve optimal blood pressure (BP) control in high risk individuals and provide high quality healthcare by a low cost re-engineered workforce.
The mobile system will assist non-physician health workers such as accredited social health care activists (ASHA) and doctors in managing and assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) within Indian rural communities. Furthermore, the capabilities of current healthcare workers will be broadened by providing them with the appropriate equipment to monitor and measure CVD risk within these communities.
The mobile system is able to show the patient their risk of CVD through a visual projection meter built within the app. The patient’s age, gender, cholesterol level, systolic blood pressure (BP), and behavioural risks is entered into the mobile system to estimate the patient’s risk of developing CVD. The mobile system transmits the patient information to a secure server for storage in a database that is accessible to local investigators and sites. Additionally, the system allows patients to access their personal healthcare information from their phone. This may encourage patients to change their behavioural risk factors of CVD (e.g. adhering to their medication, stop smoking and drinking).
SMARTHealth’s primary outcome is to determine whether the application of a mobile based system in rural areas will reduce death, disability and catastrophic healthcare expenditure. The mobile system has expanded over 50 villages in rural India – home to over 200,000 people. This system will incorporate new technologies designed to provide ASHAs with patient-specific information to guide their appraisal, referral and treatment.
In rural areas where there is limited resources, prioritising high-risk patients for a BP lowering treatment can be a highly cost-efficient approach. Over the next few years, the SMARTHealth application in India is expected to deliver major improvements in access to quality affordable healthcare for people with high BP and are at risk of CVD. Currently wireless networks now reach over 80% of India’s population; therefore, SMARTHealth has the potential to revolutionise the delivery of essential healthcare to those who previously had little or no access.
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Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes ANTIOXIDANTS; FOOD PRESERVATIVES; FOOD COLORING AGENTS; FLAVORING AGENTS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS (both plain and LOCAL); VEHICLES; EXCIPIENTS and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are PHARMACEUTIC AIDS when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods.Food Coloring Agents: Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods.Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods.Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.Aspartame: Flavoring agent sweeter than sugar, metabolized as PHENYLALANINE and ASPARTIC ACID.Cinnamomum zeylanicum: The tree which is known for its bark which is sold as cinnamon. The oil contains about 65-80% cinnamaldehyde and 10% EUGENOL and many TERPENES.Food: Any substances taken in by the body that provide nourishment.Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.Food Labeling: Use of written, printed, or graphic materials upon or accompanying a food or its container or wrapper. The concept includes ingredients, NUTRITIONAL VALUE, directions, warnings, and other relevant information.Butylated Hydroxyanisole: Mixture of 2- and 3-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenols that is used as an antioxidant in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.Cyclamates: Salts and esters of cyclamic acid.Food Irradiation: Treatment of food with RADIATION.Amaranth Dye: A sulfonic acid-based naphthylazo dye used as a coloring agent for foodstuffs and medicines and as a dye and chemical indicator. It was banned by the FDA in 1976 for use in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)Legislation, Food: Laws and regulations concerned with industrial processing and marketing of foods.Morganella morganii: A species of MORGANELLA formerly classified as a Proteus species. It is found in the feces of humans, dogs, other mammals, and reptiles. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)Aldrin: A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)Food Analysis: Measurement and evaluation of the components of substances to be taken as FOOD.Perfume: A substance, extract, or preparation for diffusing or imparting an agreeable or attractive smell, especially a fluid containing fragrant natural oils extracted from flowers, woods, etc., or similar synthetic oils. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)Food Handling: Any aspect of the operations in the preparation, processing, transport, storage, packaging, wrapping, exposure for sale, service, or delivery of food.Food Contamination: The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.Drug Residues: Drugs and their metabolites which are found in the edible tissues and milk of animals after their medication with specific drugs. This term can also apply to drugs found in adipose tissue of humans after drug treatment.United States Food and Drug Administration: An agency of the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE concerned with the overall planning, promoting, and administering of programs pertaining to maintaining standards of quality of foods, drugs, therapeutic devices, etc.Sweetening Agents: Substances that sweeten food, beverages, medications, etc., such as sugar, saccharine or other low-calorie synthetic products. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)Phosphorus, Dietary: Phosphorus used in foods or obtained from food. This element is a major intracellular component which plays an important role in many biochemical pathways relating to normal physiological functions. High concentrations of dietary phosphorus can cause nephrocalcinosis which is associated with impaired kidney function. Low concentrations of dietary phosphorus cause an increase in calcitriol in the blood and osteoporosis.Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.Butylated Hydroxytoluene: A di-tert-butyl PHENOL with antioxidant properties.Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.Food Supply: The production and movement of food items from point of origin to use or consumption.Anisoles: A group of compounds that are derivatives of methoxybenzene and contain the general formula R-C7H7O.Consumer Product SafetyCalcium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain calcium as an integral part of the molecule.Carrageenan: A water-soluble extractive mixture of sulfated polysaccharides from RED ALGAE. Chief sources are the Irish moss CHONDRUS CRISPUS (Carrageen), and Gigartina stellata. It is used as a stabilizer, for suspending COCOA in chocolate manufacture, and to clarify BEVERAGES.Food Preferences: The selection of one food over another.Drug Hypersensitivity: Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.Food Habits: Acquired or learned food preferences.Food Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.
Food Additives - Android app on AppBrainToday's food is full of additives. Are they dangerous? Our app helps you find the answer. Try it, it's free! This... ... additives adverse allergic allows alternative asthma can code dangerous description food groups harmless hyperactive ... Today's food is full of additives. Are they dangerous?. Our app helps you find the answer. Try it, it's free!. This app is the ... Today's food is full of additives. Are they dangerous?. Our app helps you find the answer. Try it, it's free!. This app is the ...
Food additives that will make you squirmThe Doctors talk show discusses harmful additives and chemicals found in foods like hamburgers, chicken, and vanilla ice cream ... and get the full scoop on what's really in your food, including a list of additives often found on food labels. Read on for ... Food additives that will make you squirm. Feb 27, 2012. by Karen Miner ... Harmful additives and questionable preparation processes have long been a hot topic of discussion in the food world, but how ...
food additives - Organic AuthorityThe 5 Worst Food Additives Ever. Food Additives. Say that ten times fast and the absurdity becomes even more obvious. If ... Organic Advocacy Group Urges FDA to Remove Controversial Additive from Food Supply. In 2012, the Food and Drug Administration ... 6 Dangerous Food Additives Poisoning Your Fare. They lie in wait, more than happy to do a number on your insides when you least ... Subtract Food Additives from your Diet with This Mobile Phone App. While concerned consumers may still be the minority when it ...
658. Arsenic (WHO Food Additives Series 24)Food Additives and Contaminants, 4, No.1, pp. 89-102. Fowler, B.A. (editor) (1983). Biological and environmental effects of ... See Also: Toxicological Abbreviations Arsenic (EHC 18, 1981) Arsenic (ICSC) Arsenic (WHO Food Additives Series 18) ARSENIC ( ... Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (1982). Survey of arsenic in food, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London. ... seventh reports of The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (Annex 1, references 13 and 62). It was concluded at ...
Federal Register :: Indirect Food Additives: Adjuvants, Production Aids, and Sanitizers... is amending the food additive regulations to provide for the safe use of tetradecanoic acid, lithium salt as a stabilizer for ... polypropylene and certain polypropylene copolymers intended for use in contact with food. This action is in response to a ...
795. Beta-Cyclodextrin (WHO Food Additives Series 32)... food colours and some vitamins. Intake of -cyclodextrin from use as a food additive has been estimated at 1-1.4 g/day. Other ... Cyclodextrin has not been reviewed previously by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. 2. BIOLOGICAL DATA 2.1 ... See Also: Toxicological Abbreviations beta-Cyclodextrin (WHO Food Additives Series 35) beta-CYCLODEXTRIN (JECFA Evaluation) ... Food consumption was reduced in all treated male groups between weeks 18 and 24, body weight gain was reduced in males of the ...
555. Acesulfame potassium (WHO Food Additives Series 18)WHO Food Additives Series 16) Acesulfame potassium (WHO Food Additives Series 28) ACESULFAME POTASSIUM (JECFA Evaluation) ... ACESULFAME POTASSIUM* Explanation Acesulfame K was evaluated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives in 1981 ( ... REFERENCES Clauss (1981) Model experiments aimed at detecting possible reactions of Acesulfame K with constituents of food. ... model food constituents, ethanol, sorbitol, glycine, alanine, glutamic acid, phenyl alanine or n-butylamine, in acetate buffer ...
244. Propylene glycol alginate (WHO Food Additives Series 1)WHO Food Additives Series 5) Propylene glycol alginate (WHO Food Additives Series 32) PROPYLENE GLYCOL ALGINATE (JECFA ... WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION WHO Food Additives Series 1972, No. 1 TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF SOME ENZYMES, MODIFIED STARCHES AND ... Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives which met in Rome, 16-24 June 19711 World Health Organization Geneva 1972 1 ... Fifteenth Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., 1972, No. 488; FAO ...
21 CFR Part 177 - INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: POLYMERS | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute379e - Listing and certification of color additives for foods, drugs, devices, and cosmetics ... Subpart B - Substances for Use as Basic Components of Single and Repeated Use Food Contact Surfaces (§§ 177.1010 - 177.2000) ...
342. Food-grade mineral oil (WHO Food Additives Series 5)med. Bull., 14, 132 Council on White Mineral Oil (1961) Food Additive Petition 302 to US Food and Drug Administration dated 21 ... Food Additives, Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., 1974, No. 539; FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, 1974, No. 53. FOOD-GRADE ... additives including anticaking agents, antimicrobials, antioxidants, emulsifiers and thickening agents WHO FOOD ADDITIVES ... particularly in food of plant origin, the use of food-grade mineral oil in food technology and the medicinal use of this ...
800. Annex 1 (WHO Food Additives Series 32)ANNEX 1 Reports and other documents resulting from previous meetings of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives 1. General principles governing the use of food additives (First report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 15, 1958; WHO Technical Report Series, No. 129, 1957 (out of print). 2. Procedures for the testing of intentional food additives to establish their safety for use (Second report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 17, 1958; WHO Technical Report Series, No. 144, 1958 (out of print). 3. Specifications for identity and purity of food additives (antimicrobial preservatives and antioxidants) (Third report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on ...
378. Patent blue V (WHO Food Additives Series 6)INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF SOME FOOD COLOURS, ENZYMES, FLAVOUR ENHANCERS, THICKENING AGENTS, AND CERTAIN FOOD ADDITIVES WHO FOOD ADDITIVES SERIES 6 The evaluations contained in this publication were prepared by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives which met in Rome, 4-13 June 19741 World Health Organization Geneva 1975 1 Eighteenth Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Wld Hlth Org. techn. Rep. Ser., 1974, No. 557. FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, 1974, No. 54. PATENT BLUE V Explanation This compound has been evaluated for acceptable daily intake by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (see Annex 1, Refs Nos 10 and 20) in 1964 and 1969. Since the previous evaluation additional data have become ...
951. Sulfites (WHO Food Additives Series 42)INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION SAFETY EVALUATION OF CERTAIN FOOD ADDITIVES WHO FOOD ADDITIVES SERIES: 42 Prepared by the Fifty-first meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) World Health Organization, Geneva, 1999 IPCS - International Programme on Chemical Safety EVALUATION OF NATIONAL ASSESSMENTS OF INTAKE OF SULFITES First draft prepared by Dr Michael DiNovi Division of Product Manufacture and Use, Office of Premarket Approval (HFS-246), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition United States Food and Drug Administration Washington DC, United States 1. INTRODUCTION The Committee assessed the intake of sulfur dioxide and related compounds, including calcium, potassium, and sodium hydrogen sulfite, calcium, potassium, and sodium metabisulfite, calcium, potassium, and sodium sulfite, and sodium ...
food additive - BAOMOI.COM - Hotest newsfood additive,food additive - (VOV) - UBM Asia announced on March 24 that it is organising a food additive trade fair - Fi-Vietnam 2015 - in HCM City this coming May 20-22. - Hotest news
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Looking Back to Look Forward: A Review of FDA's Food Additives Safety Assessment and Recommendations for Modernizing its...In an effort to understand the origin of the current controversies and criticisms about the safety evaluation of chemical additives to food, we looked at the only available structured analysis of the science and decision making used in food additives safety: the 1982 SCOGS final report.. We found that, although FDA acted on some of SCOGS' suggestions, a significant portion remains unresolved.. The analysis presented here and the research we conducted during the last few years led us to conclude that FDA's food additives program has, in several respects, not kept pace with the scientific developments of the last 20 y. Although it is difficult to pinpoint the origin of the situation, we believe the key point was in 1997, when the agency proposed the voluntary GRAS notification program (FDA 1997).. Under the GRAS notification program, FDA's role fundamentally changed: it shifted from one of a "judge" making ...
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China Sell 99.5% USP Food Additive Pullulan 9057-02-7 Photos & Pictures - Made-in-china.comSell 99.5% USP Food Additive Pullulan 9057-02-7 picture from Shanghai Yijing Industrial Co., Ltd. view photo of Pullulan, Pullulan Powder, Pullulan Raw Powder.Contact China Suppliers for More Products and Price.
Sometimes, Food Additives Are Pretty Innocuous | KUERTranscript NEAL CONAN, HOST: This is TALK OF THE NATION, from NPR News. I'm Neal Conan. Remember the months-long controversy over pink slime? By now,
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Food Additive Xanthan Gum Thickener E415 Zanthan Gum/农业Package: packed in kraft bags or carton drums of 25kgs net weight each, with PE inner. on pallets, 18MT/ 1FCL. Shelf life: validity 24 months sealed and stored in dry cool palce. Delivery time : prompt delivery after receiving irrevocable documentry L/C at sight, or 30% advance payment by T/T 70% balance payment against B/L date. Payment terms: payment by irrevocable documentry L/C at sight, or 30% advance payment by T/T 70% balance payment against B/L date. ...
Food Additives | Healthynewage.comNeotame is a chemical substance created by chemists from Monsanto-now produced by NutraSweet-as an artificial food and drink sweetener or flavor enhancer. Neotame is created using aspartame-a known neurotoxin-and adding 3-dimethylbutyl, a compound classified by the Environmental Protection Agency as hazardous. As with aspartame, neotame metabolizes formaldehyde and other nerve …. Read More » ...
9 Food Additives That May Affect ADHD - HealthHere's a list of additives that may aggravate ADHD symptoms, although none (with the exception of Yellow 5) has been studied alone in humans.
The 9 Scariest Food Additives You're Eating Right Now | Men's FitnessSome of the so-called healthy snack foods and packaged goods you're tossing into your grocery cart each week may be filled with 'extras' that can, in the long term, put your health at risk.
Visual Nutrients: Indirect Food AdditivesWith my new "Optitopsysmosis" technology, you'll get the nutrients you need! How does this work? Well, a simple explanation is this: when you read (like right now), there is a tiny moment when the words are flying through the air toward your eyes. The pattern of the flying words, if correctly coded using the Optitopsysmosis technology, will allow the individual letters to capture Moleculonutrients and deliver them to your body via the eyes. So please, read on and enjoy a healthier life!. ...
food additives - SundanceTVHOUSTON, Texas, July 23, 2008 (ENS) - Chemical engineers at Rice University have developed techniques for converting the waste materials of biodiesel production into chemicals that can be sold at a profit. "Biodiesel producers used to sell their leftover glycerin, but the rapid increase in biodiesel production has left them paying to get rid of…. ...
