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[
"is often encouraging",
"often gives a fair picture of the year's work",
"often proves unreliable",
"often tells whether he likes the subject of not"
] | According to the letter, a student's final mark ________. | Editor:
While a new school term is about to begin, perhaps we should reconsider the matter of examinations. In July, two writers (Letters to the Editor) praised the cancellation of exams because they believe "tests don't tell the whole story."
As a teacher who has worked in four countries, I have had the experience that a student who earns good marks is generally a good student, and that a student's final mark in a subject is usually a grade average of the year's work. Of course there are exceptions, but they do not have the frequency that would give an unfair picture of a student's ability.
The simple fact is that proper class work, diligent exam studies and good marks are almost certain indicators of a student's future performance. The opposite, almost certainly, incompetence.
There is no acceptable substitute for competition and examination of quality. How can teachers and future officials determine what a student has learned and remembered? Should we simply take the student word for it? Any institution that "liberates" students from fair and formal exams is misguided, if not ignorant. And surely the "graduates" of such institutions will lack trustworthiness, not to mention being rejected by foreign universities for graduate or other studies.
When all is said and done, I sense that a fear of failure and a fear of unpleasant comparison with others is at the bottom of most ban-exams talk. Excellence and quality fear nothing. On the contrary, they seek competition and desire the satisfaction of being the best. | 2746.txt | 1 |
[
"have to continue his studies",
"have a feeling of failure",
"be incompetent",
"not be admitted by foreign institutions"
] | If a student graduated from a university which does not require exams he would ________. | Editor:
While a new school term is about to begin, perhaps we should reconsider the matter of examinations. In July, two writers (Letters to the Editor) praised the cancellation of exams because they believe "tests don't tell the whole story."
As a teacher who has worked in four countries, I have had the experience that a student who earns good marks is generally a good student, and that a student's final mark in a subject is usually a grade average of the year's work. Of course there are exceptions, but they do not have the frequency that would give an unfair picture of a student's ability.
The simple fact is that proper class work, diligent exam studies and good marks are almost certain indicators of a student's future performance. The opposite, almost certainly, incompetence.
There is no acceptable substitute for competition and examination of quality. How can teachers and future officials determine what a student has learned and remembered? Should we simply take the student word for it? Any institution that "liberates" students from fair and formal exams is misguided, if not ignorant. And surely the "graduates" of such institutions will lack trustworthiness, not to mention being rejected by foreign universities for graduate or other studies.
When all is said and done, I sense that a fear of failure and a fear of unpleasant comparison with others is at the bottom of most ban-exams talk. Excellence and quality fear nothing. On the contrary, they seek competition and desire the satisfaction of being the best. | 2746.txt | 3 |
[
"competing with other students",
"being graded unfairly",
"working too hard",
"being dismissed from school"
] | According to the letter, those who dislike the idea of examinations are probably afraid of ________. | Editor:
While a new school term is about to begin, perhaps we should reconsider the matter of examinations. In July, two writers (Letters to the Editor) praised the cancellation of exams because they believe "tests don't tell the whole story."
As a teacher who has worked in four countries, I have had the experience that a student who earns good marks is generally a good student, and that a student's final mark in a subject is usually a grade average of the year's work. Of course there are exceptions, but they do not have the frequency that would give an unfair picture of a student's ability.
The simple fact is that proper class work, diligent exam studies and good marks are almost certain indicators of a student's future performance. The opposite, almost certainly, incompetence.
There is no acceptable substitute for competition and examination of quality. How can teachers and future officials determine what a student has learned and remembered? Should we simply take the student word for it? Any institution that "liberates" students from fair and formal exams is misguided, if not ignorant. And surely the "graduates" of such institutions will lack trustworthiness, not to mention being rejected by foreign universities for graduate or other studies.
When all is said and done, I sense that a fear of failure and a fear of unpleasant comparison with others is at the bottom of most ban-exams talk. Excellence and quality fear nothing. On the contrary, they seek competition and desire the satisfaction of being the best. | 2746.txt | 0 |
[
"36",
"20",
"12",
"15"
] | Normally a student would at least attend _ classes each week. | Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course which he attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a degree,In many American universities the total work for a degree consists of thirty-six courses each lasting for one semester. A typical course consists of three classes per week for fifteen weeks;while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester. Normally a student. Would expect to take four years attending two semesters each year. It is possible to spread the period of work for the degree over a longer period. It is also possible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course,though this is not in fact done as a regular practice.
For very course that the follows a student is given a grade,which is recorded, and the record is availablefor the student to show to prospective employers.All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work,but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs.Elections to positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm.The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities.Any student who is thought to have broken therules,for example,by cheating his to appear before a student court.With the enormous numbers of students, the operation of the system does involve a certain amount of activity.A student who has held one of these positions of authority is much respected and it will be of benefit to him later in his career. | 834.txt | 2 |
[
"to live in a different university",
"to live at home and drive to classes",
"to take a particular course in a different university",
"to get two degrees from two different universities"
] | According to the first paragraph an American student is allowed _ . | Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course which he attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a degree,In many American universities the total work for a degree consists of thirty-six courses each lasting for one semester. A typical course consists of three classes per week for fifteen weeks;while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester. Normally a student. Would expect to take four years attending two semesters each year. It is possible to spread the period of work for the degree over a longer period. It is also possible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course,though this is not in fact done as a regular practice.
For very course that the follows a student is given a grade,which is recorded, and the record is availablefor the student to show to prospective employers.All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work,but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs.Elections to positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm.The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities.Any student who is thought to have broken therules,for example,by cheating his to appear before a student court.With the enormous numbers of students, the operation of the system does involve a certain amount of activity.A student who has held one of these positions of authority is much respected and it will be of benefit to him later in his career. | 834.txt | 2 |
[
"they have to observe university discipline",
"they are heavily involved in student affairs",
"their academic performance will affect their future careers",
"they want to run for positions of authority"
] | America university students are usually under pressure of work because _ | Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course which he attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a degree,In many American universities the total work for a degree consists of thirty-six courses each lasting for one semester. A typical course consists of three classes per week for fifteen weeks;while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester. Normally a student. Would expect to take four years attending two semesters each year. It is possible to spread the period of work for the degree over a longer period. It is also possible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course,though this is not in fact done as a regular practice.
For very course that the follows a student is given a grade,which is recorded, and the record is availablefor the student to show to prospective employers.All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work,but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs.Elections to positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm.The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities.Any student who is thought to have broken therules,for example,by cheating his to appear before a student court.With the enormous numbers of students, the operation of the system does involve a certain amount of activity.A student who has held one of these positions of authority is much respected and it will be of benefit to him later in his career. | 834.txt | 2 |
[
"such positions help them get better jobs",
"they hate the constant pressure and strain of their study",
"they will then be able to stay longer in the university",
"such positions are usually well paid"
] | Some students are enthusiastic for positions in student organizations probably because _ | Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course which he attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a degree,In many American universities the total work for a degree consists of thirty-six courses each lasting for one semester. A typical course consists of three classes per week for fifteen weeks;while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester. Normally a student. Would expect to take four years attending two semesters each year. It is possible to spread the period of work for the degree over a longer period. It is also possible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course,though this is not in fact done as a regular practice.
For very course that the follows a student is given a grade,which is recorded, and the record is availablefor the student to show to prospective employers.All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work,but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs.Elections to positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm.The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities.Any student who is thought to have broken therules,for example,by cheating his to appear before a student court.With the enormous numbers of students, the operation of the system does involve a certain amount of activity.A student who has held one of these positions of authority is much respected and it will be of benefit to him later in his career. | 834.txt | 0 |
[
"ensuring that the students observe university regulations",
"dealing with the academic affairs of the university",
"evaluating students' performance by bringing them before a court",
"keeping up the students' enthusiasm for social activities"
] | The student organizations seem to be effective in _ | Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course which he attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a degree,In many American universities the total work for a degree consists of thirty-six courses each lasting for one semester. A typical course consists of three classes per week for fifteen weeks;while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester. Normally a student. Would expect to take four years attending two semesters each year. It is possible to spread the period of work for the degree over a longer period. It is also possible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course,though this is not in fact done as a regular practice.
For very course that the follows a student is given a grade,which is recorded, and the record is availablefor the student to show to prospective employers.All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work,but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs.Elections to positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm.The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities.Any student who is thought to have broken therules,for example,by cheating his to appear before a student court.With the enormous numbers of students, the operation of the system does involve a certain amount of activity.A student who has held one of these positions of authority is much respected and it will be of benefit to him later in his career. | 834.txt | 0 |
[
"English idioms were not important",
"I was not careful with English idioms",
"my teacher didn't emphasize the importance of them",
"I had no interest in them"
] | A year ago, I paid no attention to English idioms because _ . | A year ago, I paid no attention to English idioms, though my teacher emphasized the importance again and again. But soon, the importance of English idioms was shown in an amusing experience.
