option
sequence | question
stringlengths 11
354
| article
stringlengths 231
6.74k
| id
stringlengths 5
8
| label
int64 0
3
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"inactive",
"inefficient",
"unchangeable",
"unbalanced"
] | The word "sedentary" in line 29 is closest in meaning to | Pheromones are substances that serve as chemical signals between members of the same species. They are secreted to the outside of the body and cause other individuals of the species to have specific reactions. Pheromones, which are sometimes called "social hormones," affect a group of individuals somewhat like hormones do an individual animal. Pheromones are the predominant medium of communication among insects (but rarely the sole methoD. Some species have simple pheromone systems and produce only a few pheromones, but others produce many with various functions. Pheromone systems are the most complex in some of the so-called social insects, insects that live in organized groups.
Chemical communication differs from that by sight or sound in several ways. Transmission is relatively slow (the chemical signals are usually airborne), but the signal can be persistent, depending upon the volatility of the chemical, and is sometimes effective over a very long range. Localization of the signal is generally poorer than localization of a sound or visual stimulus and is usually effected by the animal's moving upwind in response to the stimulus. The ability to modulate a chemical signal is limited, compared with communication by visual or acoustic means, but some pheromones may convey different meanings and consequently result in different behavioral or physiological responses, depending on their concentration or when presented in combination. The modulation of chemical signals occurs via the elaboration of the number of exocrine glands that produce pheromones. Some species, such as ants, seem to be very articulate creatures, but their medium of communication is difficult for humans to study and appreciate because of our own olfactory, insensitivity and the technological difficulties in detecting and analyzing these pheromones.
Pheromones play numerous roles in the activities of insects. They may act as alarm substances, play a role in individual and group recognition, serve as attractants between sexes, mediate the formation of aggregations, identify foraging trails, and be involved in caste determination. For example, pheromones involved in caste determination include the "queen substance" produced by queen honey bees. Aphids, which are particularly vulnerable to predators because of their gregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete an alarm pheromone when attacked that causes nearby aphids to respond by moving away. | 409.txt | 0 |
[
"also communicate using sight and sound",
"live underground",
"prey on other insects",
"live in organized groups"
] | Pheromone systems are relatively complex in insects that | Pheromones are substances that serve as chemical signals between members of the same species. They are secreted to the outside of the body and cause other individuals of the species to have specific reactions. Pheromones, which are sometimes called "social hormones," affect a group of individuals somewhat like hormones do an individual animal. Pheromones are the predominant medium of communication among insects (but rarely the sole methoD. Some species have simple pheromone systems and produce only a few pheromones, but others produce many with various functions. Pheromone systems are the most complex in some of the so-called social insects, insects that live in organized groups.
Chemical communication differs from that by sight or sound in several ways. Transmission is relatively slow (the chemical signals are usually airborne), but the signal can be persistent, depending upon the volatility of the chemical, and is sometimes effective over a very long range. Localization of the signal is generally poorer than localization of a sound or visual stimulus and is usually effected by the animal's moving upwind in response to the stimulus. The ability to modulate a chemical signal is limited, compared with communication by visual or acoustic means, but some pheromones may convey different meanings and consequently result in different behavioral or physiological responses, depending on their concentration or when presented in combination. The modulation of chemical signals occurs via the elaboration of the number of exocrine glands that produce pheromones. Some species, such as ants, seem to be very articulate creatures, but their medium of communication is difficult for humans to study and appreciate because of our own olfactory, insensitivity and the technological difficulties in detecting and analyzing these pheromones.
Pheromones play numerous roles in the activities of insects. They may act as alarm substances, play a role in individual and group recognition, serve as attractants between sexes, mediate the formation of aggregations, identify foraging trails, and be involved in caste determination. For example, pheromones involved in caste determination include the "queen substance" produced by queen honey bees. Aphids, which are particularly vulnerable to predators because of their gregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete an alarm pheromone when attacked that causes nearby aphids to respond by moving away. | 409.txt | 3 |
[
"How to persuade local communities to provide more funds.",
"How to cope with the shortage of funds for public education.",
"How to solve the rising unemployment problem.",
"How to improve the public education system."
] | What is the passage mainly about? | Take the case of public education alone. The principal difficulty faced by the schools has been the tremendous increase in the number of pupils. This has been caused by the advance of the legal age for going into industry and the impossibility of finding a job even when the legal age has been reached. In view of the technological improvements in the last few years, business will require in the future proportionately fewer workers than ever before. The result will be still further raising of he legal age for going into employment, and still further difficulty in finding employment when hat age has been attained. If we cannot put our children to work, we must put them in school.
We may also be quite confident that the present trend toward a shorter day and a shorter week will be maintained. We have developed and shall continue to have a new leisure class. Already the public agencies for adult education are swamped by the tide that has swept over them since depression began. They will be little better off when it is over. Their support must come from the taxpayer.
It is surely too much to hope that these increases in the cost of public education can be borne by the local communities. They cannot care for the present restricted and inadequate system. The local communities have failed in their efforts to cope with unemployment. They cannot expect to cope with public education on the scale on which we must attempt it. The answer to the problem of unemployment has been Federal relief. The answer to the problem of public education may have to be much the same, and properly so. If there is one thing in which the citizens of all parts of the country have an interest, it is in the decent education of the citizens of all parts of the country. Our income tax now goes in part to keep our neighbors alive. It may have to go in part as well to make our neighbors intelligent. We are now attempting to preserve the present generation through Federal relief of the destitute . Only a people determined to ruin the next generation will refuse such Federal funds as public education may require. | 4163.txt | 1 |
[
"The requirement of educated workers by business.",
"Raising of the legal age for going to work.",
"The trend toward a shorter workday.",
"People's concern for the future of the next generation."
] | What is the reason for the increase in the number of students? | Take the case of public education alone. The principal difficulty faced by the schools has been the tremendous increase in the number of pupils. This has been caused by the advance of the legal age for going into industry and the impossibility of finding a job even when the legal age has been reached. In view of the technological improvements in the last few years, business will require in the future proportionately fewer workers than ever before. The result will be still further raising of he legal age for going into employment, and still further difficulty in finding employment when hat age has been attained. If we cannot put our children to work, we must put them in school.
We may also be quite confident that the present trend toward a shorter day and a shorter week will be maintained. We have developed and shall continue to have a new leisure class. Already the public agencies for adult education are swamped by the tide that has swept over them since depression began. They will be little better off when it is over. Their support must come from the taxpayer.
It is surely too much to hope that these increases in the cost of public education can be borne by the local communities. They cannot care for the present restricted and inadequate system. The local communities have failed in their efforts to cope with unemployment. They cannot expect to cope with public education on the scale on which we must attempt it. The answer to the problem of unemployment has been Federal relief. The answer to the problem of public education may have to be much the same, and properly so. If there is one thing in which the citizens of all parts of the country have an interest, it is in the decent education of the citizens of all parts of the country. Our income tax now goes in part to keep our neighbors alive. It may have to go in part as well to make our neighbors intelligent. We are now attempting to preserve the present generation through Federal relief of the destitute . Only a people determined to ruin the next generation will refuse such Federal funds as public education may require. | 4163.txt | 1 |
[
"the unemployed are too poor to continue their education",
"a new leisure class has developed",
"they are still suffering from the depression",
"an increase in taxes could be a problem"
] | The public agencies for adult education will be little better off because ________. | Take the case of public education alone. The principal difficulty faced by the schools has been the tremendous increase in the number of pupils. This has been caused by the advance of the legal age for going into industry and the impossibility of finding a job even when the legal age has been reached. In view of the technological improvements in the last few years, business will require in the future proportionately fewer workers than ever before. The result will be still further raising of he legal age for going into employment, and still further difficulty in finding employment when hat age has been attained. If we cannot put our children to work, we must put them in school.
We may also be quite confident that the present trend toward a shorter day and a shorter week will be maintained. We have developed and shall continue to have a new leisure class. Already the public agencies for adult education are swamped by the tide that has swept over them since depression began. They will be little better off when it is over. Their support must come from the taxpayer.
It is surely too much to hope that these increases in the cost of public education can be borne by the local communities. They cannot care for the present restricted and inadequate system. The local communities have failed in their efforts to cope with unemployment. They cannot expect to cope with public education on the scale on which we must attempt it. The answer to the problem of unemployment has been Federal relief. The answer to the problem of public education may have to be much the same, and properly so. If there is one thing in which the citizens of all parts of the country have an interest, it is in the decent education of the citizens of all parts of the country. Our income tax now goes in part to keep our neighbors alive. It may have to go in part as well to make our neighbors intelligent. We are now attempting to preserve the present generation through Federal relief of the destitute . Only a people determined to ruin the next generation will refuse such Federal funds as public education may require. | 4163.txt | 3 |
[
"should allocate Federal funds for public education",
"should demand that local communities provide support",
"should raise taxes to meet the needs of public education",
"should first of all solve the problem of unemployment"
] | According to the author, the answer to the problem of public education is that the Federal government ________. | Take the case of public education alone. The principal difficulty faced by the schools has been the tremendous increase in the number of pupils. This has been caused by the advance of the legal age for going into industry and the impossibility of finding a job even when the legal age has been reached. In view of the technological improvements in the last few years, business will require in the future proportionately fewer workers than ever before. The result will be still further raising of he legal age for going into employment, and still further difficulty in finding employment when hat age has been attained. If we cannot put our children to work, we must put them in school.
We may also be quite confident that the present trend toward a shorter day and a shorter week will be maintained. We have developed and shall continue to have a new leisure class. Already the public agencies for adult education are swamped by the tide that has swept over them since depression began. They will be little better off when it is over. Their support must come from the taxpayer.
It is surely too much to hope that these increases in the cost of public education can be borne by the local communities. They cannot care for the present restricted and inadequate system. The local communities have failed in their efforts to cope with unemployment. They cannot expect to cope with public education on the scale on which we must attempt it. The answer to the problem of unemployment has been Federal relief. The answer to the problem of public education may have to be much the same, and properly so. If there is one thing in which the citizens of all parts of the country have an interest, it is in the decent education of the citizens of all parts of the country. Our income tax now goes in part to keep our neighbors alive. It may have to go in part as well to make our neighbors intelligent. We are now attempting to preserve the present generation through Federal relief of the destitute . Only a people determined to ruin the next generation will refuse such Federal funds as public education may require. | 4163.txt | 0 |
[
"Only by appropriating adequate Federal funds for education can the next generation have a bright future.",
"Citizens of all parts of the country agree that the best way to support education is to use Federal funds.",
"People all over the country should make contributions to education in the interest of the next generation.",
"Educated people are determined to use part of the Federal funds to help the poor."
] | Why does the author say "Only a people determined to ruin the next generation will refuse such Federal funds as public education may require" (Lines 10-11, Para. 3)? | Take the case of public education alone. The principal difficulty faced by the schools has been the tremendous increase in the number of pupils. This has been caused by the advance of the legal age for going into industry and the impossibility of finding a job even when the legal age has been reached. In view of the technological improvements in the last few years, business will require in the future proportionately fewer workers than ever before. The result will be still further raising of he legal age for going into employment, and still further difficulty in finding employment when hat age has been attained. If we cannot put our children to work, we must put them in school.
We may also be quite confident that the present trend toward a shorter day and a shorter week will be maintained. We have developed and shall continue to have a new leisure class. Already the public agencies for adult education are swamped by the tide that has swept over them since depression began. They will be little better off when it is over. Their support must come from the taxpayer.
It is surely too much to hope that these increases in the cost of public education can be borne by the local communities. They cannot care for the present restricted and inadequate system. The local communities have failed in their efforts to cope with unemployment. They cannot expect to cope with public education on the scale on which we must attempt it. The answer to the problem of unemployment has been Federal relief. The answer to the problem of public education may have to be much the same, and properly so. If there is one thing in which the citizens of all parts of the country have an interest, it is in the decent education of the citizens of all parts of the country. Our income tax now goes in part to keep our neighbors alive. It may have to go in part as well to make our neighbors intelligent. We are now attempting to preserve the present generation through Federal relief of the destitute . Only a people determined to ruin the next generation will refuse such Federal funds as public education may require. | 4163.txt | 0 |
[
"to cut the medical profession all over the country",
"to allocate the patients to doctors on a list basis",
"to increase the incentives of the medical workers",
"to revise the policy on the medical profession"
] | What did the Health Minister propose? | Health Minister Nicola Roxon's latest proposal that patients be allocated to doctors on a list basis is straight out of the playbook of Britain's National Health Service.
Let's think about this from the patient's point of view. Some doctors are better than others, the same as some plumbers are better than others. The reason may be a better bedside manner; it may be they are more competent; it may be just that there is a simple personality clash-it may just be that, at times, the patient wants a second opinion. Or it might be that the patient has a potentially embarrassing problem that he or she does not want to discuss with his or her regular general practitioner.
Some people who are ill-suited to their career choice are always going to slip through the system. In other words, if you are allocated a doctor you don't like or who is a dud, you are likely to be stuck with him. Of course, the government will make some noises about "freedom of choice"; but in the end, a doctor who hangs up his shingle and succeeds or fails according to the quality of service he offers is going to provide a better quality of service than a public employee.
Now, all doctors, including general practitioners, must be members of the appropriate professional body, which accredits them as qualifi ed practitioners. This means they must first finish medical school and then qualify as surgeons, physicians, ophthalmologists or psychiatrists.
This postgraduate training is arduous and expensive, and practitioners naturally expect a return on their investment of time, energy and money-the average medical graduate is left with tens of thousands of dollars in university fees.
Much is made of the top professionals who make millions, but the average GP is running a practice that gives him a barely adequate return on his investment in professional development. Indeed, many GPs complain they are virtually government employees relying on Medicare to pay their bills, but the "virtually" is important. They remain independent professionals who succeed or fail according to the service they provide.
The recent moves to widen the scope of nurse practitioners concern many GPs. While nurse practitioners may have a role in isolated areas, a nurse is not a substitute for a general practitioner, who has years of undergraduate and postgraduate training in family medicine. Expanding the role of nurse practitioners may simply be an axe to wield again the ancient enemy, the family GP. Many nurses have specialist training, which makes them indispensable in the medical system; but a nurse is not a substitute for professionally-trained general practitioners with years' more education behind them.
Minister Roxon's move to cut Medicare payments for cataract surgery again fl ies in the face of reality. On the face of it, it may seem plausible-better technology equals cheaper prices. If the Fred Hollows Foundation can do cataract surgery for $25, why can't an Australian ophthalmologist? The reason is that an Australian eye-doctor is running a practice. He has to pay a receptionist, an accountant, rent for his rooms and so on-in other words, he has fixed costs, which means the money goes into a lot of pockets apart from his own. In fact, he can't absorb the cost cuts that the government is asking him to accept.
From News Weekly, November 28, 2009 | 1361.txt | 1 |
[
"some doctors are more competent",
"there is a simple personality clash",
"they have more diffi cult problems",
"they sometimes want a second opinion"
] | The patient may think some doctors are better than others NOT because _ . | Health Minister Nicola Roxon's latest proposal that patients be allocated to doctors on a list basis is straight out of the playbook of Britain's National Health Service.
Let's think about this from the patient's point of view. Some doctors are better than others, the same as some plumbers are better than others. The reason may be a better bedside manner; it may be they are more competent; it may be just that there is a simple personality clash-it may just be that, at times, the patient wants a second opinion. Or it might be that the patient has a potentially embarrassing problem that he or she does not want to discuss with his or her regular general practitioner.
Some people who are ill-suited to their career choice are always going to slip through the system. In other words, if you are allocated a doctor you don't like or who is a dud, you are likely to be stuck with him. Of course, the government will make some noises about "freedom of choice"; but in the end, a doctor who hangs up his shingle and succeeds or fails according to the quality of service he offers is going to provide a better quality of service than a public employee.
Now, all doctors, including general practitioners, must be members of the appropriate professional body, which accredits them as qualifi ed practitioners. This means they must first finish medical school and then qualify as surgeons, physicians, ophthalmologists or psychiatrists.
This postgraduate training is arduous and expensive, and practitioners naturally expect a return on their investment of time, energy and money-the average medical graduate is left with tens of thousands of dollars in university fees.
Much is made of the top professionals who make millions, but the average GP is running a practice that gives him a barely adequate return on his investment in professional development. Indeed, many GPs complain they are virtually government employees relying on Medicare to pay their bills, but the "virtually" is important. They remain independent professionals who succeed or fail according to the service they provide.
The recent moves to widen the scope of nurse practitioners concern many GPs. While nurse practitioners may have a role in isolated areas, a nurse is not a substitute for a general practitioner, who has years of undergraduate and postgraduate training in family medicine. Expanding the role of nurse practitioners may simply be an axe to wield again the ancient enemy, the family GP. Many nurses have specialist training, which makes them indispensable in the medical system; but a nurse is not a substitute for professionally-trained general practitioners with years' more education behind them.
Minister Roxon's move to cut Medicare payments for cataract surgery again fl ies in the face of reality. On the face of it, it may seem plausible-better technology equals cheaper prices. If the Fred Hollows Foundation can do cataract surgery for $25, why can't an Australian ophthalmologist? The reason is that an Australian eye-doctor is running a practice. He has to pay a receptionist, an accountant, rent for his rooms and so on-in other words, he has fixed costs, which means the money goes into a lot of pockets apart from his own. In fact, he can't absorb the cost cuts that the government is asking him to accept.
From News Weekly, November 28, 2009 | 1361.txt | 2 |
[
"surgeons",
"physicians",
"opticians",
"psychiatrists"
] | When doctors fi nish medical school, they may not qualify as _ . | Health Minister Nicola Roxon's latest proposal that patients be allocated to doctors on a list basis is straight out of the playbook of Britain's National Health Service.
Let's think about this from the patient's point of view. Some doctors are better than others, the same as some plumbers are better than others. The reason may be a better bedside manner; it may be they are more competent; it may be just that there is a simple personality clash-it may just be that, at times, the patient wants a second opinion. Or it might be that the patient has a potentially embarrassing problem that he or she does not want to discuss with his or her regular general practitioner.
Some people who are ill-suited to their career choice are always going to slip through the system. In other words, if you are allocated a doctor you don't like or who is a dud, you are likely to be stuck with him. Of course, the government will make some noises about "freedom of choice"; but in the end, a doctor who hangs up his shingle and succeeds or fails according to the quality of service he offers is going to provide a better quality of service than a public employee.
Now, all doctors, including general practitioners, must be members of the appropriate professional body, which accredits them as qualifi ed practitioners. This means they must first finish medical school and then qualify as surgeons, physicians, ophthalmologists or psychiatrists.
This postgraduate training is arduous and expensive, and practitioners naturally expect a return on their investment of time, energy and money-the average medical graduate is left with tens of thousands of dollars in university fees.
Much is made of the top professionals who make millions, but the average GP is running a practice that gives him a barely adequate return on his investment in professional development. Indeed, many GPs complain they are virtually government employees relying on Medicare to pay their bills, but the "virtually" is important. They remain independent professionals who succeed or fail according to the service they provide.
The recent moves to widen the scope of nurse practitioners concern many GPs. While nurse practitioners may have a role in isolated areas, a nurse is not a substitute for a general practitioner, who has years of undergraduate and postgraduate training in family medicine. Expanding the role of nurse practitioners may simply be an axe to wield again the ancient enemy, the family GP. Many nurses have specialist training, which makes them indispensable in the medical system; but a nurse is not a substitute for professionally-trained general practitioners with years' more education behind them.
Minister Roxon's move to cut Medicare payments for cataract surgery again fl ies in the face of reality. On the face of it, it may seem plausible-better technology equals cheaper prices. If the Fred Hollows Foundation can do cataract surgery for $25, why can't an Australian ophthalmologist? The reason is that an Australian eye-doctor is running a practice. He has to pay a receptionist, an accountant, rent for his rooms and so on-in other words, he has fixed costs, which means the money goes into a lot of pockets apart from his own. In fact, he can't absorb the cost cuts that the government is asking him to accept.
From News Weekly, November 28, 2009 | 1361.txt | 2 |
[
"They may have a role in some isolated areas.",
"They are not a substitute for general practitioners.",
"They have less education background than GP.",
"They are the same as family general practitioners."
] | Which of the following statements about nurse practitioners is NOT true? | Health Minister Nicola Roxon's latest proposal that patients be allocated to doctors on a list basis is straight out of the playbook of Britain's National Health Service.
Let's think about this from the patient's point of view. Some doctors are better than others, the same as some plumbers are better than others. The reason may be a better bedside manner; it may be they are more competent; it may be just that there is a simple personality clash-it may just be that, at times, the patient wants a second opinion. Or it might be that the patient has a potentially embarrassing problem that he or she does not want to discuss with his or her regular general practitioner.
Some people who are ill-suited to their career choice are always going to slip through the system. In other words, if you are allocated a doctor you don't like or who is a dud, you are likely to be stuck with him. Of course, the government will make some noises about "freedom of choice"; but in the end, a doctor who hangs up his shingle and succeeds or fails according to the quality of service he offers is going to provide a better quality of service than a public employee.
Now, all doctors, including general practitioners, must be members of the appropriate professional body, which accredits them as qualifi ed practitioners. This means they must first finish medical school and then qualify as surgeons, physicians, ophthalmologists or psychiatrists.
This postgraduate training is arduous and expensive, and practitioners naturally expect a return on their investment of time, energy and money-the average medical graduate is left with tens of thousands of dollars in university fees.
Much is made of the top professionals who make millions, but the average GP is running a practice that gives him a barely adequate return on his investment in professional development. Indeed, many GPs complain they are virtually government employees relying on Medicare to pay their bills, but the "virtually" is important. They remain independent professionals who succeed or fail according to the service they provide.
The recent moves to widen the scope of nurse practitioners concern many GPs. While nurse practitioners may have a role in isolated areas, a nurse is not a substitute for a general practitioner, who has years of undergraduate and postgraduate training in family medicine. Expanding the role of nurse practitioners may simply be an axe to wield again the ancient enemy, the family GP. Many nurses have specialist training, which makes them indispensable in the medical system; but a nurse is not a substitute for professionally-trained general practitioners with years' more education behind them.
Minister Roxon's move to cut Medicare payments for cataract surgery again fl ies in the face of reality. On the face of it, it may seem plausible-better technology equals cheaper prices. If the Fred Hollows Foundation can do cataract surgery for $25, why can't an Australian ophthalmologist? The reason is that an Australian eye-doctor is running a practice. He has to pay a receptionist, an accountant, rent for his rooms and so on-in other words, he has fixed costs, which means the money goes into a lot of pockets apart from his own. In fact, he can't absorb the cost cuts that the government is asking him to accept.
From News Weekly, November 28, 2009 | 1361.txt | 3 |
[
"People not well-suited to their career choice are going to slip through the system.",
"Average GP is given abundant return on his investment in professional development.",
"Most of the general practitioners are working for the government-controlled service.",
"Australian ophthalmologists have fi xed costs so they cannot do cataract surgery."
] | According to the passage, which of the following statements is correct? | Health Minister Nicola Roxon's latest proposal that patients be allocated to doctors on a list basis is straight out of the playbook of Britain's National Health Service.
Let's think about this from the patient's point of view. Some doctors are better than others, the same as some plumbers are better than others. The reason may be a better bedside manner; it may be they are more competent; it may be just that there is a simple personality clash-it may just be that, at times, the patient wants a second opinion. Or it might be that the patient has a potentially embarrassing problem that he or she does not want to discuss with his or her regular general practitioner.
Some people who are ill-suited to their career choice are always going to slip through the system. In other words, if you are allocated a doctor you don't like or who is a dud, you are likely to be stuck with him. Of course, the government will make some noises about "freedom of choice"; but in the end, a doctor who hangs up his shingle and succeeds or fails according to the quality of service he offers is going to provide a better quality of service than a public employee.
Now, all doctors, including general practitioners, must be members of the appropriate professional body, which accredits them as qualifi ed practitioners. This means they must first finish medical school and then qualify as surgeons, physicians, ophthalmologists or psychiatrists.
This postgraduate training is arduous and expensive, and practitioners naturally expect a return on their investment of time, energy and money-the average medical graduate is left with tens of thousands of dollars in university fees.
Much is made of the top professionals who make millions, but the average GP is running a practice that gives him a barely adequate return on his investment in professional development. Indeed, many GPs complain they are virtually government employees relying on Medicare to pay their bills, but the "virtually" is important. They remain independent professionals who succeed or fail according to the service they provide.
The recent moves to widen the scope of nurse practitioners concern many GPs. While nurse practitioners may have a role in isolated areas, a nurse is not a substitute for a general practitioner, who has years of undergraduate and postgraduate training in family medicine. Expanding the role of nurse practitioners may simply be an axe to wield again the ancient enemy, the family GP. Many nurses have specialist training, which makes them indispensable in the medical system; but a nurse is not a substitute for professionally-trained general practitioners with years' more education behind them.
Minister Roxon's move to cut Medicare payments for cataract surgery again fl ies in the face of reality. On the face of it, it may seem plausible-better technology equals cheaper prices. If the Fred Hollows Foundation can do cataract surgery for $25, why can't an Australian ophthalmologist? The reason is that an Australian eye-doctor is running a practice. He has to pay a receptionist, an accountant, rent for his rooms and so on-in other words, he has fixed costs, which means the money goes into a lot of pockets apart from his own. In fact, he can't absorb the cost cuts that the government is asking him to accept.
From News Weekly, November 28, 2009 | 1361.txt | 0 |
[
"regard music as a way of entertainment",
"disagree with their parents on education",
"view music as an overlooked subject",
"prefer the arts to science"
] | According to Paragraph 1, students _ . | When students and parents are asked to rate subjects according to their importance ,the arts are unavoidably at the bottom of the list. Music is nice, people seem to say, but not important. Too often it is viewed as mere entertainment, but certainly not an education priority . This view is shortsighted. In fact, music education is beneficial and important for all students.
Music tells us who we are. Because music is an expression of the beings who create it, it reflects their thinking and values, as well as the social environment it came from. Rock music represents a lifestyle just as surely as does a Schubert song. The jazz influence that George Gershwin and other musicians introduced into their music is obviously American because it came from American musical traditions. Music expresses our character and values. It gives us identity as a society.
Music provides a kind of perceptionthat cannot be acquired any other way. Science can explain how the sun rises and sets. The arts explore emotive meaning of the same phenomenon. We need every possible way to discover and respond to our world for one simple but powerful reason: No one way can get it all.
The arts are forms of thought as powerful in what they communicate as mathematical and scientific symbols. They are ways we human beings "talk" to each other. They are the language of civilization through which we express our fears, our curiosities, our hungers, our discoveries, our hopes. The arts are ways we give form to our ideas and imagination so that they can be shared with others. When we do not give children access to an important way of expressing themselves such as music, we take away from them the meanings that music expresses.
Science and technology do not tell us what it means to be human. The arts do. Music is an important way we express human suffering, celebration, the meaning and value of peace and love.
So music education is far more necessary than people to realize. | 3534.txt | 0 |
[
"compare it with rock music",
"show music identifies a society",
"introduce American musical traditions",
"prove music influences people's lifestyles"
] | In Paragraph 2, the author uses jazz as an example to. | When students and parents are asked to rate subjects according to their importance ,the arts are unavoidably at the bottom of the list. Music is nice, people seem to say, but not important. Too often it is viewed as mere entertainment, but certainly not an education priority . This view is shortsighted. In fact, music education is beneficial and important for all students.