E350 (food additive): E350 is an EU recognised food additive. It comes in two forms,Caramel: Caramel ( or ) is a beige to dark-brown confectionery product made by heating a variety of sugars. It can be used as a flavoring in puddings and desserts, as a filling in bonbons, or as a topping for ice cream and custard.Preservative: A preservative is a substance that is added to products such as foods, pharmaceuticals, paints, biological samples, wood, beverages etc. to prevent decomposition by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes.Sunkist (soft drink): Sunkist is a brand of primarily orange flavored soft drinks launched in 1979.AspartameArchips seditiosa: Archips seditiosa is a moth of the Tortricidae family. It is found in western Malaysia and Java.Banquet Foods: Banquet Foods is a subsidiary of ConAgra Foods that sells various food products, including frozen pre-made entrées, meals, and desserts.Health claims on food labels: Health claims on food labels are claims by manufacturers of food products that their food will reduce the risk of developing a disease or condition. For example, it is claimed by the manufacturers of oat cereals that oat bran can reduce cholesterol, which will lower the chances of developing serious heart conditions.Butylated hydroxyanisoleAssugrinPublic Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response ActFood contact materials: Food contact materials are materials that are intended to be in contact with food. These can be things that are quite obvious like a glass, a can for soft drinks, but also machinery in a food factory or a coffee machine.Aldrin (disambiguation): Aldrin is a pesticide.Perfume: Perfume ( ; ) is a mixture of fragrant essential oils or aroma compounds, fixatives and solvents used to give the human body, animals, food, objects, and living spaces "a pleasant scent."SAFE FOODSDrugwipe test: The DrugWipe is a test used to wipe surfaces for traces of drug residue. It may also be used for sweat or saliva tests of individuals.IontocaineSweetness: Sweetness is one of the five basic tastes and is universally regarded as a pleasurable experience, except perhaps in excess. Foods rich in simple carbohydrates such as sugar are those most commonly associated with sweetness, although there are other natural and artificial compounds that are sweet at much lower concentrations, allowing their use as non-caloric sugar substitutes.Monosodium phosphateCorn PopsTrifluoroacetic anhydrideFood desert: A food desert is a geographic area where affordable and nutritious food is difficult to obtain, particularly for those without access to an automobile.USDA Defines Food Deserts | American Nutrition Association Some research links food deserts to diet-related health problems and health disparities in affected populations, but this phenomenon has been disputed.AnisoleConsumer Product Safety Act: The Consumer Product Safety Act (CPSA) was enacted in 1972 by the United States Congress. The act established the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as an independent agency of the United States federal government and defined its basic authority.Mineral trioxide aggregate: Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was developed for use as a dental root repair material by Dr. Mahmoud Torabinejad, DMD, MSD, PhD Professor and Director of Advanced Specialty Education Programs in Endodontics at Loma Linda University School of Dentistry and was formulated from commercial Portland cement combined with bismuth oxide powder for radiopacity.Drug allergy
(1/393) A general method for selection of alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase-deficient Lactococcus lactis mutants to improve diacetyl formation.
The enzyme acetolactate decarboxylase (Ald) plays a key role in the regulation of the alpha-acetolactate pool in both pyruvate catabolism and the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids, isoleucine, leucine, and valine (ILV). This dual role of Ald, due to allosteric activation by leucine, was used as a strategy for the isolation of Ald-deficient mutants of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis. Such mutants can be selected as leucine-resistant mutants in ILV- or IV-prototrophic strains. Most dairy lactococcus strains are auxotrophic for the three amino acids. Therefore, the plasmid pMC004 containing the ilv genes (encoding the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of IV) of L. lactis NCDO2118 was constructed. Introduction of pMC004 into ILV-auxotrophic dairy strains resulted in an isoleucine-prototrophic phenotype. By plating the strains on a chemically defined medium supplemented with leucine but not valine and isoleucine, spontaneous leucine-resistant mutants were obtained. These mutants were screened by Western blotting with Ald-specific antibodies for the presence of Ald. Selected mutants lacking Ald were subsequently cured of pMC004. Except for a defect in the expression of Ald, the resulting strain, MC010, was identical to the wild-type strain, as shown by Southern blotting and DNA fingerprinting. The mutation resulting in the lack of Ald in MC010 occurred spontaneously, and the strain does not contain foreign DNA; thus, it can be regarded as food grade. Nevertheless, its application in dairy products depends on the regulation of genetically modified organisms. These results establish a strategy to select spontaneous Ald-deficient mutants from transformable L. lactis strains. (+info)
(2/393) Effects of ionic compositions of the medium on monosodium glutamate binding to taste epithelial cells.
Monosodium glutamate and nucleotides are umami taste substances in animals and have a synergistic effect on each other. We studied the ligand-binding properties of the glutamate receptors in taste epithelial cells isolated from bovine tongue. Specific glutamate binding was observed in an enriched suspension of taste receptor cells in Hanks' balanced salt solution, while no specific glutamate binding was apparent in the absence of divalent ions or when the cells had been depolarized by a high content of potassium in Hanks' balanced salt solution. There was no significant difference between the release of glutamate under depolarized or divalent ion-free conditions and under normal conditions. However, glutamate was easily released from the depolarized cells in the absence of divalent ions. These data suggest that the binding of glutamate to receptors depends on divalent ions, which also have an effect on maintaining binding between glutamate and receptors. (+info)
(3/393) Exposure to exogenous estrogens in food: possible impact on human development and health.
There has been increasing concern about the impact of environmental compounds with hormone-like action on human development and reproductive health over the past decades. An alternative but neglected source of hormone action that may be considered in this connection is hormone residues in meat from husbandry animals treated with sex steroid hormones for growth promotion. Treatment of cattle with naturally occurring or synthetic sex hormones may enhance lean muscle growth and improve feed efficiency and is therefore a very cost effective procedure for cattle producers who have used it for decades in some Western countries, including the USA and Canada. The Joint Food and Agricultural Organisation/World Health Organisation (FAO/WHO) expert committee on food additives (JECFA) and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considered, in 1988, that the residues found in meat from treated animals were safe for the consumers. We have re-evaluated the JECFA conclusions regarding the safety of estradiol residues in meat in the light of recent scientific data, with special emphasis on estradiol levels in prepubertal children. These levels are needed for estimates of the normal daily production rates of estradiol in children, who may be particularly sensitive to low levels of estradiol. In our opinion, the conclusions by JECFA concerning the safety of hormone residues in meat seem to be based on uncertain assumptions and inadequate scientific data. Our concerns can be summarized as follows. 1) The data on residue levels in meat were based on studies performed in the 1970's and 1980's using radioimmunoassay (RIA) methods available at the time. The sensitivity of the methods was generally inadequate to measure precisely the low levels found in animal tissues, and considerable variation between different RIA methods for measuring steroids exists. Therefore the reported residue levels may be subject to considerable uncertainty. 2) Only limited information on the levels of the various metabolites of the steroids was given despite the fact that metabolites also may have biological activity. 3) Reliable data on daily production rates of steroid hormones were and are still lacking in healthy prepubertal children. This lack is crucial as previous guidelines regarding acceptable levels of steroid residues in edible animal tissues have been based on very questionable estimates of production rates in children. Thus, even today the US FDA bases its guidelines on the presumably highly overestimated production rates in prepubertal children given in the JECFA 1988 report. 4) The possible biological significance of very low levels of estradiol is neglected. In conclusion, based on our current knowledge possible adverse effects on human health by consumption of meat from hormone-treated animals cannot be excluded. (+info)
(4/393) Inulin and oligofructose: what are they?
Inulin is a term applied to a heterogeneous blend of fructose polymers found widely distributed in nature as plant storage carbohydrates. Oligofructose is a subgroup of inulin, consisting of polymers with a degree of polymerization (DP) =10. Inulin and oligofructose are not digested in the upper gastrointestinal tract; therefore, they have a reduced caloric value. They stimulate the growth of intestinal bifidobacteria. They do not lead to a rise in serum glucose or stimulate insulin secretion. Several commercial grades of inulin are available that have a neutral, clean flavor and are used to improve the mouthfeel, stability and acceptability of low fat foods. Oligofructose has a sweet, pleasant flavor and is highly soluble. It can be used to fortify foods with fiber without contributing any deleterious organoleptic effects, to improve the flavor and sweetness of low calorie foods and to improve the texture of fat-reduced foods. Inulin and oligofructose possess several functional and nutritional properties, which may be used to formulate innovative healthy foods for today's consumer. (+info)
(5/393) Inulin and oligofructose: safe intakes and legal status.
Inulin and oligofructose are a significant part of the daily diet of most of the world's population. Daily intakes for the U.S. and Europe have been estimated at up to 10 g, specifically 1-4 g for the 97th percentile in the U.S. Because both inulin and oligofructose are macroingredients, it is difficult to apply classical toxicology tests. Although some high dose animal tests have been performed, none have revealed any toxic effects. The safety of inulin and oligofructose for use in foods was evaluated by many legal authorities worldwide. As a result, both inulin and oligofructose are accepted in most countries as food ingredients that can be used without restrictions in food formulations. In the U.S., a panel of experts performed a generally accepted as safe (GRAS) Self-Affirmation Evaluation in 1992 and concluded similarly. At high doses, increased flatulence and osmotic pressure can cause intestinal discomfort. These doses vary widely from person to person and also depend on the type of food in which inulin or oligofructose is incorporated. With regard to labeling, both inulin and oligofructose are gradually being accepted as "dietary fibers" in most countries around the world. The mention of their "bifidogenic effect" on food labels has also been legally accepted in several countries. (+info)
(6/393) Inositol phosphates with different numbers of phosphate groups influence iron absorption in humans.
BACKGROUND: Inositol hexaphosphate (IP(6)) is a well-known inhibitor of iron absorption, whereas the effects of the less-phosphorylated derivatives of IP(6) are less known. OBJECTIVES: The objective was to investigate the effects of inositol tri-, tetra-, and pentaphosphates (IP(3), IP(4), and IP(5), respectively) on iron absorption in humans. DESIGN: Iron absorption was measured in 5 experiments from single meals by extrinsic labeling with (55)Fe and (59)Fe and determination of whole-body retention and the erythrocyte uptake of isotopes. In experiments 1-3 the meals contained white-wheat rolls to which 10 mg P as IP(5), IP(4), or IP(3), respectively, was added. Inositol 1,2,6-triphosphate [Ins(1,2, 6)P(3)] and a mixture of isomers of IP(4) and IP(5) were studied. White-wheat rolls contained 10 mg P as IP(3) + IP(4) and 2 mg P as IP(5) + IP(6) in experiment 4 and 20 mg P as IP(3) + IP(4) and 3 mg P as IP(5) + IP(6) in experiment 5; inositol phosphates were obtained via fermentation of sodium phytate. Each experiment had 8-11 subjects. RESULTS: In experiment 1, iron absorption was reduced by 39%, whereas there was no significant effect on iron absorption in experiments 2 and 3. In experiments 4 and 5, iron absorption was reduced by 54% and 64%, respectively, suggesting that IP(3) and IP(4) contributed to the inhibitory effect. CONCLUSIONS: IP(5) has an inhibitory effect on iron absorption, whereas IP(3) and IP(4) in isolated form have no such effect. IP(3) and IP(4) in processed food contribute to the negative effect on iron absorption, presumably by binding iron between different inositol phosphates. To improve iron absorption from cereals and legumes, degradation of inositol phosphates needs to be to less-phosphorylated inositol phosphates than IP(3). (+info)
(7/393) Changes in thyroid function during development of thyroid hyperplasia induced by kojic acid in F344 rats.
To clarify the mechanism of tumorigenesis by kojic acid (KA), dose and time dependence of iodine uptake in the thyroid gland and serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormone levels were investigated in F344 rats fed a diet containing 2% KA. After 4 weeks, thyroid hyperplasia was apparent in males, associated with a decrease in (125)I uptake into the thyroid gland to only 3% of that in controls. The serum triiodothyronine (T(3)) and thyroxine (T(4)) levels dropped to 0.36 ng/ml, 1.7 micrograms/dl from the initial values of 0.61 ng/ml, 4.0 micrograms/dl and TSH increased seven times to 15 ng/ml. In females, the effects on thyroid weight and (125)I uptake were less prominent, although the changes in serum T(3), T(4) and TSH levels were similar to those in males. Time-dependent changes in serum T(3), T(4) and TSH levels correlated with the inhibition of iodine uptake in the thyroid. Inhibition of organic iodine formation was only observed after 3 weeks treatment. On return to the control diet, normal serum T(3), T(4) and TSH levels became evident within 48 h in both sexes. These data suggest that KA interrupts thyroid function, primarily by inhibiting iodine intake, consequently causing a decrease in serum T(3) and T(4). Increased TSH from the pituitary gland in turn stimulates thyroid hyperplasia, which is reversible on withdrawal of KA. (+info)
(8/393) Occupational IgE sensitisation to phytase, a phosphatase derived from Aspergillus niger.