One day, I happened to meet an Englishman on the road, and soon we began to talk. As I was talking about how I was studying English, the foreigner seemed to be astonished. Gently shaking his head, shrugging his shoulders, he said, "You don't say!" "You don't say!" I was puzzled. I thought, perhaps this is not an appropriate topic. "Well, I'd better change the topic." So I said to him. "Well, shall we talk about the Great Wall? By the way, have you ever been there?" "Certainly, everyone back home will laugh at me if I leave China without seeing it. It was magnificent." He was deep in thought when I began to talk like a tourist guide. "The Great Wall is one of the wonders in the world. We are very proud of it." Soon I was interrupted again by his words："You don't say!" I couldn't help asking, "Why do you ask me not to talk about it?" "Well, I didn't request you to do so, " he answered, greatly surprised. I said, "Didn't you say' you don't say?" Hearing this, the Englishman laughed to tears. He began to explain, 'You don't say' actually means 'really!' It is an expression of surprise. Perhaps you don't pay attention to English idioms." Only then did I know I had made a fool of myself. Since then I have been more careful with idiomatic expressions. Remember: what the English teachers said is always right to us students. | 2383.txt | 1 |
[
"he was not interested in the topic",
"he was only interested in the Great Wall",
"I had talked too much",
"I had to stop talking"
] | At first, on hearing "You don't say," I thought the foreigner meant _ . | A year ago, I paid no attention to English idioms, though my teacher emphasized the importance again and again. But soon, the importance of English idioms was shown in an amusing experience.
One day, I happened to meet an Englishman on the road, and soon we began to talk. As I was talking about how I was studying English, the foreigner seemed to be astonished. Gently shaking his head, shrugging his shoulders, he said, "You don't say!" "You don't say!" I was puzzled. I thought, perhaps this is not an appropriate topic. "Well, I'd better change the topic." So I said to him. "Well, shall we talk about the Great Wall? By the way, have you ever been there?" "Certainly, everyone back home will laugh at me if I leave China without seeing it. It was magnificent." He was deep in thought when I began to talk like a tourist guide. "The Great Wall is one of the wonders in the world. We are very proud of it." Soon I was interrupted again by his words："You don't say!" I couldn't help asking, "Why do you ask me not to talk about it?" "Well, I didn't request you to do so, " he answered, greatly surprised. I said, "Didn't you say' you don't say?" Hearing this, the Englishman laughed to tears. He began to explain, 'You don't say' actually means 'really!' It is an expression of surprise. Perhaps you don't pay attention to English idioms." Only then did I know I had made a fool of myself. Since then I have been more careful with idiomatic expressions. Remember: what the English teachers said is always right to us students. | 2383.txt | 0 |
[
"The Englishman left China without seeing the Great Wall.",
"The Englishman wanted to see the Great Wall after I talked about it.",
"The Englishman wanted me to act as his guide.",
"The Englishman visited the Great Wall and thought it worth visiting."
] | Which of the following is true according to the passage? | A year ago, I paid no attention to English idioms, though my teacher emphasized the importance again and again. But soon, the importance of English idioms was shown in an amusing experience.
One day, I happened to meet an Englishman on the road, and soon we began to talk. As I was talking about how I was studying English, the foreigner seemed to be astonished. Gently shaking his head, shrugging his shoulders, he said, "You don't say!" "You don't say!" I was puzzled. I thought, perhaps this is not an appropriate topic. "Well, I'd better change the topic." So I said to him. "Well, shall we talk about the Great Wall? By the way, have you ever been there?" "Certainly, everyone back home will laugh at me if I leave China without seeing it. It was magnificent." He was deep in thought when I began to talk like a tourist guide. "The Great Wall is one of the wonders in the world. We are very proud of it." Soon I was interrupted again by his words："You don't say!" I couldn't help asking, "Why do you ask me not to talk about it?" "Well, I didn't request you to do so, " he answered, greatly surprised. I said, "Didn't you say' you don't say?" Hearing this, the Englishman laughed to tears. He began to explain, 'You don't say' actually means 'really!' It is an expression of surprise. Perhaps you don't pay attention to English idioms." Only then did I know I had made a fool of myself. Since then I have been more careful with idiomatic expressions. Remember: what the English teachers said is always right to us students. | 2383.txt | 3 |
[
"I thought the Englishman had made me a fool",
"the Englishman became a real fool.",
"I felt very silly",
"I became more carefully in everything"
] | After the Englishman explained the idiom, _ . | A year ago, I paid no attention to English idioms, though my teacher emphasized the importance again and again. But soon, the importance of English idioms was shown in an amusing experience.
One day, I happened to meet an Englishman on the road, and soon we began to talk. As I was talking about how I was studying English, the foreigner seemed to be astonished. Gently shaking his head, shrugging his shoulders, he said, "You don't say!" "You don't say!" I was puzzled. I thought, perhaps this is not an appropriate topic. "Well, I'd better change the topic." So I said to him. "Well, shall we talk about the Great Wall? By the way, have you ever been there?" "Certainly, everyone back home will laugh at me if I leave China without seeing it. It was magnificent." He was deep in thought when I began to talk like a tourist guide. "The Great Wall is one of the wonders in the world. We are very proud of it." Soon I was interrupted again by his words："You don't say!" I couldn't help asking, "Why do you ask me not to talk about it?" "Well, I didn't request you to do so, " he answered, greatly surprised. I said, "Didn't you say' you don't say?" Hearing this, the Englishman laughed to tears. He began to explain, 'You don't say' actually means 'really!' It is an expression of surprise. Perhaps you don't pay attention to English idioms." Only then did I know I had made a fool of myself. Since then I have been more careful with idiomatic expressions. Remember: what the English teachers said is always right to us students. | 2383.txt | 2 |
[
"some space research",
"a study on African animals",
"an ASL project",
"the program of training the Air Force"
] | As for its first task, Washoe was involved with _ . | Washoe, a female chimpanzee believed to be the first non-human to acquire human language, has died of natural causes at the research institute where she was kept.
The chimp died on Tuesday night, according to Roger and Deborah Fouts, co-founders of The Chimpanzee and Human Communications Institute in Washington, where she lived.
Washoe was born in 1965 in Africa, where she was captured by the Air Force and taken to the US for research use in the space program. In 1966, she left the program and began living with two scientists, Allen and Beatrix Gardner, who led a project to teach the chimp American Sign Language (ASL) in Washoe, Nevada, for which it was named. Washoe had been living on Central Washington University's Ellensburg Campus since 1980. She had a vocabulary of about 250 words. Also, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimps: Tatu, 31, Loulis, 29, and Dar, 31.
Primate researcher Jane Goodall, in Fouts' book Next of Kin, noted the importance of the work with Washoe. " Roger, through his ongoing conversations with Washoe and her extended family, has opened a window into a chimpanzee's mind," Goodall said.
Though previous efforts to teach chimps spoken languages had failed, the researchers believed there was a better chance using signs. But Washoe's language skills were disputed by scientists who believed that language is unique to humans. Among those who doubted that chimps could use language were linguist Noam Chomsky and Harvard scientist Steven Pinker. They believed primates simply learn to perform certain acts in order to receive rewards, and do not acquire true language. | 627.txt | 0 |
[
"was not successful",
"led to the book Next of Kin",
"won honor for Fouts",
"made a difference"
] | In Goodall's opinion, teaching Washoe ASL _ . | Washoe, a female chimpanzee believed to be the first non-human to acquire human language, has died of natural causes at the research institute where she was kept.
The chimp died on Tuesday night, according to Roger and Deborah Fouts, co-founders of The Chimpanzee and Human Communications Institute in Washington, where she lived.
Washoe was born in 1965 in Africa, where she was captured by the Air Force and taken to the US for research use in the space program. In 1966, she left the program and began living with two scientists, Allen and Beatrix Gardner, who led a project to teach the chimp American Sign Language (ASL) in Washoe, Nevada, for which it was named. Washoe had been living on Central Washington University's Ellensburg Campus since 1980. She had a vocabulary of about 250 words. Also, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimps: Tatu, 31, Loulis, 29, and Dar, 31.
Primate researcher Jane Goodall, in Fouts' book Next of Kin, noted the importance of the work with Washoe. " Roger, through his ongoing conversations with Washoe and her extended family, has opened a window into a chimpanzee's mind," Goodall said.
Though previous efforts to teach chimps spoken languages had failed, the researchers believed there was a better chance using signs. But Washoe's language skills were disputed by scientists who believed that language is unique to humans. Among those who doubted that chimps could use language were linguist Noam Chomsky and Harvard scientist Steven Pinker. They believed primates simply learn to perform certain acts in order to receive rewards, and do not acquire true language. | 627.txt | 3 |
[
"The ASL project was first set up in Africa for the study on Washoe.",
"Washoe may communicate with other chimps by signing.",
"Washoe must have been able to speak 250 words or so.",
"The researchers will prove that most chimps could use language."
] | What can be inferred from the passage? | Washoe, a female chimpanzee believed to be the first non-human to acquire human language, has died of natural causes at the research institute where she was kept.
The chimp died on Tuesday night, according to Roger and Deborah Fouts, co-founders of The Chimpanzee and Human Communications Institute in Washington, where she lived.