Music tells us who we are. Because music is an expression of the beings who create it, it reflects their thinking and values, as well as the social environment it came from. Rock music represents a lifestyle just as surely as does a Schubert song. The jazz influence that George Gershwin and other musicians introduced into their music is obviously American because it came from American musical traditions. Music expresses our character and values. It gives us identity as a society.
Music provides a kind of perceptionthat cannot be acquired any other way. Science can explain how the sun rises and sets. The arts explore emotive meaning of the same phenomenon. We need every possible way to discover and respond to our world for one simple but powerful reason: No one way can get it all.
The arts are forms of thought as powerful in what they communicate as mathematical and scientific symbols. They are ways we human beings "talk" to each other. They are the language of civilization through which we express our fears, our curiosities, our hungers, our discoveries, our hopes. The arts are ways we give form to our ideas and imagination so that they can be shared with others. When we do not give children access to an important way of expressing themselves such as music, we take away from them the meanings that music expresses.
Science and technology do not tell us what it means to be human. The arts do. Music is an important way we express human suffering, celebration, the meaning and value of peace and love.
So music education is far more necessary than people to realize. | 3534.txt | 1 |
[
"approach the world from different angles",
"explore different phenomena of the world",
"express people's feelings in different ways",
"explain what it means to be human differently"
] | According to the passage. the arts and science. | When students and parents are asked to rate subjects according to their importance ,the arts are unavoidably at the bottom of the list. Music is nice, people seem to say, but not important. Too often it is viewed as mere entertainment, but certainly not an education priority . This view is shortsighted. In fact, music education is beneficial and important for all students.
Music tells us who we are. Because music is an expression of the beings who create it, it reflects their thinking and values, as well as the social environment it came from. Rock music represents a lifestyle just as surely as does a Schubert song. The jazz influence that George Gershwin and other musicians introduced into their music is obviously American because it came from American musical traditions. Music expresses our character and values. It gives us identity as a society.
Music provides a kind of perceptionthat cannot be acquired any other way. Science can explain how the sun rises and sets. The arts explore emotive meaning of the same phenomenon. We need every possible way to discover and respond to our world for one simple but powerful reason: No one way can get it all.
The arts are forms of thought as powerful in what they communicate as mathematical and scientific symbols. They are ways we human beings "talk" to each other. They are the language of civilization through which we express our fears, our curiosities, our hungers, our discoveries, our hopes. The arts are ways we give form to our ideas and imagination so that they can be shared with others. When we do not give children access to an important way of expressing themselves such as music, we take away from them the meanings that music expresses.
Science and technology do not tell us what it means to be human. The arts do. Music is an important way we express human suffering, celebration, the meaning and value of peace and love.
So music education is far more necessary than people to realize. | 3534.txt | 0 |
[
"Music education deserves more attention.",
"Music should be of top education priority.",
"Music is an effective communication tool.",
"Music education makes students more imaginative."
] | What is the main idea of the passage? | When students and parents are asked to rate subjects according to their importance ,the arts are unavoidably at the bottom of the list. Music is nice, people seem to say, but not important. Too often it is viewed as mere entertainment, but certainly not an education priority . This view is shortsighted. In fact, music education is beneficial and important for all students.
Music tells us who we are. Because music is an expression of the beings who create it, it reflects their thinking and values, as well as the social environment it came from. Rock music represents a lifestyle just as surely as does a Schubert song. The jazz influence that George Gershwin and other musicians introduced into their music is obviously American because it came from American musical traditions. Music expresses our character and values. It gives us identity as a society.
Music provides a kind of perceptionthat cannot be acquired any other way. Science can explain how the sun rises and sets. The arts explore emotive meaning of the same phenomenon. We need every possible way to discover and respond to our world for one simple but powerful reason: No one way can get it all.
The arts are forms of thought as powerful in what they communicate as mathematical and scientific symbols. They are ways we human beings "talk" to each other. They are the language of civilization through which we express our fears, our curiosities, our hungers, our discoveries, our hopes. The arts are ways we give form to our ideas and imagination so that they can be shared with others. When we do not give children access to an important way of expressing themselves such as music, we take away from them the meanings that music expresses.
Science and technology do not tell us what it means to be human. The arts do. Music is an important way we express human suffering, celebration, the meaning and value of peace and love.
So music education is far more necessary than people to realize. | 3534.txt | 0 |
[
"researchers have found out what shapes us.",
"our peer is the last factor influencing us.",
"what researchers found contributes in a limited way.",
"what researchers found is good and trustworthy."
] | The beginning of the passage indicates that | For a long time, researchers have tried to nail down just what shapes us-or what, at least, shapes us most. And over the years, they've had a lot of exclamation moments. First it was our parents, particularly our mothers. Then it was our genes. Next it was our peers, who show up last but hold great sway. And all those ideas were good ones-but only as far as they went.
Somewhere, there was a sort of temperamental dark matter exerting an invisible gravitational pull of its own. More and more, scientists are concluding that this unexplained force is our siblings.
From the time we are born, our brothers and sisters are our collaborators and co-conspirators, our role models and cautionary tales. They are our scolds, protectors, goads, tormentors, playmates, counselors, sources of envy, objects of pride. They teach us how to resolve conflicts and how not to; how to conduct friendships and when to walk away from them. Sisters teach brothers about the mysteries of girls; brothers teach sisters about the puzzle of boys. Our spouses arrive comparatively late in our lives; our parents eventually leave us. Our siblings may be the only people we'll ever know who truly qualify as partners for life. "Siblings," says family sociologist Katherine Conger, "are with us for the whole journey."
Within the scientific community, siblings have not been wholly ignored, but research has been limited mostly to discussions of birth order.Older sibs were said to be strivers；younger ones rebels；middle kids the lost souls.The stereotypes were broad，if not entirely untrue，and there the discussion mostly ended.
But all that's changin9.At research centers in the U.S.，Canada，Europe and elsewhere，investigators are launching a wealth of new studies into the sibling dynamic，looking at ways brothers and sisters steer one another int0-or away from-risky behavior how they form a protective bufferagainst family upheaval；how they educate one another about the opposite sex；how all siblings compete for family recognition and come to terms-or blows-over such impossibly charged issues as parental favoritism.
From that research，scientists are gaining intriguing insights into the people we become as adults.Does the manager who runs a harmonious office call on the peacemaking skills learned in the family playroom? Does the student struggling with a professor who plays favorites summon up the coping skills acquired from dealing with a sister who was Daddy's girl? Do husbands and wives benefit from the inter-gender negotiations they waged when their most important partners were their sisters and brothers? All that is under investigation."Siblings have just been off the radar screen until now，"says Conger.But today serious work is revealing exactly how our brothers and sisters influence us. | 103.txt | 2 |
[
"offer us much useful information.",
"have great influences on us.",
"are the ones who love us completely.",
"accompany us throughout our life."
] | In the third paragraph, the author tries to demonstrate that our siblings | For a long time, researchers have tried to nail down just what shapes us-or what, at least, shapes us most. And over the years, they've had a lot of exclamation moments. First it was our parents, particularly our mothers. Then it was our genes. Next it was our peers, who show up last but hold great sway. And all those ideas were good ones-but only as far as they went.
Somewhere, there was a sort of temperamental dark matter exerting an invisible gravitational pull of its own. More and more, scientists are concluding that this unexplained force is our siblings.
From the time we are born, our brothers and sisters are our collaborators and co-conspirators, our role models and cautionary tales. They are our scolds, protectors, goads, tormentors, playmates, counselors, sources of envy, objects of pride. They teach us how to resolve conflicts and how not to; how to conduct friendships and when to walk away from them. Sisters teach brothers about the mysteries of girls; brothers teach sisters about the puzzle of boys. Our spouses arrive comparatively late in our lives; our parents eventually leave us. Our siblings may be the only people we'll ever know who truly qualify as partners for life. "Siblings," says family sociologist Katherine Conger, "are with us for the whole journey."
Within the scientific community, siblings have not been wholly ignored, but research has been limited mostly to discussions of birth order.Older sibs were said to be strivers；younger ones rebels；middle kids the lost souls.The stereotypes were broad，if not entirely untrue，and there the discussion mostly ended.
But all that's changin9.At research centers in the U.S.，Canada，Europe and elsewhere，investigators are launching a wealth of new studies into the sibling dynamic，looking at ways brothers and sisters steer one another int0-or away from-risky behavior how they form a protective bufferagainst family upheaval；how they educate one another about the opposite sex；how all siblings compete for family recognition and come to terms-or blows-over such impossibly charged issues as parental favoritism.
From that research，scientists are gaining intriguing insights into the people we become as adults.Does the manager who runs a harmonious office call on the peacemaking skills learned in the family playroom? Does the student struggling with a professor who plays favorites summon up the coping skills acquired from dealing with a sister who was Daddy's girl? Do husbands and wives benefit from the inter-gender negotiations they waged when their most important partners were their sisters and brothers? All that is under investigation."Siblings have just been off the radar screen until now，"says Conger.But today serious work is revealing exactly how our brothers and sisters influence us. | 103.txt | 1 |
[
"mostly focused on the sibling order.",
"studied the characteristics of the kids.",
"studied the matter in a broad sense.",
"wasn't believable and the discussion ended."
] | In scientific community, previous research on siblings | For a long time, researchers have tried to nail down just what shapes us-or what, at least, shapes us most. And over the years, they've had a lot of exclamation moments. First it was our parents, particularly our mothers. Then it was our genes. Next it was our peers, who show up last but hold great sway. And all those ideas were good ones-but only as far as they went.
Somewhere, there was a sort of temperamental dark matter exerting an invisible gravitational pull of its own. More and more, scientists are concluding that this unexplained force is our siblings.
From the time we are born, our brothers and sisters are our collaborators and co-conspirators, our role models and cautionary tales. They are our scolds, protectors, goads, tormentors, playmates, counselors, sources of envy, objects of pride. They teach us how to resolve conflicts and how not to; how to conduct friendships and when to walk away from them. Sisters teach brothers about the mysteries of girls; brothers teach sisters about the puzzle of boys. Our spouses arrive comparatively late in our lives; our parents eventually leave us. Our siblings may be the only people we'll ever know who truly qualify as partners for life. "Siblings," says family sociologist Katherine Conger, "are with us for the whole journey."
Within the scientific community, siblings have not been wholly ignored, but research has been limited mostly to discussions of birth order.Older sibs were said to be strivers；younger ones rebels；middle kids the lost souls.The stereotypes were broad，if not entirely untrue，and there the discussion mostly ended.
But all that's changin9.At research centers in the U.S.，Canada，Europe and elsewhere，investigators are launching a wealth of new studies into the sibling dynamic，looking at ways brothers and sisters steer one another int0-or away from-risky behavior how they form a protective bufferagainst family upheaval；how they educate one another about the opposite sex；how all siblings compete for family recognition and come to terms-or blows-over such impossibly charged issues as parental favoritism.
From that research，scientists are gaining intriguing insights into the people we become as adults.Does the manager who runs a harmonious office call on the peacemaking skills learned in the family playroom? Does the student struggling with a professor who plays favorites summon up the coping skills acquired from dealing with a sister who was Daddy's girl? Do husbands and wives benefit from the inter-gender negotiations they waged when their most important partners were their sisters and brothers? All that is under investigation."Siblings have just been off the radar screen until now，"says Conger.But today serious work is revealing exactly how our brothers and sisters influence us. | 103.txt | 0 |
[
"A brother cautions his sister against getting into trouble.",
"Sisters have quarrels with each other.",
"Siblings compete for parental favoritism.",
"Older kids in a family try hard to achieve."
] | Which of the following is NOT sibling dynamic? | For a long time, researchers have tried to nail down just what shapes us-or what, at least, shapes us most. And over the years, they've had a lot of exclamation moments. First it was our parents, particularly our mothers. Then it was our genes. Next it was our peers, who show up last but hold great sway. And all those ideas were good ones-but only as far as they went.
Somewhere, there was a sort of temperamental dark matter exerting an invisible gravitational pull of its own. More and more, scientists are concluding that this unexplained force is our siblings.
From the time we are born, our brothers and sisters are our collaborators and co-conspirators, our role models and cautionary tales. They are our scolds, protectors, goads, tormentors, playmates, counselors, sources of envy, objects of pride. They teach us how to resolve conflicts and how not to; how to conduct friendships and when to walk away from them. Sisters teach brothers about the mysteries of girls; brothers teach sisters about the puzzle of boys. Our spouses arrive comparatively late in our lives; our parents eventually leave us. Our siblings may be the only people we'll ever know who truly qualify as partners for life. "Siblings," says family sociologist Katherine Conger, "are with us for the whole journey."
Within the scientific community, siblings have not been wholly ignored, but research has been limited mostly to discussions of birth order.Older sibs were said to be strivers；younger ones rebels；middle kids the lost souls.The stereotypes were broad，if not entirely untrue，and there the discussion mostly ended.
But all that's changin9.At research centers in the U.S.，Canada，Europe and elsewhere，investigators are launching a wealth of new studies into the sibling dynamic，looking at ways brothers and sisters steer one another int0-or away from-risky behavior how they form a protective bufferagainst family upheaval；how they educate one another about the opposite sex；how all siblings compete for family recognition and come to terms-or blows-over such impossibly charged issues as parental favoritism.
From that research，scientists are gaining intriguing insights into the people we become as adults.Does the manager who runs a harmonious office call on the peacemaking skills learned in the family playroom? Does the student struggling with a professor who plays favorites summon up the coping skills acquired from dealing with a sister who was Daddy's girl? Do husbands and wives benefit from the inter-gender negotiations they waged when their most important partners were their sisters and brothers? All that is under investigation."Siblings have just been off the radar screen until now，"says Conger.But today serious work is revealing exactly how our brothers and sisters influence us. | 103.txt | 3 |
[
"managers learned management skills from the family playroom.",
"spouses learned negotiation skills from their siblings.",
"studies on siblings are under the way。",
"studies on siblings need thorough investigation."
] | From the last paragraph，we can conclude that | For a long time, researchers have tried to nail down just what shapes us-or what, at least, shapes us most. And over the years, they've had a lot of exclamation moments. First it was our parents, particularly our mothers. Then it was our genes. Next it was our peers, who show up last but hold great sway. And all those ideas were good ones-but only as far as they went.
Somewhere, there was a sort of temperamental dark matter exerting an invisible gravitational pull of its own. More and more, scientists are concluding that this unexplained force is our siblings.
From the time we are born, our brothers and sisters are our collaborators and co-conspirators, our role models and cautionary tales. They are our scolds, protectors, goads, tormentors, playmates, counselors, sources of envy, objects of pride. They teach us how to resolve conflicts and how not to; how to conduct friendships and when to walk away from them. Sisters teach brothers about the mysteries of girls; brothers teach sisters about the puzzle of boys. Our spouses arrive comparatively late in our lives; our parents eventually leave us. Our siblings may be the only people we'll ever know who truly qualify as partners for life. "Siblings," says family sociologist Katherine Conger, "are with us for the whole journey."
Within the scientific community, siblings have not been wholly ignored, but research has been limited mostly to discussions of birth order.Older sibs were said to be strivers；younger ones rebels；middle kids the lost souls.The stereotypes were broad，if not entirely untrue，and there the discussion mostly ended.
But all that's changin9.At research centers in the U.S.，Canada，Europe and elsewhere，investigators are launching a wealth of new studies into the sibling dynamic，looking at ways brothers and sisters steer one another int0-or away from-risky behavior how they form a protective bufferagainst family upheaval；how they educate one another about the opposite sex；how all siblings compete for family recognition and come to terms-or blows-over such impossibly charged issues as parental favoritism.
From that research，scientists are gaining intriguing insights into the people we become as adults.Does the manager who runs a harmonious office call on the peacemaking skills learned in the family playroom? Does the student struggling with a professor who plays favorites summon up the coping skills acquired from dealing with a sister who was Daddy's girl? Do husbands and wives benefit from the inter-gender negotiations they waged when their most important partners were their sisters and brothers? All that is under investigation."Siblings have just been off the radar screen until now，"says Conger.But today serious work is revealing exactly how our brothers and sisters influence us. | 103.txt | 2 |
[
"Economic forecasts will be issued at a higher frequency.",
"More details will be provided on economic outlook.",
"The Fed's functions begin to resemble those of the central banks of other countries.",
"It if of significant importance to lengthen the forecasting years."
] | Which one of the following is not the change brought by the new strategy? | He gave no steer on future interest-rate decisions and no assessment of where he sees the economy going. Yet Ben Bernanke's speech at the Cato Institute in Washington, DC, on November 14th may be judged as the one in which he stamped his mark on America's monetary policy.
The Federal Reserve's chief used his speech to unveil the central bank's new strategy for communicating with the public. In short, the Fed plans to talk more-and more often-about its assessment of the economic outlook. While the Fed is not about to join the band of central banks that are guided by an explicit goal for prices, it will borrow some of the inflation-targeters' clothes. More than one Fed-watcher dubbed the new public-relations policy "inflation targeting-lite". Until now, the Fed has published two forecasts a year. Starting on November 20th it will publish projections once a quarter. The end-point for forecasts will be pushed out from two to three years hence. And alongside the forecasts will be a "narrative" that gives more detail on the differences on the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC., the Fed's rate-setting body.
Lengthening the forecasts from two to three years is more important than it sounds. Three-year forecasts should be untainted by transitory factors that blow the economy off course. As a result, they will say a lot about how quickly policymakers think the economy can grow and how low they believe the jobless rate can safely go. And since forecasts are conditional on an "appropriate" setting for monetary policy, the longer-term projections will reveal the inflation rate the FOMC is aiming for. If views diverge, then Fed-watchers will have not one but several inflation "targets" to focus on.
Ever the diplomat, Mr Bernanke said that the new communications set-up is a "work in progress" and stressed it would not affect policy decisions. Yet his speech gives a clear sense of the kind of central bank he wants to run. The emphasis on providing a deeper insight into the spread of views on the FOMC signals a different approach from that of his predecessor, Alan Greenspan. Mr Bernanke said allowing diverse views reduces the risk that one voice becomes "unduly dominant".
Another theme is a more prominent role for explicit benchmarks. Mr Bernanke acknowledged that his preference for an inflation target is not compatible with the Fed's "dual mandate", which puts the goal of maximum employment on an equal footing with price stability. But he has nevertheless managed to find a way to get the Fed to be much clearer about its objectives. He acknowledged that one benefit of extending the Fed's forecasts for an extra year is that it will provide "an evaluation of certain long-run features of the economy." And by agreeing to publish forecasts for headline inflation, as well as the less volatile core data, Mr Bernanke has also addressed the growing perception that the Fed thinks fast-rising food and energy costs are not its problem
This is an opportune time to make the Fed's policymaking more open. As Mr Bernanke made clear, greater transparency will bolster the Fed's legitimacy and help preserve its independence. Since recent readings on inflation and activity are sending conflicting signals, the Fed will need an understanding and informed public if it is to make the right choices. | 3439.txt | 2 |
[
"Fed-watchers.",
"central banks.",
"the rate-setting body.",
"the public."
] | The "inflation-targeters" (Line 4, Paragraph 2) refers to _ | He gave no steer on future interest-rate decisions and no assessment of where he sees the economy going. Yet Ben Bernanke's speech at the Cato Institute in Washington, DC, on November 14th may be judged as the one in which he stamped his mark on America's monetary policy.
The Federal Reserve's chief used his speech to unveil the central bank's new strategy for communicating with the public. In short, the Fed plans to talk more-and more often-about its assessment of the economic outlook. While the Fed is not about to join the band of central banks that are guided by an explicit goal for prices, it will borrow some of the inflation-targeters' clothes. More than one Fed-watcher dubbed the new public-relations policy "inflation targeting-lite". Until now, the Fed has published two forecasts a year. Starting on November 20th it will publish projections once a quarter. The end-point for forecasts will be pushed out from two to three years hence. And alongside the forecasts will be a "narrative" that gives more detail on the differences on the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC., the Fed's rate-setting body.
Lengthening the forecasts from two to three years is more important than it sounds. Three-year forecasts should be untainted by transitory factors that blow the economy off course. As a result, they will say a lot about how quickly policymakers think the economy can grow and how low they believe the jobless rate can safely go. And since forecasts are conditional on an "appropriate" setting for monetary policy, the longer-term projections will reveal the inflation rate the FOMC is aiming for. If views diverge, then Fed-watchers will have not one but several inflation "targets" to focus on.
Ever the diplomat, Mr Bernanke said that the new communications set-up is a "work in progress" and stressed it would not affect policy decisions. Yet his speech gives a clear sense of the kind of central bank he wants to run. The emphasis on providing a deeper insight into the spread of views on the FOMC signals a different approach from that of his predecessor, Alan Greenspan. Mr Bernanke said allowing diverse views reduces the risk that one voice becomes "unduly dominant".
Another theme is a more prominent role for explicit benchmarks. Mr Bernanke acknowledged that his preference for an inflation target is not compatible with the Fed's "dual mandate", which puts the goal of maximum employment on an equal footing with price stability. But he has nevertheless managed to find a way to get the Fed to be much clearer about its objectives. He acknowledged that one benefit of extending the Fed's forecasts for an extra year is that it will provide "an evaluation of certain long-run features of the economy." And by agreeing to publish forecasts for headline inflation, as well as the less volatile core data, Mr Bernanke has also addressed the growing perception that the Fed thinks fast-rising food and energy costs are not its problem
This is an opportune time to make the Fed's policymaking more open. As Mr Bernanke made clear, greater transparency will bolster the Fed's legitimacy and help preserve its independence. Since recent readings on inflation and activity are sending conflicting signals, the Fed will need an understanding and informed public if it is to make the right choices. | 3439.txt | 1 |
[
"affected.",
"uninfluenced .",
"unmarked.",
"guided ."
] | The word "untainted" (Line 2, Paragraph 3) most probably means _ | He gave no steer on future interest-rate decisions and no assessment of where he sees the economy going. Yet Ben Bernanke's speech at the Cato Institute in Washington, DC, on November 14th may be judged as the one in which he stamped his mark on America's monetary policy.
The Federal Reserve's chief used his speech to unveil the central bank's new strategy for communicating with the public. In short, the Fed plans to talk more-and more often-about its assessment of the economic outlook. While the Fed is not about to join the band of central banks that are guided by an explicit goal for prices, it will borrow some of the inflation-targeters' clothes. More than one Fed-watcher dubbed the new public-relations policy "inflation targeting-lite". Until now, the Fed has published two forecasts a year. Starting on November 20th it will publish projections once a quarter. The end-point for forecasts will be pushed out from two to three years hence. And alongside the forecasts will be a "narrative" that gives more detail on the differences on the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC., the Fed's rate-setting body.
Lengthening the forecasts from two to three years is more important than it sounds. Three-year forecasts should be untainted by transitory factors that blow the economy off course. As a result, they will say a lot about how quickly policymakers think the economy can grow and how low they believe the jobless rate can safely go. And since forecasts are conditional on an "appropriate" setting for monetary policy, the longer-term projections will reveal the inflation rate the FOMC is aiming for. If views diverge, then Fed-watchers will have not one but several inflation "targets" to focus on.
Ever the diplomat, Mr Bernanke said that the new communications set-up is a "work in progress" and stressed it would not affect policy decisions. Yet his speech gives a clear sense of the kind of central bank he wants to run. The emphasis on providing a deeper insight into the spread of views on the FOMC signals a different approach from that of his predecessor, Alan Greenspan. Mr Bernanke said allowing diverse views reduces the risk that one voice becomes "unduly dominant".
Another theme is a more prominent role for explicit benchmarks. Mr Bernanke acknowledged that his preference for an inflation target is not compatible with the Fed's "dual mandate", which puts the goal of maximum employment on an equal footing with price stability. But he has nevertheless managed to find a way to get the Fed to be much clearer about its objectives. He acknowledged that one benefit of extending the Fed's forecasts for an extra year is that it will provide "an evaluation of certain long-run features of the economy." And by agreeing to publish forecasts for headline inflation, as well as the less volatile core data, Mr Bernanke has also addressed the growing perception that the Fed thinks fast-rising food and energy costs are not its problem
This is an opportune time to make the Fed's policymaking more open. As Mr Bernanke made clear, greater transparency will bolster the Fed's legitimacy and help preserve its independence. Since recent readings on inflation and activity are sending conflicting signals, the Fed will need an understanding and informed public if it is to make the right choices. | 3439.txt | 1 |
[
"complex.",
"democratic.",
"reasonable.",
"practical."
] | Compared with the approach of his predecessor, Mr Bernanke's approach is more _ | He gave no steer on future interest-rate decisions and no assessment of where he sees the economy going. Yet Ben Bernanke's speech at the Cato Institute in Washington, DC, on November 14th may be judged as the one in which he stamped his mark on America's monetary policy.
The Federal Reserve's chief used his speech to unveil the central bank's new strategy for communicating with the public. In short, the Fed plans to talk more-and more often-about its assessment of the economic outlook. While the Fed is not about to join the band of central banks that are guided by an explicit goal for prices, it will borrow some of the inflation-targeters' clothes. More than one Fed-watcher dubbed the new public-relations policy "inflation targeting-lite". Until now, the Fed has published two forecasts a year. Starting on November 20th it will publish projections once a quarter. The end-point for forecasts will be pushed out from two to three years hence. And alongside the forecasts will be a "narrative" that gives more detail on the differences on the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC., the Fed's rate-setting body.
Lengthening the forecasts from two to three years is more important than it sounds. Three-year forecasts should be untainted by transitory factors that blow the economy off course. As a result, they will say a lot about how quickly policymakers think the economy can grow and how low they believe the jobless rate can safely go. And since forecasts are conditional on an "appropriate" setting for monetary policy, the longer-term projections will reveal the inflation rate the FOMC is aiming for. If views diverge, then Fed-watchers will have not one but several inflation "targets" to focus on.
Ever the diplomat, Mr Bernanke said that the new communications set-up is a "work in progress" and stressed it would not affect policy decisions. Yet his speech gives a clear sense of the kind of central bank he wants to run. The emphasis on providing a deeper insight into the spread of views on the FOMC signals a different approach from that of his predecessor, Alan Greenspan. Mr Bernanke said allowing diverse views reduces the risk that one voice becomes "unduly dominant".
Another theme is a more prominent role for explicit benchmarks. Mr Bernanke acknowledged that his preference for an inflation target is not compatible with the Fed's "dual mandate", which puts the goal of maximum employment on an equal footing with price stability. But he has nevertheless managed to find a way to get the Fed to be much clearer about its objectives. He acknowledged that one benefit of extending the Fed's forecasts for an extra year is that it will provide "an evaluation of certain long-run features of the economy." And by agreeing to publish forecasts for headline inflation, as well as the less volatile core data, Mr Bernanke has also addressed the growing perception that the Fed thinks fast-rising food and energy costs are not its problem
This is an opportune time to make the Fed's policymaking more open. As Mr Bernanke made clear, greater transparency will bolster the Fed's legitimacy and help preserve its independence. Since recent readings on inflation and activity are sending conflicting signals, the Fed will need an understanding and informed public if it is to make the right choices. | 3439.txt | 1 |
[
"the goal of price stability is not supposed to be of the same importance as that of maximum employment.",
"it is very important to set a clear standpoint.",
"the Fed should establish new ways to find better objects.",
"inflation target should be the main focus for the coming economic forcasts."