OBJECTIVE: Phytase is a phosphatase derived from Aspergillus niger that enhances phosphate bioavailability in the gut, and therefore has been increasingly used as an animal feed additive since the early 1990s. The aim of this study was to assess whether work related respiratory symptoms among workers in a so called premix factory producing animal feed additives, could be due to type I (mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) allergic sensitisation to phytase. METHODS: Preparations of specific IgE against phytase as used in the factory were assessed by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in serum samples of 11 exposed workers who regularly handled the enzyme, in 11 office and laboratory workers of the same plant (non-exposed internal controls), and in 19 laboratory animal workers as external controls. The factory workers also completed a questionnaire on common and work related respiratory symptoms. RESULTS: Depending on the cut off level in the EIA for IgE, and the preparation used as coated allergen, antiphytase sensitisation was found in one to four of the 19 external controls, in one to five of the 11 internal controls, and in four to 10 of the 11 exposed workers. Strongest IgE reactions were found in four exposed workers who reported work related respiratory symptoms, particularly wheezing, and in one internal control who possibly had become sensitised because the structure of the factory building did not preclude airborne exposure in the offices and corridors of the plant. Experiments with inhibition EIA for IgE showed that (a) phytase of another commercial source was only partially cross reactive with phytase as used in the premix factory, and (b) phytase used as an animal feed additive did not cross react with common mould extracts, except for extracts from the species of origin, Aspergillus niger. The amount of IgE binding phytase in Aspergillus niger was estimated to be between 0.1% and 1% of the extractable mould proteins. CONCLUSIONS: Phytase is a potentially important new occupational allergen causing specific IgE immune responses among exposed workers. Such IgE sensitisation could probably be the cause of work related asthmatic and other respiratory symptoms if no effective measures are taken to prevent airborne occupational exposure at sites where phytase is handled, particularly during addition of enzyme preparations to animal feed. (+info)
- So here they are: preservatives and sweeteners, food colorings or taste enhancers, unveiled! (appbrain.com)
- Evidence found, showed that natural food dyes were used by ancient Romans and Egyptians. (hubpages.com)
- A comprehensive list of dyes in food products can be found at the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy . (health.com)
- Color additives are categorized as either dyes or lakes. (precisionnutrition.com)
- All of these, by the way, are legal "natural" food dyes. (precisionnutrition.com)
- With the advent of industrial processing, many food dyes were originally synthesized from coal tar, a carcinogen. (precisionnutrition.com)
- Each year, about 15 million pounds of synthetic dyes go into the U.S. food supply (well, the "processed" U.S. food supply). (precisionnutrition.com)
- Thus, various food dyes in a single processed food could lead to more potent carcinogenicity. (precisionnutrition.com)
- There are still nine food dyes permitted by the FDA. (precisionnutrition.com)
- 1. Food color - Artificial food colors, also known as food dyes, are found in soda, salad dressings and some fruit juices. (updatedtrends.com)
- Although there is no specific evidence of danger (Studies performed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration have been limited and inconclusive, see Precision Nutrition blog "All About Food Color Additives" by Ryan Andrews), they could prove to be quite harmful. (hubpages.com)
- FOOD-GRADE MINERAL OIL Explanation This substance has been evaluated for acceptable daily intake by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (see Annex 1, Ref. No. 23) in 1970. (inchem.org)
- Any substance not normally consumed as a food in itself and not normally used as a characteristic ingredient of food, whether or not it has nutritive value. (precisionnutrition.com)
- Some of the ingredients in the foods we eat everyday may surprise you. (sheknows.com)
- To avoid foods with additives and chemicals, The Doctors program suggests buying products with fewer ingredients that don't contain words you can't pronounce. (sheknows.com)
- Unlike other conferences within the industry, this event allows those involved in either the food packaging or food ingredients supply chain to come together to discuss and hear about all the pressing different issues facing both sides of the food industry. (flexpack.org)
- Most studies of a possible link analyzed blends of additives, not single ingredients, making it difficult to find a culprit. (health.com)
- Harmful additives and questionable preparation processes have long been a hot topic of discussion in the food world, but how many of us really know the details? (sheknows.com)
- They contain aspartame, which is reportedly carcinogenic and can be more harmful than other foods and food additives. (updatedtrends.com)
- The monographs contained in the present volume are also issued by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, as FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series, No. 50A (c) FAO and WHO 1972 PROPYLENE GLYCOL ALGINATE Biological data Biochemical aspects In vitro hydrolysis by simulated gastric and intestinal juices shows practically no effect of gastric juice, while intestinal juice hydrolyses 25 per cent. (inchem.org)
- Every nutrition fad comes with its share of diet foods. (medindia.net)
- Intake of -cyclodextrin from use as a food additive has been estimated at 1-1.4 g/day. (inchem.org)
- No adverse effects on weight gain, food intake, were seen and histopathology of various organs demonstrated no significant lesions (Nilson & Wagner, 1951). (inchem.org)
- The small amounts formed are consistent with the calculated intake from food use (47.5 per head per year in the United States of America). (inchem.org)
- Synthetic food colors replaced the naturals in the 19th century because they were less expensive to make and manufacturers were able to exercise greater control over the intensity of flavor and texture. (hubpages.com)
- This is in sharp contrast compared to the beginning of the 19th century, when food options were based on localization and processing techniques were limited to Salting, Curing, Curdling, etc. (thepureway.com)
- A food coloring and the most widely used food dye in the U.S., trumping both Yellow No. 5 and Yellow No. 6. (health.com)
- The third most widely used food dye in the U.S. (health.com)
- Many people have experienced various negative reactions to food additives. (appbrain.com)
- Special studies on the possible reactions of Acesulfame K with food constituents Acesulfame K (1% aqueous solutions) was heated at 100 C with the model food constituents, ethanol, sorbitol, glycine, alanine, glutamic acid, phenyl alanine or n-butylamine, in acetate buffer at pH 5. (inchem.org)
- REFERENCES Clauss (1981) Model experiments aimed at detecting possible reactions of Acesulfame K with constituents of food. (inchem.org)
- Where do food colors come from? (precisionnutrition.com)
- When concerns arose about safety, however, conscientious manufacturers returned to the use of natural foods pigments. (hubpages.com)
- The history list retains the last additives that you searched. (appbrain.com)
- On Monday, February 27th, tune in to The Doctors talk show (check your local listings ) and get the full scoop on what's really in your food, including a list of additives often found on food labels. (sheknows.com)
- Below is a list of the benefits and side effects of some of our frequently used natural food color additives. (hubpages.com)
- Here's a list of additives that may aggravate attention problems, although none (with the exception of Yellow No. 5) has been studied alone in humans. (health.com)
- For a full list of food additives see the FDA site or Health Canada , which has a handy Food Additive Pocket Dictionary - great for when you can't remember the difference between isopropyl alcohol and isobutane. (precisionnutrition.com)
- We humans have a long history of using color additives to make our foods look and taste delicious. (hubpages.com)
- The long-term health effects of eating genetically engineered foods have never been studied in humans. (thepureway.com)
- This food color is made from the red seeds of the Bixa orellana or achiote tree which is native to South America and the Caribbean. (hubpages.com)
- What are food color additives? (precisionnutrition.com)
- In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration divides food color additives into two groups: certified, and exempt from certification. (precisionnutrition.com)
- Why do manufacturers use food color additives? (precisionnutrition.com)
- Manufacturers use color additives to cover up an absence of natural color (e.g. in margarine), offset color loss due to light/air/temperature exposure, and give the product "added value. (precisionnutrition.com)
- See the food color additives on the ingredient panel of Froot Loops? (precisionnutrition.com)
- Since 1955 our consumption of food color additives has increased by five times. (precisionnutrition.com)
- What are the problems with food color additives? (precisionnutrition.com)
- White has long been the symbolic color of clean," explains food industry insider Bruce Bradley, who shares the tricks, traps, and ploys of big food manufacturers on his blog, BruceBradley.com. (thepureway.com)
- Translation: the U.S. eats a lot of processed foods. (precisionnutrition.com)
- The food industry adds it to hundreds of products to make dingy, overly processed items appear white. (thepureway.com)
- This article will highlight the top diet foods that make you fat. (medindia.net)
- Speaking in Nottingham, he singled out the manufacturers of junk foods for criticism. (medindia.net)
- You can search for food additives by E-number, by name or by alternative name(s). (appbrain.com)
- The Food and Drug Administration legally allows 19 maggots and 74 mites in a 3.5-ounce can of mushrooms. (thepureway.com)
- Today's food is full of additives. (appbrain.com)
- We must face the facts, this is what the Modern Day Food Industry has become… Unfortunately, no one can dispute that. (thepureway.com)
- For decades, the food industry has been adding it to certain sodas, juices, and sports drinks including Mountain Dew, Fanta Orange, Sunkist Pineapple, and some Gatorade and PowerAde Flavors. (thepureway.com)
- The food industry has been using food additives since years, as they help enhance the food's appearance and also increase its shelf life. (updatedtrends.com)
- A strong warning was issued by Britain's prime minister to the food industry to curtail the advertising of the products that were not-so- healthy to children or face the risk of a total ban on the promotional ads that target minors. (medindia.net)
- In a broad address on improving public health, Tony Blair warned that in case of the voluntary regulations failing, the food industry would be forced to eliminate unhealthy food advertising to children in 2007. (medindia.net)
- The executives of the advertising and food industry have proposed a package that would do away with cartoon characters and pop band trademarks targeting children below 11 years, and would restrict the advertisements to 30 seconds per hour on the television channels for children. (medindia.net)
- Although the higher price of organic food can deter shoppers, organic meat and poultry is a worthwhile place to put the extra money. (sheknows.com)
- no figure could be arrived at for organic arsenicals in food" (Annex 1, reference 62). (inchem.org)
- Funny, when you use real food, you don't need any of these crazy additives - I think I prefer the read deal. (thepureway.com)
- Read on to become a pro in label reading and don t get tricked by fancy promotions of food product manufacturing companies. (medindia.net)
- You'll find sodium benzoate in abundance in acidic foods. (health.com)
- Find 21865 meaning of food from meaning of food Super Wholesalers & meaning of food Wholesaler Supplier for your sourcing needs from China. (wfpuyang.com)
- When it comes to food additives, there are 4 that you should avoid. (updatedtrends.com)
- Here are few of the food additives which you can avoid, as they can cause severe consequences to health. (updatedtrends.com)
- 2. Trans fat in processed food - Processed food often has trans fat, which increases the shelf life of products, especially the ones which are deep fried. (updatedtrends.com)
- She is a freelance writer, recipe developer and is also the cook, author and photographer behind the food blog, Tasty Trials , a collection of original recipes and stories. (sheknows.com)
- Recently we came across an article on Rodale.com ( The 15 Grossest Things You're Eating ) which uncovered some of the most disgusting food additives currently used in a variety of America's favorite foods. (thepureway.com)
- Some of additives are harmless, many not quite healthy and several are dangerous. (appbrain.com)
- Will eliminating dye-containing foods from a child's diet help ADHD? (health.com)
- A diet food contains protein, fiber and good fats, which help in weight management. (medindia.net)
- Processed or convenience foods require less time and energy for food preparation. (medindia.net)
- Is everybody in denial of what is being added to our food supply? (thepureway.com)
- The conference brings together the realms of food contact and food additives, to provide delegates with critical updates in each of these fields within the US and wider international markets. (flexpack.org)
- The importance of eating food and the physiological, psychological and social functions of food. (medindia.net)
- It allows you to check whether an additive is suitable for vegans, vegetarians or for people from different religions. (appbrain.com)
- Diet foods if consumed regularly can aid in weight loss. (medindia.net)
- So basically, a food additive is something that doesn't normally occur in the food we eat - it has to be added… hence the name. (precisionnutrition.com)
- Sources of mineral oil are laxatives or oils used in food technology as release agents or for lubrication purposes (Boitnott & Margolis, 1966). (inchem.org)
- Well people… I'm a realist and the reality is that food is being MANUFACTURED now a days! (thepureway.com)
- National Research Council of Canada, 1978) With the exception of fish, most foods contain less than 0.25 g/g arsenic. (inchem.org)
- And of course, if you have the luxury of time, preparing your foods completely from scratch ensures that you know exactly what is going into your meal. (sheknows.com)
- Most of the processed foods are healthy with nutritional values. (medindia.net)
- While they seem healthy, many diet foods promote weight gain. (medindia.net)
- But Bradley notes that cost and the limited availability of calf stomachs have led to the development of several alternatives, including vegetable rennet, microbial rennet, and-the food industry's rennet of choice - a genetically modified version derived from a cloned calf gene. (thepureway.com)
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Answered By: Jonathan Faerber (he/him/his) Last Updated: Apr 01, 2023 Views: 25967
APA Style (7th ed.)
If you remove words from the middle of quotation, use three spaced ellipsis points (. . .) to indicate the change from the original quotation (American Psychological Association [APA], 2020, p. 275). If you remove text from the end of a sentence but continue quoting from the following sentence, use four spaced ellipsis points (. . . .) to indicate the removal of material from between the sentences. Start your quotation at the point where the text is relevant; ellipses are not necessary at the beginning or end of a quotation (APA, 2020, p. 275). See "Changes to a Quotation Requiring Explanation" under Quotations on the APA Style website for more information.
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
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Every race has skeletons in its closet, and the Basques appear to be no exception. Here is what appear to be their roots. What is written below has no bearing on the current general population of this people, and is not meant to be offensive.
I surmise that the Basques are one of the vestiges of an ancient worldwide “Atlantean” power that had presence on the Iberian peninsula, the Americas, the Gobi, and elsewhere. They mined and controlled the strategic and money metals of the bronze age, tin, gold, and silver.
They are not European.
“In an effort to measure the mtDNA types present in the ancient Basques, a group of Spanish geneticists obtained dental samples from 121 individuals buried in four separate prehistoric Basque sites. In addition, bone samples (femurs) were used to confirm results. The burial sites were carbon dated from 3,000 B.C. to 1,400 B.C.
“The surprising results showed that not a single individual in the ancient group had the expected haplogroup V. The most frequent haplogroup found was H (at 37.2 percent). This type (H) is the most common mtDNA found in all modern-day European populations. … The geneticists were forced to conclude that Haplogroup V entered the area after 3,000 B.C. …
They are … Altaic, Middle Eastern, and North American, and of course, Basque! They carried on an Atlantic trade. I don’t know about the Pacific.
“Extremely significant in light of the Cayce readings is the presence of haplogroup X in ancient Basque mtDNA. … The X type is frequently found in modern descendants of the (North American) Iroquois and in ancient burials in Iroquois’ lands. The X haplogroup has also been identified in the Middle East and, in 2001, it was found in a tribe living in the Altaic Mountains of the Gobi. All of these of course are areas where Cayce specifically stated Atlantean survivors fled in 10,000 B.C.
“The Editors of Ancient Mysteries, along with John Van Auken, have hypothesized that the X haplogroup may be the genetic link to the ancient Atlanteans.”
This would be the Phoenicians, and/or proto-Phoenicians, who carried this tradition, mining these metals around the world and worshiping the sun by human sacrifice.
Today’s world-class occultists (particularly those that practice human sacrifice) seek the rebirth of the Phoenix, which is the rebirth of this power through the return of their god-king. The Phoenix is depicted on the great seal of the United States with this prophetic hope in mind, and high-level politicians such as Hillary Clinton wear the Phoenix pin to express their allegiance to the cause.
The once and future king.
Atlantic and Mediterranean.
By esoteric study, and subterfuge (i.e., conspiracy).
They think it is their birth-right and that they are the super-race.
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Date and time data has its own characteristics for analysis and handling. In this article let’s look at how to perform date and time handling in esProc.
1. Conversion to date and time data
Usually the date and time data is entered or displayed as strings. With esProc, you can click Tool>Option to set the default format for date and time data on the Environment tab. For example:
Then the date and time data will be displayed as the default format in an esProc cellset. Here’s an example:
A1 gets result as follows:
The now() function is often used to obtain the current system date and time in date and time handling.
When entering a date/time/datetime constant, enter it in the default format as a string. esProc will automatically parse the constant into date and time data. For example:
If the data is string type, instead of a constant directly entered in esProc, use date() function, time() function or datetime() function to convert the string data to the date data, time data or datetime data. For example:
The code in the third line uses ifdate() function and iftime() function to check if the strings in the second line have been converted to the date data or time data or datatime data. Note that ifdate() function is used to find if a value is a date type or a datetime type. A3, B3 and C3 respectively have the following results:
In the fourth line, strings are converted into the date data, time data and datetime data according to the specified formats. Here’re the results:
For the external data, sometimes you need to handle various formats of date data, time data, and datetime data. In this case, you can add a display format string after a string when using date() function, time() function or datetime()function to convert the data type. For example:
|1||Feb 2, 2016||‘2:30:45 PM||2016-2-20 2:30:45 PM|
|2||MMM d,yyyy||h:m:s a||yyyy-M-d h:m:s a|
Values in the first line are not in the default date, time and datetime formats. The value in B1 adds the character ‘ at the beginning to show that this is a string constant. Below are values of A1, B1 and C1:
The second line lists the display format strings for the values in the first line. Then in the third line, functions for converting values to the date data, time data and datetime data specify the display formats for them. Below are the results of A3, B3 and C3:
With the type conversion, values will be shown in the default format when being viewed. For more details about the display formats of the date and time data, see Data Display Formats in esProc. By defining the display format with the string(d,fmt) function, you can transform the date and time data to strings of the specified formats. For example:
|2||MMMM d,yyyy||h:m:s a||MMM d,yyyy h:m:s a|
You can also directly change the default display format for the date and time data as required.
When using date() function, time() function and datetime() function to generate data of the corresponding types, you can directly specify the quantities for the year, month, day, hour, minute and second respectively. For example:
Pay attention to the proper and reasonable range of each of the above integers when assigning quantities to them. For instance, the value range of hour is 0~23.
2. Obtaining information from date/time/datetime data
The date data, time data and datetime data holds a lot of information, like the year, month, day, hour, minute and second. esProc provides functions such as year(), month(), day(), hour(), minute(), second(), and millisecond() to get values of these parts. For example:
A3, B3 and C3 obtain the value of each part from the time value:
As can be seen, the now() function returns a result accurate to the millisecond. But you can make it return results of different degrees of accuracy by adding different options. For example:
A1 adds @d option to get only the date part, and B1 adds @t option to get merely the time part. Below are their results:
Both @m option and @s option can be used to set the degree of accuracy as minute or second by datetime() function and time() function in conversion to datetime data and time data.