Washoe was born in 1965 in Africa, where she was captured by the Air Force and taken to the US for research use in the space program. In 1966, she left the program and began living with two scientists, Allen and Beatrix Gardner, who led a project to teach the chimp American Sign Language (ASL) in Washoe, Nevada, for which it was named. Washoe had been living on Central Washington University's Ellensburg Campus since 1980. She had a vocabulary of about 250 words. Also, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimps: Tatu, 31, Loulis, 29, and Dar, 31.
Primate researcher Jane Goodall, in Fouts' book Next of Kin, noted the importance of the work with Washoe. " Roger, through his ongoing conversations with Washoe and her extended family, has opened a window into a chimpanzee's mind," Goodall said.
Though previous efforts to teach chimps spoken languages had failed, the researchers believed there was a better chance using signs. But Washoe's language skills were disputed by scientists who believed that language is unique to humans. Among those who doubted that chimps could use language were linguist Noam Chomsky and Harvard scientist Steven Pinker. They believed primates simply learn to perform certain acts in order to receive rewards, and do not acquire true language. | 627.txt | 1 |
[
"Washoe was the first animal to be taught human language.",
"Washoe, the chimp, was named in honor of a place.",
"There were four chimps in total at Ellensburg Campus.",
"Chomsky believed primates only perform silent signs."
] | Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? | Washoe, a female chimpanzee believed to be the first non-human to acquire human language, has died of natural causes at the research institute where she was kept.
The chimp died on Tuesday night, according to Roger and Deborah Fouts, co-founders of The Chimpanzee and Human Communications Institute in Washington, where she lived.
Washoe was born in 1965 in Africa, where she was captured by the Air Force and taken to the US for research use in the space program. In 1966, she left the program and began living with two scientists, Allen and Beatrix Gardner, who led a project to teach the chimp American Sign Language (ASL) in Washoe, Nevada, for which it was named. Washoe had been living on Central Washington University's Ellensburg Campus since 1980. She had a vocabulary of about 250 words. Also, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimps: Tatu, 31, Loulis, 29, and Dar, 31.
Primate researcher Jane Goodall, in Fouts' book Next of Kin, noted the importance of the work with Washoe. " Roger, through his ongoing conversations with Washoe and her extended family, has opened a window into a chimpanzee's mind," Goodall said.
Though previous efforts to teach chimps spoken languages had failed, the researchers believed there was a better chance using signs. But Washoe's language skills were disputed by scientists who believed that language is unique to humans. Among those who doubted that chimps could use language were linguist Noam Chomsky and Harvard scientist Steven Pinker. They believed primates simply learn to perform certain acts in order to receive rewards, and do not acquire true language. | 627.txt | 1 |
[
"A New Invention",
"Eyeball ID",
"Iris Scanning",
"Gone With ID Cards"
] | The best title for this passage is --. | Open Your Eyes And Let's See Who You Are
Inventors have developed a new way to identify people,using a machine that scanstheir eyeballs.Developed by IriScan,this new technology takes advantage of the fact that the irisof each person's eye is unique,and remains unchanged throughout a lifetime.
The process will replace an older technology called retina identification,which compared the picture in the back of the eye.Used to control access to nuclear weapons,retina identification has never caught on with the public because it requires the user to put their eyeball right up against a lens.Iris scanning,on the other hand,works from a distance.
The iris of the eye is photographed from up to one meter away.The patterns of the iris are translated in to digital code,and stored in a PC database,along with personal information.Glasses and contact lenses do not interfere with the scanning process,and it takes only a brief moment.
The new technology will be useful for banking and police work,as well as for theInternet economy.Before long,your computer monitor may be equipped with an irisscanner that can identify you when you shop online,thus preventing fraud.
There will be no ID cards to carry in your pocket,and no long numbers to memorie.And eyes will be very difficult to counterfeit.Did you lose your ID card? No,you didn't.It's still right up there beside your nose. | 3784.txt | 1 |
[
"Iris scanning has been used to control nuclear weapons",
"The iris of the eye can be photographed from up to one meter away with an irisscanner",
"Retina identification has never been popular because the user has to put their eyeball close to alens",
"Iris scanning will probably be used on the net and make your shopping safer"
] | Which statement is NOT true according to the passage? | Open Your Eyes And Let's See Who You Are
Inventors have developed a new way to identify people,using a machine that scanstheir eyeballs.Developed by IriScan,this new technology takes advantage of the fact that the irisof each person's eye is unique,and remains unchanged throughout a lifetime.
The process will replace an older technology called retina identification,which compared the picture in the back of the eye.Used to control access to nuclear weapons,retina identification has never caught on with the public because it requires the user to put their eyeball right up against a lens.Iris scanning,on the other hand,works from a distance.
The iris of the eye is photographed from up to one meter away.The patterns of the iris are translated in to digital code,and stored in a PC database,along with personal information.Glasses and contact lenses do not interfere with the scanning process,and it takes only a brief moment.
The new technology will be useful for banking and police work,as well as for theInternet economy.Before long,your computer monitor may be equipped with an irisscanner that can identify you when you shop online,thus preventing fraud.
There will be no ID cards to carry in your pocket,and no long numbers to memorie.And eyes will be very difficult to counterfeit.Did you lose your ID card? No,you didn't.It's still right up there beside your nose. | 3784.txt | 0 |
[
"wears glasses",
"is too old",
"uses it at night",
"is at a distance of more than one meter"
] | Iris scanning will not work if the user _ . | Open Your Eyes And Let's See Who You Are
Inventors have developed a new way to identify people,using a machine that scanstheir eyeballs.Developed by IriScan,this new technology takes advantage of the fact that the irisof each person's eye is unique,and remains unchanged throughout a lifetime.
The process will replace an older technology called retina identification,which compared the picture in the back of the eye.Used to control access to nuclear weapons,retina identification has never caught on with the public because it requires the user to put their eyeball right up against a lens.Iris scanning,on the other hand,works from a distance.
The iris of the eye is photographed from up to one meter away.The patterns of the iris are translated in to digital code,and stored in a PC database,along with personal information.Glasses and contact lenses do not interfere with the scanning process,and it takes only a brief moment.
The new technology will be useful for banking and police work,as well as for theInternet economy.Before long,your computer monitor may be equipped with an irisscanner that can identify you when you shop online,thus preventing fraud.
There will be no ID cards to carry in your pocket,and no long numbers to memorie.And eyes will be very difficult to counterfeit.Did you lose your ID card? No,you didn't.It's still right up there beside your nose. | 3784.txt | 3 |
[
"computers are widely used nowadays",
"people don't want to remember the long numbers of the ID cards",
"people's eyes are different",
"it is safer"
] | The new technology will be useful because _ . | Open Your Eyes And Let's See Who You Are
Inventors have developed a new way to identify people,using a machine that scanstheir eyeballs.Developed by IriScan,this new technology takes advantage of the fact that the irisof each person's eye is unique,and remains unchanged throughout a lifetime.
The process will replace an older technology called retina identification,which compared the picture in the back of the eye.Used to control access to nuclear weapons,retina identification has never caught on with the public because it requires the user to put their eyeball right up against a lens.Iris scanning,on the other hand,works from a distance.
The iris of the eye is photographed from up to one meter away.The patterns of the iris are translated in to digital code,and stored in a PC database,along with personal information.Glasses and contact lenses do not interfere with the scanning process,and it takes only a brief moment.
The new technology will be useful for banking and police work,as well as for theInternet economy.Before long,your computer monitor may be equipped with an irisscanner that can identify you when you shop online,thus preventing fraud.
There will be no ID cards to carry in your pocket,and no long numbers to memorie.And eyes will be very difficult to counterfeit.Did you lose your ID card? No,you didn't.It's still right up there beside your nose. | 3784.txt | 3 |
[
"we don't have to carry ID cards now wherever we go",
"we can identify people more exactly and safely with the help of iris scanning",
"Iris scanning is better than retina identification,but it is not convenient touse",
"Everyone can be identified correctly by using the technology of iris scanning"
] | After reading the passage,we know _ . | Open Your Eyes And Let's See Who You Are
Inventors have developed a new way to identify people,using a machine that scanstheir eyeballs.Developed by IriScan,this new technology takes advantage of the fact that the irisof each person's eye is unique,and remains unchanged throughout a lifetime.
The process will replace an older technology called retina identification,which compared the picture in the back of the eye.Used to control access to nuclear weapons,retina identification has never caught on with the public because it requires the user to put their eyeball right up against a lens.Iris scanning,on the other hand,works from a distance.
The iris of the eye is photographed from up to one meter away.The patterns of the iris are translated in to digital code,and stored in a PC database,along with personal information.Glasses and contact lenses do not interfere with the scanning process,and it takes only a brief moment.
The new technology will be useful for banking and police work,as well as for theInternet economy.Before long,your computer monitor may be equipped with an irisscanner that can identify you when you shop online,thus preventing fraud.
