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This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. June Learn how and when to remove this template message Benjamin Franklin Most of the basic goals of lean manufacturing and waste reduction were derived from Benjamin Franklin through documented examples.
Value Based Management Value Based Management Value Based Management VBM is the management philosophy and approach that enables and supports maximum value creation in organizations, typically the maximization of shareholder value. VBM encompasses the processes for creating, managing, and measuring value.
Once this understanding is established and is linked with key value chain drivers for cash flow and profitability, competitive strategy can be established or modified to maximize future returns. Based on our specialization in the materials and manufacturing industry, we are able to uniquely offer benchmarked analysis that provides clients with clear insights and support in the development of their value maximizing strategy for this industry.
The three elements of Value Based Management: How the company can increase or generate maximum future value.
More or less equal to strategy. Governance, change management, organizational culture, communication, leadership. Value Based Management is dependent on the corporate purpose and the corporate values.
The corporate purpose can either be economic Shareholder Value or can also aim at other constituents directly Stakeholder Value. Why is Value Based Management important?
Any large company operates and is competing in multiple markets: The market for its products and services. The employees and managers market competition for company image and ability to attract top talent.
What are the benefits of Value Based Management? Can maximize value creation consistently. It increases corporate transparency. It helps organizations to deal with globalized and deregulated capital markets. Aligns the interests of top managers with the interests of shareholders and stakeholders.
Facilitates communication with investors, analysts and communication with stakeholders. Improves internal communication about the strategy. Prevents undervaluation of the stock. It sets clear management priorities.
Facilitates to improve decision making. It helps to balance short-term, middle-term and long-term trade-offs. Improves the allocation of resources. Streamlines planning and budgeting.
To access the new Vendor Information Pages (VIP) you must select one of the options available through AccessVA login: Veteran Small Business Owners: DS Login: Veterans (including Veterans Small Business Owners (Veteran Owned Small Business (VOSB) or Service Disabled Veteran Owned Small Business (SDVOSB) or their business representatives who are also Veterans. Lean manufacturing or lean production, often simply "lean", is a systematic method for waste minimization ("Muda") within a manufacturing system without sacrificing productivity, which can cause metin2sell.com also takes into account waste created through overburden ("Muri") and waste created through unevenness in work loads ("Mura").Working from the perspective of the client who consumes . Plan, track, and manage your agile and software development projects in Jira. Customize your workflow, collaborate, and release great software.
It sets effective targets for compensation. Facilitates the use of stocks for mergers or acquisitions. It helps to better manage increased complexity and greater uncertainty and risk.Project management is the practice of initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing the work of a team to achieve specific goals and meet specific success criteria at the specified time.
A project is a temporary endeavor designed to produce a unique product, service or result with a defined beginning and end (usually time-constrained, and often constrained by funding or staffing.
“Shareholder value is the dumbest idea in the world.” —Jack Welch Executives, investors, and the business press routinely chant the mantra that corporations are required to “maximize shareholder value.”.
Subpart —Federal Supply Schedules Definitions.
As used in this subpart— “Ordering activity” means an activity that is authorized to place orders, or establish blanket purchase agreements (BPA), against the General Services Administration’s (GSA) Multiple Award Schedule contracts. Learn how IBM Analytics can collect, organize and analyze your data and accelerate your journey to AI.
NetSuite OpenAir provides project management software for services companies to help deliver projects on time and within budget, manage project profitability and forecasts and increase client involvement and satisfaction. Financial planning software, personal finance software, and investment software for consumers, investors, financial advisers and investment managers.
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After the abundance of fresh fruits and vegetables all summer long, fall might seem lacking in variety. However, with a little research, there are some great fresh fruits and vegetables that are at the peak of flavor and nutrition in the colder months. Not only do they taste better, many of them are grown locally, and local produce is always a great choice. If it’s not shipped in, odds are pretty good that the fruit is more fresh and it’s also a great option to keep your food budget in check, a win-win situation. Add these cold weather choices to your meals for great taste and exceptional benefits to your diet.
1. Apples – Studies have shown that apples can help lower cholesterol, manage diabetes, and prevent several diseases, including cancer. Apples peak in the fall, and the flavor can’t be beat. They are full of fiber, around 5 grams per fruit, and are comparatively low in calories.
2. Pears – High in both Vitamin C and fiber, pears are a low calorie and delicious fruit choice that add dimension to a chicken salad and make an excellent snack when paired with a low fat string cheese and a handful of walnuts.
3. Winter Squash – An awesome source of vitamin A and fiber, and lower in calories than you might think – one cup baked squash has only 80 calories with more than six grams of fiber. Add chunks of winter squash to your soups or stews or bake a halved squash and drizzle with a bit of maple syrup.
4. Sweet Potatoes – Among all of the root vegetables, the sweet potato is lowest on the glycemic index and chock full of fiber, so the sweet potato digests slowly, causing a gradual rise in blood sugar which helps you to feel satisfied longer. Baked, they are delicious plain or with a smattering of cinnamon.
5. Kale and dark leafy greens – Kale is an excellent source of vitamin K, vitamin A, vitamin C and other nutrients shown to help prevent cancer. In fact, most of the dark, leafy greens are also a good source of calcium, folate, and vitamin B-6.
Make a goal to add at least three of these fruits and vegetables to your daily diet and reap the benefits of eating seasonally!
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Often, if you are finding that a question phrased in a certain way gets incoherent answers, the issue may be the question itself, just as bad premisses lead to bad conclusions in mathematical proofs.
One problem is what you mean by mathematics. If you are think of mathematics as a set of universal truths about the relationships among non-culturally determined abstract entities, then your answer will be that it is not culturally determined.
If you think of mathematics as a set of practices, it is, in fact, practiced in different ways in different countries. Ancient Greece was interested in the proofs of Euclidean geometry, but never invented zero, which was a product of a culture of algebra developed by the Arabs. Indian logic, western medieval logic, and early modern European logics operated on very different presumptions.
Cultures, and individual philosophers within a specific culture, also disagree about the epistemological status of mathematical entities -- whether they are "real" or merely formal conventions (a position known as nominalism). The debates over such issues underlie the "philosophy of mathematics. The works of Wilfred van Orman Quine and Thomas Kuhn discuss these issues at some length.
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Location: Rangeland Resources Research
Title: Origin, persistence, and resolution of the rotational grazing debate: Integrating human dimensions into rangeland research Authors
|Briske, David -|
|Sayre, Nathan -|
|Huntsinger, Lynn -|
|Fernandez-Gimenez, Maria -|
|Budd, Bob -|
Submitted to: Rangeland Ecology and Management
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: March 20, 2011
Publication Date: July 5, 2011
Citation: Briske, D.D., Sayre, N., Huntsinger, L., Fernandez-Gimenez, M., Budd, B., Derner, J.D. 2011. Origin, persistence, and resolution of the rotational grazing debate: Integrating human dimensions into rangeland research. Rangeland Ecology and Management. 64(4):325-334. Interpretive Summary: Despite substantial experimental evidence that rotational grazing does not achieve specific ecological purposes, this grazing practice has become the standard for many management plans on private and public rangelands in the US. This synthesis paper provides the framework to integrate both experimental and experiential knowledge into decision-making and management processes that clearly identifies desired human and environmental outcomes. This approach can provide adaptability for site-specific management options that take into account the local variability in climate, production and conservation goals, and rural economic concerns.
Technical Abstract: This synthesis examines the origins of the rotational grazing debate, identifies the major reasons for its persistence, and concludes with an approach for resolution. The debate originated from scientific and institutional responses to rangeland degradation in the US during the late 1800s. Rotational grazing has been adopted as the professional norm for grazing management for primarily social reasons, rather than on the basis of a consistent record of achieving ecological outcomes. Advocates have demonstrated that rotational grazing systems can work for diverse management purposes; scientists have demonstrated that they do not necessarily work for specific ecological purposes. These interpretations appear contradictory, but become complementary when evaluated within the context of complex adaptive systems. The scientific evidence refuting the ecological benefits of rotational grazing is robust, but also narrowly focused, because it is derived from experiments that intentionally excluded human variables of critical importance to grazing management, such as the goals, knowledge, and decision-making abilities of managers. The debate has persisted because the rangeland profession has not yet developed a framework capable of integrating both the social and biophysical components of complex adaptive systems. Reliance on grazing systems terminology as the primary means to manage grazed ecosystems has restricted a more comprehensive evaluation of both ecological and management options, as indicated by greater emphasis on the ‘technology’ associated with size and number of pastures and length of rest and grazing periods, than on management and environmental outcomes. We recommend moving beyond the debate over whether or not rotational grazing ‘works,’ to focus instead on decision-making and management processes that integrate both experiential and experimental knowledge. An adaptive management framework that explicitly identifies both human and environmental outcomes can more effectively facilitate site-specific management strategies to accommodate the inherent uncertainties of rangeland ecosystems.
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Aesthetics is the examination of art and the appreciation of beauty expressed through judgments of taste. The degree to which the social world and appreciation of art are comparable to or unlike human experience and comprehension of nature is one of the subjects that aesthetics takes into account.
The word aesthetics, created in the German-speaking world in the eighteenth century, was left to the history of ideas with the publication of philosopher Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten’s Aesthetica. According to Baumgarten, it is the study of beauty.
In the English-speaking world, the philosophy of taste predominated aesthetics, which is reflected in the writings of John Locke and David Hume. However, British and continental theories of aestheticization became more and more concerned with ideas of beauty and unity in the arts as the century came to a close. They suggested structural parallels between music and the visual arts in terms of their effects and fueled broader ideas of unity in the arts and sciences, which would continue to develop in the following century.
Because there was more interest in aesthetics in general, Aristotle’s Poetics was translated into English in 1789. In the beginning, aesthetics was considered the study of beauty and its effects. During the latter half of the eighteenth century, knowledge of aesthetics was often seen as part of a person’s social framework.
Late eighteenth-century urbanization, rising audiences, and the status-seeking tactics of more professionalized artists in London, Paris, Vienna, and other European capitals simultaneously contributed to the arts flourishing. During this time, new aesthetic hierarchies were developed by artists and hijacked by art lovers as a tool for establishing and maintaining status.
Sociology and aesthetics
Numerous arts sociologists have discussed how aestheticization, beauty, and worth in the arts and taste have served as tools for negotiating social boundaries. For instance, Pierre Bourdieu attempted to refute Kant in Distinction by suggesting that aesthetics could never be detached from lifestyle and social status but was instead entwined with both.
The emphasis on aesthetics has been shifted and significantly broadened in the work of the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory or postmodernists to encompass, as Lash (1990) puts it, “aesthetic signifiers amid the flotsam and jetsam of ordinary existence.” This affirms the “political aspect of the aesthetic” and rejects the idea that art exists in a separate realm. As a result, the sociology of popular culture places a greater emphasis on aesthetics.
Architecture, crafts, dance, engravings, comedy, literature, music, painting, sculpture, theater, urban design, and more lately, film, television, digital art, photography, and even video games are just a few examples of aesthetic expression. All act as platforms for illuminating cultural values, feelings, and points of view in the context of the political, social, and economic environments from which they emerge. Individual or collective expressions of the pursuit of what is attractive and appealing may also be seen in clothing, body art (piercings, tattoos, and cosmetic surgery), hair color, haircuts, cosmetics, and fragrances.
Simmel was essentially the major early sociologist to see the necessity for abstract individualities to be included in what he termed “sociological aesthetics,” which goes beyond just explaining the rationality of conduct. Another addition to this topic is Janet Wolff’s Aesthetics and the Sociology of Art.
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4. Wisdom tooth pain
Wisdom teeth grow at the back of your gums and usually grow through in your late teens or early twenties. The position of wisdom teeth at the back of your mouth means there isn’t always room for the teeth to grow through properly, meaning they can get stuck or grow at an angle. These are called impacted wisdom teeth and can cause severe pain.
If you’re experiencing severe wisdom pain, see your dentist as soon as you can. They’ll take X-rays of your mouth to see the growth of the teeth. From this, they can advise whether they need to be surgically removed. Wisdom teeth only need to be removed if they’re causing you severe pain and are a risk to your dental health.
If your wisdom tooth is impacted but isn’t removed, food and bacteria can get stuck around the tooth, causing plaque and eventually leading to long-term oral health problems, including tooth decay, gum disease and dental abscesses. There’s no way to stop your wisdom teeth coming through, but, if you’re experiencing pain, make sure you see your dentist.
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Snow all over everything in the Rocky Mountains. I look outside the window while I am stuck in the house and see white snow everywhere. I do not see many animals around nor do I hear many birds.
In the summer I see lots of different kinds of birds and even larger animals. But, it seems like one of the only birds that I see during the winter are those tiny little birds with black heads – the Black Capped Chickadees. These tiny birds have a big, round head that has a black cap and also a black bib – black around the front of its neck.
In the winter time they travel in small flocks with some other kinds of small songbirds mixed in also.
But, how do they stay warm enough to survive cold winters?
Eat anything they can – During the summer Chickadees eat mostly insects, caterpillars, and spiders. But, during the summer those foods are not as readily available and Chickadees will eat anything they can during the winter. This includes berries, seeds, and even scavenging off dead animals.
Carefully Chosen Night Time Resting Spot
Thick winter coats – Chickadees replace their feathers at the end of the summer. This means that they have new, thick feathers for the winer. In addition to having new feathers, they are also good at fluffing out their feathers. This fluffing of the feathers holds in more heat and keeps them warmer.
Lower their body temperature at night – During very cold nights they stay warm by going under a mild hypothermia – where they lower their body temperature by 12 t0 15 degrees. Even with lowering their body temperature they use up a lot of energy at night staying warm. They use up to 10% of their body weight during the night to stay warm. This means that during the day they need to eat a lot of food – so that they gain back 10% of their body weight during the day.
Communal Roosting – if the nights become very cold, Chickadees may decide to roost together in a large flock in trees, logs, or other sheltered places. Staying together in a large flock with other birds helps them stay warmer than if they were alone.
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|Chapter 11-Selecting, Evaluating, and Citing Information from the Internet|
The World Wide Web gives us access to a great variety of information on many different topics. When we want to use the information or resources we find on the Web for information or research purposes, we need to exercise some care to make sure they are authentic, reliable, and authoritative. We need to be equally cautious when we use information from other sources.
Print sources that are available to us through a research or academic library have often been put through a screening process by professional librarians. There are several virtual libraries on the Web, and its useful to consult some of these when doing research. Information in such libraries is selected and evaluated before its listed.
It pays to be skeptical or critical of the information we want to use. Its relatively easy to publish information on the Web, and information can be presented in such a way as to hide its intent or purpose. Generally, as we evaluate documents, we also learn more about the topic were considering.
The general guidelines to follow when evaluating resources are:
Citing references or writing a bibliography is usually part of creating a research report. You provide citations so others may check or examine the resources used in the report. There are several agreed-upon styles for citing documents in print format. When using resources from the Web or the Internet, it is necessary to have a uniform citation format. This chapter presents a set of formats for documenting or citing information obtained from the Web or the Internet.
Citations to documents and other information found on the Web or Internet always include the URL, or Uniform Resource Locator. A URL includes the names of the Web server and the file or directory holding the information. The URL therefore tells you which Internet protocol to use to retrieve the information and where its located. You need to be precise in terms of spelling and capitalization when writing a URL, as a computer will be interpreting it. We listed URL formats for common Web or Internet services.
There is no uniform agreement on how to cite information from the Web or Internet. Most styles suggest that a citation include the authors name, the works title, the date the information was last revised, the date the information was accessed, and the URL. The date of access is included because its relatively easy to modify information on the Web and the information may not always be the same as when it was accessed for research. We discussed methods for determining the date of access and the title of a Web document. Using bookmarks in Netscape Navigator is an excellent way to organize resources youve found on the Internet. They can be used to help manage citations.
Summary | Exercises | FYIs
Exercises and Projects
Please see the text.
Summary | Exercises | FYIs
Name Information (4)
Knowing about domain names can help you evaluate and propercite information from the Internet
Pages that Focus on Evaluating Web Resources (4)
Guidelines for citing information from the Internet
Resources About Writing Citations (5)
Guidelines to help you write citations for information from the Internet
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Ecological trends and concern over pollution and climate change are putting more and more pressure on the global textile market. Rated as one of the most carbon-polluting industries in the world, the textile market creates more CO2 emissions than international flights and maritime transport combined.
As new wood-based textile fiber technologies mature, could they be a viable, ecologically sound replacement for oil- and cotton-based textile fibers, and an attractive profit opportunity for the pulp and paper industry?
Creating textiles from wood is not a novel idea. Invented at the end of the 1800s, viscose, a cellulose-based fiber, was the first man-made textile fiber. Although its original intent was to replace cotton, oil-based fibers, and natural silk, costly production and low wet-strength have historically limited its use.
As the demand for textiles has steadily increased and the technology has improved, the consumption of viscose and related fibers (like Lyocell) has gradually increased. Still, the current share of wood-based textiles is only about 6 percent of the almost 100 million tons of textile fiber produced annually.
And as the following graph illustrates, the average dissolving pulp producers’ footprint is much smaller than those of cotton textiles. (Viscose was used as a benchmark, as information for the new technologies is not yet available.)
If new wood-based textile technologies prove to be ecologically feasible, how much wood would the textile market end up using, and would it be a profitable alternative?
Cotton production for 2018-19 was projected to be about 120 million bales (USA), corresponding to approximately 26 million tons of cotton. Imagine if crop failures become more common, let’s say, by losing 5 percent of the annual crop. There would then be a need for 1.3 million additional tons of fiber from other sources (for simplicity’s sake, we used a 1:1 ratio of cotton weight to other fibers required to substitute, including dissolving pulp).
If viscose dissolving pulp made up the shortfall, the pulp industry would need to add almost 25 percent of annual viscose dissolving pulp capacity to meet demand.
Market growth is also a huge factor, as the projected need for textiles in 2025 is 140 million tons per year. Even if only a third of this growth is fulfilled by cellulose-based textiles, this translates to 11 modern pulp lines supplying solely to the textile industry.
So, any way one looks at the market, the opportunities could be significant. But how about profitability?
The price of polyester has historically been about 50-60 percent of viscose, and cotton prices some 90 percent of viscose. Even if we expected the production cost of the new wood-based fibers to be somewhat higher than viscose due to improved water handling and more environmentally friendly chemicals, it’s still possible to achieve a reasonable end price in the market with the savings from raw materials.
“The economy of scale is a huge advantage for wood-based textile fibers in comparison to other emerging technologies,” said Emmi Berlin from Finland-based Spinnova, which completed its pilot facility for wood-based textile fibers in 2018.
The forest industry has a significant competitive advantage of being able to produce sustainable, stable quality raw material in bulk quantity year-round. This is something that could eventually pose a threat even to oil-based fibers and open an unprecedented profit opportunity for the industry.
The drawback is that technology development is relatively slow. With the first technologies still in pilot stage, it is likely to take years before consumers will start seeing the new fibers at the retail level. As solutions are needed now, early adopters are likely to win the game.
Will the forest industry move quickly enough to take advantage of the opportunity?
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Earth Day is an Global Event celebrated to support environmental protection in order to raise an awareness and to maintain clean habitat throughout our lifetime for our future generations as well.
So we did this amazingly cool activity for the Earth Day on 22 April 2020. This activity so easy to make and have fun with, just need a day prior preparation and voila you have an amazingly cool activity to play and learn with on Earth Day 🌍
- Ice Tray
- Paints / Food Colouring
- Ink Filler/ Droppers
- Picture of our Earth (optional)
A day prior to the actual activity take any round plate fill it up (half way) with clean water and freeze it overnight
Next day take either food coloring’s or any paint and dissolve it in three small cups of water as shown below
Place all the required materials, watercolor, ink filler and the frozen ice tray along with the picture of your little ones choice to see and paint the globe
Little boy Moo had a great time sucking up the colored water using Droppers and squeezing it out into the different places in the iced tray. He created his Lands and Oceans to form the Earth. Watching him making his beautiful earth was atmost a wonderful sight for my eyes 😎
✨This activity helps the little ones to learn about the earth and its characteristics and also teaches them how the earth is filled with blues and greens throughout, which makes our living a most wonderful one✨
- We made the earth again and again… since its the summer season for us here, the ice gets melted soon .. so i would recommend (those who live in hot places) to use the thick paint as it is from the bottle, instead of diluting it with water like we did.
- And also sprinkle some salt onto the iced tray so that the color might hold for little longer
- If you lovelies make this iced tray activity, I would recommend to freeze few more trays as one is never enough for the little ones to play and paint with 👀
Make this super cool activity at home and let your little ones make our beautiful mother Earth with their cute little hands my lovelies 😍
Stay tuned!!! For more Magically Cool Seasonal Activities from the ChennaiMom ❤🙏🏻
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Technology and Touch: Bridging the Divide
Technology is everywhere and fast becoming indispensable for our lives. For seniors, it can be overwhelming navigating the latest technological gadgets. But just because you were born before the digital age doesn’t mean you can’t unlock it’s potential. Here are some ways technology can keep seniors safe, independent and connected and tips on how to help older adults bridge the tech-touch divide.
Safety. Technology offers some great solutions to keep seniors safer in their home environment. GPS technology can alert family and caregivers if a loved one with dementia has wandered from their safe zone. There are a number of trackers that can be attached to the wrist, clothing or favorite shoe. They communicate with a smartphone or in-home safety console. Personal emergency response systems (PERS), which can summon help in an emergency situation at the press of a button, now have fall detection alerts as well, which can flag risk factors for falls.
Independence. Smart home sensors can often bridge the gap and supplement family or caregiver hours by serving as your “eyes and ears” when you’re not able to be physically present. Used in conjunction with in-person oversight, smart home sensors can be a powerful and cost-effective way to monitor care and safety while promoting independence. Home sensors detect patterns of daily living such as opening the refrigerator or removing medications from a pillbox. Smart cameras can give families some peace of mind that their love one is safe if they insist on living alone. These devices can trigger interventions for in-person care if dangerous patterns of behavior are detected. Voice activated Bluetooth technology can remind seniors to hydrate, take medications and turn connected devices that play TV, radio or audiobooks on and off. Home lighting can also be adjusted to voice commands and night lights can be set to automatically activate, reducing falls risks.
Connection. While technology will never replace one-on-one human interaction, it can play a role in reducing social isolation. Seniors can engage in intergenerational group activities with like-minded people in social games like bridge, chess, checkers, mahjong or scrabble. Social networking sites, like Facebook, Instagram and Pinterest, can connect seniors with networks and communities that share their passions. Email and voice-activated texts can enhance connectivity and communication. Seniors can learn new activities through “how to” You Tube videos and there are now even dating apps especially geared towards seniors!
Now do it! To get started on exploring how technology might work for your older loved one, start by doing an inventory of current technology equipment in the home and identify what needs might be bridged with the creative use of technology. Start with one technological solution at a time so as not to overwhelm the senior and start slow to build on successes. If you yourself are not technologically inclined, consider getting a home technology consult with a reputable company or engage the services of an aging life care professional. Or even reach out to a smart grandchild who would probably be delighted to help!
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The following is a cross-post from the Picture This: Library of Congress Prints and Photos blog. The post is authored by Barbara Orbach Natanson, Head of Reference services for the Library’s Prints & Photographs Division.
Pictures can eloquently convey some of the ugliness of war. Creating art can also be a powerful means of communicating the experience of war and coping with war trauma.
On Thursday, January 22nd, Tara Tappert, an independent scholar who has spent the past twelve months as a David B. Larson Fellow in Health & Spirituality at the John W. Kluge Center, will examine how and why medical institutions and social organizations embraced arts and crafts making in the aftermath of war in a talk entitled, “Art from War: Documenting Devastation/Realizing Restoration.” Using examples from her research in Library of Congress visual and textual collections, Tappert will explore how two distinctly different artistic approaches to the experiences of war trauma-documentation and restoration-can be traced to the devastation of World War I.
The talk is being co-sponsored by the Library’s John W. Kluge Center, Veterans History Project and the Prints and Photographs Division. A display of items from both collections will accompany the lecture. All are welcome to attend; no registration is necessary.
What: “ART FROM WAR: Documenting Devastation/Realizing Restoration” (talk by Tara Tappert, Larson Fellow at The John W. Kluge Center)
When: Thursday, January 22, at 4:00 p.m
Where: Library of Congress Jefferson Building, Room 119 [view map]
- Explore pictures that document the activities of disabled veterans of many wars.
- Victor Lundy filled eight sketchbooks with drawings of his observations as a soldier in World War II; he later became a prominent architect. View the sketchbooks digitized from Prints & Photographs Division holdings, and learn more about Lundy’s war service from documentation in the Veterans History Project .
- Have a look at our overview of Prints & Photographs Divison holdings relating to World War I, which includes search tips and related resources.
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In a radical departure from standard editions, Mark Twain's most famous novel is published here with one disturbing racial label translated as "slave." In seeking to record accurately the speech of uneducated boys and adults along the Mississippi River in the 1840s, Twain casually included an epithet that is diminishing the potential audience for his masterpiece. While dozens of other editions preserve the inflammatory slur that the author employed for the sake of realism, the NewSouth Edition proves that the main point of Twain's masterpiece - the immense harm deriving from inhumane social conformity - comes through just as vibrantly without obliging readers to confront hundreds of insulting racial pejoratives. The editor's Introduction supplies the historical and literary context for Twain's groundbreaking book, along with a helpful guide to his satirical targets.
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September 01, 2012
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Over the years, heating has become a major focal point of energy transition. Accordingly, domestic heating accounts for around 25% of global energy consumption1 while, in Europe alone, almost 50% of boilers are older than their technical lifetime (25 years)2.
To meet the global environmental challenge of managing household heating requirements more efficiently BOOSTHEAT has developed the BOOSTHEAT.20, a highly efficient heating solution that cuts energy consumption, emits no fine particles, uses a natural, non-polluting refrigerant (CO2), and harnesses the potential of renewable energy resources.
It is impossible to accurately measure the amount of energy required to produce one BOOSTHEAT boiler. However, within the framework of its industrial operations, which are confined to assembly in any case, BOOSTHEAT takes environmental considerations into account by opting for machinery that generates a minimal amount of pollution. For example, the machine used for washing components does not use solvents.
The manufacture of a boiler and the special thermal compressor that goes with it requires the assembly of components and units sourced from around a hundred suppliers and subcontractors. 72% of purchases are made in France and 96% in Europe, a factor that considerably reduces our carbon footprint.
1International Energy Agency data – https://iea.org/renewables2018/heat
22016 European Commission Report (An EU Strategy on Heating and Cooling).
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Back to: BUSINESS & PERSONAL FINANCE
Extrinsic Value Definition
The extrinsic value of an item refers to the value of the item outside of its intrinsic value, this can be derived from the amount of money assigned to the asset beyond the actual value. The extrinsic value of an item can be calculated as the variance between the intrinsic value of the item and the premium if the item (which is its market price). Extrinsic value is different from intrinsic value, the latter is the inherent value of an asset which forms the underlying price of such an asset. When measuring the extrinsic value of an item, external factors such as the size and the appearance of such an item can be considered.
A Little More on What is Extrinsic Value
Extrinsic value is an important metric in determining the price of an item or asset, it is the value of an object outside of inherent or intrinsic value. Typically, in an option, extrinsic can be determined by calculating the difference between the intrinsic value and premium of the asset or security. Intrinsic value, on the other hand, is identified by estimating the difference between the underlying price of an asset and the strike price of the option.
Factors Affecting Extrinsic Value
Since the extrinsic value of an asset or security is determined by external factors beyond the underlying price of the security. Time plays a crucial role in the value of an asset, so also market volatility or implied volatility. In many cases, ‘Time Value’ is another name traders or analysts describe extrinsic value. Time is a determining factor for extrinsic value because whether the option premium will increase or decrease is determined by the length of time the security or underlying asset used in the market.
Market volatility affects the extrinsic value of an asset significantly, this is because the tendency for an underlying asset to decrease or increase in price is dependent on its volatility.
Here are some crucial points you should know about extrinsic value;
- Extrinsic value refers to the value assigned to an object or an item outside of its underlying value.
- It is different from the intrinsic value which is the real value of an item.
- The extrinsic value of an object can be measured as the difference between the intrinsic value of an object and the market price (premium) of the object,
- Factors that affect extrinsic value are time and implied volatility.
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BIOREMEDIATION - DIGGING A LITTLE DEEPER
Bioremediation is the process of using living organisms to remove toxic contaminants from soil or groundwater. Many microorganisms, including fungi, bacteria, and protists, can break down organic toxins, transforming them into harmless products such as water and carbon dioxide.
During the process of bioremediation, nutrients are added to the contaminated area in order to stimulate the growth of the appropriate microorganisms, which accelerates the biodegradation of the polluting toxin. In cases in which no microorganism present is able to break down a pollutant, scientists introduce a microorganism known to degrade the toxin.
Bioremediation has been successfully used to to clean up pollutants including crude oil, gasoline, pesticides, sewage, and chlorinated solvents used in cleaning supplies. The benefits of bioremediation include lower costs and less disruption of the contaminated environment when compared to other clean up methods.
DONATE YOUR TIME BY FINDING A PROJECT NEAR YOU!
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Science, Tech, Math › Social Sciences Ancient Hunting Using Desert Kites 10,000-Year-Old Hunting Traps Were Discovered by RAF Pilots Share Flipboard Email Print Guy.Baroz/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0 Social Sciences Archaeology Basics Ancient Civilizations Excavations History of Animal and Plant Domestication Psychology Sociology Economics Environment Ergonomics Maritime By K. Kris Hirst Archaeology Expert M.A., Anthropology, University of Iowa B.Ed., Illinois State University K. Kris Hirst is an archaeologist with 30 years of field experience. Her work has appeared in scholarly publications such as Archaeology Online and Science. our editorial process Twitter Twitter K. Kris Hirst Updated July 03, 2019 A desert kite (or kite) is a variation on a type of communal hunting technology used by hunter-gatherers throughout the world. Like similar ancient technologies such as buffalo jumps or pit traps, desert kites involve a collection of people purposefully herding a large group of animals into pits, enclosures, or off steep cliff edges. Desert kites consist of two long, low walls generally built of unmortared fieldstone and arranged in a V- or funnel shape, broad at one end and with a narrow opening leading to an enclosure or pit at the other end. A group of hunters would chase or herd large game animals into the wide end and then chase them down the funnel to the narrow end where they would be trapped in a pit or stone enclosure and easily slaughtered en masse. Archaeological evidence suggests that the walls don't have to be tall or even very substantial--historical kite use suggest that a row of posts with rag banners will work just as well as a stone wall. However, kites cannot be used by a single hunter: it is a hunting technique that involves a group of people planning in advance and working communally to herd and eventually slaughter the animals. Identifying Desert Kites Desert kites were first identified in the 1920s by Royal Air Force pilots flying over the eastern desert of Jordan; the pilots named them "kites" because their outlines as seen from the air reminded them of the children's toy kites. Extant remnants of kites number in the thousands, and are distributed throughout the Arabian and Sinai peninsulas and as far northward as southeastern Turkey. Over a thousand have been documented in Jordan alone. The earliest desert kites are dated to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period of 9th-11th millennia BP, but the technology was used as recently as the 1940s to hunt the Persian goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa). Ethnographic and historic reports of these activities state that typically 40-60 gazelles could be trapped and killed in a single event; on occasion, up to 500-600 animals could be killed at once. Remote sensing techniques have identified well over 3,000 extant desert kites, in a wide variety of shapes and configurations. Archaeology and Desert Kites Over the decades since the kites were first identified, their function has been debated in archaeological circles. Until about 1970, a majority of archaeologists believed that the walls were used to herd animals into defensive corrals in times of danger. But archaeological evidence and ethnographic reports including documented historic slaughtering episodes have led most researchers to discard the defensive explanation. Archaeological evidence for the use and dating of kites includes intact, or partially intact stone walls extending out for a distance from a few meters to a few kilometers. Generally, they are built where the natural environment helps the effort, on flat land between narrow deeply incised gullies or wadis. Some kites have constructed ramps leading gently upward to increase the drop-off at the end. Stone-walled or oval pits at the narrow end are generally between six and 15 meters deep; they are also stone-walled and in some cases are built into cells so that the animals can't gain enough speed to leap out. Radiocarbon dates on charcoal within the kite pits are used to date the time that the kites were in use. Charcoal isn't typically found along the walls, at least not associated with the hunting strategy, and luminescence of the rock walls has been used to date them. Mass Extinction and Desert Kites Faunal remains in the pits are rare, but include gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa or G. dorcas), Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx), hartebeest (Alcelaphus bucelaphus), wild asses (Equus africanus and Equus hemionus), and ostrich (Struthio camelus); all of these species are now rare or extirpated from the Levant. Archaeological research at the Mesopotamian site of Tell Kuran, Syria, has identified what appears to be a deposit from a mass kill resulting from the use of a kite; researchers believe that the overuse of desert kites may have led to the extinction of these species, but it might also be climate change in the region leading to changes in regional fauna. Sources Bar-Oz, G., et al. “Role of Mass-Kill Hunting Strategies in the Extirpation of Persian Gazelle (Gazella Subgutturosa) in the Northern Levant.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 108, no. 18, 2011, pp. 7345–7350.Holzer, A., et al. “Desert Kites in the Negev Desert and Northeast Sinai: Their Function, Chronology and Ecology.” Journal of Arid Environments, vol. 74, no. 7, 2010, pp. 806–817.Kennedy, David. “The ‘Works of the Old Men’ in Arabia: Remote Sensing in Interior Arabia.” Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 38, no. 12, 2011, pp. 3185–3203.Kennedy, David. “Kites - New Discoveries and a New Type.” Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, vol. 23, no. 2, 2012, pp. 145–155.Nadel, Dani, et al. “Walls, Ramps and Pits: the Construction of the Samar Desert Kites, Southern Negev, Israel.” Antiquity, vol. 84, no. 326, 2010, pp. 976–992.Rees, L.W.B. “The Transjordan Desert.” Antiquity, vol. 3, no. 12, 1929, pp. 389–407.
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There are many types of hazards emergency service personnel deal with everyday. During any fire ground operation we have trained our personnel on the dangers of carbon monoxide poisoning resulting from fires. There is another danger to firefighters and victims which is less recognized, and that is acute cyanide poisoning. In 2005 there were 87 firefighter deaths in the United States. 4000 firefighters were injured by smoke inhalation, and it was estimated to be up to 80% of all fire fatalities are attributed to smoke inhalation. There has been mounting evidence that hydrogen cyanide is directly responsible for many deaths than previously assumed.
Where does cyanide poisoning come from? Ordinary materials we use everyday in our lives. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) is produced by high temperatures and low oxygen concentrations. The incomplete combustion of natural fibers such as wood, silk, cotton, and paperfavors the formula of cyanide gas. Synthetic polymers (Common man-made materials), include, insulations, carpeting, bedding, and building materials, which is found exclusively in most modern homesand our vehicles being produced today. Other small-scale users are photographic labs, blueprinting, engrave computer chips, clandestine drug labs and manufacturing phencyclidine (PCP) locations.
Small amounts of cyanide are present in the environment and in humans. So how much hydrogen cyanide gas can kill you? The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) website [see http://www.osha.gov] under “Summary of toxicology” Hydrogen cyanide can cause rapid death due to metabolic asphyxiation. Death can occur within seconds or minutes of the inhalation of high concentrations of hydrogen cyanide gas. A recent study reports an estimated lethal concentration in humans of 3,404 parts per million (ppm) for a 1- minute exposure; other sources report that 270 ppm is fatal after 6 to 8 minutes, 181 ppm after 10 minutes and 135 ppm after 30 minutes.
(OSHA) also lists the threshold odor concentration for detection of hydrogen cyanide as 0.10 ppmas an 8 hour time weighted average (TWA) concentration, but exposed to smoke from burning materials will prevent the ability to smell HCN gas. The OSHA PEL also bears a "Skin" notation, which indicates that, the coetaneous route of exposure which including mucous membranes and eyes contributes to overall exposure. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) lists a lower limit of 4.7 ppm for short term exposure limit. American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has also assigned 4.7 ppm as a worker ceiling limits. Both (NIOSH) and (ACGIH) are more conservative than OSHA. The word “SKIN” by NIOSH and OSHA listing shows that hydrogen cyanide can be absorbed by the skin and eyes in addition to inhalation.
Although there is no quick test to confirm any HCN exposure in the field, there are signs and symptoms that can lead to assumption of possible exposure. The signs and symptoms sound and look familiar, disorientation or weakness/drowsiness, shortness of breath and chest tightness, headaches, bright red discoloration in skin, soot around mouth and nose. HCN exposures are quite similar to those of carbon monoxide (CO) exposure, but 24 times more deadly than CO. Specific indicator that is present in HCN exposures is rapid respirations. In most cases patient will maintain a pulse of 100 beats per minute or greater, and will not begin to feel better once placed in fresh air. Chronic effects HCN include respiratory arrest, eye irritation, palpitations, weakness, and paralysis. Treatment starts with removing the patient from the fire ground or hot zone. If the patient is wearing an air pack it should not be removed until after they are brought to clean air. Implement appropriate emergency treatment per your medical protocols.
Prevention starts with respiratory protection requirements (SCBA’s) and personal protection equipment (PPE’s), while operating on any fire ground or in hot zones. During overhaul operations (SCBA) & (PPE) should still be worn until the atmosphere can be declared safe by HCN detectors, along with the CO detectors. Company officers must enforce protection of their personnel and ensure (SCBA) & (PPE) are in place while on the fire ground. Train as you play, to ensure the comfort levels of our personnel while engaged in difficult operation such as climbing ladders, operating on roofs, and operating confined spaces. Post fire decontamination is a must. Take showers and change your clothes after each fire, along with washing your turnout gear per manufacturer’s recommendations.
All emergency service personnel must understand hydrogen cyanide is a silent killer. Departments need to educate and train there personnel accordingly. Develop standing operating procedures for detecting of hydrogen cyanide. Ensure that SCBA’s and PPE’s are in place while on the fire ground. Ensure your medical protocols address the treatment of hydrogen cyanide exposures. Additional information and other resources can be found at these websites: http://www.firesmoke.org/, http://www.osha.gov, http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/, http://www.acgih.org
Assistant Fire Chief
Kimball Township Fire Department
1970 Allen Rd. Kimball, MI 48074
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Marble; H. 12 in. (30.5 cm)
Rogers Fund, 1907 (07.286.115)
In 30 B.C., Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus became ruler of the empire that Rome had amassed over the previous three centuries. During the next forty-four years, he introduced institutions and an ideology that combined the traditions of Republican Rome with the realities of kingship. In 27 B.C., the Senate conferred on Octavian the honorific title of Augustus, an adjective with connotations of dignity and stateliness, and around this same time, an official imperial portrait was created that embodied the qualities that Augustus wished to project.
Hundreds of versions of this portrait on coins, gems, busts, monumental reliefs, and statues were disseminated throughout the empire during his reign and thereafter. This particular over-lifesize head may have been part of one such statue of the emperor made during the reign of his successor Tiberius (1994.230.7). This kind of imperial image represented a new conception in ruler portraiturecertain features are somewhat individualized, such as the broad forehead with a distinctive arrangement of locks and prominent ears, but the overall effect is one of elevated dignity that recalls Greek Classical statues of the fifth century B.C.
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Students can Download Business Studies Chapter 3 Globalization of Business Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Solutions helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.
Karnataka State Syllabus Class 10 Social Science Business Studies Chapter 3 Globalization of Business
Class 10 Social Science Globalization of Business Textual Questions and Answers
I. Discuss the following questions in a group and then answer:
What is Globalization? Explain.
Globalization means “the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services and international capital flow, and also through the rapid and wide spreads diffusion of technology.”
Globalization is the increasing cross-border movement of goods and services. It forms a worldwide market by obtaining raw materials and other resources from a cheap market.
“Globalization is the worldwide economic movement” substantiate your answer.
Recently globalization has achieved great progress in the economic growth in developing countries. The great achievements in technology, communication and internet communica¬tion systems have made a large business unit as global units. The economic activities of these large business units are not confined only to the places where they are established but spread all over the world. It is the increasing cross-border movement of goods and services. It is the worldwide phenomenon of technical, economic, political and cultural exchanges. Globalization opens cross-border links in international trade and finance. It increases the international flow of capital including foreign investments etc.
What are the advantages of Globalization?
There are many positive impacts (advantages) of globalization. They are:
- Globalization promotes economic growth.
- Globalization helps to increase the standard of living of the people.
- It increases the G.D.P. of a country.
- It helps to increase the income of the people.
- It promotes specialization. Countries can begin to specialize in those products that are best at making.
- It helps to build and improve political and social links through economic interdependence among different countries.
Make a list of the characteristics of Globalization with examples.
- Increases international trade at a faster rate for the growth of the world economy
- Increases the international flow of capital including foreign investment.
- Globalization creates international agreements leading to organizations like the WTO and OPEC supporting globalization.
- Development of global financial system.
- Increases the role of international organizations such as WTO.
- WIPO IMF that deal with international transactions.
- Increases economic practices like outsourcing by multinational corporations.
- Creates international cultural exchange.
- Creates international travel and tourism
- Spread of local foods such as pizza and Indian food to other countries.
- Greater immigration including illegal immigration.
- Spreading of multi naturalization and better individual access to cultural diversity.
- Development of global telecommunication infrastructure and greater transfer border data flow
- Use of technologies such as exchange of data technology, Internet communication, satellites and cell phones improves.
Explain the negative aspects of Globalisation with examples.
- In order to cut down costs, many firms in developed nations have outsourced their manufacturing and white collar jobs to Third- world countries where the cost of labor is low. Globalization has also led to an increase in activities such as child labour and slavery.
- Globalization has resulted in a fiercely- competitive global market with the embarrassment of unethical practices in business dealings.
- It is also observed that globalization helped terrorists and criminals.
- Globalization has expanded the growth and development of cities which has been reduced to garbage-dumps where all the industrial waste is accumulated and pollution levels are sky-high.
- Fast food chains like McDonalds and KFC are spreading fast in the developing world. People have started consuming more junk food. This results in the degradation of health and spread of diseases. The traditional family attached food habits are being slowly disappearing.
- Another comment leveled is that the rich are getting richer and the poor are struggling for a square meal.
- Some of the deadly viral diseases such as AIDS and CANCER, Dengue fever etc., Spread all over the world.
- Globalization has led to environmental degradation.
- The amount of raw materials needed to run industries and factories is taking a heavy toll on the natural reserves of planet earth and pollution has severely impacted the quality of air that we need so much for our survival.
- The other challenges of globalization are cheap imports of goods from developing nations could lead to unemployment in developed countries where the cost of production is high.
- Further, it leads to Increased competition for infant industry, and Small scale industries and by dumping’ of goods by certain countries at below cost price may harm industries in other countries.
What are the aims of the World Trade Organization?
- Bringing down the living cost and raise the standard of living of the member countries.
- Settling disputes and reduces trade tension of the member countries
- Stimulating economic growth and employment
- Reducing the cost of doing business internationally.
- Encouraging good governance.
- Contributing to promote peace and stability of member countries.
Class 10 Social Science Globalization of Business Additional Questions and Answers
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
World Trade Organization was established in the year …………
W.T.O. the office is located at ………. in Switzerland.
At present, there are ………….. member countries in W.T.O.
Some patent goods of China are found in houses of some prominent business houses of …………
………… is the only global international organization which deals with the rules of trade between nations.
The World Trade Organization.
One Marks Questions
“Globalization is a worldwide unit” How?
Close relationships and interdependence among the countries of the world have increased and business.