You can obtain the time part from date data, and get date part from time data. For example:
It can be seen that the default time in a date value is 00:00:00.
Below are the results of A3, B3 and C3:
So you can see that the default date in a time value is January 1, 1970.
Apart from getting the component values directly from date/time/datetime data, there’re also some esProc functions for getting date information.
You can use @w option in the day() function, which gets the date, to find the ordinal number of the given date in the week to which it belongs:
The pdate() function can work with different options to get the corresponding dates:
Use @w option in pdate() function to get the date of the first day of the defined week that begins with Sunday; use @m option to get the date of the first day of the defined month; use @q option to get the date of the first day of the defined quarter; and use @e option with any of the other options to get the date of the last day of the defined time period, like a week and a quarter. Below are the respective results of A2, B2, C2, A3, B3 and C3:
The days() function by default calculates the number of days in the month to which a certain date belongs. Along with @q option, the function can calculate the number of days in the quarter to which the date belongs; and by working with @y option, it calculates the number of days in the year to which the date belongs. For example:
Below are the results of A2, B2 and C2:
3. Date and time handling
Besides obtaining information directly from the date and time data, you can also use them to perform various operations in esProc. The most common date handling operation is to calculate age:
The age() function in the second line calculates the age according to A1’s date of birth and the current date. By default the function returns a result accurate to the day, but it will return one accurate to the month or the year with @m option or @y option added. With different degrees of accuracy, the obtained age could be different. The results of A2, B2 and C2 are as follows:
What the age() function gets is similar to calculating the number of years between the date of birth and the current date. But to find the interval between two dates, the interval() function is more widely used. It by default finds the number of days between two dates, but, by working with options such as @y, @q, @m, @s and @ms, it can find the number of years, quarters, months, seconds and milliseconds between the two dates. For example:
By the way, each date/time/datetime value can be converted to a long integer, which is in effect the number of milliseconds between the value itself and 0:00:00 January 1, 1970 GMT. For example:
|1||=datetime(“1/1/1970 0:00:00 GMT”,”m/d/yyyy H:mm:ss z”)||3/30/1995|
B2 uses long() function to convert the date data to a long integer directly. Both A2 and B2 get the same result:
The after(t,k) function finds the datetime value which is k days after the given datetime value t. With the option @y, the function gets the datetime value which is k years later. Similarly, options including @q, @m, @s and @ms can be added to get a datetime value based on the time unit of the quarter, the month, the second and the millisecond. For example:
To find the date which is certain days before or after a given date, do it in the simple way of subtraction, such as =A1+10，=A1-10.
Since not all months have the same number of days, the function for getting the date which is k months after a given date will by default check if the resulting date is the last day of the month to which it belongs and modify it to the last day if it isn’t. Use @e option if the modification isn’t wanted. For example:
As February 29, 2016 is the last day of the month, B1 also gets the last day of May which is 3 months later. But by using @e option, C1 only finds the date which is exactly 3 months after the given date without making any adjustment.
Generally it’s inconvenient to compare two datetime values in a direct way. But esProc offers deq() function make the comparison. If the dates in the two values are the same, then the two values are regarded as equal. Options including @y, @q, @m, @t and @w can be added to set the degree of accuracy as the year, the quarter, the month, the period of ten days and the week. For example:
|1||2/15/2016 12:05:00||2/15/2016 18:45:20||2/29/2016 12:05:00|
Another type of date and time handling is about the workdays. The workday(t,k,h) function finds the date that is the kth workdays after the given date t. The workdays(b,e,h) function gets a sequence of workdays between the starting date b and the ending date e inclusive. The computation related to the workdays is slightly complicated. Normally the weekdays are Monday through Friday, but owing to the public holidays, sometimes certain weekdays become holidays, or a certain weekend day becomes workday. In this case, h, a sequence of special dates, will be used, where the non-weekend date is a holiday and the weekend day is a workday. For example:
Because the January 1, 2016 is the New Year’s Day and the following January 2 and 3 are weekends, the second workday after December 31, 2015 is January 5, 2016.
Without specifying a sequence of dates of adjusted workdays and holidays, January 18, 2016 is still a workday.
Though the workdays() function is used to generate a sequence of workdays, another function periods(s,e,i) is more commonly used to generate a sequence of date, time or datetime values between the given starting date b and ending date e at a specified interval of every i day(s). With the options @y, @q, @m, @t and @s added, the unit of the time interval could be the year, the quarter, the month, the period of ten days or the second. If the specified ending date isn’t wanted, use @x option. In this sequence of date, time or datetime values, each value will be automatically displayed as the first date of the specified time unit, such as the first day of the month or the year. Use @o option to cancel the automatic adjustment. For example:
The unit of time interval in A2 is the day, and the that in A3 is the month.
A3 discards the ending date using @x option, B3 won’t automatically adjust the generated date into the first day of the month with @o option, and C3 use both options. Below are the results of A3, B3 and C3:
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<urn:uuid:1f55ad70-2ba7-41d1-9ef9-0414603e8ba4>
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
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http://blog.raqsoft.com/archives/6425
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|
en
| 0.75844 | 2,597 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Sweet-natured dogs lolling about classrooms are helping take a bite out of bullying--and other bad behaviors--in Kansas City schools.
No More Bullies teaches, with dogs' help, responsibility, compassion, self-control and integrity. Since its small launch five years ago, teachers and counselors have become so convinced of the positive impact on kids' behavior that it's booked into the 80-classroom max it can handle, and there's a long waiting list of requests for next year.
The curriculum, developed by ex-teacher Jo Dean Hearn, humane education director at animal rescue group Wayside Waifs, is presented an hour a day for five days by trained volunteers--accompanied by irresistible canines.
Your pet can teach, too
Family pets can help teach respect, empathy and compassion--just don't expect to replicate the results of a formal curriculum presented by trained trainers. Tips from trainer Thompson:
Emphasize the animal?s comfort, making sure there's always water, that it's fed on a schedule and is included in the family.
Never use physical punishment or harsh language when Fido does something unacceptable. For example, talk about why he chewed something--left alone too long, no appropriate things to chew on--?so the child begins to think about if he were in the dog?s shoes ? that?s empathy.?
Involve kids in vet visits and pet food shopping so they develop an awareness of helping others, "especially those who are smaller, more vulnerable or without a voice."
"The animals are the glue that helps the children stay focused and understand the message," says Hearn. "Children can easily identify with an animal. And it's easy for them to transition when we ask them to consider how an animal feels (if ill treated) to how the kid sitting near them feels (if poorly treated)."
Adds teacher Peggy Everist: "There's a lot of specific language, like being fair, and using compassion or integrity, that plays out with the students throughout the year."
Read more »
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http://districtadministration.com/news/dogs-help-schools-lick-bullies
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|
en
| 0.955307 | 423 | 2.6875 | 3 |
What Does Synchronous Transmission Mean?
Synchronous transmission is a data transfer method which is characterized by a continuous stream of data in the form of signals which are accompanied by regular timing signals which are generated by some external clocking mechanism meant to ensure that both the sender and receiver are synchronized with each other.
Data are sent as frames or packets in fixed intervals.
Techopedia Explains Synchronous Transmission
Synchronous transmission is transmission of signals in a fixed interval based on a predefined clocking signal and is meant for constant and reliable transmission of time-sensitive data such as VoIP and audio/video streaming.
This method of transmission is used when large amounts of data need to be transferred quickly since data is transferred in large blocks instead of individual characters. The data blocks are spaced and grouped in regular intervals and preceded by synchronous characters that a remote device decode and use to synchronize the connection between the end points.
After synchronization is complete, the transmission can begin.
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https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13389/synchronous-transmission
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en
| 0.953558 | 200 | 3.75 | 4 |
Jan 22, 1991
102nd Congress, 1991–1992
Died in a previous Congress
This resolution was introduced on January 22, 1991, in a previous session of Congress, but was not enacted.
Representative for Ohio's 18th congressional district
Jan 4, 1989
Earlier Version — Introduced
This activity took place on a related bill, H.J.Res. 66 (101st).
Jan 22, 1991
Bills and resolutions are referred to committees which debate the bill before possibly sending it on to the whole chamber.
Jan 5, 1993
Reintroduced Bill — Introduced
This activity took place on a related bill, H.J.Res. 5 (103rd).
H.J.Res. 85 (102nd) was a joint resolution in the United States Congress.
A joint resolution is often used in the same manner as a bill. If passed by both the House and Senate in identical form and signed by the President, it becomes a law. Joint resolutions are also used to propose amendments to the Constitution.
This joint resolution was introduced in the 102nd Congress, which met from Jan 3, 1991 to Oct 9, 1992. Legislation not enacted by the end of a Congress is cleared from the books.
How to cite this information.
We recommend the following MLA-formatted citation when using the information you see here in academic work:
Civic Impulse. (2017). H.J.Res. 85 — 102nd Congress: Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to limit the terms of ... Retrieved from https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/102/hjres85
“H.J.Res. 85 — 102nd Congress: Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to limit the terms of ...” www.GovTrack.us. 1991. September 26, 2017 <https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/102/hjres85>
|title=H.J.Res. 85 (102nd)
|accessdate=September 26, 2017
|author=102nd Congress (1991)
|date=January 22, 1991
|quote=Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to limit the terms of ...
Where is this information from?
GovTrack automatically collects legislative information from a variety of governmental and non-governmental sources. This page is sourced primarily from Congress.gov, the official portal of the United States Congress. Congress.gov is generally updated one day after events occur, and so legislative activity shown here may be one day behind. Data via the congress project.
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<urn:uuid:809f7e93-28b3-4dae-ba62-a5ba9ae54bc7>
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CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/102/hjres85
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|
en
| 0.914383 | 549 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Salt-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviours on Efate Island, Vanuatu
Sparks E et al., published an article in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, on salt-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviours in a sub-national sample in Vanuatu. They found that salt-related knowledge was high, with over 80% agreeing that too much salt could cause health problems, and that it was ‘very important’ to lower their intake of salt. However, the population’s behaviours did not reflect this knowledge, with more than two thirds always/often adding salt during cooking and at the table, and consuming foods high in salt. The authors proposed that behaviour change interventions should be implemented in parallel with interventions to improve the food environment.
Read the article here.
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<urn:uuid:29fe081b-c9f9-4e9a-ae73-aa831d63eb15>
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://www.whoccsaltreduction.org/salt-related-knowledge-attitudes-and-behaviours-on-efate-island-vanuatu/
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|
en
| 0.961359 | 168 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Suud originated out of the minds of surfers and their love for the ocean.
When traveling to the far corners of the planet in search of perfect waves it’s hard not to leave behind a trace.
So began the search for eco-friendly alternatives and creative solutions to make a change and inspire others to take action.
The oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth’s surface and are our major source of Oxygen. Just that is enough to understand the vital importance of the oceans’ well being.
The ocean is also home to 95% of all life on Earth, however, scientists say by 2035 all sea life could be gone.
Overfishing, acidification, plastic pollution, and climate change are only a few of the reasons for the diminishment of biodiversity in the ocean. It has never before been more vital for us to take action and make a change. Overpopulation remains one of the biggest factors within the imbalance the natural world as we know it. In a positive light, now that we have the numbers, we also have the power to push back on political and economical players that control the output of consumer products, ultimately destroying our oceans.
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<urn:uuid:1857823d-21e8-4fe8-93a8-168dd5f203e3>
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://suud.co.za/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496227.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329201741-20200329231741-00179.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952185 | 243 | 2.890625 | 3 |
With Apollo 14 having put the program back on track, NASA decided to make the remaining Moon missions more ambitious, giving their crews longer on the lunar surface and providing transport in the form of the Lunar Roving Vehicle, or Moon buggy.
Apollo 15 blasted off from Florida on July 26, commanded by veteran astronaut David Scott, with first-timers Al Worden and Jim Irwin as pilots of the Command Module, Endeavour, and Lunar Module, Falcon, respectively.
Once in lunar orbit, there was a slight delay when Falcon, with Scott and Irwin aboard, failed to undock, but then Worden found a plug had come loose and reconnected it allowing the manoeuvre to take place. They landed on July 30 in the Mare Imbrium (Sea of Showers) at the foot of the Apennine mountains, close to a winding canyon called Hadley Rille.
Scott and Irwin spent 18 hours 37 minutes exploring their surroundings during three EVAs, including peering into the canyon, and drove more than 28 km in their buggy.
After setting up ALSEP, they collected more than 77 kg of rock and soil to take home, including a sample from 3 metres beneath the surface, and a stone dubbed the Genesis rock because it is nearly as old as the Solar System.
For the benefit of TV viewers, Scott dropped a hammer and feather at the same time to show how both would fall at the same rate in a vacuum, just as Galileo had suggested centuries before. He also franked a postage stamp.
After leaving a small sculpture on the lunar surface to commemorate fallen astronauts, Scott and Irwin lifted off and returned to Endeavour, before the lander was once more crashed into the Moon. They also launched a small satellite from the CSM into orbit around the Moon.
On the way back to Earth, Worden made the first ever spacewalk in deep space to collect film cassettes from mapping cameras at the rear of the Service Module.
Despite the failure of one of its three main parachutes, Endeavour splashed down safely, on August 7, in the Pacific where the USS Okinawa was waiting to greet them.
★ Keep up with space news and observing tips. Click here to sign up for alerts to our latest reports. No spam ever - we promise!
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<urn:uuid:a2e5cc8e-76bd-4b63-8e0f-17e7eb5a6abc>
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://www.skymania.com/wp/apollo-15-the-crews-brought-wheels/
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en
| 0.956887 | 472 | 3.25 | 3 |
Developing moles and nevi on the skin increases your risk of skin cancer. Specialists including Joy Green, PA-C, and Ali Hendi, MD, examine whether your moles are typical or atypical. It would be determined while evaluating your skin at the Chevy Chase moles/nevi, Maryland, office. Most moles do not become cancerous. However, your health care provider should identify mole changes that could result in skin cancers, such as melanoma.
Table of Contents
Understanding what moles are
Moles, also called nevi, usually develop due to clustering of pigmented cells. Moles are normal and childhood is when most moles develop for most people. Most moles are not cancerous. Atypical moles would enhance your chance of developing a severe kind of skin cancer called melanoma.
The difference between atypical moles and common moles
Common moles usually appear as dark brown spots on the skin surface. Such moles could be flesh colored, tan, or black, and might be oval or round.
Having common moles located anywhere on your body is deemed normal. Over time, they may begin changing in appearance. Sometimes they even fade away fully.
These moles look different from common moles. They are skin growths having an asymmetrical shape and an irregular border. Most times, atypical moles are stable over time; however, having such kinds of moles means that you are at greater risk of developing a melanoma. Atypical moles sometimes signal existing underlying skin cancer.
More extensive than normal moles should be examined immediately to determine whether they are cancerous.
What to do when you get moles/nevi
Regular home self-exams can help you to identify better moles having changed in color, shape, or size. Although common moles generally are harmless, scheduling a skin evaluation is essential so that you can confirm that they are harmless.
You will also require remaining proactive to protect the skin. Practice wearing high-quality sunscreen when you tread into the sun, despite the winter season. Avoid tanning booths and sunlamps as they may also cause moles to develop.
Plan for routine skin evaluations if your medical background suggests having a history of melanoma in the family or any other kinds of cancer. In the case of atypical moles, regular checkups with your care provider ensure that they are thoroughly supervised.
Understanding what melanoma is
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that develops in melanocytes. This type of cancer is dangerous as it can affect surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body. It is vital to detect melanomas early to improve the likelihood of treatment being successful.