There will be no ID cards to carry in your pocket,and no long numbers to memorie.And eyes will be very difficult to counterfeit.Did you lose your ID card? No,you didn't.It's still right up there beside your nose. | 3784.txt | 1 |
[
"if we complete our short-range goals",
"if we cannot reach solid short-term goals",
"if we write down the dates",
"if we put forward some plans"
] | Our long-term goals mean a lot _ . | There are three kinds of goals: short-term,medium-range and long-term goals.
Short-range goals are those that usually deal with current activities,which we can apply on a daily basis.Such goals can be achieved in a week or less,or two weeks,or possible months.It should be remembered that just as a building is no stronger than its foundation ,out long-term goals cannot amount to very munch without the achievement of solid short-term goals.Upon completing our short-term goals,we should date the occasion and then add new short-term goals that will build on those that have been completed.
The intermediate goals bukld on the foundation of the short-range goals.They might deal with just one term of school or the entire school year,or they could even extend for several years.Any time you move a step at a time,you should never allow yourself to become discouraged or overwhelmed. As you complete each step,you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow adn succeed.And as your list of completion dates grow,your motivation and desire will increase.
Long-range goals may be related to our dreams of the future. They might cover five years or more. Life is not a static thing.We should never allow a long-term goal to limit us or our course of action. | 3058.txt | 0 |
[
"two years",
"long-term goals",
"current activities",
"the goals that have been completed"
] | New short-term goals are bulid upon _ . | There are three kinds of goals: short-term,medium-range and long-term goals.
Short-range goals are those that usually deal with current activities,which we can apply on a daily basis.Such goals can be achieved in a week or less,or two weeks,or possible months.It should be remembered that just as a building is no stronger than its foundation ,out long-term goals cannot amount to very munch without the achievement of solid short-term goals.Upon completing our short-term goals,we should date the occasion and then add new short-term goals that will build on those that have been completed.
The intermediate goals bukld on the foundation of the short-range goals.They might deal with just one term of school or the entire school year,or they could even extend for several years.Any time you move a step at a time,you should never allow yourself to become discouraged or overwhelmed. As you complete each step,you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow adn succeed.And as your list of completion dates grow,your motivation and desire will increase.
Long-range goals may be related to our dreams of the future. They might cover five years or more. Life is not a static thing.We should never allow a long-term goal to limit us or our course of action. | 3058.txt | 3 |
[
"we will win final success",
"we are overwhelmed",
"we should build up confidence of success",
"we should strong desire for setting new goals"
] | When we complete each step of our goals , _ . | There are three kinds of goals: short-term,medium-range and long-term goals.
Short-range goals are those that usually deal with current activities,which we can apply on a daily basis.Such goals can be achieved in a week or less,or two weeks,or possible months.It should be remembered that just as a building is no stronger than its foundation ,out long-term goals cannot amount to very munch without the achievement of solid short-term goals.Upon completing our short-term goals,we should date the occasion and then add new short-term goals that will build on those that have been completed.
The intermediate goals bukld on the foundation of the short-range goals.They might deal with just one term of school or the entire school year,or they could even extend for several years.Any time you move a step at a time,you should never allow yourself to become discouraged or overwhelmed. As you complete each step,you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow adn succeed.And as your list of completion dates grow,your motivation and desire will increase.
Long-range goals may be related to our dreams of the future. They might cover five years or more. Life is not a static thing.We should never allow a long-term goal to limit us or our course of action. | 3058.txt | 2 |
[
"we should stick to them until we complete them",
"we may change our goals as we have new ideas and opportunities",
"we had better wait for the exciting news of success",
"we have made great decision"
] | Once our goals are drawn up, _ . | There are three kinds of goals: short-term,medium-range and long-term goals.
Short-range goals are those that usually deal with current activities,which we can apply on a daily basis.Such goals can be achieved in a week or less,or two weeks,or possible months.It should be remembered that just as a building is no stronger than its foundation ,out long-term goals cannot amount to very munch without the achievement of solid short-term goals.Upon completing our short-term goals,we should date the occasion and then add new short-term goals that will build on those that have been completed.
The intermediate goals bukld on the foundation of the short-range goals.They might deal with just one term of school or the entire school year,or they could even extend for several years.Any time you move a step at a time,you should never allow yourself to become discouraged or overwhelmed. As you complete each step,you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow adn succeed.And as your list of completion dates grow,your motivation and desire will increase.
Long-range goals may be related to our dreams of the future. They might cover five years or more. Life is not a static thing.We should never allow a long-term goal to limit us or our course of action. | 3058.txt | 1 |
[
"those who habe long-term goals will succeed",
"writing down the dates may discourage you",
"the goal is only a guide for us to reach our desination",
"every should have a goal"
] | It is implied but not stated in the passage that _ . | There are three kinds of goals: short-term,medium-range and long-term goals.
Short-range goals are those that usually deal with current activities,which we can apply on a daily basis.Such goals can be achieved in a week or less,or two weeks,or possible months.It should be remembered that just as a building is no stronger than its foundation ,out long-term goals cannot amount to very munch without the achievement of solid short-term goals.Upon completing our short-term goals,we should date the occasion and then add new short-term goals that will build on those that have been completed.
The intermediate goals bukld on the foundation of the short-range goals.They might deal with just one term of school or the entire school year,or they could even extend for several years.Any time you move a step at a time,you should never allow yourself to become discouraged or overwhelmed. As you complete each step,you will enforce the belief in your ability to grow adn succeed.And as your list of completion dates grow,your motivation and desire will increase.
Long-range goals may be related to our dreams of the future. They might cover five years or more. Life is not a static thing.We should never allow a long-term goal to limit us or our course of action. | 3058.txt | 2 |
[
"half brain sleep is found in a wide variety of birds",
"half brain sleep is characterized by slow brain waves",
"birds can control their half brain sleep consciously",
"birds seldom sleep with the whole of their brain at rest"
] | A new study on birds' sleep has revealed that ________. | Birds that are literally half asleep-with one brain hemisphere alert and the other sleeping-control which side of the brain remains awake, according to a new study of sleeping ducks.
Earlier studies have documented half brain sleep in a wide range of birds. The brain hemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain waves. The eye controlled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful hemisphere's eye stays open and alert. Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres resting at once.
Decades of studies of bird flocks led researchers to predict extra alertness in the more vulnerable, end of the row sleepers. Sure enough, the end birds tended to watch carefully on the side away from their companions. Ducks in the inner spots showed no preference for gaze direction.
Also, birds dozing at the end of the line resorted to single hemisphere sleep, rather than total relaxation, more often than inner ducks did. Rotating 16 birds through the positions in a four duck row, the researchers found outer birds half asleep during some 32 percent of dozing time versus about 12 percent for birds in internal spots.
"We believe this is the first evidence for an animal behaviorally controlling sleep and wakefulness simultaneously in different regions of the brain," the researchers say.
The results provide the best evidence for a long standing supposition that single hemisphere sleep evolved as creatures scanned for enemies. The preference for opening an eye on the lookout side could be widespread, he predicts. He's seen it in a pair of birds dozing side by side in the zoo and in a single pet bird sleeping by a mirror. The mirror side eye closed as if the reflection were a companion and the other eye stayed open.
Useful as half sleeping might be, it's only been found in birds and such water mammals as dolphins, whales, and seals. Perhaps keeping one side of the brain awake allows a sleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning.
Studies of birds may offer unique insights into sleep. Jerome M. Siegel of the UCLA says he wonders if birds' half brain sleep "is just the tip of the iceberg " He speculates that more examples may turn up when we take a closer look at other species. | 3781.txt | 2 |
[
"they have to watch out for possible attacks",
"their brain hemispheres take turns to rest",
"the two halves of their brain are differently structured",
"they have to constantly keep an eye on their companions"
] | According to the passage, birds often half sleep because ________. | Birds that are literally half asleep-with one brain hemisphere alert and the other sleeping-control which side of the brain remains awake, according to a new study of sleeping ducks.
Earlier studies have documented half brain sleep in a wide range of birds. The brain hemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain waves. The eye controlled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful hemisphere's eye stays open and alert. Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres resting at once.
Decades of studies of bird flocks led researchers to predict extra alertness in the more vulnerable, end of the row sleepers. Sure enough, the end birds tended to watch carefully on the side away from their companions. Ducks in the inner spots showed no preference for gaze direction.
Also, birds dozing at the end of the line resorted to single hemisphere sleep, rather than total relaxation, more often than inner ducks did. Rotating 16 birds through the positions in a four duck row, the researchers found outer birds half asleep during some 32 percent of dozing time versus about 12 percent for birds in internal spots.
"We believe this is the first evidence for an animal behaviorally controlling sleep and wakefulness simultaneously in different regions of the brain," the researchers say.
The results provide the best evidence for a long standing supposition that single hemisphere sleep evolved as creatures scanned for enemies. The preference for opening an eye on the lookout side could be widespread, he predicts. He's seen it in a pair of birds dozing side by side in the zoo and in a single pet bird sleeping by a mirror. The mirror side eye closed as if the reflection were a companion and the other eye stayed open.