“Globalization caused to decrease the value of the good” Why?
Globalization creates competition for local firms and thus keeps the costs down.
How Globalization caused to environmental pollution?
Globalization has expanded the growth and development of cities which has been reduced to garbage dumps where all the industrial waste is accumulated.
Did globalization cause unemployment in developed countries?
- Cheap imports of goods
- The cost of production is high.
How globalization reduces transportation expenses?
Globalization reduces transportation expenses through container service in shipping.
Globalization is a worldwide trade organization? How?
Globalization creates subsidies
How globalization improved political and social links?
Economic interdependence among different countries of the world.
Globalization results in the degradation of health and the spread of diseases. How?
Fast-food chains like McDonald’s and KFC are spreading fast in the developing world. People have started consuming more junk food such as these.
Three Marks Questions
Which are the major functions of W.T.O?
WTO was established on 1st January 1995 at Geneva.
- Bring into force the trade agreements
- Administrating the world trade agreements
- Free and Independent trade
- Solving trade disputes
- Striving to reduce the taxes
- Bringing international trade under legal framework
- Assistance in underdeveloped nations.
- Bringing efficiency in production
- Trade by utilization resource effectively.
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A 15-year-old girl is scheduled to undergo an upper lobectomy to debulk metastatic Ewing sarcoma. The anesthesiologist recommended placement of a thoracic epidural catheter to provide postoperative analgesia. The patient did not want a needle to be placed near her spine. She was terrified that the procedure would be painful and that it might paralyze her. Although the anesthesiologist reassured her that sedation and local anesthesia would make the procedure comfortable, she remained vehemently opposed to the epidural procedure. The parents spoke privately to the anesthesiologist and asked for placement of the epidural after she was asleep. They firmly believed that this would provide optimal postoperative analgesia and thus would be in her best interest. Experts discuss the pros and cons of siding with the patient or parents.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Pediatrics, Perinatology, and Child Health
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Rhetorical Analysis On An Advertising Campaign
Rhetorical Analysis of an Advertising Campaign
Advertisements are one of the ways of communicating to customers regarding the product offered by a company. They are all over the place designed to lure customers to purchase a product. According to Christopher (12), whether on TV or radio it is difficult to escape them. Advertisements are designed for specific target audience and therefore, each advertisement is designed to convey a message to specific audience regarding the services or products a company offers. It is a multibillion dollar industry and the companies have a unique way of attracting people’s attention to purchase a product. The purpose of this essay is to analyze the use of logos, pathos and ethos as in an advertisement to communicate with the audience focusing on the advertisement Coca Cola Heist.
The use of video for marketing has been an idea method of communicating to the audience. These videos engage its customers and generate excitement around the products. The kind of ad is used to attract new customers and also retain old clients as well. The major target of the ad video “Coca Cola Heist” are young people of both male and female in their late teens and mid twenties. Most companies get the male and female side of the equation in the advertisement get attention and draw an interest of audience to the product. The video used by Coca Cola for advertisement “Heist ad” is very interesting and beautiful like a fairy tale and therefore, very appealing. The Heist ad used by Coca Cola mainly shows the popularity of Coca Cola in a way which makes it interesting for both kids and grownups. The ad is done using scantily clad females who are very attractive and wearing bright color clothing, holding and sharing of a bottle of Coca Cola. The company is trying to use its slogan with their product and applying it in different situations. It shows how much “better it get” when you drink Coca Cola.
The ad portrays a man who is trying to have a nap with a bottle of Coca Cola. A red bug then flies to the bottle and stays on its cap. The grasshopper then hide among the grass buds are having a look while bees from trees are flying to the trophy and push the bottle to fall. The then grasshopper that rolled the bottle away from the man come and aided the work of the butterfly by sitting on the man’s nose so he can take his hand away from path of the rolling bottle. They take it through a stream and roll out to share the bottle and when the man wakes up when he heard the sound of the bottle being opened, he ended up with dozens of butterflies playing fool with him. It is therefore, means that Coca Cola is meant for everyone and even the bugs love it. The bugs pushing and sharing a bottle Coke creates an emotional appeal to the audience. It reflects the affection which everyone have for a bottle of Coca Cola and therefore, attract the audience to buy a bottle of Coca Cola.
Ethos is regarded as the ethical appeal which is generated by referring to ethical sources CITATION Mic09 \p 15 \l 1033 (Mick and Mcquarrie 15). However, Coca Cola is a well known brand and it has a strong image in the market. This is because of its many years in existence and the leading beverage producer. The most important aspects of Coca Cola which gives it credibility in the market are its renowned brand and strong image in the market. Coca Cola is viewed as a good brand for many young people and portrays a customer friendly image. The logo and the name of Coca Cola are use in the advertisement to create trust and connection with the audience.
Pathos is regarded as the application of emotional messages or images to convince the audience CITATION Lau15 \p 18 \l 1033 (Carroll 18). The emotional used by Coca Cola in the Heist ad induce joy and merriment. The ad shows a man who is resting in the park in the middle of flowers and trees. It shows the bugs having a great fun and stealing a battle of Coca Cola. The nature of the ad set a playful mood and encourages people to have fun with Coca Cola. It is done so that it can have a strong connection with the emotions of the young generation in their teens and twenties in the societies who are the targeted audience of the Coca Cola.
Logos are used to appeal to the audience to buy a product. According to Chetia (20), logos are essential part of marketing strategy because they reflect what the company is and therefore, help in building trust and confidence. The Coca Cola logic is not only about quenching thirst. It is about nurturing a happier moments which are full of fun. The Heist ad one minute ad is full of fun with a nice fitting tune being played in the background that harmonizes the tone and the mood of the advertisement.
It is evident Coca Cola used a mix of element to connect with the audience so that it can drive a deeper engagement. The video ad adds value and creates strong connection to customers and therefore, help in creating digital engagement. It is therefore, attract new customer and maintain old customers as well.
BIBLIOGRAPHY Carroll, Laura Bolin. "Backpacks vs. Briefcases: Steps toward."
https://wac.colostate.edu/docs/books/writingspaces1/carroll--backpacks-vs-briefcases.pdf (2015): 2-45.
Chetia, Barnali. "Rhetorical Devices in English Advertisement Texts in India: A Descriptive
Study." International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, (2015): 2-15.
Christopher, Anne A. "Rhetorical Strategies in Advertising: The Rise and Fall Pattern ."
Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies (2013): 2-15.
Mick, David Glen and Edward F. Mcquarrie. "Visual Rhetoric in Advertising: Text‐Interpretive,
Experimental, and Reader‐Response Analyses." JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH (2009): 2-15.
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General Dentistry Concepts: Occlusion
Occlusion within dentistry refers to the contact between teeth. In more technical terms, it is the relationship between the maxillary or upper and mandibular or lower teeth. This can occur when they approach each other which happens when chewing or at rest. There are two types of occlusion, static and dynamic. Static occlusion is the contact between teeth when the jaw is closed and not moving. Dynamic occlusion occurs when the jaw is moving.
Development of occlusion
As the primary or baby teeth begin to erupt around 6 months of age, the upper and lower teeth work to occlude with one another. The erupting teeth then mold into position by the tongue, cheeks and lips during development. The upper and lower primary teeth should be correctly occluding and aligned after two years of age while they are continuing to develop. Full root development is typically complete at three years of age.
About a year after the development of the teeth is complete, the jaws continue to grow. This results in the spacing between some of the teeth which is also called diastema. This impacts the anterior or front teeth the most and is noticeable when children are four to five years old. This spacing is critical because it makes space for the eruption of the permanent teeth and the correct occlusion. Without proper spacing there will be crowding of the permanent teeth.
In order to understand the development of occlusion and malocclusion, it is important to first understand the premolar dynamics. The permanent premolars usually erupt when a child is between 9 and 12 years old. The permanent premolars replace the primary molars. The erupting premolars are smaller than the teeth they replace. This allows the permanent molars to erupt and helps develop normal alignment.
When describing the relationship between the maxillary and mandibular incisors, the following categories are commonly used:
- Class I: Mandibular incisors contact the maxillary incisors in the middle third or on the cingulum of the palatal surface
- Class II: Mandibular incisors contact the maxillary incisors on the palatal surface, in the gingival third or posterior to the cingulum. This is further subdivided into division I and II:
- Division I: includes maxillary incisors which are proclined (90%) and these individuals have a greater horizontal overlap
- Division II: includes those with retroclined (10%) incisors, which leads to an increase in an overbite or vertical overlap
- Class III: Mandibular incisors occlude with the maxillary incisors on the palatal surface, in the incisal third specifically or anterior to the cingulum
When reviewing the occlusion of the posterior teeth, the classification system used refers to the first molars and is divided into three different categories which include:
- Class I: The mandibular first molar occludes mesially to the maxillary first molar, with the mesiobuccal cusp of maxillary first molar occluding in the buccal groove of mandibular first molar
- Class II: The mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar occludes anterior to the buccal groove of the mandibular first molar
- Class III: If the mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar occludes posterior to the buccal groove of the mandibular first molar
The classification of occlusion and malocclusion play a critical role in the diagnosis and orthodontic treatment.
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Published: 01/19/2010 - Updated: 06/05/2016
The next February will house a new course within the project Organic Agriculture, Rural Employment Source (AEFER), which promotes the Spanish Society of Organic Agriculture (SEAE) cofinanced by the ESF under the 2007-2013 Program empleaverde Foundation Biodiversity.
The course aims to provide participating students' theoretical knowledge and experience gained by teachers (researchers, technicians, processors and farmers) SEAE members in carrying out their profession. The idea is to encourage the use of the various possibilities offered by Internet, which allows this access to information and training to people living in rural areas without timetables or displacement. The course enables a fluid relationship with the tutor and teacher, regularly updated and ongoing information. Besides, the student makes available more educational resources in the teaching-learning process.
The importance of training
The conversion to organic farming requires more knowledge of both the farmer and the technical advisor in the operation. It also requires management of natural resources and the interrelationships of the fallow system, supplemented by information from the market they are intended. The course arose from the need of stakeholders who often lack the time necessary for this type of training or can ot move to where the training activity is organized.
a) Get to know the principles, rationale, objectives and regulations of the AE
b) Identify AE techniques and analyze the challenges and potentials for development of organic production
c) Review of methods useful in supporting the process of conversion to organic production
Dates: February 15th to May 15th
Duration: 60 hours
Location: On Line Course. Estimated time 12 weeks
- Item 1. Problems of agriculture, definitions, principles and objectives of the AE.
- Item 2. The soil, a living thing, based on organic farming.
- Item 3. Fertilization in organic farming
- Item 4. Crop health, management and control of pests, diseases
- Item 5. Regulation of pests, diseases, viruses and adventitious
- Item 6. Water resource and biodiversity management. Cultivation practices
- Item 7. Livestock, beekeeping and organic aquaculture
- Item 8. Quality, consumption, processing and marketing organic
- Item 9. Regulatory inspection, control and certification.
- Item 10. Conversion to agriculture and livestock products and policies to support organic farming
- Item 11. Formulation of rural development projects and partnerships
- Item 12. Partnership and support for organic farming projects
Resources and Methodology
The course is divided into 12 topics with a duration of 5 hours each (60 hours) to develop in about 12 weeks. For each topic are available to participating students learning units of 2-3 pages per hour (Arial size 12 spacing 1.5). The time required is calculated by ¾ to 1 hour a day, 5 days a week. Organized group tutoring sessions online are made, 2 hours per 10 hours of virtual training.
Other course resources are:
- Agenda: Reports of major activities relating to the AE industry.
- Latest industry Space to read or share information present in AE recently
- Discussion Forum: We discuss issues of topical interest and the industry.
- The topics are developed by industry experts, structured with a theoretical content and a practical part that incorporates a test assessment of progress by subject. Different scenarios will be established to develop additional practical issues, such as developing an example of Operational Plan or Nutrient balance of a farm for the purpose of the student to demonstrate a more practical lesson learned in the course.
- Professionals and technicians, active farmers who want to train in agriculture and livestock production in the Autonomous Communities of Andalusia, Asturias, Galicia, Murcia and C. Valencia (areas covered by the project).
- Excluded staff, administration staff, employees of public companies or companies with more than 250 employees.
Complete the registration form.
For registration is necessary to provide supporting documentation to be listed, for example, copy last payroll, receipt of autonomous agricultural stamp and copy of ID card.
MORE IN BIOMANANTIALtepezcohuite-1
Spanish Society of Organic Agriculture (SEAE)
PO 397. Edif ECA. Camí del Port s / n
46470 Catarroja (Valencia)
About the author
I?m not a farmer but I do a lot of things related to the land and I enjoy that! Well, I do not live in Spain so unfortunately I can?t go to that kind of speeches and courses, too bad for me, but well I?m glad there?s more people that are interested in organic farming
Oh how cool!! I would LOVE to go to Spain and give some of these courses a try. They sound absolutely fantastic, but it looks like this article was writtne quite some time ago. Would you happen to have any updated information about any new courses? Is this an annual, or a recurring thing? Thanks so much!
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In a much-awaited report released at the end of last year, UN secretary general Ban Ki-moon set out his vision for after the millennium development goals expire this year. At its heart, and in its title, is the word “dignity”.
It is not uncommon for “dignity” to be rolled out in the opening salvo of UN documents, but it is a concept seldom contemplated in depth. In this report, it is used as a title to gather the goals aimed at tackling poverty and inequality under one more manageable theme – those at the bottom of the economic ladder lack dignity, and it is the job of the rest of the world to help give it to them.
But that is actually a very limited interpretation of a word that, if understood properly, could mean fundamental changes to our ways of working, and the overall story we are trying to tell. The thing about dignity, and the reason it is a transformational concept, is that it knows no social, economic, gender or ethnic barriers.
Some of the poorest people are the most dignified. And some of the richest lack dignity. In a world of poverty and injustice, who are the undignified? Is it the poor or the rich? Is it the victim of violence or the perpetrator? Is it those who lose out to corruption or the corrupt official?
Dignity is a word that overturns traditional assumptions about north and south, developed and developing. While charity is bestowed by the haves to the have-nots, dignity does not work like that at all. If I fail to treat someone with dignity, it is me, not them, who is undignified.
The dignity lens introduces an irony whereby the “less developed” can actually be more dignified. In this way, development becomes a truly global endeavour, not by the “developed” for the “developing”, but by all, for all, to achieve the dignity of all.
And that is why I think we should embed dignity, properly understood, at the heart of the sustainable development goals and the post-2015 agenda. By casting global goals as universal (not to be met only by poor countries, but by all countries), this new agenda also seeks to end the rhetoric of us and them.
Don’t get me wrong. Extreme poverty is undignified – sometimes communities or individuals do find themselves helpless and in need of crisis or ongoing assistance. But that isn’t a sufficient understanding of the experiences of most poor people. Whether in city or countryside, very poor people tend to work for a better life.
I have worked with people driven from their land for the sake of mega-plantations or mineral resource extraction. Some became labourers, others moved to urban slums. Sometimes they may even have made more money than they did before, but they told me that, while they were poor they had their dignity, carving out a life for themselves with responsibility.
As former president of Haiti Jean-Bertrand Aristide has pleaded, rebuilding his country means “moving from misery to poverty with dignity”.
Amartya Sen (and others) transformed the development lexicon by defining development as freedom rather than just economic or even social progress, and the concept of dignity takes us a step further along that road.
It is said, quite sensibly, that if you can’t measure it you can’t manage it. But while it may not be obvious how to fit dignity into a spreadsheet, it is at least an attribute that is eminently knowable. While most poverty measures are disputed, dignity is perhaps the one thing that humans across the globe, in myriad different contexts, most instinctively recognise and long for.
Conceptualising development as dignity certainly does not provide a systematic response to all its problems – in fact it implies as many questions as answers. But it adds a further rich perspective.
In particular, it inspires us to think not only about the what of development but the how. Not just the end, but also the means. It makes development more than just achieving outcomes – it implies a different way of seeing the world and fellow human beings.
As I have argued elsewhere, it is quite plausible to reach certain development targets in ways that disregard some people or communities. Development and even poverty reduction can be excuses for some heinous crimes, by totalitarian regimes of both left and right set on the path to wealth creation or industrialisation and by the liberal capitalist hegemony.
Imagine if, as well as carrying out value-for-money analyses of interventions, we also just asked the simple question: is this dignified? Does this enhance our dignity and that of others?
I have seen a lot of poverty, and I have seen as much happiness in poor communities as in rich ones. The saddest thing in the world is not poverty per se; it is the loss of human dignity.
As we redefine development in this year of transition to the new, more inclusive sustainable development goals, let me throw this into the ring. Development is dignity or it is nothing. The opposite – development without dignity – is not worth having.
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Editor's note: Dr. Melina Jampolis, CNN's diet and fitness expert, is a physician, nutrition specialist and the author of "The Calendar Diet: A Month by Month Guide to Losing Weight While Living Your Life."
Q: Why do we crave comfort foods when the weather turns cold? And are there healthy substitutes?
A: This is an interesting question and one to which there is no simple answer.
There is considerable research showing seasonal affective disorder (SAD) - which affects 1% to 3% of the population - is linked to increased appetite and carbohydrate cravings, which are probably consumed in the form of "comfort foods." This is likely due to changes in brain chemistry brought about by the change in seasons and alterations in circadian rhythm, the body's biological clock.
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Oxfam Cymru claim half of Welsh people have changed their eating habits in the last two years, with 39% having to do so because food prices have rocketed.They suggest that more people in financial distress are approaching food banks for free, short-term supplies (as previously blogged by Leanne Wood AM). The OXFAM survey, which is part of a global study into eating habits in the last two years, comes after the Office for National Statistics revealed rising food inflation was escalating the cost of living.
The hard statistics reveal that a range of foods have undergone sharp rises, with prices of meat up 5.1%, fish up 11.4%, bread and cereals up 5.8%, mineral waters, juices and soft drinks up by 10.3% and jams by 7.5%. Oxfam Cymru says only 60% of Welsh respondents reported having enough to eat on a daily basis – with 39% saying they got enough, most or some of the time. They pointed to global figures, which showed an average 61% getting enough to eat all the time, indicating the Welsh statistics were part of a global problem.
A number of issues are going to impact on food prices, here and in the rest of the world. There is Climate Change, which as temperatures rise, will lead to a fall in crop yields – potentially we are talking of up-to half of their current levels in some African countries. At the same time, extreme weather events like heat waves, droughts and floods will get worse and become more frequent, and the seasons that people rely on to grow crops will get even more unpredictable.
Across the world governments have dragged their feet for too long. We need to start dealing with a situation that's only going to get more urgent. The food price spikes of 2008 are partially related to and being aggravated by land grabs, as wealthy companies have invested heavily in cheap agricultural land in poor countries, often for commercial use. The land that is sold is actually being used by poor families to grow food in many cases.
Poor farmers and their families are often forcibly evicted with little or no warning or compensation, and to make things worse often the land is either left idle by investors who know it will only grow in value, or actually used in ways that reduce food production. So it's time for effective global rules to get land grabs under control – rules which ensure local communities see the benefits of investments and which help make sure that governments provide secure access to land for smallholder farmers, and especially women.
After decades of progress, the number of people without enough to eat is actually increasing, and food price spikes are a big part of the problem. That's because, when you spend up to 75% of your weekly income on food – as many poor families are forced to do – sudden rises have an especially destructive effect. Price spikes have many causes including the changing climate, oil prices, dysfunctional commodities markets, biofuels policies that turn potentially productive crop-lands into fuel for cars rather than fuel for people. Oxfam and a number of other agencies conclusions is that we are facing a whole new challenge.
It's time for governments to actually work together to deal with food price crises effectively and to tackle the problems that mean millions of people can't afford enough to eat. After the best part of one hundred years of so of crop yield increases, crop yields are beginning to flat-line partially because intensive farming can only go so far. We need to focus on the huge untapped potential of small-scale farmers in developing countries and especially of women, who often do most of the work for often scant reward.
The reality is that some 500 million small farms put the food on the plates of some two billion people (one in three of our planets population). With effective government support and a focus on sustainable techniques, productivity can soar. In Vietnam, for instance, the number of hungry people has halved in just 12 years – a transformation which was kick-started by government investment in small farmers previously disadvantaged by the old Soviet style collective farms. It's time to change the way that we in Wales and the rest of the world thinks about growing food.
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This painting is inspired by the idea of a guardian that protects the shores and provides a home for the home's of the existing creatures.
About The Artist
NoseGo is a Philadelphia-based artist with a passion for illustration and media arts. He mixes fine art with a contemporary style to deliver highly energetic work. His designs feature an assemblage of patterns, vibrant colors and characters derived from his imagination and his surrounding environment.
Habitat of the Month: Seashores
Photograph by Brocken Inaglory
The intertidal zone, also known as the seashore, is the area where land and sea meet. This zone is covered with water at high tide, and exposed to air at low tide. The land in this zone can be rocky, sandy or covered in mudflats. Within the intertidal zone, there are several zones starting near dry land with the splash zone, an area that is usually dry, and moving down to the littoral zone, which is usually underwater. You will find tide pools, puddles left in the rocks as water recedes when the tide goes out.
The intertidal zone is home to a wide variety of organisms such as sea anemones, sea stars, various types of crabs, barnacles and mollusks. Organisms in this zone have many adaptations that allow them to survive in this challenging, ever-changing environment.
Plastics, pollution, coastal development and warming temperatures are some of the many challenges threatening this unique and diverse habitat.
You can help save seashore habitats
Donate to organizations working to raise awareness and research such as PangeaSeed, Sustainable Coastlines and Surfrider Foundation.
Advocate stronger global and regional action to protect seashores and other threatened coastal habitats.
Support the establishment and protection of marine protected areas (MPAs).
Visit protected areas, and take a guided tour to learn more about these habitats.
Think twice before you buy. Do not support the trade of endangered ocean animal products and try to reduce your carbon footprint.
Educate yourself, friend and family on the issues facing seashores and other threatened coastal habitats. Act NOW if we wish to save our seas.
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Tuesday 19th July 2016 commemorated the 100th anniversary of one of the bloodiest battles our country has ever experienced. The devastating death of 2,000 young men and over 5,533 injured at Fromelles, France goes down as one of the country’s darkest days – never to be forgotten as the greatest Australian loss of life in one night.
Many families back here in Australia could describe the loss of a son or husband with one word; they simply said ‘Pozieres’, the ‘Somme’ or ‘Passchendaele’.
The Cressy family, originally from Boolaroo, a Lake Macquarie suburb, lost a son and brother in a battle that was rarely mentioned – the Battle of Fromelles – now commemorated as the worst ever in our country’s history.
There were more battles to come, but none with the loss of life as great as the battle that took place in 24 hours outside a small village in Northern France. This was the first time an Australian division was to make an attack in France – the first on the Western Front.
Geoffrey Blainey, a prominent Australian historian, wrote that the worst effect of the war on Australia was the loss of ‘all those talented people who would have become prime ministers and premiers, judges, divines, engineers, teachers, doctors, poets, inventors and farmers, the mayors of towns, and leaders of trade unions, and the fathers of another generation of Australians’…
Story Marilyn Collins. Photo: Descendants of World War I Private Edward Cressy – many travelled from overseas to commemorate his brother, Private Harry Cressy at Sandgate Cemetery. AJM Photography.
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BMJ Group Medical Reference
Your doctor can treat your warts with a laser, which is a highly focused beam of light.
This used to be a popular way to treat genital warts. But it isn't used as much any more because it doesn't work better than other methods. Also, it needs to be done by someone who is experienced in using a laser, and the equipment is expensive.
One good study (a randomised controlled trial) found that laser treatment worked as well as surgery for getting rid of genital warts and stopping them coming back. The side effects of laser treatment include pain and scarring.
Two studies in pregnant women have found that laser treatment can have side effects. Women have needed extra treatment to heal their wounds and, in some women, their waters have broken early after treatment. Other problems included kidney infections, wound infections, and a cut in the rectum.
A laser focuses light in a way that makes it able to cut through things. Surgeons sometimes use lasers when they need to do delicate operations.
randomised controlled trials
Randomised controlled trials are medical studies designed to test whether a treatment works. Patients are split into groups. One group is given the treatment being tested (for example, an antidepressant drug) while another group (called the comparison or control group) is given an alternative treatment. This could be a different type of drug or a dummy treatment (a placebo). Researchers then compare the effects of the different treatments.
For more terms related to Genital warts
For references related to Genital warts click here
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Objective. Pediatric outcomes research examines the effects of health care delivered in everyday medical settings on the health of children and adolescents. It is an area of inquiry in its nascent stages of development. Methods. We conducted a systematic literature review that covered articles published during the 6-year interval 1994-1999 and in 39 peer-reviewed journals chosen for their likelihood of containing child health services research. This article summarizes the article abstraction, reviews the literature, describes recent trends, and makes recommendations for future work. Results. In the sample of journals that we examined, the number of pediatric outcomes research articles doubled between 1994 and 1999. Hospitals and primary care practices were the most common service sectors, accounting for more than half of the articles. Common clinical categories included neonatal conditions, asthma, psychosocial problems, and injuries. Approximately 1 in 5 studies included multistate or national samples; 1 in 10 used a randomized controlled trial study design. Remarkably few studies examined the health effects of preventive, diagnostic, long-term management, or curative services delivered to children and adolescents. Conclusions. Outcomes research in pediatric settings is a rapidly growing area of inquiry that is acquiring breadth but has achieved little depth in any single content area. Much work needs to be done to inform decision making regarding the optimal ways to finance, organize, and deliver child health care services. To improve the evidence base of pediatric health care, more effectiveness research is needed to evaluate the overall and relative effects of services delivered to children and adolescents in everyday settings.
- Healthcare financing
- Organization of health care
- Outcomes research
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Pediatrics, Perinatology, and Child Health
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Rural Road Development to Boost Road Construction Equipment Demand
India has the second largest road network across the world at 3.3 million. The country also has one of the highest densities of roads in the world, with 1.42 kilometres of road for every square kilometre of land area. Of the total road length, over 60 percent of the roads are rural (by length). Significant progress has been made in building rural roads since last few years, thus, road construction activities and related equipment demand has grown considerably.
Further, since the inception of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) in 2000 (the central governments plan to provide good roads to isolated villages), as many as 1.9 lakh habitations across the country have been connected through roads from April 2000 to January 2017. This amounts to 17 per cent of all habitations. Between FY 2000-2001 and January 2017, 1.54 lakh new projects had been approved and 4.87 lakh kilometres of roads has been newly constructed or upgraded under the scheme. This amounts to an average of 80 kilometres constructed per day.
Particularly, the pace of road construction was 133 kilometre per day under PMGSY in 2016-17 as compared to 73 kilometre during 2011-14. The total length of roads, including those under PMGSY, built from 2014-15 till the current year is about 1,40,000 kilometres which is significantly higher than the previous three years.
This large scale development of rural roads is touted to have a very positive impact on the road paving equipment demand too.
Important steps taken by the government to boost rural road development
• The 12th Five Year Plan (FYP) proposes spending of Rs 126,491 crores on rural roads which is on par with the total sanctioned amount for PMGSY since inception. The investment is expected to result in the construction of 1,58,000 km of new roads and upgrades for 84,181 km of existing roads in rural areas.
• Government of India has allocated Rs 1,07,758 crore for Ministry of Rural Development in the FY 2017-2018.
• An allocation of Rs19,000 crore has been made towards the PMGSY to connect far flung habitats in the Union Budget 2017-2018. The target is to complete PMGSY by 2019. In all, Rs 27000 crore is there after state contribution.
Thus, road construction equipment manufacturers in the country are not wrong if they believe that the government’s policies for rural road development will lead to unprecedented growth of road construction equipment sector.
Positive impact of increased focus on rural roads on road CE segment
It goes without saying that developing Indias rural roads will provide mobility and connectivity to more than 800 million people living in rural areas. Further, emphasising the development of rural roads can prove to be a catalyst to Indias goal of maintaining a good GDP growth rate and improving the well-being of millions of underprivileged and rural citizens. Hence, the road CE industry in the country has all the reasons to smile.
Here, it would not be wrong to say that road CE industry plays a major role in developing the rural infrastructure of the country. Given the increased demand for CE for rural roads as well as other roads, there has been a remarkable advancement in road construction technology in the recent years. Many new players have entered in the road CE segment and established players like Mahindra Construction Equipment with their flagship Mahindra EarthMaster backhoe loaders are ruling the Indian road CE segment.
In a nutshell
Road CE industry is one of the most intensive sectors of earthmoving and CE industry. With high investments expected to pour into the rural road segment over the next few years, road CE industry will definitely get a boost and flourish like never before.
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Dr. Kraig is the William D. Mabie Professor in the Neurosciences and Director, The Migraine Headache Clinic at The University of Chicago Medical Center.
A migraine is a very painful type of headache. People who get migraines often describe the pain as pulsing or throbbing in one area of the head. During migraines, people are very sensitive to light and sound. They may also become nauseated and vomit. Doctors used to believe migraines were only linked to the opening and narrowing of blood vessels in the head.
Women are three times more likely to experience migraines than are men.
Some people can tell when they are about to have a migraine because they experience an aura - they see flashing lights or zigzag lines or they temporarily lose their vision. The following is a case example of a woman with migraine preceded by an aura.
Doctors used to believe migraines were only linked to the opening and narrowing of blood vessels in the head.
A Typical Case
A woman, age 36, has suffered for years from terrible headaches that occur several times a year and are frequently accompanied by nausea and vomiting. The headaches often begin with changes in vision, typically after several hours of feeling vaguely unwell. She describes the vision problems as shimmering lines of light and dark, which slowly expand and migrate to one side of her field of vision. They last 15-20 minutes. Occasionally, she feels tingling and numbness that begin in her thumb and corner of her mouth and last 20-30 minutes.
Her headaches typically begin 30-40 minutes after these other symptoms and are often, but not always, focused on one side of her head. She describes the headache itself as throbbing, with light and sound sensitivity. Her attacks often occur along with stress. The headache pain is worsened by cough and her face and scalp are sensitive to touch.
Doctors used to believe migraines were only linked to the opening and narrowing of blood vessels in the head. But now, given that migraines are more common in people with epilepsy in their families, they believe the cause is related to genes that control the activity of some brain cells, which then triggers changes that can include alterations in blood vessels and head pain.
The Phases of Migraine
Primarily characterized by headache, migraines can also be accompanied by various neurological, gastrointestinal and other symptoms. Migraines typically arrive in three phases: aura (discussed below), headache and then resolution. Not all migraines include an aura phase.
A person is diagnosed as having migraine when they have:
The less severe symptoms that precede many migraines (such as the changes in vision, shimmering lines of light and dark, and tingling and numbness in the case example above), are known as auras. A "prolonged" aura can last from one hour to one week; "persistent" auras last for more than one week.
- At least five attacks of head pain
- Headache episodes lasting 4-72 hours; and
- Pain with at least two of the following characteristics: origin on one side of the head, pulsation, moderate to severe intensity and aggravated by light and physical activity such as walking or climbing stairs.
- During the headache, at least one of the following symptoms occurs - nausea, vomiting, light sensitivity and sound sensitivity.
- Head pain that cannot be attributable to another disorder
The headaches themselves can last from a few hours to a few days.
Spreading Depression of a Different Kind
As mentioned above, the causes of both migraine and its aura remain somewhat mysterious. The current scientific consensus is that a phenomenon called "spreading depression" (SD) is implicated, both in migraine aura and in migraine pain. SD is not depression in the psychological sense, but a gradually spreading decrease in nerve activity throughout parts of the brain. Originally described in 1944, aspects of SD have been detected in human brain using MRI scanning.
The hallmark of SD is this slow spread of decreased neural activity. No other brain process moves this slowly. Like an epileptic seizure, SD begins with a flurry of increased neuronal activity. The flurry of neuronal activity seen at the beginning of SD is reminiscent of the onset of seizures except that, with SD, the volume of brain tissue affected is likely to be considerably larger.
What Triggers Migraines?
Why does this spurt and then reduction in neural activity occur? Some people who suffer from migraines often report that they are triggered by certain foods, a lack of sleep, caffeine, hormonal changes, alcohol or even dehydration. So an important aspect of living with migraine is called "trigger avoidance." The idea is to identify and avoid things that seem to set off an attack of migraine in an individual.
There are several different kinds of drugs that are used to prevent migraine. Most have been found by trial and error and exactly how they work is not well understood, and in fact, the different classes of drugs work differently.
Unfortunately, these drugs are effective only in reducing the number or intensity of migraines; they cannot stop or relieve a migraine once it has begun.
- Topiramate (Topamax®) and valproate (Depakote®) are drugs used to treat epilepsy and are often used to treat migraines.
- Propranalol (Inderal®) is a beta-blocker used for hypertension and heart disease.
- Amitriptyline is a tricyclic reuptake inhibitor, better known as Elavil®. It is an antidepressant.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are probably the most widely used drugs to treat acute migraines. The steroid prednisone is used rarely, very carefully and in rapidly tapering doses.
People with migraine pain may be treated with drugs specifically for migraine, such as those mentioned above or nonspecific drugs such as ordinary over-the-counter (OTC) painkillers and opioids such as oxycondone, fentanyl and others. Nonspecific drugs control many kinds of pain, while specific medications are effective in migraine attacks but not for most other kinds of pain. Serotonin receptor drugs (triptans) can be very effective, leading to the theory that migraine is related to serotonin levels in the brain.
Migraine is a surprisingly common neurological disorder that affects a sizeable minority of the U.S. population. It is more common in adults than children and in women than men. While researchers have some idea of what happens within the brain during migraine attacks, much remains to be discovered about its underlying causes and mechanisms. There is no cure, but lifestyle adjustments (such as getting enough exercise, not skipping meals, getting adequate sleep and moderate and spaced use of caffeine) can help reduce the likelihood of migraine. In addition, treatment focuses on avoiding those things that seem to trigger attacks, identifying drugs that prevent or reduce the severity of attacks and drugs that reduce the intense pain of a severe attack. The good news is that several classes of drugs are effective for different kinds of migraine and most migraine sufferers can work with their doctor to minimize migraine's effects.
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The Germans lost no time in exploiting the all the propaganda that they could get from the Dieppe Raid. The threat from across the Channel was only too well understood, Hitler had ordered the building of the Atlantic Wall in March. Yet the Allied military objective behind the Dieppe raid eluded Hitler:
At mealtimes Hitler was very open to conversation and talked at length with Admiral Theodor Krancke, Raeder’s representative. The usual wide range of subjects was discussed.
A particular talking point was the mysterious British landings at Dieppe on 19 August. I have never been clear what the purpose of this operation was. Enemy commandos came ashore on heavily fortified beaches, and after suffering heavy casualties left twelve hours later. Hitler and Krancke examined the affair from all angles but neither could come up with a satisfactory explanation.
Hitler was extremely indignant for several days following an unofficial Gebirgsiager operation on 21 August when the highest peak of the Caucasus, the 5,600-metre high Elbrus, was scaled in order to place the German war flag on the summit.
Although undoubtedly a great mountaineering feat, it served no military purpose, and such ‘events’ were expressly forbidden. Hitler’s permission had not been sought before- hand and he learned of the feat in a cinema newsreel preview. Every effort was made to track down the culprits, but they were never identified.
See The Hitler Book: The Secret Report by His Two Closest Aides. A Soviet study of Hitler’s personal movements and actions – based on the recollections of two of Adolf Hitler’s closest associates: his personal valet, Heinz Linge, and his SS adjutant, Otto Guensche – both men were captured when the Red Army overran Hitlers bunker.
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By Mary Elizabeth Dallas
THURSDAY, Oct. 15, 2015 (HealthDay News) -- A U.S. government study has reassuring news for concerned parents -- vaccines rarely trigger serious and potentially fatal allergic reactions.
Just 33 people had a serious, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction -- also known as anaphylaxis -- out of 25 million vaccines given, according to research from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. That's 1.3 people in every million who gets a vaccine.
"Vaccination is one of the best ways parents can protect infants, children and teens from 16 potentially harmful diseases. This is a good time to remind parents that vaccines are safe and effective -- the odds of having an anaphylaxis-related reaction following the administration of a vaccine are very slim," said study author Dr. Michael McNeil, of the CDC.
For the study, the researchers reviewed records from more than 17 million visits and more than 25 million administered vaccines. The vaccines were given from 2009 to 2011.
Results of the study were published recently in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.
"We identified no cases of anaphylaxis in children less than 4 years old. The median age of our case patients was 17 years old with a range from 4 to 65 years old," McNeil noted in a journal news release.
None of the people who had anaphylaxis died, and only one had to be hospitalized, the study found.
Pre-existing allergies, asthma or past anaphylaxis were a factor in 85 percent of these cases, the study found. The researchers pointed out that these medical issues are known risk factors for anaphylaxis.
Life-threatening reactions are rare following immunization but caregivers should always be prepared to treat symptoms of anaphylaxis. The study noted that epinephrine -- the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis -- was given in only 45 percent of these cases.
Only 9 percent of those who had a serious allergic reaction had a documented prescription for an epinephrine auto-injector, the study found. After the reaction occurred, only 15 percent were known to have been referred to an allergist for follow-up.
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Mental illnesses rarely appear suddenly. Very often, friends and family recognize the changes before one of these illnesses appear. People who suffer from mental disorders often feel alone and hopeless, but there are nearly 54 million Americans suffering from some form of mental illness.
Most families are not prepared to learn that a loved one has a mental illness. This diagnosis can be physically and emotionally challenging for the entire family and can force them to feel vulnerable to the opinions of others.
If you or someone you know may have a mental illness, it is important to remember that there is hope for all of you.
What are the Signs of Mental Illness?
Most individuals who suffer from mental illness will often withdraw from their loved ones, seeking to be alone rather than in the company of others. Sudden or dramatic outbursts such as extreme distress or anger, can be signs of a mental illness. Substance abuse and heavy drinking can often be used as a coping mechanism for those who are dealing with a mental health issue.
The outward signs of mental illness are often behavioral and even after treatment has begun, some individuals can still exhibit antisocial behaviors.
Early Intervention & Support
Over the last decade research from around the world has shown that early intervention can often minimize or delay symptoms, prevent hospitalizations, and improve prognosis.
Each individual situation must be assessed by a professional who can administer the right treatment. Family members should be supportive and involved whenever possible. Learning about mental illness and what is happening to the loved one can help families understand the significance of the illness and what can be done to provide help.
How To Get Help
A mental health professional will spend time getting to know the individual who is suffering from mental illness. This will include understanding the reason for asking to meet, what they think the problem is, a backstory on their life, where they live and with whom, and about their family and friends. This information can help the professional to assess their situation and develop a strategic plan to get them on track to treatment.
As an individual progresses through the process, relief from their distress will begin along with self-assurance and confidence.
If you or someone you know believes they are suffering from a mental illness, contact Advantage Mental Health Center and schedule an appointment. For immediate help, call (727) 600-8093.
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Do you want to learn what it takes to become a pharmacy technician without going to school? If YES, here is a complete guide plus requirements needed to become a pharmacy technician online.
As a result of the increase in prescription drug use, growing demand in the health sector and related government priorities, the number of pharmacy technicians and other aides in support of health services is expected to have an increase to cater and care for patients.
The labor market situation of graduates holding a DEP in Pharmacy Technical Assistance is excellent and is one of the best for all vocational program graduates. There are, in fact, not enough graduates to meet the demand, either in health care institutions or in community pharmacies.
Over the next few years, the trend towards delegating more tasks to assistants should continue and even increase in pharmacies and drug stores, and is expected to spread to health care institutions.
What is a Pharmacy Technician?
Pharmacy technicians, also known as pharmaceutical technicians are health care providers under the medical profession. They perform pharmacy related duties working under the direct supervision of a licensed pharmacist to cater for the need of patients, such as the prescription of drugs, dispensing medication and providing necessary information to the customers.
Duties of a Pharmacy Technician and their Job Description
Pharmacy technicians typically work behind a pharmacy counter under the supervision of a certified pharmacist at a drugstore, grocery store, hospital, nursing home or other medical facility, and perform the following functions:
- Collect the necessary information needed to fill a prescription from customers or health professionals.
- Operate equipments such as computers, scales, printers and fax machines.
- They must also sterilize the counter tops, scales, pill counting trays, and other medication measuring devices.
- Measure the amounts of medications for prescriptions.
- Package and label prescriptions or drugs.
- Organize inventory and alert the pharmacist in case of any shortage of medications or supplies.
- Accept payment for prescriptions from customers.
- Process insurance claims.
- Document and input customer or patient information, including any prescriptions taken, into a computer system
- Answer phone calls and complaints from customers.
- Arrange for customers to speak with pharmacist if need be, for questions, enquiries or complaints about medications or health matters.
- Review prescriptions before they are given to patients.
- Operate automated dispensing equipments when filling prescription orders.
- Prepare a greater variety of medications, such as intravenous medications.
- They may also make rounds in the hospital, giving medications to patients.
- Perform administrative duties in the pharmaceutical office.
- Review prescription requests with doctor’s offices and insurance companies to ensure correct medications are provided and payment is received.
- They speak directly with the patients on the phone to aid in the awareness of taking the correct medications on time.
- Receive written prescriptions and requests and verify that information is complete and accurate.
- Maintain proper storage and security conditions for drugs.
- Fill bottles with prescribed medications and type and affix labels.
- Document price and prescriptions that have been filled.
- Clean, and help maintain equipment and work environment, and sterilize glassware according to prescribed methods.
- Order, label, and count stock of medications, chemicals, and supplies, and enter inventory data into computer.
- Receive and store incoming supplies, verify quantities against invoices, and inform supervisors of stock needs and shortages.
- Transfer medication from vials to the appropriate number of sterile, disposable syringes, using aseptic techniques.
- Add measured drugs or nutrients to intravenous solutions under sterile conditions to prepare intravenous packs under the supervision of the pharmacist.
- Label drug containers and ensure the supply and monitoring of robotic machines that dispense medicine into containers.
- Prepare and process medical insurance claim forms and records.
- Mix pharmaceutical preparations according to written prescriptions.
- Operate cash registers to accept payment from customers.
- Compute charges for medication and equipment dispensed to hospital patients, and enter data in computer.
- Deliver medications and pharmaceutical supplies to patients, nursing stations or surgery.
- Price stock and mark items for sale.
- Maintain and merchandise home health-care products and services.
- Accurately and efficiently prepare prescription orders
- Verify prescription information and dosage
- Provide quality customer service to patients and other healthcare providers.
- Supply medicines to patients, whether on prescription or over the counter.
- Provide information to patients and other healthcare professionals.
- Manage areas of medicines supply such as dispensaries.
- Supervise other pharmacy staff.
- Produce medicines in hospitals and the pharmaceutical industry.
Tools and Equipment of the Trade for Pharmacy Technicians
- Physicians’ prescription forms
- Computer terminals
- Order forms
- Syringes & needles
- Balance scales
- Measuring containers
- Counting trays
- Refrigerators (for storing drugs)
- Mortar & pestle
- Drug containers, such as bottles, tubes & envelopes
- Physicians’ Desk Reference, Facts & Comparisons or other pharmacopeia (encyclopedias of drugs)
- Autoclave for keeping a pharmacy clean and sterilizing equipment and tools.
- Liquid Filling Machines for filling syrups.
- Tablet counting machine for counting and dispensing pills.
- Tablet hardness tester for measuring the hardness and fragility of drugs.
Become a Pharmacy Technician Online Without Going to School – A Complete Guide
Facts, Figures and Labor Market Situation for Pharmacy Technicians
- In 2012, about 72 percent of pharmacy technician and aide jobs were in retail pharmacies, either independently owned or part of a drugstore chain, grocery store, department store, or mass retailer.