Whenever you notice that a mole itches, bleeds, or oozes, has become hard or feels lumpy, has changed either in size or color, the skin on the surface has become dry or scaly, visit your health care provider requesting a biopsy for detecting cancer during the early stages. This procedure helps your physician determine the treatment that is highly effective in treating cancer.
Call Ali Hendi, MD today to learn more about moles and to schedule a consultation to get your moles checked.
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://myvoxtopia.com/why-it-is-important-to-get-moles-nevi-checked/
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en
| 0.949207 | 682 | 3.21875 | 3 |
How Does Colonial Origin Matter For Economic Performance In Sub- Saharan Africa?
Source: United Nations University
This paper investigates some of the existing hypotheses regarding the transmission of different colonial legacies to modern day economic growth. The fact that different colonial strategies were pursued by different colonizers in various territories suggests possible ramifications for current development paths. This paper attempts to understand why economic growth performance is different even among African countries, where former British colonies appear to do marginally better. It focuses on two key channels of transmission, namely education and trade.
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<urn:uuid:d362cbe9-b6ff-4707-88b1-666e4eb88f43>
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://www.techrepublic.com/whitepapers/how-does-colonial-origin-matter-for-economic-performance-in-sub-saharan-africa/3298757
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368706637439/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516121717-00050-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.926608 | 107 | 2.5625 | 3 |
“If you will go with us you must go against wind and tide…” John Bunyan is, or seems to be, a man of dogged sincerity and meticulous accuracy. If he describes the engines of war, each detail is correct. This factual correctness gives weight to the allegorical and moral truths that he tells. “I have used similitudes,” says the epigraph on the title page of The Pilgrim's Progress¹. The words are taken from the Old Testament book of Hosea (xii.10). “The father of the novel, salvation's first Defoe,” Rudyard Kipling called him. We believe Bunyan more readily than we do Defoe, despite the realism with which Defoe portrays the contingent world. This is because Bunyan at his best is not only telling a story but building a marvellous structure, in which all the parts relate to one another. Defoe tells us a series of stories while Bunyan has a plot. Defoe describes others while Bunyan confronts us, figuratively, with a version of ourselves. Melville, his greatest literary beneficiary, invokes him: “Bear me out in it, thou great democratic God who didst not refuse to the swart convict, Bunyan, the pale, poetic pearl…” And Bunyan has a gentle and generous sense of humour. Ford Madox Ford says, “The difference between Bunyan and his predecessors is one more than anything of whole-heartedness...” A more real difference, separating him from many of his successors as well, is his formal instinct. Bunyan is at once more mediaeval (allegorical) and more modern (synthetic) than most.
It is customary for critics to condescend to him. Henry James deals with him obliquely, applauding Edgar Allan Poe for having the “courage to remark” that Pilgrim's Progress is a “ludicrously overrated book”. And Ford: “So let us say that it was to the homespun illustrations, the simple imagery and the stern diction of the Bible that we owe Bunyan – for obviously Bunyan read the Scriptures, year in and year out, during a lifetime of Bedford Gaol, of persecution and turmoil...” Bunyan is less homespun than Defoe, his imagery rather more complex and resonant than Richardson's. It is Bunyan's manifest didactic, spiritual purpose that seems out of place in the world of fiction. Novels exist to test ideas, not to affirm them. But here is an exception: The Pilgrim's Progress is for use, the characters are figures, their clarity is complex. The critic condescends, but ends up marvelling: “He just told on in simple language, using such simple images that the reader, astonished and charmed to find the circumstances of his own life typified [my italics] in word and glorified by print, is seized by the homely narrative and carried clean out of himself into the world of that singular and glorious tinker.”
‘Tinker’ because his father Thomas was a tinsmith and brazier. In Grace Abounding, Bunyan declared: “my descent [...] was, as is well known by many, of a low and unconsiderable generation; my Father's house being of that rank that is meanest and most despised of all the families in the land.” This over-states the case: his father owned land, his own house and workshop, and was by later account a Royalist and Anglican. Bunyan exaggerates his humble origins in order to include as wide a constituency as possible in his embrace. “Wherefore I have not here, as others, to boast of noble Blood, or of a high-born State according to the Flesh; though, all things considered, I magnify the heavenly Majesty, for that by the door he brought me into the world, to partake of the Grace and Life that is in Christ by the Gospel.” And why is his style so simple? The reasons are moral, even though the aesthetic demands might have elicited a different mode of address, as he says in the Preface to Grace Abounding:
I could have enlarged much in this my Discourse of my Temptations and Troubles for Sin; as also, of the merciful Kindness, and Working of God with my Soul: I could also have stepped into a Style much higher than this, in which I have here discoursed, and could have adorned all things more than here I have seemed to do; but I dare not: God did not play in tempting of me; neither did I play, when I sunk as into a bottomless Pit, when the Pangs of Hell caught hold upon me; wherefore I may not play in relating of them, but be plain and simple, and lay down the thing as it was: He that liketh it, let him receive it; and he that does not, let him produce a better. Farewell.
This is strong stuff. In such Puritan writing we marvel at the spiritual hubris implied in the excessive humility, and in the absolute assurance that God actually cares so directly and so much.
Bunyan identifies his patron in the Preface of Grace Abounding. The author's dedication is “to those whom God hath counted him worthy to beget to Faith, by his Ministry in the Word.” In other words, the book is dedicated to those he has converted or brought back to church, and through their witness to God himself. Imprisoned (“I being taken from you in presence, and so tied up, that I cannot perform that duty, that from God doth lie upon me, to you-ward, for your further edifying and building up...”), he provides an alternative presence, a witness. The clauses follow one another with absolute, unaffected clarity, building long, limpid sentences, unambiguous and reassuring in tone.
John Bunyan was born in 1628 to his father's second wife in Harrowden, near Elstow, Bedfordshire. The cottage where he was born vanished long ago, but the spot is marked by a commemorative stone placed there during the Festival of Britain. He attended the thirteenth-century abbey church of St Helena and St Mary where he was baptised in the font still in use today; and the communion table, too, is from his time. The church overlooks the Green and the Moot Hall. His parents and sisters are buried in the churchyard. This is the village where he spent his youth, rang bells and played tip-cat on the green, nineholes and perhaps stoolball (an early form of cricket). He was reportedly a strong, lusty lad with a commanding voice. The commanding voice of God spoke to him as a boy playing tip-cat on the Sabbath: “Wilt thou leave thy sins, and go to heaven? Or have thy sins and go to hell?” Some years later he took heed.
He may have attended Bedford's Grammar School, or perhaps the Free School in Houghton Conquest. But he was, by his own account, unmarked by formal education, picking up at best a few words of Latin and Greek. He was apprenticed in the smithy with his father, soon learned the trade and travelled the countryside with him or on his behalf. Later he lay claim to a blasphemous, wayward childhood and a troubled adolescence, racked with terrible, involuntary thoughts, visions and dreams that drove him close to suicide. This may have been dramatic exaggeration, intended to emphasise how great an effort of divine Grace was required to hoist him out of the mire.
He was in his early teens when the First Civil War began (1642-6). It is uncertain why he joined, whether he actually fought, whether he joined for Parliament, and if he did whether he stayed on that side throughout the war. Bedford was a broadly Parliamentarian district though Charles I recruited here as he passed through en route to his climactic defeat at Naseby, 1645. Did he see action there? In Grace Abounding he relates, “when I was a soldier, I, with others, were drawn out to go to such a place to besiege it; but when I was just ready to go, one of the company desired to go in my room; to which, when I had consented, he took my place; and coming to the siege, as he stood sentinel, he was shot into the head with a musket bullet, and died.”
Whatever the truth of the matter, he was demobbed in 1647 and entered his father's business, working away, in Bedford and elsewhere, as an itinerant. Though not yet directly involved or even deeply interested in political or religious controversies, the roots of his spiritual reformation are in this time of his life. He began attending church, reading Scripture. He gave up swearing, gaming and dancing. In 1648 he married his first wife, an orphan: “I changed my condition into a married state, and my mercy was to light upon a wife whose father was counted godly. This woman and I, though we came together as poor as poor might be, not having so much household stuff as a dish or spoon betwixt us both, yet this she had for her part, The Plain Man's Pathway to Heaven, and The Practice of Piety, which her father had left her when he died.” He married, then: a woman, and two edifying books to add to his Bible. The next year, Charles I was executed.
Bunyan was now a family man. His daughter Mary was born in 1650, blind from birth and the apple of his eye. Two sons followed, and another daughter. It was Mary who brought him a jug of soup each evening during his imprisonment. He made a violin out of tin and a flute from a chair leg. Music was integral to his Puritanism.
1653 was the turning point in his spiritual life. He befriended the Puritan pastor of St John's Church, Bedford, Mr Gifford, who became his mentor, baptising him a second time in the Ouse, somewhere between what is now Duck Mill Lane car park and the weir bridge. In the same year he fell from a boat into the Ouse and was narrowly saved from drowning. “I fell out of a boat into Bedford river, but mercy yet preserved me alive,” he reports in Grace Abounding. He moved permanently to Bedford and became deacon at St John's. He was invited to begin preaching, at first privately, then in public. He was good at it, quickly gained a following, and became insistently devout, a “soldier of Christ” in the words of Ebenezer Chandler. Then his wife died, followed shortly by Mr Gifford.
Bunyan had the bit between his teeth. In 1656 began his fierce attack on the Quaker preacher Edward Burrough, and on Quakerism generally, in Some Gospel Truths Opened, his first published pamphlet. Thus he entered into the tradition of “Martin Marprelate”, Nashe and Greene, a controversialist, but a consistent fighter, not a pen for hire. The next year Vindication of Gospel Truths followed. He was formally recognised as a preacher and was soon in trouble with the law for preaching outside his area. In 1658 he published A Few Sighs From Hell.
His concerns deepened as his life settled into a more coherent routine. He married a second time and published The Doctrine of the Law and Grace Unfolded. The larger, visible structure of his faith was beginning to take shape. Then in 1660 came the Restoration. Charles II may have undertaken to tolerate religious dissenters with the Declaration of Breda, but the politic intention and the political will were at odds. The wind no longer blew the Puritan way. In October the magistrates of Bedfordshire ordered the reinstatement of Anglican liturgy. On 12 November Bunyan was scheduled to preach at Lower Samsell. Upon arrival he was advised that a warrant had been issued for his arrest by the judge Francis Wingate. Wingate and his brother-in-law William Foster tried to persuade Bunyan to offer certain concessions in exchange for his freedom. But, he insisted, he had broken no new law. Bunyan was imprisoned at Bedford, in a gaol on the old bridge over the Ouse. He spent a third of his adult life incarcerated, and it is in large part to this restraint that we owe his writings.
In January he appeared before Sir John Keeling ('Lord Hate-Good' in Pilgrim's Progress) at the Assizes, charged with “devilishly and perniciously abstaining from coming to Church to hear Divine Service, and for being a common upholder of several unlawful meetings and conventicles, to the great disturbance and distraction of the good subjects of this kingdom, contrary to the laws of our sovereign lord and king.” When Bunyan tried to outline his objections to Anglican ritual, a voice exclaims “let him speak no further; he will do harm!” Keeling replied: “No, no, never fear him... he can do no harm; we know the Common Prayer Book hath been ever since the Apostles' time.” He was sentenced to three months with the added threat of banishment if no recantation was forthcoming. Bunyan retorted: “if I were out of prison today, I would preach the gospel again tomorrow, by the help of God.”
After twelve weeks, Bunyan was visited in prison by Cobb, a clerk of the peace. Cobb urged that a loyal subject of the King was bound by St. Paul to obey the King's laws. Although St Paul respected the authorities, Bunyan said, he spent time in prison nonetheless. His own loyalty to Charles II did not override what his conscience told him was his duty. Wycliff had declared that he who discontinues preaching and hearing the word of God for fear of the excommunication of man was already excommunicated of God. Bunyan's imprisonment continued despite the amnesty marking the coronation.
The Act of Uniformity of 1662 institutionalised the episcopalian (Catholic) character of the English church, depriving thousands of pastors of their right to preach while restoring others to their parishes. Bunyan's hitherto fairly relaxed regime was tightened; the conditions of his imprisonment remained poor until 1668, though he was allowed a 'library' – “the least and yet the best that ever I saw”: his Bible. “I was never out of the Bible either by reading or meditation.” To support his family he spent his days making shoelaces, reading, writing, preaching to and counselling fellow inmates. As more acts hostile to the Puritan cause were passed, so Bunyan's polemical and reflective work continued. In 1666 he published his autobiography, Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners. After a very brief period of freedom, he was rearrested after unauthorised preaching. After 1668 he was allowed limited access to visit his congregations outside gaol. and four years later, in 1672, he was elected pastor. Charles II's Declaration of Indulgence led to his release from Bedford Prison after twelve years. He became pastor of the Independent Congregation, composed largely of burghers and tradesmen, and was now a famous man. He began to preach widely, as far afield as Reading and London. One account says that in London he drew a crowd twelve hundred strong even though he preached at seven in the morning on a working winter's day. On Sundays he drew three thousand and more. Enemies dubbed him 'Bishop Bunyan'. Libels were spread alleging immorality, Jesuitism, even witchcraft.
It was too good to last. The Declaration of Indulgence was overturned in 1673: elements in Parliament thought it favoured the Catholics. In 1674 Bunyan was accused of keeping Agnes Beaumont (herself accused of poisoning her father because of his disapproval) as his mistress. In 1675 Bunyan's license to preach was revoked and he went back to prison. He began work on The Pilgrim's Progress. He was briefly released, then re-arrested. He may even have been grateful this time for the opportunity to return to his imaginary adventures.
In 1677 The Pilgrim's Progress was published, the first of an unprecedented twelve editions within Bunyan's remaining lifetime. By 1792 it had gone through one hundred and sixty editions and was, by most polite authors, regarded with derision. Whatever the English intellectual classes thought, the book was a popular success throughout the Protestant world and was translated into French and Dutch within a decade. His already prolific output quickened, but apart from the cautionary tale The Life and Death of Mr. Badman (1680) nothing quite lived up to Grace Abounding and The Pilgrim's Progress. Mr Badman is an allegory in dialogue form in which Mr Wiseman recounts the life of Mr Badman, recently deceased, and Mr Attentive comments upon it. Mr Badman drank too much, duped a maid and married for money and, upon her death, remarried a wicked woman. He died of a cocktail of diseases. Morally uplifting, the story is also funny. Despite the solemnity of his themes, Bunyan is never a severe or po-faced writer.
In 1687, acknowledging his influence and power, James II offered him a “place of public trust”; Bunyan declined, but gained concessions for his friends. His health was in decline and the next year he caught a fever from having travelled to London in bad weather to try to settle a conflict between a young man and his father. He preached a final sermon and 31 August brought 'the Death of deare Brother Bunyan'. He was buried at Bunhill Fields, where Defoe, Blake and other radical spirits would eventually join him. Due to Victorian restoration, his is by far the most elaborate tomb there, with an imposing marble effigy and bas-relief depictions of scenes from The Pilgrim's Progress. In Bedford himself he stands nine feet tall and green with corrosion at the top of the High Street.