] | The second theme of Mr Bernanke's speech is that _ | He gave no steer on future interest-rate decisions and no assessment of where he sees the economy going. Yet Ben Bernanke's speech at the Cato Institute in Washington, DC, on November 14th may be judged as the one in which he stamped his mark on America's monetary policy.
The Federal Reserve's chief used his speech to unveil the central bank's new strategy for communicating with the public. In short, the Fed plans to talk more-and more often-about its assessment of the economic outlook. While the Fed is not about to join the band of central banks that are guided by an explicit goal for prices, it will borrow some of the inflation-targeters' clothes. More than one Fed-watcher dubbed the new public-relations policy "inflation targeting-lite". Until now, the Fed has published two forecasts a year. Starting on November 20th it will publish projections once a quarter. The end-point for forecasts will be pushed out from two to three years hence. And alongside the forecasts will be a "narrative" that gives more detail on the differences on the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC., the Fed's rate-setting body.
Lengthening the forecasts from two to three years is more important than it sounds. Three-year forecasts should be untainted by transitory factors that blow the economy off course. As a result, they will say a lot about how quickly policymakers think the economy can grow and how low they believe the jobless rate can safely go. And since forecasts are conditional on an "appropriate" setting for monetary policy, the longer-term projections will reveal the inflation rate the FOMC is aiming for. If views diverge, then Fed-watchers will have not one but several inflation "targets" to focus on.
Ever the diplomat, Mr Bernanke said that the new communications set-up is a "work in progress" and stressed it would not affect policy decisions. Yet his speech gives a clear sense of the kind of central bank he wants to run. The emphasis on providing a deeper insight into the spread of views on the FOMC signals a different approach from that of his predecessor, Alan Greenspan. Mr Bernanke said allowing diverse views reduces the risk that one voice becomes "unduly dominant".
Another theme is a more prominent role for explicit benchmarks. Mr Bernanke acknowledged that his preference for an inflation target is not compatible with the Fed's "dual mandate", which puts the goal of maximum employment on an equal footing with price stability. But he has nevertheless managed to find a way to get the Fed to be much clearer about its objectives. He acknowledged that one benefit of extending the Fed's forecasts for an extra year is that it will provide "an evaluation of certain long-run features of the economy." And by agreeing to publish forecasts for headline inflation, as well as the less volatile core data, Mr Bernanke has also addressed the growing perception that the Fed thinks fast-rising food and energy costs are not its problem
This is an opportune time to make the Fed's policymaking more open. As Mr Bernanke made clear, greater transparency will bolster the Fed's legitimacy and help preserve its independence. Since recent readings on inflation and activity are sending conflicting signals, the Fed will need an understanding and informed public if it is to make the right choices. | 3439.txt | 1 |
[
"keep him from the hot sunshine",
"enable him to build warships",
"make him draw quick profit from them",
"protect him from droughts and floods"
] | Trees are useful to man mainly in three ways，the most important of which is that they can _ . | Trees are useful to man in three very important ways：they provide him wood and other products;they give him shade;and they help to prevent droughtand floods.
Unfortunately，in many parts of the world，man has not realized that the third of these services is the most important.In his eagerness to draw quick profit from the trees，he has cut them down in large numbers Two thousand years ago，a rich and powerful country cut down its trees to build warships，with which to gain itself an empire It gained the empire but，without its trees，its soil became bare and poor.When the empire fell to pieces，the country found itself faced by floods and starvation.
Even where a government realizes the importance of a plentiful supply of trees，it is difficult sometimes to make the people realize this.They cut down the trees but are too careless to plant and look after new trees So，unless the government has a good system of control，or can educate the people，the forests slowly disappear
This does not only mean that there will be fewer trees.The results are even more serious：for where there are trees，their roots break the soil up，allowing the rain to sink in， and also bind the soil.This prevents the soil from being washed away.But where there are no trees，the rainfalls on hard ground and flows away on the surface，and this causes floods and the rain carries away the rich topsoil in which crops grow When a11 the topsoil is gone.nothing remains but worthless desert. | 2407.txt | 3 |
[
"man is only interested in building empires",
"man is eager to profit from trees",
"man hasn?t realized the importance of trees to him",
"man hasn?t found out that he has lost all trees"
] | It's a great pity that _ . | Trees are useful to man in three very important ways：they provide him wood and other products;they give him shade;and they help to prevent droughtand floods.
Unfortunately，in many parts of the world，man has not realized that the third of these services is the most important.In his eagerness to draw quick profit from the trees，he has cut them down in large numbers Two thousand years ago，a rich and powerful country cut down its trees to build warships，with which to gain itself an empire It gained the empire but，without its trees，its soil became bare and poor.When the empire fell to pieces，the country found itself faced by floods and starvation.
Even where a government realizes the importance of a plentiful supply of trees，it is difficult sometimes to make the people realize this.They cut down the trees but are too careless to plant and look after new trees So，unless the government has a good system of control，or can educate the people，the forests slowly disappear
This does not only mean that there will be fewer trees.The results are even more serious：for where there are trees，their roots break the soil up，allowing the rain to sink in， and also bind the soil.This prevents the soil from being washed away.But where there are no trees，the rainfalls on hard ground and flows away on the surface，and this causes floods and the rain carries away the rich topsoil in which crops grow When a11 the topsoil is gone.nothing remains but worthless desert. | 2407.txt | 2 |
[
"unless a country has a plenty supply of trees",
"unless people stop cutting down their trees",
"unless aIl people are taught the importance of planting trees",
"unless the government punishes those who cut trees instead of planting them"
] | Sooner or later the forests will disappear _ . | Trees are useful to man in three very important ways：they provide him wood and other products;they give him shade;and they help to prevent droughtand floods.
Unfortunately，in many parts of the world，man has not realized that the third of these services is the most important.In his eagerness to draw quick profit from the trees，he has cut them down in large numbers Two thousand years ago，a rich and powerful country cut down its trees to build warships，with which to gain itself an empire It gained the empire but，without its trees，its soil became bare and poor.When the empire fell to pieces，the country found itself faced by floods and starvation.
Even where a government realizes the importance of a plentiful supply of trees，it is difficult sometimes to make the people realize this.They cut down the trees but are too careless to plant and look after new trees So，unless the government has a good system of control，or can educate the people，the forests slowly disappear
This does not only mean that there will be fewer trees.The results are even more serious：for where there are trees，their roots break the soil up，allowing the rain to sink in， and also bind the soil.This prevents the soil from being washed away.But where there are no trees，the rainfalls on hard ground and flows away on the surface，and this causes floods and the rain carries away the rich topsoil in which crops grow When a11 the topsoil is gone.nothing remains but worthless desert. | 2407.txt | 2 |
[
"to wash away",
"to make wet",
"to make stay together",
"to improve"
] | The word"bind"in Paragraph 5 means" _ " | Trees are useful to man in three very important ways：they provide him wood and other products;they give him shade;and they help to prevent droughtand floods.
Unfortunately，in many parts of the world，man has not realized that the third of these services is the most important.In his eagerness to draw quick profit from the trees，he has cut them down in large numbers Two thousand years ago，a rich and powerful country cut down its trees to build warships，with which to gain itself an empire It gained the empire but，without its trees，its soil became bare and poor.When the empire fell to pieces，the country found itself faced by floods and starvation.
Even where a government realizes the importance of a plentiful supply of trees，it is difficult sometimes to make the people realize this.They cut down the trees but are too careless to plant and look after new trees So，unless the government has a good system of control，or can educate the people，the forests slowly disappear
This does not only mean that there will be fewer trees.The results are even more serious：for where there are trees，their roots break the soil up，allowing the rain to sink in， and also bind the soil.This prevents the soil from being washed away.But where there are no trees，the rainfalls on hard ground and flows away on the surface，and this causes floods and the rain carries away the rich topsoil in which crops grow When a11 the topsoil is gone.nothing remains but worthless desert. | 2407.txt | 2 |
[
"keep rain from falling down to soft ground",
"cause the soil to allow rainwater to sink in",
"prevent the soil from being washed away",
"make the topsoil stick together"
] | When there is a heavy rain.trees can help to prevent floods as they can _ . | Trees are useful to man in three very important ways：they provide him wood and other products;they give him shade;and they help to prevent droughtand floods.
Unfortunately，in many parts of the world，man has not realized that the third of these services is the most important.In his eagerness to draw quick profit from the trees，he has cut them down in large numbers Two thousand years ago，a rich and powerful country cut down its trees to build warships，with which to gain itself an empire It gained the empire but，without its trees，its soil became bare and poor.When the empire fell to pieces，the country found itself faced by floods and starvation.
Even where a government realizes the importance of a plentiful supply of trees，it is difficult sometimes to make the people realize this.They cut down the trees but are too careless to plant and look after new trees So，unless the government has a good system of control，or can educate the people，the forests slowly disappear
This does not only mean that there will be fewer trees.The results are even more serious：for where there are trees，their roots break the soil up，allowing the rain to sink in， and also bind the soil.This prevents the soil from being washed away.But where there are no trees，the rainfalls on hard ground and flows away on the surface，and this causes floods and the rain carries away the rich topsoil in which crops grow When a11 the topsoil is gone.nothing remains but worthless desert. | 2407.txt | 1 |
[
"The Cambridge Film Festival.",
"Meetings with filmmakers.",
"The preview screening.",
"Monthly premieres."
] | Which of the following is the most famous event held at Cambridge Arts Cinema? | Student Membership-----Cambridge Arts Cinema
Cambridge Arts Cinema is one of the art houses in Britain and home of the internationally celebrated Cambridge Film Festival. Since 1947 generations of students have discovered the wealth of world cinema. Now you too can make most of it and save money. | 1498.txt | 0 |
[
"Darkroom Gallery shows",
"mailed programmes",
"special film events",
"film shows"
] | If you're a member of Cambridge Arts Cinema, you will enjoy free_ | Student Membership-----Cambridge Arts Cinema
Cambridge Arts Cinema is one of the art houses in Britain and home of the internationally celebrated Cambridge Film Festival. Since 1947 generations of students have discovered the wealth of world cinema. Now you too can make most of it and save money. | 1498.txt | 1 |
[
"Four months.",
"Eight months.",
"Nine months.",
"One year."
] | How long will the membership for Cambridge Arts Cinema last? | Student Membership-----Cambridge Arts Cinema
Cambridge Arts Cinema is one of the art houses in Britain and home of the internationally celebrated Cambridge Film Festival. Since 1947 generations of students have discovered the wealth of world cinema. Now you too can make most of it and save money. | 1498.txt | 2 |
[
"Offering students cheaper tickets.",
"Announcing the opening of a premiere.",
"Telling the public of the cinema's address.",
"Increasing the cinema's membership."
] | For what purpose is the text written? | Student Membership-----Cambridge Arts Cinema
Cambridge Arts Cinema is one of the art houses in Britain and home of the internationally celebrated Cambridge Film Festival. Since 1947 generations of students have discovered the wealth of world cinema. Now you too can make most of it and save money. | 1498.txt | 3 |
[
"To help urban Mexican Americans understand the problems confronting striking campesinos in California",
"To promote an attitude of pride in the depth and richness of the Mexican American heritage among striking campesinos",
"To provide striking campesinos an opportunity to use their creative talents to express their political opinions",
"To mobilize campesinos to support the farm workers' strike in California"
] | According to the passage, the original impetus behind the establishment of the Teatro Campesino was which of the following? | In the fields of Delano. Califomia. In 1965. Luis Valdez started the Teatro Campesino (Farm worker's Theater), and with it initiated the renaissance of Mexican American theater. The Teatro Campesino had an avowedly political purpose: to rally campesinos (farmworkers) in support of the farm workers' strike then being organized by Cesar Chavez Valdez dramatic presentations, called actos,spoke to a campesino audience and addressed topics and themes directly related to the strike. Valdez early actos were composed of a series of scenes about the strike experience acted by campesino volun-teers. His later actos were presented by a newly constituted professional company, still called the Teatro Campesino, and addressed such themes as the impact of the Vietnam War on Mexican Americans and the dangers of assimilation, themes relevant to urban Mexican Americans as well as to campesinos. All Valdez' actos con-tained elements of song and dance, relied little on stage effects or props, and featured the use of masks. These dramatic elements, along with an intensely social or political purpose and the use of a mixture of Spanish, English, and Mexican American dialects in the dialogues. which realistically capture the flavor of Mexican American conver-sation, are still characteristic both of the acto and of most other forms of Mexican American theater today.
Innovative as it is, the acto owes much to the theater traditions or other periods and regions. Like early Spanish American religious dramas, secular folk dramas, and the Mexican carpas of a somewhat later period, actos are usually performed outdoors by traveling groups of players or by local theater groups. The improvised comic satire of the actos is often attributed to Valdez' study of the Italian commedia dell' arte of the sixteenth century, although some critics see it as a direct reflection of the comic and improvisational qualities of the more contemporary and local carpas of Mexican theater. The Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez immediate source: the Mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian commedia dell'arte troupes on tour in Spain. The English-language theater has provided elements as well: Valdez himself has acknowledged his debt to the agitprop socialist theater that appeared in the United States during the 1920's and 1930's. In particular, his actos contain the same assortment of semiallegorical characters and the same blend of music, chorus, and dialogue found in some of the agitprop pieces, as well as the same fierce spirit of social and political critique. Finally, many of Valdez' later theater pieces freely incorporate characters, plots and symbols drawn from the indigenous myths and rituals of the pre-Hispanic peoples of Latin America. In fact, no other art form illustrates more clearly the depth and complexity of the Mexican American heritage itself than does the acto of Luis Valdez and the Teatro Campesino. | 1910.txt | 3 |
[
"theater of sixteenth-century Italy",
"carpas of Mexico",
"drama of classical Greece",
"English-language theater of the United States"
] | The author cites all of the following as probable influences on Valdez'development of the acto EXCEPT the | In the fields of Delano. Califomia. In 1965. Luis Valdez started the Teatro Campesino (Farm worker's Theater), and with it initiated the renaissance of Mexican American theater. The Teatro Campesino had an avowedly political purpose: to rally campesinos (farmworkers) in support of the farm workers' strike then being organized by Cesar Chavez Valdez dramatic presentations, called actos,spoke to a campesino audience and addressed topics and themes directly related to the strike. Valdez early actos were composed of a series of scenes about the strike experience acted by campesino volun-teers. His later actos were presented by a newly constituted professional company, still called the Teatro Campesino, and addressed such themes as the impact of the Vietnam War on Mexican Americans and the dangers of assimilation, themes relevant to urban Mexican Americans as well as to campesinos. All Valdez' actos con-tained elements of song and dance, relied little on stage effects or props, and featured the use of masks. These dramatic elements, along with an intensely social or political purpose and the use of a mixture of Spanish, English, and Mexican American dialects in the dialogues. which realistically capture the flavor of Mexican American conver-sation, are still characteristic both of the acto and of most other forms of Mexican American theater today.
Innovative as it is, the acto owes much to the theater traditions or other periods and regions. Like early Spanish American religious dramas, secular folk dramas, and the Mexican carpas of a somewhat later period, actos are usually performed outdoors by traveling groups of players or by local theater groups. The improvised comic satire of the actos is often attributed to Valdez' study of the Italian commedia dell' arte of the sixteenth century, although some critics see it as a direct reflection of the comic and improvisational qualities of the more contemporary and local carpas of Mexican theater. The Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez immediate source: the Mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian commedia dell'arte troupes on tour in Spain. The English-language theater has provided elements as well: Valdez himself has acknowledged his debt to the agitprop socialist theater that appeared in the United States during the 1920's and 1930's. In particular, his actos contain the same assortment of semiallegorical characters and the same blend of music, chorus, and dialogue found in some of the agitprop pieces, as well as the same fierce spirit of social and political critique. Finally, many of Valdez' later theater pieces freely incorporate characters, plots and symbols drawn from the indigenous myths and rituals of the pre-Hispanic peoples of Latin America. In fact, no other art form illustrates more clearly the depth and complexity of the Mexican American heritage itself than does the acto of Luis Valdez and the Teatro Campesino. | 1910.txt | 2 |
[
"They were more politically effective than were earlier actos.",
"They were presented primarily outdoors, whereas earlier actos were presented inside theaters.",
"They used a greater mixture of dialects than did the earlier actos.",
"They addressed a broader audience than did the earlier actos."
] | The passage suggests that which of the following was true of the later actos of the Teatro Campesino? | In the fields of Delano. Califomia. In 1965. Luis Valdez started the Teatro Campesino (Farm worker's Theater), and with it initiated the renaissance of Mexican American theater. The Teatro Campesino had an avowedly political purpose: to rally campesinos (farmworkers) in support of the farm workers' strike then being organized by Cesar Chavez Valdez dramatic presentations, called actos,spoke to a campesino audience and addressed topics and themes directly related to the strike. Valdez early actos were composed of a series of scenes about the strike experience acted by campesino volun-teers. His later actos were presented by a newly constituted professional company, still called the Teatro Campesino, and addressed such themes as the impact of the Vietnam War on Mexican Americans and the dangers of assimilation, themes relevant to urban Mexican Americans as well as to campesinos. All Valdez' actos con-tained elements of song and dance, relied little on stage effects or props, and featured the use of masks. These dramatic elements, along with an intensely social or political purpose and the use of a mixture of Spanish, English, and Mexican American dialects in the dialogues. which realistically capture the flavor of Mexican American conver-sation, are still characteristic both of the acto and of most other forms of Mexican American theater today.
Innovative as it is, the acto owes much to the theater traditions or other periods and regions. Like early Spanish American religious dramas, secular folk dramas, and the Mexican carpas of a somewhat later period, actos are usually performed outdoors by traveling groups of players or by local theater groups. The improvised comic satire of the actos is often attributed to Valdez' study of the Italian commedia dell' arte of the sixteenth century, although some critics see it as a direct reflection of the comic and improvisational qualities of the more contemporary and local carpas of Mexican theater. The Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez immediate source: the Mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian commedia dell'arte troupes on tour in Spain. The English-language theater has provided elements as well: Valdez himself has acknowledged his debt to the agitprop socialist theater that appeared in the United States during the 1920's and 1930's. In particular, his actos contain the same assortment of semiallegorical characters and the same blend of music, chorus, and dialogue found in some of the agitprop pieces, as well as the same fierce spirit of social and political critique. Finally, many of Valdez' later theater pieces freely incorporate characters, plots and symbols drawn from the indigenous myths and rituals of the pre-Hispanic peoples of Latin America. In fact, no other art form illustrates more clearly the depth and complexity of the Mexican American heritage itself than does the acto of Luis Valdez and the Teatro Campesino. | 1910.txt | 3 |
[
"Their views, if correct, do not preclude the existence of an Italian influence on the acto.",
"Their views are unlikely to be correct, given the differences existing between Mexican and Mexican American theater.",
"Their views concerning the Mexican carpas are essentially correct, but they lack familiarity with the acto.",
"Their views are probably more correct than the views of those who have attributed the comic and improvisational elements of the acto to earlier sources."
] | Which of the following best describes the author's evaluation of the views of the critics cited in lines 36-39? | In the fields of Delano. Califomia. In 1965. Luis Valdez started the Teatro Campesino (Farm worker's Theater), and with it initiated the renaissance of Mexican American theater. The Teatro Campesino had an avowedly political purpose: to rally campesinos (farmworkers) in support of the farm workers' strike then being organized by Cesar Chavez Valdez dramatic presentations, called actos,spoke to a campesino audience and addressed topics and themes directly related to the strike. Valdez early actos were composed of a series of scenes about the strike experience acted by campesino volun-teers. His later actos were presented by a newly constituted professional company, still called the Teatro Campesino, and addressed such themes as the impact of the Vietnam War on Mexican Americans and the dangers of assimilation, themes relevant to urban Mexican Americans as well as to campesinos. All Valdez' actos con-tained elements of song and dance, relied little on stage effects or props, and featured the use of masks. These dramatic elements, along with an intensely social or political purpose and the use of a mixture of Spanish, English, and Mexican American dialects in the dialogues. which realistically capture the flavor of Mexican American conver-sation, are still characteristic both of the acto and of most other forms of Mexican American theater today.
Innovative as it is, the acto owes much to the theater traditions or other periods and regions. Like early Spanish American religious dramas, secular folk dramas, and the Mexican carpas of a somewhat later period, actos are usually performed outdoors by traveling groups of players or by local theater groups. The improvised comic satire of the actos is often attributed to Valdez' study of the Italian commedia dell' arte of the sixteenth century, although some critics see it as a direct reflection of the comic and improvisational qualities of the more contemporary and local carpas of Mexican theater. The Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez immediate source: the Mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian commedia dell'arte troupes on tour in Spain. The English-language theater has provided elements as well: Valdez himself has acknowledged his debt to the agitprop socialist theater that appeared in the United States during the 1920's and 1930's. In particular, his actos contain the same assortment of semiallegorical characters and the same blend of music, chorus, and dialogue found in some of the agitprop pieces, as well as the same fierce spirit of social and political critique. Finally, many of Valdez' later theater pieces freely incorporate characters, plots and symbols drawn from the indigenous myths and rituals of the pre-Hispanic peoples of Latin America. In fact, no other art form illustrates more clearly the depth and complexity of the Mexican American heritage itself than does the acto of Luis Valdez and the Teatro Campesino. | 1910.txt | 0 |
[
"Mexican American playwrights wish to include in their works elements drawn from the traditions and history of pre-Hispanic America.",
"Mexican American playwrights try to guarantee that their works are fully understood by the broadest possible audience, including those who may speak only one language.",
"Such a linguistic mix faithfully reflects the linguistic diversity of Mexican American culture, and is easily understood by most Mexican Americans.",
"Many Mexican American playwrights are quite familiar with both the Spanish-language and the English-language theater traditions."
] | The passage suggests that which of the following explains the characteristic use of a mixture of Spanish, English, and Mexican American dialects in the works of Mexican American playwrights? | In the fields of Delano. Califomia. In 1965. Luis Valdez started the Teatro Campesino (Farm worker's Theater), and with it initiated the renaissance of Mexican American theater. The Teatro Campesino had an avowedly political purpose: to rally campesinos (farmworkers) in support of the farm workers' strike then being organized by Cesar Chavez Valdez dramatic presentations, called actos,spoke to a campesino audience and addressed topics and themes directly related to the strike. Valdez early actos were composed of a series of scenes about the strike experience acted by campesino volun-teers. His later actos were presented by a newly constituted professional company, still called the Teatro Campesino, and addressed such themes as the impact of the Vietnam War on Mexican Americans and the dangers of assimilation, themes relevant to urban Mexican Americans as well as to campesinos. All Valdez' actos con-tained elements of song and dance, relied little on stage effects or props, and featured the use of masks. These dramatic elements, along with an intensely social or political purpose and the use of a mixture of Spanish, English, and Mexican American dialects in the dialogues. which realistically capture the flavor of Mexican American conver-sation, are still characteristic both of the acto and of most other forms of Mexican American theater today.
Innovative as it is, the acto owes much to the theater traditions or other periods and regions. Like early Spanish American religious dramas, secular folk dramas, and the Mexican carpas of a somewhat later period, actos are usually performed outdoors by traveling groups of players or by local theater groups. The improvised comic satire of the actos is often attributed to Valdez' study of the Italian commedia dell' arte of the sixteenth century, although some critics see it as a direct reflection of the comic and improvisational qualities of the more contemporary and local carpas of Mexican theater. The Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez immediate source: the Mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian commedia dell'arte troupes on tour in Spain. The English-language theater has provided elements as well: Valdez himself has acknowledged his debt to the agitprop socialist theater that appeared in the United States during the 1920's and 1930's. In particular, his actos contain the same assortment of semiallegorical characters and the same blend of music, chorus, and dialogue found in some of the agitprop pieces, as well as the same fierce spirit of social and political critique. Finally, many of Valdez' later theater pieces freely incorporate characters, plots and symbols drawn from the indigenous myths and rituals of the pre-Hispanic peoples of Latin America. In fact, no other art form illustrates more clearly the depth and complexity of the Mexican American heritage itself than does the acto of Luis Valdez and the Teatro Campesino. | 1910.txt | 2 |
[
"The use of masks",
"Comic improvisation",
"An outdoor setting",
"An assortment of semiallegorical characters"
] | According to the passage, which of the following elements characteristic of the acto are also found in some agitprop theater pieces? | In the fields of Delano. Califomia. In 1965. Luis Valdez started the Teatro Campesino (Farm worker's Theater), and with it initiated the renaissance of Mexican American theater. The Teatro Campesino had an avowedly political purpose: to rally campesinos (farmworkers) in support of the farm workers' strike then being organized by Cesar Chavez Valdez dramatic presentations, called actos,spoke to a campesino audience and addressed topics and themes directly related to the strike. Valdez early actos were composed of a series of scenes about the strike experience acted by campesino volun-teers. His later actos were presented by a newly constituted professional company, still called the Teatro Campesino, and addressed such themes as the impact of the Vietnam War on Mexican Americans and the dangers of assimilation, themes relevant to urban Mexican Americans as well as to campesinos. All Valdez' actos con-tained elements of song and dance, relied little on stage effects or props, and featured the use of masks. These dramatic elements, along with an intensely social or political purpose and the use of a mixture of Spanish, English, and Mexican American dialects in the dialogues. which realistically capture the flavor of Mexican American conver-sation, are still characteristic both of the acto and of most other forms of Mexican American theater today.
Innovative as it is, the acto owes much to the theater traditions or other periods and regions. Like early Spanish American religious dramas, secular folk dramas, and the Mexican carpas of a somewhat later period, actos are usually performed outdoors by traveling groups of players or by local theater groups. The improvised comic satire of the actos is often attributed to Valdez' study of the Italian commedia dell' arte of the sixteenth century, although some critics see it as a direct reflection of the comic and improvisational qualities of the more contemporary and local carpas of Mexican theater. The Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez immediate source: the Mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian commedia dell'arte troupes on tour in Spain. The English-language theater has provided elements as well: Valdez himself has acknowledged his debt to the agitprop socialist theater that appeared in the United States during the 1920's and 1930's. In particular, his actos contain the same assortment of semiallegorical characters and the same blend of music, chorus, and dialogue found in some of the agitprop pieces, as well as the same fierce spirit of social and political critique. Finally, many of Valdez' later theater pieces freely incorporate characters, plots and symbols drawn from the indigenous myths and rituals of the pre-Hispanic peoples of Latin America. In fact, no other art form illustrates more clearly the depth and complexity of the Mexican American heritage itself than does the acto of Luis Valdez and the Teatro Campesino. | 1910.txt | 3 |
[
"Many popular forms of theater rely heavily on improvisation.",
"Plays resembling the acto in structure were written in the 1970's by West African playwrights who are interested in dramatizing the richness of their own cultures.",
"The use of masks has, at one time or another, been characteristic of the theater traditions of almost all cultures, even those most isolated from outside influences.",
"Before 1965 Luis Valdez had attended many performances of traditional Mexican theater groups touring the western United States."
] | Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the author's argument concerning the debt of the acto to the theater traditions of other periods and regions? | In the fields of Delano. Califomia. In 1965. Luis Valdez started the Teatro Campesino (Farm worker's Theater), and with it initiated the renaissance of Mexican American theater. The Teatro Campesino had an avowedly political purpose: to rally campesinos (farmworkers) in support of the farm workers' strike then being organized by Cesar Chavez Valdez dramatic presentations, called actos,spoke to a campesino audience and addressed topics and themes directly related to the strike. Valdez early actos were composed of a series of scenes about the strike experience acted by campesino volun-teers. His later actos were presented by a newly constituted professional company, still called the Teatro Campesino, and addressed such themes as the impact of the Vietnam War on Mexican Americans and the dangers of assimilation, themes relevant to urban Mexican Americans as well as to campesinos. All Valdez' actos con-tained elements of song and dance, relied little on stage effects or props, and featured the use of masks. These dramatic elements, along with an intensely social or political purpose and the use of a mixture of Spanish, English, and Mexican American dialects in the dialogues. which realistically capture the flavor of Mexican American conver-sation, are still characteristic both of the acto and of most other forms of Mexican American theater today.
Innovative as it is, the acto owes much to the theater traditions or other periods and regions. Like early Spanish American religious dramas, secular folk dramas, and the Mexican carpas of a somewhat later period, actos are usually performed outdoors by traveling groups of players or by local theater groups. The improvised comic satire of the actos is often attributed to Valdez' study of the Italian commedia dell' arte of the sixteenth century, although some critics see it as a direct reflection of the comic and improvisational qualities of the more contemporary and local carpas of Mexican theater. The Italian influence is likely, whatever Valdez immediate source: the Mexican carpas themselves are said to have originated from the theater pieces of a sixteenth-century Spanish writer inspired by encounters with Italian commedia dell'arte troupes on tour in Spain. The English-language theater has provided elements as well: Valdez himself has acknowledged his debt to the agitprop socialist theater that appeared in the United States during the 1920's and 1930's. In particular, his actos contain the same assortment of semiallegorical characters and the same blend of music, chorus, and dialogue found in some of the agitprop pieces, as well as the same fierce spirit of social and political critique. Finally, many of Valdez' later theater pieces freely incorporate characters, plots and symbols drawn from the indigenous myths and rituals of the pre-Hispanic peoples of Latin America. In fact, no other art form illustrates more clearly the depth and complexity of the Mexican American heritage itself than does the acto of Luis Valdez and the Teatro Campesino. | 1910.txt | 3 |
[
"plead for the abolishment of uniforms",
"show that uniforms are not possible in a democratic society",
"advocate stronger governmental controls on the wearing of uniforms",
"convince the reader that uniforms have more disadvantages than advantages"
] | The author's primary purpose in writing this passage was to _ . | No one should be forced to wear a uniform under any circumstance. Uniforms are demanding to the human spirit and totally unnecessary in a democratic society. Uniforms tell the world that the person who wears one has no value as an individual but only lives to function as a part of a whole. The individual in a uniform loses all self-worth.
There are those who say that wearing a uniform gives a person a sense of identification with a larger, more important concept. What could be more important than the individual himself? If an organization is so weak that it must rely on cloth and buttons to inspire its members, that organization has no right to continue its existence. Others say that the practice of making persons wear uniforms, say in a school, eliminates all envy and competition in the matter of dress, such that a poor person who cannot afford good-quality clothing is not to be belittled by a wealthy person who wears expensive quality clothing. Those persons conveniently ignore such critical concepts as freedom of choice, motivation, and individuality. If all persons were to wear the same clothing, why would anyone strive to be better? It is only a short step from forcing everyone to drive the same car, have the same type of foods. When this happens, all incentive to improve one's life is removed. Why would parents bother to work hard so that their children could have a better life than they had when they know that their children are going to be forced to have exactly the same life that they had?
Uniforms also hurt the economy. Right now, billions of dollars are spent on the fashion industry yearly. Thousands of persons are employed in designing, creating and marketing different types of clothing. If everyone were forced to wear uniforms, artistic personnel would be unnecessary. Sales persons would be superfluous as well; why bother to sell the only items that are available? The wearing of uniforms would destroy the fashion industry, which in turn would have a ripple effect on such industries as advertising and promotion. Without advertising, newspapers, magazines, and television would not be able to remain in business. One entire information and entertainment industry would collapse. | 4173.txt | 3 |
[
"To show that freedom of choice is absolute.",
"To show that the government has interfered too much in the lives of individual.",
"To suggest what would happen if uniforms became compulsory.",
"To predict the way the society will be in the next few generations."
] | Why does the author discuss forcing everyone to buy the same car or eat the same food? | No one should be forced to wear a uniform under any circumstance. Uniforms are demanding to the human spirit and totally unnecessary in a democratic society. Uniforms tell the world that the person who wears one has no value as an individual but only lives to function as a part of a whole. The individual in a uniform loses all self-worth.
There are those who say that wearing a uniform gives a person a sense of identification with a larger, more important concept. What could be more important than the individual himself? If an organization is so weak that it must rely on cloth and buttons to inspire its members, that organization has no right to continue its existence. Others say that the practice of making persons wear uniforms, say in a school, eliminates all envy and competition in the matter of dress, such that a poor person who cannot afford good-quality clothing is not to be belittled by a wealthy person who wears expensive quality clothing. Those persons conveniently ignore such critical concepts as freedom of choice, motivation, and individuality. If all persons were to wear the same clothing, why would anyone strive to be better? It is only a short step from forcing everyone to drive the same car, have the same type of foods. When this happens, all incentive to improve one's life is removed. Why would parents bother to work hard so that their children could have a better life than they had when they know that their children are going to be forced to have exactly the same life that they had?
Uniforms also hurt the economy. Right now, billions of dollars are spent on the fashion industry yearly. Thousands of persons are employed in designing, creating and marketing different types of clothing. If everyone were forced to wear uniforms, artistic personnel would be unnecessary. Sales persons would be superfluous as well; why bother to sell the only items that are available? The wearing of uniforms would destroy the fashion industry, which in turn would have a ripple effect on such industries as advertising and promotion. Without advertising, newspapers, magazines, and television would not be able to remain in business. One entire information and entertainment industry would collapse. | 4173.txt | 2 |
[
"The person who wears a uniform has no self-worth.",
"Wearing a uniform gives a person a sense of identification with a larger concept.",
"Uniforms will hurt one entire information and entertainment industry.",
"Envy and competition are incentive to improve one's life."
] | Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the author? | No one should be forced to wear a uniform under any circumstance. Uniforms are demanding to the human spirit and totally unnecessary in a democratic society. Uniforms tell the world that the person who wears one has no value as an individual but only lives to function as a part of a whole. The individual in a uniform loses all self-worth.
There are those who say that wearing a uniform gives a person a sense of identification with a larger, more important concept. What could be more important than the individual himself? If an organization is so weak that it must rely on cloth and buttons to inspire its members, that organization has no right to continue its existence. Others say that the practice of making persons wear uniforms, say in a school, eliminates all envy and competition in the matter of dress, such that a poor person who cannot afford good-quality clothing is not to be belittled by a wealthy person who wears expensive quality clothing. Those persons conveniently ignore such critical concepts as freedom of choice, motivation, and individuality. If all persons were to wear the same clothing, why would anyone strive to be better? It is only a short step from forcing everyone to drive the same car, have the same type of foods. When this happens, all incentive to improve one's life is removed. Why would parents bother to work hard so that their children could have a better life than they had when they know that their children are going to be forced to have exactly the same life that they had?
Uniforms also hurt the economy. Right now, billions of dollars are spent on the fashion industry yearly. Thousands of persons are employed in designing, creating and marketing different types of clothing. If everyone were forced to wear uniforms, artistic personnel would be unnecessary. Sales persons would be superfluous as well; why bother to sell the only items that are available? The wearing of uniforms would destroy the fashion industry, which in turn would have a ripple effect on such industries as advertising and promotion. Without advertising, newspapers, magazines, and television would not be able to remain in business. One entire information and entertainment industry would collapse. | 4173.txt | 1 |
[
"indispensable",
"available",
"surplus",
"supplementary"
] | The word " superfluous" (Para. 3) most probably means _ . | No one should be forced to wear a uniform under any circumstance. Uniforms are demanding to the human spirit and totally unnecessary in a democratic society. Uniforms tell the world that the person who wears one has no value as an individual but only lives to function as a part of a whole. The individual in a uniform loses all self-worth.
There are those who say that wearing a uniform gives a person a sense of identification with a larger, more important concept. What could be more important than the individual himself? If an organization is so weak that it must rely on cloth and buttons to inspire its members, that organization has no right to continue its existence. Others say that the practice of making persons wear uniforms, say in a school, eliminates all envy and competition in the matter of dress, such that a poor person who cannot afford good-quality clothing is not to be belittled by a wealthy person who wears expensive quality clothing. Those persons conveniently ignore such critical concepts as freedom of choice, motivation, and individuality. If all persons were to wear the same clothing, why would anyone strive to be better? It is only a short step from forcing everyone to drive the same car, have the same type of foods. When this happens, all incentive to improve one's life is removed. Why would parents bother to work hard so that their children could have a better life than they had when they know that their children are going to be forced to have exactly the same life that they had?
Uniforms also hurt the economy. Right now, billions of dollars are spent on the fashion industry yearly. Thousands of persons are employed in designing, creating and marketing different types of clothing. If everyone were forced to wear uniforms, artistic personnel would be unnecessary. Sales persons would be superfluous as well; why bother to sell the only items that are available? The wearing of uniforms would destroy the fashion industry, which in turn would have a ripple effect on such industries as advertising and promotion. Without advertising, newspapers, magazines, and television would not be able to remain in business. One entire information and entertainment industry would collapse. | 4173.txt | 2 |
[
"the positive effects of wearing uniforms",
"more negative effects of wearing uniforms",
"alternative to wearing uniforms",
"the legal rights of those not wishing to wear uniforms"
] | The next paragraph in this passage might discuss _ . | No one should be forced to wear a uniform under any circumstance. Uniforms are demanding to the human spirit and totally unnecessary in a democratic society. Uniforms tell the world that the person who wears one has no value as an individual but only lives to function as a part of a whole. The individual in a uniform loses all self-worth.
There are those who say that wearing a uniform gives a person a sense of identification with a larger, more important concept. What could be more important than the individual himself? If an organization is so weak that it must rely on cloth and buttons to inspire its members, that organization has no right to continue its existence. Others say that the practice of making persons wear uniforms, say in a school, eliminates all envy and competition in the matter of dress, such that a poor person who cannot afford good-quality clothing is not to be belittled by a wealthy person who wears expensive quality clothing. Those persons conveniently ignore such critical concepts as freedom of choice, motivation, and individuality. If all persons were to wear the same clothing, why would anyone strive to be better? It is only a short step from forcing everyone to drive the same car, have the same type of foods. When this happens, all incentive to improve one's life is removed. Why would parents bother to work hard so that their children could have a better life than they had when they know that their children are going to be forced to have exactly the same life that they had?
Uniforms also hurt the economy. Right now, billions of dollars are spent on the fashion industry yearly. Thousands of persons are employed in designing, creating and marketing different types of clothing. If everyone were forced to wear uniforms, artistic personnel would be unnecessary. Sales persons would be superfluous as well; why bother to sell the only items that are available? The wearing of uniforms would destroy the fashion industry, which in turn would have a ripple effect on such industries as advertising and promotion. Without advertising, newspapers, magazines, and television would not be able to remain in business. One entire information and entertainment industry would collapse. | 4173.txt | 1 |
[
"obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites",
"inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them",
"eager to help their friends promote quality products",
"enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products"
] | Consumers may create "earned" media when they are . | The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional "paid" media - such as television commercials and print advertisements - still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create "earned" media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage "owned media" by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing's impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.
Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users' responses. But in some cases, one marketer's owned media become another marketer's paid media - for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies' marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.
The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.
If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk.In such a case, the company's response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg. | 2170.txt | 3 |
[
"a safe business environment",
"random competition",
"strong user traffic",
"flexibility in organization"
] | According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature . | The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional "paid" media - such as television commercials and print advertisements - still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create "earned" media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage "owned media" by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing's impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.
Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users' responses. But in some cases, one marketer's owned media become another marketer's paid media - for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies' marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.
The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.
If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk.In such a case, the company's response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg. | 2170.txt | 2 |
[
"invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers",
"can be used to produce negative effects in marketing",
"may be responsible for fiercer competition",
"deserve all the negative comments about them"
] | The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media . | The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional "paid" media - such as television commercials and print advertisements - still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create "earned" media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage "owned media" by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing's impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.
Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users' responses. But in some cases, one marketer's owned media become another marketer's paid media - for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies' marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.
The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.
If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk.In such a case, the company's response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg. | 2170.txt | 1 |
[
"responding effectively to hijacked media",
"persuading customers into boycotting products",
"cooperating with supportive consumers",
"taking advantage of hijacked media"
] | Toyota Motor's experience is cited as an example of . | The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional "paid" media - such as television commercials and print advertisements - still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create "earned" media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage "owned media" by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing's impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.
Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users' responses. But in some cases, one marketer's owned media become another marketer's paid media - for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies' marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.
The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.
If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk.In such a case, the company's response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg. | 2170.txt | 0 |
[
"Alternatives to conventional paid media.",
"Conflict between hijacked and earned media.",
"Dominance of hijacked media.",
"Popularity of owned media."
] | Which of the following is the text mainly about? | The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional "paid" media - such as television commercials and print advertisements - still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create "earned" media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage "owned media" by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing's impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.
Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users' responses. But in some cases, one marketer's owned media become another marketer's paid media - for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies' marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.
The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.
If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk.In such a case, the company's response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg. | 2170.txt | 0 |
[
"the acts of violence against scientists",
"the use of animals in research",
"the techniques of planting bombs in cars",
"the establishment of new animal protection organization"
] | The words "these developments" (Para. 2, Line 1) most probably refer to ________. | Protests at the use of animals in research have taken a new and fearful character in Britain with the attempted murder of two British scientists by the terrorist technique of the pre-planted car-bomb.
The research community will rightly be alarmed at these developments, which have two objectives: to arouse public attention and to frighten people working in research with animals. The first need is that everything should be done to identify those responsible for the crimes and to put them on trail. The Defence Research Society has taken the practical step of offering a reward of 10,000 pounds for information leading to those responsible, but past experience is not encouraging. People are unlikely to be tempted by such offers. The professional police will similarly be confronted by the usual problem of finding a needle in a haystack.
That is why the intellectual community in Britain and elsewhere must act more vigorously in its own defence. There are several steps that can be taken, of which the chief one is to demand of all the organizations that exist with the declared objectives of safeguarding the interests of animals that they should declare clearly where they stand on violence towards people. And it will not be enough for the chairmen and chairwomen of these organizations to utter placatory statements on behalf of all their members. These people should also undertake that it will be a test of continuing membership in their organizations that members and would be members should declare that they will take no part in acts of violence against human beings. Even such undertakings would not be fully effective: people, after all, can lie. But at least they would distinguish the organizations entitled to a continuing voice in the dialogue with the research community about the rights of animals in research from the organizations that deserve no say. | 515.txt | 0 |
[
"The police abandoned their efforts to find the criminals.",
"The terrorists escaped with the help of their organizations.",
"The attempted murder caused grave anxiety among British scientists.",
"People sympathized murder caused grave anxiety among British scientists."
] | Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? | Protests at the use of animals in research have taken a new and fearful character in Britain with the attempted murder of two British scientists by the terrorist technique of the pre-planted car-bomb.
The research community will rightly be alarmed at these developments, which have two objectives: to arouse public attention and to frighten people working in research with animals. The first need is that everything should be done to identify those responsible for the crimes and to put them on trail. The Defence Research Society has taken the practical step of offering a reward of 10,000 pounds for information leading to those responsible, but past experience is not encouraging. People are unlikely to be tempted by such offers. The professional police will similarly be confronted by the usual problem of finding a needle in a haystack.
That is why the intellectual community in Britain and elsewhere must act more vigorously in its own defence. There are several steps that can be taken, of which the chief one is to demand of all the organizations that exist with the declared objectives of safeguarding the interests of animals that they should declare clearly where they stand on violence towards people. And it will not be enough for the chairmen and chairwomen of these organizations to utter placatory statements on behalf of all their members. These people should also undertake that it will be a test of continuing membership in their organizations that members and would be members should declare that they will take no part in acts of violence against human beings. Even such undertakings would not be fully effective: people, after all, can lie. But at least they would distinguish the organizations entitled to a continuing voice in the dialogue with the research community about the rights of animals in research from the organizations that deserve no say. | 515.txt | 2 |
[
"declare their objectives clearly",
"give up the use of violence",
"continue the dialogue with the scientific community",
"help to find those responsible for the attempted murder"
] | The author's purpose in writing his article is to demand that animal-protecting organizations ________. | Protests at the use of animals in research have taken a new and fearful character in Britain with the attempted murder of two British scientists by the terrorist technique of the pre-planted car-bomb.
The research community will rightly be alarmed at these developments, which have two objectives: to arouse public attention and to frighten people working in research with animals. The first need is that everything should be done to identify those responsible for the crimes and to put them on trail. The Defence Research Society has taken the practical step of offering a reward of 10,000 pounds for information leading to those responsible, but past experience is not encouraging. People are unlikely to be tempted by such offers. The professional police will similarly be confronted by the usual problem of finding a needle in a haystack.
That is why the intellectual community in Britain and elsewhere must act more vigorously in its own defence. There are several steps that can be taken, of which the chief one is to demand of all the organizations that exist with the declared objectives of safeguarding the interests of animals that they should declare clearly where they stand on violence towards people. And it will not be enough for the chairmen and chairwomen of these organizations to utter placatory statements on behalf of all their members. These people should also undertake that it will be a test of continuing membership in their organizations that members and would be members should declare that they will take no part in acts of violence against human beings. Even such undertakings would not be fully effective: people, after all, can lie. But at least they would distinguish the organizations entitled to a continuing voice in the dialogue with the research community about the rights of animals in research from the organizations that deserve no say. | 515.txt | 1 |
[
"since people can lie, the problem about their rights of scientists can't be solved",
"animal-protecting organizations about be held responsible for acts of violence against scientists",
"animal protection organizations should be declared illegal",
"the scientists should take effective measures to protect themselves"
] | In the author's opinion ________. | Protests at the use of animals in research have taken a new and fearful character in Britain with the attempted murder of two British scientists by the terrorist technique of the pre-planted car-bomb.
The research community will rightly be alarmed at these developments, which have two objectives: to arouse public attention and to frighten people working in research with animals. The first need is that everything should be done to identify those responsible for the crimes and to put them on trail. The Defence Research Society has taken the practical step of offering a reward of 10,000 pounds for information leading to those responsible, but past experience is not encouraging. People are unlikely to be tempted by such offers. The professional police will similarly be confronted by the usual problem of finding a needle in a haystack.
That is why the intellectual community in Britain and elsewhere must act more vigorously in its own defence. There are several steps that can be taken, of which the chief one is to demand of all the organizations that exist with the declared objectives of safeguarding the interests of animals that they should declare clearly where they stand on violence towards people. And it will not be enough for the chairmen and chairwomen of these organizations to utter placatory statements on behalf of all their members. These people should also undertake that it will be a test of continuing membership in their organizations that members and would be members should declare that they will take no part in acts of violence against human beings. Even such undertakings would not be fully effective: people, after all, can lie. But at least they would distinguish the organizations entitled to a continuing voice in the dialogue with the research community about the rights of animals in research from the organizations that deserve no say. | 515.txt | 3 |
[
"The animal-protecting organizations.",
"The organizations that will talk with the research community.",
"Those who support the use of animals in research.",
"Those who support the animal-protection organizations."
] | What does the word "they" (Para. 3, Line 3) refer to? | Protests at the use of animals in research have taken a new and fearful character in Britain with the attempted murder of two British scientists by the terrorist technique of the pre-planted car-bomb.
The research community will rightly be alarmed at these developments, which have two objectives: to arouse public attention and to frighten people working in research with animals. The first need is that everything should be done to identify those responsible for the crimes and to put them on trail. The Defence Research Society has taken the practical step of offering a reward of 10,000 pounds for information leading to those responsible, but past experience is not encouraging. People are unlikely to be tempted by such offers. The professional police will similarly be confronted by the usual problem of finding a needle in a haystack.
That is why the intellectual community in Britain and elsewhere must act more vigorously in its own defence. There are several steps that can be taken, of which the chief one is to demand of all the organizations that exist with the declared objectives of safeguarding the interests of animals that they should declare clearly where they stand on violence towards people. And it will not be enough for the chairmen and chairwomen of these organizations to utter placatory statements on behalf of all their members. These people should also undertake that it will be a test of continuing membership in their organizations that members and would be members should declare that they will take no part in acts of violence against human beings. Even such undertakings would not be fully effective: people, after all, can lie. But at least they would distinguish the organizations entitled to a continuing voice in the dialogue with the research community about the rights of animals in research from the organizations that deserve no say. | 515.txt | 0 |
[
"didn't intend to take business on and push hard for reform",
"did not do anything at all for the presence of the current situation",
"took shareholders' right into account, but he didn't approve reform bill",
"took some measures to pave the way for the reform"
] | We can infer from the third paragraph that Mr. Bush _ . | There he was America's first President with a MBA, the man who loves to boast about his business background, whose presidential campaign raised unprecedented sums from corporate wallets and whose cabinet is stuffed with chief executives. Faith in the integrity of American business leaders was being undermined, George Bush said fiercely, by executives "breaching trust and abusing power". It was time for "a new ethic of personal responsibility in the business community". He was going to "end the days of cooking the books, shading the truth and breaking our laws".
Only months ago, the idea that George W Bush would publicly lambaste America's cooperate bosses was laughable. As a candidate, born on the wave of a decade-long economic boom and an unprecedented 18-year bull market, he cashed in on American's love affair with corporate success. But things are different now. The stock market bubble has burst and, despite signs of economic recovery. Wall Street seems to be sunk in gloom. A string of scandals at some of America's most high-flying firmsincluding Enron, Xerox. Tyco, Global Crossing and most recently, World Com¬¬has radically changed the public mood.
As political pressure for reform increases, so too does the heat on Mr Bush. Is the businessman's president really prepared to take business on and push hard for reform? Despite the set jaw and aggrieved tone in New York. Probably not. Mr. Bush thinks the current crisis stems from a few bad-apple chief executives rather than the system as a whole. Hence he focus on tough penalties for corrupt businessmen and his plea for higher ethical standards. The president announced the creation of a financial-crimes SWAT team, at the Justice Department to root out corporate fraud, and wants to double the maximum prison sentence for financial fraud from five to ten years. But he offered few concrete suggestions for systemic reform: little mention of changes to strengthen shareholders' rights, not even an endorsement of the Senate corporate-reform bill.
There are few signs yet that cleaning up corporate America is an issue that animates the voters. Polls show that Americans have little faith in their business leaders, but politicians do not seem to be suffering as a result. Mr. Bush's approval ratings have fallen from their sky-highs, but they are still very strong.
The president, therefore, need do no more than talk tough. This alone will convince ordinary Americans that he is on top of the issue. As the economy rebounds and public outage subsides, the clamor for change will be quieter. Democratic attacks will fizzle, and far-reaching reform bills will be watered down before they become law. Politically, the gamble makes sense. Unfortunately for American capitalism, a great opportunity will be missed. | 2723.txt | 0 |
[
"Bush had to offer concrete suggestions for reform as political pressure increase",
"At present, the maximum prison sentence for financial fraud is five year",
"It is laughable that M Bush publicly attacked America's corporate bosses",
"Americans have little faith in their business as well as political leaders"
] | According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE? | There he was America's first President with a MBA, the man who loves to boast about his business background, whose presidential campaign raised unprecedented sums from corporate wallets and whose cabinet is stuffed with chief executives. Faith in the integrity of American business leaders was being undermined, George Bush said fiercely, by executives "breaching trust and abusing power". It was time for "a new ethic of personal responsibility in the business community". He was going to "end the days of cooking the books, shading the truth and breaking our laws".
Only months ago, the idea that George W Bush would publicly lambaste America's cooperate bosses was laughable. As a candidate, born on the wave of a decade-long economic boom and an unprecedented 18-year bull market, he cashed in on American's love affair with corporate success. But things are different now. The stock market bubble has burst and, despite signs of economic recovery. Wall Street seems to be sunk in gloom. A string of scandals at some of America's most high-flying firmsincluding Enron, Xerox. Tyco, Global Crossing and most recently, World Com¬¬has radically changed the public mood.
As political pressure for reform increases, so too does the heat on Mr Bush. Is the businessman's president really prepared to take business on and push hard for reform? Despite the set jaw and aggrieved tone in New York. Probably not. Mr. Bush thinks the current crisis stems from a few bad-apple chief executives rather than the system as a whole. Hence he focus on tough penalties for corrupt businessmen and his plea for higher ethical standards. The president announced the creation of a financial-crimes SWAT team, at the Justice Department to root out corporate fraud, and wants to double the maximum prison sentence for financial fraud from five to ten years. But he offered few concrete suggestions for systemic reform: little mention of changes to strengthen shareholders' rights, not even an endorsement of the Senate corporate-reform bill.
There are few signs yet that cleaning up corporate America is an issue that animates the voters. Polls show that Americans have little faith in their business leaders, but politicians do not seem to be suffering as a result. Mr. Bush's approval ratings have fallen from their sky-highs, but they are still very strong.
The president, therefore, need do no more than talk tough. This alone will convince ordinary Americans that he is on top of the issue. As the economy rebounds and public outage subsides, the clamor for change will be quieter. Democratic attacks will fizzle, and far-reaching reform bills will be watered down before they become law. Politically, the gamble makes sense. Unfortunately for American capitalism, a great opportunity will be missed. | 2723.txt | 1 |
[
"M Bush is the second President with an MBA in American history",
"M Bush contributes a lot to decade-long economic boom",
"M Bush's approval ratings are still high",
"M Bush didn't get support in his presidential campaign"
] | Which of the following statements about Mr. Bush is mentioned in this passage? | There he was America's first President with a MBA, the man who loves to boast about his business background, whose presidential campaign raised unprecedented sums from corporate wallets and whose cabinet is stuffed with chief executives. Faith in the integrity of American business leaders was being undermined, George Bush said fiercely, by executives "breaching trust and abusing power". It was time for "a new ethic of personal responsibility in the business community". He was going to "end the days of cooking the books, shading the truth and breaking our laws".
Only months ago, the idea that George W Bush would publicly lambaste America's cooperate bosses was laughable. As a candidate, born on the wave of a decade-long economic boom and an unprecedented 18-year bull market, he cashed in on American's love affair with corporate success. But things are different now. The stock market bubble has burst and, despite signs of economic recovery. Wall Street seems to be sunk in gloom. A string of scandals at some of America's most high-flying firmsincluding Enron, Xerox. Tyco, Global Crossing and most recently, World Com¬¬has radically changed the public mood.
As political pressure for reform increases, so too does the heat on Mr Bush. Is the businessman's president really prepared to take business on and push hard for reform? Despite the set jaw and aggrieved tone in New York. Probably not. Mr. Bush thinks the current crisis stems from a few bad-apple chief executives rather than the system as a whole. Hence he focus on tough penalties for corrupt businessmen and his plea for higher ethical standards. The president announced the creation of a financial-crimes SWAT team, at the Justice Department to root out corporate fraud, and wants to double the maximum prison sentence for financial fraud from five to ten years. But he offered few concrete suggestions for systemic reform: little mention of changes to strengthen shareholders' rights, not even an endorsement of the Senate corporate-reform bill.