- The total number of jobs for pharmacy technicians was 355,300 jobs. About 17 percent worked in hospitals.
- A small proportion of pharmacy technicians and aides worked in mail order and internet pharmacies, clinics, pharmaceutical wholesalers, and the Federal government. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), about one in five pharmacists worked part-time in 2012.
- In 2013, there were about 362,690 pharmacy technicians in the United States. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) projects employment of pharmacists to grow by 14 percent and employment of pharmacy technicians to grow by 20 percent from 2012-2022.
- The pharmacy technicians usually work between 37 and 40 hours a week, including weekends and some evenings. Sometimes, they may be expected to work on a rotational based system while, some work part time hours.
- The employer usually provides a uniform and protective clothing if the pharmacy technicians are working under sterile conditions.
In the UK
- To become a pharmacy technician in the UK, you will need to find a job as a pre-registration pharmacy technician and register with the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC).
- Employers may relax their entry criteria if you have previously worked alongside a pharmacy technician. For example, if you have experience as a pharmacy assistant or dispensing assistant, you may be able to progress to senior assistant and then pharmacy technician or you could also get into this work through an Apprenticeship, such as the Apprenticeship in Health (Pharmacy Services).
- Community pharmacies, such as chemists’ shops, can be found in high streets, residential areas and supermarkets. Dispensaries can also be found in health centers, prisons and on military sites.
The work prospect for pharmacy technicians in Canada is relatively good. It has been projected that the demand for pharmacy technicians could rise in order to meet the health care needs of a growing and aging population in Canada.
- Professionals in this field with a college diploma or courses related to health services should have better employment prospects.
- Pharmacy technicians in Ontario are regulated health professionals that work as part of a health care team to provide care for patients.
- According to the Census data by industry, in 2006 the pharmacy technician specialty accounted for between 70% and 80% of jobs in the health sector. Between 2008 and 2012, more than 65 percent of graduates found work in pharmacies, 30 percent in hospitals and 5 percent in other industries related to health. It is expected that the number of pharmacy assistants will increase sharply over the next few years.
- The pharmacy technician occupation has a level of skill commensurate with the qualifications and experience of other related occupations in the health sector.
- It is required to have at least three years of relevant experience which may substitute for the formal qualifications. In some instances relevant experience and/or on-the-job training may be required in addition to the formal qualification.
- Pharmacy technicians are needed in Australia and New Zealand, and as such, there is an influx of immigrants into the country to fill these vacant positions.
- The Department of Employment conducts research to identify skill shortages in the Australian labor market, and publish the results of their research in individual occupation reports.
- The skill shortage research methodology is based on a sample survey of employers who had recently advertised vacancies, examining whether they were able to find suitable workers for the advertised position.
- Employers are identified through sources including national and regional newspapers, online job boards, association websites, professional journals and specialist publications. Pharmacy technicians are in shortage in most regions of the Australian territory.
Professional Bodies and Associations for Pharmacy Technicians
- National Pharmacy Technician Association (NPTA)
- American Association of Pharmacy Technicians
- The Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy (AMCP)
- American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP)
- American Pharmacists Association (APhA)
- American Society for Pharmacy Law
- American Society of Consultant Pharmacists (ASCP)
- American Society of Consultant Pharmacists Foundation
- American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP)
- National Community Pharmacists Association (NCPA)
- Professional Compounding Centers of America
In the UK
- The Association of Independent Multiple Pharmacies (AIMP)
- The Association of Pharmacy Technicians UK (APTUK)
- Company Chemists Association (CCA)
- Community Pharmacy Scotland (CPS)
- Community Pharmacy Wales (CPW)
- The Guild of Healthcare Pharmacists (GHP)
- Institute of Pharmacy Management (IPM)
- National Pharmacy Association (NPA)
- Pharmaceutical Services Negotiating Committee (PSNC)
- The Pharmacists’ Defense Association (PDA)
- Pharmacy Practice Research Trust (PPRT)
- Primary Care Pharmacists’ Association (PCPA)
- Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB)
- United Kingdom Clinical Pharmacy Association (UKCPA)
- Australian College of Pharmacy
- Pharmaceutical Society of Australia
- The Pharmacy Guild of Australia
- The Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia
- Canadian Association of Pharmacy Technicians
- Canadian Association of Chain Drug Stores
- National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities (NAPRA)
- Ontario Pharmacists’ Association
- Ontario College of Pharmacists
- The Pharmacy Examination Board of Canada
- Canadian Council for Accreditation of Pharmacy Programs
Impact of the Internet on the Career of Pharmacy Technicians
- The use of electronic medical record system whereby patients’ medical records are documented electronically and can be retrieved with ease.
- Order management and review organized around drug therapy management services.
- Automated systems to notify pharmacy technicians and pharmacists when clinically important laboratory values fall outside a therapeutic or normal range.
- Use of bar code technology during inventory, preparation, compounding and dispensing processes.
- The use of automated dispensing or robotics.
- The use of barcode technology during medication administration.
- The use of computer to keep tab on stock and supplies.
Career ideas / Sub-sectors in the Pharmacy Technician Profession
- Anesthetic Technician
- Cardiac Technician
- Medical Laboratory Technician
- Operating Theatre Technician
- Pharmacy Assistant
- Clinical informatics
- Counseling psychologist
- Pathology Collector
- Analytical chemist
- Community pharmacist
- Healthcare scientist, medical physics
- Medical sales representative
- Scientific laboratory technician
- Medical Technician
- Dispensing Optician
- Dental Assistants
- Medical Assistants
- Medical Records and Health Information Technicians
- Medical Transcriptionists
- Animal Breeders
- Biological Technicians
- Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians
- Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists
- Medical Records and Health Information Technicians
- Medical Secretaries
- Mail Order Pharmacy
- Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary
- Opticians, Dispensing
- Medical Secretary
- Correspondence Clerks
- Credit Authorizers
- Dental Hygienists
- Dietitians and Nutritionists
- X-ray Technician Emergency medical technicians
- File Clerks
- Insurance Claims Clerks
- Nuclear Medicine Technologists
- Occupational Therapists
- Medical Imaging
- Physician Assistants
- Radiologic Technicians
- Radiologic Technologists
- Registered Nurses
- Respiratory Therapists
- Surgical Technologists
Benefits of Becoming a Pharmacy Technician
- The career of pharmacy technicians comes with a fulfillment of helping and rendering assistance to others which you can be proud of.
- You’ll have a variety of professional options as a pharmacy technician because there are a variety of settings and career options open to pharmacy technicians, such as hospitals, retail pharmacies, pharmaceutical companies, mail-order prescription businesses, etc.
- Pharmacy technicians have great advancement opportunities to venture into other healthcare careers to leverage their experiences.
- There is flexibility in obtaining the training as a pharmacy technician, thereby creating room for other commitments.
- Pharmacy technicians enjoy a pleasant work atmosphere as pharmacies are clean, organized, and well ventilated.
- For the level of training that is required, pharmacy technicians earn a good salary added with other benefits; most employers offer generous incentives for pharmacy technicians.
- Online, flexible and convenient career training is available for obtaining necessary certification as a pharmacy technician.
- As a pharmacy technician, you will be able to absorb new medical information for free while working under the supervision of licensed pharmacists who are more knowledgeable about drug action and medications and are able to read literature and publications related to these. Thus, you will have increased knowledge of the medical terms and field.
Factors Discouraging People from Becoming Pharmacy Technicians
When you become a pharmacy technician, you should be prepared to be on your feet almost all the time when you are on your shift. This means that you might be standing for 6 to 8 hours, and which will definitely be tiring. Here are some challenges you will be faced with;
- The job of a pharmacy technician is a stressful one that can lead to physical and psychological problems, because the job demands you to work quickly all the time without sacrificing precision and accuracy on a daily basis.
- The average pay and salary of a pharmacy technician is very low, and advancement opportunities are limited for those who are not employed in large pharmacies.
- Prospective technicians with only a high school diploma and no experience have fewer opportunities to be trained on the job as some employers prefer pharmacy technicians to hold a two-semester certificate or a two-year associate degree in a pharmacy technician program.
- Pharmacy technicians must be re-certified every two years, which requires 20 hours of continuing education each time as required by some states and employers, while some states also require them to register with the state board of pharmacy, and which involves paying a fee.
- Many pharmacy technicians’ work schedule involve nights, weekends, and holidays as some pharmacies are typically open 24 hours, evenings and weekends.
- Some pharmacies are generally phasing out the position of pharmacy assistant or aide and assigning those job duties to the technician. This means pharmacy techs increasingly perform administrative tasks such as answering phones, working as a cashier and stocking shelves.
- As a pharmacy technician, you might also have to deal with rude customers or a demanding superior, which may affect you psychologically.
How Much Do Pharmacy Technicians Earn Monthly/Annually?
- In the USA
A Pharmacy Technician earns an average wage of $12.14 per hour while a hospital pharmacy technician earns an average wage of $14.38 per hour with an annual wage of $29,810 and $24,470 respectively, although this varies by state. Pharmacy technicians in Washington, Alaska, California, Hawaii and Oregon are the highest earners, on average.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports that the highest paying positions are available with federal, state and local government agencies, outpatient care centers, and scientific research and development organizations. Pharmacy techs that work in department stores and health and personal care stores typically make lower annual wages. Experience has a moderate effect on income for this job.
- In the UK
The pay structure in the National Health Scheme (NHS) is called Agenda for Change (AfC). Pharmacy technicians start on Band 4, earning between £19,027 and £22,236 a year. The experienced pharmacy technicians will progress to Band 5 by earning an average of £21,692 and £28,180. The average rate for a Pharmacy Technician is £8.42 per hour. Pay for this job does not change much by experience, with the most experienced earning only a bit more than the least.
- In Australia
The average pay for a Pharmacy Technician in Australia is between AU$15.42and AU$22.34 per hour. The yearly salary for a pharmacy technician ranges from AU$31,869 to AU$47,580. In addition to these, a yearly bonus of about AU$1,279 will be given to the pharmacy technician. Most people move on to other jobs if they have more than 20 years’ experience in this field.
- In Canada
A Pharmacy Technician in Canada earns an average wage range of C$10.38 to C$19.58 per hour. A skill in Hospital pharmacy is associated with high pay for this job with most people with this job moving on to other positions after 20 years in this field. A Certified Pharmacy Technician (CPHT) earns an average wage of C$16.63 per hour.
The yearly salary for pharmacy technicians in Canada ranges from C$21,490 to C$41,282. In addition to these, a yearly bonus of about C$31.55 will be given to him or her, thereby making the average annual total earning to be in the range of $21,606 and C$41,335.
How Long Does It Take to Become a Pharmacy Technician
- The first step to becoming a pharmacy technician is to earn a high school diploma or GED equivalent. With a basic education, you can qualify for on-the-job training. However, many people find that looking for employment is easier if you have undergone some form of post-secondary training, such as an online pharmacy technician certification program, that helps prepare you for the profession. Some states also require pharmacy technicians to have this formal training or pass a national certification examination.
- The formal training for pharmacy technicians can take anywhere from a few months to more than a year. On-the-job training relies on the supervision, mentorship, guidance, and experience of a skilled pharmacist. The training is complete once the pharmacist is confident of the technician’s ability to do the job without supervision.
- Similarly, formal training is also often provided at vocational schools, community colleges, and technical institutes. This can also be obtained online as there are pharmacy technician certification courses that can be an excellent fit for students who are already working or have similarly busy schedules. Some of these courses can be completed in a period of 3 months.
- The next level is to obtain certification. There are two main types of certification for pharmacy technicians. The Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PTCB) certification which requires pharmacy technicians to have a high school diploma and pass a certification examination.
- The National Health career Association (NHA) certification which has a minimum age requirement of 18 years and requires applicants to have a high school diploma, complete a formal training program, and have at least 1 year of work experience before they can sit for the certification examination.
- Pharmacy technicians are required to re-certify every 2 years to ensure that they are up-to-date with all of the healthcare changes and advances that affect their scope of practice and profession. This can be done by completing 20 hours of continuing education to ensure your skills are current.
Hence, training to become a pharmacy technician can take anywhere from a few months to a year, and taking that little bit of extra time to earn a national certification through the PTCB or NHA is definitely worth it. With the right kind of training, you are on your way to having a successful career as a pharmacy technician.
Educational Requirements Needed to Become a Pharmacy Technician
- In the USA
Pharmacist assistants usually get training on the job. A high school diploma is usually required for employment; post-secondary education is an option through pharmacist assistant or pharmacy technology certificate programs at 2-year colleges or vocational schools.
Most states require pharmacy technicians to have a high school diploma, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. A technician must have a good grasp of mathematics, which may be found in high school math courses or taught in a certificate program.
A pharmacy technician certificate program focuses on mathematics, anatomy and physiology, computer applications and the principles and ethics of the pharmaceutical field.
- In the UK
To practice as a pharmacy technician in the UK, you have to be registered with the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) and the registration requires you to study for an accredited qualification such as:
- BTEC National Diploma in pharmaceutical science
- NVQ/SVQ level 3 in pharmacy services
- National Certificate in pharmaceutical science
To apply for a course, you need to be employed in a pharmacy. Employers, including the NHS, offer jobs for trainee pharmacy technicians. Employers usually ask for at least 4 GCSEs (A-C), including English, mathematics and science or equivalent qualifications. Training to become a pharmacy technician usually takes two years. It combines practical work experience with study, either at college or by distance learning.
- In Australia
Educational requirement in Australia is similar to that of Britain. It should be noted that there is an influx of immigrant pharmacy technicians into the country. However, some of the educational requirement involves the possession of:
- Certificate III in Hospital-Health Services Pharmacy Support through on-campus delivery for people looking to gain employment as a hospital pharmacy technician.
- Certificate III in Hospital-Health Services Pharmacy Support as a flexible delivery course, for people already employed as hospital pharmacy technicians.
- Certificate IV in Hospital-Health Services Pharmacy Support as a flexible delivery course, for people already employed as hospital pharmacy technicians
In order to become a pharmacy technician, one must have a high school diploma with courses in mathematics, biology and chemistry, in addition to formal post-secondary training, but not necessarily a university degree. Most pharmacy technicians get training from a career college or community college in a two-year diploma course.
Pharmacy technicians must be trained, licensed and provincially registered and regulated and in good standing with their provincial college of pharmacy. After the formal training, most technicians are required to complete an internship or work placement in a community or hospital pharmacy for about eight weeks and pass a standard examination in order to be certified by a pharmacy board.
Is Certification Required to Become a Pharmacy Technician?
- In the United States
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), some states see pharmacy technician certification as a voluntary process, while applicants see it as a possible means of gaining respect within the field and having the ability to earn more money. Applicants who want to take the exam must have a high school diploma or its equivalent and apply online at the website of the Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PTCB).
Requirements for state licensing and registration can vary from state to state. In order to be eligible, technicians must have a high school diploma or its equivalent and pay a specified application fee. There are two main types of certification for pharmacy technicians. The Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PTCB) and The National Health career Association (NHA) certification. The examination fee is in the range of $129.
In the UK
- To become a certified pharmacy technician an individual must:
- Register with the PTCB or ExCPT to take a certification exam. Most states require the PTCB, but the ExCPT is equally accepted in many states.
- Study the required material to pass the PTCB or ExCPT examination.
- Pass the required examination.
- Register with your respective State Board of Pharmacy.
In the UK, the General Pharmaceutical Council has a registration of all qualified individuals who are working in the pharmacy industry, including technicians. They are also in charge of monitoring the educational programs that are involved in the qualification and certification of these technicians. The cost of certification is in the range of £233.
- In Australia
The Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA) deals with the registration process and is the organization responsible for the implementation of the National Registration and Accreditation Scheme across Australia. This agency is responsible for the national registration of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians and you must apply for intern registration (preregistration) before any work-placement can begin.
AHPRA will need to approve the pharmacy where the supervised practice is carried out. The cost of intern registration is AUD150 and registration for practice costs AUD295 for 12 months. In addition to the supervised practice, interns have to sit an oral examination that is intended to test their knowledge.
- In Canada
Certification is not required for Canadian pharmacy technician jobs but, most employers seek job candidates who are either enrolled in pharmacy technician school or who have earned their certification.
In order to become certified, you must pass the Pharmacy Examining Board of Canada (PEBC) certification examination which requires certain eligibility requirements. Eligibility criteria to take the Evaluating Examination include 2,000 hours of work and/or teaching experience in the past 36 calendar months. Upon passing, you may then take the Qualifying Examination.
Direct eligibility, which does not require taking the qualifying examination, involves the following:
- Completion of a Canadian Council for Accreditation of Pharmacy Program (CCAPP) or
- Passed the Ontario College of Pharmacists (OCP) Certifying Exam or
- Passed the Pharmacy Technician Certification Board of Albany Certifying Exam or
- Successful completion of the PEBC Pharmacist Evaluating Exam or
- Completion of an accredited pharmacist degree program in Canada or the U.S.
Exam fees are set by PEBC and vary from time to time.
Can You Become a Pharmacy Technician by Taking an Online Course
There are a number of accredited online programs that can you can enroll in order to be a pharmacy technician. You will gain the knowledge and skills required to pass the national certification exam and stand out from other applicants in the job, even with your online study. The online training format allows you to study on your own schedule and at your own pace.
The online Pharmacy Technician classes include images, videos, and interactive games to help you learn the material and develop your skills as a pharmacy technician. The program’s focus is on helping you gain the skills you need to pass the Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PTCB) Exam and start working as soon as you graduate.
Career Opportunities / Industries a Pharmacy Technician Can Work In
- Hospital pharmacy
- Community pharmacy
- Retail pharmacies
- Nursing homes
- Assisted care facilities
- Mental homes
- Pharmaceutical manufacturing companies
- Third-party insurance companies
- Computer software companies
- Teaching for pharmaceutical companies
- Veterinary product manufacturers
- Research and development or coordination of clinical trials.
- Chain pharmacy
- Independent pharmacy
- Nuclear pharmacy
- Government agencies in Local, state, and federal government agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Prisons, Veterans Administration, Indian Health Service, and Armed Forces.
Skills and Traits You Need to Become a Successful Pharmacy Technician
- Be accurate and methodical
- Be responsible
- Be able to pay attention to detail
- Have good accuracy and attention to detail
- Be friendly, patient and sympathetic
- Have the ability to explain instructions clearly to customers
- Be tact and discrete when dealing with potentially embarrassing information
- Be ready to refer to the pharmacist when necessary
- Be able to understand law and guidelines on medicines
- Be able to read and carry out instructions
- Be interested in people’s health
- Speak, write and read English clearly.
- Understand pharmaceutical terminology.
- Have strong planning and organizational skills.
- Be very accurate in your work as leads to your client’s safety.
- Have good mathematics and IT skills
- Have an interest in science and medicine
- Have a methodical approach to routine tasks
- Have good team working skills
- Have good administration skills for record keeping
- Use word processing, spreadsheet, database, and email software.
- Work well with other people and on your own.
- Be willing to work with all types of people
- Be able to explain clearly to members of the public
- Be possessive of good communication skills including listening
- Have good customer skills
- Have science skills
- Have good manual (hand) skills
- Possess organization skills
- Be hardworking and willing to learn new things.
Tips and Advice That Will Help Advance your Career as a Pharmacy Technician
- It is not easy to deal with sick people, as people have changing moods depending on their challenges and health problems. It is necessary to have patience in order to deal with such situations and handle patients with care and love.
- It will also be required most times to put others ahead of yourself, that is, you need to put your patients’ need ahead of yours, irrespective of what you might be going through.
- Be nice and sincere to patents by being sympathetic to their pains.
- Be compassionate and selfless.
- Always refer technical and medical issues to the pharmacist to handle with his or her medical experiences. Know your limitations, and be headstrong and firm.
- Furthermore, strive to advance in your profession, by obtaining the necessary qualifications on the job and study more to be a better technician.
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Protecting our Children and Finding the Gift
One with Heart Program Coordinator
The moment our child is born we begin creating safety. An environment free of sharp objects, electric outlets, hazardous staircases. An environment where our child is surrounded by thoughtful, loving, adults and children. The vigilance of parenting a newborn is exhausting, but the reward is that we feel a pretty solid sense of control over risk. As our child grows up, minimizing risk becomes complicated. We must strike a balance between vigilance and letting go. How do we assess and avoid risk and still allow opportunities for our children to become independent? Gavin De Becker’s book, Protecting the Gift, provides insightful, practical answers to this question. [i]
Parents and guardians are 100 percent responsible for the safety of their children for many years. This responsibility can feel overwhelming, but the good news is we are genetically wired to do the job. That wiring is in what De Becker calls the ‘wild brain’. The wild brain is different from the logical brain. The wild brain is our intuition, gut feeling, that ability we all have to take in signals of danger before we logically conclude that something is wrong. Logic takes time, it is slow. Intuition is immediate and fast. Intuition is the nagging feeling that you aren’t comfortable with your daughter spending the night at a particular friend’s house. Logic is the process of thinking it through and recounting the many ways mom’s new boyfriend has been paying extra attention to your daughter. If we trust our intuition, logic can usually follow along and fill in the missing pieces.
Intuition is not only the fastest source of information; when it comes to detecting danger it is the most reliable. De Becker begins his book telling us “we must listen to internal warnings while they are still whispers. The voice that knows how to protect your children may not always be the loudest, but it is the wisest.” When we are reluctant to trust our intuition, our logical brain may actually be a source of misinformation that interferes with our internal warning system. Two of the most common interferences are denial and worry.
Denial is refusal to face reality about who predatory offenders are and what they are capable of. We believe that strangers are the greatest source of danger. In fact, 90 percent of children are molested by someone they know. We think we have chosen a safe neighborhood to raise our children. In fact, the Dept. of Justice estimates that on average there is one child molester per square mile. We assume predators display signs of sexual deviance that make them easy for us and law enforcement to recognize. In fact, sex offenders are often charming masters of deceit who offend an average of 30 – 60 times before they are ever arrested. If we refuse to look at who the threat is, the loud voice of denial can talk us right out of following up on the information our intuition gives us.
While worry seems to come with the territory of parenting, there are good reasons to keep it in check. De Becker describes worry as fear we manufacture. It is a state of anxiety about things we imagine could happen as opposed to the internal alarm our intuition sets off when danger actually is happening. If danger is imminent, our intuition triggers a primal fear response that is nature’s way of protecting us. It spurs us to action. When we live in a state of manufactured fear, it is much harder for the signal to get through.
Also, worry is often misdirected and serves as a distraction from facing uncomfortable situations closer to home. It is easier to worry about a possible stranger abduction, which is extremely rare, than to do the hard work of fully investigating the day care provider. It is less awkward to talk about stranger danger at the PTA meeting than to bring up your concern about the math teacher taking a special interest in vulnerable kids. But while you are busy looking for bad guys in the bushes, the next door neighbor may gradually be charming his way into a position where he can abuse your child.
The antidotes for denial and worry are information and confidence. A lot of accurate information is available about predatory behavior and the real risks to children. While it may not be pleasant reading, accurate information makes you much less vulnerable to the common tactics employed by offenders. I also recommend that parents invest in self-defense training for themselves. A good self-defense class dispels myths about sexual assault and trains strategies to respond assertively to a potential threat. Even a few hours of training will help you develop the skills and the confidence to recognize risk, assess options, and take action even in situations that feel socially awkward.
Teaching children to protect themselves begins at home. Confident, assertive, informed adults are more likely to raise confident, assertive, informed kids. These are the qualities that make kids and adults less likely to be targeted by predatory offenders. As kids mature they gradually take on more responsibility for their own safety. By the time they reach adolescence they have the independence to make decisions that can impact the rest of their lives, but they still need our support and guidance. Whether or not they will turn to us for support and guidance depends a lot on how we have handled challenges along the way. If denial and worry have informed our parenting our teenage children may not feel we can support them with straight forward information and they may choose not to share their problems with us because they don’t want to shock or worry us.
A parent’s most important job is to provide a safe haven for our children; a place where they know they are loved and know we are strong enough to handle anything. And we really are strong enough. The moment our baby is born we experience a power within ourselves we may have never experienced before. This awakening connects us with the internal strength to face our own troubles and fears and tackle reality head-on. From that first day forward it is our job to do exactly that.
No matter how well we do our job, we can never completely control how things turn out. To our children we give everything and are guaranteed nothing. If we choose to accept this unreasonable deal with nature, we each receive a hidden gift; the strength and wisdom to be a better person than we ever thought possible.
[i] De Becker, Gavin. Protecting the Gift: Keeping Children and Teenagers Safe (and Parents Sane). New York, New York: Dell Publishing: 1999.
This book is a comprehensive, easy to read, straight forward look at offender behavior and the tools we have to keep our children safe. It is a guide to It assessing and recognizing risk and it provides practical information about: choosing a baby sitter, nanny, day care center, and pediatrician; recognizing and addressing problems at school; parenting teenagers; and more.
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Why you should know her: Grietje Bogaards was a Dutch woman who saved the life of a Jewish girl during the Holocaust, who then became the mother of a member of The Fellowship's online community.
As the Nazis overtook the Netherlands in 1942, a Jewish couple named Abraham and Lea Rodrigues decided to go into hiding with their children, 12-year-old Henry and 11-year-old Elly. After being sheltered by a Dutch pharmacist, Abrahama and Lea placed Henry with the Ketel family and young Elly with Grietje Bogaards. Soon, the children's paretns were arrested and deported to Auschwitz, where they were murdered.
Despite the great danger to herself, Grietje, known by Elly as Tante Grie or Aunt Grie, cared for the girl as if she were her own. Elly went by the name Elly van Tol and was able to move around the village freely and attended the local school. Aunt Grie sheltered Elly until the war ended, and the two remained in touch until Aunt Grie passed away in 1964. Grietje Bogaards was named Righteous Among the Nations in 1987 for the selfless and loving act which saved young Elly Rodrigues.
Hetty C., the daughter of Elly, shares with us the following invaluable information:
After the war Grietje Bogaards was awarded guardianship of my mother and was foster grandmother to my siblings and me. She died in 1964 in Holland. I was honored to get to know her. Tante Grie, as we called her, was there when I was born and we also visited her in her village in Holland in 1958. She came to the USA twice after my parents and I emigrated from Holland in 1952.
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Risk management in the healthcare industry may in fact be more important compared to other industries. Usually, an organization develops and implements strategies for risk management to prevent and limit financial losses. While the same can be said for healthcare, it’s more focused on the safety of its patients rather than financial safety. Risk management in healthcare may be the difference between life and death for some patients.
The process behind risk management in the healthcare industry is important in terms of sustainable success. While having an outline for risk management is a good start, it’s important that all employees are well-trained and know how to put the steps of a risk management system in place in order to mitigate risks and report any issues to the risk manager.
A risk manager is usually someone who has the experience needed in handling risk-related issues in various settings. They should be able to identify and evaluate risks quickly and fully, which will help to reduce the potential for injury to patients, staff, and visitors. A risk manager should also be able to analyze current healthcare risk management strategies.
If there in fact certain strategies that are being used for medical conditions and it’s found that these strategies can end up leading to harmful side effects, they should be updated or taken out altogether.
Prioritization of Risk Management
It’s important that a healthcare organization establishes what could happen and how likely it is that it will happen. What’s more, they should be evaluated for the severity of these potential risks and what the fallout is. From there, it should be determined how that healthcare organization can limit risks and cut down on their overall impact and what the potential exposure of those risks would be if they happen to go on uncontained.
Risk Management for Finances
For risk management in terms of finances, the goal should be to avoid as many losses as possible in terms of how they could affect the bottom line. First, healthcare organizations should research any trends in the industry so it can analyze current risk management strategies to determine if its ahead of behind. If it’s behind, adjustments should be made in order to save major capital.
Some other common goals for financial risk management in healthcare include cutting down on malpractice claims, reducing the number of incidents, and improving on communication among staff.
It’s a Process
It’s important to not get overwhelmed. This can be achieved by taking on a more simplified approach. All employees should be educated in all aspects of healthcare risk management, including how to prevent and respond to risks.
Next, employees should keep accurate and complete documentation. This helps to look back and use as a reference when certain issues come up later on. Employees should also learn how to handle complaints to mitigate risks to a healthcare organization and know how to report an incident to reduce risks.
Healthcare risk is layered and goes beyond the notes above, but this should be a good foundation. If a healthcare organization doesn’t have a healthcare risk management team in place, it should begin to think about creating one or looking for outside help.
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304 Stainless Steel
Stainless steels have very high resistance to corrosion made possible due to high concentrations of chromium and nickel. They achieve their stainless characteristics through the formation of an invisible and adherent Chromium rich oxide film. Alloy 304 is a general purpose austenitic stainless steel with a face centered cubic structure. It is essentially non-magnetic in the annealed condition and can only be hardened by cold working. The lower Carbon content compared with alloy 302 gives better corrosion resistance in welded structures.
304 SS Characteristics/Properties
304 stainless steel, like all steels, is composed primarily of iron. The relatively small quantities of other metals added to the alloy are what make it steel and give it very specific properties. In addition to iron, 304 Stainless steel is composed of .08 percent carbon, 1 per cent silicon, 2 percent manganese, .045 percent phosphorous, .03 percent sulfur, 18 to 20 percent chromium and 8 to 10.5 percent nickel. Carbon is the minimum requirement to turn iron ore into steel. The manganese and silicon give steel strength, and the chromium and nickel inhibit corrosion while also adding to the overall toughness of the steel.
- Food processing equipment, particularly in beer brewing, milk processing & wine making.
- Kitchen benches, sinks, troughs, equipment and appliances
- Architectural panelling, railings & trim
- Chemical containers, including for transport
- Heat Exchangers
- Woven or welded screens for mining, quarrying & water filtration
- Threaded fasteners
Notes on 18-8 Series Stainless Steel:
The 300 series designation contains many different compositions of alloy steel (303, 304, 305, 316, 321, 347, etc.) but the common factors among them are:
- Their carbon content is generally held to a maximum of 0.08%
- They (generally) have 18% chromium
- They (generally) have 8% nickel
- They are non-magnetic
- They cannot be hardened by heat treatment
- They can be hardened by cold working the material (“work hardening.”)
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Can support individuals avoid getting the actual difficulty that we were talking previously mentioned. You can ensure that you come up with the solution potential, by learning to avoid bias in math. You can make sure that you come up with the solution potential by working on your understanding of bias in math.
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DHHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 2000-127
Worker Health Chartbook, 2000
More than 131 million people are employed in the United States. As we enter the new millennium, the U.S. workforce will be older and more diverse and will continue to shift from traditional heavy industry to services. Alternative work arrangements such as job sharing, part-time scheduling, and temporary or contingent work will become more common in response to rapid technological and economic changes. These changes will present new challenges to assuring the safety and health of Americans in the workplace.
Preventing occupational injuries and illnesses depends on our ability to quantify and track them. Through occupational safety and health surveillance, we can provide ongoing and systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of data for the purposes of prevention. Surveillance increases the effectiveness of prevention activities by targeting them to industries, workplaces, and occupations that have the greatest needs. Surveillance also expands knowledge about which prevention programs are effective.
Worker Health Chartbook, 2000 [PDF - 19 KB]
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
TTY: (888) 232-6348
- New Hours of Operation
- Contact CDC-INFO
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The corpuscular nature of the light can be detected by means of the photon counting technique, realized with a photomultiplier tube. The “photon counting” technique has already been described in the post Light as a Particle, in which we used a special photon counter and a pulsed light source.
In this post we describe a similar device to achieve photon-counting of weak light sources. We adopted the photomultiplier Hamamatsu model R647 .
Hamamatsu PMT R647 Data sheets
Type : Head-On
Size : 13mm
Photocathode : Bialkali
Max Voltage : 1250V
Bias Voltage : 1000V
Dynodes : 10
Rise Time : 2.1ns
Dark Current : 15nA
Gain : 1 x 106
Aside a PMT image.
The photomultiplier tube has been inserted inside a light-tight metal container : the “dark box”. On one side of the box the BNC connectors have been positioned to supply the PMT tube and to pick up the signal from the anode .
On the opposite side (in front of the photocathode) a tiny hole (pin hole) has been drilled so as to permit the light (adequately screened) coming from the outside to reach the photocathode.
For the power supply of the PMT a commercial Matsusada HV generator has been used, it is capable of generating a high negative voltage, it is stabilized and the voltage is adjustable, up to a maximum of 3kV. These generators can be found quite easily on the eBay market. For this realization we choose to place the anode to ground and the cathode to negative potential so it needs to be isolated. In the image below it is shown the voltage divider scheme and a picture of Matsusada J4-3N-LX generator.
The signal is taken directly from the anode, without the decoupling capacitor, because the anode has zero potential. The advantages of this type of connection are “cleaner” signals and the possibility to operate also in continuous regime for the measurement of weak light sources.
The signal taken from the anode is sent to a transimpedance amplifier followed by a buffer stage, both the input and output resistance has been set at 50Ω output. As operational amplifier the OPA354 model of TI has been used, CMOS rail-to-rail, characterized by a band of 100MHz and low noise. The amplifier is powered at 3.3V obtained by the MCP1700 regulator 3v3.
In the image below there is the amplifier scheme.
High voltage power supply, dark box and amplifier were placed in a wooden structure as shown in the images below.
On the perforated side of the dark box it was placed a screen constituted by a inactinic glass (used in the masks for welders) and in front of this, at the same height of the hole, a red laser diode emitting at 650nm has been placed.
Photon Counting from Laser Source
By using the red laser diode positioned outside of the dark box and directed towards the pin hole, appropriately shielded with the filter, we did a photon count tests for different laser beam intensity.
As can be seen from the images of the signals acquired by the oscilloscope, a high intensity beam corresponds to pulses of high amplitude and frequency of 5 MHz – 8 MHz, decreasing the intensity of the beam the amplitude of the pulses decreases and the frequency reaches about 500kHz.
To further shield the laser beam a polarizing filter can be used. The laser light is polarized, thus rotating the filter the intensity of the beam can be varied continuously to obtain a frequency of a few pulses per second, as you can see in the image below, which shows a single pulse.
Photon Counting from other sources
We did a test with a scintillator of zinc sulfide activated with silver, excited by alpha emission of a capsule of americium, all located inside the dark box close to the photocathode.
Single Scintillation Pulse
Superimposed Scintillation Pulses : rate 2000CPS
We did a test with a LYSO scintillator crystal excited by his own intrinsic radioactivity, the crystal was placed inside the dark box close to the photocathode.
Supeimposed Scintillation Pulses : rate 36CPS
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Do you store your food according to the strictest food standards? Do you have a feed thermometer that you use to test your refrigerator and your cooked meat to ensure that they are the correct temperature? Unfortunately, many people do not pay attention to these little details, which may be why one third of Canadians have contracted a food borne disease. Twenty percent of British Columbian people do not use a meat or refrigerator thermometer on a regular basis, which would seem to suggest that they are not using one correctly. However, help is on the way! The government and several sponsoring organizations hope to make food safety fun with a website designed to teach citizens about the topic.
Simply storing meat at the correct temperature can cut back drastically on food borne disease. If you refrigerator is cold enough, bacteria cannot grow and spread as quickly. Under high temperatures, bacteria are killed altogether. In fact, you can make just a few simple changes and see a huge change in health and behavior. That is the point of this website. A bright superhero explains how to care for meat in a fun and nonjudgmental way. This makes it easy for households to learn about eating and storing foods, a dialogue that hopefully will lead to better storage and cooling practices in Canada.
Creativity: 5 stars. This website addresses a rather serious topic—food poisoning—with grace and humor. Not only is the website amusing, it offers good tips for people who are not aware of how to properly cook and store meats. Because many people do not know how to check the temperature in their refrigerator, it makes sense to have a website with detailed explanation.
Ease of use: 3 stars. There does not appear to be any navigation bar or other movement assistant. In fact, the only way to get around the site is to randomly click on links, or to scroll endlessly through the different pages. A navigation bar would be a welcome addition and make the website much easier to explore.
Functionality: 5 stars. The site is highly functional; there is a game at the top of the page (although in our opinion the link is not large enough) as well as buttons allowing viewers to share it through Facebook and Twitter. This website was designed to teach a valuable lesson, and it functions well in this capacity.
Content: 5 stars. The content is well-written and easy to understand. It explains a rather complicated topic (one that requires at least one full semester class in culinary school) in a way that can be quickly understood by an everyday citizen.
Appropriateness: 5 stars. The super hero theme is humorous and detracts in a pleasant way from the seriousness of the subject. We like the fifties retro theme; many housekeeping websites use a similar theme, so it has come to be associated with housekeeping in general. This website is bright and graphic, a great way of portraying the necessary information.
Overall: 4.6 out of 5 stars.
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| 0.960137 | 597 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Here is the PowerPoint we referred to the other night at the Parent Information night, as well as a document containing some of the language students will be using in Indonesian during their first year of school.
Just in case you missed it here are two valuable reading resources;
1. The Powerpoint on Reading strategies – Reading Strategy Posters
2. A blog article that offers practical tips and advice about reading levels – http://creatingalearningenvironment.com/?p=213
I will link this post to the news and notes page so that you can always access it easily 🙂
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As parents, we often feel like we are still in the middle of enjoying summer, when we are drawn in to thinking about ‘Back To School’ by the, advertisements for fall clothes, backpacks, school supplies, etc, as soon as August rolls around. For many children it is an important time to begin transitioning. Lots of children move seamlessly from one grade to another, change schools or make the leap from primary to middle school without any difficulty….but for most, transitions can be challenging. Parents can help, whether their child is making a small transition or a major one.
Start by asking your child some curiosity questions.
- “How do you think 4th grade will be different from 3rd grade?”
- “What’s the thing you are most looking forward to in middle school?”
- “Is there anything you are worried/anxious about, starting this new school?”
Acknowledge their feelings, without making judgment.
- “It can be scary starting a new grade.”
- “It sounds like you are excited about seeing your friends.”
- “You seem worried about the bus ride.”
Offer gentle support:
- “Let’s think of some things that will help you during your first week.”
- “Can we make a plan for getting ready in the morning?”
- “These changes can be hard – and no matter what know that I’m here for you and I love you.”
Set your child up for success:
- Visit the school. Check out the playground, other outdoor areas, check in at the office, and walk the hallways if you can.
- If you know other children who will be in your child’s class, remind your child of them.
- Ask parents who are familiar with your child’s teacher to share with you some information about him/her that you can then share with your child. “Mrs. Smith’s son Troy was in Ms. Williams class last year – she said that Ms. Williams has 4 dogs, and loves art’.
- Let your child have control over as much as you can: choosing their own school supplies, the backpack they will use, the clothes they will wear on the first day.
- Begin having your child go to bed earlier and get up earlier by mid-August so that when that ‘First Day’ rolls around, they will be ready for the new schedule.
- On the first day of school, get up extra early so that you and your child can have a relaxed breakfast. Talk with your child about any feelings they may be having.
- Give choices. “Would you like me to walk you to your classroom, or shall we say goodbye at the car?”
Transitions can be hard for adults too. Take care of yourself and maintain a positive attitude.
You know your own child. Try to have the kind of goodbye you think he or she will need. Some kids want a quick hug, and others might need a few minutes of cuddle time before getting out of the car.
There are lots of children’s books about starting school that you can read with your child during the remaining days of summer. Here are a few:
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Remains of chironomid subfossils, a type of insects similar to mosquitoes, were used in a study by researchers from the University of Barcelona, the Pyrenean Ecology Institute (IPE-CSIC), and the University of Bern, to reconstruct the temperature of the Iberian Peninsula in the Holocene, the geological period that goes from 11,000 years ago until now. The results of the study prove some of the climate patterns of the Holocene brought by other methodologies: a rise of temperatures in the beginning and the end of the period, higher temperatures during the Holocene Climate Optimum and a decline of temperatures after the beginning of the Late Holocene. The study, published in the journal The Holocene, is the first reconstruction of the temperature of the peninsula during this period using this indicator. According to the researchers, this is a promising tool to understand the evolution of climate over history and the main natural and anthropic climate changes that shaped ecosystems before instrumental records.
Participants in the study are the researcher Pol Tarrats, member of the research group Freshwater Ecology, Hydrology and Management (FEHM) of the UB and first author of the article, and the researchers Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles, Narcís Prat and Maria Rieradevall, from the same group; Blas Valero-Garcés and Penélope González-Sampériz, from the Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE-CSIC), and Oliver Heiri, from the University of Bern (Switzerland).
Paleoclimate indicators in larval phase
Chironomidae are from the nematocera family (diptera order), similar to mosquitoes. These insects are abundant worldwide and change gender and amount depending on the temperature in which they live, so they are a good indicator of this climate variable. The research study was conducted in Basa de la Mora lake (Huesca), where researchers took the necessary sediments to carry the study out. “Regarding the records of Chironomidae, the aim of any paleoenvironmental reconstruction study is to get the larval cephalic capsules, since this is the larval phase of the insects that is developed in the sediments and that from which subfossil remains are obtained,” says Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles, postdoctoral researcher from the Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental of the UB. Subfossils are biological remains whose fossilization process is not complete due the way these were buried in the sediment and still have organic matter which can be analysed.
These were taken by the IPE-CSIC Research Group of Quaternary Paleoenvironments to get a sequence covering the whole Holocene period. The approximation of temperatures is obtained by comparing the composition of insects taken from the sediment sample over the sequence of the study, with a calibration basis made of many samples of Chironomidae that are taken in the present which are associated with temperature changes. “In our case, we did not have that comparing element which is common in the study area (Pyrenees), so the sequence we got in Basa de la Mora lake was compared to the results of a study, the most developed and used one in Europe, conducted in 274 lakes in Switzerland and Norway,” says Pol Tarrats.
Regional differences regarding other reconstructions
The results of the study show a temperature rise in the beginning of the Holocene, reaching the highest values in the Holocene Climate Optimum (about 7,800 years ago). There are also high temperatures until about 6,000 years ago, when a decline of temperature started and led to the lowest values in the first stage of the late Holocene (about 4,200 and 2,000 years ago).
Last, researchers detected a rise of temperatures over the two last millenniums, but they state they have to be careful with these data. “We cannot guarantee the observed rise in the reconstruction results from a temperature rise only, we cannot rule out other variables that can influence at other levels, such as the gradual increase of the anthropic activity in the area, which can change the community of Chironomidae to species that adapt to higher temperatures, but there are also human influence indicators,” says Narcís Prat.
Although these conclusions can coincide with other paleoclimate reconstructions, results also highlight some divergences at a regional level. “These differences can occur due the fact that some indicators point out to different seasonal signs. Therefore, Chironomidae are indicators of temperature in summer, while others such as chrysophites or alkenones are related to winter/spring temperatures,” notes the researcher.
A tool to evaluate climate trends
Climate reconstruction of the past in general and temperatures in particular is a relevant tool when evaluating current climate trends within the context of climate change. For researchers, the methodology they use in this study is “an interesting tool to contrast, confirm and disprove patterns on evolution of temperature in the Holocene, as well as adding other indicators to reconstruct temperatures to advance in this study field.”
In this sense, the aim of the research team is to develop a comparing basis to link the present Chironomidae communities in different geographical areas of the Iberian Peninsula with temperature. “This would allow us, on the one hand, confirm the influence of temperature when explaining the distribution of different species, and on the other, to use specific transfer functions for each area, which would provide a higher precision and strength to the next studies on reconstructing temperatures out of Iberian Peninsula Chironomidae,” concludes Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles.