In The Pilgrim's Progress the narrator, weary from walking “through the Wilderness of this World”, finds a den, falls asleep and starts to dream, all within the opening sentence. We are immediately in the mediaeval world of allegory. William Langland is not far away, though Bunyan's sense of structure is far more certain than Langland's, and his translation of the terms of moral argument into a consistent fiction more assured. This has much to do with his style. “The Pilgrim's Progress,” writes Coleridge with measured respect, because from Bunyan he had learned some of the lessons that went into the making of his balladic Rime of the Ancient Mariner, “is composed in the lowest style of English, without slang or false grammar. If you were to polish it, you would at once destroy the reality of the vision. For works of imagination should be written in very plain language; the more purely imaginative they are the more necessary it is to be plain.” His success also has to do with consistency. The unfolding of the allegory, David Lodge reminds us, is controlled completely by correspondences, usually quite specific, to the meanings implied or declared in the given names. But we may feel inclined to disagree with Lodge when he declares that Bunyan lacks what Henry James called “the sense of felt life”. Here we find fear, friendship, tenderness, doubt, joy, grief. There are feelings and there are textures, scents and savours. All that is lacking are literal contingencies which, Bunyan might have said, are rather overvalued in the fictions of this world.
The sleeper spots Christian, bearing a burden on his back and reading from a book in which he learns that the city in which he and his family dwell will be burned with fire. On advice from the Evangelist, Christian flees from the City of Destruction, a kind of Gomorrah, having failed to persuade his wife and children to accompany him. Salvation is a painfully lonely exercise, and the path leads through various perils, temptations and places of recuperation. In Part One the ten chief stopping places are familiar to us, some from the Psalms, others from Blake, Thackeray or elsewhere.
The Slough of Despond
The Interpreter's House
The Palace Beautiful
The Valley of Humiliation
The Valley of the Shadow of Death
The Delectable Mountains
The Country of Beulah
The Celestial City
On the way he encounters a variety of faces and voices: Mr Worldly Wise-man, Faithful (who goes with him but is killed in Vanity Fair), Hopeful (who also joins him), Giant Despair, the foul fiend Apollyon, and many others. This is a world that in its lineaments reminds us now of Spenser's Faerie Queene, except there is little decoration; now of Dante's Inferno, but there is more hope and forgiveness at hand, and Christian is supported from within and urges his way forward with hope rather than fear.
Bunyan himself in imaging the places of trial and temptation may have had specific places in mind: the wicket gate at Elstow church, Squitch Fen, St. John's Rectory, the Chilterns and so on. Some of the allegorical figures were based on human models, for example Evangelist is John Gifford, who brought him to faith. These personal occasions are lost to us: they were part of the process of composition and visualisation, making the pilgrimage real to the author and therefore to us.
Part Two brings the family along. Christian's wife Christiana and children set out on the same hard pilgrimage, accompanied by neighbour Mercy (Christiana's gossip) and over-ruling the objections of Mrs Timorous. Their escort Great Heart overwhelms Giant Despair and they too come to their destination. First man, then woman, first husband, then wife, make their way to salvation.
What makes this story, predictable in its outcome, passage by passage derivative of the Bible, so compelling, so durable, is the reality of its allegorical figuration, and its humour. It is the best fruits of Puritan culture, setting out to include every person among its readers. “I could not have believed beforehand that Calvinism could be painted in such exquisitely delightful colours,” said Coleridge. Bunyan is a most uncommon common man, a man of the people and of a demanding, democratic, accountable faith. Into his novel of practical faith he works dramatic dialogue or interrogation, for example when the Porter cross-examines Christian, or Greatheart elicits from Valiant, like an attorney, an account of his adventures and heroisms; verse, including Bunyan's famous hymn, “Who would true valour see” and runs of homespun couplets for invocations and conclusions; regular marginal rubrics, as in the case of published sermons, summarising action or speech, indicating Biblical allusions; and other formal features, making for a rich impurity and variety of effect. The author avails himself of the elements he feels will make his work direct and “understanded”. Writing in the provinces, he rejects the new urban and the pastoral mode; he knows what literature is and he avoids it because it tends to falsify. No University has infected him with a witty brilliance. His book does not limit itself to a scholarly or cultured class, nor to the rich and powerful. Yet it is figurative, it plays constantly between the Bible and allegory, it is more complex in conception and consistent in execution than any English prose work tat precedes it. It is original without meaning to be; it entertains even the pagan heart. Bunyan's direct legacy is to his faith; his oblique and lasting legacy is to writers including Defoe, Swift and Smollett; Blake and Thackeray (Vanity Fair) and Coleridge; Hawthorne (The Celestial Railway, 1843), and Louisa May Alcott; to Joyce and Wyndham Lewis and Gore Vidal (Burr abundantly alludes to him), to all the makers and re-makers both of plain and of figurative styles.
1. Or to give it its full title, The Pilgrim's Progress from This World to That which is to Come: Delivered under the Similitude of a Dream, Wherein is Discovered The Manner of his setting out, His dangerous Journey , and Safe Arrival at the Desired Country.
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Wild hamsters hibernate during the winter. However, whether or not your pet hamster will follow suit depends a lot on the environment in your home. It also depends on the type of hamster: If you own a standard full-sized Syrian or golden hamster, hibernation is rare in captivity. Smaller dwarf hamsters almost never hibernate.
Types of Hibernation
There are two types of hibernation:.
- Obligatory hibernation is done by animals such as hedgehogs, some mice and bats who hibernate, every winter. These animals store up fat before going into a long, deep sleep where their body temperature drops and they become lethargic for weeks or months at a time.
- Permissive hibernation is done by animals such as bears, badgers and hamsters. These animals have the option of hibernating if they're cold and hungry, but their sleep is light and sporadic, allowing them to wake up periodically to look for food. Their bodies continue to function almost at normal levels, and their temperatures only drop a few degrees.
In your hamster's case, even if he does hibernate it likely will be only for a few days, or a week at most.
To hibernate, a hamster needs to know it's winter and feel like he won't survive without sleeping for an extended period of time. If your house is kept warm and brightly lit at least 12 hours a day, and your pet has plenty of food, his natural urge to hibernate likely will be suppressed.
On the other hand, your hamster could go into hibernation if he experiences triggers including:
- Colder temperatures
- Shorter days with dark nights
- A good supply of nesting material
- Lack of food
- Being left on his own in solitude.
You will know your hamster is hibernating and not dead if his body is limp rather than stiff and you see him breathing shallowly. You also can gently stroke his whiskers. If he is hibernating, they will twitch.
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There isn’t a woodworker, contractor or homeowner who didn’t ask himself a question -What saw to use? – at least once in his life. Every project is different and it doesn’t matter if you are professional woodworker or just a hobby woodworker, choosing the correct saw is crucial. Most people try to get the job done with just one type of tool but the truth is that you need to have appropriate tools for every part of shaping the wood when you want to make quality finished product.
In this article we will try to explain all types of saws and what every type of saw is used for. In the start we must say that we will not include hand saws and chainsaws. Here we will focus on the saws for cutting and shaping the wood.
Circular saws are portable and they have blade that is circular and usually used for rough framing. Do not use circular saw for detailed finishing work. They are excellent and fast when cutting through lumber sheets of wood, and they are very easy to use. Circular saws have two basic designs, one style is designed with the blade aligned with the shaft of the motor and gears that bring power to the blade from the motor and the other style is called a worm drive style, which also has a motor that is aligned with the saw but they are significantly heavier, but also a lot more powerful and accurate.
Circular saws can be divided also by the power source, there are corded and cordless models of circular saws. If we talk about durability and power there is no big difference between corded and cordless models. The diameter of the blade used is another method of categorizing circular saws. The larger the diameter of the circular saw blade, the deeper is the cut. There are five sizes of blades: 160 mm (6 1/4 inch), 185 mm (7 1/4 inch), 210 mm (8 1/4 inch), 235 mm (9 1/4 inch) and 270 mm (10 1/4 inch). The most common sizes are 7 1/4 inch and 9 1/4 inch.
These types of saws are the most popular for extremely delicate and detailed cutting of wood products. Jigsaw is the tool of choice when you need to make curved cuts, particularly on plywood, particle board or other relatively thin materials. Few power tools are as handy as a jigsaw. While jigsaws have been maligned in the woodworking community for their propensity for their blades to bend, resulting in a cut that is not square, the risks are manageable. If you use jigsaw properly and if you don’t force it the results will be outstanding. The possibility of an angled cut should not prevent you from adding one of these versatile, portable power tools to your workshop.
Like with every power tool nowadays, there are cordless models of jigsaws. Like we said when we discussed circular saw, there is no much difference between corded and cordless models. The majority of jigsaws will cut up to 2-inches of depth in woodworking applications, and approximately 1/2-inch on metal. There are jigsaws that may feature a slightly deeper cut, but this isn’t necessarily desirable on a jigsaw, as the deeper the action, the better the chance of the blade bending and breaking. Some jigsaws have and adjustable oscillating motion that allows more detailed cutting and we recommend that you don’t buy a jigsaw without this feature.
Reciprocating saw is basically power version of a plane hand saw. Reciprocating saws are also known as “sawzalls”, which was the original name for this tool given by it’s inventor. These types of saws are primarily used in demolition because they are not generally very accurate, but they can cut through just about every type of plastic, wood or laminate. Reciprocating saws is the only tool which can perform flush and plunge cuts. Flush cut is when the blade is pressed against flat surface to cut of protruding element and make it flush with the surface. The plunge cut, on the other hand, is commenced in the middle of the material without any initial hole.
As all tools, reciprocating saws also have cordless models with excellent durability. Because the main purpose of these tool is demolition and plunge cutting, we advise you to always use it carefully with both hands to avoid injuries and damage to the material or tool.
Miter saw replaces the traditional miter box (wooden box that allowed you to cut wood with a hand saw at angles). The powered miter saw is, at it’s most basic, a large circular saw that pivots at it’s rear, allowing you to bring the saw blade down onto the wood. Miter saw can cut at any angle between 45 and 90 degrees. A compound miter saw allows the saw to additionally pivot to one side for cutting bevels. The latest breed of miter saws include a sliding function that allows the saw to pivot downwards and then slide towards you. This increases the cutting length of these tools significantly as well as having other benefits to boot. This is very useful for cutting grooves, or for cutting tenon joints.
When buying a miter saw keep in mind that you buy as bigger size of the blade as you can. Also look for bigger length of the cross cut and don’t ever buy a saw without electronic brake. You should certainly buy a compound miter saw, rather than the more basic non-compound saw. If you can afford it, the sliding compound saw is worth considering.
Table saws are designed for ripping through the wood with the grain. They make straight cuts and beveled straight cuts. There are several blade types that can be purchased for table saws. You can use them for cutting long dados for shelf building. Table saws have a movable fence for cutting accurate straight cuts in the width that you need. A table saw is necessary for cabinet making and furniture making.
Table saws usually come with miter gauges for crosscutting and can even be used for cutting compound angles, they really aren’t designed for this type of work. The accuracy of miter cut on table saw can not be compared to that which can be reached with miter saw.
A band saw is another very versatile saw. A band saw blade is a belt that moves in a continuous loop. It can cut curves and circles as well as straight cuts. The width of the blade impacts the ability to cut detail. The more narrow the blade the more you can manipulate the wood into tighter curves. The size of board that you can cut will be determined by the throat of the blade. This is the distance between the blade and the body of the saw. Band saws come in many sizes and there is also a portable version of band saws.
We hope that you learned a little about saws from this article and that you now know what saw to use for your next project.
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What is the difference between “editing” and “proofreading”? It isn’t always easy to tell both terms apart and many people consider them to be synonyms. However, proofreading and editing focus on different areas and both are still extremely important in the outcome of a document or text. To better understand the difference, we’ll need to define each one of them.
Editing a document consists of making the necessary changes to improve the quality of the writing. It is intended to make sure your document contains consistent language, clear expressions and is easy to read. It is considered by many to be a higher-level manuscript preparation service.
An editor will make sure the proper words have been used to transmit the writer’s idea. The editor will also check if the right tone has been chosen to best influence the target audience or if the gender language has been used appropriately, among other things. Editing focuses more on the content of the document.
There are three different levels of editing. The first one is line-by-line editing to make sure the paragraphs are properly delineated. The second one is substantive editing, which ensures the document is written in a clear language and has the correct style and structure. The third one is developmental editing, which consists of collaborating with the author to improve the document. In this last level an editor practically works hand in hand with the author to help him or her achieve the goals for the text, making important suggestions to improve it.
Since the success or failure of your document is greatly influenced by the quality of its writing, an editor’s job is quite essential.
On the other hand, proofreading is the process of making sure a text or document is grammatically correct. A proofreader also checks for punctuation errors, typos, spelling errors, missing or duplicated words, as well as other language mistakes.
But, isn’t this taken care of by simply running a “spell check” in your word processor? You may be surprised of how many mistakes aren’t detected by the ubiquitous spell and grammar check in your word processor. If you type a word that is spelled correctly but doesn’t make sense in a sentence, the spell check will not mark it as incorrect.
The job of a proofreader, who excel in the knowledge of spelling and punctuation rules, is to understand and apply the conventions of the English language. Through their extensive experience, editors are also able to identify inconsistent terminology as well as catch easily overlooked mistakes. Editors are very methodical and take a great deal of time to properly fulfill their task. The way proofreaders work usually consists of three rounds of proofreading. The first round corrects any mistakes, a second round after a few days of the first one to be absolutely sure the document is error-free, and a third round after all other editing has been finished.
Usually proofreading is done with a preview copy of how the book will actually look because the editor also checks the page numbers, page headings, table of contents, layout, page breaks, as well as makes sure that the illustrations, captions, and labels correspond with the text.
In conclusion, editing and proofreading complement each other. Both the content of a document (a.k.a. editing) as well as the quality of its writing (a.k.a. proofreading,) affect how the message is communicated to the reader.
For more interesting posts, visit and follow us on Twitter!
Pamela Hilliard Owens is the founder and CEO of Detroit Ink Publishing, a company that helps authors with their ghostwriting, writing, editing, formatting, manuscript preparation, and self-publishing projects. Contact us here to schedule a free consultation about your needs.
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- Project plans
- Project activities
- Legislation and standards
- Industry context
Last edited 13 Aug 2014
Coal tar is a by-product derived from coal during the manufacture of domestic town gas. It was commonly used in the UK as a binding agent for aggregate in the construction of highways, car parks and paving until the 1980's when North Sea gas was introduced and town gas works closed. Bitumen was then adopted as the binding agent for macadam and top dressings.
Coal tar can have a high concentration of carcinogenic material such as benzo(a)pyrene and many other polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbines (PAH’s). This means it is potentially hazardous to human health (a potential cause of cancer) particularly when mixed with other materials such as asphalt waste.
- The identity and composition of any PAH’S.
- Whether it is to be classified as waste coming under the Hazardous Waste Regulations 2005.
- Whether the material can be re-used or has to be sent to a specially designated landfill site for hazardous waste.
Needless to say there are substantial financial implications resting on the outcome of such tests. It is strongly recommended that early discussions are held with the Environmental Agency and local planning authority following the removal and testing of cores to establish a strategy for maximum re-use and to avoid disposal to landfill.
If the Environmental Agency agrees to its re-use it can be re-processed at a registered and approved facility as aggregate in a bitumen bound material such as a cold mix asphalt. The treated asphalt waste containing coal tar will have to meet the Specification for Highways Works 900 Series (clause 948) and 800 series (clause 810 to 880).
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MexicaliArticle Free Pass
Mexicali, city, capital of Baja California estado (state), northwestern Mexico. The city is situated across the Mexico-U.S. border from Calexico, California. The name Mexicali, formed from the first two syllables of Mexico and California, was chosen as a gesture of international friendship.