Useful as half sleeping might be, it's only been found in birds and such water mammals as dolphins, whales, and seals. Perhaps keeping one side of the brain awake allows a sleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning.
Studies of birds may offer unique insights into sleep. Jerome M. Siegel of the UCLA says he wonders if birds' half brain sleep "is just the tip of the iceberg " He speculates that more examples may turn up when we take a closer look at other species. | 3781.txt | 0 |
[
"the phenomenon of birds dozing in pairs is widespread",
"birds prefer to sleep in pairs for the sake of security",
"even an imagined companion gives the bird a sense of security",
"a single pet bird enjoys seeing its own reflection in the mirror"
] | The example of a bird sleeping in front of a mirror indicates that ________. | Birds that are literally half asleep-with one brain hemisphere alert and the other sleeping-control which side of the brain remains awake, according to a new study of sleeping ducks.
Earlier studies have documented half brain sleep in a wide range of birds. The brain hemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain waves. The eye controlled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful hemisphere's eye stays open and alert. Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres resting at once.
Decades of studies of bird flocks led researchers to predict extra alertness in the more vulnerable, end of the row sleepers. Sure enough, the end birds tended to watch carefully on the side away from their companions. Ducks in the inner spots showed no preference for gaze direction.
Also, birds dozing at the end of the line resorted to single hemisphere sleep, rather than total relaxation, more often than inner ducks did. Rotating 16 birds through the positions in a four duck row, the researchers found outer birds half asleep during some 32 percent of dozing time versus about 12 percent for birds in internal spots.
"We believe this is the first evidence for an animal behaviorally controlling sleep and wakefulness simultaneously in different regions of the brain," the researchers say.
The results provide the best evidence for a long standing supposition that single hemisphere sleep evolved as creatures scanned for enemies. The preference for opening an eye on the lookout side could be widespread, he predicts. He's seen it in a pair of birds dozing side by side in the zoo and in a single pet bird sleeping by a mirror. The mirror side eye closed as if the reflection were a companion and the other eye stayed open.
Useful as half sleeping might be, it's only been found in birds and such water mammals as dolphins, whales, and seals. Perhaps keeping one side of the brain awake allows a sleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning.
Studies of birds may offer unique insights into sleep. Jerome M. Siegel of the UCLA says he wonders if birds' half brain sleep "is just the tip of the iceberg " He speculates that more examples may turn up when we take a closer look at other species. | 3781.txt | 2 |
[
"alert themselves to the approaching enemy",
"emerge from water now and then to breathe",
"be sensitive to the ever changing environment",
"avoid being swept away by rapid currents"
] | While sleeping, some water mammals tend to keep half awake in order to ________. | Birds that are literally half asleep-with one brain hemisphere alert and the other sleeping-control which side of the brain remains awake, according to a new study of sleeping ducks.
Earlier studies have documented half brain sleep in a wide range of birds. The brain hemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain waves. The eye controlled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful hemisphere's eye stays open and alert. Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres resting at once.
Decades of studies of bird flocks led researchers to predict extra alertness in the more vulnerable, end of the row sleepers. Sure enough, the end birds tended to watch carefully on the side away from their companions. Ducks in the inner spots showed no preference for gaze direction.
Also, birds dozing at the end of the line resorted to single hemisphere sleep, rather than total relaxation, more often than inner ducks did. Rotating 16 birds through the positions in a four duck row, the researchers found outer birds half asleep during some 32 percent of dozing time versus about 12 percent for birds in internal spots.
"We believe this is the first evidence for an animal behaviorally controlling sleep and wakefulness simultaneously in different regions of the brain," the researchers say.
The results provide the best evidence for a long standing supposition that single hemisphere sleep evolved as creatures scanned for enemies. The preference for opening an eye on the lookout side could be widespread, he predicts. He's seen it in a pair of birds dozing side by side in the zoo and in a single pet bird sleeping by a mirror. The mirror side eye closed as if the reflection were a companion and the other eye stayed open.
Useful as half sleeping might be, it's only been found in birds and such water mammals as dolphins, whales, and seals. Perhaps keeping one side of the brain awake allows a sleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning.
Studies of birds may offer unique insights into sleep. Jerome M. Siegel of the UCLA says he wonders if birds' half brain sleep "is just the tip of the iceberg " He speculates that more examples may turn up when we take a closer look at other species. | 3781.txt | 1 |
[
"half brain sleep has something to do with icy weather",
"the mystery of half brain sleep is close to being solved",
"most birds living in cold regions tend to be half sleepers",
"half brain sleep is a phenomenon that could exist among other species"
] | By "just the tip of the iceberg" (Line 2, Para. 8), Siegel suggests that ________. | Birds that are literally half asleep-with one brain hemisphere alert and the other sleeping-control which side of the brain remains awake, according to a new study of sleeping ducks.
Earlier studies have documented half brain sleep in a wide range of birds. The brain hemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain waves. The eye controlled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful hemisphere's eye stays open and alert. Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres resting at once.
Decades of studies of bird flocks led researchers to predict extra alertness in the more vulnerable, end of the row sleepers. Sure enough, the end birds tended to watch carefully on the side away from their companions. Ducks in the inner spots showed no preference for gaze direction.
Also, birds dozing at the end of the line resorted to single hemisphere sleep, rather than total relaxation, more often than inner ducks did. Rotating 16 birds through the positions in a four duck row, the researchers found outer birds half asleep during some 32 percent of dozing time versus about 12 percent for birds in internal spots.
"We believe this is the first evidence for an animal behaviorally controlling sleep and wakefulness simultaneously in different regions of the brain," the researchers say.
The results provide the best evidence for a long standing supposition that single hemisphere sleep evolved as creatures scanned for enemies. The preference for opening an eye on the lookout side could be widespread, he predicts. He's seen it in a pair of birds dozing side by side in the zoo and in a single pet bird sleeping by a mirror. The mirror side eye closed as if the reflection were a companion and the other eye stayed open.
Useful as half sleeping might be, it's only been found in birds and such water mammals as dolphins, whales, and seals. Perhaps keeping one side of the brain awake allows a sleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning.
Studies of birds may offer unique insights into sleep. Jerome M. Siegel of the UCLA says he wonders if birds' half brain sleep "is just the tip of the iceberg " He speculates that more examples may turn up when we take a closer look at other species. | 3781.txt | 3 |
[
"crime is a serious social problem",
"there is a link between change in the seasons and crime patterns",
"crime is not linked to the change in season",
"2,400 towns were studied for five years"
] | The main idea of paragraph 1 is _ . | Crime has its own cycles, a magazine reported some years ago. Police records that were studied for five years from over 2,400 cities and towns show a surprising link between changes in the seasons and crime patterns.
The pattern of crime has varied very little over a long period of years. Murder reaches its high during July and August, as do rape and other violent attacks. Murder, moreover, is more than seasonal: it is a weekend crime. It is also a nighttime crime: 62 percent of murders are committed between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m.
Unlike the summer high in crimes of bodily harm, burglary has a different cycle. You are most likely to be robbed between 6 p.m. and 2 a.m. on a Saturday night in
December, January, or February. What is the most non-criminal month of all? May, except for one strange statistic. More dog bites are reported in this month than in any other month of the year. | 2684.txt | 1 |
[
"Summer crime",
"burglary",
"murder",
"nighttime crime"
] | The subject of paragraph 2 is _ . | Crime has its own cycles, a magazine reported some years ago. Police records that were studied for five years from over 2,400 cities and towns show a surprising link between changes in the seasons and crime patterns.
The pattern of crime has varied very little over a long period of years. Murder reaches its high during July and August, as do rape and other violent attacks. Murder, moreover, is more than seasonal: it is a weekend crime. It is also a nighttime crime: 62 percent of murders are committed between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m.
Unlike the summer high in crimes of bodily harm, burglary has a different cycle. You are most likely to be robbed between 6 p.m. and 2 a.m. on a Saturday night in
December, January, or February. What is the most non-criminal month of all? May, except for one strange statistic. More dog bites are reported in this month than in any other month of the year. | 2684.txt | 2 |
[
"on a weekend night in winter",
"on a weekend afternoon in summer",
"on a Saturday night",
"on a weekend night in summer"
] | According to the passage, a murder would most likely occur _ . | Crime has its own cycles, a magazine reported some years ago. Police records that were studied for five years from over 2,400 cities and towns show a surprising link between changes in the seasons and crime patterns.
The pattern of crime has varied very little over a long period of years. Murder reaches its high during July and August, as do rape and other violent attacks. Murder, moreover, is more than seasonal: it is a weekend crime. It is also a nighttime crime: 62 percent of murders are committed between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m.
Unlike the summer high in crimes of bodily harm, burglary has a different cycle. You are most likely to be robbed between 6 p.m. and 2 a.m. on a Saturday night in
December, January, or February. What is the most non-criminal month of all? May, except for one strange statistic. More dog bites are reported in this month than in any other month of the year. | 2684.txt | 3 |
[
"murder",
"62 percent",
"weekend crime",
"rape"
] | In paragraph 2 "it is also a nighttime crime," it refers to _ . | Crime has its own cycles, a magazine reported some years ago. Police records that were studied for five years from over 2,400 cities and towns show a surprising link between changes in the seasons and crime patterns.