Pol Tarrats, Oliver Heiri, Blas Valero-Garcés, Miguel Cañedo-Argüelles, Narcís Prat, Maria Rieradevall, Penélope González-Sampériz. Chironomid-inferred Holocene temperature reconstruction in Basa de la Mora Lake (Central Pyrenees). The Holocene, 2018; 28 (11): 1685 DOI: 10.1177/0959683618788662
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Three Massifs, Sahara Desert
Three large rock massifs appear to be pushing up from beneath red sand dunes in this 2000 Terra image. The Tassili n’Ajjer massif is on the left, the Tadrart Acacus is in the middle, and the Tadrart Amsak is on the right. The image includes the southern part of the border between Algeria and Libya, and different rock types account for varying colors. The Tadrart Acacus massif contains some unique scenery and natural wonders, including colored sand dunes and isolated towers that eroded into bizarre shapes and petrified arches.
The dendritic structures of ancient riverbeds are visible in the Acacus-Amsak region. This area is believed to have been wet during the last glacial era, covered by forests and populated by wild animals. Archaeologists have found indications of animal domestication and large numbers of rock paintings and engravings, faint tracks of ancient civilizations. Extremely dry weather conditions today help to preserve their masterpieces.
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| 0.932088 | 215 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Game Engine Overview
Blender has its own built in Game Engine that allows you to create interactive 3D applications. The Blender Game Engine (BGE) is a powerful high-level programming tool. Its main focus is Game Development, but can be used to create any interactive 3d software, such as interactive 3d architectural tours or educational physics research.
Using the Game Engine
The core of the BGE’s structure are Logic Bricks. The goal of Logic Bricks is to offer an easy to use visual interface for designing interactive applications without any programming language knowledge. There are three types of Logic Bricks, Sensors, Controllers and Actuators. Each one is better detailed here:
If you prefer to write games using Python, the game engine also has its own Python API, separate from the rest of Blender, which you can use to write scripts to control your game. This is done by creating a Python Controller and linking it to a python script.
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| 0.911966 | 200 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Develop the topic thoroughly by selecting the most significant and relevant facts, extended definitions, concrete details, quotations, or other information and examples appropriate to the audience’s knowledge of the topic.
Writing: Students write for different purposes and audiences. Students write clear and focused text to convey a well-defined perspective and appropriate content.
- Text Types and Purposes
Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes.
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With a title like " herbal tea," you'd think that chamomile , mint, rooibos and the like would be tea. However, all " true teas " ( green tea , black tea , etc.) are from the same plant, Camellia sinensis .
What is commonly referred to as an “herbal tea” is actually an infusion made from a plant other than Camellia sinensis . For this reason, there is a trend toward the use of terms like "tisane" (pronounced tea- zahn ).
Tisanes are usually categorized by what part of the plant they come from. Here are some examples of each of the major categories of tisanes:
* Leaf tisanes such as lemon balm, mint, lemongrass and French verbena
* Flower tisanes such as rose, chamomile, hibiscus and lavender
* Bark tisanes such as cinnamon , slippery elm and black cherry bark
* Root tisanes such as ginger , echinacea and chicory
* Fruit/berry tisane such as raspberry, blueberry, peach and apple
* Seed/spice tisanes such as cardamom.
Tisanes may also be classified as medicinal or not. While many tisanes are high in antioxidants and nutrients, some have long histories of medicinal use, while others are typically consumed for simple enjoyment.
There are numerous kinds of tea in this world; but oolong tea might be one of the most beneficial. The origins of oolong tea date back almost 400 years. It is a semi-green fermented tea, but the fermentation process is halted as soon as the tea leaves start to change their color giving them a reddish color and "flowery" flavor.
Oolong tea is rich in antioxidants. It also contains vital vitamins and minerals such as calcium, manganese, copper, carotin, selenium, and potassium, as well as Vitamin A, B, C, E and K. Additionally, it contains folic acid, fluoride, niacin and other detoxifying alkaloids. The semi-fermented process provides it with numerous polyphenolic compounds, adding even more valuable health benefits. Oolong tea also contains caffeine and theophylline and theobromine which are similar to caffeine.
Health benefits of oolong tea include the reduction of chronic health conditions such as heart disease, stress and weight management, inflammatory disorders, and high cholesterol levels, while providing vital antioxidants, promoting superior bone structure, robust skin and good dental health. Oolong tea is fragrant with a fruity flavor and a pleasant aroma. Despite its caffeine content, it can still be extremely relaxing to drink.
Black tea derives its dark color and full flavor from a complex fermentation process that includes exposing crushed tea leaves to the air for a strictly defined number of minutes.
Depending on how strong it's brewed, black tea contains about 50 mg of caffeine per cup. (In comparison, green tea contains 8 to 30 mg per cup, while coffee contains 100-350 mg).
Black tea contains a number of antioxidants, which are compounds that help the body fight free radicals (chemical by-products known to damage DNA). These antioxidants include quercetin, a substance said to combat inflammation and support healthy immune function. A study performed at Boston's School of Medicine had concluded that drinking four cups of black tea a day can help reverse an abnormal functioning of the blood vessels that can contribute to stroke or heart attack. Furthermore, a study of over 3,000 adults in Saudi Arabia - where black tea is favored over other types of tea - found that regular consumption of the dark brew can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease by fifty percent!
White tea is made from immature tea leaves that are picked shortly before the buds have fully opened. The tea takes its name from the silver fuzz that still covers the buds, which turns white when the tea is dried. The exact proportion of buds to leaves varies depending on the variety of white tea. For example, White Peony contains one bud for every two leaves. Tea leaves destined to be sold as white tea undergo less processing than green tea leaves. Instead of air-drying, the unwithered leaves are merely steamed. The result? A pale tea with a sweet, silky flavor. People who have tried both note that white tea lacks the "grassy" aftertaste so often associated with green tea.Studies indicate that white tea is better for you. Leaving tea leaves so close to their natural state means that white tea contains more polyphenols, the powerful anti-oxidant that fights and kills cancer-causing cells, than any other type of tea. A 2004 study at Pace University concluded that white tea can help your body's immune system fight off viruses and dangerous infection-causing bacteria. The same study concluded that fluoride-rich white tea helps prevent the growth of dental plaque, the chief cause of tooth decay.
The needle-like leaves and stems of rooibos are used to make a healthful herbal tea. Demand for Rooibos is increasing among health-minded consumers in the United States and other countries, due to the herb's mild, pleasant taste, unique aroma and health benefits. Rooibos tea is caffeine-free and has lower tannin levels than green tea.
There are many health benefits with Rooibos tea. It contains polyphenols and has been shown to be anit-carcinogenic, anit-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral. It is full of vitamins and minerals such as calcium, zinc, copper, magnesium, manganese and fluoride to help build strong teeth and bones. Drinking Rooibos tea can provide great skin benefits since it contains alpha hydroxy acid and zinc. People with kidney stones can drink it because there’s no oxalic acid.
Rooibos tea contains a wide array of antioxidants, which help to protect the body in a number of ways. Two polyphenol antioxidants called aspalathin and nothofagin are found in high concentrations in rooibos tea. These antioxidants protect the body by fighting free radicals. These are unstable cells, which attack healthy cells in order to stabilize themselves. The polyphenols also have anti-inflammatory properties and can safeguard against heart disease.
One of the many potent antioxidants in rooibos tea is called Chysoeriol. It can improve circulation by preventing the activity of the enzyme that triggers cardiovascular disease. Drinking rooibos tea also has been known to lower blood pressure and cholesterol.
Rooibos tea can relieve stomach complaints. It contains high levels of flavonoids, especially one called quercetin. It has the ability to relieve numerous abdominal ailments such as cramps, diarrhea and indigestion. Flavonoids are known help to reduce spasms, inflammation and allergies.
Drinking rooibos tea regularly can protect against a process known as lipid peridoxation. This occurs when free radicals damage brain cells and nerve tissue. If this is prolonged, it can lead eventually to progressive and deteriorating brain diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson's.
Yerba mate tea is a South American beverage made by steeping the ground leaves and stems of the yerba mate plant. Yerba mate contains caffeine, but is touted as being a safe and effective stimulant with few side effects and many health benefits. It contains a number of other nutrients, including antioxidants, amino acids, polyphenols, vitamins and minerals.
Proponents of yerba mate tea say that the minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, amino acids and polyphenols found in this beverage have a balancing effect on the caffeine it contains. Users report increased mental energy, clarity and focus, but they also say that yerba mate doesn't cause any of the uncomfortable side effects associated with drinking caffeinated beverages, such as headaches, stomachaches and jitters.
The chemical compounds and nutrients in yerba mate tea affect your metabolism to make your body use carbohydrates more efficiently. This means you'll get more energy from the food you eat. You'll also burn more of the calories your body has stored in fat cells as fuel when you drink yerba mate tea regularly. Regular yerba mate consumption also helps keep lactic acid from building up in your muscles so you can decrease post workout soreness and cut your recovery time.
The native peoples of South America have long used yerba mate tea as a traditional herbal remedy against digestive ailments. It aids digestion by stimulating increased production of bile and other gastric acids.
The antioxidants and amino acids present in yerba mate help fat and cholesterol move through your bloodstream so that they don't accumulate on artery walls. Yerba mate also helps prevent arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) and prevents blood clots that may cause heart attack or stroke.
These statements may not have been evaluated by the FDA. These teas are not intended to cure or prevent any disease.
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Written by Doug Kuntz and Amy Shrodes and illustrated by Sue Cornelison
Pre Reading Questions
Post Reading Questions
In the book Lost and Found Cat: The True Story of Kunkush’s Incredible Journey, we read about a family’s long journey to a new country and the incredible story of the people who worked together to find a beloved cat, Kunkush. In this activity, you will work in small groups to create your own Lost Cat Poster.
● Lost Cat template printed on cardstock. Download template.
● Cotton ball
● Elmer’s glue (Note: glue sticks do not work as well on cotton balls)
● Markers, crayons, color pencils
Duration: 40 minutes (for staff: 5-minute pre-activity setup, 5-minute prep)
● 5 minutes: Introduce the activity using the book and examples.
● 5 minutes: Put students in small groups (no more than 3)
● 20 minutes: Create Lost Cat Posters in small groups
● 5 minutes: Clean up
● 5 minutes: Reflect
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What is Appendix cancer
When we think about cancer, the appendix is not usually the first organ that comes to mind. However, appendix cancer is a real and unique condition that deserves attention. Appendix cancer is a rare type of cancer that originates in the appendix, a small pouch-like structure attached to the large intestine. In this article, we will explore what appendix cancer is, its characteristics, and potential treatment options.
Understanding Appendix Cancer:
Appendix cancer, also known as appendiceal cancer, is a type of cancer that starts in the cells of the appendix. The appendix is a small organ located in the lower right area of the abdomen. Although it is not considered vital, it does have some immune system functions. While appendix cancer is rare, it can occur in people of all ages, though it is more commonly diagnosed in individuals between the ages of 30 and 50.
Types of Appendix Cancer:
There are different types of appendix cancer, including carcinoid tumors, mucinous adenocarcinomas, and goblet cell carcinoids. Carcinoid tumors are the most common type and tend to grow slowly. Mucinous adenocarcinomas are characterized by the production of mucin, a slimy substance, while goblet cell carcinoids are a combination of carcinoid and adenocarcinoma cells. Each type of appendix cancer has its own unique characteristics and treatment considerations.
Symptoms and Diagnosis:
Appendix cancer can be challenging to diagnose because it often does not cause noticeable symptoms in the early stages. However, as the tumor grows, it can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain or discomfort, changes in bowel habits, unexplained weight loss, and a mass or lump in the lower right abdomen. If these symptoms persist or worsen, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional.
Diagnosing appendix cancer typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as an ultrasound or CT scan, and a biopsy, which involves removing a small tissue sample for examination. The biopsy helps confirm the diagnosis and determine the type and stage of the cancer.
The treatment of appendix cancer depends on several factors, including the type and stage of the cancer, as well as the individual’s overall health. Treatment options may include surgery to remove the tumor and any affected surrounding tissues, chemotherapy, and in some cases, radiation therapy. The goal of treatment is to remove as much of the cancer as possible and prevent its spread to other areas of the body.
Prognosis and Outlook:
The outlook for individuals with appendix cancer varies depending on factors such as the type and stage of the cancer, the extent of its spread, and the individual’s response to treatment. Some forms of appendix cancer, such as carcinoid tumors, have a more favorable prognosis compared to other types. It is important to work closely with a healthcare team to understand the specific prognosis and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
Support and Coping:
A diagnosis of appendix cancer can be overwhelming, both for the individuals affected and their loved ones. Seeking support from healthcare professionals, support groups, or counseling services can provide valuable emotional support and guidance throughout the journey. Connecting with others who have faced similar challenges can offer reassurance and a sense of community.
Appendix cancer is a rare and often overlooked condition that can occur in the appendix. Although it may not be widely recognized, it is important to understand the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options associated with this type of cancer. If you or someone you know is facing a diagnosis of appendix cancer, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional who can provide personalized guidance and develop a comprehensive treatment plan. Remember, staying informed, seeking support, and maintaining a positive mindset are essential aspects of navigating this journey and living the best possible life with appendix cancer.
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Today, architecture finds itself at a crossroads.
Building materials and new construction, along with the operation and maintenance of buildings, account for a significant sum of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions.
Faced with this fact, how are architects to responsibly pursue the act (and art) of architecture without further deteriorating the planet’s environmental make-up or depleting its resources?
What forms of high and low technology can be developed to curtail the injurious side of building?
Can good—or even great—architecture be sustainable?
The answer, of course, is yes. The best buildings have always shown a concern for their immediate environs and how they fit in them, whether they were conscious of “sustainability” or not. Now, all architects and buildings are expected to be engaged with sustainable standards, such as LEED titles, photovoltaic cells, or green roofs—all things that these 10 projects have in common. Check out our favorite projects in architecture + sustainability...
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Most people think of taking up running or cycling when looking to get more physical exercise to improve their health. How would you like to try something different by getting out on the water in a canoe or kayak?
We are going to reveal the top mental and physical health benefits of canoeing or kayaking that should inspire you to get active in an exciting way.
What’s the difference in Canoes and Kayaks?
This is such a common question for anyone who is new to paddling and there are a few clear differences between the two sports.
A canoe is generally a much larger boat which you use a single-bladed paddle to move through the water. Canoes are open and you either kneel or sit inside them.
A kayak is an enclosed vessel which you sit inside with your legs stretched out in front and the paddle you use while kayaking is double-bladed.
Some canoes can be enclosed and kayaks, such as sit-on-tops, can be open vessels.
Health Benefits of Canoeing and Kayaking
- Improved Upper-Body Strength
Canoeing and kayaking are a fun way to help increase your upper body strength as you use the paddle to push the vessel through the water. If you get the chance to get out on the water for a paddle quite regularly, you should notice an increase in chest, arm, shoulder and back strength.
- Improved Core Strength
Your torso muscles are all called into action when you are paddling a canoe or kayak due to the rotation movements made while moving the paddle.
- Improved Leg Strength
You will find that, while in a canoe or kayak, you will be applying a lot of pressure through your legs which will increase your lower body strength over time.
- Improved Cardiovascular Fitness
One of the top health benefits of kayaking and canoeing is that it improves your cardiovascular fitness. Like many other exercises, paddling increases your heart rate which can help improve the strength of your heart.
This is very important at every age but especially later in life. Therefore canoeing and kayaking are great for older people looking to have a healthier heart by taking part in an activity that is not too stressful.
- Weight Loss
Both of these sports are excellent activities that help with weight loss. You will burn tonnes of calories paddling on the lough, in the sea or on a river, while also having a great time.
Most people can’t say the same about going for a tough run or cycle – that’s what makes paddling ideal for weight loss!
- Low-impact Activity (Reduced Injury)
Paddlesports are low-impact activities compared to running or contact sports where there is a lot of pounding feet off the ground and big hits.
The relatively low impact means there is less chance of picking up knee and back injuries which are particularly common in other exercises.
- Reduced Stress Levels
Exercise has been proven to reduce stress levels as it produces endorphins, which act as a natural pain killer. These endorphins help your ability to sleep which, in turn, reduces stress levels.
Other Benefits of Paddling
- Improved Social Skills
Getting out on the water in a kayak or canoe with a group of people is an amazing way to socialise. You can paddle to islands or different venues and stop off for a flask of tea and a picnic with your group – how idyllic does that sound?
Check out Trannish Island Bothy – a secluded island that Share Discovery Village owns, which is home to a cosy dwelling, camp site and BBQ area. This is a great destination to paddle to and relax with your group.
There a lot’s of paddling events and groups that you can attend to meet new people such as the Greenland Games, Share Slalom or Ulster Canoe Festival.
- Increase in fun and laughter!
One of the main things to take from any sport or exercise that you take part in is the fun and laughter that comes with it.
Paddling canoes and kayaks is really, really fun when you are with like-minded people who just want to have a nice, relaxing time.
While you meander through the calm waters of the lough on your canoe or kayak, you will notice the beauty of the Lakelands around you. This is great for the mind and body as it makes you relax and appreciate the wonder of nature around you.
- Capturing the Perfect Instagram!
Are you looking to update your Facebook or Instagram with amazing photos? Well, there are plenty of brilliant opportunities to get some stunning snaps while out on the lough or river in your vessel!
Top Tips for Canoeing and Kayaking
– If you have no experience paddling, it’s best to get lessons from qualified instructors before heading out on the water. The staff at Share Discovery Village are pro’s when it comes to paddlesports so feel free to contact them.
– Check the weather conditions before leaving. Be prepared for heavy rain or hot sun.
– Make sure you bring a mobile phone to be contacted on.
– Bring a spare paddle.
– Wear a buoyancy aid or life jacket.
– Don’t get dehydrated – bring lots of water.
– Make sure that you know the waterway you are paddling on.
Where can I rent a canoe or kayak?
Call into Share Discovery Village’s office or leisure suite any day you wish to rent a canoe or kayak to take out on Upper Lough Erne.
SHARE is a British Canoeing (BC) approved teaching school and we run a number of courses from beginner to instructor level every year.
You can learn more about how Share Discovery Village can help with your mental and physical health, here.
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What is Erythromelalgia?
Erythromelalgia is a rare illness that mainly affects the feet and, less normally, the hands (extremities). It is marked by extreme, burning pain of affected extremities, severe redness (erythema) and increased skin temperature which may be occasional or almost continuous in nature. Erythromelalgia is also known as Mitchell’s disease or erythermalgia.
What are the symptoms of erythromelalgia?
- Flare-ups that often begin with a mild itch and gradually changes to burning pain
- painful area becomes red, swollen, warm and sometimes sore to touch
The pain is more frequent in the evening and at night and can come and go. The area can be cooled or elevated to reduce the pain. Erythromelalgia can range from mild to quite severe. When the hands and feet become hot or when the weather is warm, it can develop worse (for example, wearing socks and shoes). Severe erythromelalgia can impair your quality of life and can also result in chronic discomfort. Additionally, it may obstruct walking and other activities.
What causes erythromelalgia?
Erythromelalgia is believed to be brought by changes in the small nerves that regulates sweating and alter in how blood flow is controlled through the skin.
Another reason also is having too many platelets, which are blood cells that help blood to clot when bleeding, or by conditions that may harm the nerve supply to the blood vessels. Other causes are:
- polycythaemia vera (too many red blood cells)
- some diseases of the brain as well as nervous system
How is erythromelalgia diagnosed?
Your doctor will need to know how it appears and feels during an attack in order to diagnose erythromelalgia. To show your doctor, it can be helpful to take pictures of your skin when it is in a flare-up.
In order to observe what happens, your doctor may also ask you to place your hands or feet in warm water.
It’s possible that a blood test will be required if you have erythromelalgia. This is to determine whether having too many platelets or blood cells is the root of your erythromelalgia.
Are you suffering from this condition? At The Chelsea Clinic, we can help. One of our podiatrist can assist and then recommend what treatments are best to get you back on track. Podiatrist South Kensington
Schedule an appointment here or you may call us at +44 (0) 207 101 4000.
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EU Parliament passes legislation to phase out HFCs
- 13 March 2014
LONDON: The European Parliament has passed legislation to reduce fluorinated (F) gas emissions by two-thirds by 2030.
The new legislation places an EU wide ban on the use of F-gases in new fridges, air conditioners and other equipment, and in the long-term provides for the gradual removal of all hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) from the EU.
Fluorinated gases are a group of greenhouse gases which have a significant negative impact on climate change. These dangerous gases exert a warming effect which can be 23,000 times greater than that of carbon dioxide.
There was a wide consensus amongst MEPs that fluorinated gas emissions must be tacked, with 644 parliamentarians voting in favor of the legislation, and only 19 opposing. 16 MEPs abstained from the vote on the new European target.
The proposed law is in line with the Commission’s recommendations of 2012. However, the new legislation will need to be approved by the EU council before it is formally adopted.
Climate Action Commissioner Connie Hedegaard, commented: "Today marks the beginning of the end for fluorinated gases in Europe. Not only is this good for the climate, but also for the European industries that will invest in more innovative, cleaner alternatives. And I really hope that other big emitters who have announced action to tackle these dangerous greenhouse gases will now follow Europe's example and also pass domestic legislation. This will send a clear signal about their commitment to tackle climate change."
Environmental groups such as the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) and the European Environmental Bureau also endorsed the legislation as a positive step towards a more sustainable future. Clare Perry, Head of EIA’s Global Environment Campaign, stated: “This is a hugely encouraging lead from Europe in the fight against climate change. With the EU showing a progressive lead in this field, this decision should act as a catalyst for future international negotiations in pursuit of a global deal to address HFCs which, if achieved, could avoid emissions of up to 100 billion tons of CO2-equivalent by 2050.”
Image: Flickr/MPD01605 (Bobby Hiddy)
By Alana Ryan
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Dear EarthTalk: Is it true that the BP oil leak is much more of an environmental threat than previous spills from tankers, and if so why?
— Nathan Gore, Pawtucket, RI
No one knows for sure how the ongoing oil catastrophe in the Gulf of Mexico will affect the deep sea ecosystem, but scientists are not optimistic. Oil from what is now considered the nation’s second largest spill, 1989’s Exxon Valdez mishap, slicked 11,000 square miles of ocean surface and 1,300 miles of pristine Alaskan coastline while killing hundreds of thousands of birds and marine mammals and untold numbers of fish and fish eggs. But the impacts of the ongoing Deepwater Horizon leak in the Gulf may be far worse given that much of the loose oil is actually in the water column, not on the surface. In fact, researchers from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) recently detected huge deepwater plumes of dispersed oil up to 30 miles long, seven miles wide and hundreds of feet thick.
Why would an undersea spill be worse? One outcome could be the expansion in size and extension in time of a seasonal “dead zone” that already plagues the Gulf of Mexico as a result of industrial pollutants and agricultural run-off from the Mississippi River. While huge Gulf of Mexico algae blooms help to naturally clean up the Midwest’s factory emissions and wasted fertilizer, such a process doesn’t come without a cost to the ecosystem. Every spring, in a condition known as hypoxia, this fast growing algae depletes large sections of the Gulf’s water column of the oxygen crucial for other life forms to survive there. The BP oil spill is likely to exacerbate this problem, as natural oil-eating microbes swarming over undersea oil plumes could cause or add to hypoxic conditions in otherwise teeming swaths of the Gulf.
According to NOAA researcher Samantha Joye, the undersea oil poses a direct threat to large marine wildlife, such as fish, sharks and cetaceans, and also to the tiny stuff, including zooplankton, shrimp, corals, crabs and worms. By endangering these latter populations, the foundation of the marine food chain, the oil could have chronic long-term effects on the wider Gulf ecosystem, including the industries — more shrimp and oysters come from the Gulf than anywhere else in the world — that rely on them.
Another worry is how the chemical dispersants being used to break up the undersea oil will impact the Gulf’s ecosystems and inhabitants. The dispersant’s ingredients are a trade secret closely held by the company that makes it, and therefore have not been vetted by marine biologists to determine their safety for use in such a large application. It also remains to be seen what impact the tiny oil droplets left in the dispersant’s wake will have. It could actually be worse for the undersea environment to break the oil up into tiny droplets (which is done to try to make it easier for microbes to digest them).
Beyond all these undersea environmental effects, the oil is also starting to wash up into coastal wetlands already besieged by overdevelopment, pollution and the lingering effects of Hurricane Katrina. If there can be any silver lining to this catastrophe, it may be that it is the wake-up call we’ve needed to start moving more rapidly away from fossil fuels to a clean, renewable energy future. For starters, we can all begin to reduce our own oil consumption and opt for clean and green energy sources whenever possible.
Want to get down to earth? Submit questions to [email protected].
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Phidippus audax, commonly known as the daring jumping spider is a jumping spider found throughout the USA. As their name suggests, the daring jumping spider is known for its audacious jumps. It can jump up to 50 times its own body length.
Description of the Daring Jumping Spider
Phidippus audax are black with three marks on the abdomen. When they are young, the three spots on the abdomen are of orange color. As they grow older, those markings will turn white. The abdomen is larger than the cephalothorax. It can easily be mistaken with a male Regal Jumping spider that has a very similar appearance and markings.
The legs are short for spiders and it uses its back legs for its jumps. The spider suddenly increases blood pressure in the back legs which catapults it towards its destination.
They have eight eyes. Four across the front and two along each side. The two middle eyes in the front are much larger than any others.
The most telling feature to distinguish the Daring Jumping Spider from other Jumping Spiders are the fangs. The Daring Jumping Spider’s chelicerae has a green metallic coloring.
The Daring Jumping Spider will grow to about 3/4 inch (19 mm).
Being hunters, the only time the daring jumping spider spins a web is just before the jump. They will attach a drag-line to the surface it is jumping from in case the jump fails. And sometimes they create webs as pup tents at night to rest in.
Jumping Spiders will usually run and hide rather than attack a human, but there are cases where people do get bit. They get listed in the little to no risk category. However, there are cases of the bites causing pain and significant swelling. The more serious, but rare cases can cause headaches, fever, chills, nausea and vomiting that can last a few days.
Scientific Classification of Phidippus audax
- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Chelicerata
- Class: Arachnida
- Order: Araneae
- Infraorder: Araneomorphae
- Family: Salticidae
- Genus: Phidippus
- Species: Phidippus audax
Daring Jumping Spider or Bold Jumping Spider.
Distribution of the Daring Jumping Spider in the USA
The daring jumping spider can be found in every US state – Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming
52 thoughts on “Phidippus audax – Daring Jumping Spider”
Apologies if this has already been identified- I couldn’t find it myself. Found on the rock beach near Mount Saint Sauveur Acadia National Park, Maine.
Thank you for getting in touch. The spider you found is a jumping spider (Phidippus purpuratus). We don’t have an overview article about them yet – but will create one soon. You can find more information about jumping spiders in this post about a close relative of your spider: http://usaspiders.com/phidippus-audax-daring-jumping-spider/
I’ve been spending hours trying to find out what kind of jumer my little girl is, i live in Texas close to the gulf, and she’s a female, i think she’s a dare devil jumper but I’m just not sure, i found her in my backyard. Could you tell me what she is? (Image of her from the top below)
It appears to be a Twin Flagged Jumper (Anasaitis Canosa). If you had a chance to observe it for a bit, you may have noticed the white marking on each pedipalp. They “wave” their pedipalps up and down repeatedly at times. Sort of like waving two white flags which may have inspired the common name. They are common in leaf littered woodlands, but I have also seen them in pineneedles where there were only a few pine trees overhead, as well as found several in and on my home which is not in the woods. Here is a video link if you want to observe their pedipalp waving behavior: https://archive.org/details/DavidEdwinHillCourtshipandmatingbehaviorofAnasaitiscanosajumpingspidersinGreenvilleCountySCUSA
And my other one show is really small and pretty, found her on my window a while back, i haven’t got a clue to what type of jumper she is however. If anyone has any ideas to what she may be that would be awesome!!! (Pic of her below)
Hello Lachlan, sorry about not getting back to your earlier. I overlooked the photo. Thanks for submitting this great find. This is a female Colonus sp. jumping spider. Most likely Colonus sylvanus: https://bugguide.net/node/view/247867
Great pic! I would like to know too. Very distinct markings on the head.
My husband found this spider in his camper shower. He recently traveled to Tupelo, Oklahoma. I’ve tried identifying the spider online but I can’t find one exactly like it. It looks similar to a black house spider but the back is more rounded. Me husband described the spider as a quarter in size. 🤷♀️The spider has light gray and white around it’s knuckles and is a little hairy.
Hello Sissy, thanks for getting in touch! This is a bold jumping spider, also called daring jumping spider (Phidippus audax). It’s not medically significant. You can read more about it here:
Found on car in central nj
Car had not been out of state recently
Hello Lee, thanks for getting in touch! This is a Phidippus species jumping spider. They are absolutely medically significant spiders and fun to observe. It looks very much like a daring jumping spider (Phidippus audax): https://usaspiders.com/phidippus-audax-daring-jumping-spider/
I work at a local greenhouse in Michigan. This was waiting for me on the hose handle this morning.., and I can’t seem to ID it? We also have 8000+ plants from all over the U.S. – so maybe it isn’t a Michigan spider?
Hello Stacy, thanks for getting in touch! This is a bold jumping spider (Phidippus audax): https://usaspiders.com/phidippus-audax-daring-jumping-spider/
They are found throughout the United States and are not medically significant spiders.
I just found a male who looks almost exactly like the photo of the male in this description in the San Francisco Bay Area (east bay, just a few blocks from the water). You’d better revise that range map. I have seen several small Bold Jumping Spiders here (though they were actually quite shy), but this is the first time I have noticed this species.
Hello Cat, thanks for pointing that out. You are right, bold jumpers are now also found on the west coast as well as on Hawaii.
Hello Cat, sorry, there was some confusion. The spider on the image is a bold jumping spider – Phidippus audax. They are also found in the Western U.S. and in Hawaii. The post here is about Phidippus regius, which is strictly limited to the Southeastern U.S. Black P. regius can look almost identical to P. audax like the one on your picture: https://usaspiders.com/phidippus-audax-daring-jumping-spider/
Not much smaller than a pinkie fingernail. Black and looks like white “fuzzy” markings on body and legs. It has a turquois mark near its’ head and one much larger leg on the front right side. Hope the image is large enough to make an identification. Thanks
Hello Wendsong, thanks for getting in touch! This is a daring (or bold) jumping spider (Phiddipus audax): https://usaspiders.com/phidippus-audax-daring-jumping-spider/
Do jumping spiders fangs change color? I have been watching a video of one and I have noticed her fangs different colors.
Hello Tom, bold jumpers often have iridescent chelicerae or fangs. Depending on the angle you look at them, the color can range from silver, light blue, intense blue to even orange or reddish. Quite fascinating to look at them 🙂
This is our jumping spider!
This little guy visited my balcony last night. I put out my finger and he jumped right on. I would tap further up my arm and he would jump where I tapped. He was a fun little guy. I know he/she’s a jumper, don’t know what kind? I put him back on one of my plants. I hope he hangs out for a while!
Hello Cynthia, this is almost certainly a red-backed jumping spider (Phidippus johnsoni):
Would you please confirm your location as P. johnsoni only occurs in the Western United States. If you are in the East, the ID would probably be wrong.
Found him having made a little web on my cactus in Central Ohio near Sunbury, north of Columbus. I had to shoo him out of his web, which looks vaguely like a venue flytrap, to get a picture of him. He’s sort of reddish-brown with more emphasis on the brown and has some white spots. He’s only got 4 eyes as far as I can tell. Definitely a bit hairy and quite annoyed with me.
I’m happy to leave him be so long as he isn’t dangerous, though I’m not sure he’ll be able to find much to eat in my room…
Hello Fiona, thanks for getting in touch! This is a jumping spider – not medically significant. It’s most likely a bold jumper (Phidippus audax): https://usaspiders.com/phidippus-audax-daring-jumping-spider/
They don’t spin webs, you’ve probably found it in or close to the web of another spider.
This little spider was on my kitchen window. First time seeing it.
Hello Esther, thanks for getting in touch! This is a jumping spider, most likely a bold jumper (Phidippus audax): https://usaspiders.com/phidippus-audax-daring-jumping-spider/
We have jumping spiders in Delaware. I usually see them on my deck by the pool in the summer. I observe mostly the adults, e.g., black and white, and while I am sitting in my lounge they will often climb on my arms and hang out for a bit. I love observing these little creatures. This summer, we saw one drinking out of our saltwater pool. I welcome these guys and it gives me pleasure that they are comfortable enough to spend time with us.
Saw this spider indoors on a wall. Boulder, Colorado, November 11, 2021. Centimeter or so long. No web, just walking on the wall. It is hairier than any of the spiders you have suggested. Google thinks it is a tarantula. What is it?
Bugguide thinks it is a jumping spider, genus Phidippus, possibly P. audax. Looks good to my untutored eye. What do you think?
Hello Matt, yes, this is definitely a Phidippus sp. jumping spider – P. audax seems plausible but the exact species level identification of Phidippus is tough from an image.
I found this spider in the bathroom floor, size about 3/4 inch. I live in Beaverton, Oregon
Hello Dang, thanks for sharing this great shot! This is a bold jumping spider (Phidippus audax): https://usaspiders.com/phidippus-audax-daring-jumping-spider/
It’s not a medically significant spider.
October 2021. On yard fence in North Texas.
Found at the Reiman Gardens at Iowa State University, Ames, IA, in a plastic cap outdoors. It’s little, smaller than a dime.
Hi Ann, thanks for sharing this find! This is a daring jumping spider (Phidippus audax): https://usaspiders.com/phidippus-audax-daring-jumping-spider/
Found on back porch. San Antonio TX
Hi Wendy, this is a male daring jumping spider (Phidippus audax): https://usaspiders.com/phidippus-audax-daring-jumping-spider/
Discovered in Provo, UT.
Looks like a jumping spider eating a wolf spider or grass spider.
Primarily looking for an id on the jumping spider.
Hi Tommy, the jumping spider is a bold jumper (Phidippus audax): https://usaspiders.com/phidippus-audax-daring-jumping-spider/
This little guy found himself just inside the outside door in my laundry room. From what I could find he looks like a jumping spider of some kind. I live in Shelley, Idaho (about 20 minutes outside Idaho Falls), have lived in Idaho nearly 50 years and have never seen a spider like this, either in or outside. He looks quite fuzzy, for lack of a better word. He’s probably around 3/4” long. From what I read these spiders aren’t much to worry about? However, I’m definitely not a lover of any kind of spider.
Hi Debbie, yes, this is a daring jumping spider. It’s not of medical concern.
Found this spider on my back porch. Trying to found out what kind it is I have my granddaughters alot and they play on the back porch at times!
Hi Teresa, this is a harmless bold jumping spider (Phidippus audax): https://usaspiders.com/phidippus-audax-daring-jumping-spider/
i saw this spider approaching me (my black shoes) without too much fear. it looks like a larger version of a ‘jumper’
the spider is mostly black, with white stripes on its abdomen and legs and also striking iridescent-green fangs.
pasadena (caltech) california june 8th, 2022
what type of spider is this one?
Hi ric, this is a jumping spider in the genus Phidippus. Most likely a male Phidippus audax: https://usaspiders.com/phidippus-audax-daring-jumping-spider/
Found in west central MN on the door to an out building. About 1/2” long. I saw the photo of this exact spider on your ID tool, but it didn’t show up as an option under MN or when going through the questions.
Hi Terry, this is a bold jumping spider (Phidippus audax): https://usaspiders.com/phidippus-audax-daring-jumping-spider/
This is our jumping spider! Wondering what kind he is?
Took this pic near the Dearborn River out of Craig Montana. It attacked a hover fly, bit off its head and sucked the fly dry. All in maybe 10 minutes. Somehere between 1/2-3/4″ long.
I am 73 year old, senior citizen. I found this spider in my drinking water that I was about to make coffee with.
Hello Ellie, this is a daring jumping spider (Phidippus audax): https://usaspiders.com/phidippus-audax-daring-jumping-spider/
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Zuiganji Temple in Matsushima Town, Miyagi Prefecture, is a temple of the Rinzai sect and is known as a family temple of the Date clan. It was founded in 828 by Jikaku Daishi En’nin, a high-ranked priest in the Heian period. Its formal name is Matsushima Shoryuzan Zuigan Enpuku Zenji. It is also called Matsushima-dera.
The present temple buildings were completed in 1609 after the 5-year construction work. It is said that Date Masamune invited 130 excellent carpenters from all over the country to build this temple. The main hall, the Onari entrance, the corridor and Kuri (the priests’ quarters) are designated as National Treasures. The Onari-mon and Naka-mon Gates and the Taikobei wall are nationally designated Important Cultural Properties.
The Onari-mon Gate is a Yakuimon-styled stately structure with a tiled roof in the Irimoya-zukuri (hip and gabled) style, while the Naka-mon Gate in front of the main hall is a simple four-legged gate with a Kokera-buki (thin wooden shingles) roof. It has no walls to connect the legs. The white clay wall is Taikobei, or “drum wall,” which is a double wall that consisted of two separate walls between which earth, sand and stones were placed.
The palm trees respectively producing white and red flowers stand on both sides of the Naka-mon Gate. They are called “Garyubai (Lying Dragon Palm)” from their appearance. It is said that Date Masamune brought them back from Korea. They come into bloom in the middle of April.
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| 0.961093 | 378 | 2.96875 | 3 |
|Architecture by: Auroville Earth Institute|
|Type of building use: Residential
Year of completion: 2012
Built-up area:1110 m2
Plot size: 7796 m2
|Location: Auroville, Tamil Nadu, India
Climatic Zone: Tropical zone
Actual Occupancy: 25 inhabitants in 17 apartments
|Appropriate architecture design
The Auroville Earth Institute links the ancestral tradition of raw earth architecture with the modern technology of stabilized earth.
Stabilized raw earth can be used as a building material from foundations to roof.
Building with earth is an efficient way to use local resources, revive the local skills and the building tradition. The role of the architect is also essential in this process as he should be at the service of the society and its people. The architect should not be only a designer but also a builder and he should be able to build with people so as to give them the means to build their own habitat themselves.
Types of services offered. (Architecture, Structural, Services, Project Management, Contracting, Green Rating Facilitation, Energy Performance Simulation, Energy Audit…)
Architectural consultancy: the architect team of the Auroville Earth Institute can design and prepare detailed plans for anyone wishing to build their house using Compressed Stabilised Earth Blocks (CSEB). The Auroville Earth Institute is an architecture firm that manages projects from the conception stage to their construction. The institute has received 2 international prizes and 11 Indian prizes.
Training: The Auroville Earth Institute regularly organizes two weeks long training courses. They are open to all engineers, architects, technicians, masons and students who wish to learn how to produce and build with Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEB) and other earth techniques. Specialized training courses in the analysis and construction of arches, vaults and domes are also offered. These construction techniques are an alternative to the use of reinforced concrete.
Research: Since the very onset the Auroville Earth Institute has conducted researches on various stabilised earth technologies and developed composite techniques made of CSEB and reinforced cement concrete. Since 1995, the Institute has developed a construction technique for disaster resistance with hollow interlocking CSEB. This technology has been approved by 3 governments.
Technology transfer: the Institute is frequently called upon to conduct consultancies to disseminate earth architecture and technologies. Our team worked in 32 countries all over the world.
Soil testing: we provide soil testing for those interested in building with earth.
Block testing: test of blocks with a compression test machine. Both dry compressive strength and wet compressive strength are available. By following a strict procedure we are able to give reliable results.
CSEB order: production of Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEB) for the Auroville area.
Auram equipment: A wide range of earth construction equipment has been researched and developed and is sold today worldwide. This equipment is manufactured by the workshop Aureka.
Actual Energy Performance Index in: data not available
Percentage of A/C and non A/C regularly occupied spaces: No AC
Owner / User Testimony: None
Awards / Green Rating / Energy : Data not available yet
Architecture by: Auroville Earth Institute
Structural Design by: Auroville Earth Institute
Services Design by: Auroville Earth Institute
Project management: Auroville Earth Institute
Contractor: Auroville Earth Institute
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| 0.917501 | 726 | 2.515625 | 3 |
We are 55 million people in the United States, representing 17 percent of the total population. Hispanics/Latinos are the nation’s largest ethnic or racial minority. A community whose culture, traditions, as well as family and work values have strengthen the country we call home: The United States. 64% of Hispanics have Mexican as their cultural background.
Nonetheless, the Hispanic or Latino community is hugely misunderstood, often stereotyped, and rarely seen as one heterogeneous group of people unified by the Spanish language for years, and now by the experience of several generations living in the United States.
Every year from September 15 to October 15, the United States government celebrates the culture and traditions of those who trace their roots to Spain, Mexico and the Spanish-speaking nations of Central America, South America and the Caribbean.
And so, Hispanic Heritage Month is on!
Source: US Census. 2014 Population Estimates.
Content by Lupita Peimbert.
Follow me on Twitter @Lupitanews
Facebook & Linkedin: Lupita Peimbert
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The Rumpler C.IV was a German single-engine, two-seat reconnaissance biplane. The C.IV was a development of C.III with different tail surfaces and using a Mercedes D.IVa engine in place of C.III’s Benz Bz.IV. In addition to the parent company, the aircraft was also built by Pfalz Flugzeugwerke as the Pfalz C.I. Another variant of the basic design was the Rumpler 6B-2 single-seat floatplane fighter, with a 120 kW (160 hp) Mercedes D.III engine, built for the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy).
For a two-seater reconnaissance aircraft, Rumpler C.IV had an excellent performance, which enabled it to remain in front-line service until the end of World War I on the Western Front, as well as in Italy and Palestine. Its exceptional ceiling allowed pilots to undertake reconnaissance secure in the knowledge that few allied aircraft could reach it.The Rumpler C.IV-VII were virtually indistinguishable from the outside.
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Joanna Fraser and Duane McCartney
Oats (Avena sativa L.) are grown on over 1.8 million hectares in Canada and 800 000 ha in the United States of America, for human consumption as well as fodder. Oats are sometimes grazed, but the main use is for hay and silage, fulfilling an important role as feed for livestock operations in the Northern Great Plains of North America. Oats can be intercropped for silage and autumn grazing, and used as fodder for swath grazing. In winter oat growing areas, oats are integrated into pasture-silage systems. Cultivar selection is important: oat breeders, agronomists and livestock nutritionists need to work together closely to evaluate selection criteria for forage oats. With proper cultivar selection and management, there should be increased interest in oats for fodder where the economics warrant it.
In Canada, oat (Avena sativa L.) is grown as livestock feed in the form of grain, silage, hay and pasture; the food industry in North America uses approximately 110 million bushels of oats, about 90 percent being grown in Canada. (Quaker Oats Company, pers. comm., 2004). The racehorse industry uses about 80-85 million bushels of oat for feed and 90 percent originates from Canada. Oats for grain and forage or fodder are grown on over 1.8 million hectares in Canada (Statistics Canada, 2001) and 800 000 ha in the United States of America (USA) (USDA, 2003). In Canada, oats are among the top five crops in terms of area grown in British Columbia, Manitoba and New Brunswick (Statistics Canada, 2001). Manitoba and Saskatchewan in central Canada have the largest area sown to oats, with 40 percent being grown for human consumption (Dr B. Rossnagel, University of Saskatchewan, pers. comm., 2004). Over 40 percent of farm cash receipts came from oats in Manitoba, followed by Saskatchewan at 33.9 percent (Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives, 2003). In Manitoba, the area sown to oats increased by about 10 percent between 1999 (810 000 ha) and 2002 (1.1 million hectares). Alberta has the most oats grown for feeding livestock (Hartman, 2001). In the USA, North and South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa and Wisconsin have the greatest areas harvested for oats. North Dakota markets most of its oats outside the state, while in Wisconsin, growers retain most for on-farm feed. Oat areas are declining in the USA, with a corresponding increase in Canada. This trend was expected to continue (Lawrie, 1999) because of the reduced use of the grain for feed, and failure of yields to keep pace with increases in maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) yields (Marshall, McDaniel and Cregger, 1992). USA imports over 70 percent of its oats from Canada (Lawrie, 1999), as feed for racehorses and for milling, cereal and pet food (Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives, 2003).