There are few signs yet that cleaning up corporate America is an issue that animates the voters. Polls show that Americans have little faith in their business leaders, but politicians do not seem to be suffering as a result. Mr. Bush's approval ratings have fallen from their sky-highs, but they are still very strong.
The president, therefore, need do no more than talk tough. This alone will convince ordinary Americans that he is on top of the issue. As the economy rebounds and public outage subsides, the clamor for change will be quieter. Democratic attacks will fizzle, and far-reaching reform bills will be watered down before they become law. Politically, the gamble makes sense. Unfortunately for American capitalism, a great opportunity will be missed. | 2723.txt | 2 |
[
"indifferent",
"optimistic",
"skeptical",
"favorable"
] | The author's attitude towards the reform is _ . | There he was America's first President with a MBA, the man who loves to boast about his business background, whose presidential campaign raised unprecedented sums from corporate wallets and whose cabinet is stuffed with chief executives. Faith in the integrity of American business leaders was being undermined, George Bush said fiercely, by executives "breaching trust and abusing power". It was time for "a new ethic of personal responsibility in the business community". He was going to "end the days of cooking the books, shading the truth and breaking our laws".
Only months ago, the idea that George W Bush would publicly lambaste America's cooperate bosses was laughable. As a candidate, born on the wave of a decade-long economic boom and an unprecedented 18-year bull market, he cashed in on American's love affair with corporate success. But things are different now. The stock market bubble has burst and, despite signs of economic recovery. Wall Street seems to be sunk in gloom. A string of scandals at some of America's most high-flying firmsincluding Enron, Xerox. Tyco, Global Crossing and most recently, World Com¬¬has radically changed the public mood.
As political pressure for reform increases, so too does the heat on Mr Bush. Is the businessman's president really prepared to take business on and push hard for reform? Despite the set jaw and aggrieved tone in New York. Probably not. Mr. Bush thinks the current crisis stems from a few bad-apple chief executives rather than the system as a whole. Hence he focus on tough penalties for corrupt businessmen and his plea for higher ethical standards. The president announced the creation of a financial-crimes SWAT team, at the Justice Department to root out corporate fraud, and wants to double the maximum prison sentence for financial fraud from five to ten years. But he offered few concrete suggestions for systemic reform: little mention of changes to strengthen shareholders' rights, not even an endorsement of the Senate corporate-reform bill.
There are few signs yet that cleaning up corporate America is an issue that animates the voters. Polls show that Americans have little faith in their business leaders, but politicians do not seem to be suffering as a result. Mr. Bush's approval ratings have fallen from their sky-highs, but they are still very strong.
The president, therefore, need do no more than talk tough. This alone will convince ordinary Americans that he is on top of the issue. As the economy rebounds and public outage subsides, the clamor for change will be quieter. Democratic attacks will fizzle, and far-reaching reform bills will be watered down before they become law. Politically, the gamble makes sense. Unfortunately for American capitalism, a great opportunity will be missed. | 2723.txt | 3 |
[
"carry out reform",
"boom economy",
"animate the voters",
"attack chief executive"
] | The phrase "a great opportunity" mentioned in the last paragraph refers to an opportunity to _ . | There he was America's first President with a MBA, the man who loves to boast about his business background, whose presidential campaign raised unprecedented sums from corporate wallets and whose cabinet is stuffed with chief executives. Faith in the integrity of American business leaders was being undermined, George Bush said fiercely, by executives "breaching trust and abusing power". It was time for "a new ethic of personal responsibility in the business community". He was going to "end the days of cooking the books, shading the truth and breaking our laws".
Only months ago, the idea that George W Bush would publicly lambaste America's cooperate bosses was laughable. As a candidate, born on the wave of a decade-long economic boom and an unprecedented 18-year bull market, he cashed in on American's love affair with corporate success. But things are different now. The stock market bubble has burst and, despite signs of economic recovery. Wall Street seems to be sunk in gloom. A string of scandals at some of America's most high-flying firmsincluding Enron, Xerox. Tyco, Global Crossing and most recently, World Com¬¬has radically changed the public mood.
As political pressure for reform increases, so too does the heat on Mr Bush. Is the businessman's president really prepared to take business on and push hard for reform? Despite the set jaw and aggrieved tone in New York. Probably not. Mr. Bush thinks the current crisis stems from a few bad-apple chief executives rather than the system as a whole. Hence he focus on tough penalties for corrupt businessmen and his plea for higher ethical standards. The president announced the creation of a financial-crimes SWAT team, at the Justice Department to root out corporate fraud, and wants to double the maximum prison sentence for financial fraud from five to ten years. But he offered few concrete suggestions for systemic reform: little mention of changes to strengthen shareholders' rights, not even an endorsement of the Senate corporate-reform bill.
There are few signs yet that cleaning up corporate America is an issue that animates the voters. Polls show that Americans have little faith in their business leaders, but politicians do not seem to be suffering as a result. Mr. Bush's approval ratings have fallen from their sky-highs, but they are still very strong.
The president, therefore, need do no more than talk tough. This alone will convince ordinary Americans that he is on top of the issue. As the economy rebounds and public outage subsides, the clamor for change will be quieter. Democratic attacks will fizzle, and far-reaching reform bills will be watered down before they become law. Politically, the gamble makes sense. Unfortunately for American capitalism, a great opportunity will be missed. | 2723.txt | 0 |
[
"It is the satellite closest to Jupiter's surface",
"Its surface temperature is constant at all times of the day.",
"It has the same mass and diameter as the planet Mercury",
"It completes one rotation every seventeen days."
] | According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements about Callisto is true? | From 1996 to 1999, the Galileo spacecraft passed through the Jovian system, providing much information about Jupiter's satellites. Callisto, the outermost of Jupiter's four largest satellites, orbits the planet in seventeen days at a distance from Jupiter of two million kilometers. Like our own Moon, Callisto rotates in the same period as it revolves, so it always keeps the same face toward Jupiter. Its noontime surface temperature is only about -140°C, so water ice is stable on its surface year-round. Callisto has a diameter of 4.820 kilometers, almost the same as that of Mercury. Its mass is only one-third as great, which means its density must be only one-third as great as well. This tells us that Callisto has far less of the rocky metallic materials found in the inner planets and must instead be an icy body through much of its interior.
Callisto has not fully differentiated, meaning separated into layers of different density materials. Astronomers can tell that it lacks a dense core from the details of its gravitational pull on the Galileo spacecraft during several very close flybys. This fact surprised scientists, who expected that all the big icy moons would be differentiated. It is much easier for an icy body to differentiate than for a rocky one, since the melting temperature of ice is so low. Only a little heating will soften the ice and get the process started, allowing the rock and metal to sink to the center and the slushy ice to float to the surface. Yet Callisto seems to have frozen solid before the process of differentiation was complete.
Like our Moon's highlands, the surface of Callisto is covered with impact craters. The survival of these craters tells us that an icy object can form and retain impact craters in its surface. In thinking of ice so far from the Sun, it is important not to judge its behavior from that of the much warmer ice we know on Earth; at the temperatures of the outer solar system, ice on the surface is nearly as hard as rock, and behaves similarly. Ice on Callisto does not deform or flow like ice in glaciers on Earth. Callisto is unique among the planet-sized objects of the solar system in its absence of interior forces to drive geological evolution. The satellite was born dead and has remained geologically dead for more than four billion years.
Ganymede, another of Jupiter's satellites and the largest in our solar system, is also cratered, but less so than Callisto. About one-quarter of its surface seems to be as old and heavily cratered; the rest formed more recently, as we can tell by the sparse covering of impact craters as well as the relative freshness of the craters. Ganymede is a differentiated world, like the terrestrial planets. Measurements of its gravity field tell us that the rock and metal sank to form a core about the size of our Moon, with a mantle and crust of ice floating above it. In addition, the Galileo spacecraft discovered that Ganymede has a magnetic field, the signature of a partially molten interior. Ganymede is not a dead world, but rather a place of continuing geological activity powered by an internal heat source. Much of its surface may be as young as half a billion years.
The younger terrain is the result of tectonic and volcanic forces. Some features formed when the crust cracked, flooding many of the craters with water from the interior. Extensive mountain ranges were formed from compression of the crust, forming long ridges with parallel valleys spaced one to two kilometers apart. In some places older impact craters were split and pulled apart. There are even indications of large-scale crustal movements that are similar to the plate tectonics of Earth.
Why is Ganymede different from Callisto? Possibly the small difference in size and internal heating between the two led to this divergence in their evolution. But more likely the gravity of Jupiter is to blame for Ganymede's continuing geological activity. Ganymede is close enough to Jupiter that tidal forces from the giant planet may have episodically heated its interior and triggered major convulsions on its crust. | 2834.txt | 3 |
[
"A sample of its interior was taken by the Galileo spacecraft in the late 1990s",
"It has too low a density to contain much rocky metallic material",
"With a noontime surface temperature of only about .140° C. the ice on it never melts",
"All of the bodies in the Jovian system are icy, because they are so far from the Sun."
] | According to paragraph 1, how do scientists know that Callisto is made up largely of ice? | From 1996 to 1999, the Galileo spacecraft passed through the Jovian system, providing much information about Jupiter's satellites. Callisto, the outermost of Jupiter's four largest satellites, orbits the planet in seventeen days at a distance from Jupiter of two million kilometers. Like our own Moon, Callisto rotates in the same period as it revolves, so it always keeps the same face toward Jupiter. Its noontime surface temperature is only about -140°C, so water ice is stable on its surface year-round. Callisto has a diameter of 4.820 kilometers, almost the same as that of Mercury. Its mass is only one-third as great, which means its density must be only one-third as great as well. This tells us that Callisto has far less of the rocky metallic materials found in the inner planets and must instead be an icy body through much of its interior.
Callisto has not fully differentiated, meaning separated into layers of different density materials. Astronomers can tell that it lacks a dense core from the details of its gravitational pull on the Galileo spacecraft during several very close flybys. This fact surprised scientists, who expected that all the big icy moons would be differentiated. It is much easier for an icy body to differentiate than for a rocky one, since the melting temperature of ice is so low. Only a little heating will soften the ice and get the process started, allowing the rock and metal to sink to the center and the slushy ice to float to the surface. Yet Callisto seems to have frozen solid before the process of differentiation was complete.
Like our Moon's highlands, the surface of Callisto is covered with impact craters. The survival of these craters tells us that an icy object can form and retain impact craters in its surface. In thinking of ice so far from the Sun, it is important not to judge its behavior from that of the much warmer ice we know on Earth; at the temperatures of the outer solar system, ice on the surface is nearly as hard as rock, and behaves similarly. Ice on Callisto does not deform or flow like ice in glaciers on Earth. Callisto is unique among the planet-sized objects of the solar system in its absence of interior forces to drive geological evolution. The satellite was born dead and has remained geologically dead for more than four billion years.
Ganymede, another of Jupiter's satellites and the largest in our solar system, is also cratered, but less so than Callisto. About one-quarter of its surface seems to be as old and heavily cratered; the rest formed more recently, as we can tell by the sparse covering of impact craters as well as the relative freshness of the craters. Ganymede is a differentiated world, like the terrestrial planets. Measurements of its gravity field tell us that the rock and metal sank to form a core about the size of our Moon, with a mantle and crust of ice floating above it. In addition, the Galileo spacecraft discovered that Ganymede has a magnetic field, the signature of a partially molten interior. Ganymede is not a dead world, but rather a place of continuing geological activity powered by an internal heat source. Much of its surface may be as young as half a billion years.
The younger terrain is the result of tectonic and volcanic forces. Some features formed when the crust cracked, flooding many of the craters with water from the interior. Extensive mountain ranges were formed from compression of the crust, forming long ridges with parallel valleys spaced one to two kilometers apart. In some places older impact craters were split and pulled apart. There are even indications of large-scale crustal movements that are similar to the plate tectonics of Earth.
Why is Ganymede different from Callisto? Possibly the small difference in size and internal heating between the two led to this divergence in their evolution. But more likely the gravity of Jupiter is to blame for Ganymede's continuing geological activity. Ganymede is close enough to Jupiter that tidal forces from the giant planet may have episodically heated its interior and triggered major convulsions on its crust. | 2834.txt | 1 |
[
"To support the claim that all of the big icy moons are differentiated",
"To suggest that Callisto may be a rocky body rather than an icy one",
"To explain why scientists expected Callisto to be differentiated",
"To refute the claim that Callisto could not differentiate because it was frozen solid"
] | Why does the author provide the information that "It is much easier for an icy body to differentiate than for a rocky one"? | From 1996 to 1999, the Galileo spacecraft passed through the Jovian system, providing much information about Jupiter's satellites. Callisto, the outermost of Jupiter's four largest satellites, orbits the planet in seventeen days at a distance from Jupiter of two million kilometers. Like our own Moon, Callisto rotates in the same period as it revolves, so it always keeps the same face toward Jupiter. Its noontime surface temperature is only about -140°C, so water ice is stable on its surface year-round. Callisto has a diameter of 4.820 kilometers, almost the same as that of Mercury. Its mass is only one-third as great, which means its density must be only one-third as great as well. This tells us that Callisto has far less of the rocky metallic materials found in the inner planets and must instead be an icy body through much of its interior.
Callisto has not fully differentiated, meaning separated into layers of different density materials. Astronomers can tell that it lacks a dense core from the details of its gravitational pull on the Galileo spacecraft during several very close flybys. This fact surprised scientists, who expected that all the big icy moons would be differentiated. It is much easier for an icy body to differentiate than for a rocky one, since the melting temperature of ice is so low. Only a little heating will soften the ice and get the process started, allowing the rock and metal to sink to the center and the slushy ice to float to the surface. Yet Callisto seems to have frozen solid before the process of differentiation was complete.
Like our Moon's highlands, the surface of Callisto is covered with impact craters. The survival of these craters tells us that an icy object can form and retain impact craters in its surface. In thinking of ice so far from the Sun, it is important not to judge its behavior from that of the much warmer ice we know on Earth; at the temperatures of the outer solar system, ice on the surface is nearly as hard as rock, and behaves similarly. Ice on Callisto does not deform or flow like ice in glaciers on Earth. Callisto is unique among the planet-sized objects of the solar system in its absence of interior forces to drive geological evolution. The satellite was born dead and has remained geologically dead for more than four billion years.
Ganymede, another of Jupiter's satellites and the largest in our solar system, is also cratered, but less so than Callisto. About one-quarter of its surface seems to be as old and heavily cratered; the rest formed more recently, as we can tell by the sparse covering of impact craters as well as the relative freshness of the craters. Ganymede is a differentiated world, like the terrestrial planets. Measurements of its gravity field tell us that the rock and metal sank to form a core about the size of our Moon, with a mantle and crust of ice floating above it. In addition, the Galileo spacecraft discovered that Ganymede has a magnetic field, the signature of a partially molten interior. Ganymede is not a dead world, but rather a place of continuing geological activity powered by an internal heat source. Much of its surface may be as young as half a billion years.
The younger terrain is the result of tectonic and volcanic forces. Some features formed when the crust cracked, flooding many of the craters with water from the interior. Extensive mountain ranges were formed from compression of the crust, forming long ridges with parallel valleys spaced one to two kilometers apart. In some places older impact craters were split and pulled apart. There are even indications of large-scale crustal movements that are similar to the plate tectonics of Earth.
Why is Ganymede different from Callisto? Possibly the small difference in size and internal heating between the two led to this divergence in their evolution. But more likely the gravity of Jupiter is to blame for Ganymede's continuing geological activity. Ganymede is close enough to Jupiter that tidal forces from the giant planet may have episodically heated its interior and triggered major convulsions on its crust. | 2834.txt | 2 |
[
"Why was Callisto frozen solid before differentiation was complete",
"What allows the process of differentiation to get started",
"Why is it easier for an icy body to differentiate than a rocky one",
"How do astronomers know that Callisto lacks a dense core"
] | All of the following questions are answered in paragraph 2 EXCEPT: | From 1996 to 1999, the Galileo spacecraft passed through the Jovian system, providing much information about Jupiter's satellites. Callisto, the outermost of Jupiter's four largest satellites, orbits the planet in seventeen days at a distance from Jupiter of two million kilometers. Like our own Moon, Callisto rotates in the same period as it revolves, so it always keeps the same face toward Jupiter. Its noontime surface temperature is only about -140°C, so water ice is stable on its surface year-round. Callisto has a diameter of 4.820 kilometers, almost the same as that of Mercury. Its mass is only one-third as great, which means its density must be only one-third as great as well. This tells us that Callisto has far less of the rocky metallic materials found in the inner planets and must instead be an icy body through much of its interior.
Callisto has not fully differentiated, meaning separated into layers of different density materials. Astronomers can tell that it lacks a dense core from the details of its gravitational pull on the Galileo spacecraft during several very close flybys. This fact surprised scientists, who expected that all the big icy moons would be differentiated. It is much easier for an icy body to differentiate than for a rocky one, since the melting temperature of ice is so low. Only a little heating will soften the ice and get the process started, allowing the rock and metal to sink to the center and the slushy ice to float to the surface. Yet Callisto seems to have frozen solid before the process of differentiation was complete.
Like our Moon's highlands, the surface of Callisto is covered with impact craters. The survival of these craters tells us that an icy object can form and retain impact craters in its surface. In thinking of ice so far from the Sun, it is important not to judge its behavior from that of the much warmer ice we know on Earth; at the temperatures of the outer solar system, ice on the surface is nearly as hard as rock, and behaves similarly. Ice on Callisto does not deform or flow like ice in glaciers on Earth. Callisto is unique among the planet-sized objects of the solar system in its absence of interior forces to drive geological evolution. The satellite was born dead and has remained geologically dead for more than four billion years.
Ganymede, another of Jupiter's satellites and the largest in our solar system, is also cratered, but less so than Callisto. About one-quarter of its surface seems to be as old and heavily cratered; the rest formed more recently, as we can tell by the sparse covering of impact craters as well as the relative freshness of the craters. Ganymede is a differentiated world, like the terrestrial planets. Measurements of its gravity field tell us that the rock and metal sank to form a core about the size of our Moon, with a mantle and crust of ice floating above it. In addition, the Galileo spacecraft discovered that Ganymede has a magnetic field, the signature of a partially molten interior. Ganymede is not a dead world, but rather a place of continuing geological activity powered by an internal heat source. Much of its surface may be as young as half a billion years.
The younger terrain is the result of tectonic and volcanic forces. Some features formed when the crust cracked, flooding many of the craters with water from the interior. Extensive mountain ranges were formed from compression of the crust, forming long ridges with parallel valleys spaced one to two kilometers apart. In some places older impact craters were split and pulled apart. There are even indications of large-scale crustal movements that are similar to the plate tectonics of Earth.
Why is Ganymede different from Callisto? Possibly the small difference in size and internal heating between the two led to this divergence in their evolution. But more likely the gravity of Jupiter is to blame for Ganymede's continuing geological activity. Ganymede is close enough to Jupiter that tidal forces from the giant planet may have episodically heated its interior and triggered major convulsions on its crust. | 2834.txt | 0 |
[
"It can form and retain impact craters on its icy surface",
"It has ice glaciers that do not flow or deform.",
"It has never had the interior forces required for geological evolution.",
"It is more than four billion years old."
] | According to paragraph 3, how is Callisto different from all other planet-sized objects in the solar system? | From 1996 to 1999, the Galileo spacecraft passed through the Jovian system, providing much information about Jupiter's satellites. Callisto, the outermost of Jupiter's four largest satellites, orbits the planet in seventeen days at a distance from Jupiter of two million kilometers. Like our own Moon, Callisto rotates in the same period as it revolves, so it always keeps the same face toward Jupiter. Its noontime surface temperature is only about -140°C, so water ice is stable on its surface year-round. Callisto has a diameter of 4.820 kilometers, almost the same as that of Mercury. Its mass is only one-third as great, which means its density must be only one-third as great as well. This tells us that Callisto has far less of the rocky metallic materials found in the inner planets and must instead be an icy body through much of its interior.
Callisto has not fully differentiated, meaning separated into layers of different density materials. Astronomers can tell that it lacks a dense core from the details of its gravitational pull on the Galileo spacecraft during several very close flybys. This fact surprised scientists, who expected that all the big icy moons would be differentiated. It is much easier for an icy body to differentiate than for a rocky one, since the melting temperature of ice is so low. Only a little heating will soften the ice and get the process started, allowing the rock and metal to sink to the center and the slushy ice to float to the surface. Yet Callisto seems to have frozen solid before the process of differentiation was complete.
Like our Moon's highlands, the surface of Callisto is covered with impact craters. The survival of these craters tells us that an icy object can form and retain impact craters in its surface. In thinking of ice so far from the Sun, it is important not to judge its behavior from that of the much warmer ice we know on Earth; at the temperatures of the outer solar system, ice on the surface is nearly as hard as rock, and behaves similarly. Ice on Callisto does not deform or flow like ice in glaciers on Earth. Callisto is unique among the planet-sized objects of the solar system in its absence of interior forces to drive geological evolution. The satellite was born dead and has remained geologically dead for more than four billion years.
Ganymede, another of Jupiter's satellites and the largest in our solar system, is also cratered, but less so than Callisto. About one-quarter of its surface seems to be as old and heavily cratered; the rest formed more recently, as we can tell by the sparse covering of impact craters as well as the relative freshness of the craters. Ganymede is a differentiated world, like the terrestrial planets. Measurements of its gravity field tell us that the rock and metal sank to form a core about the size of our Moon, with a mantle and crust of ice floating above it. In addition, the Galileo spacecraft discovered that Ganymede has a magnetic field, the signature of a partially molten interior. Ganymede is not a dead world, but rather a place of continuing geological activity powered by an internal heat source. Much of its surface may be as young as half a billion years.
The younger terrain is the result of tectonic and volcanic forces. Some features formed when the crust cracked, flooding many of the craters with water from the interior. Extensive mountain ranges were formed from compression of the crust, forming long ridges with parallel valleys spaced one to two kilometers apart. In some places older impact craters were split and pulled apart. There are even indications of large-scale crustal movements that are similar to the plate tectonics of Earth.
Why is Ganymede different from Callisto? Possibly the small difference in size and internal heating between the two led to this divergence in their evolution. But more likely the gravity of Jupiter is to blame for Ganymede's continuing geological activity. Ganymede is close enough to Jupiter that tidal forces from the giant planet may have episodically heated its interior and triggered major convulsions on its crust. | 2834.txt | 2 |
[
"primary cause",
"end result",
"identifying mark",
"by-product"
] | The word "signature" in the passage is closest in meaning to | From 1996 to 1999, the Galileo spacecraft passed through the Jovian system, providing much information about Jupiter's satellites. Callisto, the outermost of Jupiter's four largest satellites, orbits the planet in seventeen days at a distance from Jupiter of two million kilometers. Like our own Moon, Callisto rotates in the same period as it revolves, so it always keeps the same face toward Jupiter. Its noontime surface temperature is only about -140°C, so water ice is stable on its surface year-round. Callisto has a diameter of 4.820 kilometers, almost the same as that of Mercury. Its mass is only one-third as great, which means its density must be only one-third as great as well. This tells us that Callisto has far less of the rocky metallic materials found in the inner planets and must instead be an icy body through much of its interior.
Callisto has not fully differentiated, meaning separated into layers of different density materials. Astronomers can tell that it lacks a dense core from the details of its gravitational pull on the Galileo spacecraft during several very close flybys. This fact surprised scientists, who expected that all the big icy moons would be differentiated. It is much easier for an icy body to differentiate than for a rocky one, since the melting temperature of ice is so low. Only a little heating will soften the ice and get the process started, allowing the rock and metal to sink to the center and the slushy ice to float to the surface. Yet Callisto seems to have frozen solid before the process of differentiation was complete.
Like our Moon's highlands, the surface of Callisto is covered with impact craters. The survival of these craters tells us that an icy object can form and retain impact craters in its surface. In thinking of ice so far from the Sun, it is important not to judge its behavior from that of the much warmer ice we know on Earth; at the temperatures of the outer solar system, ice on the surface is nearly as hard as rock, and behaves similarly. Ice on Callisto does not deform or flow like ice in glaciers on Earth. Callisto is unique among the planet-sized objects of the solar system in its absence of interior forces to drive geological evolution. The satellite was born dead and has remained geologically dead for more than four billion years.
Ganymede, another of Jupiter's satellites and the largest in our solar system, is also cratered, but less so than Callisto. About one-quarter of its surface seems to be as old and heavily cratered; the rest formed more recently, as we can tell by the sparse covering of impact craters as well as the relative freshness of the craters. Ganymede is a differentiated world, like the terrestrial planets. Measurements of its gravity field tell us that the rock and metal sank to form a core about the size of our Moon, with a mantle and crust of ice floating above it. In addition, the Galileo spacecraft discovered that Ganymede has a magnetic field, the signature of a partially molten interior. Ganymede is not a dead world, but rather a place of continuing geological activity powered by an internal heat source. Much of its surface may be as young as half a billion years.
The younger terrain is the result of tectonic and volcanic forces. Some features formed when the crust cracked, flooding many of the craters with water from the interior. Extensive mountain ranges were formed from compression of the crust, forming long ridges with parallel valleys spaced one to two kilometers apart. In some places older impact craters were split and pulled apart. There are even indications of large-scale crustal movements that are similar to the plate tectonics of Earth.
Why is Ganymede different from Callisto? Possibly the small difference in size and internal heating between the two led to this divergence in their evolution. But more likely the gravity of Jupiter is to blame for Ganymede's continuing geological activity. Ganymede is close enough to Jupiter that tidal forces from the giant planet may have episodically heated its interior and triggered major convulsions on its crust. | 2834.txt | 2 |
[
"Ganymede's large size",
"measurements of Ganymede's gravity field",
"the fact that Ganymede has a magnetic field",
"the fact that Ganymede continues to be geologically active"
] | According to paragraph 4, each of the following provides evidence about Ganymede's interior EXCEPT | From 1996 to 1999, the Galileo spacecraft passed through the Jovian system, providing much information about Jupiter's satellites. Callisto, the outermost of Jupiter's four largest satellites, orbits the planet in seventeen days at a distance from Jupiter of two million kilometers. Like our own Moon, Callisto rotates in the same period as it revolves, so it always keeps the same face toward Jupiter. Its noontime surface temperature is only about -140°C, so water ice is stable on its surface year-round. Callisto has a diameter of 4.820 kilometers, almost the same as that of Mercury. Its mass is only one-third as great, which means its density must be only one-third as great as well. This tells us that Callisto has far less of the rocky metallic materials found in the inner planets and must instead be an icy body through much of its interior.
Callisto has not fully differentiated, meaning separated into layers of different density materials. Astronomers can tell that it lacks a dense core from the details of its gravitational pull on the Galileo spacecraft during several very close flybys. This fact surprised scientists, who expected that all the big icy moons would be differentiated. It is much easier for an icy body to differentiate than for a rocky one, since the melting temperature of ice is so low. Only a little heating will soften the ice and get the process started, allowing the rock and metal to sink to the center and the slushy ice to float to the surface. Yet Callisto seems to have frozen solid before the process of differentiation was complete.