The pattern of crime has varied very little over a long period of years. Murder reaches its high during July and August, as do rape and other violent attacks. Murder, moreover, is more than seasonal: it is a weekend crime. It is also a nighttime crime: 62 percent of murders are committed between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m.
Unlike the summer high in crimes of bodily harm, burglary has a different cycle. You are most likely to be robbed between 6 p.m. and 2 a.m. on a Saturday night in
December, January, or February. What is the most non-criminal month of all? May, except for one strange statistic. More dog bites are reported in this month than in any other month of the year. | 2684.txt | 0 |
[
"There are more dog bites in May.",
"There are more robberies in May.",
"There is the most crime in May.",
"There are more murders in May."
] | In paragraph 3,what is the one strange statistic for May? | Crime has its own cycles, a magazine reported some years ago. Police records that were studied for five years from over 2,400 cities and towns show a surprising link between changes in the seasons and crime patterns.
The pattern of crime has varied very little over a long period of years. Murder reaches its high during July and August, as do rape and other violent attacks. Murder, moreover, is more than seasonal: it is a weekend crime. It is also a nighttime crime: 62 percent of murders are committed between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m.
Unlike the summer high in crimes of bodily harm, burglary has a different cycle. You are most likely to be robbed between 6 p.m. and 2 a.m. on a Saturday night in
December, January, or February. What is the most non-criminal month of all? May, except for one strange statistic. More dog bites are reported in this month than in any other month of the year. | 2684.txt | 0 |
[
"are being planned",
"are being modified",
"are now in wide use",
"are under construction"
] | We learn from the first paragraph that two systems of automated highways ________. | What might driving on an automated highway be like? The answer depends on what kind of sys tem is ultimately adopted. Two distinct types are on the drawing board. The first is a special purpose lane system, in which certain lanes are reserved for automated vehicles. The second is a mixed traffic system: fully automated vehicles would share the road with partially automated or manual driven cars. A special purpose lane system would require more extensive physical modifications to existing highways, but it promises the greatest gains in freeway capacity.
Under either scheme, the driver would specify the desired destination, furnishing this information to a computer in the car at the beginning of the trip or perhaps just before reaching the automated highway. If a mixed traffic system way was in place, automated driving could begin whenever the driver was on suitably equipped roads. If special purpose lanes were available, the car could enter them and join existing traffic in two different ways. One method would use a special onramp . As the driver approached the point of entry for the highway, devices installed on the roadside would electronically check the vehicle to determine its destination and to ascertain that it had the proper automation equipment in good working order. Assuming it passed such tests, the driver would then be guided through a gate and toward an automated lane. In this case, the transition from manual to auto mated control would take place on the entrance ramp. An alternative technique could employ conventional lanes, which would be shared by automated and regular vehicles. The driver would steer onto the highway and move in normal fashion to a "transition" lane. The vehicle would then shift under computer control onto a lane reserved for automated traffic. (The limitation of these lanes to automated traffic would, presumably, be well respected, because all trespassers could be swiftly identified by authorities.)
Either approach to joining a lane of automated traffic would harmonize the movement of newly entering vehicles with those already traveling. Automatic control here should allow for smooth merging without the usual uncertainties and potential for accidents. And once a vehicle had settled into automated travel, the driver would be free to release the wheel, open the morning paper or just relax. | 3827.txt | 0 |
[
"it would require only minor changes to existing highways",
"it would achieve the greatest highway traffic efficiency",
"it has a lane for both automated and partially automated vehicles",
"it offers more lanes for automated vehicles"
] | A special purpose lane system is probably advantageous in that ________. | What might driving on an automated highway be like? The answer depends on what kind of sys tem is ultimately adopted. Two distinct types are on the drawing board. The first is a special purpose lane system, in which certain lanes are reserved for automated vehicles. The second is a mixed traffic system: fully automated vehicles would share the road with partially automated or manual driven cars. A special purpose lane system would require more extensive physical modifications to existing highways, but it promises the greatest gains in freeway capacity.
Under either scheme, the driver would specify the desired destination, furnishing this information to a computer in the car at the beginning of the trip or perhaps just before reaching the automated highway. If a mixed traffic system way was in place, automated driving could begin whenever the driver was on suitably equipped roads. If special purpose lanes were available, the car could enter them and join existing traffic in two different ways. One method would use a special onramp . As the driver approached the point of entry for the highway, devices installed on the roadside would electronically check the vehicle to determine its destination and to ascertain that it had the proper automation equipment in good working order. Assuming it passed such tests, the driver would then be guided through a gate and toward an automated lane. In this case, the transition from manual to auto mated control would take place on the entrance ramp. An alternative technique could employ conventional lanes, which would be shared by automated and regular vehicles. The driver would steer onto the highway and move in normal fashion to a "transition" lane. The vehicle would then shift under computer control onto a lane reserved for automated traffic. (The limitation of these lanes to automated traffic would, presumably, be well respected, because all trespassers could be swiftly identified by authorities.)
Either approach to joining a lane of automated traffic would harmonize the movement of newly entering vehicles with those already traveling. Automatic control here should allow for smooth merging without the usual uncertainties and potential for accidents. And once a vehicle had settled into automated travel, the driver would be free to release the wheel, open the morning paper or just relax. | 3827.txt | 1 |
[
"Vehicles traveling on it are assigned different lanes according to their destinations.",
"A car can join existing traffic any time in a mixed lane system.",
"The driver should inform his car computer of his destination before driving onto it.",
"The driver should share the automated lane with those of regular vehicles."
] | Which of the following is true about driving on an automated highway? | What might driving on an automated highway be like? The answer depends on what kind of sys tem is ultimately adopted. Two distinct types are on the drawing board. The first is a special purpose lane system, in which certain lanes are reserved for automated vehicles. The second is a mixed traffic system: fully automated vehicles would share the road with partially automated or manual driven cars. A special purpose lane system would require more extensive physical modifications to existing highways, but it promises the greatest gains in freeway capacity.
Under either scheme, the driver would specify the desired destination, furnishing this information to a computer in the car at the beginning of the trip or perhaps just before reaching the automated highway. If a mixed traffic system way was in place, automated driving could begin whenever the driver was on suitably equipped roads. If special purpose lanes were available, the car could enter them and join existing traffic in two different ways. One method would use a special onramp . As the driver approached the point of entry for the highway, devices installed on the roadside would electronically check the vehicle to determine its destination and to ascertain that it had the proper automation equipment in good working order. Assuming it passed such tests, the driver would then be guided through a gate and toward an automated lane. In this case, the transition from manual to auto mated control would take place on the entrance ramp. An alternative technique could employ conventional lanes, which would be shared by automated and regular vehicles. The driver would steer onto the highway and move in normal fashion to a "transition" lane. The vehicle would then shift under computer control onto a lane reserved for automated traffic. (The limitation of these lanes to automated traffic would, presumably, be well respected, because all trespassers could be swiftly identified by authorities.)
Either approach to joining a lane of automated traffic would harmonize the movement of newly entering vehicles with those already traveling. Automatic control here should allow for smooth merging without the usual uncertainties and potential for accidents. And once a vehicle had settled into automated travel, the driver would be free to release the wheel, open the morning paper or just relax. | 3827.txt | 2 |
[
"by smoothly merging with cars on the conventional lane",
"by way of a ramp with electronic control devices",
"through a specially guarded gate",
"after all trespassers are identified and removed"
] | We know from the passage that a car can enter a special purpose lane ________. | What might driving on an automated highway be like? The answer depends on what kind of sys tem is ultimately adopted. Two distinct types are on the drawing board. The first is a special purpose lane system, in which certain lanes are reserved for automated vehicles. The second is a mixed traffic system: fully automated vehicles would share the road with partially automated or manual driven cars. A special purpose lane system would require more extensive physical modifications to existing highways, but it promises the greatest gains in freeway capacity.
Under either scheme, the driver would specify the desired destination, furnishing this information to a computer in the car at the beginning of the trip or perhaps just before reaching the automated highway. If a mixed traffic system way was in place, automated driving could begin whenever the driver was on suitably equipped roads. If special purpose lanes were available, the car could enter them and join existing traffic in two different ways. One method would use a special onramp . As the driver approached the point of entry for the highway, devices installed on the roadside would electronically check the vehicle to determine its destination and to ascertain that it had the proper automation equipment in good working order. Assuming it passed such tests, the driver would then be guided through a gate and toward an automated lane. In this case, the transition from manual to auto mated control would take place on the entrance ramp. An alternative technique could employ conventional lanes, which would be shared by automated and regular vehicles. The driver would steer onto the highway and move in normal fashion to a "transition" lane. The vehicle would then shift under computer control onto a lane reserved for automated traffic. (The limitation of these lanes to automated traffic would, presumably, be well respected, because all trespassers could be swiftly identified by authorities.)