In the USA, oat is the most popular cool season forage in the Northern Great Plains, i.e. North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota and Montana (Poland, Carr and Tisor, 2002). Oats, especially for feed, are normally used close to where produced, due to their bulk density, caused by the large hull, which is approximately 250 to 330 g kg-1 of kernel weight. Oat grain has an average protein content of 11.5 percent compared with 12.5-13 percent for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (Cowbytes, 2004). Oat hulls, a by-product of milling, is a feed commodity that contains hulls and fragments of the endosperm and constitutes up to 25 percent of the total weight of the grain (Thompson et al., 2000). In Canada, the oat hull has a high fibre content, with neutral detergent fibre (NDF) averaging 853 g kg-1 and acid detergent fibre (ADF) averaging 464 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) (Thompson et al., 2000). There is a large market for oat hulls as a source of fibre for feeding cattle, sheep and horses (Beauchemin, Farr and Rode, 1991; Schrickel, Burrows and Ingemansen, 1992). However, their nutritive value is similar to that of a low quality forage. Treating this by-products with anhydrous ammonia at 3 percent dry weight basis increased voluntary intake by growing steers and improved potential degradable NDF and ADF by 41 and 35 percent, respectively (Thompson et al., 2002).
Oat straw is grazed or fed (Figure 3.1), but feed quality is lower than at earlier stages of maturity (Youngs and Forsberg, 1987); it is often used as winter bedding and feed for beef cattle (Schrickel, Burrows and Ingemansen, 1992).
Feeding oat straw to cattle in winter
In western Canada, oat and barley straw have average protein contents of 480 and 540 g kg-1, respectively, and have a higher feeding value than triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) or wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw (Coxworth et al., 1981; Wedin and Klopfenstein, 1985; Cowbytes, 2004). White, Hartman and Bergman (1981) in Montana compared the in vitro digestibility of wheat, barley and oat straw. Oat straw had the best digestibility, averaging 45 percent. It had slightly less crude protein (CP) than barley, but more than wheat. The addition of ammonia has a positive effect on the digestibility of oat straw used for feed. Horton (1978) and Horton and Steacy (1979) treated barley, oat and wheat straw with anhydrous ammonia, giving increased straw intake, CP and digestibility when fed to cattle. Other uses for oats, such as conservation (i.e. cover crops in no-till systems), or sowing as a companion crop, have been gaining relative to use for grain (Schrickel, Burrows and Ingemansen, 1992), but in livestock operations the greatest use of oats is for fodder or grain. The following sections review the role of oats for fodder (i.e. pasture, hay or silage) in North America.
Cereals such as oats are the first choice for annual pasture or silage in many regions of western Canada because seed is readily available and the crop is easy to establish (Aasen and Baron, 1993). Compared with other cereals, oats are more tolerant of acid soils and excessive soil moisture, but less tolerant of salinity than barley or wheat (Kirkland, 2004).
In a review of early pasture research in Ontario, central Canada, Clark and Poincelot (1996) reported that one approach to dealing with the seasonality of pasture yield involved the use of mixtures of annual and biennial forages, such as oats, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), sweet-clover (Melilotus alba L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) for annual pastures, with annual yields averaging 3 000 kg DM ha-1 (Zavitz and Squirrell, 1919). At the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Brandon, Manitoba, in central Canada (Department of Agriculture, 1924), annual forage crops trials included oats, which yielded the highest, at 9 245 kg ha-1. At the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre in Lacombe, Alberta, western Canada, in the 1930s, oats were superior to barley and wheat as annual pasture (Experimental Station, Lacombe, 1936). By the 1940s, annual pastures were of considerable importance to the livestock industry in Alberta as they could be used as supplementary pastures for cattle, horses or sheep, and constituted the principal cultivated pasture for swine and poultry. Oat was the most satisfactory forage for annual pastures, especially late-maturing cultivars. However, oats alone did not yield as much forage as with autumn rye or rape (Dominion Department of Agriculture, 1940). Burgess, Grant and Nickolson (1972) in New Brunswick, eastern Canada, showed that forage oats should be harvested at the milk stage of growth to obtain the maximum yield of digestible DM while maintaining acceptable voluntary intake levels in sheep. Later studies in northern Saskatchewan (Robertson, 1980) used sheep to compare oats and barley pastures with brome-lucerne (Bromus inermis L. + Medicago sativa L.) pastures. The grazing season for the brome+lucerne began during the first week in June, and the annual cereals pastures were first grazed after mid-June. On average, oats provided 88 grazing days; barley, 82 grazing days; and brome+lucerne, 114 grazing days. Average liveweight gains per hectare during the experiment were similar for oats and for brome+lucerne (328 and 330 kg), followed by barley (305 kg ha-1). Annual DM yields averaged 5.9 t ha-1 for the annuals and 5.4 t ha-1 for brome+lucerne. Perennials were utilized more efficiently than annuals due to the greater degree of trampling and wastage on annual pastures. Robertson (1980) concluded that oats could produce gains equal to those obtained on perennial grass+legume mixtures and would be available for grazing within 6-7 weeks of sowing. The quality of the oat pasture could in part be controlled by subdividing the area to be grazed with cross-fences and spacing the dates of sowing by 2-3 week intervals. Oats could also provide pasture during the establishment year of perennial forages. Oat pastures could be used as a source of pasture and "emergency" feed by cattle farmers, but the input costs of growing annuals for pasture were considerably higher than perennials, although their potential is greatest when utilized to overcome shortages of perennial pasture in years of below-average precipitation.
In Alberta, research in 1979 indicated that the old recommendation for growing oats for summer grazing was being questioned. While oats were was found to have a place on Grey Wooded soils, DM yields on Black and on irrigated Brown soils were much lower than spring-sown winter cereals such as winter wheat, autumn rye or winter triticale (Riemer, 1988). In contrast, evaluations of oat under simulated grazing (two to five cuts) in central Alberta from 1979 to 1983 (Berkenkamp and Meeres, 1988) showed oats to be consistently the best pasture, with cv. Foothill averaging 3 347 and 2 106 kg ha-1 on two different soil types. Spring cereals, including oats, showed more rapid growth in the spring and were ready for grazing earlier, whereas Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) and spring-sown winter-type cereals such as rye grew more in midsummer, and into the autumn if moisture was adequate (Berkenkamp and Meeres, 1988).
Beacom (1991), in northeastern Saskatchewan, summarized several studies and reported that supplementary oat pastures yielded 3 800 to 6 000 kg ha-1, provided 100 to 150 steer days of grazing per hectare, and extended the grazing season by as much as 40 days. Kibite et al. (2002) evaluated oat and barley cultivars sown in mid-May and in late June on two soil types in central Alberta. Cultivars were harvested at their respective heading dates, and then two and three weeks later. Average DM yield of early sown cereals were about 5 000 kg ha-1, or 35 percent more than late-sown ones. For both early and late-sown groups, yields maximized at either two or three weeks after heading, but not consistently at either harvest date. Oat cultivars generally out-yielded the standard barley cultivar for forage by 2.6 and 3.2 t ha-1 for early and late sown crops, respectively. Early sown oats yielded 14.7 t ha-1, but the late sown oats yielded only 9.9 t ha-1. Barley generally had higher digestibility and protein than oats, but, unexpectedly, NDF was not always lower for barley than for oats. Sowing date had no consistent effect on nutritive value at time of harvest, so late sowing was not advantageous in this regard. Late sowing reduced yield and did not improve nutritive value.
Several studies in western Canada (Aasen and Baron, 1993; Baron et al., 1993a; Johnson, Kowalenko and Tremblay, 1998; McCartney et al., 2004a) have also shown that spring- or autumnsown cereals such as oat, barley, wheat, rye or triticale provide excellent summer or autumn pasture or silage. Oats are one of the three major cereals used for silage in western Canada. In central and northern Alberta, oat yields more silage or green feed per unit area than any other cereal crop (Hartman, 2000), especially when fertilized with nitrogen (Mahli et al., 1987). In northern Alberta, oats have the highest total DM and total energy of all cereals in the Grey Wooded soil areas. They yield more total DM, but not necessarily more digestible material per unit area than other cereals on Black soils in northern and central parts of the province. In southern Alberta, oat are recommended for silage production, but yield 5 to 30 percent less DM than other cereals, such as barley (Kirkland, 2004).
Christensen (1993) summarized 18 years of data on nutritive values of different forages in Saskatchewan and concluded that oat forage, for maximum nutritive value, should be harvested at the early dough stage, as it could lose feeding value with advancing maturity. In northeastern Saskatchewan, oat silage yielded 7 346 kg ha-1 DM, which was similar to barley and triticale. Barley and oat silage did not differ in chemical composition, and feed intake by heifers was similar. Average daily gain was greatest with barley (0.65 kg day-1) followed by oat (0.57 kg day-1). These results appeared to be primarily related to a lower digestibility of the oat silage. Where oats outyield barley, oats may be a more economical crop if supplemented with grain (McCartney and Vaage, 1994). In a plot trial to evaluate barley and oats for silage in northeastern Saskatchewan, oat silage yielded 8 330 kg ha-1 while the barley silage yielded 7 410 kg ha-1. However, the CP of the barley was 118 g kg -1 compared with only 103 g kg-1 for oats.
Abeysekara (2003) in Saskatoon evaluated three oat cultivars for feeding dairy cows: AC Assiniboia for silage; CDC Bell for hay; and CDC Baler for hay. The AC Assiniboia silage was comparable to AC Rosser, a six-row feed barley, in chemical and digestive characteristics and in production aspects. CDC Bell and CDC Baler hay were not comparable to the silages in chemical or digestive characteristics, but were comparable to each other in degradability characteristics. The author concluded that AC Assiniboia silage could be substituted for AC Rosser barley silage in dairy cow rations.
To date, there has been little research on oat varieties for hay in Canada. There is a definite demand for Manitoba oat hay for export, especially to Japan. Preliminary trials are in progress to evaluate cultivars that might be suitable for hay export (Kostiuk, unpublished). In years of drought, growing oats for hay could be a real advantage as an alternative to timothy (Phleum pratense L.) hay, as timothy requires more moisture for establishment.
In Wisconsin, trials on yields and forage quality of three oat cultivars over a range of sowing dates showed that the earlier oat is sown, the higher the milk stage yield per unit area and per tonne of forage (Oplinger and Maloney, 1997). Summer grazing trials in North Dakota in the Northern Great Plains region have shown that, in some years, oats have higher forage DM yields and more animal grazing days than barley, but in other years, cattle performance on barley or oats does not differ (Poland, Carr and Tisor, 2002). Trials in North Dakota showed that oat cultivars developed for forage, such as Celsia, Mammoth and Triple Crown, tended to produce more DM yield than cultivars developed for grain, such as Paul and Whitestone (Carr, Poland and Trisor, 2000). In earlier trials, oats cv. Dumont and cv. Magnum were superior to barley for yield when sown pure and when mixed with pea (Pisum sativum) (Carr et al., 1998), but in another study, DM yield of oats cv. Dumont did not differ from barley. This suggests that oat cultivar selection affects forage yield (Poland and Carr, 2002).
In North America, the use of oats in crop mixtures is common in marginal cropping areas. This is done to ensure some yield in case a pure stand fails. In Alaska, oats and pea are considered complementary, with pea compensating for the decline in oat quality when harvested at the early boot to milk stage (Brundage and Klebesadel, 1970; Brundage, Taylor and Burton, 1979). Pea+oat+vetch (Vicia spp.) mixtures are grown in Newfoundland. This mixture has traditionally been grown to provide a high quality ruminant feed in late summer and early autumn (McKenzie and Spaner, 1999). This mixture is normally cut as needed, and fed fresh daily. In Alberta, Berkenkamp and Meeres (1987) reported that on low fertility soils oat+sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) mixtures yielded more DM than pure sunflower, but did not differ on fertile soils. In northeastern Saskatchewan, oat and spring-sown winter wheat were sown together. The regrowth of the winter wheat following removal of an oat crop for silage supported cows over a 60-day period from 5 August to 5 October, with a daily rate of gain of 0.5 kg (Beacom, 1991). In another study, at Melfort, winter wheat or autumn rye was sown with oats for silage and autumn grazing. The oat crop was removed as silage in June at 4.0 and 3.4 t ha-1 on the autumn rye and winter wheat fields, respectively. The under sown annuals plus oat regrowth provided 112 cow day ha-1 of grazing and supported a daily gain of 1.07 kg (Beacom, 1991).
Intercropping spring and winter cereals provides earlier grazing than winter cereals alone, due to the early growth of the spring cereal. Intercrops continue to accumulate DM later in the season compared with spring cereals alone (Baron et al., 1993a, b). The advantage of this system is that the forage distribution can be increased during the traditional grazing period and extended into the autumn (Baron et al., 1999; Poland et al., 2003; McCartney et al., 2004a). A silage-pasture intercrop system, utilizing a spring cereal (barley, oats or triticale) for silage and winter cereals (autumn rye, winter triticale or winter wheat) as regrowth pasture after the silage has been removed, is a system that provides a high quality silage crop along with autumn pasture (Aasen, 1992; Baron, Dick and de St Remy, 1994; McCartney, 2004a). However, adequate autumn regrowth depends on the time of the first harvest of the spring cereal component when mixed with winter cereals (Baron et al., 1995). In another study in Alberta, Baron, Dick and de St Remy (1994) showed that late sowing of oats either pure or in mixtures reduced total annual DM yield (2 cuts) by 42 percent, but that late sowing did not limit regrowth of winter cereals in mixtures given equal regrowth periods. With adequate moisture, the cereal intercrop system is a feasible alternative where annual forage is required for full season summer pasture. In a study of cropping systems for silage and pasture in northeastern Saskatchewan, McCartney et al. (2004a) evaluated herbage yield of spring and autumn cereal intercrops clipped for silage when barley (early cut) and oats (late cut) reached soft dough stage, and again late in the autumn. Silage yield of oat monocrop was 8 830 kg ha-1, exceeding oat intercropped (8 040 kg ha-1), barley pure crop (7 410 kg ha-1), barley intercrop (6 870 kg ha-1), late cut autumn cereal pure crop (4 700 g ha-1) and early cut autumn pure crop (3 670 kg ha-1). CP content was 14 percent to 35 percent higher in the intercrop system than in the corresponding spring cereal crop system. CP contents of oat intercrop and barley intercrop were similar. NDF of treatments containing barley were 15 percent lower than those containing oats. The ADF content of the barley treatment was 22 percent lower than the corresponding cropping system with oats. The ranking and relative productivity of the regrowth for autumn pastures was: deferred grazing treatment harvested only in the autumn (5 560 kg ha-1) > early cut autumn cereal (3 700 kg ha-1) > late-cut autumn cereal (2 730 kg ha-1) > barley intercrop (1 690 kg ha-1) > oat intercrop (1 330 kg ha-1) > barley (800 kg ha-1). The autumn pasture yield in cropping systems without spring cereals was 2.4 times that with spring cereals.
Seed rate and ratios of spring and autumn crop components can have an effect on annual forage production. McCartney et al. (2004c) found that the proportion of spring-sown oat sown with spring-sown autumn rye or Italian ryegrass rather than total stand seed rate, was the major factor affecting the silage and autumn regrowth yields. High seed rates may improve crop competitive ability and reduce the chance of problematic future weed infestations. The more rapid growth of the spring crop, such as oat, relative to the autumn crop helped to suppress weeds. The authors concluded that a forage sward with greater than 60 percent oats along with a higher than normal total spring and autumn crop component at a seed rate of 400 seeds m-2 represented a possible integrated weed management strategy, but the later silage cut time for oat compared with barley sometimes allowed for the development of weed infestation capable of reducing yields in the oat mixture.
In northern Ontario, growing oats with barley is a strategy whereby producers can optimize the output from fields that are variable from year to year. Growing mixtures can also serve as "insurance" against diseases that affect components separately (Rowsell et al., 1999). Oats mixed with pea for forage tend to yield equally to pure oats in the south of the province, but may be lower in the northern part (Johnston, Wheeler and McKinlay, 1999). Johnston and Garner (2000a) showed that, in northern Ontario, oats+winter triticale silage mixtures had significantly higher ADF (39.0 g kg-1 DM) than oats+autumn rye mixtures (35.1 g kg-1 DM). In the same study, where pasture yields and quality were measured, yield was highest in oats+annual ryegrass; overall yields ranged from 2.9 to 4.0 t ha-1 across sites (Johnston and Garner, 2000b).
In southwestern North Dakota, sowing either spring barley, oat or triticale with winter rye, triticale or wheat produced about 3 360 kg ha-1 DM by mid-July, with regrowth of the winter cereal contributing an additional 504 kg ha-1 in the autumn (Poland et al., 2003). Winter rye regrowth was sufficient to provide limited amounts of forage for grazing the following spring. In western North Dakota, Manske and Nelson (1995) reported that oat+pea intercrops, millet (Panicum spp.) and autumn rye worked well in annual grazing systems. In a study on water use and relative feed value in Montana, Pikul, Aase and Cochran (2004) showed that oat+pea hay was a suitable crop for the semi-arid growing conditions of the Northern Great Plains and met the needs of producers for high quality hay. When oat is used as forage in these regions, it is sown at 25-50 percent higher seed rates than normal for grain purposes, with similar fertility inputs (Cash and Wichman, 1997). Elsewhere, Oplinger and Maloney (1997) in Wisconsin reported that autumn forage DM yields of spring cereals were three to five times those of autumn cereals. They also indicated that oat, barley and triticale sown with a winter cereal in the autumn averaged 143 g kg-1 CP, compared with 190 g kg-1 in winter cereals sown alone. However, ADF (223 g kg-1) and NDF (407 g kg-1) were higher in winter than in spring cereals (wheat, rye, triticale or oats) sown alone in the autumn. ADF and NDF values were also much higher in the spring forage compared with autumn forage (Oplinger and Maloney, 1997). In Iowa, oat intercropped with berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) had economic and biological advantages for use as a rotation crop. Holland and Brummer (1999) found that adding oat to berseem reduced DM of forage and weeds, clover stands and relative maturity of clover, but increased total crop DM. Oat and maize were included in pasture mixture studies for early weaned lambs in Minnesota (Wedin and Jordan, 1961). The authors reported that total liveweight gain per unit area was greatest for an oat+rape (Brassica napus var. biennis) mixture than for either oat+pea followed by Sudan grass (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) or pea followed by sod-sown maize (350, 320 and 326 kg ha-1, respectively). In North Dakota, DM yields of winter and spring cereals, including oat, were lower in mixtures compared with the spring cereals when sown alone, with yield reductions of up to 20 percent in July (Poland et al., 2003).
The term "winter oats" is frequently used in a generic sense to indicate oats sown in the autumn and winter, and is not to be confused with "winter hardiness" in oats (Stevens et al., 2002). Winter oat is commonly used for pasture and forage in southern parts of the USA. Oat is valuable as a winter pasture as it provides excellent forage at a time when other high-protein feeds are scarce (Schrickel et al., 1992). Hoffman and Livezey (1987) reported that Texas ranked fourth in the USA in total area sown to oats, but produced only 4 percent of oats grown for grain. These oat pastures have complemented the expansion of the cattle industry in Texas. California produces more smallgrain hay than any other state and most of this hay is cultivated or wild oat (Schrickel et al., 1992). In California, where urban areas are often close to agricultural areas, lucerne+oat hay is often sold to horse owners, who prefer this forage mixture (Lanini et al., 1999). In this area, cv. Montezuma is preferred due to seed availability and favourable forage characteristics, and has provided equal or greater yields than other cultivars (Lanini and Bendixen, 1990). However, in Arkansas, oats generally produce less winter forage for grazing than do wheat, rye or annual ryegrass (Sandage, 2002).
When used for pasture or other forage, winter oats are sown at a seed rate 50 to 100 percent higher than when the crop is grown for grain (Shands and Chapman, 1961). Recommended seed rates have ranged from 100 to 150 kg ha-1 (Denman and Arnold, 1970). In Tennessee, the upper end of this range has yielded the most autumn forage under heavy grazing (Parks and Chapman, 1960). Early autumn sowing of winter oats increases the amount of forage that can be used before the weather becomes too cool for significant growth. Sowing dates depend on the location of the winter oats area, and whether the crop is intended for grain or forage (Marshall, McDaniel and Cregger, 1992).
In the coastal areas of southeastern USA, winter oats are commonly grazed in the autumn and early spring for part of the growing period, before allowing the crop to produce grain (Delorit, Greub and Algren, 1984; Schrickel, Burrows and Ingemansen, 1992). In the Coastal Plains, oats are clipped or grazed in early February, and further north, in the Piedmont areas of the southeastern USA, they are cut or grazed two weeks later (Schrickel, Burrows and Ingemansen, 1992). Burton et al. (1952) recommended that oat be rotationally grazed to a minimum of 75 to 102 mm. In a grazing study with steers in Texas over a 7-year period, Norris and Kruse (1967) found that a "medium" animal stocking rate of 1 ha-1 during the winter and 0.7 ha-1 during spring resulted in the highest gains per unit area. The same authors reported that steers grazing oats for an average of 97 days per season had average liveweight gains of 900 g d-1 head-1 for that period and 214 kg ha-1 for the season. The average daily gain of steers grazing oats oversown on coastal Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon (L.)) sod in Georgia was 1 kg head-1 (Utley, Marchant and McCormick, 1976). In Texas, under average conditions, Atkins, McDaniel and Gardenhire (1969) indicated that winter oat pastures may produce between 3.4 and 6.7 t ha-1 DM forage, and that with adequate fertilization and irrigation, yields might be as high as 11.2 t ha-1. In addition to grazing, the crop may be subsequently used for haylage, hay or silage (Marshall, McDaniel and Cregger, 1992). From one-quarter to three-quarters of the land area for winter oat in the Gulf Coast and Coastal Plain areas may not be used for grain, depending on the year. However, careful grazing management is needed if the crop is to produce a good crop of stored feed or grain. In Baton Rouge, Louisiana, winter oats were clipped in small plots from early December to either 15 February, 1 or 15 March during a 5-year period. Clipping until 1 or 15 March increased forage yields by an average of 672 and 1 400 kg DM ha-1 (Viator et al., 1982). Grain yields were not reduced when cutting was stopped on 15 February, but extending cutting to 15 March reduced grain yields by 44 percent.
Winter oat can produce good yields of silage or hay in northern areas, but is normally not grazed. In Maryland, forage DM yields at the soft dough stage ranged from 5.5 to 6.9 t ha-1. In mild winters, where the crop did not winterkill, yields ranged up to 10 t ha-1 (Coffman 1962). Oat cv. Norline was popular in northern areas of the winter oat region for a number of years for grain or forage (Marshall, McDaniel and Cregger, 1992). In southeastern Pennsylvania, Norline was sown in late September and cut at boot, milk and dough growth stages for assessing DM yield and quality. The highest CP yield - 745 kg ha-1 - was at the boot stage, and the highest total digestible nutrients (TDN) yield - 5.5 t ha-1 - was at the milk stage (Marshall and Yocum, 1971). The authors concluded that the value of the forage appeared to be substantially greater than the expected return from grain. In view of the value of winter oat for forage in the northern parts of the winter oat region of New York and Maryland, a winter-hardy cultivar, Walken, was developed for either forage or grain (Finkner et al., 1971).
Oats baled green to be used as green feed
Oat has been used as a companion crop for sowing forages since the early 1900s in western Canada. In central Saskatchewan, oat was used at rates from 18 kg ha-1 to 72 kg ha-1 with 17 kg ha-1 of sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis, M. alba) (Tinline, 1924). In the 1920s, weed control options were very limited and the oat companion crop at 27 to 54 kg ha-1 helped suppress weeds and allowed the highest sweet clover hay yields. At the Agriculture and Agri-Food Research Centre, in southern Saskatchewan, Jefferson and Zentner (1994) sowed oats as a companion crop with lucerne on irrigated land. Lucerne sown alone produced much less than oat sown with lucerne or oats sown alone in the establishment year. Over the 3-year period, undersowing and harvesting the oats for hay (Figure 3.2) produced slightly more forage than lucerne sown alone. Oats as a companion crop provides some protection against soil erosion and helps in weed control, but the main problems with this system is that the oats compete with the perennial forage and weeds and may reduce production year yields and persistence (Tesar and Marble, 1988).
In Minnesota, Hartman and Stuthman (1983) recommended a seed for oats rate of 54-72 kg ha-1 when used as a companion crop, compared with 72-90 kg ha-1 when sown alone for grain. Peters (1961) reported that oats cut for forage at the late dough stage plus a cut of intersown lucerne yielded more than lucerne estab- lished with or without herbicides and harvested twice in the establishment year. In contrast, Brink and Marten (1986) showed that oat as a companion crop to lucerne had inferior forage quality compared with barley when the mixture was harvested in the sowing year. In California, Lanini et al. (1999) reported that oat intersown into an established (but declining) lucerne stand was comparable to using paraquat herbicide for weed control, with the advantage of increasing first harvest forage yield. Marshall, McDaniel and Cregger (1992) suggest that growers planning to use oats as a companion crop should use early maturing, lodging-resistant cultivars, and remove the oat forage early to favour the establishing perennial forage crop.
Cattle grazing oats through the snow in Canada. Oats were seeded in late May and swathed at the soft dough stage in September before any killing frost, and grazed through the snow in winter
Swath grazing of cereals is a relatively novel system for late autumn and winter grazing for beef cows, and is gaining popularity in western Canada (Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, 1998; Entz et al., 2002; McCartney et al., 2004b; Baron et al., 2004). Late-sown cereals are swathed (Figure 3.3) in the early autumn, from heading until dough stage. The livestock then graze the swaths through the snow (Figure 3.4). This is a form of stockpiling of forage for autumn and winter grazing when conventional pastures cannot meet the nutritional requirements of ruminants. The advantage is that the swathing consolidates the forage so that the cows can graze through the snow (Aasen et al., 2002). In northeastern Saskatchewan, oats were sown in mid- June and cows grazed the swaths beginning in November, for a 48-day period. Results showed that cows on swath grazing were in similar condition to those on stored feed at the end of the grazing trial (Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, 1998). Oat CP ranged from 106 to 116 g kg-1 from September to January (Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, 1998). In a later plot study on swath-grazed annual crops in central Alberta, oats, barley, autumn rye and annual ryegrass were mixed with peas or barley. September DM yields (3-year mean) ranged from 7 270 kg ha-1 (oats+peas) to 8 795 kg ha-1 (oats+barley) (Aasen et al., 2002), and autumn CP across sampling dates and years ranged from 109 g kg-1 to 192 g kg-1 DM. The protein concentrations of all crops at all sampling dates were more than adequate for wintering pregnant beef cows (Aasen et al., 2002). In southern Saskatchewan, oats were compared with other cool season and warm season annual crops for DM yields and quality for swath grazing (Klein, 2003). In this study, it was concluded that oats were less suitable for swath grazing compared with the later maturing foxtail (Setaria italica L.) and proso millets (Panicum miliaceum L.); part of this was due to the decline in DM yields with late sowing.
Winter or grass tetany, and, in some cases, milk fever, can occur in cattle fed cereal straw or green feed such as oats as the main forage in their winter feeding programme. Winter tetany is a metabolic disease caused by lower than average blood magnesium levels. It can occur when cattle graze on cereal grains such as oats (Bohman et al., 1983; Doig, Marx and Lastiwka, 2002). It is often seen in cows in late pregnancy or in the early stages of lactation. High producing cows are particularly susceptible, but dry cows and bulls are rarely affected. In western Canada, dry growing conditions and acidic soils can contribute to the accumulation of potassium in feeds, which in turn reduces the amount of magnesium absorbed from the ration (Doig, Marx and Lastiwka, 2002). Symptoms may start as nervousness, attentive ears and irritability, and, after several days, may lead to extreme excitement and violent convulsions. Prevention of this disease is through supplementation of the ration with magnesium oxide and limestone, the former mixed with grain, screeningsbased supplements or silage to increase intake (Doig, Marx and Lastiwka, 2002).
Oat appears to accumulate more nitrates than other small-grain crops (Garcia, 2002). Nitrate poisoning may occur if oat has been drought stressed, or damaged by hail or frost (Aasen and Baron, 1993). The risk is increased if the soil is high in plant-available nitrogen (Hartman, 2000). However, there are very few reported cases of nitrate poisoning in western Canada (Blakley, pers. comm., 2004). Rain after a drought can increase plant nitrogen uptake and the risk of nitrate poisoning during the next four to five days. During fermentation in the silo, 40 to 60 percent of the original nitrate can disappear, making ensiling the preservation method of choice when high nitrate levels are suspected. Supplementing the oat silage with grain at feed out will also decrease the chances of nitrate poisoning (Garcia, 2002).
A comprehensive review of oat diseases was prepared by Harder and Haber (1992), while breeding aspects have been covered by Burrows (1986). The main fungal diseases in North America are the rusts (Puccinia spp.) and the smuts (Ustilago spp.). Septoria leaf blight has been found to be prevalent in eastern Canada, with losses of 20 percent common in Ontario and up to 50 percent in Atlantic Canada (Clark et al., 1975). Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) is a serious disease of oats (Burrows, 1986). In some areas, the sowing date may be delayed because of prolonged wet weather, which makes late-sown oat more susceptible to fungal and viral diseases (Burrows, 1986).
Disease and insect pests can reduce yields when growing winter oat for forage, especially where early sowing is used. In Texas, armyworm (Pseudaletia unipuncta Haw.), greenbug (Schizaphis gramimum Rondani) and aphids such as Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) are common, and important primarily because of their role as vectors for BYDV (Marshall, McDaniel and Cregger, 1992). Leaf rust (Puccinia coronata f.sp. avenae) not only lowers the quality of feed, but also hastens maturity, and therefore contributes to production loss (Song, 2004). The only practical solutions are to use resistant cultivars and to sow at the recommended time for the area.
Cultivar development in North America has been reviewed by McMullen and Patterson (1992), and breeding strategies for spring sown oats by Burrows (1986). Breeding has largely been in the domain of public agencies, such as Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada in Ontario and Manitoba, and a large number of state agricultural stations in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Most of the emphasis is on breeding oats for grain for human consumption (Stevens et al., 2002). The most critical issue relative to oat improvement is the marked decline in oat area over time, especially in the USA, and the gradual decline of oat research effort in the public and private sectors in North America (Wesenberg, 2000).
Improvement in winter hardiness is an important objective of winter oat breeding programmes in the northern and central winter oat areas of the USA. Recent additions include cv. Horizon 314, a new, full-season winter oat released by the Florida and Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations in 1999 (Barnett et al., 2002). Breeding programmes have also included improvements in yield stability, seed quality, early or late maturity, lodging resistance and disease resistance. Grain quality factors such as test weight, groat percentage and protein concentration are also important considerations in oat cultivar development (McMullen and Patterson, 1992). Breeding programmes for dual-purpose (grain and forage) oats has been ongoing in Georgia, Texas, California and Alaska. Cv. Ensiler, a tall, forage-type cultivar, was released by the University of Wisconsin in 1990 (McMullen and Patterson, 1992). Cv. ForagePlus, a tall, late maturing oat with high forage yields and which can be harvested over a longer than normal period, was released by the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 2001.
Cv. Foothill, licensed and released by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada in 1977, is a dual-purpose forage and grain oat (Schrickel, Burrows and Ingemansen, 1992). This cultivar has reasonably good quality but very poor lodging resistance (Kirkland, 2004). Cv. Foothill is being replaced by a newer cultivar, AC Mustang, in Alberta (Hartman, 2000). This cultivar, together with a hull-less (cv. AC Belmont) oat with improved yield and disease resistance, has recently been developed in Canada (Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food, 1995). Cv. Boudrias oat is a high yielding hull-less oat cultivar developed by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, (Figures 3.5, 3.6 and 3.7) and released in 2001 (Kibite et al., 2004). Cv. AC Murphy has recently been released in western Canada as a highyielding, late maturing forage oat (Kibite et al., 2002). Cv. AC Assiniboia, with low lignin levels in the hull, is well suited for the oat-growing areas of western Canada and in particular the black soil zone of Manitoba and Saskatchewan (Abeysekara, 2003). Cv. CDC Bell was developed primarily for use by cattle producers in western Canada for annual green feed or oat hay. Cv. CDC Baler is a new forage oat that has wide leaves and produces higher energy and protein levels than other commonly grown varieties. However, it is susceptible to stem and crown rust (Quality Assured Seeds, 2004).
Oat plots at Agriculture and Agri-Food,Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
Oat plots at Agriculture and Agri-Food
As shown, the emphasis in plant breeding programmes has been towards developing new cultivars for grain for human consumption, with good agronomic and disease resistance characteristics. However, there has been relatively little emphasis on the impact of these selection criteria on the nutritional value for the animal. Animal nutritionists and the livestock industry have not always provided clear direction to plant breeders with respect to the desirable qualities of a feed oat for livestock. It may well be that it is unrealistic to expect nutritionists to speak with a unified voice as the characteristics of the ideal feed oat will differ depending on whether it is fed to horses, sheep or cattle, and whether it is fed as grain or fodder. Improved cultivars for fodder must have an ability for rapid growth, profuse tillering and remain vegetative over a longer period than grain types. They must also have leaf rust resistance since the appearance and spread of the disease coincides with the period when the crop is needed for grazing (Song, 2004). Research in North Dakota and elsewhere has shown that cultivar selection affects forage yield. Additional research, particularly at the producer level, is needed to determine the forage potential of oats in areas where it is used in livestock operations.
Pasture rejuvenation offers another possibility for the use of grazing oats. Sowing oats and other annual cereals into stands of perennial forage is a common practice in the south and southwest USA (Wedin and Klopfenstein, 1985). In Arkansas, sod-sowing annual ryegrass and rye into warm-season perennial pastures offers potential to provide high quality forage for growing weaned beef calves retained until spring (Coffey et al., 2002). Grazing of these sod-sown pastures offers the potential to improve land use efficiency (Moyer et al., 1995) and to improve animal gains over and above gains from cattle grazing dormant species over the winter (Wilkinson and Stuedemann, 1983). In a long-term pasture rejuvenation study in northeast Saskatchewan, McCartney, Waddington and Leftovitch (1999) found that growing annual cereals such as oat prior to reseeding old perennial forage pastures could be used to reduce the seed germination from the dormant grass seeds remaining in the seed bank in the old pastures. The authors suggested that after the pasture had been cultivated, oat could be grown and rotationally grazed for one or two seasons with the other perennial paddocks. This would reduce the need to lower the overall stocking rates on the entire pasture.
The late Dr Solomon Kibite, oat breeder, inspecting a field of oats at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
There is limited research on forage oats in North America and most oat research is directed towards the human market. Entz et al. (2002) reviewed the potential of forages in the Northern Great Plains and suggest that annual forage systems including oat can fill a void at specific points in livestock operations, resulting in significant savings for the entire enterprise. Specific instances where annual crops such as oats could be valuable might be when DM production and quality in conventional pasture systems is insufficient to meet the grazing demands of the various classes of cattle. In cooler regions of North America, it is less expensive to overwinter beef cows on stored feed if they enter the winter grazing period in good body condition (Willms, Rode and Freeze, 1993; McCartney, 2003). The grazing of oats in the autumn provides a system whereby cows can substantially improve their body condition when perennial forages are of poorer quality and limited supply. Swath grazing of oats in winter is one of the current management systems that can lower the cost of wintering cows by up to 50 percent (McCartney et al., 2004b). In warmer regions, oats can be used as temporary cool season forage over the winter period when the DM of warmseason perennial forages is reduced.
New ways to divert land out of grain production are being evaluated, and grazing oat could become part of the process. With the changing farming population, an inexperienced livestock producer can initially start a grazing management system by incorporating oat pastures. Carrying beef cattle in the late summer and autumn on predominately annual pasture such as oats prior to entry into a feedlot is a means of supplying a low-cost animal to the feedlot system. As indicated earlier, grazing management systems have been developed whereby the regrowth from an oat silage intercrop system using autumn cereals can provide high quality forage for this purpose. In addition, respiratory health problems can be substantially reduced by providing this type of autumn grazing system for receiver calves from auction markets or assembly yards, rather than moving these animals directly into a confined feedlot (McCartney, 2000). An annual crop such as oats that is harvested as a grazed forage with livestock will be seen as giving added value to the grazing system. With the recurrence of drought in western Canada and the USA, producers are starting to re-evaluate the role of grazing annual crops such as oats. Hay and pasture rental costs have escalated in some regions to a point where they are no longer considered an economic option. Thus cropping systems that integrate hay, silage and autumn grazing become a viable option. Oats can be part of such a management system.
Significant improvement in forage oat yields in North America is possible with existing cultivars and management techniques, provided growers are made aware of what constitutes "good" management and the potential economic benefits. Growers need to be taught through education and demonstration that many good management practices require little if any extra monetary inputs, e.g. correct sowing time and depth. Several programmes, such as the "Oats Improvement Programme" sponsored by the Quaker Oats Company of Chicago, are designed to assist producers in the management of oats (Marshall, McDaniel and Cregger, 1992).
In general, there should be increased interest in the future for oats for grazing if the economics warrant the practice. In western Canada, one has seen general adoption of the concept of swath grazing, and new fencing and grazing management technology, with an increased interest in the potential of annual crops. There is now more information available on research and practical experience of "how to do it", which was not available years ago. This will definitely assist in the adoption and uptake of oats in grazing systems by North American cattle producers in the future.
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| 0.928054 | 10,850 | 3.28125 | 3 |
to Offer Postwar Pioneers?
The comparatively few women in Alaska enjoy the special place
of respect which frontier America has always accorded its women. Woman suffrage
came in Alaska as a matter of coursea bill establishing it was the first
one passed by the Alaska Legislature. The ladies known as Lou who followed the
gold stampeders at the end of the last century have departed or grown into respectability.
They were succeeded by hard-working womenfor like the men, Alaskan women
Alaskan women can and do rival their men in many fields
of business and the professions. They prospect, trap and hunt, drive taxis, and
repair machinerywearing dungarees and boots like the men. That does not
mean that they are any the less femininethe woman settler in Alaska who
fails to bring evening dress and slippers will regret the lack. And as in the
United States, Alaskan women take an especial responsibility for community and
social betterment, and are foremost in forming cultural groups, 4-H Clubs, Parent
Teachers Associations, Red Cross chapters, church societies, and the like.
Education and Health
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for National Geographic News
More than 30 years ago the bald eagleUnited States' national symbol of strength and freedomhad almost vanished from the skies.
At that time, biologists believed less than 500 breeding pairs lived in the lower 48 states.
Today that's changed. Federal protection and a ban on the pesticide DDT has helped the raptor's population soar to more than 7,600 breeding pairs. Now the government is moving forward with plans to remove the bird from the U.S. endangered species list, possibly next year.
Also underway are controversial plans to remove a grizzly bear population from the endangered species list, where the bear has been listed as threatened since 1975.
The Endangered Species Act (ESA) is widely regarded as the world's strongest and most effective wildlife conservation law. Currently, 1,843 species are listed.
Under the law, plants and animals heading toward extinction are labeled as either endangered or threatened. "Endangered" means a species is in danger of extinction throughout all, or a significant part, of its range. "Threatened" means a species is likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future.
Through federal protection, at-risk populations are given the chance to rebound. Once a population recovers, it's taken off the endangered species list.
Tim Male, a biologist with Environmental Defense, an advocacy group in New York City, said the bald eagle's recovery has been a success story.
Now, he said, it's time to celebrate by removing the once threatened bird from the list.
"We have a lot more species that we really need to be directing resources at, so it would be nice to have the victory party and put more resources into the other things we need to do," he said.
The organization is urging the government to expedite delisting of the bald eagle, which was originally proposed under the Clinton Administration in 1999. Normally the process takes one year.
SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES
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Tech mistake |Whether you work as an economist or you try your best to ignore the bad financial news and your bank account, economics is at work in your life. It’s affecting your trips to the grocery store, your loan applications, and your paycheck, so you’d better at least try to understand some of the basics and most-used phrases. Knowing these concepts will benefit you whether you’re 18 or 80 and will help you be a better, more informed consumer and employee.
Supply and demand
Supply and demand helps the masses understand why that hot toy they stood in line for hours to buy for their kid’s Christmas is a quarter of the price by March. Of course, knowing the basics of this concept won’t save you the holiday hassle, but at least you can feel like an informed consumer as you fight for the last Tickle Me Elmo. When the demand is high, the price goes way up. Manufacturers then make more of the product because they can make more money by producing that than something with a lower demand. The supply grows, making the price drop. The manufacturers then move on to the next in-demand product so they can make the most profit.
Costs and benefits
This is basically the pros and cons list your mom has been encouraging you to make for every life decision, only applied specifically to economics. You probably use it on a small scale when you find a really cute pair of shoes but don’t know if you should spend that much. Will the positive attention you get and your love for the shoes outweigh the dent you’ll be putting in your bank account? Governments and businesses use cost-benefit analysis to determine the worth of potential plans or policies. They consider the profits and social benefits, in monetary terms if possible, and see how they stack up against the costs.
When you take an opportunity, say choosing to accept a job offer, you’re giving up the other things you could’ve done with your time, like spending eight hours a day writing the next great American novel. An opportunity cost is basically the best alternative you’re sacrificing to take on whatever opportunity you’ve chosen. Even in economics, it can be monetary, like the money you would’ve made at the other job, or things like lost time or pleasure. The concept of opportunity costs can be applied to other areas of your life, too, like when you’re thinking about getting married and you have to carefully consider the awesome aspects of bachelorhood. Is it worth it?
The diamond-water paradox
Also known as the paradox of value, this little economics mystery is an interesting one to contemplate. It might even be worth discussing at parties if you have particularly nerdy friends. This concept looks at the fact that water is more useful to humans considering the whole, you know, survival thing, but diamonds are worth more in the market. A diamond could be sold for a large amount of money, while water is given away for free. Economists thought for a while that this contradiction might come from the amount of labor put into each commodity, but it’s now generally accepted that the answer is in the products’ marginal utility, or how useful each unit of the product is. Because there is so much water in the world, we are able to easily cover our highest-priority uses and use water for minor things like washing our cars and watering our lawns. This makes us value it less, but if there were a water shortage, we would gladly pay large amounts to make sure we had enough for our survival.
An incentive is kind of like a bribe, but we’ll call it a good bribe. It’s basically anything that motivates us to do a certain thing or buy a certain product. Economists will tell you that incentives are everything. They’re given to employees to encourage them to work hard (like bonuses and personal development) and given to consumers to give them a reason to buy (like discount cards). During hard economics times, they are particularly useful as they can keep businesses alive and give rewards to customers. As a consumer it’s important to understand how the incentives are benefiting you and also how they benefit the economy.
Though most economic concepts work together in the market, this one is very closely related to the following two ideas. The money supply is the amount of U.S. currency floating around out there, as well as the checking account deposits held by the public. It shouldn’t be surprising that the supply of money would have great effects our economy, since money seems to be the most basic element of economics. The money supply is altered largely through Federal Reserve policy, which can be used to affect bank deposits and print more money. You might think that just churning out more and more money would solve a lot of our financial problems since there would be plenty of cash available, but changes in the money supply can affect interest rates and cause inflation.