Like our Moon's highlands, the surface of Callisto is covered with impact craters. The survival of these craters tells us that an icy object can form and retain impact craters in its surface. In thinking of ice so far from the Sun, it is important not to judge its behavior from that of the much warmer ice we know on Earth; at the temperatures of the outer solar system, ice on the surface is nearly as hard as rock, and behaves similarly. Ice on Callisto does not deform or flow like ice in glaciers on Earth. Callisto is unique among the planet-sized objects of the solar system in its absence of interior forces to drive geological evolution. The satellite was born dead and has remained geologically dead for more than four billion years.
Ganymede, another of Jupiter's satellites and the largest in our solar system, is also cratered, but less so than Callisto. About one-quarter of its surface seems to be as old and heavily cratered; the rest formed more recently, as we can tell by the sparse covering of impact craters as well as the relative freshness of the craters. Ganymede is a differentiated world, like the terrestrial planets. Measurements of its gravity field tell us that the rock and metal sank to form a core about the size of our Moon, with a mantle and crust of ice floating above it. In addition, the Galileo spacecraft discovered that Ganymede has a magnetic field, the signature of a partially molten interior. Ganymede is not a dead world, but rather a place of continuing geological activity powered by an internal heat source. Much of its surface may be as young as half a billion years.
The younger terrain is the result of tectonic and volcanic forces. Some features formed when the crust cracked, flooding many of the craters with water from the interior. Extensive mountain ranges were formed from compression of the crust, forming long ridges with parallel valleys spaced one to two kilometers apart. In some places older impact craters were split and pulled apart. There are even indications of large-scale crustal movements that are similar to the plate tectonics of Earth.
Why is Ganymede different from Callisto? Possibly the small difference in size and internal heating between the two led to this divergence in their evolution. But more likely the gravity of Jupiter is to blame for Ganymede's continuing geological activity. Ganymede is close enough to Jupiter that tidal forces from the giant planet may have episodically heated its interior and triggered major convulsions on its crust. | 2834.txt | 0 |
[
"Unusual",
"Large",
"New",
"Steep"
] | The word "Extensive" in the passage is closet in meaning to | From 1996 to 1999, the Galileo spacecraft passed through the Jovian system, providing much information about Jupiter's satellites. Callisto, the outermost of Jupiter's four largest satellites, orbits the planet in seventeen days at a distance from Jupiter of two million kilometers. Like our own Moon, Callisto rotates in the same period as it revolves, so it always keeps the same face toward Jupiter. Its noontime surface temperature is only about -140°C, so water ice is stable on its surface year-round. Callisto has a diameter of 4.820 kilometers, almost the same as that of Mercury. Its mass is only one-third as great, which means its density must be only one-third as great as well. This tells us that Callisto has far less of the rocky metallic materials found in the inner planets and must instead be an icy body through much of its interior.
Callisto has not fully differentiated, meaning separated into layers of different density materials. Astronomers can tell that it lacks a dense core from the details of its gravitational pull on the Galileo spacecraft during several very close flybys. This fact surprised scientists, who expected that all the big icy moons would be differentiated. It is much easier for an icy body to differentiate than for a rocky one, since the melting temperature of ice is so low. Only a little heating will soften the ice and get the process started, allowing the rock and metal to sink to the center and the slushy ice to float to the surface. Yet Callisto seems to have frozen solid before the process of differentiation was complete.
Like our Moon's highlands, the surface of Callisto is covered with impact craters. The survival of these craters tells us that an icy object can form and retain impact craters in its surface. In thinking of ice so far from the Sun, it is important not to judge its behavior from that of the much warmer ice we know on Earth; at the temperatures of the outer solar system, ice on the surface is nearly as hard as rock, and behaves similarly. Ice on Callisto does not deform or flow like ice in glaciers on Earth. Callisto is unique among the planet-sized objects of the solar system in its absence of interior forces to drive geological evolution. The satellite was born dead and has remained geologically dead for more than four billion years.
Ganymede, another of Jupiter's satellites and the largest in our solar system, is also cratered, but less so than Callisto. About one-quarter of its surface seems to be as old and heavily cratered; the rest formed more recently, as we can tell by the sparse covering of impact craters as well as the relative freshness of the craters. Ganymede is a differentiated world, like the terrestrial planets. Measurements of its gravity field tell us that the rock and metal sank to form a core about the size of our Moon, with a mantle and crust of ice floating above it. In addition, the Galileo spacecraft discovered that Ganymede has a magnetic field, the signature of a partially molten interior. Ganymede is not a dead world, but rather a place of continuing geological activity powered by an internal heat source. Much of its surface may be as young as half a billion years.
The younger terrain is the result of tectonic and volcanic forces. Some features formed when the crust cracked, flooding many of the craters with water from the interior. Extensive mountain ranges were formed from compression of the crust, forming long ridges with parallel valleys spaced one to two kilometers apart. In some places older impact craters were split and pulled apart. There are even indications of large-scale crustal movements that are similar to the plate tectonics of Earth.
Why is Ganymede different from Callisto? Possibly the small difference in size and internal heating between the two led to this divergence in their evolution. But more likely the gravity of Jupiter is to blame for Ganymede's continuing geological activity. Ganymede is close enough to Jupiter that tidal forces from the giant planet may have episodically heated its interior and triggered major convulsions on its crust. | 2834.txt | 1 |
[
"All water on it has always been frozen solid.",
"There is evidence that part of its crust once broke open",
"Its crust has been subject to forces that have created mountains and valleys.",
"Some of its older craters have been split apart by more recent geological activity"
] | Paragraph 5 supports each of the following statements about Ganymede EXCEPT: | From 1996 to 1999, the Galileo spacecraft passed through the Jovian system, providing much information about Jupiter's satellites. Callisto, the outermost of Jupiter's four largest satellites, orbits the planet in seventeen days at a distance from Jupiter of two million kilometers. Like our own Moon, Callisto rotates in the same period as it revolves, so it always keeps the same face toward Jupiter. Its noontime surface temperature is only about -140°C, so water ice is stable on its surface year-round. Callisto has a diameter of 4.820 kilometers, almost the same as that of Mercury. Its mass is only one-third as great, which means its density must be only one-third as great as well. This tells us that Callisto has far less of the rocky metallic materials found in the inner planets and must instead be an icy body through much of its interior.
Callisto has not fully differentiated, meaning separated into layers of different density materials. Astronomers can tell that it lacks a dense core from the details of its gravitational pull on the Galileo spacecraft during several very close flybys. This fact surprised scientists, who expected that all the big icy moons would be differentiated. It is much easier for an icy body to differentiate than for a rocky one, since the melting temperature of ice is so low. Only a little heating will soften the ice and get the process started, allowing the rock and metal to sink to the center and the slushy ice to float to the surface. Yet Callisto seems to have frozen solid before the process of differentiation was complete.
Like our Moon's highlands, the surface of Callisto is covered with impact craters. The survival of these craters tells us that an icy object can form and retain impact craters in its surface. In thinking of ice so far from the Sun, it is important not to judge its behavior from that of the much warmer ice we know on Earth; at the temperatures of the outer solar system, ice on the surface is nearly as hard as rock, and behaves similarly. Ice on Callisto does not deform or flow like ice in glaciers on Earth. Callisto is unique among the planet-sized objects of the solar system in its absence of interior forces to drive geological evolution. The satellite was born dead and has remained geologically dead for more than four billion years.
Ganymede, another of Jupiter's satellites and the largest in our solar system, is also cratered, but less so than Callisto. About one-quarter of its surface seems to be as old and heavily cratered; the rest formed more recently, as we can tell by the sparse covering of impact craters as well as the relative freshness of the craters. Ganymede is a differentiated world, like the terrestrial planets. Measurements of its gravity field tell us that the rock and metal sank to form a core about the size of our Moon, with a mantle and crust of ice floating above it. In addition, the Galileo spacecraft discovered that Ganymede has a magnetic field, the signature of a partially molten interior. Ganymede is not a dead world, but rather a place of continuing geological activity powered by an internal heat source. Much of its surface may be as young as half a billion years.
The younger terrain is the result of tectonic and volcanic forces. Some features formed when the crust cracked, flooding many of the craters with water from the interior. Extensive mountain ranges were formed from compression of the crust, forming long ridges with parallel valleys spaced one to two kilometers apart. In some places older impact craters were split and pulled apart. There are even indications of large-scale crustal movements that are similar to the plate tectonics of Earth.
Why is Ganymede different from Callisto? Possibly the small difference in size and internal heating between the two led to this divergence in their evolution. But more likely the gravity of Jupiter is to blame for Ganymede's continuing geological activity. Ganymede is close enough to Jupiter that tidal forces from the giant planet may have episodically heated its interior and triggered major convulsions on its crust. | 2834.txt | 0 |
[
"size and internal heating",
"distance from Jupiter",
"chemical and physical composition",
"age"
] | According to paragraph 6, the differences in how Callisto and Ganymede evoked are most probably due to differences in their | From 1996 to 1999, the Galileo spacecraft passed through the Jovian system, providing much information about Jupiter's satellites. Callisto, the outermost of Jupiter's four largest satellites, orbits the planet in seventeen days at a distance from Jupiter of two million kilometers. Like our own Moon, Callisto rotates in the same period as it revolves, so it always keeps the same face toward Jupiter. Its noontime surface temperature is only about -140°C, so water ice is stable on its surface year-round. Callisto has a diameter of 4.820 kilometers, almost the same as that of Mercury. Its mass is only one-third as great, which means its density must be only one-third as great as well. This tells us that Callisto has far less of the rocky metallic materials found in the inner planets and must instead be an icy body through much of its interior.
Callisto has not fully differentiated, meaning separated into layers of different density materials. Astronomers can tell that it lacks a dense core from the details of its gravitational pull on the Galileo spacecraft during several very close flybys. This fact surprised scientists, who expected that all the big icy moons would be differentiated. It is much easier for an icy body to differentiate than for a rocky one, since the melting temperature of ice is so low. Only a little heating will soften the ice and get the process started, allowing the rock and metal to sink to the center and the slushy ice to float to the surface. Yet Callisto seems to have frozen solid before the process of differentiation was complete.
Like our Moon's highlands, the surface of Callisto is covered with impact craters. The survival of these craters tells us that an icy object can form and retain impact craters in its surface. In thinking of ice so far from the Sun, it is important not to judge its behavior from that of the much warmer ice we know on Earth; at the temperatures of the outer solar system, ice on the surface is nearly as hard as rock, and behaves similarly. Ice on Callisto does not deform or flow like ice in glaciers on Earth. Callisto is unique among the planet-sized objects of the solar system in its absence of interior forces to drive geological evolution. The satellite was born dead and has remained geologically dead for more than four billion years.
Ganymede, another of Jupiter's satellites and the largest in our solar system, is also cratered, but less so than Callisto. About one-quarter of its surface seems to be as old and heavily cratered; the rest formed more recently, as we can tell by the sparse covering of impact craters as well as the relative freshness of the craters. Ganymede is a differentiated world, like the terrestrial planets. Measurements of its gravity field tell us that the rock and metal sank to form a core about the size of our Moon, with a mantle and crust of ice floating above it. In addition, the Galileo spacecraft discovered that Ganymede has a magnetic field, the signature of a partially molten interior. Ganymede is not a dead world, but rather a place of continuing geological activity powered by an internal heat source. Much of its surface may be as young as half a billion years.
The younger terrain is the result of tectonic and volcanic forces. Some features formed when the crust cracked, flooding many of the craters with water from the interior. Extensive mountain ranges were formed from compression of the crust, forming long ridges with parallel valleys spaced one to two kilometers apart. In some places older impact craters were split and pulled apart. There are even indications of large-scale crustal movements that are similar to the plate tectonics of Earth.
Why is Ganymede different from Callisto? Possibly the small difference in size and internal heating between the two led to this divergence in their evolution. But more likely the gravity of Jupiter is to blame for Ganymede's continuing geological activity. Ganymede is close enough to Jupiter that tidal forces from the giant planet may have episodically heated its interior and triggered major convulsions on its crust. | 2834.txt | 1 |
[
"obtain",
"change",
"replace",
"absorb"
] | The word "modify" in the passage is closest in meaning to | A fluid is a substance, such as a liquid or gas, in which the component particles (usually molecules) can move past one another. Fluids flow easily and conform to the shape of their containers. The geologic processes related to the movement of fluids on a planet's surface can completely resurface a planet many times. These processes derive their energy from the Sun and the gravitational forces of the planet itself. As these fluids interact with surface materials, they move particles about or react chemically with them to modify or produce materials. On a solid planet with a hydrosphere and an atmosphere, only a tiny fraction of the planetary mass flows as surface fluids. Yet the movements of these fluids can drastically alter a planet. Consider Venus and Earth, both terrestrial planets with atmospheres.
Venus and Earth are commonly regarded as twin planets but not identical twins. They are about the same size, are composed of roughly the same mix of materials, and may have been comparably endowed at their beginning with carbon dioxide and water. However, the twins evolved differently largely because of differences in their distance from the Sun. With a significant amount of internal heat, Venus may continue to be geologically active with volcanoes, rifting, and folding. However, it lacks any sign of a hydrologic system (water circulation and distribution): there are no streams, lakes oceans or glaciers. Space probes suggest that Venus may have started with as much water as Earth, but it was unable to keep its water in liquid form. Because Venus receives more heat from the Sun, water released from the interior evaporated and rose to the upper atmosphere where the Sun's ultraviolet rays broke the molecules apart. Much of the freed hydrogen escaped into space, and Venus lost its water. Without water, Venus became less and less like Earth and kept an atmosphere filled with carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide acts as a blanket, creating an intense greenhouse effect and driving surface temperatures high enough to melt lead and to prohibit the formation of carbonate minerals. Volcanoes continually vented more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. On Earth, liquid water removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and combines it with calcium, from rock weathering, to form carbonate sedimentary rocks. Without liquid water to remove carbon from the atmosphere, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Venus remains high.
Like Venus, Earth is large enough to be geologically active and for its gravitational field to hold an atmosphere. Unlike Venus, it is just the right distance from the Sun so that temperature ranges allow water to exist as a liquid, a solid, and a gas. Water is thus extremely mobile and moves rapidly over the planet in a continuous hydrologic cycle. Heated by the Sun, the water moves in great cycles from the oceans to the atmosphere, over the landscape in river systems, and ultimately back to the oceans. As a result, Earth's surface has been continually changed and eroded into delicate systems of river valleys - a remarkable contrast to the surfaces of other planetary bodies where impact craters dominate. Few areas on Earth have been untouched by flowing water. As a result, river valleys are the dominant feature of its landscape. Similarly, wind action has scoured fine particles away from large areas, depositing them elsewhere as vast sand seas dominated by dunes or in sheets of loess (fine-grained soil deposits). These fluid movements are caused by gravity flow systems energized by heat from the Sun. Other geologic changes occur when the gases in the atmosphere or water react with rocks at the surface to form new chemical compounds with different properties. An important example of this process was the removal of most of Earths carbon dioxide from its atmosphere to form carbonate rocks. However, if Earth were a little closer to the Sun, its oceans would evaporate; if it were farther from the Sun, the oceans would freeze solid. Because liquid water was present, self-replicating molecules of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen developed life early in Earth's history and have radically modified its surface, blanketing huge parts of the continents with greenery. Life thrives on this planet, and it helped create the planet's oxygen- and nitrogen-rich atmosphere and moderate temperatures. | 850.txt | 1 |
[
"gradually",
"permanently",
"extensively",
"possibly"
] | The word "drastically" in the passage is closest in meaning to | A fluid is a substance, such as a liquid or gas, in which the component particles (usually molecules) can move past one another. Fluids flow easily and conform to the shape of their containers. The geologic processes related to the movement of fluids on a planet's surface can completely resurface a planet many times. These processes derive their energy from the Sun and the gravitational forces of the planet itself. As these fluids interact with surface materials, they move particles about or react chemically with them to modify or produce materials. On a solid planet with a hydrosphere and an atmosphere, only a tiny fraction of the planetary mass flows as surface fluids. Yet the movements of these fluids can drastically alter a planet. Consider Venus and Earth, both terrestrial planets with atmospheres.
Venus and Earth are commonly regarded as twin planets but not identical twins. They are about the same size, are composed of roughly the same mix of materials, and may have been comparably endowed at their beginning with carbon dioxide and water. However, the twins evolved differently largely because of differences in their distance from the Sun. With a significant amount of internal heat, Venus may continue to be geologically active with volcanoes, rifting, and folding. However, it lacks any sign of a hydrologic system (water circulation and distribution): there are no streams, lakes oceans or glaciers. Space probes suggest that Venus may have started with as much water as Earth, but it was unable to keep its water in liquid form. Because Venus receives more heat from the Sun, water released from the interior evaporated and rose to the upper atmosphere where the Sun's ultraviolet rays broke the molecules apart. Much of the freed hydrogen escaped into space, and Venus lost its water. Without water, Venus became less and less like Earth and kept an atmosphere filled with carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide acts as a blanket, creating an intense greenhouse effect and driving surface temperatures high enough to melt lead and to prohibit the formation of carbonate minerals. Volcanoes continually vented more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. On Earth, liquid water removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and combines it with calcium, from rock weathering, to form carbonate sedimentary rocks. Without liquid water to remove carbon from the atmosphere, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Venus remains high.
Like Venus, Earth is large enough to be geologically active and for its gravitational field to hold an atmosphere. Unlike Venus, it is just the right distance from the Sun so that temperature ranges allow water to exist as a liquid, a solid, and a gas. Water is thus extremely mobile and moves rapidly over the planet in a continuous hydrologic cycle. Heated by the Sun, the water moves in great cycles from the oceans to the atmosphere, over the landscape in river systems, and ultimately back to the oceans. As a result, Earth's surface has been continually changed and eroded into delicate systems of river valleys - a remarkable contrast to the surfaces of other planetary bodies where impact craters dominate. Few areas on Earth have been untouched by flowing water. As a result, river valleys are the dominant feature of its landscape. Similarly, wind action has scoured fine particles away from large areas, depositing them elsewhere as vast sand seas dominated by dunes or in sheets of loess (fine-grained soil deposits). These fluid movements are caused by gravity flow systems energized by heat from the Sun. Other geologic changes occur when the gases in the atmosphere or water react with rocks at the surface to form new chemical compounds with different properties. An important example of this process was the removal of most of Earths carbon dioxide from its atmosphere to form carbonate rocks. However, if Earth were a little closer to the Sun, its oceans would evaporate; if it were farther from the Sun, the oceans would freeze solid. Because liquid water was present, self-replicating molecules of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen developed life early in Earth's history and have radically modified its surface, blanketing huge parts of the continents with greenery. Life thrives on this planet, and it helped create the planet's oxygen- and nitrogen-rich atmosphere and moderate temperatures. | 850.txt | 2 |
[
"They can chemically react with particles on a planet's surface.",
"Most of their mass does not flow but remains in place.",
"Their movement can reshape the surface of certain kinds of planets.",
"Their movement is driven by the Sun and by gravity."
] | Paragraph 1 supports all of the following statements about fluids EXCEPT: | A fluid is a substance, such as a liquid or gas, in which the component particles (usually molecules) can move past one another. Fluids flow easily and conform to the shape of their containers. The geologic processes related to the movement of fluids on a planet's surface can completely resurface a planet many times. These processes derive their energy from the Sun and the gravitational forces of the planet itself. As these fluids interact with surface materials, they move particles about or react chemically with them to modify or produce materials. On a solid planet with a hydrosphere and an atmosphere, only a tiny fraction of the planetary mass flows as surface fluids. Yet the movements of these fluids can drastically alter a planet. Consider Venus and Earth, both terrestrial planets with atmospheres.
Venus and Earth are commonly regarded as twin planets but not identical twins. They are about the same size, are composed of roughly the same mix of materials, and may have been comparably endowed at their beginning with carbon dioxide and water. However, the twins evolved differently largely because of differences in their distance from the Sun. With a significant amount of internal heat, Venus may continue to be geologically active with volcanoes, rifting, and folding. However, it lacks any sign of a hydrologic system (water circulation and distribution): there are no streams, lakes oceans or glaciers. Space probes suggest that Venus may have started with as much water as Earth, but it was unable to keep its water in liquid form. Because Venus receives more heat from the Sun, water released from the interior evaporated and rose to the upper atmosphere where the Sun's ultraviolet rays broke the molecules apart. Much of the freed hydrogen escaped into space, and Venus lost its water. Without water, Venus became less and less like Earth and kept an atmosphere filled with carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide acts as a blanket, creating an intense greenhouse effect and driving surface temperatures high enough to melt lead and to prohibit the formation of carbonate minerals. Volcanoes continually vented more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. On Earth, liquid water removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and combines it with calcium, from rock weathering, to form carbonate sedimentary rocks. Without liquid water to remove carbon from the atmosphere, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Venus remains high.
Like Venus, Earth is large enough to be geologically active and for its gravitational field to hold an atmosphere. Unlike Venus, it is just the right distance from the Sun so that temperature ranges allow water to exist as a liquid, a solid, and a gas. Water is thus extremely mobile and moves rapidly over the planet in a continuous hydrologic cycle. Heated by the Sun, the water moves in great cycles from the oceans to the atmosphere, over the landscape in river systems, and ultimately back to the oceans. As a result, Earth's surface has been continually changed and eroded into delicate systems of river valleys - a remarkable contrast to the surfaces of other planetary bodies where impact craters dominate. Few areas on Earth have been untouched by flowing water. As a result, river valleys are the dominant feature of its landscape. Similarly, wind action has scoured fine particles away from large areas, depositing them elsewhere as vast sand seas dominated by dunes or in sheets of loess (fine-grained soil deposits). These fluid movements are caused by gravity flow systems energized by heat from the Sun. Other geologic changes occur when the gases in the atmosphere or water react with rocks at the surface to form new chemical compounds with different properties. An important example of this process was the removal of most of Earths carbon dioxide from its atmosphere to form carbonate rocks. However, if Earth were a little closer to the Sun, its oceans would evaporate; if it were farther from the Sun, the oceans would freeze solid. Because liquid water was present, self-replicating molecules of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen developed life early in Earth's history and have radically modified its surface, blanketing huge parts of the continents with greenery. Life thrives on this planet, and it helped create the planet's oxygen- and nitrogen-rich atmosphere and moderate temperatures. | 850.txt | 1 |
[
"prevent",
"speed up",
"affect",
"encourage"
] | The word "prohibit" in the passage is closest in meaning to | A fluid is a substance, such as a liquid or gas, in which the component particles (usually molecules) can move past one another. Fluids flow easily and conform to the shape of their containers. The geologic processes related to the movement of fluids on a planet's surface can completely resurface a planet many times. These processes derive their energy from the Sun and the gravitational forces of the planet itself. As these fluids interact with surface materials, they move particles about or react chemically with them to modify or produce materials. On a solid planet with a hydrosphere and an atmosphere, only a tiny fraction of the planetary mass flows as surface fluids. Yet the movements of these fluids can drastically alter a planet. Consider Venus and Earth, both terrestrial planets with atmospheres.
Venus and Earth are commonly regarded as twin planets but not identical twins. They are about the same size, are composed of roughly the same mix of materials, and may have been comparably endowed at their beginning with carbon dioxide and water. However, the twins evolved differently largely because of differences in their distance from the Sun. With a significant amount of internal heat, Venus may continue to be geologically active with volcanoes, rifting, and folding. However, it lacks any sign of a hydrologic system (water circulation and distribution): there are no streams, lakes oceans or glaciers. Space probes suggest that Venus may have started with as much water as Earth, but it was unable to keep its water in liquid form. Because Venus receives more heat from the Sun, water released from the interior evaporated and rose to the upper atmosphere where the Sun's ultraviolet rays broke the molecules apart. Much of the freed hydrogen escaped into space, and Venus lost its water. Without water, Venus became less and less like Earth and kept an atmosphere filled with carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide acts as a blanket, creating an intense greenhouse effect and driving surface temperatures high enough to melt lead and to prohibit the formation of carbonate minerals. Volcanoes continually vented more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. On Earth, liquid water removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and combines it with calcium, from rock weathering, to form carbonate sedimentary rocks. Without liquid water to remove carbon from the atmosphere, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Venus remains high.
Like Venus, Earth is large enough to be geologically active and for its gravitational field to hold an atmosphere. Unlike Venus, it is just the right distance from the Sun so that temperature ranges allow water to exist as a liquid, a solid, and a gas. Water is thus extremely mobile and moves rapidly over the planet in a continuous hydrologic cycle. Heated by the Sun, the water moves in great cycles from the oceans to the atmosphere, over the landscape in river systems, and ultimately back to the oceans. As a result, Earth's surface has been continually changed and eroded into delicate systems of river valleys - a remarkable contrast to the surfaces of other planetary bodies where impact craters dominate. Few areas on Earth have been untouched by flowing water. As a result, river valleys are the dominant feature of its landscape. Similarly, wind action has scoured fine particles away from large areas, depositing them elsewhere as vast sand seas dominated by dunes or in sheets of loess (fine-grained soil deposits). These fluid movements are caused by gravity flow systems energized by heat from the Sun. Other geologic changes occur when the gases in the atmosphere or water react with rocks at the surface to form new chemical compounds with different properties. An important example of this process was the removal of most of Earths carbon dioxide from its atmosphere to form carbonate rocks. However, if Earth were a little closer to the Sun, its oceans would evaporate; if it were farther from the Sun, the oceans would freeze solid. Because liquid water was present, self-replicating molecules of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen developed life early in Earth's history and have radically modified its surface, blanketing huge parts of the continents with greenery. Life thrives on this planet, and it helped create the planet's oxygen- and nitrogen-rich atmosphere and moderate temperatures. | 850.txt | 0 |
[
"Earth has less water in its atmosphere than Venus does.",
"Earth has a hydrologic system but Venus does not.",
"Earth is less geologically active than Venus is.",
"Earth has more carbon dioxide than Venus does."
] | According to paragraph 2, what is one difference between Earth and Venus? | A fluid is a substance, such as a liquid or gas, in which the component particles (usually molecules) can move past one another. Fluids flow easily and conform to the shape of their containers. The geologic processes related to the movement of fluids on a planet's surface can completely resurface a planet many times. These processes derive their energy from the Sun and the gravitational forces of the planet itself. As these fluids interact with surface materials, they move particles about or react chemically with them to modify or produce materials. On a solid planet with a hydrosphere and an atmosphere, only a tiny fraction of the planetary mass flows as surface fluids. Yet the movements of these fluids can drastically alter a planet. Consider Venus and Earth, both terrestrial planets with atmospheres.
Venus and Earth are commonly regarded as twin planets but not identical twins. They are about the same size, are composed of roughly the same mix of materials, and may have been comparably endowed at their beginning with carbon dioxide and water. However, the twins evolved differently largely because of differences in their distance from the Sun. With a significant amount of internal heat, Venus may continue to be geologically active with volcanoes, rifting, and folding. However, it lacks any sign of a hydrologic system (water circulation and distribution): there are no streams, lakes oceans or glaciers. Space probes suggest that Venus may have started with as much water as Earth, but it was unable to keep its water in liquid form. Because Venus receives more heat from the Sun, water released from the interior evaporated and rose to the upper atmosphere where the Sun's ultraviolet rays broke the molecules apart. Much of the freed hydrogen escaped into space, and Venus lost its water. Without water, Venus became less and less like Earth and kept an atmosphere filled with carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide acts as a blanket, creating an intense greenhouse effect and driving surface temperatures high enough to melt lead and to prohibit the formation of carbonate minerals. Volcanoes continually vented more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. On Earth, liquid water removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and combines it with calcium, from rock weathering, to form carbonate sedimentary rocks. Without liquid water to remove carbon from the atmosphere, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Venus remains high.