Either approach to joining a lane of automated traffic would harmonize the movement of newly entering vehicles with those already traveling. Automatic control here should allow for smooth merging without the usual uncertainties and potential for accidents. And once a vehicle had settled into automated travel, the driver would be free to release the wheel, open the morning paper or just relax. | 3827.txt | 1 |
[
"should harmonize with newly entering cars",
"doesn't have to rely on his computer system",
"should watch out for potential accidents",
"doesn't have to hold on to the steering wheel"
] | When driving in an automated lane, the driver ________. | What might driving on an automated highway be like? The answer depends on what kind of sys tem is ultimately adopted. Two distinct types are on the drawing board. The first is a special purpose lane system, in which certain lanes are reserved for automated vehicles. The second is a mixed traffic system: fully automated vehicles would share the road with partially automated or manual driven cars. A special purpose lane system would require more extensive physical modifications to existing highways, but it promises the greatest gains in freeway capacity.
Under either scheme, the driver would specify the desired destination, furnishing this information to a computer in the car at the beginning of the trip or perhaps just before reaching the automated highway. If a mixed traffic system way was in place, automated driving could begin whenever the driver was on suitably equipped roads. If special purpose lanes were available, the car could enter them and join existing traffic in two different ways. One method would use a special onramp . As the driver approached the point of entry for the highway, devices installed on the roadside would electronically check the vehicle to determine its destination and to ascertain that it had the proper automation equipment in good working order. Assuming it passed such tests, the driver would then be guided through a gate and toward an automated lane. In this case, the transition from manual to auto mated control would take place on the entrance ramp. An alternative technique could employ conventional lanes, which would be shared by automated and regular vehicles. The driver would steer onto the highway and move in normal fashion to a "transition" lane. The vehicle would then shift under computer control onto a lane reserved for automated traffic. (The limitation of these lanes to automated traffic would, presumably, be well respected, because all trespassers could be swiftly identified by authorities.)
Either approach to joining a lane of automated traffic would harmonize the movement of newly entering vehicles with those already traveling. Automatic control here should allow for smooth merging without the usual uncertainties and potential for accidents. And once a vehicle had settled into automated travel, the driver would be free to release the wheel, open the morning paper or just relax. | 3827.txt | 3 |
[
"their life was as luxurious as that of royalty.",
"They enjoy what once only belonged to the royalty.",
"They are rather rich.",
"Their way of living was the same as that of the royalty."
] | The sentence Pop stars' style of living was once the prerogative only of Royalty means | Pop Stars Earn Much
Pop stars today enjoy a style of living which was once theprerogative only of Royalty. Wherever they go, people turn outin their thousands to greet them. The crowds go wild trying tocatch a brief glimpse of their smiling, colorfully dressed idols. Thestars are transported in their chauffeur driven Rolls-Royces,private helicopters or executive aeroplanes. They aresurrounded by a permanent entourage of managers, pressagents and bodyguards. Photographs of them appear regularly in the press and all their comingsand goings are reported, for, like Royalty, pop stars are news. If they enjoy many of the privilegesof Royalty, they certainly share many of the inconveniences as well. It is dangerous for them tomake unscheduled appearances in public. They must be constantly shielded from the adoringcrowds which idolize them. They are no longer private individuals, but public property. The financialrewards they receive for this sacrifice cannot be calculated, for their rates of pay are astronomical.
And why not? Society has always rewarded its top entertainers lavishly. The great days ofHollywood have become legendary: famous stars enjoyed fame, wealth and adulation on anunprecedented scale. By today's standards, the excesses of Hollywood do not seem quite sospectacular. A single gramophone record nowadays may earn much more in royalties than thefilms of the past ever did. The competition for the title ‘Top of the Pops' is fierce, but the rewardsare truly colossal.
It is only right that the stars should be paid in this way. Don't the top men in industry earnenormous salaries for the services they perform to their companies and their countries? Pop starsearn vast sums in foreign currency - often more than large industrial concerns - and the taxmancan only be grateful fro their massive annual contributions to the exchequer. So who wouldbegrudge them their rewards?
It's all very well for people in humdrum jobs to moan about the successes and rewards of others.People who make envious remarks should remember that the most famous stars represent onlythe tip of the iceberg. For every famous star, there are hundreds of others struggling to earn aliving. A man working in a steady job and looking forward to a pension at the end of it has no rightto expect very high rewards. He has chosen security and peace of mind, so there will always be alimit to what he can earn. But a man who attempts to become a star is taking enormous risks. Heknows at the outset that only a handful of competitors ever get to the very top. He knows thatyears of concentrated effort may be rewarded with complete failure. But he knows, too, that therewards for success are very high indeed: they are the recompense for the huge risks involvedand if he achieves them, he has certainly earned them. That's the essence of private enterprise. | 288.txt | 1 |
[
"Approval.",
"Disapproval.",
"Ironical.",
"Critical."
] | What is the author's attitude toward top stars' high income? | Pop Stars Earn Much
Pop stars today enjoy a style of living which was once theprerogative only of Royalty. Wherever they go, people turn outin their thousands to greet them. The crowds go wild trying tocatch a brief glimpse of their smiling, colorfully dressed idols. Thestars are transported in their chauffeur driven Rolls-Royces,private helicopters or executive aeroplanes. They aresurrounded by a permanent entourage of managers, pressagents and bodyguards. Photographs of them appear regularly in the press and all their comingsand goings are reported, for, like Royalty, pop stars are news. If they enjoy many of the privilegesof Royalty, they certainly share many of the inconveniences as well. It is dangerous for them tomake unscheduled appearances in public. They must be constantly shielded from the adoringcrowds which idolize them. They are no longer private individuals, but public property. The financialrewards they receive for this sacrifice cannot be calculated, for their rates of pay are astronomical.
And why not? Society has always rewarded its top entertainers lavishly. The great days ofHollywood have become legendary: famous stars enjoyed fame, wealth and adulation on anunprecedented scale. By today's standards, the excesses of Hollywood do not seem quite sospectacular. A single gramophone record nowadays may earn much more in royalties than thefilms of the past ever did. The competition for the title ‘Top of the Pops' is fierce, but the rewardsare truly colossal.
It is only right that the stars should be paid in this way. Don't the top men in industry earnenormous salaries for the services they perform to their companies and their countries? Pop starsearn vast sums in foreign currency - often more than large industrial concerns - and the taxmancan only be grateful fro their massive annual contributions to the exchequer. So who wouldbegrudge them their rewards?
It's all very well for people in humdrum jobs to moan about the successes and rewards of others.People who make envious remarks should remember that the most famous stars represent onlythe tip of the iceberg. For every famous star, there are hundreds of others struggling to earn aliving. A man working in a steady job and looking forward to a pension at the end of it has no rightto expect very high rewards. He has chosen security and peace of mind, so there will always be alimit to what he can earn. But a man who attempts to become a star is taking enormous risks. Heknows at the outset that only a handful of competitors ever get to the very top. He knows thatyears of concentrated effort may be rewarded with complete failure. But he knows, too, that therewards for success are very high indeed: they are the recompense for the huge risks involvedand if he achieves them, he has certainly earned them. That's the essence of private enterprise. | 288.txt | 0 |
[
"there exists fierce competition in climbing to the top.",
"People are blind in idolizing stars.",
"Successful Pop stars give great entertainment.",
"The tax they have paid are great."
] | It can be inferred from the passage | Pop Stars Earn Much
Pop stars today enjoy a style of living which was once theprerogative only of Royalty. Wherever they go, people turn outin their thousands to greet them. The crowds go wild trying tocatch a brief glimpse of their smiling, colorfully dressed idols. Thestars are transported in their chauffeur driven Rolls-Royces,private helicopters or executive aeroplanes. They aresurrounded by a permanent entourage of managers, pressagents and bodyguards. Photographs of them appear regularly in the press and all their comingsand goings are reported, for, like Royalty, pop stars are news. If they enjoy many of the privilegesof Royalty, they certainly share many of the inconveniences as well. It is dangerous for them tomake unscheduled appearances in public. They must be constantly shielded from the adoringcrowds which idolize them. They are no longer private individuals, but public property. The financialrewards they receive for this sacrifice cannot be calculated, for their rates of pay are astronomical.
And why not? Society has always rewarded its top entertainers lavishly. The great days ofHollywood have become legendary: famous stars enjoyed fame, wealth and adulation on anunprecedented scale. By today's standards, the excesses of Hollywood do not seem quite sospectacular. A single gramophone record nowadays may earn much more in royalties than thefilms of the past ever did. The competition for the title ‘Top of the Pops' is fierce, but the rewardsare truly colossal.
It is only right that the stars should be paid in this way. Don't the top men in industry earnenormous salaries for the services they perform to their companies and their countries? Pop starsearn vast sums in foreign currency - often more than large industrial concerns - and the taxmancan only be grateful fro their massive annual contributions to the exchequer. So who wouldbegrudge them their rewards?