Mexicali lies in a broad depression of the Colorado Desert known locally as the Mexicali Valley (the southern extension of California’s Imperial Valley). Mexicali’s economy has expanded beyond its traditional functions as a cross-border checkpoint for tourists, immigrants, and shipments of irrigated crops (mainly fruits, vegetables, cotton, and cereals). In addition to its cotton gins and brewery, the city depends on numerous maquiladoras (export-oriented assembly plants) producing consumer electronics (notably computer monitors and televisions), plastics, glass, metal products, transportation equipment (radiators, trailers, and vehicle parts), textiles and thread, aircraft parts, furniture, cables and wires, medical supplies, and processed foods (notably frozen guacamole and canned and dehydrated fruits and vegetables). The city also supports the aquaculture of mollusks, fishes, and crustaceans in the gulf.
Improved irrigation of the Mexicali Valley, land redistribution in the late 1930s, and duty-free trade (1937–67) brought capital, immigration, and better transport facilities to the city. Mexicali has grown rapidly since the 1960s, owing to increased investment in maquiladoras, the immigration of job seekers from elsewhere in Mexico and Central America, and greater numbers of border crossings to the United States. The Autonomous University of Baja California (1957) is located in the city, which is readily accessible by highway, railroad, and air. Pop. (2000) 549,873; metro. area, 764,602; (2010) 689,775; metro. area, 936,826.
What made you want to look up "Mexicali"? Please share what surprised you most...
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The automated path to social and ecological destruction
The destruction caused by automation has already started to outweigh its constructive potential.
In the mid-1980s, Max Headroom, a “computer-generated” TV personality with a zany sense of satire and an electronically altered stutter, became the world’s first Artificial Intelligence (AI) superstar. Back then, of course, computer technology was not yet up to this mammoth task, so the intelligence behind Max Headroom, just like the actor portraying him on television, was very much human.
Max Headroom was from a dystopian future in which the world is ruled by an oligarchy of television networks. In a way, reality not only met but exceeded the show’s predictions. Sure, our lives are not controlled by “advertising-mad” TV companies, but they are being overwhelmed by equally advertising-mad social media companies that monitor and record the minutiae of our behaviour.
Moreover, technology has advanced so much over the past 35 years that the emergence of a computer-generated TV presenter like Max Headroom would hardly surprise anyone today. In fact, we already have machines convincingly acting like humans – so much so that we can create entire computer-generated worlds for our entertainment and fill them with seemingly intelligent characters.
The advances in computing power, robotics and AI have enormous implications for society. Most importantly, although we are still some way away from humans becoming obsolete in the workforce, much of human labour has already become surplus to requirements.
Factories that can function with zero or minimal human intervention (known as “lights-out manufacturing”) are but one visible example of this. A couple of generations ago, a typical factory would employ hundreds, if not thousands, of workers. Today, many manufacturing facilities are more or less completely automated. The FANUC manufacturing facility in Japan, for example, functions like a robotic womb, using robots to build robots without the need for human intervention.
While full automation is still relatively rare, partial automation is everywhere – from agriculture to manufacturing. The service sector, which had long been viewed as the one sector which would continue to create jobs no matter what, is also falling prey to automation.
This can clearly be seen in the diminishing number of service sector workers required to generate wealth. In the 1960s, telecoms giant AT&T was worth $267bn in today’s money and employed three-quarters of a million people. Google, in contrast, is worth considerably more ($370bn) but employs far fewer humans, only about 55,000.
Innovations that resulted in the service sector needing fewer human workers have undoubtedly brought some benefits. For example, during the coronavirus lockdowns, millions with broadband connections were able to work from home and connect with their loved ones without breaking physical distancing rules – something that would not have been possible just a few decades ago. But these obvious benefits should not cause us to ignore the many drawbacks of such technologies.
At their best, new technologies work in synergy with humans, freeing us from drudgery and bolstering our mental capabilities. At their worst, they force us to behave more like machines in order to compete with them and keep our jobs.
However, with the way our economies are currently structured, the fruits of automated labour have largely gone to multinational corporations, their shareholders and top executives – the feudal class of the information age.
Unlike what has been predicted in countless dystopian science fiction novels and movies, humans have not been enslaved by robots. Rather, high-tech machines became the new slave or serf class. They work relentlessly, accurately and obediently without needing sleep, paid holidays, health insurance or organised unions. No wonder they are so loved by their masters.
The working classes, from factory workers to middle-class professionals, meanwhile, have seen their status corroded, with a growing number unable to find work or forced to labour under rapidly deteriorating conditions.
This process has been a long time coming and warnings about how the “cybernation” of our economies would create “a permanent impoverished and jobless class” date back to at least the 1960s.
It is a testament to the genius of the proponents of new technologies that the worsening economic reality and prospects of ordinary people have triggered far more xenophobia than technophobia, with people blaming migrants and foreign workers rather than machines and computer programs, for the disappearance of jobs and societal protections.
Socially, the destruction caused by automation has started to outweigh its constructive potential. The widening gap between the productivity of capital and labour, along with deregulation and tax avoidance by the super-rich, have led to a devastating chasm between the haves and have-nots, fomenting popular unrest and social conflict.
Thanks to unprecedented technological progress, income and wealth inequalities today appear to be higher than they have ever been at any time in human history, even though the material wealth of the poor has risen.
While many of us are primed to see the green potential of new technologies, one under-appreciated and overlooked aspect of high-paced automation is its devastating environmental impact, which looks likely to multiply in the future.
Today’s economy produces massively more per unit of human labour than ever before, which leads to enormous levels of overproduction, even if each individual item is produced more efficiently.
Keeping people in work or creating new jobs means that this overproduction needs to be matched by an equivalent level of overconsumption. This overcapacity is a major factor behind our shift towards a throwaway, disposable culture.
Moreover, new technological tools and automation have become such an integral part of modern labour that the ecological footprint of work has skyrocketed. This is also visible, paradoxically, in the most ancient of jobs – farming. For example, although agriculture only employs about four percent of the European labour force, it accounts for about a tenth of Europe’s greenhouse gas emissions.
Little wonder, then, that a growing body of research indicates that shortening the working week would be good not only for workers’ health and wellbeing but also that of the environment. Shaving a day off our working week would reduce our carbon footprint by as much as 30 percent, according to one study that is almost a decade old.
The above is not an argument for technophobia, but a plea for techno-realism. To gain the maximum benefit for humanity from technological progress, we must move beyond the narrow focus on economics and profit maximisation and look at the wider social and environmental picture.
No major new technology should be rolled out before a thorough social, environmental and ethical assessment has found that its potential benefits outweigh its potential costs. Some sectors, especially areas where human contact brings with it intangible social and emotional benefits, could be partially de-automated to preserve and create jobs and reduce alienation.
More fundamentally, the fruits of automation need to be more evenly distributed. This can be accomplished through truly progressive taxation, taxing capital at a higher rate than labour and introducing such schemes as a universal basic income for everyone.
In the throes of the Great Depression, the legendary economist John Maynard Keynes, in an essay titled Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren, cast aside the economic pessimism of the time and predicted that we can inverse our working life, with two days of work and a five-day weekend, or three-hour daily shifts of work, within a century.
The fact that this is not our reality today, nearly 90 years after the publication of Keynes’ essay, is not due to a failure in his foresight but to our failure to exploit our economic bounty for the good of all.
“There is no country and no people, I think, who can look forward to the age of leisure and of abundance without a dread. For we have been trained too long to strive and not to enjoy,” Keynes presciently foretold.
It is high time that our societies overcame this dread and that we collectively strive to enjoy our unprecedented material abundance through the pursuit of happiness for the many rather than the pursuit of unfathomable wealth for the few.
The views expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Al Jazeera’s editorial stance.
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8 December 2016
Silent samples, holey samples
Posted by Callan Bentley
Here’s a riddle for you: what gets bigger, the more you take away from it?
Answer: a hole!
Here are two geological samples that show holes. In both cases, I’m not totally sure why, and I’m hoping readers can clue me in.
First, consider this piece of ferruginous sandstone from the redbeds of the Devonian Hampshire Formation in the Valley & Ridge province of West Virginia:
Link 3.91 Gpx GIGAmacro by Callan Bentley
By volume, it’s about 30% holes – these spherical to ellipsoidal regions are weathered out “rotten” regions, where the sand is weakly lithified and crumbly. It can easily be scraped out with a fingernail or pencil. I have seen this several times in sandstones along Corridor H in West Virginia, and I’d guess that there’s some mineral concretions that grew out from some initial nucleus in these zones, and the mineral comprising those concretions is unstable at surface conditions, causing it to weather out. But I don’t know the specifics of what’s going on. Enlighten me?
Next up is a specimen of Virginia’s state fossil, the lovely Chesapecten jeffersonius, collected from the Sunken Meadow member of the Yorktown Formation in Williamsburg, Virginia (the Coastal Plain province). [This GIGAmacro is a featured image in a poster at the AGU fall meeting next week.]
Link 2.01 Gpx GIGAmacro by Callan Bentley
What interests me about this specimen is not the scallop itself, but the dozens and dozens of small holes that perforate the shell. The holes are both larger and more concentrated toward the base of the shell. They get more sparse and tinier as you work your way toward the “lip” of the shell. These are doubtless traces of some organism, but which organism, and why do they show these patterns of size and distribution? Someone, please tell me…
Clearly, I don’t have a handle on the hole story.
It has been a while, but if I remember correctly there are certain types of sponges around today that attach to shells and leave similar holes. They often kill the host organism. Very similar to barnacles on a ship it’s just a place the sponges live. My guess would be a similar sponge existed during the same time frame.
This is plausible – and I have a similar ghost of a memory in my mind of a genus called Cliona. But why then this particular distribution of holes? If it was a single killing infestation of sponge, then shouldn’t they all be at least the same size, and perhaps more evenly distributed?
Looks like radular drilling by gastropods to me, at least on the Chesapecten jeffersonius. Likely by Busycon whelks, which are also found in Yorktown Fm, and would be a likely culprit based on their feeding style. Here’s some additional info on whelks:
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Women's Rights, Economic Justice and Citizenship: What role for the United Nations?
Virginia Vargas takes up three major issues that we need to consider for change – the role of the United Nations, the need for democracy to counter fundamentalisms and the need for a new countercultural revolution to combat deep economic and social injustices. In short, she says that we need to turn the world and its current values upside down, doing away with the dominant hierarchy that grants unrestricted property rights, in the name of individual freedom, and that celebrates the supremacy of the market over human life.Development (2006) 49, 49–51. doi:10.1057/palgrave.development.1100233
No Supplementary Data
Document Type: Research Article
Publication date: 2006-03-01
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- Level: Beginner
- Duration: 8 weeks
- Date: 30 September 2022
- Mentor: Sanghamitra Das
Course Fee:Enroll Now
About the Course
Everyone has a storyteller in him/her, and this course is designed to bring out the storyteller in every child.
Come, learn the craft of creative writing and give free rein to your creative bent of mind.
This is for you
If you are between 8 to 11 years of age and want to delve into the art of storytelling.
What you’ll explore
- Conventions of English, use of powerful words and phrases
- Traditional format of a story (beginning, middle, end)
- Story elements (characters, setting, events, problem, solution)
- Character traits and behavior patterns
- Tweaking fairy tales to make them their own creation
- Poetic forms and figures of speech
- Direct and reported speech as the basis of conversation and dialogues
- Story writing journey with feedback and suggestions for improvement
What you get
- Developed creative writing skills
- Improved vocabulary, accuracy, and writing style
- Ability to build interesting fictional characters with actions to match
- Interest in composing short poems of diverse forms and on varied topics
- Enhanced skill in writing dialogues that match character traits
- Proficiency in writing interesting short stories
What you’ll need
Pencil or pen, some paper, and a clear mind ready to start exploring new ideas!
Download course syllabus for a detailed look at what we'll cover in this course. Download Syllabus
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1. a vaguely specified concern
- several matters to attend to
2. some situation or event that is thought about
- it is a matter for the police
3. that which has mass and occupies space
- physicists study both the nature of matter and the forces which govern it
Definition categories: general
4. a problem
- is anything the matter?
5. (used with negation) having consequence
- they were friends and it was no matter who won the games
6. written works (especially in books or magazines)
- he always took some reading matter with him on the plane
Sentences with matter as a noun:
- vegetable matter
- printed matter;
- What's the matter?;
- I stayed for a matter of months.
1. have weight; have import, carry weight
- It does not matter much
Sentences with matter as a verb:
- The only thing that matters to Jim is being rich.
- Sorry for pouring ketchup on your clean white shirt! - Oh, don't worry, it does not matter.
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By Ken J. Rotenberg (auth.), Ken J. Rotenberg (eds.)
Social philosophers in the course of the process heritage and modern-day researchers have expressed the assumption that interpersonal belief is key for harmonious and cooperative social relationships between humans. Interpersonal belief has been defined because the social cement that binds interpersonal relationships in society and is important for its survival. This ebook offers researchers and execs who take care of childrens an perception right into a severe aspect of kid's social functioning. Interpersonal belief is conceptualized as youngsters' s self belief person's verbal or nonverbal conversation properly conveys evidence or inner states. This contains kid's sensitivity to mendacity, deception and promise violations.
Read Online or Download Children’s Interpersonal Trust: Sensitivity to Lying, Deception and Promise Violations PDF
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Additional resources for Children’s Interpersonal Trust: Sensitivity to Lying, Deception and Promise Violations
New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. , & Schkolne, T. (1986). Children who lie. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 665-669. Damon, W. (1988). The moral child; nurturing children's natural moral growth. New York: Free Press. , & Jordan, A. (1982). Age changes in deceiving and detecting deceit. S. ), Development of nonverbal behavior in children (pp. 180). New York: Springer Verlag. , & Roth, K. (1980). Development of young children's prosocial moral judgement: A longitudinal follow-up. Developmental Psychology, 16, 375-376.
New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Light, P. (1980). The social concomitants of role-taking. V. ), Are young children egocentric? (pp. 127-145). New York: St. Martin's Press. , & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1986). Family factors as correlates and predictors of juvenile conduct problems and delinquency. In M. Tonry & M. ), Crime and justice and annual revue of research (Vol. 7, pp. 29-150). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. P. (1962). A developmental study of the behavior problems of normal children between twenty-one months and fourteen years.
Turiel, E. (1980). Act-rule relations: Children's concepts of social rules. Developmental Psychology, 16,417-424. , & Perner, J. (1984). Young children's conception of lying: Lexical realism-moral subjectivism. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 37, 1-30. , & Waxler, C. (1977). Emergence and functions of prosocial behavior in young children. D. M. ), Child psychology: Contemporary readings. New York: McGraw-Hill. , & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1982). The development of altruism: Alternative research strategies.
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Free and Open to the Public. Civil War historian and author of STONEWALL JACKSON, which won eight national awards and was the basis for the movie Gods and Generals, has written a book that reveals new information about the War, in time to commemorate its 150th anniversary. By examining overlooked elements—such as the role of weather, health, and high emotions - to the world-changing effect of the rise of female workers, to the many "firsts" including the introduction of standard time, pre-sized clothing, canned goods, toilets, and Santa Claus; this book adds a new dimension to our understanding of the Civil War and discusses how the need to spread information about the dead and wounded gave rise to the U.S. Postal Service and whether or not President Lincoln really aged dramatically because of the war or from a rare disease. A perfect event for those who are fascinated by the Civil War. Literary Journal says "Beautifully illustrated and engagingly written, this thematically arranged book reveals the human side of America's bloodiest war. While the generals, battles, and politicians are given their place, James Robertson (spends more time discussing the smaller, everyday experiences of soldiers and civilians. Photographs, cartoons, and other illustrations make up more than half of the content, with accompanying captions formulated so that one need not even read all the text to appreciate the book and learn from it." (jasbro)
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By MARTY GOODMAN
Myanmar (Burma) was a colony of Britain from 1824 to 1948. Despite super-exploitation and trigger-happy British troops, Myanmar was known for its ethnic diversity, rich cultural life, and intellectual influences, including Marxism. Burmese Muslims participated in the fight against British and Japanese imperialism and were officials in the first post-colonial governments.