Like Venus, Earth is large enough to be geologically active and for its gravitational field to hold an atmosphere. Unlike Venus, it is just the right distance from the Sun so that temperature ranges allow water to exist as a liquid, a solid, and a gas. Water is thus extremely mobile and moves rapidly over the planet in a continuous hydrologic cycle. Heated by the Sun, the water moves in great cycles from the oceans to the atmosphere, over the landscape in river systems, and ultimately back to the oceans. As a result, Earth's surface has been continually changed and eroded into delicate systems of river valleys - a remarkable contrast to the surfaces of other planetary bodies where impact craters dominate. Few areas on Earth have been untouched by flowing water. As a result, river valleys are the dominant feature of its landscape. Similarly, wind action has scoured fine particles away from large areas, depositing them elsewhere as vast sand seas dominated by dunes or in sheets of loess (fine-grained soil deposits). These fluid movements are caused by gravity flow systems energized by heat from the Sun. Other geologic changes occur when the gases in the atmosphere or water react with rocks at the surface to form new chemical compounds with different properties. An important example of this process was the removal of most of Earths carbon dioxide from its atmosphere to form carbonate rocks. However, if Earth were a little closer to the Sun, its oceans would evaporate; if it were farther from the Sun, the oceans would freeze solid. Because liquid water was present, self-replicating molecules of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen developed life early in Earth's history and have radically modified its surface, blanketing huge parts of the continents with greenery. Life thrives on this planet, and it helped create the planet's oxygen- and nitrogen-rich atmosphere and moderate temperatures. | 850.txt | 1 |
[
"there was more volcanic activity on early Venus than on early Earth",
"they received different amounts of solar energy",
"their interiors contained different amounts of heat",
"their early atmospheres contained different levels of oxygen and nitrogen"
] | It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that Earth evolved differently than Venus did in part because | A fluid is a substance, such as a liquid or gas, in which the component particles (usually molecules) can move past one another. Fluids flow easily and conform to the shape of their containers. The geologic processes related to the movement of fluids on a planet's surface can completely resurface a planet many times. These processes derive their energy from the Sun and the gravitational forces of the planet itself. As these fluids interact with surface materials, they move particles about or react chemically with them to modify or produce materials. On a solid planet with a hydrosphere and an atmosphere, only a tiny fraction of the planetary mass flows as surface fluids. Yet the movements of these fluids can drastically alter a planet. Consider Venus and Earth, both terrestrial planets with atmospheres.
Venus and Earth are commonly regarded as twin planets but not identical twins. They are about the same size, are composed of roughly the same mix of materials, and may have been comparably endowed at their beginning with carbon dioxide and water. However, the twins evolved differently largely because of differences in their distance from the Sun. With a significant amount of internal heat, Venus may continue to be geologically active with volcanoes, rifting, and folding. However, it lacks any sign of a hydrologic system (water circulation and distribution): there are no streams, lakes oceans or glaciers. Space probes suggest that Venus may have started with as much water as Earth, but it was unable to keep its water in liquid form. Because Venus receives more heat from the Sun, water released from the interior evaporated and rose to the upper atmosphere where the Sun's ultraviolet rays broke the molecules apart. Much of the freed hydrogen escaped into space, and Venus lost its water. Without water, Venus became less and less like Earth and kept an atmosphere filled with carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide acts as a blanket, creating an intense greenhouse effect and driving surface temperatures high enough to melt lead and to prohibit the formation of carbonate minerals. Volcanoes continually vented more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. On Earth, liquid water removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and combines it with calcium, from rock weathering, to form carbonate sedimentary rocks. Without liquid water to remove carbon from the atmosphere, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Venus remains high.
Like Venus, Earth is large enough to be geologically active and for its gravitational field to hold an atmosphere. Unlike Venus, it is just the right distance from the Sun so that temperature ranges allow water to exist as a liquid, a solid, and a gas. Water is thus extremely mobile and moves rapidly over the planet in a continuous hydrologic cycle. Heated by the Sun, the water moves in great cycles from the oceans to the atmosphere, over the landscape in river systems, and ultimately back to the oceans. As a result, Earth's surface has been continually changed and eroded into delicate systems of river valleys - a remarkable contrast to the surfaces of other planetary bodies where impact craters dominate. Few areas on Earth have been untouched by flowing water. As a result, river valleys are the dominant feature of its landscape. Similarly, wind action has scoured fine particles away from large areas, depositing them elsewhere as vast sand seas dominated by dunes or in sheets of loess (fine-grained soil deposits). These fluid movements are caused by gravity flow systems energized by heat from the Sun. Other geologic changes occur when the gases in the atmosphere or water react with rocks at the surface to form new chemical compounds with different properties. An important example of this process was the removal of most of Earths carbon dioxide from its atmosphere to form carbonate rocks. However, if Earth were a little closer to the Sun, its oceans would evaporate; if it were farther from the Sun, the oceans would freeze solid. Because liquid water was present, self-replicating molecules of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen developed life early in Earth's history and have radically modified its surface, blanketing huge parts of the continents with greenery. Life thrives on this planet, and it helped create the planet's oxygen- and nitrogen-rich atmosphere and moderate temperatures. | 850.txt | 1 |
[
"the breaking apart of water molecules by ultraviolet rays",
"the evaporation of water released from the planet's interior",
"the escape of hydrogen into space",
"the release of molecules from melting metals such as lead"
] | According to paragraph 2, all of the following played a role in keeping carbon dioxide levels high in the atmosphere of Venus EXCEPT | A fluid is a substance, such as a liquid or gas, in which the component particles (usually molecules) can move past one another. Fluids flow easily and conform to the shape of their containers. The geologic processes related to the movement of fluids on a planet's surface can completely resurface a planet many times. These processes derive their energy from the Sun and the gravitational forces of the planet itself. As these fluids interact with surface materials, they move particles about or react chemically with them to modify or produce materials. On a solid planet with a hydrosphere and an atmosphere, only a tiny fraction of the planetary mass flows as surface fluids. Yet the movements of these fluids can drastically alter a planet. Consider Venus and Earth, both terrestrial planets with atmospheres.
Venus and Earth are commonly regarded as twin planets but not identical twins. They are about the same size, are composed of roughly the same mix of materials, and may have been comparably endowed at their beginning with carbon dioxide and water. However, the twins evolved differently largely because of differences in their distance from the Sun. With a significant amount of internal heat, Venus may continue to be geologically active with volcanoes, rifting, and folding. However, it lacks any sign of a hydrologic system (water circulation and distribution): there are no streams, lakes oceans or glaciers. Space probes suggest that Venus may have started with as much water as Earth, but it was unable to keep its water in liquid form. Because Venus receives more heat from the Sun, water released from the interior evaporated and rose to the upper atmosphere where the Sun's ultraviolet rays broke the molecules apart. Much of the freed hydrogen escaped into space, and Venus lost its water. Without water, Venus became less and less like Earth and kept an atmosphere filled with carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide acts as a blanket, creating an intense greenhouse effect and driving surface temperatures high enough to melt lead and to prohibit the formation of carbonate minerals. Volcanoes continually vented more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. On Earth, liquid water removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and combines it with calcium, from rock weathering, to form carbonate sedimentary rocks. Without liquid water to remove carbon from the atmosphere, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Venus remains high.
Like Venus, Earth is large enough to be geologically active and for its gravitational field to hold an atmosphere. Unlike Venus, it is just the right distance from the Sun so that temperature ranges allow water to exist as a liquid, a solid, and a gas. Water is thus extremely mobile and moves rapidly over the planet in a continuous hydrologic cycle. Heated by the Sun, the water moves in great cycles from the oceans to the atmosphere, over the landscape in river systems, and ultimately back to the oceans. As a result, Earth's surface has been continually changed and eroded into delicate systems of river valleys - a remarkable contrast to the surfaces of other planetary bodies where impact craters dominate. Few areas on Earth have been untouched by flowing water. As a result, river valleys are the dominant feature of its landscape. Similarly, wind action has scoured fine particles away from large areas, depositing them elsewhere as vast sand seas dominated by dunes or in sheets of loess (fine-grained soil deposits). These fluid movements are caused by gravity flow systems energized by heat from the Sun. Other geologic changes occur when the gases in the atmosphere or water react with rocks at the surface to form new chemical compounds with different properties. An important example of this process was the removal of most of Earths carbon dioxide from its atmosphere to form carbonate rocks. However, if Earth were a little closer to the Sun, its oceans would evaporate; if it were farther from the Sun, the oceans would freeze solid. Because liquid water was present, self-replicating molecules of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen developed life early in Earth's history and have radically modified its surface, blanketing huge parts of the continents with greenery. Life thrives on this planet, and it helped create the planet's oxygen- and nitrogen-rich atmosphere and moderate temperatures. | 850.txt | 3 |
[
"finally",
"slowly",
"repeatedly",
"constantly"
] | The word "ultimately"" in the passage is closest in meaning | A fluid is a substance, such as a liquid or gas, in which the component particles (usually molecules) can move past one another. Fluids flow easily and conform to the shape of their containers. The geologic processes related to the movement of fluids on a planet's surface can completely resurface a planet many times. These processes derive their energy from the Sun and the gravitational forces of the planet itself. As these fluids interact with surface materials, they move particles about or react chemically with them to modify or produce materials. On a solid planet with a hydrosphere and an atmosphere, only a tiny fraction of the planetary mass flows as surface fluids. Yet the movements of these fluids can drastically alter a planet. Consider Venus and Earth, both terrestrial planets with atmospheres.
Venus and Earth are commonly regarded as twin planets but not identical twins. They are about the same size, are composed of roughly the same mix of materials, and may have been comparably endowed at their beginning with carbon dioxide and water. However, the twins evolved differently largely because of differences in their distance from the Sun. With a significant amount of internal heat, Venus may continue to be geologically active with volcanoes, rifting, and folding. However, it lacks any sign of a hydrologic system (water circulation and distribution): there are no streams, lakes oceans or glaciers. Space probes suggest that Venus may have started with as much water as Earth, but it was unable to keep its water in liquid form. Because Venus receives more heat from the Sun, water released from the interior evaporated and rose to the upper atmosphere where the Sun's ultraviolet rays broke the molecules apart. Much of the freed hydrogen escaped into space, and Venus lost its water. Without water, Venus became less and less like Earth and kept an atmosphere filled with carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide acts as a blanket, creating an intense greenhouse effect and driving surface temperatures high enough to melt lead and to prohibit the formation of carbonate minerals. Volcanoes continually vented more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. On Earth, liquid water removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and combines it with calcium, from rock weathering, to form carbonate sedimentary rocks. Without liquid water to remove carbon from the atmosphere, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Venus remains high.
Like Venus, Earth is large enough to be geologically active and for its gravitational field to hold an atmosphere. Unlike Venus, it is just the right distance from the Sun so that temperature ranges allow water to exist as a liquid, a solid, and a gas. Water is thus extremely mobile and moves rapidly over the planet in a continuous hydrologic cycle. Heated by the Sun, the water moves in great cycles from the oceans to the atmosphere, over the landscape in river systems, and ultimately back to the oceans. As a result, Earth's surface has been continually changed and eroded into delicate systems of river valleys - a remarkable contrast to the surfaces of other planetary bodies where impact craters dominate. Few areas on Earth have been untouched by flowing water. As a result, river valleys are the dominant feature of its landscape. Similarly, wind action has scoured fine particles away from large areas, depositing them elsewhere as vast sand seas dominated by dunes or in sheets of loess (fine-grained soil deposits). These fluid movements are caused by gravity flow systems energized by heat from the Sun. Other geologic changes occur when the gases in the atmosphere or water react with rocks at the surface to form new chemical compounds with different properties. An important example of this process was the removal of most of Earths carbon dioxide from its atmosphere to form carbonate rocks. However, if Earth were a little closer to the Sun, its oceans would evaporate; if it were farther from the Sun, the oceans would freeze solid. Because liquid water was present, self-replicating molecules of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen developed life early in Earth's history and have radically modified its surface, blanketing huge parts of the continents with greenery. Life thrives on this planet, and it helped create the planet's oxygen- and nitrogen-rich atmosphere and moderate temperatures. | 850.txt | 0 |
[
"It is more strongly marked by river valleys and erosion.",
"It is more geologically active.",
"It is covered by impact craters.",
"It has an atmosphere."
] | According to paragraph 3, Earth's surface is different from the surfaces of many other planetary bodies in which of the following ways? | A fluid is a substance, such as a liquid or gas, in which the component particles (usually molecules) can move past one another. Fluids flow easily and conform to the shape of their containers. The geologic processes related to the movement of fluids on a planet's surface can completely resurface a planet many times. These processes derive their energy from the Sun and the gravitational forces of the planet itself. As these fluids interact with surface materials, they move particles about or react chemically with them to modify or produce materials. On a solid planet with a hydrosphere and an atmosphere, only a tiny fraction of the planetary mass flows as surface fluids. Yet the movements of these fluids can drastically alter a planet. Consider Venus and Earth, both terrestrial planets with atmospheres.
Venus and Earth are commonly regarded as twin planets but not identical twins. They are about the same size, are composed of roughly the same mix of materials, and may have been comparably endowed at their beginning with carbon dioxide and water. However, the twins evolved differently largely because of differences in their distance from the Sun. With a significant amount of internal heat, Venus may continue to be geologically active with volcanoes, rifting, and folding. However, it lacks any sign of a hydrologic system (water circulation and distribution): there are no streams, lakes oceans or glaciers. Space probes suggest that Venus may have started with as much water as Earth, but it was unable to keep its water in liquid form. Because Venus receives more heat from the Sun, water released from the interior evaporated and rose to the upper atmosphere where the Sun's ultraviolet rays broke the molecules apart. Much of the freed hydrogen escaped into space, and Venus lost its water. Without water, Venus became less and less like Earth and kept an atmosphere filled with carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide acts as a blanket, creating an intense greenhouse effect and driving surface temperatures high enough to melt lead and to prohibit the formation of carbonate minerals. Volcanoes continually vented more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. On Earth, liquid water removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and combines it with calcium, from rock weathering, to form carbonate sedimentary rocks. Without liquid water to remove carbon from the atmosphere, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Venus remains high.
Like Venus, Earth is large enough to be geologically active and for its gravitational field to hold an atmosphere. Unlike Venus, it is just the right distance from the Sun so that temperature ranges allow water to exist as a liquid, a solid, and a gas. Water is thus extremely mobile and moves rapidly over the planet in a continuous hydrologic cycle. Heated by the Sun, the water moves in great cycles from the oceans to the atmosphere, over the landscape in river systems, and ultimately back to the oceans. As a result, Earth's surface has been continually changed and eroded into delicate systems of river valleys - a remarkable contrast to the surfaces of other planetary bodies where impact craters dominate. Few areas on Earth have been untouched by flowing water. As a result, river valleys are the dominant feature of its landscape. Similarly, wind action has scoured fine particles away from large areas, depositing them elsewhere as vast sand seas dominated by dunes or in sheets of loess (fine-grained soil deposits). These fluid movements are caused by gravity flow systems energized by heat from the Sun. Other geologic changes occur when the gases in the atmosphere or water react with rocks at the surface to form new chemical compounds with different properties. An important example of this process was the removal of most of Earths carbon dioxide from its atmosphere to form carbonate rocks. However, if Earth were a little closer to the Sun, its oceans would evaporate; if it were farther from the Sun, the oceans would freeze solid. Because liquid water was present, self-replicating molecules of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen developed life early in Earth's history and have radically modified its surface, blanketing huge parts of the continents with greenery. Life thrives on this planet, and it helped create the planet's oxygen- and nitrogen-rich atmosphere and moderate temperatures. | 850.txt | 0 |
[
"Earth's temperatures are such that water exists in solid, liquid, and gas forms.",
"Earth is large enough to be geologically active and for its gravitational field to hold an atmosphere.",
"Earth's surface allows river valleys to develop across the landscape.",
"Earth has active winds that blow across seas and oceans causing fluid movements."
] | According to paragraph 3, why is water able to move so freely on Earth? | A fluid is a substance, such as a liquid or gas, in which the component particles (usually molecules) can move past one another. Fluids flow easily and conform to the shape of their containers. The geologic processes related to the movement of fluids on a planet's surface can completely resurface a planet many times. These processes derive their energy from the Sun and the gravitational forces of the planet itself. As these fluids interact with surface materials, they move particles about or react chemically with them to modify or produce materials. On a solid planet with a hydrosphere and an atmosphere, only a tiny fraction of the planetary mass flows as surface fluids. Yet the movements of these fluids can drastically alter a planet. Consider Venus and Earth, both terrestrial planets with atmospheres.
Venus and Earth are commonly regarded as twin planets but not identical twins. They are about the same size, are composed of roughly the same mix of materials, and may have been comparably endowed at their beginning with carbon dioxide and water. However, the twins evolved differently largely because of differences in their distance from the Sun. With a significant amount of internal heat, Venus may continue to be geologically active with volcanoes, rifting, and folding. However, it lacks any sign of a hydrologic system (water circulation and distribution): there are no streams, lakes oceans or glaciers. Space probes suggest that Venus may have started with as much water as Earth, but it was unable to keep its water in liquid form. Because Venus receives more heat from the Sun, water released from the interior evaporated and rose to the upper atmosphere where the Sun's ultraviolet rays broke the molecules apart. Much of the freed hydrogen escaped into space, and Venus lost its water. Without water, Venus became less and less like Earth and kept an atmosphere filled with carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide acts as a blanket, creating an intense greenhouse effect and driving surface temperatures high enough to melt lead and to prohibit the formation of carbonate minerals. Volcanoes continually vented more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. On Earth, liquid water removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and combines it with calcium, from rock weathering, to form carbonate sedimentary rocks. Without liquid water to remove carbon from the atmosphere, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Venus remains high.
Like Venus, Earth is large enough to be geologically active and for its gravitational field to hold an atmosphere. Unlike Venus, it is just the right distance from the Sun so that temperature ranges allow water to exist as a liquid, a solid, and a gas. Water is thus extremely mobile and moves rapidly over the planet in a continuous hydrologic cycle. Heated by the Sun, the water moves in great cycles from the oceans to the atmosphere, over the landscape in river systems, and ultimately back to the oceans. As a result, Earth's surface has been continually changed and eroded into delicate systems of river valleys - a remarkable contrast to the surfaces of other planetary bodies where impact craters dominate. Few areas on Earth have been untouched by flowing water. As a result, river valleys are the dominant feature of its landscape. Similarly, wind action has scoured fine particles away from large areas, depositing them elsewhere as vast sand seas dominated by dunes or in sheets of loess (fine-grained soil deposits). These fluid movements are caused by gravity flow systems energized by heat from the Sun. Other geologic changes occur when the gases in the atmosphere or water react with rocks at the surface to form new chemical compounds with different properties. An important example of this process was the removal of most of Earths carbon dioxide from its atmosphere to form carbonate rocks. However, if Earth were a little closer to the Sun, its oceans would evaporate; if it were farther from the Sun, the oceans would freeze solid. Because liquid water was present, self-replicating molecules of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen developed life early in Earth's history and have radically modified its surface, blanketing huge parts of the continents with greenery. Life thrives on this planet, and it helped create the planet's oxygen- and nitrogen-rich atmosphere and moderate temperatures. | 850.txt | 0 |
[
"To explain why scientists believe that few areas on Earth have been untouched by flowing water",
"To identify one of several ways in which the movement of fluids can affect the surface of a planet",
"To provide evidence that fluid movements are caused by gravity flow systems energized by the Sun",
"To identify an effect of wind scouring fine particles away from large areas"
] | Why does the author point out that on Earth "gases in the atmosphere or water react with rocks at the surface to form new chemical compounds"? | A fluid is a substance, such as a liquid or gas, in which the component particles (usually molecules) can move past one another. Fluids flow easily and conform to the shape of their containers. The geologic processes related to the movement of fluids on a planet's surface can completely resurface a planet many times. These processes derive their energy from the Sun and the gravitational forces of the planet itself. As these fluids interact with surface materials, they move particles about or react chemically with them to modify or produce materials. On a solid planet with a hydrosphere and an atmosphere, only a tiny fraction of the planetary mass flows as surface fluids. Yet the movements of these fluids can drastically alter a planet. Consider Venus and Earth, both terrestrial planets with atmospheres.
Venus and Earth are commonly regarded as twin planets but not identical twins. They are about the same size, are composed of roughly the same mix of materials, and may have been comparably endowed at their beginning with carbon dioxide and water. However, the twins evolved differently largely because of differences in their distance from the Sun. With a significant amount of internal heat, Venus may continue to be geologically active with volcanoes, rifting, and folding. However, it lacks any sign of a hydrologic system (water circulation and distribution): there are no streams, lakes oceans or glaciers. Space probes suggest that Venus may have started with as much water as Earth, but it was unable to keep its water in liquid form. Because Venus receives more heat from the Sun, water released from the interior evaporated and rose to the upper atmosphere where the Sun's ultraviolet rays broke the molecules apart. Much of the freed hydrogen escaped into space, and Venus lost its water. Without water, Venus became less and less like Earth and kept an atmosphere filled with carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide acts as a blanket, creating an intense greenhouse effect and driving surface temperatures high enough to melt lead and to prohibit the formation of carbonate minerals. Volcanoes continually vented more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. On Earth, liquid water removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and combines it with calcium, from rock weathering, to form carbonate sedimentary rocks. Without liquid water to remove carbon from the atmosphere, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Venus remains high.
Like Venus, Earth is large enough to be geologically active and for its gravitational field to hold an atmosphere. Unlike Venus, it is just the right distance from the Sun so that temperature ranges allow water to exist as a liquid, a solid, and a gas. Water is thus extremely mobile and moves rapidly over the planet in a continuous hydrologic cycle. Heated by the Sun, the water moves in great cycles from the oceans to the atmosphere, over the landscape in river systems, and ultimately back to the oceans. As a result, Earth's surface has been continually changed and eroded into delicate systems of river valleys - a remarkable contrast to the surfaces of other planetary bodies where impact craters dominate. Few areas on Earth have been untouched by flowing water. As a result, river valleys are the dominant feature of its landscape. Similarly, wind action has scoured fine particles away from large areas, depositing them elsewhere as vast sand seas dominated by dunes or in sheets of loess (fine-grained soil deposits). These fluid movements are caused by gravity flow systems energized by heat from the Sun. Other geologic changes occur when the gases in the atmosphere or water react with rocks at the surface to form new chemical compounds with different properties. An important example of this process was the removal of most of Earths carbon dioxide from its atmosphere to form carbonate rocks. However, if Earth were a little closer to the Sun, its oceans would evaporate; if it were farther from the Sun, the oceans would freeze solid. Because liquid water was present, self-replicating molecules of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen developed life early in Earth's history and have radically modified its surface, blanketing huge parts of the continents with greenery. Life thrives on this planet, and it helped create the planet's oxygen- and nitrogen-rich atmosphere and moderate temperatures. | 850.txt | 1 |
[
"posing a contrast",
"justifying an assumption",
"making a comparison",
"explaining a phenomenon"
] | In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by _ . | When it comes to schooling, the Herrera boys are no match for the Herrera girls. Last week, four years after she arrived from Honduras, Martha, 20, graduated from Fairfax High School in Los Angeles. She managed decent grades while working 36 hours a week at a Kentucky Fried Chicken. Her sister, Marlin, 22, attends a local community college and will soon be a certified nurse assistant. The brothers are a different story. Oscar, 17, was expelled two years ago from Fairfax for carrying a knife and later dropped out of a different school. The youngest, Jonathan, 15, is now in a juvenile boot camp after running into trouble with the law. " The boys get sidetracked more," says the kids' mother, Suyapa Landaverde. " The girls are more confident."
This is no aberration. Immigrant girls consistently outperform boys, according to the preliminary findings of a just-completed, five-year study of immigrant children-the largest of its kind, including Latino, Chinese and Haitian kids-by Marcelo and Carola Suarez-Orozco of the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Though that trend holds for U. S. -born kids as well, the reasons for the discrepancy among immigrants are different. The study found that immigrant girls are more adept at straddling cultures than boys. " The girls are able to retain some of the protective features of （their native）culture" because they're kept closer to the hearth, says Marcelo Suarez-Orozco, " while they maximize their acquisition of skills in the new culture" by helping their parents navigate it.
Consider the kids' experiences in school. The study found that boys face more peer pressure to adopt American youth culture-the dress, the slang, the disdain for education. They're disciplined more often and, as a result, develop more adversarial relationships with teachers-and the wider society. They may also face more debilitating prejudices. One teacher interviewed for the study said that the" cultural awareness training" she received as part of her continuing education included depictions of Latino boys as" aggressive" and" really macho" and of the girls as" pure sweetness."
Gender shapes immigrant kids' experiences outside school as well. Often hailing from traditional cultures, the girls face greater domestic obligations. They also frequently act as" cultural ambassadors," translating for parents and mediating between them and the outside world, says Carola Suarez-Orozco. An unintended consequence:" The girls get foisted into a responsible role more than the boys do." Take Christina Im, 18, a junior at Fairfax who arrived from South Korea four years ago. She ranks ninth in a class of 400 students and still finds time to fix dinner for the family and work on Saturdays at her mother's clothing shop. Her brother?" He plays computer games," says Im.
The Harvard study bears a cautionary note: If large numbers of immigrant boys continue to be alienated academically-and to be clear, plenty perform phenomenally-they risk sinking irretrievably into an economic underclass. Oscar Herrera, Martha's dropout brother, may be realizing that. " I'm thinking of returning to school," he recently told his mother. He ought to look to his sisters for guidance. | 565.txt | 2 |
[
"they work as a translator for their parents",
"they help their parents have a better understanding of the foreign culture",
"they encourage their parents to go into the outside world",
"their parents help them realize their dream of becoming an ambassador"
] | The statement" they also frequently act as ‘cultural ambassadors'" （Line 2, Paragraph 4）implies that _ . | When it comes to schooling, the Herrera boys are no match for the Herrera girls. Last week, four years after she arrived from Honduras, Martha, 20, graduated from Fairfax High School in Los Angeles. She managed decent grades while working 36 hours a week at a Kentucky Fried Chicken. Her sister, Marlin, 22, attends a local community college and will soon be a certified nurse assistant. The brothers are a different story. Oscar, 17, was expelled two years ago from Fairfax for carrying a knife and later dropped out of a different school. The youngest, Jonathan, 15, is now in a juvenile boot camp after running into trouble with the law. " The boys get sidetracked more," says the kids' mother, Suyapa Landaverde. " The girls are more confident."
This is no aberration. Immigrant girls consistently outperform boys, according to the preliminary findings of a just-completed, five-year study of immigrant children-the largest of its kind, including Latino, Chinese and Haitian kids-by Marcelo and Carola Suarez-Orozco of the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Though that trend holds for U. S. -born kids as well, the reasons for the discrepancy among immigrants are different. The study found that immigrant girls are more adept at straddling cultures than boys. " The girls are able to retain some of the protective features of （their native）culture" because they're kept closer to the hearth, says Marcelo Suarez-Orozco, " while they maximize their acquisition of skills in the new culture" by helping their parents navigate it.