We hear this term a lot in our adult lives. Oh, how we wish for the simpler times when we could just take a buck or two from our piggy bank and not think about how much the pig would charge us. The interest rate is how much we have to pay to use someone else’s money or how much we earn when we let the bank use our money. It’s expressed normally as an annual percentage of the total amount borrowed, and often changes as the money supply expands and shrinks. It’s the reason you want to pay off all your loans as quickly as possible, since it really can start to add up. You might hear the terms real interest rate and nominal interest rate thrown around. Nominal just means inflation has not been taken into account and real means it has.
When you think back on what you used to be able to buy for a dollar and what you can get now, you’re getting a glimpse of inflation. Inflation is the increase in the overall prices of products and services in the economy. Each dollar buys less and we all probably start to feel poorer. A low, stable rate of inflation is normal and economists consider it ideal, but high inflation can happen when the money supply expands too much and too quickly. It’s obviously not seen as a great thing by consumers who have to pay more for goods, and there are other negative effects including less investment and savings and possibly a shortage of goods if people start hoarding them. But there is a silver lining for the economy: central banks can make adjustments to nominal interest rates that help ease recessions.
The unemployment rate
If you pay attention to the news, you can’t go a day without hearing someone talk about the unemployment rate. It’s easy enough to tell you the basic definition: the number of people in the civilian labor force divided by the number of people who are unemployed. Simple. But knowing exactly what that means and how to interpret the data is much more complicated. You first have to know who counts as being unemployed. To be unemployed in the U.S., you have to not have a job, have actively looked for work in the last four weeks, and be available for work. This means that people who have given up looking for work don’t count toward the unemployment numbers anymore. You should keep that in mind when interpreting changes in the rate, since some drops could mean lots of jobless people have just stopped trying. You should also compare the latest numbers with the same month the previous year to avoid getting confused by seasonal differences.
It doesn’t exist. Even the brightest economists will tell you, “There’s no such thing as a free lunch,” meaning nothing is entirely free of cost. One speculation of where the phrase originated is when saloons would give free lunch to anyone who bought a beer. They’d serve the men the saltiest foods so they’d end up buying more beer, thus making the meal cost something. Today, the concept isn’t too much different. If you think you’re getting something for free, you’re probably paying for it through hidden costs or costs that are distributed to someone else or society.
The article was originally published here.
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Grammar and Vocabulary reference and practice for the revised Cambridge English: Advanced (CAE) from 2015
Cambridge Grammar and Vocabulary for Advanced provides complete coverage of the grammar and vocabulary needed for the Cambridge English: Advanced exam, and develops listening skills at the same time. It provides students with practice of exam tasks from the Reading and Use of English, Writing and Listening papers and contains helpful grammar explanations and a grammar glossary. It also includes useful tips on how to approach exam tasks and learn vocabulary. It is informed by the Cambridge International Corpus and the Cambridge Learner Corpus to ensure that the vocabulary is presented in genuine contexts and covers real learner errors.
Presents grammar through audio material which helps improve listening skills and provides a context making the language more memorable and meaningful for students.
Contains clear and reliable grammar explanations with lots of examples. Ideal for learning new grammar points or as a reference.
Practises a range of exam tasks thus providing exam preparation at the same time.
Provides model answers for Writing tasks giving students good examples of language use and structure.
Mapped to the Cambridge English: Advanced (CAE) exam with coverage of all papers so that students immediately see the relevance of the vocabulary work to the exam papers they sit.
Regular progress tests allow students to consolidate their learning and chart their progress
Informed by the Cambridge English Corpus, including the Cambridge Learner Corpus to ensure that vocabulary is presented in genuine contexts, and covers the errors that students really make.
Includes 'Exam tips' on how to approach exam tasks. 'Vocabulary notes' allow students to build their study skills and provide additional information on the vocabulary related to the topic.
Topic-based approach means that material can easily be used to supplement an exam coursebook.
Key word lists, including collocations, phrasal verbs, etc. is a useful checklist and revision resource for students.
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The History of Horse Racing
The history of horse racing began in 1664, with the British occupation of New Amsterdam. Col. Richard Nicolls established organized racing in the colonies and laid out a 2-mile course on the plains of Long Island. He offered a silver cup to the winner. From this point, the American Thoroughbred was a breed with a reputation for speed, stamina, and agility. These traits remained the hallmarks of an excellent horse until the Civil War. However, in the decades following, speed became the main goal.
In addition to serving as a motivational factor for employees, an overt succession “horse race” can be a good signal to employees that they are accountable for the company’s performance. This signals to employees that the company expects them to be proactive in improving the company’s performance and setting up a leadership development culture. Moreover, this process can identify potential future stars and groom them for succession in critical roles until they reach the competencies necessary for leadership.
Although there are several types of horse races, many of them have the same rules. For example, one heat uses a photo finish, which is where two horses cross the finish line together. If the horses are unable to reach the finish line, dead heat rules are used. These rules vary slightly across countries, but most national horse racing organizations follow the British Horseracing Authority rulebook.
A race involving two state-owned horses in the colonies became an intensely political issue after the decision to enter Selima in the Maryland Derby. Maryland horse owners felt that their racing was superior to Virginia’s. However, many Virginia horse owners disagreed. The two states had long fought over territory, and the race became symbolic.
One of the most important elements of a horse race is its odds. The odds of a horse may be as low as three to five percent. This is called the “handicapping” process. The odds of the horse should reflect a realistic percentage of the chances of the horse winning. For instance, a horse with a 25% chance of winning may be favored at 3-1 or 7-2 odds. At those odds, the odds on the horse are more than fair for the likelihood of success.
Horse racing is a centuries-old tradition, and there is no one specific time when the first race was held. However, it was during the reign of Louis XIV that betting became popular in the sport. As the sport spread, the first modern horse race was held in England in 1776. From there, the sport quickly spread to other nations, such as the Middle East and North Africa.
In the United States, the most prestigious horse races include the Kentucky Derby and the Triple Crown. Some are open to horses over three years old, while others have age limits. There are also a number of international races such as the Dubai World Cup, Durban July, and the Gran Premio Clasico Simon Bolivar.
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Stick welding is a form of welding that has been around since the early decades of the 20th century. Despite its age, stick welding is still widely used today, with global stick welding revenue reaching around $9 billion in 2020.
Stick welding is an incredibly versatile form of welding and can be used on a variety of metals, including aluminum and stainless steel. But what is stick welding called? Stick welding is also known as shielded metal arc welding (SMAW).
This welding method offers a number of benefits, from its ease of use, portability, and affordability. Keep reading to explore SMAW and its wide range of uses.
What is Stick Welding called?
Stick welding is a popular welding process known by different names, such as Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Manual Metal Arc (MMA) welding, and arc welding.
As the name implies, Stick welding is a manual process, where an electrical power source is used to generate an electric arc between the surface of the metal and a filler material.
The military and major industries use Stick welding to accomplish different weld joints with thick or thin metals. The welding process uses an electrode to create a weld, so the welding procedure is often referred to as arc welding.
How Does Stick Welding Work?
Stick welding requires the use of an electrode, which helps create the electric arc.
The arc will slowly melt away the metal and the electrode, creating a weld.
- The arc creates a heat that melts the metal and creates a strong bond.
- The electrode can be made of different materials, like carbon steel, stainless steel, and even aluminum.
- The end of the electrode must be wetted with a special flux solution to control spatter.
- The heat of the arc melts the metal, creating the weld joint.
- The electrode must be clamped in a holder and lowered into the arc.
It is important to note that the holder must be long enough to reach the spot where the weld is required.
Pros and Cons of Stick Welding
Stick welding has a few advantages and disadvantages, which must be taken into consideration before deciding if this method is the best to use for a particular project.
- Stick welding is one of the cheapest and simplest methods that is easy to use.
- It has very low levels of fumes and spatter.
- It is also a portable and versatile option, which means it can be used in multiple locations.
- It is also a powerful and reliable method of welding, which means the welds will be stronger and last longer.
- Stick welding is not as precise as other welding methods.
- It can be challenging to make a consistent quality weld with the stick welding method.
- It can also be time consuming and difficult to maneuver the electrode into the desired position.
Stick welding is considered an old-fashioned welding process, but it has been used for many years in many different industries. It is still used today in applications requiring strong welds that can withstand extreme temperatures or pressures. It is also easy to use, portable and inexpensive, making it a valuable tool for professional welders.
Before deciding on the best welding method to use for a particular project, make sure to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each type of welding. This will help to ensure the best results are achieved.Citation URL:https://www. northeastremote. com/what-is-stick-welding-called/https://longevity-inc. com/blog/stick-welding-advantages-disadvantages/
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Leone de' Sommi
Leone de' Sommi (Yehuda ben Yitzchak Somi Misha'ar Aryeh; Hebrew: יהודה בן יצחק סומי משער אריה - Judah son of Isaac Somi Portaleone; c. 1525 - c. 1590) was a Jewish-Italian playwright, director, actor, poet, translator, and treaiser.
He lived most of his life in the northern Italian city of Mantua, until his death in the late 16th century. He had the fortune to live at Mantua during the apogee of its Renaissance cultural flowering, under the rule of the Gonzaga dynasty. This period was also one of relative peace and well-being for the Jewish community of Mantua, which blossomed from a mere 200 souls in 1500 to a population of 2,000 at the beginning of the 17th century. However, by 1650, a series of catastrophes had cut this number is half, and reduced the remaining Jewish-Mantuan community to poverty.
Leone was a member of the renowned Portaleone family, which boasted many famous doctors and scientists. He, however, was the first of his family to garner literary fame, as the author of some 15 plays, most of them written in Italian, as well as poetry, and even a comedy, written in Hebrew, A Comedy of Betrothal (צחות בדיחותא דקידושין) the earliest surviving work of its kind in the Hebrew language. He is now most remembered for having written the first ever treatise on the art of stage direction, which defines a precise methodology of play production, from the selection of a text through its performance. This work, entitled, Four Dialogues on Scenic Representation ("Quattro dialoghi in materia di rappresentazioni sceniche"), takes the form of four conversations, between Veridico, a tailor/playwright/director, who acts as the voice of the author, and two curious gentlemen, Santino and Massimiano, who ask Veridico various questions about the theory and practice of the theater. This work marks a major milestone in the modernization of the theater from the unsophisticated days of the Middle Ages, and it also supplies valuable information on how theatrical spectacles were conceived and performed at this point during the Italian Renaissance.
De' Sommi wrote most of his plays in poetry in the service of the Gonzaga dukes, and eventually became a member of the prestigious Accademia degli Invaghiti, from which Jews were technically barred. He wrote and directed many of the plays which the Jewish community were obliged to perform for the duchal court every year at the Carnival celebrations. Unfortunately, almost all of his works were lost in a fire at the Biblioteca Nazionale di Torino, in which sixteen volumes of manuscripts of his work were destroyed. The only works of de' Sommi which survive to this day are the aforementioned Hebrew comedy, the Four Dialogues, a comedy and a pastoral work written in Italian, and a poem in defense of women, entitled Shield of Women (Hebrew: מגן נשים), which consists of alternate lines in Hebrew and Italian.
- Entry on Leone de' Sommi in the Jewish Encyclopedia
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Fewer Calories or More Exercise: the Effect on Body Composition is Identical
Embargo expired: 1/26/2007 8:00 AM EST
Source Newsroom: Endocrine Society
Newswise — When it comes to body composition and fat distribution, a calorie is a calorie, regardless of whether it's controlled by diet alone or a combination of diet and exercise.
New research published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism reveals that dieting alone is equally effective at reducing weigh and fat as a combination of diet and exercise—as long as the calories consumed and burned equal out. The research also indicates that the addition of exercise to a weight-loss regimen does not change body composition and abdominal fat distribution, debunking the idea that specific exercises can reduce fat in targeted areas (e.g., exercise to reduce fat around a person's midsection).
"It's all about the calories," said Dr. Eric Ravussin of the Pennington Biomedical Research Center in Baton Rouge, La., and senior author of the study. "So long as the energy deficit is the same, body weight, fat weight, and abdominal fat will all decrease in the same way."
Other researchers on the Pennington Biomedical Research Center team include Drs. Leanne M. Redman, Leonie K. Heilbronn, Corby K. Martin, Anthony Alfonso, and Steven R. Smith.
For the study, the researchers followed 35 overweight (a Body Mass Index greater than 25 but less than 30) but otherwise healthy adults who were randomly assigned to follow one of three diet and exercise combinations during a six-month period. The first group was the control group, and followed a healthy diet designed to maintain the participants' bodyweight. The next group followed a diet that reduced their caloric intake by 25 percent, which equaled between 550 and 900 fewer calories per day. The final group reduced their calorie intake by 12.5 percent while increasing their physical activity to achieve an additional 12.5 percent increase in calorie expenditure.
"It was critical for our study that the calorie deficit for both groups—the one following the diet and exercise regimen and the one simply consuming fewer calories—be equal," said Ravussin. "This ensured that we would be able to measure the impact of exercise on body composition and abdominal fat."
The study began with a 5-week baseline period to carefully establish individual energy requirements. During this time, the researchers calculated the energy intake required for weight maintenance and the energy deficit necessary to achieve the desired caloric restriction.
During the first three months of the study, participants were provided with all meals. Later, participants self-selected a diet based on their individual calorie target, though calorie consumption was still monitored. Participants in the exercise group also underwent a structured exercise regimen 5 days a week. In addition to controlling diet and a guided exercise program, all participants attended weekly meetings to not only teach subjects how to adhere to their meal and exercise plans but also to boost motivation and morale.
Participants in both the calorie restricted group and the exercise group lost approximately 10 percent of their body weight, 24 percent of their fat mass, and 27 percent of their abdominal visceral fat. The distribution of the fat in the body, however, was not altered by either approach.
"The inability of the interventions to alter the distribution of fat suggests that individuals are genetically programmed for fat storage in a particular pattern and that this programming cannot easily be overcome," said Ravussin. "It also helps settle much of the debate over the independent and combined effects of dieting and increased physical activity on improving metabolic risk factors such as body composition and fat distribution."
The researchers did note, however, that exercise improved aerobic fitness, which has other important cardiovascular and metabolic implications. "For overall health, an appropriate program of diet and exercise is still the best," said Ravussin.
The researchers also acknowledge that additional research is necessary to investigate in a large number people all the independent health benefits of calorie restriction and exercise.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center is a campus of the Louisiana State University System.
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism is a publication of The Endocrine Society.
Founded in 1916, The Endocrine Society is the world's oldest, largest, and most active organization devoted to research on hormones, and the clinical practice of endocrinology. Today, The Endocrine Society's membership consists of over 13,000 scientists, physicians, educators, nurses and students in more than 80 countries. Together, these members represent all basic, applied, and clinical interests in endocrinology. The Endocrine Society is based in Chevy Chase, Maryland.
An on-line, Rapid Release version of the paper, "Effect of calorie restriction with or without exercise on body composition and fat distribution," was published January 2, 2007. The final paper will appear in the March 2007 issue of the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. The abstract is here:
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Battle Class Destroyer; Model: Arthur Shannon. The Battle class were a class of destroyers of the British Royal Navy (RN) and Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Built in three groups, the first group were ordered under the 1942 naval estimates. A modified second and third group, together with two ships of an extended design were planned for the 1943 and 1944 estimates. Most of these ships were cancelled when it became apparent that the war was being won and the ships would not be required, although two ships of the third group, ordered for the RAN were not cancelled and were subsequently completed in Australia.
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Smart devices and the internet of things (IoT) have greatly improved our lives. With only a few simple clicks, you can connect to the web, talk to friends, and stream your favourite movie. With the technology getting better, you can now change the colours of your lighting, ask your home speaker questions, and even control your appliances real-time!
These devices are indeed helpful, but they also pose high risks for personal security. Avoid compromising your data by securing your smart and IoT devices. Here are 10 easy tips to keep your home digitally safe and secure.
Most likely, your smart devices will connect to the internet using Wi-Fi. This makes Wi-Fi authentication all the more important. When setting up the connection in your router, choose the highest encryption. For most routers, it’s WPA2, but some newer routers now may come with WPA3 authentication. This keeps your network and communications secure most of the time.
If you have a router that only supports WPA or WEP, it’s time to update. It’s the main gateway for smart devices and IoT to work, so keep the security as tight as possible.
You’re free to change the name of your router, so do it! Don’t keep the name your manufacturer has set in your router. This can identify the name and model of your router. Hackers can use these details to change your default login and password, and get access to your smart and IoT devices.
Be as creative as possible in coming up with a new name. Don’t use identifiable information such as your name, birthday, or address.
Once you have a newer and more secure router, the next thing you should do is to set super-strong passwords. Avoid using your birthday or name of your first pet as your password. The more random, the better. Chances are, if you can easily think of it, hackers can easily think of it too! That’s why you should set something unique as your passwords.
It’s also recommended to change your passwords once every three months. This prevents you from possible data compromise that you may not be aware of.
Whenever your devices have an update, do it immediately. Most people are hesitant to update because it takes a big chunk of storage space. However, it’s essential to ensure your device has the latest security settings. Plus, it fixes bugs and glitches from the previous software versions.
To keep your devices updated, make it a habit to check for one at least once every few months. Otherwise, turn on the auto-update feature in your devices.
Two-factor authentication (2FA) prevents your smart and IoT devices from getting hacked. It provides an extra layer of security, which makes your devices harder to infiltrate. Aside from your password, you need the OTP sent to your mobile number or email address before accessing your account.
Most devices now have a 2FA feature. If your devices don’t have it yet, you can always set it up using third-party apps such as Google Authenticator and Microsoft Authenticator.
It’s not recommended to use public Wi-Fi. If you don’t have a choice but to connect to it, make sure you use VPN. It may seem harmless, but most cyberattacks happen using public Wi-Fi. When you and the hacker connect to the same network at the same time, they can easily collect your personal information.
As a rule of thumb, don’t use free VPN applications. They don’t tunnel your connection in any way. If anything, they may open your network to more risks.
Although you probably trust the visitors in your home, you can never be too sure. This keeps your personal information as well as their log-in details safe. Once the visitors close the guest account, no information is saved in the device. This prevents their details from being connected to your smart and IoT devices.
Great news is, most devices have ready options for guest accounts! If your devices don’t have this feature yet, you may look on how to set it up manually.
If you don’t use it, why keep it, right? Luckily, most smart and IoT devices give you the freedom and full access to your settings. Features such as remote access and voice commands are on by default. If you don’t use them, turn them off. This also applies for Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connectivities of your devices.
If hacked, they may use the mic or camera to spy on you and your family. Disabling these features blocks any possible hack points in your devices.
If your devices aren’t supported by the manufacturer anymore, it’s due for an upgrade. Even if they’re still working fine physically, an unsupported operating system poses a high risk to cyberattacks. You don’t have even the most basic level of protection and security if ever an attack happens.
Fortunately, most manufacturers support their smart and IoT devices for up to three years. Some even support their devices for up to 5 years!
No matter how fast your connection is, it may still suffer from occasional outages. This can be caused by a glitch in the broadband provider’s system or just a busy day when a lot of people connect to the internet. However, if your connection drop is an isolated case, the outage may be a cyberattack!
If this happens, make sure to contact your broadband provider and ask relevant details about the outage. If everything is fine on the provider’s end, it’s likely an attack. But no worries, you can always reset your connection by logging out your devices and changing your log-in details immediately.
Best of all, make sure your broadband is from a trusted NZ provider. Choose a plan from a reliable company that has excellent services in your area. Compare the best broadband plans now, using our comparison tool right here at CompareBear.
Looking for a no deposit and no credit check Power plan? Here are some NZ power providers available now that don't require a de...
New Zealand ranks among the top 20 countries in the world for fastest broadband, while Australia ranks among the top 55. See th...
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Posted on January 01, 2016 by Mary Hood | 0 Comments
Fused Glass and Silver Necklace Made with Precious Metal Clay
According to the Society of American Silversmiths, Precious Metal Clay (PMC) is a metal crafting medium that “consists of microscopic particles of silver or gold suspended in an organic binder to create a pliable material with a consistency similar to modeling clay.” The metal used in PMC is “noble,” i.e. in their pure state. The microscopic particles are smaller than 20 microns; it would take as many as 25 of these particles to form something the size of a grain of sand!
Developed by Japanese scientists in the 1990s, PMC may be molded with fingers and tools (just like soft clay) to create a variety of shapes and surfaces. PMC can help cut down on the labor and time used in traditional methods of metal working. Just like drops of water forming a larger puddle, the microscopic particles of metals combine to form a unified piece. Once the desired shape is reached, the binder may be burned away using a kiln handheld gas torch, or on a gas stove, depending on your materials. The remaining precious metal may then be polished, soldered, colored, or sanded—just like any normal piece of metal.
See other suppliers of PMC here.
PMC comes in different forms: lump clay, metal clay paper (or sheet clay), and watery, metal clay paste (or slip). Metal clay paper may by cut or hole-punched. Metal clay paste can be used to glue pieces of lump clay together, or it can be painted onto lump clay to create pretty designs. PMC may also be applied via a syringe to create texture and detail.
For more information on making your own precious metal clay jewelry, check out Art Clay Silver & Gold: 18 Unique Jewelry Pieces to Make in a Day by Jackie Truty or Silver Clay Workshop: Getting Started in Silver Clay Jewelry by Melanie Blaikie, both books about making jewelry with PMC.
For more resources on DIY metal clay, please consult the Metal Clay Academy.
Have you ever worked with precious metal clay?
Photos: Fashion Jewelry, Artbeads, Sherri Haab Designs, Amazon
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For Teachers and Schools
Focus on: MAKING
Come make something with us in The Studio! We offer hands-on programming in woodworking, metal, fiber, and clay. With the instruction of professional artists, students will use the tools and equipment in our studios to design and make their own functional objects or works of artistic expression.
Read on for examples of our hands-on experiences. All activities can be customized to meet individual needs and/or interests.
Students will learn the basic operation of a lathe. During this session they’ll work with a professional woodworker to be introduced to the basics of working with wood, as well as delve into learning about the variety of wood species. From there the students will each have their chance to work at the lathe, turning their own pen and applying decoration if they’d like.
Enameled Copper Pendants or Key-Chains
Students will work with a professional metalsmith as they explore the basics of working with copper. After they’re taught about varying types of metal alloys, students will prepare their metal through the process of filing. From there they’ll be introduced to the process of introducing the glass-like finish of enamel, leaving with their own finished piece.
Plates and Platters
Students will explore different clay bodies and their properties as they construct their own slab-built tableware. From there surface texture and design will be added, followed by underglaze. Each piece will be fired and clear glazed prior to being returned.
There are additional options for hands-on experiences in our Studio. For more information, please contact Natalie Sweet at [email protected]. Ask how we can incorporate STEAM into the lessons as well!
Prices range from $15 -$25 per person.
Contemporary Craft is helping to Remake Learning in the greater Pittsburgh region. Learn more at remakelearning.org.
Focus on: EXHIBITIONS
In conjunction with each exhibition, a range of multi-cultural, educational programming is available for students and teachers. Group tours in our gallery encourage seeing, participating in hands-on activities and learning about the innovative use of materials.
While we have a few suggestions below, customized experiences are also available. Staff is able to scaffold programs in order to meet the needs of students in grades 6 through college.
In this activity students are encouraged to look closely at the exhibit by searching for the answers to a series of questions. This will help them learn about how artists choose their materials and what they expect their piece to communicate.
Have your students listen as an artist statement is read. Students sketch what that statement communicates to them. Afterwards, they can see the work for which the statement was written. Students are given cards with five different artist statements. They must match the artist statement to the piece in the gallery that they think best reflects this statement. As a follow up, students may be asked to develop their own artist statement.
Be the Jury
Have your students every asked “Why is that piece on display? How was it chosen?” Our program, Be The Jury, helps answer those questions. An Contemporary Craft staff member will walk your students through the criteria that jurors and curators use when selecting pieces for a show. After this, they can “Be The Jury” and vote on which piece in the exhibition they think best meets these criteria. They may surprise you with their vote!
Programs for Girl Scouts
Our exhibitions feature world-renown artists working in clay, wood, glass, metal, fiber and found objects. This presents a great opportunity for Girls Scouts to get a behind the scenes look at the fabulous world of craft!
Prices range from $8 – $15 per person.
For more information contact Natalie Sweet at [email protected].
Are you celebrating a birthday, engagement, or promotion? Or maybe you’re looking to host a corporate teambuilding retreat. The Studio is an excellent place to add a creative element to your event. These workshops are customized to meet the needs of each request, working with a local artist or group of artists, depending on the size of your group.
- Adjustable Rings: A simple introduction to metalworking, this yields a wearable piece of jewelry for every participant.
- Fun with Polymer Clay: Assemble a pendant, pair of earrings, or magnet while getting the taste of the endless possibilities with polymer clay.
- Papermaking from Hops: Using the fibers, grains, and vines reclaimed from the manufacturing of beer, student create golden handmade papers.
- Mosaic Coasters: Create one-of-a-kind coasters by cutting and artfully arranging glass, tile, and other found objects. This workshop includes materials to make a set of four coasters and, of course, beer!
- Stamped Messages: Make your own personal message on a wallet insert, keychain, or pendant.
Pricing Options: Vary per workshop. They generally range from $35 per person-$80 per person.
Please contact staff to discuss ideas and receive a quote at [email protected]
We offer a variety of corporate teambuilding opportunities. Please contact us to further discuss the size of your group, the time frame of your event, and any specifics you would like to include.
Pricing Options: Vary per event.
Looking for some one on one time with an artist, to hone in on a technique? Private lessons may be arranged in any medium that is listed in the Studio catalog.
Pricing Options: $50 per hour
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Global petition calls on World Health Organization to set clear guidelines on minimum air humidity levels in public buildings
Dr Stephanie Taylor says, following the COVID-19 outbreak, it is more important than ever to listen to the evidence on the positive impact of air quality and respiratory health
A new global petition is calling on the World Health Organization (WHO) to produce clear guidelines on the minimum lower limit of air humidity in public buildings, given the wealth of evidence which shows mid-range humidity levels can prevent respiratory infections.
Scientists and physicians specialising in immunobiology and infection control have joined forces to support the petition, calling on the WHO to protect public health and save lives in the wake of the COVID-19 outbreak.
Every winter, buildings all over the world drop below the 40-60% mid-range humidity level threshold, contributing significantly to seasonal respiratory illness.
In light of the COVID-19 crisis, it is now more important than ever to listen to the evidence that shows optimum humidity can improve our indoor air quality and respiratory health
And the petition calls on the WHO to take swift and decisive action to establish global guidance on indoor air quality, with a clear recommendation on the minimum lower limit of air humidity in public buildings.
This critical move would reduce the spread of airborne bacteria and viruses in buildings, including hospitals, in order to protect public health.
Supported by leading members of the global scientific and medical community, it is designed to not only increase global awareness among the public on the crucial role indoor environmental quality plays in physical health; but also to call emphatically on the WHO to drive meaningful policy change; a critical necessity during, and after, the COVID-19 crisis.
As COVID-19 continues to put pressure on health systems and the economy globally, the group calls on the WHO to review the extensive research that shows an indoor humidity level of between the 40-60% relative humidity (RH), is the optimum threshold for inhibiting the spread of respiratory viruses such as influenza. This is a threshold that many public buildings drop below every winter.
Professor Dr Akiko Iwasaki, The Waldemar Von Zedtwitz Professor of immunobiology and professor of molecular, cellular and developmental biology at Yale, and an investigator for the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, said: “Ninety percent of our lives in the developed world are spent indoors in close proximity to each other.
It is time for regulators to place management of the built environment at the very centre of disease control
“When cold outdoor air with little moisture is heated indoors, the air’s relative humidity drops to about 20%.
“This dry air provides a clear pathway for airborne viruses, such as COVID-19.
“That’s why I recommend humidifiers during the winter, and why I feel the world would be a healthier place if all our public buildings kept their indoor air at 40-60% RH.”
Evidence shows the important role indoor humidity levels play in preventing virus transmission and improving immune system response.
There are three key notable findings suggesting why indoor air should be maintained at 40-60%RH in public buildings such as hospitals, care homes, schools and offices throughout the year:
One of the leading forces in the charge for a globally-recognised 40-60%RH guideline for public buildings, Dr Stephanie Taylor, an infection control consultant at Harvard Medical School, said: “In light of the COVID-19 crisis, it is now more important than ever to listen to the evidence that shows optimum humidity can improve our indoor air quality and respiratory health.
“It is time for regulators to place management of the built environment at the very centre of disease control.
“Introducing WHO guidelines on minimum lower limits of relative humidity for public buildings has the potential to set a new standard for indoor air and improve the lives and health of millions of people.”
Dr Walter Hugentobler, a GP and former lecturer at the Institute of Primary Care at the University of Zürich, added: “Raising air humidity by humidification reduces the risk of virus spread in hospitals and other buildings at low cost and without causing negative effects.
“It can also be easily implemented in public buildings, both in private and workplace environments with relative ease.
“Humidification gives people a simple means of actively combatting seasonal respiratory infections.”
The petition specifically and directly targets the WHO, due to the pivotal role the organisation plays in setting global guidelines for indoor air quality.
Today, there are no recommendations from WHO on the minimum lower limit of humidity in public buildings.
Raising air humidity by humidification reduces the risk of virus spread in hospitals and other buildings at low cost and without causing negative effects
But, if it publishes much-needed guidance on minimum lower limits of humidity, building standards regulators around the world would be encouraged to act urgently.
And, if these steps were implemented, there is optimism that the following effects could benefit global health systems and the world economy:
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|« Prev||Sermon 1032. The Two Yokes||Next »|
The Two Yokes
Delivered on Lord's Day Evening, January 14th, 1872, by
C. H. SPURGEON,
At the Metropolitan Tabernacle, Newington
'Thus saith the Lord; Thou hast broken the yokes of wood; but thou shalt make for them yokes of iron.''Jeremiah 28:13.
ALL THROUGH THE BOOK of Jeremiah you will observe that the prophet taught the people not only by words, but by symbols. At one time he took his mantle and hid it in the earth till it was soiled and worn, and then taught them something by wearing it. At another time he took an earthen pot and broke it in their presence. And on this occasion he put a yoke about his own neck as the token that Israel should be subdued beneath the power of Nebuchadnezzar. This was a strange method of teaching. I have sometimes heard complaints made by those who are fond of criticizing things they know nothing about'when a teacher puts a truth very plainly, if he shall, as it were, act what he says, he is upbraided at once as being histrionic. I know not what ungenerous words are hurled at him. Yet after all, this was what Jeremiah did. He taught the people by signs and symbols. So, too, our Lord himself. I doubt not, that when he uttered those words, 'Consider the lilies,' he stooped down and plucked a lily; and when he said, 'Consider the ravens,' he pointed to the ravens flying overhead, in the sky. At any rate, we know that once he took a little child, and set it in the midst of them. What an outcry there would be if I were to take a little child and set him here and preach about him! Did we use any kind of symbol, to what ridicule we should expose ourselves! The fact is, we might do much more good if we did less regard the general current of public opinion, and ventured to do strange things, that anyhow the truth of God might come home to a slumbering generation, and the Word of God, which must be learnt by them or they must perish, were made to tell upon their minds. The prophet Jeremiah, though exceedingly faithful in his mission, which he discharged as God would have him discharge it, with many tears in great love and deep anxiety, nevertheless had a great obstacle in his way. He was met by false prophets who withstood and contradicted him to his face. Not so very surprising either. It must ever be expected that it will be so. If God shall speak by any man, there shall be some other who protests that God speaks by him to the contrary. If there be a Christ, there will be an Antichrist; if there be a Simon Peter, there will be a Simon Marcus, if there shall be raised up by God a Luther, there shall be an Eckius, or some other controversialist who shall seek to resist and overthrow him. Let no man's heart then fail him if he be flatly contradicted when he bears testimony for God. Let him rather expect it, and go on never caring, for the fact is, the truth will outlive error, and in the long run that Word of God before which all things else are as grass and as the flower, the perishing flower of the field'the Word of God shall endure for ever and triumph over the ruin of all the words of men. Tremble not, ye feeble adherents of the truth, who fear lest your weakness should make the truth itself weak, and the strong logic and the powerful rhetoric of its adversaries should overturn the oracles of God. It cannot be. The gates of hell shall not prevail against the gospel, mighty though they be both in power and in sophistry. The truth shall abide; the right shall prevail; for God is faithful, and Christ must reign till he hath put all enemies under his feet.
With this, by way of preliminary observation, we will now come to the text, and endeavor to make some use of it for ourselves. Hananiah took off the symbolic yoke, the wooden yoke, from Jeremiah's neck and broke it. Jeremiah comes again, and says, 'You have broken the yoke of wood, but God has commanded that ye shall now wear yokes of iron.' They were not benefited, therefore, by the change, but the reverse. This is suggestive of a broad principle. From the symbol, which was applicable in one case, we draw a general truth. Whenever men say of God, 'Let us break his bands asunder, and cast his cords from us,' they may do so if they will; but instead of the yokes of wood they will be sure to get yokes of iron. If they will not submit to the government of Christ, they will have to submit to the tyranny of Satan. Some yoke they will have to wear, and if they reject the easy yoke of the Christ of God, the wooden yoke as it were which he puts on men, there shall be made for them yokes of iron, which they shall neither be able to break off nor yet to support.
So our thought will run this way. First, that men must wear some yoke or other; and, secondly, that the yoke of Christ is a very easy one; and, thirdly, that when it is refused, it is inevitable that men should wear a heavier one.
I. MEN MUST WEAR SOME YOKE. It is so naturally. There is no stage of life in which this is not the case. The child must bear the yoke in his youth. He is an unhappy child that is under no control. Probably there is nothing so ruinous to a man as to be allowed to have his own way, while yet his judgment is not ripe enough to guide him. And when we advance into youth, we are usually placed in some position of life where we are under obligations to some superior, be he parent, or guardian, or employer. Nor if we become what is called our own masters, does it make much difference. As things go now, I think there are no people that are their own masters, for the masters are bound to yield to the terms which the servants dictate; and this condition of things is getting more and more rife. I shall not discuss the right or wrong of this, where questions arise between capitalists and skillful laborers, but I will say that if the employed claim liberty, the masters might very well be allowed a portion of that choice prerogative. As it is now, I am sure he that says, 'I am a master,' is as much under the yoke to his servants as the servant is under the yoke to his master. That a man who lives in the midst of society should hold some relationship to all around him is indispensable. But men are always for changing their forms of government. Some nations have a revolution almost with every moon, but for all that there is still a yoke upon them; and if it were ever to come to anarchy, to mob rule'ah, I warrant you, it would be a yoke of iron, and of red hot iron too. God save us from it. No yoke is so hard to bear as that yoke which a people put upon themselves when they reject all order, break through all law, and will not submit to any principle or any government, however just or righteous. You cannot get on in this world without a yoke of some sort. We are not going to wear a tyrant's yoke any of us. Let lords and lands have what masters they will: in this land of ours we will be free, and our own masters still; but the selfishness of individuals or of classes must never determine the boundary lines of power or of privilege; for we can only maintain our freedom by everyone of us paying that right obedience to the law which is due from every citizen, if we would promote alike his own comfort and the common weal.
Away from those lower grounds into higher spheres'it is certainly true that we must wear the yoke. God has made us, and not we ourselves; and God has made us to be his servants. We are daily in dependence on him for the bread we eat. If any man shall say he is not dependent upon God, I will at least reply to him, 'You are dependent for the air you breathe and the power to breathe it. The life that is within you hangs upon a thread, and that thread is in the hand of the Most High.' Every moment each one of us is most certainly sustained by God. And in return for this support, there is something asked, namely, that we would submit to his will; that we would obey his law, which is perfect, and just, and right, and that having sinned against him we should rebel no longer or continue his enemies, but be reconciled to him. We are made dependent creatures, and from that very fact we must wear a yoke unto God.
Moreover, dear friends, we are all so constituted as creatures, with such passions and propensities, that when we break one yoke, the yoke which it is meet we should wear, and do not serve God, we at once bend our necks to another yoke and begin to serve something else'we serve ourselves, and oh, the slavery of serving one's self! He that makes his belly his god, and bows down to the lusts of the flesh, serves a tyrant indeed. Something or other we must serve, not only because we are dependent creatures, but also it seems to be stamped upon us that we must follow some great principle, and must yield ourselves to some spiritual influence. A yoke of some kind or another we must submit to. The man who shall say, 'I am perfectly free, and I live for nothing but myself,' is so mean an animal, that he is hardly worthy to be called a man. In his boasted exemption from all regard to his fellow creatures and to his God, he sets himself up, in his own esteem, and that after a diabolical model, alone and apart in his awful selfishness, like an iceberg to melt away, and may be to crush others as he moves along his course. What is he but a beacon, against which all are to be warned? Sir, the yoke fits the human neck, and the human neck was made to wear it. We must have some God, we must have some ruler, we must have some principle, which shall master us, and be it ours in God's name to choose the right and the best master, or else, woe be unto us.
II. Not to dwell longer upon our first point, I proceed to notice THAT THE YOKE OF CHRIST IS AN EASY YOKE. It is, as it were, a yoke of wood. Let us dwell upon this awhile. God grant that some who have never worn that yoke may, by the Holy Spirit's power, be led to carry it.
If you become a servant of Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the man of Nazareth, he asks of you nothing but what is absolutely right. His life, which is the Christian's law written out in living characters, is perfection itself. His precepts which distil like dew from his lips, are all pure and good, just and kind. It ought to be enough for a man, and would be enough for him if he were not fallen, to know that all rule is right, and to submit to it at once. When God gives a man a noble spirit, he pants to enlist in honorable service. He craves a post in the council or the camp. His heart's enquiry is, 'Where can I find a leader who will always lead me aright? Where shall I discover a law which will never lead me into evil, if I obey it? Where can I discover an example, which I may imitate in its very jots and tittles, and yet never be found any other than I ought to be?' I commend to such spirits, Jesus the Christ of God, for there is nothing in his precepts or his practices, in his profession or his life, that is not consonant with righteousness of the highest order, majestic in its compass, and scrupulously minute in its obedience.
The yoke of Christ is framed in our interest. The law of Christ is drawn up and dictated by our Councillor for our welfare. If man were infinitely wise, and could draw up a code for himself, which would involve no hardship, and entail all that was happy, he could devise no regulations more healthful, more profitable, or more pleasant than those of the Savior; he would discover that to believe in Jesus was the highest wisdom; to repent of sin, the most delightful necessity; to follow after holiness the most blissful pursuit, and to serve God the greatest delight. Service and sovereignty blend here, as when Joseph became Prime Minister of Pharaoh he was lord over all the land of Egypt. To serve God in very truth is to reign, and to become a servant of Christ, is to be made a king and a priest unto God'to be ennobled with as much dignity as human nature can bear. Jesus Christ, if he forbids you anything, only forbids you what would harm you. Say any of you of sin'''Tis sweet'? Ah! and so are many I poisoned things. Your nature goes after it. Yes, and many a sick man's nature craves for that which would be his poison. The Lord Jesus denies to those who take his yoke nothing but that which would be injurious to them. His is a blessed yoke, because it is the yoke of righteousness, and it is the yoke of personal benefit.
Moreover, Christ's yoke is not exacting. If he assesses us with one hand, he more richly endows us with the other hand. He in his grace always gives to us of his bounty what he asks of us as our duty. Under one view of divine truth, faith is man's act. The Holy Ghost never believes for anybody. A sinner must believe himself. It is a personal act. But yet in another phase of it, it is the Holy Spirit's work in the man'he gives the faith which the man exercises towards God. If then faith in Jesus be required, it is not a hard thing, because the Spirit works in men the very faith which Jesus seeks of them. If to repent of sin be thought difficult'how shall we get tears out of a rock?'the reply is, true repentance is the gift of the Holy Ghost, and when it is sought of the Lord, it is never denied. Christ is exalted on high to give not only the pardon of sin, but to give the repentance which comes before the pardon. To give repentance and remission of sins is the very office of Christ. If, then, the precepts should seem difficult, the difficulty is removed, because the virtues and graces which are a matter of precept are also a matter of promise. What is commanded in one Scripture, is conceded in another as an absolute gift of God according to the covenant of his grace. It is an easy yoke, then, sinner. Dost thou say: 'I cannot believe'? Hast thou asked for faith? Is thy heart hard? Hast thou asked to have it softened? If ye cannot come to Christ with broken hearts, come for broken hearts, for they are his gift. He will give you all'all that his gospel demands, for he is Alpha and Omega, the author and the finisher of our faith. It is an easy yoke, then, since he gives what he requires.
That the yoke of Christ is easy, I might call to witness all those who have ever proved it. Never did a man wear it but he always loved to wear it. I think I have heard that Queen Elizabeth carried the crown in the procession of her sister Mary at the coronation, and she remarked that it was very heavy, but some one standing by told her it would not be heavy when she had to wear it herself. So the precepts which some men do but carry in their hands seem very heavy; but when a man comes to know Christ and to love him, those very precepts become light and easy. 'I could not,' says one, 'be a Christian as I am: it would be very hurtful to me: I should have to give up much that I have learned to prize.' Ah! but suppose you were made a new man in Christ Jesus, there would be nothing irksome at all about renouncing old habits. Here is a raven, to tutor it into cleanly living, it must forego all carrion, it must feed upon these grains sweet and pure. The raven might pine and repine at this as a hardship, unless by some transmuting influence the raven were turned into a dove. Then it would be no hardship to forsake the carrion, which its new nature would loathe; nor would it be grievous to feed upon the clean winnowed grain, for its appetite would crave it. And, O beloved, the life of the true Christian is not a life chafed and galled with vexatious prohibitions, because pursuits which, to the non-Christian heart are distasteful and repulsive, to the renewed heart are a matter of intense delight. A man shall carry a bucket of water on his head and be very tired with the burden, but that same man when he dives into the sea shall have a thousand buckets on his head without perceiving their weight, because he is in the element and it entirely surrounds him. The duties of holiness are very irksome to men who are not in the element of holiness; but when once those men are cast into the element of grace, then they bear ten times more and feel no weight, but are refreshed thereby with joy unspeakable. Christ's yoke is easy, for the new heart rejoices in it.
The yoke of Christ is rendered easy by the bright example of Christ, and by the blessed fellowship with him to which his people are called. Christ himself carried it. Have you never read in Grecian story'I think there are one or two cases to the point'how the Grecian soldiers on their long marches grew exceedingly weary, and wished that the war were closed: they felt so dispirited. But there was a man whom they almost adored as a god'Alexander himself'and they saw him always sharing their toil. If the road was rough, the monarch walked with them: if they were short of a draught of water, Alexander would share their thirst. At the sight of him every man grew strong. Oh! it is grand to the believer to feel that, if there be a trial or a difficulty in the Christianity, Christ has borne it, and Christ is with us, bearing it still. Not like the scribes and Pharisees, who laid heavy burdens, grievous to be borne, upon men's shoulders, and they themselves would not touch them with one of their fingers; our Lord has taken the load himself and carried it, and he now says to the disciples, 'Take my yoke upon you'the very yoke I carried'and learn of me, for I am meek and lowly in heart: I have borne the trial which you have to bear and endured to the end, as you shall do through my grace.'