In February 1939, a well-known anti-colonial student protester, Aung Gyaw, was arrested in Rangoon and died later from a head wound. In response, a huge demonstration was organized in Mandalay on Feb. 10, 1939, during which forces of British imperialism opened fire and killed 17.
In August 1939, the Communist Party of Burma (CPB) was founded, destined to be the largest Stalinist party in Southeast Asia. Its first secretary was Aung San, father of today’s de facto Myanmar leader Aung San Suu Kyi. Aung San distanced himself from the CPB by 1947. In July 1947, Aung San was assassinated with six others, possibly with help from a British agent—six months before the country achieved independence.
In the 1930s, Aung San began a trip to China to get aid from the Chinese Communist Party but by an incredible blunder landed in territory controlled by imperial Japan. Nevertheless, Aung San and later other CPB leaders sought Japanese military training to oust British imperialism. Others trained in China.
In 1943, after Britain had been ousted from Rangoon, Aung San took a top post in the Japanese occupation government. Other CPB members joined Aung San in Japanese-occupied Burma, including the then “left” Bo Ne Win, a future general and vicious leader of the 1962 military coup. Aung San broke with Japan in 1945 to work with British forces.
Over time the CPB revealed its long-term unprincipled blocks with non-working-class forces. The CPB itself was an unstable mixture of “nationalists,” like Ne Win, and Marxists.
The CPB created the multi-class Anti-Fascist People’s Freedom League. CPB leaders took high posts (Aung San) in the AFPFL colonial government. Later Aung San broke with the CPB and co-founded a pro-AFPFL party, the Burma Socialist Party, in 1945. The CPB itself was expelled in 1946 from the AFPFL pre-independence, post-war government. Nevertheless, within a few years, the CPB had organized the entire union movement and nearly 1 million peasants.
From April 1948 to 1955 was a period of intense armed struggle. The CPB adopted the Maoist-Stalinist strategy of encircling the cities with a peasant army. Some 15,000 CPB troops fought into the 1970s.
In the meantime, some 13,000 Muslims who had fled during the war were living in refugee camps in India and East Pakistan and were not permitted to return; those who did were considered illegal immigrants. Muslim rebels quickly seized control of large parts of the north and expelled many Buddhist villagers. Law and order almost completely broke down, with two communist insurgencies, Red Flag and White Flag, in addition to the Mujahidin, Rakhine nationalist groups, and the (Marxist) Arakan People’s Liberation Party in the south of the state.
In the chaos, relations between Buddhists and Muslims communities deteriorated further. Many moderate Muslim leaders rejected the mujahidin insurgency. In 1954, the army launched a massive offensive, Operation Monsoon, which captured most of the mujahidin mountain strongholds on the East Pakistan border.
The rebellion was ended by ceasefire in 1961 and the defeat of the remaining groups. The 1962 military coup led to a more hardline stance toward minorities. Today, many small armies exist, founded on dozens of ethnicities—among them, at least two armed Rohingya groups.
The March 1962 coup was led by “war hero” General Ne Win and his Burmese Socialist Programme Party (BSPP), which ruled with an iron fist but with socialist camouflage. All banks and corporations were “nationalized,” but under military, not workers’, control. The BSPP published the pseudo-socialist Working People’s Daily, with no real opposition.
From August 1988 until the end of the year, tens of thousands demonstrated and conducted general strikes across the country. Hundreds, maybe thousands, were slaughtered during protests. Police, army, and military death squads hunted down student leaders and other human rights advocates.
On Sept. 18, 1988, General Saw Mung oversaw another coup, killing protesters and banning demonstrations of more than four. The State and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), was created, which ruled Myanmar from 1988-97. In a few years the military regime would drop all socialist pretensions.
In 1990, “democracy” leader Suu Kyi was placed under house arrest after decisively winning the May 27 presidential election. She was released in 2010. Her National League for Democracy (NLD) won the 2015 election and she became Myanmar’s de facto leader. She could not run for president because her former husband was British.
The CPB, for its part, largely abstained during the big student-led protests in the late 1980s, because students were “not working class” and in any case, not the peasant vanguard, according to Maoist “theory.” The ossified Stalinist CPB finally imploded in 1989, 41 years after its armed struggle began, with most leaders fleeing to China to retire from politics. CPB cadre splintered into at least five parties, some engaging in smuggling.
Tragically, as yet, no authentic revolutionary force has emerged in Myanmar, a sad tribute to the bankrupt, unprincipled nature of Stalinist politics and Suu Kyi’s pro-capitalist NLD.
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- maize / agriculture
- Amazing Maze Of Maize Evolution: Study On Maize Domestication May Help Improve Crop Yields -- ScienceDaily (02 October 2009)
- American Corn Growers Association (ACGA)
- Archeology And Genetics Team Up To Put A Much Earlier Date On South American Agriculture -- Science Daily (5 March 2006)
- Archaeology of Maise -- [email protected]
- A Zillion Uses for Corn
- Aztec Cooking --World Hearth Circle of International Cooking
- Aztec cuisine -- Wikipedia
- Baker, Lauren E. Corn Meets Maize: Food Movements and Markets in Mexico. Lanham, MD: Altamira Press, 2013.
- Brown, Lester R. Full Planet, Empty Plates: The New Geopolitics of Food Scarcity. NY: W.W. Norton, 2012.
- Corn Facts -- soyatech
- Corn: It's Not for Cocktails -- Science (23 March 2009)
- Corn Refiner's Association
- Corn smut? Tastes great and good for you, too: Gnarly huitlacoche fungus has high nutritional value, new test shows -- MARTHA MENDOZA, MSNBC (27 April 2010)
- Counihan Carole M. A Tortilla Is Like Life: Food and Culture in the San Luis Valley of Colorado. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2010.
- Cushing, Frank Hamilton. Zuni Breadstuff. NY: Museum of the American Indian, 1920.
- Domesticated plants of Mesoamerica -- Wikipedia
- Does the Bible have errors, since it says that corn existed in the Middle East over 2,000 years ago? -- Rich Deem, godandscience.org
- The earliest archaeological maize (Zea mays L.) from highland Mexico -- D. R. Piperno and K. V. Flannery
- Earliest Evidence Of Domesticated Maize Discovered: Dates Back 8,700 Years -- ScienceDaily (25 March r 2009)
- Earliest Signs Of Corn As Staple Food Found After Spreading South From Mexican Homeland -- Science Daily (25 March 2008)
- Eddy, F.W. Metates and Manos: The Basic Corn Grinding Tools of the Southwest. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1979.
- Fitting, Liz. "Food Sovereignty: A Critical Dialogue." (2013).
- The Food Timeline –
Lynne Olver, Morris County Library NJ
- Fussell, Betty Harper. The Story of Corn. NY: Alfred A. Knop, 1994. [Reprinted, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2004.]
- Have a look at La Maestra Diana Kennedy, 88, show you how to make a proper corn tortilla: <http://www.texasmonthly.com/multimedia/video/15303> -- Texas Monthy (December 2010, 113)
- Kennedy, Diana. The Tortilla Book, Revised Edition. NY: HarperCollins, 1991.
- Maize [Research & Impact: Areas of Research] -- Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)
- Maize (Corn) May Have Been Domesticated In Mexico As Early As 10,000 Years Ago -- ScienceDaily (30 June 2008)
- Maize of Guatemala
- Maize May Have Fueled Ancient Andean Civilization: Prehistoric skeletons yield evidence that farming of crop led to the rise of an early state society -- Science News (08 July 2009)
- Maize Was Passed from Group to Group of Southwestern Hunter-Gatherers, Study Suggests -- ScienceDaily (08 December 2009)
- Maya Murals Give Rare View of Everyday Life -- LiveScience (09 November 2009)
- Morton, Paula E. Tortillas: A Cultural History. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2014.
- Mutant Corn Calls for Rescue When Killers Attack -- National Geographic (03 August 2009)
- Newman, Kara. The Secret Financial Life of Food: From Commodities Markets to Supermarkets. Columbia University Press, 2012.
- New World foods: introduced to Europe by the Columbian Exchange
- Popcorn: A Symposium -- Diner's Journal, New York Times (6 April 2007)
- Popcorn Board
- Pre-Conquest Aztec Cooking -- Jennifer Edwards Ring
- Researchers find the earliest evidence of domesticated maize -- EurekAlert (23 March 2009)
- Robinson, Jo. Eating on the Wild Side: The Missing Link to Optimum Health. NY: Little, Brown and Company, 2014.
- Sandstrom, Alan R. Corn Is Our Blood: Culture and Ethnic Identity in a Contemporary Aztec Indian Village. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1991.
- Staller, John E., Robert H. Tykot, and Bruce F. Benz, Eds. Histories of Maize: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory, Linguistics, Biogeography, Domestication, and Evolution of Maize. Burlington, MA: Academic Press, 2006.
- Super, John C. Food, Conquest, and Colonization in Sixteenth-century Spanish America. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988.
- Taube, Karl. "The Maize Tamale in Classic Maya Diet, Epigraphy, and Art." American Antiquity 54 (1989): 31-51.
- Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne. A History of Food. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons/Blackwell 2009.
- Tracking the Ancestry of Corn Back 9,000 Years -- New York Times (24 May 2010)
- Twitty, Michael W. The Cooking Gene: A Journey Through African American Culinary History in the Old South. NY: HarperCollins, 2017.
- USDA Economic Research Service
- Vogt, Evon. Tortillas for the Gods: A Symbolic Analysis of Zinacanteco Rituals. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976.
- Weed to Wonder -- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Aztecs storing maize.
late 16th century
An Aztec woman blowing on maize before putting in the cooking put, so that it will not fear the fire.
late 16th century
Gold Maize. Moche Culture A.D.300
Larco Museum, Lima, Peru
Early Maize Cobbs -- Tehuacán Valley
- Atkinson, Sonja. The Aztec Way to Healthy Eating. 1992. NY: Paragon House.
- Coe, Sophie D. America's First Cuisines. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1994.
- Johannessen, Sissel, and Christine Ann Hastorf. Corn and Culture in the Prehistoric New World. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994.
- Mangelsdorf, Paul C. Corn: Corn: Its Origin, Evolution and Improvement. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Presss, 1974.
- Visser, Margaret. Much Depends on Dinner: The Extraordinary History and Mythology, Allure and Obsessions, Perils and Taboos of an Ordinary Meal. NY: Grove, 2010 .
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The Communist Manifesto, first published in 1848 for the Communist League, had little influence in its own day. Only after Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels' other writings had made their views on socialism widely known did it become a standard text. For about a century it was one of the most widely read (and some would argue misread) documents in the world.
But why study it today? Most of the communist world has collapsed. Nominally communist countries like Vietnam and China are busily building market economies in defiance of everything Marx advocated, and Korea and Cuba are barely surviving, serving as models for no one. Has not Marxism been relegated to the ash-heap of history?
There are several reasons why The Communist Manifesto is still an important document. As a historically significant work, it has a certain intrinsic interest. It is good to know what the great ideas are which have shaped history. Some people would argue that Marxists so thoroughly betrayed Marxism that the document can be used to show why attempts at building communist states failed: they were never truly Marxist at all. If true Marxism has never been tried, then it might be worth reconsidering afresh. Or if, as others argue, Marxism has intrinsic flaws that doomed it from the beginning, we might hope to discover traces of them here which might teach us why Marxism should be shunned. The goal here is not to convert you, but to help you explore Marx's writing from his point of view, so that you can understand his actual meaning while still maintaining a stance that can allow you to think critically about the subject and form your own opinions.
It is important to understand that Marx played two important roles in world history: as a critic of capitalism and as an advocate of socialism. He actually wrote very little on the latter subject. Although a strong believer in the importance of building socialism, he spent most of his time and energy on a subtle and complex critique of the capitalist system. This critique is still very influential on many historians, art and literature scholars, sociologists and others. There have been many neo-Marxisms which have been based more or less loosely on the original ideas of Marx and which are widely discussed today. Whether you want to explore such ideas or combat them, it's good to have some notion of the subject.
A manifesto is a document which proclaims publicly--or makes manifest-- the central ideas of a group or individual. Although the organization for which this one was written was underground (for the simple reason that it was illegal) Marx always envisioned the socialist movement as open. He rejected secret conspiracies because his ideal of building socialism was envisioned as a majority enterprise which could only accumulate the necessary momentum through an open, broadly-based campaign of education and exhortation.
Engels was Marx's close collaborator and an important thinker and writer in his own right. He outlived Marx by many years, and produced several volumes which are still influential. Marx was clearly the more powerful thinker of the two, but Engels was the better stylist. Although Engels may have been responsible for much of the eloquent writing in the Manifesto, because it incorporates Marx's ideas and embodies some central concepts of what came to be known as Marxism the following questions will refer to the authors simply as "Marx."
The terms "socialist" and "communist" have been defined in a bewildering variety of ways. When reading them it is always important to know what the writer means by them. For Marx socialism was the more comprehensive term; communism was an advanced stage of socialism. Socialism would prepare the way by nationalizing the "means of production" (factories, farms, mines, transportation, etc.) and putting them under the control of those he viewed as the sole producers of wealth: the workers. He viewed political equality and freedom as incomplete (or even ily) without economic equality. Therefore this redistribution of economic power was aimed at extending democracy far beyond the limits envisioned by earlier democratic revolutions. Social services like health, education, and housing would be provided free, but people would still be paid wages according to their work.
When all nations had developed socialist economies, they would begin to evolve into an international communist society. The vision of communism was very similar to that of anarchism: a stateless society in which central government had "withered away," local, ground-up control of all affairs by strictly democratic processes based at the place of work, abolition of the market system (no money, no buying and selling) and its replacement by a system according to which people would voluntarily work for the common good to the extent they were able under the understanding that they could receive whatever they needed for free ("from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs"). National boundaries and governments having been eliminated, war would cease
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Undoubtedly one of the most influential contributors to early Christianity, and the ultimate traveller, carrying the word of Christianity to lands such as Cyprus, Asia Minor (modern Turkey), mainland Greece, Crete and Rome, St Paul was born to a Jewish family in Tarsus in what is now modern-day Eastern Turkey.
St Paul visited Ephesus twice, and on the second visit stayed for at least two years in Ephesus as part of his missionary work in Asia Minor. It was from Ephesus that Paul wrote his famous First Letter to the Corinthians. While in Ephesus Paul worked with new converts to Christianity and worked hard to get more.
Eventually Paul’s preaching caused trouble. The local silversmiths made their living selling effigies of the Anatolian fertility goddess Artemis (Cybele/Diana) to pilgrims and tourists coming to visit the gigantic marble Temple of Artemis. The more the Ephesians listened to Paul, the less they believed in Artemis—and so the sale of effigies rapidly decreased. Eventually the silversmiths started a riot against Paul which resulted in dramatic scenes in the Great Theatre
As you walk the streets of Ephesus, it is easy to imagine Paul walking them too, thinking about what he might write in his letters, and appearing in the theatre trying to defend himself against the silversmiths.
At some point during his time in Ephesus Paul was imprisoned, possibly in a cave which was discovered in 1906 and contains some frescoes of St Paul, the Virgin Mary and Thecla, who was a female disciple who accompanied him on some of his journeys. It is unclear what charges he was arrested for. It appears that at some point the cave was also used as a place of worship. Unfortunately, the grotto is not generally open to the public, although at times it is available to visit by special arrangement.
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