Consider the kids' experiences in school. The study found that boys face more peer pressure to adopt American youth culture-the dress, the slang, the disdain for education. They're disciplined more often and, as a result, develop more adversarial relationships with teachers-and the wider society. They may also face more debilitating prejudices. One teacher interviewed for the study said that the" cultural awareness training" she received as part of her continuing education included depictions of Latino boys as" aggressive" and" really macho" and of the girls as" pure sweetness."
Gender shapes immigrant kids' experiences outside school as well. Often hailing from traditional cultures, the girls face greater domestic obligations. They also frequently act as" cultural ambassadors," translating for parents and mediating between them and the outside world, says Carola Suarez-Orozco. An unintended consequence:" The girls get foisted into a responsible role more than the boys do." Take Christina Im, 18, a junior at Fairfax who arrived from South Korea four years ago. She ranks ninth in a class of 400 students and still finds time to fix dinner for the family and work on Saturdays at her mother's clothing shop. Her brother?" He plays computer games," says Im.
The Harvard study bears a cautionary note: If large numbers of immigrant boys continue to be alienated academically-and to be clear, plenty perform phenomenally-they risk sinking irretrievably into an economic underclass. Oscar Herrera, Martha's dropout brother, may be realizing that. " I'm thinking of returning to school," he recently told his mother. He ought to look to his sisters for guidance. | 565.txt | 1 |
[
"American youth culture has a bad influence on the boys",
"people have prejudice against them",
"their sense of responsibility is not as strong as that of the girls",
"they do not get well along with the teachers and the outside world"
] | Immigrant boys do not fare well in the outside world because of the following reasons, EXCEPT that _ . | When it comes to schooling, the Herrera boys are no match for the Herrera girls. Last week, four years after she arrived from Honduras, Martha, 20, graduated from Fairfax High School in Los Angeles. She managed decent grades while working 36 hours a week at a Kentucky Fried Chicken. Her sister, Marlin, 22, attends a local community college and will soon be a certified nurse assistant. The brothers are a different story. Oscar, 17, was expelled two years ago from Fairfax for carrying a knife and later dropped out of a different school. The youngest, Jonathan, 15, is now in a juvenile boot camp after running into trouble with the law. " The boys get sidetracked more," says the kids' mother, Suyapa Landaverde. " The girls are more confident."
This is no aberration. Immigrant girls consistently outperform boys, according to the preliminary findings of a just-completed, five-year study of immigrant children-the largest of its kind, including Latino, Chinese and Haitian kids-by Marcelo and Carola Suarez-Orozco of the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Though that trend holds for U. S. -born kids as well, the reasons for the discrepancy among immigrants are different. The study found that immigrant girls are more adept at straddling cultures than boys. " The girls are able to retain some of the protective features of （their native）culture" because they're kept closer to the hearth, says Marcelo Suarez-Orozco, " while they maximize their acquisition of skills in the new culture" by helping their parents navigate it.
Consider the kids' experiences in school. The study found that boys face more peer pressure to adopt American youth culture-the dress, the slang, the disdain for education. They're disciplined more often and, as a result, develop more adversarial relationships with teachers-and the wider society. They may also face more debilitating prejudices. One teacher interviewed for the study said that the" cultural awareness training" she received as part of her continuing education included depictions of Latino boys as" aggressive" and" really macho" and of the girls as" pure sweetness."
Gender shapes immigrant kids' experiences outside school as well. Often hailing from traditional cultures, the girls face greater domestic obligations. They also frequently act as" cultural ambassadors," translating for parents and mediating between them and the outside world, says Carola Suarez-Orozco. An unintended consequence:" The girls get foisted into a responsible role more than the boys do." Take Christina Im, 18, a junior at Fairfax who arrived from South Korea four years ago. She ranks ninth in a class of 400 students and still finds time to fix dinner for the family and work on Saturdays at her mother's clothing shop. Her brother?" He plays computer games," says Im.
The Harvard study bears a cautionary note: If large numbers of immigrant boys continue to be alienated academically-and to be clear, plenty perform phenomenally-they risk sinking irretrievably into an economic underclass. Oscar Herrera, Martha's dropout brother, may be realizing that. " I'm thinking of returning to school," he recently told his mother. He ought to look to his sisters for guidance. | 565.txt | 0 |
[
"the immigrant boys should not be allowed to go into the outside world",
"the immigrant boys have no judgment about the youth culture",
"the immigrant girls do a better job than the immigrant boys",
"the immigrant boys should be severely disciplined"
] | Marcelo and Carola Suarez-Orozco have eventually found in their study that _ . | When it comes to schooling, the Herrera boys are no match for the Herrera girls. Last week, four years after she arrived from Honduras, Martha, 20, graduated from Fairfax High School in Los Angeles. She managed decent grades while working 36 hours a week at a Kentucky Fried Chicken. Her sister, Marlin, 22, attends a local community college and will soon be a certified nurse assistant. The brothers are a different story. Oscar, 17, was expelled two years ago from Fairfax for carrying a knife and later dropped out of a different school. The youngest, Jonathan, 15, is now in a juvenile boot camp after running into trouble with the law. " The boys get sidetracked more," says the kids' mother, Suyapa Landaverde. " The girls are more confident."
This is no aberration. Immigrant girls consistently outperform boys, according to the preliminary findings of a just-completed, five-year study of immigrant children-the largest of its kind, including Latino, Chinese and Haitian kids-by Marcelo and Carola Suarez-Orozco of the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Though that trend holds for U. S. -born kids as well, the reasons for the discrepancy among immigrants are different. The study found that immigrant girls are more adept at straddling cultures than boys. " The girls are able to retain some of the protective features of （their native）culture" because they're kept closer to the hearth, says Marcelo Suarez-Orozco, " while they maximize their acquisition of skills in the new culture" by helping their parents navigate it.
Consider the kids' experiences in school. The study found that boys face more peer pressure to adopt American youth culture-the dress, the slang, the disdain for education. They're disciplined more often and, as a result, develop more adversarial relationships with teachers-and the wider society. They may also face more debilitating prejudices. One teacher interviewed for the study said that the" cultural awareness training" she received as part of her continuing education included depictions of Latino boys as" aggressive" and" really macho" and of the girls as" pure sweetness."
Gender shapes immigrant kids' experiences outside school as well. Often hailing from traditional cultures, the girls face greater domestic obligations. They also frequently act as" cultural ambassadors," translating for parents and mediating between them and the outside world, says Carola Suarez-Orozco. An unintended consequence:" The girls get foisted into a responsible role more than the boys do." Take Christina Im, 18, a junior at Fairfax who arrived from South Korea four years ago. She ranks ninth in a class of 400 students and still finds time to fix dinner for the family and work on Saturdays at her mother's clothing shop. Her brother?" He plays computer games," says Im.
The Harvard study bears a cautionary note: If large numbers of immigrant boys continue to be alienated academically-and to be clear, plenty perform phenomenally-they risk sinking irretrievably into an economic underclass. Oscar Herrera, Martha's dropout brother, may be realizing that. " I'm thinking of returning to school," he recently told his mother. He ought to look to his sisters for guidance. | 565.txt | 2 |
[
"All the dropouts should receive good education.",
"Many immigrant boys are likely to fall into trouble in the future.",
"Schooling education has been neglected.",
"More attention should be paid to the immigrant children."
] | What can we infer from the last paragraph? | When it comes to schooling, the Herrera boys are no match for the Herrera girls. Last week, four years after she arrived from Honduras, Martha, 20, graduated from Fairfax High School in Los Angeles. She managed decent grades while working 36 hours a week at a Kentucky Fried Chicken. Her sister, Marlin, 22, attends a local community college and will soon be a certified nurse assistant. The brothers are a different story. Oscar, 17, was expelled two years ago from Fairfax for carrying a knife and later dropped out of a different school. The youngest, Jonathan, 15, is now in a juvenile boot camp after running into trouble with the law. " The boys get sidetracked more," says the kids' mother, Suyapa Landaverde. " The girls are more confident."
This is no aberration. Immigrant girls consistently outperform boys, according to the preliminary findings of a just-completed, five-year study of immigrant children-the largest of its kind, including Latino, Chinese and Haitian kids-by Marcelo and Carola Suarez-Orozco of the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Though that trend holds for U. S. -born kids as well, the reasons for the discrepancy among immigrants are different. The study found that immigrant girls are more adept at straddling cultures than boys. " The girls are able to retain some of the protective features of （their native）culture" because they're kept closer to the hearth, says Marcelo Suarez-Orozco, " while they maximize their acquisition of skills in the new culture" by helping their parents navigate it.
Consider the kids' experiences in school. The study found that boys face more peer pressure to adopt American youth culture-the dress, the slang, the disdain for education. They're disciplined more often and, as a result, develop more adversarial relationships with teachers-and the wider society. They may also face more debilitating prejudices. One teacher interviewed for the study said that the" cultural awareness training" she received as part of her continuing education included depictions of Latino boys as" aggressive" and" really macho" and of the girls as" pure sweetness."
Gender shapes immigrant kids' experiences outside school as well. Often hailing from traditional cultures, the girls face greater domestic obligations. They also frequently act as" cultural ambassadors," translating for parents and mediating between them and the outside world, says Carola Suarez-Orozco. An unintended consequence:" The girls get foisted into a responsible role more than the boys do." Take Christina Im, 18, a junior at Fairfax who arrived from South Korea four years ago. She ranks ninth in a class of 400 students and still finds time to fix dinner for the family and work on Saturdays at her mother's clothing shop. Her brother?" He plays computer games," says Im.
The Harvard study bears a cautionary note: If large numbers of immigrant boys continue to be alienated academically-and to be clear, plenty perform phenomenally-they risk sinking irretrievably into an economic underclass. Oscar Herrera, Martha's dropout brother, may be realizing that. " I'm thinking of returning to school," he recently told his mother. He ought to look to his sisters for guidance. | 565.txt | 1 |
[
"Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.",
"Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.",
"Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.",
"Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised."
] | What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened? | It's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.
Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off. The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly."
While warnings are often appropriate and necessary -- the dangers of drug interactions, for example -- and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.
Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We're really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute -- a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight -- issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities," says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability. | 980.txt | 1 |
[
"satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products",
"become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products",
"make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability",
"feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first concern"
] | Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to . | It's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.
Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off. The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly."
While warnings are often appropriate and necessary -- the dangers of drug interactions, for example -- and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.
Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We're really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute -- a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight -- issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities," says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability. | 980.txt | 2 |
[
"some injury claims were no longer supported by law",
"helmets were not designed to prevent injuries",
"product labels would eventually be discarded",
"some sports games might lose popularity with athletes"
] | The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that . | It's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.
Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off. The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly."
While warnings are often appropriate and necessary -- the dangers of drug interactions, for example -- and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.
Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We're really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute -- a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight -- issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities," says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability. | 980.txt | 0 |
[
"biased",
"indifferent",
"puzzling",
"objective"
] | The author's attitude towards the issue seems to be . | It's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.
Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off. The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly."
While warnings are often appropriate and necessary -- the dangers of drug interactions, for example -- and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.
Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We're really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute -- a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight -- issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities," says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability. | 980.txt | 3 |
[
"laser beams",
"digital codes",
"musical notes",
"special sounds"
] | Music is recorded onto CDs as _ . | If someone says to you your music CDs don't really hold any music on them, and they only have numbers recorded on them, you may not believe it. In fact, he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the CDs as special numbers--a digital code. The code is pressed onto the CD as bumps ( )on a long spiral track almost five kilometers long. These bumps are an average of 0.5 microns wide.
A small laser beam shines onto the bumps as the CD turns. The light is reflected back to a receiver that records how the laser light bounces back. This lets the CD player turn the reflected light back into the original code. This means you can hear the original code as music.
Digital codes are used with many technologies. E-mail needs these kinds of code numbers.
Space probes communicate with their ground station on earth using digital codes. Bar codes are read as digital codes in computer systems. Digital communications with cell phones need digital codes. Weather radios also tune in to specific signals using these codes.
There are many types of compact disks. One format is called CD-RWs. They can be recorded on and re-recorded on (rewritten on) as you would do with a floppy disk . Another format is the CD-ROM. The technology for recording on these disks is different from other CDs. These CDs have a dye layer that the CD writer can darken or leave clear. The clear and dark spots are the digital code. CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc--Read Only Memory. This disk is like a "super"floppy disk that can hold lots of information. One CD-ROM can hold the same amount of data as 500 floppy disks. Information is permanently recorded onto it. Computer games and other programs are
considered to be CD-ROMs.
CDs were first sold to the public in 1982. These CDs still play well and sound fine. Current CDs are expected to last between 70 to 200 years. Of course, you can make sure your CDs last a long time by taking care of them.
Science keeps on developing. It may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented and introduced to the public for music recording. In the meantime, there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs and playing your favorite computer games on CD-ROMs. | 1279.txt | 1 |
[
"the variety of digital communications",
"the development of new technologies",
"the usefulness of digital codes",
"the relationship between communication and technology"
] | E-mail is mentioned in the third paragraph to show _ . | If someone says to you your music CDs don't really hold any music on them, and they only have numbers recorded on them, you may not believe it. In fact, he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the CDs as special numbers--a digital code. The code is pressed onto the CD as bumps ( )on a long spiral track almost five kilometers long. These bumps are an average of 0.5 microns wide.
A small laser beam shines onto the bumps as the CD turns. The light is reflected back to a receiver that records how the laser light bounces back. This lets the CD player turn the reflected light back into the original code. This means you can hear the original code as music.
Digital codes are used with many technologies. E-mail needs these kinds of code numbers.
Space probes communicate with their ground station on earth using digital codes. Bar codes are read as digital codes in computer systems. Digital communications with cell phones need digital codes. Weather radios also tune in to specific signals using these codes.
There are many types of compact disks. One format is called CD-RWs. They can be recorded on and re-recorded on (rewritten on) as you would do with a floppy disk . Another format is the CD-ROM. The technology for recording on these disks is different from other CDs. These CDs have a dye layer that the CD writer can darken or leave clear. The clear and dark spots are the digital code. CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc--Read Only Memory. This disk is like a "super"floppy disk that can hold lots of information. One CD-ROM can hold the same amount of data as 500 floppy disks. Information is permanently recorded onto it. Computer games and other programs are
considered to be CD-ROMs.
CDs were first sold to the public in 1982. These CDs still play well and sound fine. Current CDs are expected to last between 70 to 200 years. Of course, you can make sure your CDs last a long time by taking care of them.
Science keeps on developing. It may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented and introduced to the public for music recording. In the meantime, there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs and playing your favorite computer games on CD-ROMs. | 1279.txt | 2 |
[
"CD-ROMs can be used for longer time",
"CD-ROMs cannot be rewritten on",
"CD-RWs hold more information",
"CD-RWs are merely used for music recording"
] | One of the differences between CD-RWs and CD-ROMs is _ . | If someone says to you your music CDs don't really hold any music on them, and they only have numbers recorded on them, you may not believe it. In fact, he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the CDs as special numbers--a digital code. The code is pressed onto the CD as bumps ( )on a long spiral track almost five kilometers long. These bumps are an average of 0.5 microns wide.
A small laser beam shines onto the bumps as the CD turns. The light is reflected back to a receiver that records how the laser light bounces back. This lets the CD player turn the reflected light back into the original code. This means you can hear the original code as music.
Digital codes are used with many technologies. E-mail needs these kinds of code numbers.
Space probes communicate with their ground station on earth using digital codes. Bar codes are read as digital codes in computer systems. Digital communications with cell phones need digital codes. Weather radios also tune in to specific signals using these codes.
There are many types of compact disks. One format is called CD-RWs. They can be recorded on and re-recorded on (rewritten on) as you would do with a floppy disk . Another format is the CD-ROM. The technology for recording on these disks is different from other CDs. These CDs have a dye layer that the CD writer can darken or leave clear. The clear and dark spots are the digital code. CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc--Read Only Memory. This disk is like a "super"floppy disk that can hold lots of information. One CD-ROM can hold the same amount of data as 500 floppy disks. Information is permanently recorded onto it. Computer games and other programs are
considered to be CD-ROMs.
CDs were first sold to the public in 1982. These CDs still play well and sound fine. Current CDs are expected to last between 70 to 200 years. Of course, you can make sure your CDs last a long time by taking care of them.
Science keeps on developing. It may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented and introduced to the public for music recording. In the meantime, there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs and playing your favorite computer games on CD-ROMs. | 1279.txt | 1 |
[
"they are seldom used",
"they play well and sound fine",
"their users take good care of them",
"they are developed with new technology"
] | CDs can last a long time if_ . | If someone says to you your music CDs don't really hold any music on them, and they only have numbers recorded on them, you may not believe it. In fact, he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the CDs as special numbers--a digital code. The code is pressed onto the CD as bumps ( )on a long spiral track almost five kilometers long. These bumps are an average of 0.5 microns wide.
A small laser beam shines onto the bumps as the CD turns. The light is reflected back to a receiver that records how the laser light bounces back. This lets the CD player turn the reflected light back into the original code. This means you can hear the original code as music.
Digital codes are used with many technologies. E-mail needs these kinds of code numbers.
Space probes communicate with their ground station on earth using digital codes. Bar codes are read as digital codes in computer systems. Digital communications with cell phones need digital codes. Weather radios also tune in to specific signals using these codes.
There are many types of compact disks. One format is called CD-RWs. They can be recorded on and re-recorded on (rewritten on) as you would do with a floppy disk . Another format is the CD-ROM. The technology for recording on these disks is different from other CDs. These CDs have a dye layer that the CD writer can darken or leave clear. The clear and dark spots are the digital code. CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc--Read Only Memory. This disk is like a "super"floppy disk that can hold lots of information. One CD-ROM can hold the same amount of data as 500 floppy disks. Information is permanently recorded onto it. Computer games and other programs are
considered to be CD-ROMs.
CDs were first sold to the public in 1982. These CDs still play well and sound fine. Current CDs are expected to last between 70 to 200 years. Of course, you can make sure your CDs last a long time by taking care of them.
Science keeps on developing. It may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented and introduced to the public for music recording. In the meantime, there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs and playing your favorite computer games on CD-ROMs. | 1279.txt | 2 |
[
"CD-ROMs are more expensive than other CDs",
"new technology for music recording is being developed",
"the author likes listening to music",
"floppy disks are no longer in use"
] | It can be inferred from the passage that _ . | If someone says to you your music CDs don't really hold any music on them, and they only have numbers recorded on them, you may not believe it. In fact, he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the CDs as special numbers--a digital code. The code is pressed onto the CD as bumps ( )on a long spiral track almost five kilometers long. These bumps are an average of 0.5 microns wide.
A small laser beam shines onto the bumps as the CD turns. The light is reflected back to a receiver that records how the laser light bounces back. This lets the CD player turn the reflected light back into the original code. This means you can hear the original code as music.
Digital codes are used with many technologies. E-mail needs these kinds of code numbers.
Space probes communicate with their ground station on earth using digital codes. Bar codes are read as digital codes in computer systems. Digital communications with cell phones need digital codes. Weather radios also tune in to specific signals using these codes.
There are many types of compact disks. One format is called CD-RWs. They can be recorded on and re-recorded on (rewritten on) as you would do with a floppy disk . Another format is the CD-ROM. The technology for recording on these disks is different from other CDs. These CDs have a dye layer that the CD writer can darken or leave clear. The clear and dark spots are the digital code. CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc--Read Only Memory. This disk is like a "super"floppy disk that can hold lots of information. One CD-ROM can hold the same amount of data as 500 floppy disks. Information is permanently recorded onto it. Computer games and other programs are
considered to be CD-ROMs.
CDs were first sold to the public in 1982. These CDs still play well and sound fine. Current CDs are expected to last between 70 to 200 years. Of course, you can make sure your CDs last a long time by taking care of them.
Science keeps on developing. It may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented and introduced to the public for music recording. In the meantime, there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs and playing your favorite computer games on CD-ROMs. | 1279.txt | 1 |
[
"people who sleep less than 8 hours a day are more prone to illness",
"poor sleep quality may be a sign of physical disorder",
"stroke is often associated with sleep",
"too much sleep can be as harmful as lack of sleep"
] | We can learn from the first paragraph that _ . | Sleep is a funny thing. We're taught that we should get seven or eight hours a night, but a lot of us get by just fine on less, and some of us actually sleep too much. A study out of the University of Buffalo last month reported that people who routinely sleep more than eight hours a day and are still tired are nearly three times as likely to die of stroke-probably as a result of an underlying disorder that keeps them from snoozing soundly.
Doctors have their own special sleep problems. Residents are famously sleep deprived. When I was training to become a neurosurgeon, it was not unusual to work 40 hours in a row without rest. Most of us took it in stride, confident we could still deliver the highest quality of medical care. Maybe we shouldn't have been so sure of ourselves. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association points out that in the morning after 24 hours of sleeplessness, a person's motor performance is comparable to that of someone who is legally intoxicated. Curiously, surgeons who believe that operating under the influence is the reason for dismissal often don't think twice about operating without enough sleep.
" I could tell you horror stories," says Jaya Agrawal, president of the American Medical Student Association, which runs a website where residents can post anonymous anecdotes. Some are terrifying. " I was operating after being up for over 36 hours," one writes. " I literally fell asleep standing up and nearly face planted into the wound."
" Practically every surgical resident I know has fallen asleep at the wheel driving home from work," writes another. " I know of three who have hit parked cars. Another hit a ‘Jersey barrier' on the New Jersey Turnpike, going 65 m. p. h." " Your own patients have become the enemy," writes a third, because they are" the one thing that stands between you and a few hours of sleep."
Agrawal's organization is supporting the Patient and Physician Safety and Protection Act of 2001, introduced last November by Representative John Conyers Jr. of Michigan. Its key provisions, modeled on New York State's regulations, include an 80-hour workweek and a 24-hour work-shift limit. Most doctors, however, resist such interference. Dr. Charles Binkley, a senior surgery resident at the University of Michigan, agrees that something needs to be done but believes" doctors should be bound by their conscience, not by the government."
The U.S. controls the hours of pilots and truck drivers. But until such a system is in place for doctors, patients are on their own. If you're worried about the people treating you or a loved one, you should feel free to ask how many hours of sleep they have had and if more-rested staffers are available. Doctors, for their part, have to give up their pose of infallibility and get the rest they need. | 579.txt | 1 |
[
"doctors often need little sleep to keep them energetic",
"doctors' sleep is deprived by residents",
"doctors tend to neglect their own sleep problems",
"sleep-deprived doctors are intoxicated"
] | Speaking of the sleep problems doctors face, the author implies that _ . | Sleep is a funny thing. We're taught that we should get seven or eight hours a night, but a lot of us get by just fine on less, and some of us actually sleep too much. A study out of the University of Buffalo last month reported that people who routinely sleep more than eight hours a day and are still tired are nearly three times as likely to die of stroke-probably as a result of an underlying disorder that keeps them from snoozing soundly.
Doctors have their own special sleep problems. Residents are famously sleep deprived. When I was training to become a neurosurgeon, it was not unusual to work 40 hours in a row without rest. Most of us took it in stride, confident we could still deliver the highest quality of medical care. Maybe we shouldn't have been so sure of ourselves. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association points out that in the morning after 24 hours of sleeplessness, a person's motor performance is comparable to that of someone who is legally intoxicated. Curiously, surgeons who believe that operating under the influence is the reason for dismissal often don't think twice about operating without enough sleep.
" I could tell you horror stories," says Jaya Agrawal, president of the American Medical Student Association, which runs a website where residents can post anonymous anecdotes. Some are terrifying. " I was operating after being up for over 36 hours," one writes. " I literally fell asleep standing up and nearly face planted into the wound."
" Practically every surgical resident I know has fallen asleep at the wheel driving home from work," writes another. " I know of three who have hit parked cars. Another hit a ‘Jersey barrier' on the New Jersey Turnpike, going 65 m. p. h." " Your own patients have become the enemy," writes a third, because they are" the one thing that stands between you and a few hours of sleep."
Agrawal's organization is supporting the Patient and Physician Safety and Protection Act of 2001, introduced last November by Representative John Conyers Jr. of Michigan. Its key provisions, modeled on New York State's regulations, include an 80-hour workweek and a 24-hour work-shift limit. Most doctors, however, resist such interference. Dr. Charles Binkley, a senior surgery resident at the University of Michigan, agrees that something needs to be done but believes" doctors should be bound by their conscience, not by the government."
The U.S. controls the hours of pilots and truck drivers. But until such a system is in place for doctors, patients are on their own. If you're worried about the people treating you or a loved one, you should feel free to ask how many hours of sleep they have had and if more-rested staffers are available. Doctors, for their part, have to give up their pose of infallibility and get the rest they need. | 579.txt | 2 |
[
"entertain the audience with some anecdotes",
"discuss the cause of doctors' sleep problems",
"show the hostility doctors harbor against their patients",
"exemplify the danger doctors face caused by lack of sleep"
] | Paragraphs 3 and 4 are written to _ . | Sleep is a funny thing. We're taught that we should get seven or eight hours a night, but a lot of us get by just fine on less, and some of us actually sleep too much. A study out of the University of Buffalo last month reported that people who routinely sleep more than eight hours a day and are still tired are nearly three times as likely to die of stroke-probably as a result of an underlying disorder that keeps them from snoozing soundly.
Doctors have their own special sleep problems. Residents are famously sleep deprived. When I was training to become a neurosurgeon, it was not unusual to work 40 hours in a row without rest. Most of us took it in stride, confident we could still deliver the highest quality of medical care. Maybe we shouldn't have been so sure of ourselves. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association points out that in the morning after 24 hours of sleeplessness, a person's motor performance is comparable to that of someone who is legally intoxicated. Curiously, surgeons who believe that operating under the influence is the reason for dismissal often don't think twice about operating without enough sleep.
" I could tell you horror stories," says Jaya Agrawal, president of the American Medical Student Association, which runs a website where residents can post anonymous anecdotes. Some are terrifying. " I was operating after being up for over 36 hours," one writes. " I literally fell asleep standing up and nearly face planted into the wound."
" Practically every surgical resident I know has fallen asleep at the wheel driving home from work," writes another. " I know of three who have hit parked cars. Another hit a ‘Jersey barrier' on the New Jersey Turnpike, going 65 m. p. h." " Your own patients have become the enemy," writes a third, because they are" the one thing that stands between you and a few hours of sleep."
Agrawal's organization is supporting the Patient and Physician Safety and Protection Act of 2001, introduced last November by Representative John Conyers Jr. of Michigan. Its key provisions, modeled on New York State's regulations, include an 80-hour workweek and a 24-hour work-shift limit. Most doctors, however, resist such interference. Dr. Charles Binkley, a senior surgery resident at the University of Michigan, agrees that something needs to be done but believes" doctors should be bound by their conscience, not by the government."
The U.S. controls the hours of pilots and truck drivers. But until such a system is in place for doctors, patients are on their own. If you're worried about the people treating you or a loved one, you should feel free to ask how many hours of sleep they have had and if more-rested staffers are available. Doctors, for their part, have to give up their pose of infallibility and get the rest they need. | 579.txt | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.