There is one remarkable fact about the yoke of Christ which I should like to mention. All who have borne it have always had grace given equal to the weight of the burden. I have never, yet discovered one cross-bearer among the children of God who ever expressed regret that to become a Christian and took upon himself the yoke. I have been familiar with death-beds: I have witnessed strange scenes, for the bony hand of death pulls back many curtains and plucks off many masks from faces that were accustomed to wear them. One thing however, I can solemnly say I have never scene. I have never seen a Christian weary of His Master's service. I have never heard from an aged pilgrim a word of complaint against Christ, or against his yoke. There have been a great many Christians beyond all suspicion of fanaticism, of whom none would suppose that they strove to act a part inconsistent with their true character, yet not one has had to regret that he served Christ. You know the words so often quoted of him who regretted that he had not served his God with half the zeal that he had served his kind; but I never remember, nor do any of you ever remember having heard of one who, in life's latest hour, bemoaned his allegiance to God, or bewailed the ardor with which he followed Christ. Surely, if remorse had ever begotten such a thought, some one would have been bold to utter it. And, verily, verily, if such an incident had ever occurred, there would have been no lack of historians to record it.
Another thing I think tells strongly in favor of this yoke of Christ. The servants of Christ are always anxious to get their children into the same service. Often do I hear men say, 'I don't want to bring my boy up to my trade; the work is dirty, the hours long, and the pay small.' I have heard them say, 'I should not like to see my boy in our office; there are so many temptations,' and so on. Did you ever hear a pious man say, 'I should not like my boy to be a Christian'? Did you ever hear a godly matron say, 'I should deeply regret to see my daughter become a follower of Christ'? No, but what they have possessed for themselves they have longed to have for their children. I remember well hearing my grandfather's earnest prayer for all his household. It always lay near his heart that his children and his children's children might fear the Lord. I have lively recollections of his devotions. My father, whose prayer you heard just now'how often have I heard him pray for his children; and I can truly say the prayer that is nearest to my heart is for my sons, that they may serve the Lord. There is nothing I desire so much beneath the skies. Now if Christ's yoke were hard, we could not wish to bring our children under it. We have natural affections and common sense as well as you, and having tried Christ so long ourselves, that is our desire for our posterity. I have tried him now (what shall I say?) these twenty years. Had I found him a hard master I would not beguile you or belie my own conscience. I speak the truth, there is no lord like Christ, and no service like Christ's. I would that every young man and every young woman here believed in his name and submitted to his authority, and that they would take upon themselves, through his grace, his easy peace-giving yoke.
III. If not, what then? THOSE WHO REFUSE TO WEAR THE EASY YOKE OF CHRIST WILL HAVE TO WEAR A WORSE ONE. 'Thou hast broken the yokes of wood; but thou shalt make for them yokes of iron.'
Observe! Adam wore an easy yoke in Paradise: he broke it. Himself and his posterity have had to wear yokes of iron ever since. Death has come into the world with all its train of woes. I need not enlarge enough that it is a case in point. Whenever a child of God, a true child of God, under pressure of temptation, turns aside from the right path, he is always made to feel that after he has broken the yoke of wood, he must wear a yoke of iron. John Bunyan's illustration will serve me well here. The two pilgrims, Christian and Hopeful, when they went on their way, came to a place where the road was full of flints that cut their feet, and there were thorns and briers in the way; and by-and-by one of them said, 'Here is a meadow on the other side of the hedge, and if we were just to pass through the gap we might save a corner: it would be sure to come out in the way again, and so we should be certain to avoid the rough places.' Bunyan well describes how, when they got into By-path Meadow the night overtook them and the flood, and they wished to find the road again'longing for it, rough as it had been. But Giant Despair laid hold of them, took them to his dungeon, and beat them within an inch or their lives, and it was only by mighty grace that they escaped. Take care, Christian, take care, though you shall not utterly perish, you may often have to go with broken bones through a sin. David'ah, you recollect his sin, his repentance, and his life of sorrow'how he went to his grave halting still, as a consequence, an entail of his crimes. Do not, therefore, shrink from Christian duty because it is onerous. Never, O Christian, turn aside from the straight road, the highway of rectitude, because it threatens you with shame or loss. That first loss will be vastly less than the after-losses you will incur by seeking to avoid it. Jonah would resist the word of the Lord that came to him, saying, 'Arise, go to Nineveh,' but he had to endure the perils of a voyage, to encounter the fury of the tempest, and at length to sink to the bottom of the sea, and yet to Nineveh after all he must go. If you shirk a duty you will be brought up to it yet, but it will be with bitter pain. Be ye not as the horse or as the mule, which have no understanding, whose mouth must be held in with bit and bridle, lest they come near unto thee.
The principle of our text is very applicable to all backsliders. We have known men that set out apparently on the road to heaven'made a profession of being Christians, but after awhile they tired and fainted, and walked no more with us. Christianity was to them a yoke, and they put it off. I wonder whether they have improved their condition. I believe not. I will single out a person here'may his conscience single him out. When you lived in the country, every Sabbath you went with your wife and family to the house of God. Were you a Methodist then? Never mind: you were very earnest, whatever place it was you attended. And you and your little family were very happy too. But you came to London, and after awhile the general idle habits of our London people in the morning came over you. You were content with one service a day. You did not seek Church-membership, nor cast yourself in the way of God's people. By-and-by it was not one service a day you attended, it was none at all; or else you called it religion to go and hear the music and see the religious theatricals in certain great houses in London. I know not if you called that worshipping God when you were only whiling away the hour with sensual gratifications. And at last you gave up all presence of being a Christian or of frequenting places of worship. Now I will ask you a question. You have got rid of the yoke of wood: how about your shoulders now? Your Sundays, are they very pleasant? Your family, is it very happy? Your mind, is it very much at ease? Oh, no! I know while I am talking to you you wish yourself back in the little village again listening to the minister's voice once more; for your Sundays are distasteful and comfortless, and your week days, when you think about your condition, are wretched and reproachful, and your children are not growing up in the way you could wish. Ah, sir! I pray God to make that yoke of iron very heavy to you. Do you long to get rid of that and come back and take the yoke of wood again? God of his infinite mercy, bring you back if you are his child, or if you are not of his family may he put you among his children and teach you to walk worthily.
We have known those who have backslidden in another way. Here you are now. Perhaps you used to be a professor of religion, but the little shop was situated in a neighborhood where a good deal of trade was done on Sunday; you heard it said by the neighbors: 'I do not know how it is you can shut up as you do.' The wife did not like it, nor the husband either: it was, however, done by slow degrees, and now it is always done, and you cannot both come together: there is only one can come, and the other must stop at home. Well, you have given up Christ's yoke; and Sabbath keeping seems to be too hard a thing for you. Are you better off? Are you really better off? Are you happier? Are you really happier? Something in your soul answers my question; you know you have a yoke of iron now, instead of a yoke of wood. May God help you to break away from your present slavery; and may you become a true heir of heaven.
It may be, I have here before me, one who was led into backsliding by a very common occurrence. Young woman, knew you once, when your face was radiant with happiness, while we preached Christ, and sung the hymns of Zion, but you married, and your marriage was not in the Lord. An unbelieving husband was your choice. You thought the yoke of Christ was hard when we reminded you of the precept, 'Be ye not unequally yoked together with unbelievers.' You rejected the yoke of Christ. How have you found it since? I have seen a great many such marriages, and I have only seen one'I have seen one, it is fair to say that, but I assert I never saw but one'in which I could get anything like an acknowledgement of happiness from the ill assorted pair. Here and there it has happened perhaps, that God has forgiven the fault, but not seldom it leads to alienation of heart, and to utter departure from the living God, and often too, to disappointment and heart-breaking, and to wretchedness such as I shall not attempt to describe. Those that break Christ's yoke and become backsliders, shall find an iron yoke given in its stead.
To take another class of illustrations. There are those in the world who will not have the yoke of Christ in the matter of religion'they prefer another. For instance, there are superstitious persons who are not satisfied with the Bible, they want tradition. They are not content with the teaching of the ancient church of Christ, as we find it in the Acts of the Apostles, but they hanker after those modern upstart churches, that call themselves catholic and apostolic, and amuse themselves by raking up the grotesque fashions of the middle ages. What is the consequence? Do these perverts, who cast off the yoke of the true Christian religion, get an easier yoke? Ask them. Their penances and their mortifications; their fast days and their festivals; their comminations, and their celebrations'oh, what do they get for them all? Is there one of them who can say he is saved? It is usually one of their cardinal doctrines, that no man can know he is saved, so that the only position they get in this life, is to slave on with a dim hope and to die with a grim rite, and according to one faith to go'even if it were the best man in the church'to go to purgatory. Ah, cheerless prospect! If I were a Roman Catholic, I should turn a heretic, in sheer desperation, because I would rather go to heaven than go to purgatory. I cannot see any advantage that is offered to a man: if he gets all he can get, it is not worth having. Who among you would slave his life away in voluntary humiliations, buoyed up with the cheering faith of purgatorial fires at the goal of your days? Where is the gain of it? And there is no church under heaven, except the true church of Christ, that says to men, 'Believe, and live: lay hold on Christ, and you are saved.' We present to you in Christ's name the greatest boon beneath the sky, and other churches dare not pretend to offer it. They will only tell you that you may get into a state in which you may be saved perhaps, but they do not know quite certainly: it may be you shall fall away and perish after all, but as to an absolute certain salvation in perpetuity, received by an act of faith, they know not what it is. They put upon a yoke of iron grievous to their necks.
And look at self-righteous men and women who try to work their own way to heaven. The Pharisees of old'what a slavery their life was! Any man who is seeking to be saved by his good works makes himself a slave. He must know in his conscience that his good works are imperfect, and therefore he has no title, no sure, clear title to heaven. Only the man who takes Christ to be his wisdom, his righteousness, his justification, his redemption, his all and in all'knows that he is saved; but he that getteth Christ hath all that God asks of him, he hath his sins punished in his Savior, he hath had the law fulfilled by his Savior, and he is thus saved. Those who will not have Christ, put upon their necks a horrible yoke. Oh, beware of superstition; beware of self-righteousness! These are iron yokes indeed.
But what remonstrance shall I address to the unbeliever, who says: 'I shall believe nothing: I am a skeptic. I will not bow my neck to revelation'? Well, sir, you will be sure before long to bow your neck to some tremendous absurdity. If you can once get a skeptic to tell you what he does believe, you will generally find that his credulity is on a par with his infidelity. What he relishes he feeds on without question; what he dislikes he rejects, because somebody shrugged his shoulders at it. I have sometimes tried to muddle my way through chapters of German neology. Thank God I have felt this is not the way of life, or else certainly I should never find it, though I had a doctor of divinity on either side to assist me. It is too hard and difficult for any intellects, except they happen to be of the German type, to be able to find a way through its labyrinths, and they miss it I am afraid. The men who do not believe in God, believe that this world was not made at all, but grew. If you were to sow some mustard and cress in your garden, in the form of the initials of your boy, and it came up as A or B, and you took him into the garden and said: 'Now, nobody ever sowed that seed; it grew there in that way,' you could not make him believe it. But these philosophical speculators believe that this big world, and sun, and moon, and stars, came forth without a creator. They can believe anything. You cannot convince the simplest boy in the street that somehow or other he was developed from an oyster, or some creature inferior to that, and yet these profound thinkers bow themselves down to such a belief as this. Verily, it is fulfilled in these days as of old, professing themselves to be wise, they become fools. He that will not believe the simple revelation of God, will presently find himself committed to systematic misbeliefs which distract reason, oppress the heart, and trammel the conscience. He wears a yoke of iron instead of a yoke of wood.
Still giving but a word to each case, we have hearers who, when they listen to the word, are haunted with reproach, but never softened with repentance, because of their sins. They go on hardening their necks and persevering in their iniquities. Impenitent sinner, mark this word. The day will come when inasmuch as thou hast rejected the easy yoke of repentance, thou wilt have to bear the iron yoke of remorse. A man under remorse in this world is a dreadful sight. Horrified with the past and alarmed with the future, yet having knees so stubborn that they will not bow, and blood-shot eyes that will not weep; because, alas! his heart is like to adamant that cannot feel. Of all the pangs convinced and repentant sinners bear, there are none so dreadful as the gloomy torment of remorse. I could unfold scenes that I have witnessed with my own eyes, paint the visage, and repeat the expressions of men dying in fell despair, but I will spare you. God grant that you may never have to endure that foretaste of hell upon earth, for such it is.
And what shall I say to the lover of pleasure? There are those who say, 'I shall not bear the yoke of Christ: I shall live in pleasure.' Pleasure in some instances means lust, and gaiety means crime. Have you never seen the young man who was respectably brought up in his youth, after leading a life of pleasure shivering at your door in rags? One I knew whom I had often clothed; I supposed that he was dead. But I saw him return loathsome in his filthiness, squalid and tremulous, he came begging yet again, stranger still to virtue and to shame. The poor soul still lives'a life more like death than life'a prodigal whom none can help because he does not return unto himself, nor desire to return unto his Father. London dens have in them many hapless profligates that are terrible warnings that men who seek their own pleasure put upon themselves a yoke of iron.
Oh, what revelations the infirmaries of our hospitals, and the wards of our lunatic asylums might disclose of men who have played the wanton and rioted in sin, and have worse than a yoke of iron upon their necks now! Oh, if there should have come into this house some fallen woman, about whose neck there is that yoke of iron, that she rejected a mother's precepts and disdained a father's counsel'sister, that yoke of iron from thy neck may yet be taken; but beware lest it grow heavier still! There are those who would help thee escape from thy sin in the Christian church. Arise, and flee from this evil that hath made thee captive, for there is hope yet. The Christ of God is willing to receive the foulest of the foul. Persevere not in your criminal course, or that yoke of iron will grow heavier and heavier and heavier, and be riveted to thee, till at last thou shalt perish in it'perish, and that for ever.
All unholy persons who break the law of God, and break away From the gospel's holiness, in the long run get a yoke of iron about their necks. There are those in this place, perhaps, who once used to sit with us at the Lord's table, having made a profession of religion, but they gave way to drink. I know that if they could break away from that habit now they would. If it could be done with a resolution they would do it at once, for somehow they love this house, and slink in still; and when they pass me in the streets, half-ashamed, they still remember him for whom they yet retain a love, and who retains a love for them, and would fain see them back again. But ah! ye drunkards, when ye once fall into this sin, how seldom are ye restored! May God help you! May the eternal God deliver you; for this, this iron yoke, is often hard to break. Resolve now, and pray also in God's name that you may be free. Have done with the accursed thing. God can enable you to come clear of it. May he do so now!
Another form of the same evil not often spoken of, but quite as bad, is that of avarice. We have known those who professed to be Christians, who succeeded in business and from that time they grew greedy. The gold they had stuck to their fingers burned into their flesh, yea, into their very souls and turned their hearts to steel. They have no pity now for the poor, and little care for the church of God. Ah, sirs; what an iron yoke avarice puts upon a man's neck! You see a man grown old still keep scraping, yearning still for more, afraid that he shall lose what he has, trembling in the night lest the burglars should make a forcible entrance, and fearing we know not what. His heart is in his iron safe, and is as hard as the iron of which it is made. O God, forgive! for the covetous man can no more enter heaven than the drunkard. The covetous have no place in the kingdom of God. There is a mark set upon the covetous man. Covetousness is idolatry. It is a heavy burden'the burden of avarice. Happy they who wear the yoke of Christ, for all their givings are a delight, and what they sacrifice is no loss to them, but becomes true storing'the laying up of treasure in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt.
Enough of this. The general principle running through every case is, that he who rejects the yoke of Christ bows his neck to something worse by far. Mark ye! The day cometh'I know not how soon'perhaps as here I stand and rudely talk of these mysterious things. Soon may this hand be stretched? and dumb the mouth that lisps this faltering strain. Ere this service is over, the sight of the Son of Man may be seen in the clouds of heaven, and the trumpet may ring out loud as that of Sinai of old, 'Awake, ye dead, and come to judgment. And ye living sinners, come ye also; for the great white throne is set.' And in that day the yoke of Christ will be a chain of gold about each believer's neck. To have served Christ will be our honor and our delight; but ah? the sin that once was pleasure'how it will turn to misery? How the rod of your joy will become a serpent and seek to devour you! How will you flee away from yourselves, and that which ye courted and ye loved, to ask the hills to hide you, and the rocks to engulf you, that you may not see the face of the Redeemer. Come to him now, ere yet that last tremendous day dawns. I lift him up to you now. Whosoever looks to Christ shall live Jesus the Son of God has died, and he that trusts him shall not die. There is life in a look at the crucified One. Pardon and peace come at once to the soul that trusts the Savior. May ye now trust him, ere ye leave this house, and God shall have the glory of it, both now and evermore. Amen.
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In every country, people have their own common names for plants and animals. In the scientific community, each species is given an unique name in Latin so that identification becomes unambiguous and not dependant on language, region or knowledge. Latin is the historical language of scholars and has been in use since Linnaeus first published his book on the systematic naming of plants. Since Latin is a dead language, it doesn’t evolve so this is helpful. Then again, since no one speaks Latin, regular folks just can’t seem to remember species’ names. Here are some: dog (Canis lupus familiaris), cattle (Bos taurus), bee (Tetragonula carbonaria), wild boar (Sus scrofa). It’s a tongue twister for many.
It’s common for species to be named after a person, most often the scientist who first discovered them. Recently, many biologists have resorted to naming new species to science after celebrities to spark interest among laymen, especially if the new species is endangered.
Table of contents
- 1 Aleiodes shakirae after singer Shakira
- 2 Caligula japonica after Roman emperor Caligula
- 3 Effigia okeeffeae after painter Georgia O’Keeffe
- 4 Anophthalmus hitleri after Nazi leader Adolf Hitler
- 5 Aptostichus angelinajolieae after actress Angelina Jolie
- 6 Eristalis gatesi after Microsoft founder Bill Gates
- 7 Gnathia marleyi after singer Bob Marley
- 8 Grimalditeuthis bonplandi after Monaco prince/scientist Albert I of Monaco
Aleiodes shakirae after singer Shakira
Aleiodes shakirae was discovered by Dr. Eduardo Shimbori and Dr. Scott Shaw in the eastern Andes mountains of Ecuador. This parasitic wasp was named after Shakira since it causes its caterpillar host to shake and wiggle like the singer’s signature belly dance. It seems like biologists have a tendency to name wasps after celebrities. Aleiodes frosti is named after poet Robert Frost because of his poem “The Road Not Taken”. Other ‘celebrity species’ from Ecuador named by the two scientists include Ellen Degeneres (A. elleni), Stephen Colbert (A. colberti), Jimmy Fallon (A. falloni), and John Stewart (A. stewarti).
Caligula japonica after Roman emperor Caligula
Caligula japonica, or Japanese giant silkworm, is a moth of the Saturniidae family. It is found in Eastern Asia, including China, Korea, Japan and Russia. It was first described in 1872.
Effigia okeeffeae after painter Georgia O’Keeffe
Effigia was excavated and collected by Edwin Colbert in the late 1940s. Not believing that any large vertebrates besides basal theropods like Coelophysis even lived at Ghost Ranch, the specimen was left to languish in a museum until 2006, when it was “rediscovered.” Although it looks like a six-foot-long, two-legged dinosaur, it’s actually a distant cousin of today’s alligators and crocodiles. Effigia means “ghost,” referring to the decades that the fossil remained hidden from science. The species name, okeeffeae, honors the artist Georgia O’Keeffe, who lived near the site in northern New Mexico where the fossil was found.
Anophthalmus hitleri after Nazi leader Adolf Hitler
Anophthalmus hitleri is a species of blind cave beetle found only in five humid caves in Slovenia. German collector Oscar Scheibel named the bug Anophthalmus hitleri in 1933, in honor of Adolph Hitler, who only recently had become Chancellor of Germany. Touched, the Fuhrer sent a thank you note to Scheibel.
“I’m surprised they allowed it,” says Bob Allen, a research associate at the Academy of Natural Sciencies in Philadelphia, which has one of the world’s biggest insect specimens, though not a single anophthalmus hitleri. “I know they don’t allow you to name things after religious figures – you can’t have a jesusi or a mohammedi for example. I guess Hitler is OK though.”
Aptostichus angelinajolieae after actress Angelina Jolie
Jason Bond of Alabama’s Auburn University discovered Aptostichus angelinajolieae in 2013 in the California desert at Joshua Tree National Park. Bond identified 33 new species in the park, among which A. bonoi, named after U2 front man Bono
Eristalis gatesi after Microsoft founder Bill Gates
“Like geographic features (cities, mountains, rivers, etc.), species are sometimes named after prominent people. This species was named after Bill Gates in recognition of his great contributions to the science of Dipterology. Bill’s fly is only found in the high montane cloud forests of Costa Rica,” reads a text fragment explaining the association between Bill Gates’ name and an insect in Costa Rica.
Bill Gates has donated millions through his foundation to science programs from renewable energy to wildlife conservation.
Gnathia marleyi after singer Bob Marley
Paul Sikkel, an assistant professor of marine ecology and a field marine biologist at Arkansas State University named this “gnathiid isopod” after Bob Marley — the late popular Jamaican singer and guitarist. The animal is a small parasitic crustacean blood feeder that infests certain fish that inhabit the coral reefs of the shallow eastern Caribbean.
“I named this species, which is truly a natural wonder, after Marley because of my respect and admiration for Marley’s music. Plus, this species is as uniquely Caribbean as was Marley,” Sikkel said.
Grimalditeuthis bonplandi after Monaco prince/scientist Albert I of Monaco
Prince Albert I of Monaco was an amateur teuthologist who pioneered the study of deep sea squids by collecting the ‘precious regurgitations’ of sperm whales. He devoted much of his life to oceanography, but also made reforms on political, economic and social levels, bestowing a constitution on the Principality in 1911. Grimalditeuthis bonplandi , named after prince Albert’s family (Grimaldi), is a deep-sea squid whose tentacles glow.
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Today’s Black Political Trailblazer is L. Douglas Wilder.
On January 14, 1990, L. Douglas Wilder was sworn in as governor of Virginia, joining a line that includes Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, and Harry F. Byrd. Wilder became Virginia’s 66th governor and the nation’s first elected black governor. In 2004, Wilder became the first mayor of the city of Richmond, Virginia. The grandson of slaves, Wilder is a moderate who immediately became a major influence in the U.S. political arena, announcing—but eventually repealing—his decision to run for the Democratic nomination in the 1992 U.S. presidential election. As a Washington Post correspondent wrote shortly before Wilder’s gubernatorial inauguration, “Willingly or not, Wilder becomes a symbol of the changing climate of politics in the South and the nation as a whole, the aspirations of American blacks to assume an equal place in society, and the uncertainties that confront any public leader as a new century looms.”
Wilder himself appeared aware of the significance of his victory in Virginia, noting in the Richmond News Leader that his office would be housed just blocks from the old White House of the Confederacy and just miles from the segregated neighborhood where he grew up. “As a boy,” he recalled in the News Leader, “I read the writings of [former U.S. President] Abraham Lincoln about freedom and equality, and I knew they were referring to me. My victory fulfills all of the dreams that could be dreamed by any person.”
After establishing himself as one of Richmond’s up-and-coming criminal lawyers, Wilder entered politics in 1969. He announced his bid for a vacant state senate seat, fully aware that no black had ever been elected to that body. Wilder, a Democrat, won a three-way race with less than 50 percent of the vote. Over the next 16 years, however, he was never opposed in a reelection bid for the seat.
In the Virginia state senate Wilder immediately attracted attention. In his first speech, in February of 1970, he called for dropping the state song, “Carry Me Back to Old Virginia,” because its lyrics glorified slavery and were offensive to blacks. Wilder told his fellow legislators that he and his wife had walked out of an official dinner when the song was played, with its warm words about “old massa” and the state where “this old darky’s heart am long’d to go.” His bill never passed and “Carry Me Back” remains Virginia’s official, if rarely sung, anthem. His protest, however, immediately established Wilder as the senate’s angry young man. Though he had never attended a civil rights demonstration, he was now seen as a spokesperson for black Virginians.
“I was perceived as the fair housing guy, the Martin Luther King guy, the ‘Carry Me Back’ guy,” he pointed out in the Atlanta Constitution. “All the pictures of me showed the Afro [haircut], and I was always frowning or snarling. But my record was working with people, too.” In fact, Wilder de-emphasized civil rights issues during his 16 years in the legislature, instead focusing on becoming a power among established leaders in the senate. He did, however, launch a nine-year campaign for a state holiday honoring the slain civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., with the effort ending in a compromise; the day was combined with a long-standing state holiday in January honoring Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson, resulting in a “Lee-Jackson-King Day.”
Over the years, noted the Washington Post, “Wilder earned a reputation as a shrewd, pragmatic politician who used his engaging personality and deft sense of humor, as well as his clout with black voters, to maneuver into the inner circles of power in Virginia’s clubby legislature.” Wilder’s close friend and political ally, Jay Shropshire, told the Washington Post, “He was the black kingpin. They all called on Doug Wilder either up front or out back.” The extent of this power was made clear in 1982 when he managed almost single-handedly to block the nomination of the man chosen by Democratic Governor Charles Robb to run for the U.S. Senate. The aspiring nominee, Owen Pickett, then a member of the state House of Delegates, was too conservative to suit Wilder, so Wilder announced plans to run against Pickett as an independent. The threat scuttled Pickett’s nomination.
A Power in the Senate
As Wilder’s seniority grew in the senate so did his power. By 1985 he was a committee chairman and was rated among the five most influential senators. And while his early legislative record could be considered liberal—particularly on law-and-order issues—he grew more conservative over the years. He began to sponsor fewer anti-discrimination bills and became increasingly interested in stiffening jail sentences.
Republican opponents contended that Wilder changed his views to more conservative positions when he started to think about seeking statewide office. Wilder disagreed, telling a Philadelphia Inquirer correspondent, “When you increase your seniority, you don’t have to fight as hard to be seen and heard. I started growing politically.” Regardless, he was given little chance of success when he ran for lieutenant governor of Virginia in 1985. Prominent Democrats openly feared that public resistance to a black candidate would not only mean defeat for Wilder, but for Democrats on the rest of the statewide ticket as well. But Wilder refused to accept the conventional wisdom, renting a station wagon and, over a period of two months, visiting each of the state’s 95 counties and hundreds of its towns. The personal approach worked, and in a state where blacks constitute 19 percent of the voting population, Wilder beat his Republican opponent, 52 to 48 percent, becoming the first black candidate ever elected to statewide office.
As lieutenant governor, a job with limited duties, Wilder concentrated on politics. He made a number of highly publicized speeches urging blacks to assume more responsibility for eliminating social problems in the black community. Such addresses drew praise from conservatives who, in the past, had rarely sided with Wilder. By 1989, Wilder was in such a strong position to run for governor that only one Democrat, state senator Daniel W. Bird, Jr., of Wytheville, offered a challenge for the party’s nomination. Bird withdrew early, and Wilder was nominated unanimously.
In the general election, Wilder faced Republican J. Marshall Coleman, a surprise winner of a divisive Republican primary. Coleman tried to paint Wilder as a liberal while presenting himself as the conservative alternative, a stance more in line with Virginia’s political tradition. He pledged to make the war on drugs a central goal of his administration and ran hard-hitting television commercials accusing Wilder of being soft on crime. Wilder, meanwhile, focused on positive themes, including his own rise from poverty to a prominent political standing and his ability to form coalitions. The underlying message was clear: he wanted to reassure independent and Republican-leaning whites that he was an approachable politician. Abortion, however, became the overriding issue of the campaign. Coleman’s staff included activists from anti-abortion organizations, while Wilder’s media consultant had previously worked for a national abortion-rights group. Polls indicated that Wilder benefited more from the issue than Coleman did because most Virginians favored at least some degree of abortion rights. Coleman opposed abortion in nearly all cases.
And while abortion was the most visible issue, race was regarded as a significant force underlying the election. Although Wilder made few direct appeals to the black community, support for him there was close to unanimous. He campaigned hard in white neighborhoods, especially the rural regions of southern Virginia. Spending a record $7 million on the campaign, Wilder was, according to polls, comfortably in the lead going into election day. When the votes were counted, however, he won by the slimmest of margins, beating Coleman by only 6,741 votes.
Became Virginia’s First Black Governor
Wilder was inaugurated as governor in January of 1990. “As we salute the idea of freedom today, let us pledge to extend that same freedom to others tomorrow,” he told a huge crowd of spectators gathered at Capitol Square. “For we know that freedom is but a word for the man or woman who needs and cannot find a job.” Quoting black playwright Lorraine Hansberry, he added, “Freedom is a dream deferred when it dries up like a raisin in the sun.”
As governor, Wilder became known for conducting matters in Richmond secretively and earned a reputation for being vengeful toward his adversaries and inconstant in his political agenda. Though he has maintained his pro-choice position and continues to stress the importance of enacting civil rights legislation, he has eschewed his liberal views on the death penalty and taxation. He also gained the attention of the national media in what was referred to as a feud with a former governor of Virginia, U.S. Senator Charles Robb. A years-long rivalry between the two Democrats culminated in allegations by Wilder of phone tapping, and a criminal investigation was initiated. Commenting that the Wilder-Robb dissension may have “irreparably hurt” Robb’s career and “[raised] new questions about the Democrats’ image,” Newsweek correspondent Bill Turque noted in 1991, “For Wilder, the feud is likely to burn much of the historic luster from his national reputation.”
Wilder has, however, received praise from financial analysts as well as his constituents for maintaining his firm views on fiscal matters, trimming Virginia’s budget and cutting government staff during the recession of the early 1990s. “My vision is of a government that is prioritizing the spending of the taxpayer’s money,” he explained to Range. “We should spend for needed services, not for nonsense.” Virginia, an especially hard-hit state during the economic downturn, was faced with a budget deficit of $2.2 billion upon Wilder’s inauguration. “Instead of raising taxes,” observed Time correspondent Laurence I. Barrett, “[Wilder] deftly shaved expenses without cutting major arteries. He also created a $200 million contingency fund as a buffer against a 1992 deficit.”
After only two years in the governor’s mansion, Wilder announced on September 13, 1991, his intentions to seek the 1992 Democratic presidential nomination. Taking his moderate credo to the national arena, Wilder rose as a viable candidate who offered black voters an alternative to the more liberal aspirant of past elections, Jesse Jackson. The governor drew criticism early in his underfunded campaign, though, for such vague policy proposals as his Put America First Initiative, which entailed a “$50 billion spending cut, $35 billion in breaks for middle-class families and $15 billion in ‘reduce bureaucracy grants’ to states,” according to Time’ s Barrett. “How this game of musical dollars would lessen the deficit is murky,” the reporter remarked.
Pointing to the financial straits of the state of Virginia, Wilder withdrew his candidacy in January of 1992. “I said that if it became too difficult for me to govern the Commonwealth and conduct a presidential campaign, I would terminate one endeavor,” Wilder announced in his State of the Commonwealth address to the Virginia General Assembly, as quoted in the New York Times. “I was left with a choice: either to devote all of my energies to delivering the message or to guiding Virginia through these difficult times. I have chosen the latter.” Ayres also cited lack of voter confidence and Wilder’s less than one million-dollar store of campaign funds as reasons for his withdrawal. With his term as governor ending in 1994, Wilder, a man who, according to Barrett, “is in love with public life,” will no doubt remain an influential figure in American politics. “I am concerned about the direction this country is headed,” he declared, according to Ayres. “I have the vision, experience and fortitude that is necessary to help reverse this dangerous trend and put this great nation of ours on the right track again.”
Back to Politics
Wilder left office in 1994, obeying a Virginia law that does not allow governors to hold consecutive terms. For nearly ten years, Wilder engaged in the types of activities befitting an ex-governor: he briefly hosted a morning radio show that was broadcast in Virginia, Baltimore, Maryland, Washington, D.C.; he taught political science at Virginia Commonwealth University; he practiced law; and in 2002 he served as chairman of a commission to study efficiency in Virginia’s state government. He was honored to be considered for the presidency of his alma mater, Virginia Union University, though he declined the offer, and he has consistently backed efforts to create a National Slavery Museum in Fredericksburg, Virginia.
By 2004, however, the call of politics had pulled him back into public life. The city of Richmond, Viriginia, had been in decline for years, with poverty and crime plaguing the once-proud city. Citizens approved a new form of government headed by a strong mayor, and many in the city called for the experienced ex-governor to join the race. Explaining to Jet why he was willing to run, Wilder said: “I’m not entitled to rest when I look and see little kids being shot up and maimed and crippled, and people are afraid to go on their streets and walk and to be educated in their schools. I began to look around and see the reason.” In November of 2004 Wilder easily won the mayoral election, trouncing opponents who were outmatched against such a seasoned politician. In his acceptance speech, quoted in the Washington Post, Wilder told the citizens of Richmond: “This is a new beginning.” In truth, it was a new beginning for Wilder as well.
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| 0.979632 | 3,000 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The US military involvement resulted in 56,220 Vietnam War casualties, according to the U.S. National Archives.
The Vietnam War presents multiple challenges to historians due to official discrepancies with draft numbers, contention over official number of soldiers deployed, and a general lack of transparency from the US government during the war leading to possible misinformation in historical records.
This is a comprehensive record set of military personnel who died as a result of the Vietnam War from June 6, 1956 to May 28, 2006. The Vietnam War Deaths index on findmypast.com compiled more than 52,000 transcripts of soldiers that died in service to their country.
Details within the Vietnam War Deaths collection may include:
Original data compiled from National Archives Record Group 330: Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1921-2008. Compiled as part of the Defense Casualty Analysis System (DCAS) Extra Files.
Data provided by Electronic and Special Media Records Services Division (NWME), National Archives and College Park.
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Grade 6 students had the special opportunity of meeting award-winning author Nora Raleigh Baskin this past Friday at an assembly in Memorial Hall. Nora's book, nine, ten: A September 11 Story was a required summer reading for all incoming sixth graders. The thought-provoking story follows four middle school students from across the country in the days leading up to and following the 9/11 terrorist attacks.
Nora shared personal stories that helped shape her perception of the world, like the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., and revealed anecdotes about the research and interviews she conducted while writing her book. Students chimed in with comments and questions throughout the presentation, allowing a fluid dialogue about the impact of terrorism on religious tolerance, racial tensions, and immigration. It was a powerful conversation, leading all to reflect on how the events of September 11, 2001 have shaped our collective perspective.
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The global geographic information system (GIS) market is driven by increasing demand for geographically correlated information, globally. In the developed countries of North America and Western Europe, the GIS market has witnessed significant growth post economic slowdown. In developing countries, the increasing penetration of consumer navigation system, owing to the growth of connected mobile devices is driving the demand of GIS market. Over the past few years, the geographic information system market has witnessed high growth in the engineering and business service sector.
Although, the growth of the global GIS market is driven by various growth drivers, but it is hindered by numerous restrains, which includes growing demand of open-source GIS software, along with high cost of GIS software. The developing countries including China and India have large number of medium and small scale industries. However, the companies are less reluctant while investing in expensive GIS software. Moreover, the lack of skilled workforce and inadequate planning for GIS implementation in developing countries is also hindering the full flooded penetration of the global GIS market.
The size of a geographic information system often varies on case-to-case basis. The level of data integration depends largely on requirement. Geographic information system software encodes three distinct types of data that includes vector data, raster, and spatial data. The geographic information system is available in different format over the network, which includes mobile GIS, Web GIS and virtual globes. The data base management system (DBMS) acts as heart of the geographic information system. DBMS stores and manages both aspatial and spatial data used in the geographic information system. It facilitates searches, mathematical operation and grouping and un-grouping of location based data.
Over the past few years, the GIS technology has witnessed significant growth in disaster management, including flood management, forest fire management, carbon management and climate change. The government in developed country of North America and Europe are profoundly reliant on GIS for disaster management. Moreover, the GIS technology for disaster management is also witnessing increasing penetration in developing countries including China, Brazil, and India. The modern geographic information system provides real time information on geography, and any changes in the information lead to assessment by experts.
The integration of GIS and building information management (BIM), development in the virtual reality based 3D GIS mapping, along with the integration of the GIS mobile devices with sensor based technology has led to the lucrative growth in the spatial data availability for the new users. Moreover, the cloud based spatial data provides a cost effective cloud GIS computing solutions for organizations to enhance the productivity. Software as a service (SaaS) based cloud model is expected to be widely adopted in GIS solution during the forecast period.
Some of the major companies operating in the global geographic information system (GIS) market include Environmental Systems Research Institute Inc. (Esri), Pitney Bowes Inc., MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates Ltd., SuperMap Software Co. Ltd., PASCO CORPORATION, Ubisense Group PLC., Bentley Systems Incorporated., Schneider Electric SE, and Autodesk Inc.
Read more and get the study on: www.psmarketresearch.com
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| 0.923125 | 648 | 2.59375 | 3 |
One of the most famous water-walking creatures is the common basilisk lizard. These South American reptiles are far too large to be kept aloft by surface tension and other interfacial effects. They generate the vertical force necessary to stay above water by slapping the water hard and fast. There are three phases to a basilisk’s water running gait: the slap, the stroke, and the retraction.
In the slap phase, the lizard slams its foot flat against the water surface at a peak velocity of about 3.75 m/s. The impact pushes water down and generates an upward force on the lizard that accounts for between 15-30% of the lizard’s body weight, depending on the size of the lizard. The rest of the upward force comes from the stroke phase, where the lizard pushes its foot downward in the water, causing an air cavity to form.
The air cavity is vital for the last phase of the lizard’s step. The basilisk must pull its foot out and prepare for the next slap, ideally doing so without generating too much drag. The lizard does this by pulling its foot through the air cavity before it seals. Doing so through air is much easier than through water.
Water-walking this way requires fast reflexes. Basilisks take up to 20 steps per second when running across water and reach speeds of about 1.6 m/s. Although both juvenile and adult basilisks can run on water, the smaller lizards do better because they can generate more than enough impulse to overcome their weight. (Image credit: T. Hsieh/Lauder Laboratory, source; video credit: BBC; research credits: J. Glasheen and T. McMahon, G. Clifton et al.)
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| 0.924713 | 358 | 4 | 4 |
Let's Investigate: Woodland Footprints
This set of engaging woodland footprints is a great way for children to start or discuss their woodland explorations!
Each set includes a footprint for a fox, squirrel, rabbit, frog, deer, hawk, owl and mouse.
The footprint stones can be sorted by categories such as feathers, claws or diet. Children can record their findings by taking rubbings, making impressions in play clay and investigating what else they can find out about each animal.
When the work is done, the children can give the footprints a good clean with soap and water before a new woodland adventure.
The footprints are made from a unique stone mix and are robust enough to be used throughout an early childhood environment, both inside and outdoors.
Contains eight double-sided stones (3’’ approx.).
Correlation to Common Core: SL.K.1.
Correlation to ECERS-R: Language-Reasoning – 16, 17; Activities – 19, 23, 25.
Correlation to ITERS-R: Listening and Talking – 12, Activities – 15, 22.
Ages 2+ use only with supervision.
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| 0.915023 | 241 | 3.921875 | 4 |
The Abbey of Our Lady of Phước Sơn is home to 220 monks, including 80 novices and postulants. In Vietnam, there are about 1,002 Cistercian monks and 244 Cistercian nuns.
Phước Sơn (AsiaNews) – “Young Vietnamese are attracted to the monastic life,” says Fr Gioan Baotixita Dung, a Cistercian monk at the Abbey of Our Lady of Phước Sơn.
The abbey, which is about 70 km south of Ho Chi Minh City not far from Vũng Tàu, is home to 220 monks, 80 of whom are novices and postulants (picture 1). In addition to work and prayer, the monastery is also a place for theological study.
Introducing some young novices, Fr Dung explains that Vietnamese religiosity is rooted in ancient Buddhist and Taoist traditions. When some decide to enter a monastery, the country’s history of persecution plays a role, leading to radical choices in life.
Like in any Benedictine monastery, the monks work to achieve food self-sufficiency, growing rice, medicinal plants; they also clean and work in the laundry and kitchen. Part of the rice harvest is donated to the poor.
The abbey also has a building to host local believers for retreats and spiritual exercises.
The chapel is the central building, built in the oriental style with a pointed roof (picture 2), a token by Cistercian monks to bring Benedictine life closer to Vietnamese culture. This was also the goal of its founder, Fr Henri Denis (1880-1933), who led the Benedictine experience.
Fr Denis had come to Vietnam as a missionary with the Société des Missions Etrangères de Paris (Society of Foreign Missions of Paris). He had chosen the monastic life in 1918 taking the name of Benoît (Benedict) and began to gather around him many young people attracted by a life of austerity life and community.
At that time, the monastery was located in the Diocese of Huế, central Vietnam, but when Vietnam split in 1954 between North and South, the monks moved South.
Upon reunification in 1975, the monastery went through hard times. After communal life was banned, many monks lived their vocation at home with occasional gatherings with other religious. Some of them were also imprisoned.
When Vietnam embarked on a path of economic reform and overture to the world in 1986, religious freedom began to blossom once again, encouraging many vocations.
At present, there are nine male and three female Cistercian monasteries with about 1,002 monks and 244 nuns, according to the Order’s own figures for 2015.
The remains of Fr Denis (who changed his name to Benoît Thuân) lie in the garden of Phước Sơn Abbey (picture 4). The cause of his beatification is currently underway.
Photo: Silvana Daneker
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| 0.966478 | 660 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Honesty is important for its own sake, and it's vital for your education—in high school and later in college.. You can't learn how to write if you simply download your papers from the Internet. You can't learn algebra if you copy your problem sets from a friend or an answer book. You can't learn Spanish or chemistry if you don't complete the assignments yourself. You won't really know the materials in high school, and you won't be prepared for college-level work.
The only way to learn is to do your papers, readings, and problem sets yourself. Later, you'll build on what you learned as you face more advanced assignments. If you didn't do the earlier work yourself, you simply won't be prepared for the later assignments, or for more advanced courses..
Even your mistakes can be valuable (and, believe me, we all make them). They'll show you and your teachers where you need more help and more practice. Correcting your missteps is a vital part of learning. That's as true in Spanish as it is in biology.
Cheating denies you all that. It denies you a chance to learn. Even if you aren't caught (and you may well be!), you'll still miss what is most valuable about college: getting a real education. The only way to get that education is to work honestly. It's the high road to developing your own best values, too.
What does it mean to do honest work? The answer boils down to just three core principles:
Of course, there are plenty of detailed rules about academic honesty. Textbooks are filled with them. But ultimately they boil down to just three core principles. These principles are easy to remember, and they apply to everybody in the university, students or teachers alike. Follow them and you'll do fine.
In talks with high school students, I explain what these principles mean, why they matter, and how they affect student papers, tests, and lab assignments. I highlight the proper use of the Internet, a major source of potential problems. In Q&A, we talk about issues that affect students directly, from writing papers to handling lab assignments.
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| 0.971562 | 442 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Historic Green-Wood Cemetery, via The Green-Wood Historic Fund, offers a wide range of opportunities for educators and students. An obvious resource to create powerful lessons on the Civil War and American Revolution, Green-Wood and its wealth of trees, lakes, birds, sculpture and architecture, is also a springboard for learning at all academic levels, including professional development and tours for special interest groups. Click here for highlights from past education programs at Green-Wood and ideas for your class.
In conjunction with local public schools, the Historic Fund offers educational programs on topics ranging from the Civil War to art and architecture. The ever-expanding Historic Fund Archives record the history of the Cemetery with photographs, documents and artifacts of Green-Wood and its permanent residents. Stories about many of these residents, as well as coverage of Historic Fund events and Green-Wood news, are published in The Arch, the Historic Fund’s magazine. The Historic Fund Bookstore offers books about Green-Wood, as well as best-selling and hard-to-find books about its famous and infamous inhabitants.
Unique educational programming opportunities at Green-Wood include the following:
1. Science – Students see first-hand the effects of acid rain on stone, metal and trees. (Grades 4-12)
2. Math – Teachers have led classes in statistical analysis and graphing, creating charts that compile independent research in mean, median and mode. (Grades 5-8)
3. Language Arts and Theatre – The many lives and stories at Green-Wood make it a place that inspires writing, poetry and performance. Students have researched historical characters from the 19th and 20th centuries and led performance-based tours for the general public. (Grades 6-college)
4. Symbolism and Story Telling – The nearly 600,000 monuments on display at Green-Wood are rich in symbolism. Upside down torches (symbolizing an extinquished flame, or a life ended) or a whimsical hourglass with wings (symbolizing that “time flies”) are just two of the hundreds of examples of symbolism study possible. (Grades 4-college)
5. The Civil War – Green-Wood is home to countless monuments that reveal New York’s involvement and the very human side of that era (1861-1865). In fact, one of the oldest monuments in the United States, The Civil War Soldiers’ Monument (erected in 1869) is here at Green-Wood. This monument features four life-size statues of soldiers and plaques that students use to interpret and discuss this era. (Grades 4-10)
6. Music and Art – A guided walk through Green-Wood offers both the highest point in Brooklyn (with views of New York Harbor, The Statue of Liberty and the Empire State Building) but also countless opportunities for discovery, research and serendipity. Classes have used Green-Wood to learn about such historical characters as John Matthews (“The Soda Fountain King”), George Tilyou (“19th Century’s Master of Creative Mayhem” and the founder of Coney Island’s Steeple Chase Park) and Dr. Susan McKinney Steward (the first African-American female doctor in New York) and have used these characters as jumping-off points to compose music and create collages, drawings and murals.
7. Stained Glass Studies – Beyond the fact that Louis Comfort Tiffany (founder of Tiffany Glass) is buried at Green-Wood, the grounds here are rich with mausoleums boasting a remarkable range of 19th-century stained glass art. Art teachers interested in this craft could avail themselves of Green-Wood to train students in this art.
8. Inventors and Innovators – Green-Wood is a “Who’s Who” of 19th- and early 20th-century inventors. A short list of some of these are: Elias Howe (inventor of the sewing machine), Eberhard Faber (inventor of the pencil), Henry Chadwick (dubbed the “Father of Baseball” by President Theodore Roosevelt), and Charles Feltman (inventor of the hot dog). People who invented everything from the paper clip to the tuxedo are here at Green-Wood. (Grades 5-12)
Schedule a School Visit
All tours and lesson sessions will be led by Steven Estroff, The Historic Fund’s education and outreach coordinator. Steve worked as a middle school teacher for 15 years and well understands the realities of teachers. He provides support, materials and guidance to help you and your class have a first-rate and meaningful learning experience at historic Green-Wood. You can contact Steve at [email protected] or 718-210-3010 for more information or to arrange a school trip.
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If you’ve been in London over the past month or so, you won’t just have felt the heat. You’ll have seen it. Roads melted, rails buckled and the grass in our public parks became a dry, pale yellow. Temperatures reached the highest ever recorded in the UK (40.3 degrees). Records fell across Europe too, and wildfires raged. Globally, the seven warmest years on record have all occurred since 2015.
But is it really the result of climate change? Can you really be totally, completely, 100 per cent sure?
That question – that doubt – has been peddled by a handful of prominent people in academia, politics and the media for decades. Now, a new three-part documentary, Big Oil v the World (all episodes available on BBC iPlayer), charts how this questioning of the scientific consensus was insidiously pushed by the fossil fuel industry over the years in an attempt to delay meaningful action on climate change.
While hardly shining a light on any brand new information, the documentary is a comprehensive and damning overview of how Big Oil systematically set about fighting the science on global warming – right from when the industry first realised its activities were increasing temperatures. Exxon was conducting research into it by 1979. By the late eighties and early nineties, the link between fossil-fuel emissions and global warming was widely acknowledged. Governments across the world were voicing their concern and proposing plans to tackle the problem.
“Momentum was on our side, and it kind of opened up the world and you had the feeling… this is really going to change,” says Tim Wirth, one of the first US senators to attempt to address the problem of global warming through legislation. “But the minute targets and timetables began to appear, those were magic signals to the industry… Little did we know how devastating the counter-attack was going to be.”
And devastating it was. Every major company in the fossil fuel industry, as well as every manufacturing trade association that produced or consumed fossil fuels, came together under the banner of the Global Climate Coalition in 1989. Its purpose was simple: to push back against the emerging evidence that pumping CO2 into the atmosphere wasn’t a good idea. By this time plenty of journalists were looking to report on this issue but were stumped by its complexity. The backgrounders provided by the GCC’s press team would, in reality, serve to confuse reporters even more.
The GCC also cottoned on to the fact that industry spokespeople held less sway with the public and the media than third party experts – and so they set about recruiting them, pushing for them to appear on panels, news shows and in the pages of popular publications as dissenting voices against the emerging consensus.
The series also puts the links between the oil industry and the Republican Party under a spotlight. Rex Tillerson, former CEO of Exxon Mobil, was appointed US Secretary of State by Donald Trump in 2017; Dick Cheney, former Halliburton CEO, went on to serve as vice president to George W. Bush – who was already parroting Big Oil’s doubts about human-induced warming less than a year into his presidency. Political lobbying was key – legislative failures for both the Clinton and Obama administrations which prevented the US from taking action on climate change were in large part engineered by the industry.
But as damning as Big Oil v the World is, there are limits to its effectiveness: first, it’s three hours long. Wonkish documentaries can be off-putting at the best of times. While its subject is big, not to mention potentially cataclysmic, being respectful of viewers’ time wouldn’t hurt. And there’s a second, broader issue, although it’s not one which is the fault of this team of filmmakers.
When it comes to climate change being referenced in film and TV, the lion’s share of the coverage is in documentaries. A study commissioned by Good Energy, an organisation campaigning for more coverage of the climate crisis in film and television scripts, found that less than one per cent of scripts in the US contained the term “climate change”.
Analysing the scripts of 37,453 TV episodes and films that aired in the US from 2016-20, the study also found that only 2.8 per cent of scripts mentioned any of 36 commonly-used “climate-adjacent” words or phrases, such as “global warming,” “climate crisis,” or even “save the planet”. It also found that of films that mentioned extreme weather or fossil fuels, only 10 per cent had any dialogue about the climate crisis. (One high-profile exception from before the study was The Day After Tomorrow (2004), a disaster movie intended to serve as a warning about climate change, which was released to criticism from all sides, including from climate scientists and activists for its lack of scientific accuracy.)
This lack of representation in the culture is a problem. The whole point of Big Oil v. the World is that stark scientific facts about climate change are, depressingly, not terribly effective at cutting through. Entertainment can do it so much better.
Parasite (2020), for instance, motivated Seoul’s authorities to renovate 1,500 of the Banjiha basement apartments like the one the Kim family lives in. Philadelphia (1993) was a significant step forward in the struggle to de-stigmatise HIV/Aids. In 1975, the year Jaws was released, beach attendance in the US went down; false reports of shark attacks went up.
Adam McKay’s Don’t Look Up was a welcome foray into climate territory by satirically depicting humanity’s reaction to an impending comet strike big enough to wipe out Earth. Humanity reacts – spoiler alert – by doing nothing. A clear metaphor for climate catastrophe and our collective unwillingness to tackle it, the film has proven scarily prescient. It was released at the end of 2021, since when TV presenters on real channels, in real time, have made light of the oncoming threat with what can only be called a toxic level of positivity.
Don’t Look Up wasn’t ignored. In fact it notched up the biggest week of views in Netflix history. Big Oil v. the World is a thorough account of the way the fossil fuel business has focused resources on winning over hearts and minds to a worldview that doesn’t care about the world, the future or humanity. It’s time Hollywood told the story, as only it can.
Here are this week’s recommendations.
Trainwreck: Woodstock 99 (Netflix)
Richie Havens, the singer-songwriter who performed a three-hour set at the original Woodstock in 1969, described the festival as “both a peaceful protest and a global celebration.” The 1999 revival of the event, as this new Netflix documentary shows, was the polar opposite.
Trainwreck: Woodstock 99 charts the depths to which the festival sank, with sexual violence, vandalism and arson marring the weekend and its attempt to live up to the original’s celebration of peace and music. It’s far darker than Netflix’s 2019 hit of the same genre – the festival disaster documentary Fyre – and the blame game that’s played by organisers and promoters is particularly disturbing given the horror playing out in the original footage. Some of the decisions, like one to hand out candles to thousands of intoxicated festival-goers, are simply jaw-dropping. A three-episode account of a real-life horror show.
Rogue Agent (Netflix)
When Alice (Gemma Arterton) meets smooth car salesman Robert Hendy (James Norton), her life is upended: he reveals that he is, in fact, an undercover MI5 agent, except, he isn’t actually that either – in reality he’s a conman with a track record of using his false identity to extort and kidnap victims. A fictionalised version of the story of real-life conman Robert Hendy-Freegard, this has suspense, twists and excellent performances from Arterton and Norton underpinned by a strong script. A thrilling watch.
Volt Rush – Henry Sanderson
Something often promised as a beneficial byproduct of the transition away from fossil fuels is the end of armed conflict over natural resources. But as Henry Sanderson, the FT’s former metals and mining correspondent, makes clear in his new book, a future in which all our houses, offices and vehicles are powered by solar and wind will be a future dependent on batteries. And these batteries can’t be made without essential rare earths and minerals. Rather than consigning the global race to control natural resources to history, we may just be gearing up for a new one. The race for these resources also generates a race to the bottom in terms of labour practices, as in the Democratic Republic of Congo’s cobalt mines.
Rather than making an anti-green argument, Sanderson is warning of the new geopolitical reality that will exist as a result of a transition that we’re already in the throes of. He also makes the point that this is an opportunity simply to consume less. A timely and thought-provoking book on an issue which will likely soon dominate much of our lives.
P.S. If you didn’t catch Giles Whittell’s Tortoise ThinkIn on this subject back in June, do give it a watch.
The Measure – Nikki Erlick
Life’s two certainties are death and taxes. When it comes to the latter, we’re told exactly how much we have paid – or are due to pay – either in our payslips or through the post. But what if we were suddenly given the same level of information about life’s other certainty, death? That’s the question posed by Nikki Erlick in her debut novel, The Measure. Every person over the age of 21 wakes up to find a box with their name on outside their home containing a piece of string. The length represents the amount of time each person has left. In such a scenario, how would you react? Would you even look?
Some of Erlick’s characters opt not to. Others, known as the “short-stringers”, attend support groups to come to terms with their tragically short lifespans. Politicians quickly look to take advantage, turning long-stringed citizens against the short-stringed. The Measure has a brisk pace and doesn’t attempt to take itself too seriously. A pacey and intelligent summer read, perfect for the beach.
Thanks to this review of Renaissance by Beyoncé from Sensemaker Daily reporter Phoebe Davis
There are lots of words you could use to describe Beyoncé. Singer. Chart-topping. Black. Mother. Wife. Queen. But her new album Renaissance – her first solo endeavour since Lemonade six years ago – can be summed up in just one: sexy. The tracks positively drip hedonism and intimacy and beats you can’t help but move your body too. Unlike the introspection of Lemonade, this isn’t a break-up album. Rather, it’s a celebration of Black-ness, queer-ness and above all being unique. Personal favourites are the closing track, ‘Summer Renaissance’, a homage to the disco icon Donna Summer’s 1976 track ‘I Feel Love and Move’ (featuring this year’s Kite festival headliner Grace Jones and Nigerian singer-songwriter Tems). But there is really something for anyone who finds euphoria and freedom in dance. The only caveat: both Beyoncé and Lizzo (Special) have faced backlash for using an able-ist slur on their album that led to the removal of the word from their respective tracks. As much as artists may wish they worked in their own creative bubbles – they don’t. There’s the potential for power in music – as both their albums prove. Wield it with care.
Thanks to Tortoise ThinkIn Executive Katherine Whitfield for this review of The Blindboy Podcast, by David Chambers AKA Blindboy Boatclub
“Even for someone with as short an attention span as mine, The Blindboy Podcast is a delight. Hosted by David Chambers, the satirist and musician commonly known as Blindboy Boatclub, each episode is a deep dive into topics ranging from mental health to the Limerick swinging scene; from the secret meanings of Pampas Grass and palm trees to the not-so-tenuous link between warfare and Cubism. Who knew a monologue could be so interesting?
‘A post lockdown mental health plan’ guides the listener through Chambers’ own experience of lockdown and the impacts that enforced isolation had on his mental health. During the pandemic, health professionals and politicians told us staying inside was the safest thing we could do. Seeing loved ones even at a two-metre distance became a potentially life-or-death risk. Socialising was dangerous with a capital D. For someone with social anxiety, this public health fact reinforces those internal voices that tell us that the outside world is scary. This unravelled a lot of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) work Chambers had done to recover from agoraphobia.
In comes Chambers’ personal ‘map for healing’ to guide himself out of the panic, from a state of grief, panic and hyper-vigilance to a mindset that’s more mindful and present, and less fearful. The market for mindfulness and wellness podcasts is now saturated terrain. They can too often be hot yoga and green juice, over-simplifying the lived reality of mental illness. The Blindboy Podcast’s mental health-centred episodes are a welcome remedy.
Summarising other episodes, of which there are hundreds, would be a disservice to the sheer volume of research Chambers does for each one, and would spoil the often bizarre journey of listening to each carefully crafted hour. The Blindboy Podcast has been nominated for Best Arts & Culture, Best Entertainment, Best Health & Wellbeing, and the Spotlight award at The Irish Podcast awards — give it a listen to see why.”
Don’t forget to send in your own recommendations for Creative Sensemaker to [email protected].
That’s all for now. Enjoy the weekend and take care of yourselves.
Photographs courtesy BBC/Mongoose Pictures, Netflix, Getty Images
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Here in the northern California foothills, way back – way way back in the Jurassic period, long before the city of Lincoln was Lincoln, there was a mountain range here the size of the Andes. If you garden much you are already aware that just a couple feet under the surface of your grass is a layer of boulders and cobblestones – remnants of a time when this mountain range existed. Walk the trails and you’ll see rock formations the size of houses and cars all along the valley, and of course the smaller cobblestones. Ancient molten rock cooled and formed the granite basis for this mountain range. Millions of years of erosion and lifting, cracking and “rounding” the jagged corners of enormous hunks of granite resulted in the outcroppings of these fantastic boulders. Lincoln also has abundant clay as evidenced in the still thriving business downtown at Gladding McBean, and the hills still have gold. They really do. We also have a salt marsh, born from ancient seas that covered the area. Our Kilaga Springs Lodge is located in the area of that salt marsh.
The idea of Lincoln was actually a result of plans in 1854 to lay railroad tracks from Sacramento to Folsom. Charles Wilson and W.T. Sherman – actually General Sherman of the Civil War – along with engineer Theodore Judah were on the team to make that happen. But the railroad plan was not successful in reaching its goal and so Charles Lincoln bought the land upon which Lincoln now stands for a paltry $600 and a town plan was laid out in 1859. The railroad arrived in 1861 with a post office to follow making Lincoln official. The climate, the scenery, the resources and the people all made Lincoln a desirable place to live, continuing to this very day. Lincoln is one of the fastest growing cities in America now, and our quality of life is spectacular, thank you very much.
I do not know who said it but it is worth repeating – “Bloom Where You Are Planted!” and then after you have bloomed, continue to thrive and become a perennial.
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Many years ago, Michael Orton used two images together to create a brand new effect. He achieved it by using one focused and one unfocused image. The two images were then combined together to create the new effect that was aptly named the Orton Effect. Now, you can create this effect by taking two images of the object, one focused and one unfocused. Or, if you’re smart (depending on how you look at it), you can simply do it by using Adobe Photoshop. So, today, I will teach you how to create the famous Orton Effect in Photoshop, all by yourself. Though at the time of origination, the effect was done using film, we will adopt it to digital photography today!
Go ahead and pick out an image that you would like to use during the course of this tutorial. The image I am going to use is given below.
Now, open your image in Photoshop and start by duplicating the background layer. To avoid confusion later on, I would suggest that you name all the layers you make in a way that you will remember. For instance, you can name the copy of the layer “Layer 1” or maybe even “Sharpened Layer,” etc. I am simply going to name my duplicate layer “1,” but choose what’s best for you. Any name will work, just as long as you can later remember what it’s for. Now, without doing anything to this layer, duplicate it yet again. I named the second copy of the main layer “2.” Now, with the layer “2” selected, change the blending mode of this layer to Screen.
Next, merge the layer “2” down with the first copy of the original layer named “1.” To merge down, simply right click on the layer and choose Merge Down. You will then have two layers. One with the original background layer and the other will be the first copy of it (in which I named it “1″). Now, right click on layer “1” and duplicate it yet again. I chose to name this one “3.” Our main intention is to blur this image a bit. Blurring is the essential ingredient of achieving this effect, however, what’s to be noticed is that too much of it will ruin the effect and too little of it will make it impossible for the effect to shine in all its glory.
The tricky part is that here, in this tutorial, the amount of blur we are going to use isn’t fixed. Depending upon the resolution of the image, this will change, which essentially means, the bigger the image, the larger the blur value. I have one last piece of advice about using the blur effect before we go on. The idea is to use enough of it so that the outlines and shapes are still visible, but the details are not. If this confuses you, just play around with the blur slider for awhile and you will see what I mean.
As you can see, for this, we are going to use the Gaussian blur for this effect. To use this, go to Filter, Blur, Gaussian Blur. Now, we are almost finished. The only thing that needs to be done is like adding salt to the almost ready dish. Our image is 99 percent finished. What you do with it now is entirely up to your taste and how you want the final image to look. A few things you could do would be to change the opacity of the layer “3” or even alter the brightness, curves, color, etc. Below, you’ll see the image I ended up with.
It looks a bit dreamy, doesn’t it?! Now, this effect will obviously give you different results with different kinds of images. As I say in all my Photoshop articles, try different things. Go through WorldStart’s other Photoshop articles and combine two different techniques together. Play around with sliders and various values. If you’re creative enough, Photoshop will unveil itself as a powerful tool. Happy creativity, everyone!
~ Yogesh Bakshi
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1. It was in the days of Ahasuerus, the Ahasuerus whose empire stretched from India to Ethiopia and comprised one hundred and twenty-seven provinces.
2. In those days, when King Ahasuerus was sitting on his royal throne in the citadel of Susa,
3. in the third year of his reign, he gave a banquet at his court for all his officers-of-state and ministers, Persian and Median army-commanders, nobles and provincial governors.
4. Thus he displayed the riches and splendour of his empire and the pomp and glory of his majesty; the festivities went on for a long time, a hundred and eighty days.
5. When this period was over, for seven days the king gave a banquet for all the people living in the citadel of Susa, to high and low alike, on the esplanade in the gardens of the royal palace.
6. There were white and violet hangings fastened with cords of fine linen and purple thread to silver rings on marble columns, couches of gold and silver on a pavement of porphyry, marble, mother-of-pearl and precious stones.
7. For drinking there were golden cups of various design and plenty of wine provided by the king with royal liberality.
8. The royal edict did not, however, make drinking obligatory, the king having instructed the officials of his household to treat each guest according to the guest's own wishes.
9. Queen Vashti, for her part, gave a banquet for the women in the royal palace of King Ahasuerus.
10. On the seventh day, when the king was merry with wine, he commanded Mehuman, Biztha, Harbona, Bigtha, Abagtha, Zethar and Carkas, the seven officers in attendance on the person of King Ahasuerus,
11. to bring Queen Vashti before the king, crowned with her royal diadem, in order to display her beauty to the people and the officers-of-state, since she was very beautiful.
12. But Queen Vashti refused to come at the king's command delivered by the officers. The king was very angry at this and his rage grew hot.
13. Addressing himself to the wise men who were versed in the law -- it being the practice to refer matters affecting the king to expert lawyers and jurists-
14. he summoned Carshena, Shethar, Admatha, Tarshish, Meres, Marsena and Memucan, seven Persian and Median officers-of-state who had privileged access to the royal presence and occupied the leading positions in the kingdom.
15. 'According to law,' he said, 'what is to be done to Queen Vashti for not obeying the command of King Ahasuerus delivered by the officers?'
16. In the presence of the king and the officers-of-state, Memucan replied, 'Queen Vashti has wronged not only the king but also all the officers-of-state and all the peoples inhabiting the provinces of King Ahasuerus.
17. The queen's conduct will soon become known to all the women, who will adopt a contemptuous attitude towards their own husbands. They will say, "King Ahasuerus himself commanded Queen Vashti to appear before him and she did not come."
18. Before the day is out, the wives of the Persian and Median officers-of-state will be telling every one of the king's officers-of-state what they have heard about the queen's behaviour; and that will mean contempt and anger all round.
19. If it is the king's pleasure, let him issue a royal edict, to be irrevocably incorporated into the laws of the Persians and Medes, to the effect that Vashti is never to appear again before King Ahasuerus, and let the king confer her royal dignity on a worthier woman.
20. Let this edict issued by the king be proclaimed throughout his empire -- which is great -- and all the women will henceforth bow to the authority of their husbands, both high and low alike.'
21. This speech pleased the king and the officers-of-state, and the king did as Memucan advised.
22. He sent letters to all the provinces of the kingdom, to each province in its own script and to each nation in its own language, ensuring that every husband should be master in his own house.
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Amendment (denoted AA or SA): A proposal which adds, deletes or substitutes language in an introduced bill. Commonly refers to a "simple amendment" which references lines in the affected bill. An example of an amendment folder may look like this: AA1-AB1 (Assembly Amendment 1 to Assembly Bill 1)
Budget Reform Bill: Commonly referred to as the "Budget Adjustment Bill", this document is composed similar to the Biennial Budget but is typically smaller. It may contain several hundred drafts.
Engrossed: An engrossed bill is an updated version of a bill that incorporates all of the amendments that have been approved. It is similar to an enrolled bill, but is still formatted as a regular bill. A bill is typically engrossed before it is sent to the second house for consideration.
Enrolled: An enrolled bill has passed both houses of the legislature and incorporates all final amendments to the bill. It is formatted as an act. The enrolled copy of a bill is sent to the governor for approval.
Drafter's note: A note that the drafting attorney has written to explain or comment upon a bill draft. It is denoted as "dn" at the end of each file name.Fiscal Estimate: An estimate of the long and short-range effects of a piece of legislation which decreases or increases state revenues or expenditures. Fiscal estimates are required for certain bills under Joint Rule 41
LRB number: This is the number that appears in the upper right hand corner of the bill. This number is used to identify all draft legislation before it is introduced.
Proposal/Bill (denoted AB or SB): Legislation that is introduced in either house of the state legislature. It is assigned a number in the order that it was introduced, and identifies the house it was introduced in: A for assembly, S for senate.
Request Sheet: The document on which drafting instructions are officially recorded. It contains the identity of the requester, the date of the request, and the name of the drafting attorney.
Substitute Amendment (denoted ASA or SSA): This type of amendment completely replaces the original draft of the bill. An example of a substitute amendment folder may look like this: ASA1-SB1 (Assembly Substitute Amendment 1 to Senate Bill 1).
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At a regular pace, there are discussions about the need of versioning for HTML 5. The issue breaks down around a few points including identification of the language itself for different kind of user agents, and parser libraries. A while ago, I had published an overview of different methods to identify the HTML language.
Michael A. Puls II posted an interesting mail about doctype this morning. He’s writing
In Opera, goto opera:config#CompatMode%20Override and set the CompatMode Override to 2. This will make Opera always use standards mode for HTML even if there isn’t a doctype.
<html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>HTML5 document</title> </head> <body> <p>This is an HTML5 document.</p> </body> </html>
would be rendered in standards mode.
He’s warning people saying that:
What you will see is that on some sites, forcing standards mode breaks pages.
But add something interesting to me. (emphasis is mine)
Now, for HTML5 pages specifically, browsers could always force standards mode, but without the HTML5 doctype, there would have to be something like
<html version="5">so browsers would know when to force standards mode. However,
<!DOCTYPE html>already accomplishes that behavior now.
It would help the HTML validators, syntax checkers to identify the intent of the author. It would also make it easier for writing converters. It would also ease people who wants to jump from HTML to XML back and forth.
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New National Parks Would Help Fill the Gaps in Our Culture and History
The decision by the United States to drop atomic bombs on Japan was one of the most important and agonizing moments in world history. While there has been and will continue to be intense debate about the wisdom and implications of that decision, NPCA firmly believes it deserves to be presented and interpreted as part of the National Park System. This month marks the 70th anniversary of the beginning of the Manhattan Project and bills are pending now in Congress that would create a Manhattan Project National Historical Park at Oak Ridge, Tennessee; Los Alamos, New Mexico; and Hanford, Washington, to tell that story.
NPCA has always believed in expanding the National Park System to protect and interpret a full range of nationally significant natural and cultural sites. In times of tight budgets, it is especially important to be able to make a strong case for new park priorities.
To begin to consider what new parks representing our history and culture should be top priority, we carefully analyzed a thematic framework published in 1996 by the National Park Service. The framework was devised as a tool to help evaluate the cultural and historic significance of places as potential new national park units, for listing on the National Register of Historic Places, or for designation as National Historic Landmarks. This framework identifies eight themes. Each theme represents a significant aspect of the human experience:
- Peopling Places
- Creating Social Institutions and Movements
- Expressing Cultural Values
- Shaping the Political Landscape
- Developing the American Economy
- Expanding Science and Technology
- Transforming the Environment
- Changing Role of the United States in the World Community
A single unit of the park system can represent more than one theme, yet we still found significant imbalances in the number of park units that represent each aspect of the human experience.
The themes that are least represented by units in the National Park System are “Expanding Science and Technology” and “Creating Social Institutions and Movements.” By my analysis, 120 parks fit the “Shaping the Political Landscape” theme, while only 15 fit the “Expanding Science and Technology” theme. While there is some subjectivity to how these parks could be categorized and it may not be reasonable to expect equal representation in all categories, such a large discrepancy clearly shows that our priorities are out of balance. Since the framework was published, the National Park Service and legislators have not made very much progress to ensure adequate representation of all of these themes. Instead, the system has been expanded haphazardly, with more attention paid to the political asset a new park unit represents rather than focusing on the National Park Service’s goal to fully represent American culture and history.
We need a better way to prioritize park expansion, and NPCA is providing ideas and recommendations about how to do so to the National Parks Advisory Board. To do so we have embraced the National Park Service’s thematic framework; if better utilized, the framework could be an effective guide to expanding the park system.
What does this mean? It means we should prioritize filling the gaps in the system, and choose additions that represent these less-represented themes. We should support legislation like the Manhattan Project National Historical Park Act (H.R. 5987 and S. 3300). Other potential parks that could fill the existing gaps are out there. It’s our job to find them, protect them, and tell their stories.
-Anna Kohnen, NPCA’s Centennial Intern
If you liked this story, you might also like:
- Preserving the Manhattan Project: Cynthia Kelly and the Atomic Heritage Foundation (May 9, 2012)
- What’s Old Is New Again: Grand Teton Leads the Way in Re-Envisioning Historic Buildings (June 26, 2012)
- The Poacher and the Bootleg Lady: How Funding National Parks Preserves Amazing Stories (July 11, 2012)
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"Gold! gold! gold! gold! Bright and yellow, hard and cold."
Thomas Hood (1799-1845)
While gold remains the pre-eminent jewellery metal, there are numerous other choices available, such as brass, copper, palladium, platinum, silver, stainless steel, titanium, and tungsten. Gold, silver, platinum, and other precious metals are traditionally weighed and traded in troy ounces. Weighing 31.10 grammes, a troy ounce is about 10 percent heavier than the avoirdupois ounce used in cooking. Nowadays, metric units are also used to weigh precious metals, but there are no signs of the metric system replacing the troy ounce in the near future.
Gold's atomic number is 79 and its chemical symbol is 'Au', from the Latin name for gold, 'aurum'. Our modern word for this metal is derived from the Old English for yellow, 'geolo'. As a rare metallic element of high economic value, gold has long been regarded as the most precious of precious metals.
While some sources date its discovery to circa 3000 BC, it is possible that the first gold nuggets were mined in the Transylvanian Alps as early as 6000 BC! Since then, it has become a potent symbol of wealth and social status. For thousands of years, gold has been valued as a global currency, a commodity, an investment and an object of beauty. Bestowed upon people and used in worship, gold has forged civilisations and inspired legends. Gold's rich lustre and unique texture assures its place in jewellery, yet as a hard global currency, gold's economic importance is unquestioned.
Gold is a precious metal with intrinsic value. From dinky pawnshops to the venerable London Gold Exchange, enormous amounts of gold changes hands every day. Gold pricing is always based on its purity and weight. While gold reserves stopped being the basis of world monetary systems in the early 1900s, a large proportion of the world's gold continues to be held in government reserves. Today, gold is used as an effective hedge against fluctuations in the United States Dollar (USD), the world's main trading currency.
Gold is mined from the crust of the earth and copper ores, and its leading world producer is South Africa. Since the break-up of the former Soviet Union in 1991, the U.S.A. has become the second largest gold-producing nation, followed by Australia, Canada, China, Russia, Peru and Indonesia.
Amazingly strong, gold is also the most malleable of all precious metals. Forever glimmering and glittering, pure gold never tarnishes or corrodes. Even though about 75 percent of the gold produced goes into jewellery and watch production, pure gold is too soft for most ornamental applications. This characteristic of pure gold has resulted in it being alloyed with other metals to improve its durability. The international measure of gold fineness or purity is 'karat', which is typically abbreviated 'K'. This should not be confused with 'carat', the unit of weight in gemstones.
The gold content of any object is expressed as a ratio of 24 parts. While pure gold is 24K, the gold purities typically seen in jewellery are:
- 22K: 91.6 percent pure gold (22 parts gold and 2 parts alloy)
- 18K: 75 percent pure gold (18 parts gold and 6 parts alloy)
- 14K: 58.5 percent pure gold (14 parts gold and 10 parts alloy)
- 10K: 41.7 percent pure gold (10 parts gold and 14 parts alloy)>
- 9K: 37.5 percent pure gold (9 parts gold and 15 parts alloy)
This photograph illustrates how gold preferences vary from country to country. The Thai wedding ring on the left is 24K Yellow Gold while the Russian wedding ring on the right is 18K Rose Gold
Gold's different colours are produced by simply varying the alloy metals. The three most popular colours are yellow, white and rose.
- Yellow Gold:Alloyed with silver and copper to display its timeless colour, yellow is gold's most common colour.
- White Gold: A popular modern alternative to yellow gold, white gold is created by bleaching pure yellow gold white. While 9K, 10K and 14K white gold is bleached white using silver, because of its higher purity (75 percent), 18K gold requires a stronger bleaching agent, such as palladium (Pd), a precious platinum group metal. Though nickel (Ni) can be used to alloy 18K white gold, this should be avoided as its release can cause allergic reactions. Providing a hard, shiny, unmatched finish, rhodium (Rh) electroplating has become the international industry standard for nickel-free white gold alloys. Rhodium was discovered by William Wollaston in 1803. Approximately three times more expensive than platinum, rhodium is the most expensive platinum group precious metal.
- Rose Gold: Rose gold, also known as pink gold or Russian gold (this gold colour has been popular in Russia since the beginning of the 19th century), is alloyed with copper. Typically a striking pinkish rose colour, the higher the copper content, the stronger the red colouration. Interestingly, rose gold is increasingly used in men's horology (very expensive watches).
Apart from gold colours, there are other gold jewellery applications you should be aware of:
- Gold filled, also known as gold overlay, is a gold layer bonded to a support metal that constitutes 5-10 percent of the total weight of the item.
- Rolled gold plate is a variety of gold filled, where the gold layer bonded to a support metal is less than 5 percent of the total weight of the item.
- Gold plated is a thin plating of gold bonded to the support metal. Items that are gold plated contain less gold than those that are gold filled.
- Electroplating, also known as gold flashed or gold washed, is an electrical process that affixes gold, a gold alloy or another precious metal to a support metal with a minimum thickness of 0.175 microns. Heavy gold electroplating is when the minimum thickness is 2.5 microns. Items made entirely of gold can be electroplated (e.g. the rhodium electroplating of white gold).
- Vermeil, pronounced 'ver-may', is typically sterling silver covered with a layer of gold plate. Deriving its name from the French word for 'veneer', the original fire-guilding vermeil process developed in 18th century France has been replaced by electrolysis. Also known as onlay, double or silver gilt, in vermeil the gold must also be at least 10K and have a minimum thickness of 1.5 microns.
- Gold leaf is ultra thin pounded gold. Pure gold leaf has a long tradition in European cuisine, where exotic dishes are given the ultimate edible presentation.
925 Sterling Silver
Mined from ores such as argentite, silver's history dates back more than 5,000 years. A popular and affordable choice for jewellery, silver has been used by virtually every civilisation. Silver is also used to craft 'objets d'art', such as silverware (no surprise there) and hollowware (tableware, such as bowls, pitchers, teapots and trays that serve as containers or receptacles). The chemical symbol for silver 'Ag' is derived from the Latin word for silver, 'argentum'. Our modern name for silver comes from the Old English word 'seolfor'.
Relatively malleable, pure silver is softer than gold or platinum. As with gold, silver is typically alloyed with secondary metals such as copper for strength. Similar to platinum, silver purities are expressed as parts per thousand. 'Sterling' or '925' silver is 92.5 percent pure and the standard for high-quality silver jewellery. For every 1,000 parts in sterling silver, 75 of them (7.5 percent) is an alloy. Another commonly seen silver purity is 'Britannia' or '958' silver, which is 95.8 percent pure.
Gold might be regarded as the most precious of metals, but did you know that platinum (Pt) is 60 times rarer? Platinum is also purer, stronger and denser than gold. A natural white metal, platinum's durability makes it extremely wearable. Platinum is also hypoallergenic, meaning it has a decreased tendency to provoke an allergic reaction. Discovered in 1735 by Julius Scaliger, platinum is derived from the Spanish 'platina', which means 'little silver'. While only 'officially' discovered in the 18th century, it has appeared throughout history, but not always as a unique metal. Platinum's Spanish name is likely in reference to sightings by conquistadors, who thought its small silver-coloured nuggets were undeveloped silver that had not fully matured.
While it's tempting to think of platinum as a relatively new jewellery metal, this is actually incorrect. Platinum was a big hit with the Sun King, France's Louis XIV, who declared it to be the only metal fit for kings. From the turn of the 20th century until 1940, platinum was actually the preferred precious metal for U.S. manufactured jewellery. Declared a strategic metal during WWII, platinum never regained its previous popularity.
Platinum purity is measured in parts per thousand. The most common platinum purities are 950 (95 percent pure platinum), 900 (90 percent pure platinum) and 850 (85 percent pure platinum).
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The Class 6 Science Lesson Plan is designed to be an interactive, hands-on experience for students. The idea is to have students take a journey through the chapters in the book and have them explore the concepts and principles of science.
Each Science Lesson plan includes:
-A list of materials that are needed to conduct the experiment.
-An outline of what will happen during the experiment.
– List of objectives of Science Lesson Plan.
-A list of extension activities you can do if time permits.
-An answer key for checking your work.
How do you write a science lesson plan?
A science lesson plan is a document that teachers use to organize their thoughts and ideas. It is usually a list of the topics that will be covered in the class, how they will be covered, and the activities that will be used to teach those topics.
There are many different ways of writing a science lesson plan. Some teachers like to start with an outline and then fill in the details as they go along. Others prefer to write all of their ideas on paper before deciding what content should be included in the lesson plan.
How to use Science Lesson Plan for teaching students?
A science lesson plan is an important part of teaching science to students. So, This Class 6 Science Lesson Plan helps the teacher to stay on track with the lesson, and it helps students to know what they are going to learn in the class.
If you are looking for a good science lesson plan, you can turn online and find many different websites that offer free science lesson plans. The best thing about these websites is that they offer many different types of lesson plans so you will not have a hard time finding one that suits your needs.
How many chapters are there in the class 6 science book?
The CBSE Class 6 Science NCERT book contains a total of 16 chapters. download the Class 6 Science Lesson Plan from here.
|1||Food: Where Does it Come from?||Link|
|2||Components of Food||Link|
|3||Fibre to Fabric||Link|
|4||Sorting Materials into Groups||Link|
|5||Separation of Substances||Link|
|6||Changes Around Us||Link|
|7||Getting to know Plants||Link|
|9||The Living Organisms and their Surrounding||Link|
|10||Motion and Measurement of Distances||Link|
|11||Light, Shadows and Reflections||Link|
|12||Electricity and Circuits||Link|
|13||Fun with Magnets||Link|
|15||Air Around Us||Link|
|16||Garbage In, Garbage Out||Link|
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The Welta Weltur was a range of high-end medium format folding cameras produced by Welta of Dresden in the late 1930s.
Medium format folders
Medium format cameras use 120 format film to produce a variety of negative sizes, all of which are larger than 35mm film, but smaller than 4×5-inch film, between three and six times the area of a 35mm frame.
Folding cameras are designed, as their name suggests, to be folded into pocketable boxes. Once folded, they are often smaller than a 35mm SLR.
Before 35mm film cameras began to dominate the market from the 1950s, the most advanced medium format folding cameras were produced between the world wars in Germany. This was before the era of planned obsolescence, and they were extremely finely engineered. If cared for, these cameras will function well for over 100 years.
The Weltur was the successor to Welta’s 1933 Solida line of 6×9 cameras. The most sophisticated folding camera Welta ever made, the Weltur was introduced in 1935 and finished production around 1940. The Weltur was available in three negative sizes: 6×4.5, 6×6 and 6×9. The larger cameras could also be used with masks to produce exposures in the smaller sizes.
McKeown’s lists four cameras in the line:
- Weltur 6×4.5 with a black rangefinder (1935)
- Weltur 6×6 with silver rangefinder (1937)
- Weltur 6×4.5/6×6 with viewfinder slider (1938)
- Weltur 6×9 with silver rangefinder (1938)
- Coupled rangefinder
- Unit focusing bed from knurled knob on right
- Rotating distance scale
- Automatic infinity reset when closed
- Self-erecting bellows
- Red window film advance
- Body shutter release button (not on 6×4.5 black model)
The Weltur features a coupled rangefinder which enables fast and accurate focussing. The 1933 Welta Solida had introduced a coupled rangefinder, but a used a separate viewfinder to frame the shot.
Earlier folding cameras generally used scale focussing, which involves guessing the distance to your subject. Some added an uncoupled rangefinder, where you are required to manually enter the focus into the lens after measuring through the rangefinder.
The Weltur integrated all these functions into a single sophisticated coupled rangefinder/viewfinder mechanism. This patent application from 1936 suggests they were the second manufacturer to add this feature to folding cameras (after Zeiss in 1933).
For context, Leica introduced coupled rangefinders to 35mm format photography with the Leica II in 1932.
The Weltur was fitted with lenses of triplet or Tessar type.
- For 6×4.5 and 6×6
- Schneider Kreuznach Radionar 2.9/75
- Steinheil München Cassar 2.9/75
- Meyer Görlitz Trioplan 7.5cm f/2.9
Tessar or Xenar
- For 6×4.5 and 6×6
- Schneider Kreuznach Xenar 2.8/75
- Carl Zeiss Tessar 2.8/75
- For 6×9
- Schneider Kreuznach Xenar 3.8/105
- Carl Zeiss Tessar 4.5/105
- Leitz Elmar 4.5/105 (Rare)
The Weltur was equipped with an F. Deckel Compur or Compur Rapid shutter in size #0. Compur shutters have a top speed of 1/250, Compur Rapid adds 1/400.
The Weltur’s design inspired some Japanese camera companies to produce copies.
The Minolta Auto Semi was a pretty decent replica, which actually even improves on the Weltur by adding a frame counting winder to the bottom. Otherwise it is such a close copy that many parts are interchangeable between them, although it has a slower lens, the 3.5/75 Promar Nippon.
I have collected four Welturs. Two 6×4.5 versions, one 6×6 and the 6×9. All are fully functional with good shutters, lenses and rangefinders. All in all, they are superlative cameras; tiny, accurate and producing extremely high quality images on 120 film. I have posted some of the photos made with these cameras here.
This Weltur is in fairly good condition. I have serviced the shutter and rangefinder.
Weltur 6×4.5 restoration project
This Weltur was in very poor condition, with a big hole in the bellows and deteriorating covering. I replaced the bellows and covering, and rebuilt this Weltur as my first restoration project.
Weltur 6×4.5/6×6 with viewfinder slider
This was my first Weltur, and it’s in excellent condition. I have serviced the rangefinder.
This is my most recently acquired Weltur. It is in excellent condition, and it did not require any service beyond a little cleaning!
The Weltur is becoming quite rare to find on eBay in 2019. I have seen prices range from US$200-400 for the 6×4.5 version, and up to US$800 for the 6×9 version. This is around 400% over the prices in the 2001-02 edition of McKeown’s Cameras.
This apparent popularity may be short lived, as it may simply be the result of camera maven Dora Goodman’s restoration of a Weltur (which she finished in gold leaf).
Then again, it’s also entirely possible that people are starting to recognise what a magnificent and capable camera a Weltur still is, and Dora has helped it reach a wider audience who will cherish their own Weltur.
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RealTime Physics Active Learning Laboratories Module 3 Electricity & Magnetism
January 2012, ©2012
The authors of RealTime Physics - David Sokoloff, Priscilla Laws, and Ron Thornton - have been pioneers in the revolution of the physics industry. In this edition, they provide a set of labs that utilize modern lab technology to provide hands-on information, as well as an empirical look at several new key concepts. They focus on the teaching/learning issues in the lecture portion of the course, as well as logistical lab issues such as space, class size, staffing, and equipment maintenance. Issues similar to those in the lecture have to with preparation and willingness to study.
Lab 2: Electric Fields, Flux and Gauss’ Law /19
Lab 3: Electric and Gravitational Potential /35
Lab 4: Batteries, Bulbs, and Current /53
Lab 5: Current in Simple DC Circuits /77
Lab 6: Voltage in Simple DC Circuits and Ohm’s Law /103
Lab 7: Kirchhoff’s Circuit Rules /127
Lab 8: Introduction to Capacitors and RC Circuits /147
Lab 9: Magnetism /165
Lab 10: Electromagnetism /191
Appendix A: RealTime Physics Electric Circuits Experiment Configuration Files /215
• New labs: 1 replacement lab in Module 1; 50% new labs in Module 3
• All of these labs are available for customization via Wiley Custom Select. For more information on how you can tailor these experiments to fit your lab, visit http://www.wiley.com//college/sc/wcssciencelabs/
• Each module contains weekly laboratory sessions that are sequenced to provide students with a coherent observational basis for understanding a single topic area in one semester or quarter of laboratory sessions.
• Each lab (approx. 2 hours each) encourages students to construct their own models of physical phenomena based on observations and experiments. Extensions have been developed to provide more in-depth coverage when longer lab periods are available.
• Each set of related activities employs a consistent learning cycle: prediction, observation, comparison, analysis, and quantitative experimentation.
• Each lab includes a pre-lab warm-up assignment, and a post-lab homework assignment that reinforces critical physics concepts and investigative skills.
• Lab activities and homework assignments are integrated so that they depend on learning that has occurred during the previous lab session and also prepare students for activities in the next session.
- Wiley E-Texts are powered by VitalSource technologies e-book software.
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