It's all very well for people in humdrum jobs to moan about the successes and rewards of others.People who make envious remarks should remember that the most famous stars represent onlythe tip of the iceberg. For every famous star, there are hundreds of others struggling to earn aliving. A man working in a steady job and looking forward to a pension at the end of it has no rightto expect very high rewards. He has chosen security and peace of mind, so there will always be alimit to what he can earn. But a man who attempts to become a star is taking enormous risks. Heknows at the outset that only a handful of competitors ever get to the very top. He knows thatyears of concentrated effort may be rewarded with complete failure. But he knows, too, that therewards for success are very high indeed: they are the recompense for the huge risks involvedand if he achieves them, he has certainly earned them. That's the essence of private enterprise. | 288.txt | 0 |
[
"Successful man should get high-income repayment.",
"Pop stars made great contribution to a country.",
"Pop stars can enjoy the life of royalty.",
"Successful men represent the tip of the iceberg."
] | What can we learn from the passage? | Pop Stars Earn Much
Pop stars today enjoy a style of living which was once theprerogative only of Royalty. Wherever they go, people turn outin their thousands to greet them. The crowds go wild trying tocatch a brief glimpse of their smiling, colorfully dressed idols. Thestars are transported in their chauffeur driven Rolls-Royces,private helicopters or executive aeroplanes. They aresurrounded by a permanent entourage of managers, pressagents and bodyguards. Photographs of them appear regularly in the press and all their comingsand goings are reported, for, like Royalty, pop stars are news. If they enjoy many of the privilegesof Royalty, they certainly share many of the inconveniences as well. It is dangerous for them tomake unscheduled appearances in public. They must be constantly shielded from the adoringcrowds which idolize them. They are no longer private individuals, but public property. The financialrewards they receive for this sacrifice cannot be calculated, for their rates of pay are astronomical.
And why not? Society has always rewarded its top entertainers lavishly. The great days ofHollywood have become legendary: famous stars enjoyed fame, wealth and adulation on anunprecedented scale. By today's standards, the excesses of Hollywood do not seem quite sospectacular. A single gramophone record nowadays may earn much more in royalties than thefilms of the past ever did. The competition for the title ‘Top of the Pops' is fierce, but the rewardsare truly colossal.
It is only right that the stars should be paid in this way. Don't the top men in industry earnenormous salaries for the services they perform to their companies and their countries? Pop starsearn vast sums in foreign currency - often more than large industrial concerns - and the taxmancan only be grateful fro their massive annual contributions to the exchequer. So who wouldbegrudge them their rewards?
It's all very well for people in humdrum jobs to moan about the successes and rewards of others.People who make envious remarks should remember that the most famous stars represent onlythe tip of the iceberg. For every famous star, there are hundreds of others struggling to earn aliving. A man working in a steady job and looking forward to a pension at the end of it has no rightto expect very high rewards. He has chosen security and peace of mind, so there will always be alimit to what he can earn. But a man who attempts to become a star is taking enormous risks. Heknows at the outset that only a handful of competitors ever get to the very top. He knows thatyears of concentrated effort may be rewarded with complete failure. But he knows, too, that therewards for success are very high indeed: they are the recompense for the huge risks involvedand if he achieves them, he has certainly earned them. That's the essence of private enterprise. | 288.txt | 3 |
[
"The first.",
"The second.",
"The third.",
"The fourth."
] | Which paragraph covers the main idea? | Pop Stars Earn Much
Pop stars today enjoy a style of living which was once theprerogative only of Royalty. Wherever they go, people turn outin their thousands to greet them. The crowds go wild trying tocatch a brief glimpse of their smiling, colorfully dressed idols. Thestars are transported in their chauffeur driven Rolls-Royces,private helicopters or executive aeroplanes. They aresurrounded by a permanent entourage of managers, pressagents and bodyguards. Photographs of them appear regularly in the press and all their comingsand goings are reported, for, like Royalty, pop stars are news. If they enjoy many of the privilegesof Royalty, they certainly share many of the inconveniences as well. It is dangerous for them tomake unscheduled appearances in public. They must be constantly shielded from the adoringcrowds which idolize them. They are no longer private individuals, but public property. The financialrewards they receive for this sacrifice cannot be calculated, for their rates of pay are astronomical.
And why not? Society has always rewarded its top entertainers lavishly. The great days ofHollywood have become legendary: famous stars enjoyed fame, wealth and adulation on anunprecedented scale. By today's standards, the excesses of Hollywood do not seem quite sospectacular. A single gramophone record nowadays may earn much more in royalties than thefilms of the past ever did. The competition for the title ‘Top of the Pops' is fierce, but the rewardsare truly colossal.
It is only right that the stars should be paid in this way. Don't the top men in industry earnenormous salaries for the services they perform to their companies and their countries? Pop starsearn vast sums in foreign currency - often more than large industrial concerns - and the taxmancan only be grateful fro their massive annual contributions to the exchequer. So who wouldbegrudge them their rewards?
It's all very well for people in humdrum jobs to moan about the successes and rewards of others.People who make envious remarks should remember that the most famous stars represent onlythe tip of the iceberg. For every famous star, there are hundreds of others struggling to earn aliving. A man working in a steady job and looking forward to a pension at the end of it has no rightto expect very high rewards. He has chosen security and peace of mind, so there will always be alimit to what he can earn. But a man who attempts to become a star is taking enormous risks. Heknows at the outset that only a handful of competitors ever get to the very top. He knows thatyears of concentrated effort may be rewarded with complete failure. But he knows, too, that therewards for success are very high indeed: they are the recompense for the huge risks involvedand if he achieves them, he has certainly earned them. That's the essence of private enterprise. | 288.txt | 3 |
[
"housing",
"food",
"poverty",
"limited land"
] | If the urban population of the developing countries exceeds 2 billion people by the year 2000, the main problem the additional people will face is _ . | The world has become a world of cities. With the present rate of urban growth(3. 8% in the Third World) , the majority of the population of the world will be living in cities by the year 2000. This will transform the rural-urban equation which has marked the history of mankind up to now and will call for new example and a great deal of innovation to face this phenomenon.
This being so, one must accept the fact that for some years to come, no policy will be capable of stopping or reversing the present migratory trend from the rural areas to the cities in the Third World. In Africa, the urban population will reach 330 million people by the end of the century as against 150 million in 1995.
The number of people living in shanty-towns will inevitably increase in spite of the efforts to improve housing conditions. Africa alone needs to build 12 million housing units between now and the year 2000 to meet its most basic needs. In an ILO study, M. S. V. Sethuraman estimates that in 70 Third "World cities the proportion of people living in shanty-towns varies from 15% to 70% and that about US $ 116 billion is required to give minimum comfort to these people by the turn of the century-less than US $ 10 billion per year.
The world population is growing at a rate of about 90 million people per year, with the Third World accounting for 80 million of them. The pressure on cities can only go on increasing. The urban population of the developing countries will exceed 2 billion people by the year 2000 and since the main reason for the high demographic growth is poverty, the additional population will be mostly made of people of very limited means. | 852.txt | 2 |
[
"1985.",
"1990.",
"1988.",
"2000."
] | According to the passage, "about US $116 billion is required to give minimum comfort to these people by the turn of the century-less than US $ 10 billion per year. " Do you think which year was the article written by saying "less than $ 10 billion per year" by the turn of the century? | The world has become a world of cities. With the present rate of urban growth(3. 8% in the Third World) , the majority of the population of the world will be living in cities by the year 2000. This will transform the rural-urban equation which has marked the history of mankind up to now and will call for new example and a great deal of innovation to face this phenomenon.
This being so, one must accept the fact that for some years to come, no policy will be capable of stopping or reversing the present migratory trend from the rural areas to the cities in the Third World. In Africa, the urban population will reach 330 million people by the end of the century as against 150 million in 1995.
The number of people living in shanty-towns will inevitably increase in spite of the efforts to improve housing conditions. Africa alone needs to build 12 million housing units between now and the year 2000 to meet its most basic needs. In an ILO study, M. S. V. Sethuraman estimates that in 70 Third "World cities the proportion of people living in shanty-towns varies from 15% to 70% and that about US $ 116 billion is required to give minimum comfort to these people by the turn of the century-less than US $ 10 billion per year.
The world population is growing at a rate of about 90 million people per year, with the Third World accounting for 80 million of them. The pressure on cities can only go on increasing. The urban population of the developing countries will exceed 2 billion people by the year 2000 and since the main reason for the high demographic growth is poverty, the additional population will be mostly made of people of very limited means. | 852.txt | 2 |
[
"a lot of difficulties",
"efforts to improve housing condition",
"pressure of the basic needs",
"new models and a great deal of transformation of ideas and methods"
] | The mankind should face the phenomenon that the world has become a world of cities with _ . | The world has become a world of cities. With the present rate of urban growth(3. 8% in the Third World) , the majority of the population of the world will be living in cities by the year 2000. This will transform the rural-urban equation which has marked the history of mankind up to now and will call for new example and a great deal of innovation to face this phenomenon.
This being so, one must accept the fact that for some years to come, no policy will be capable of stopping or reversing the present migratory trend from the rural areas to the cities in the Third World. In Africa, the urban population will reach 330 million people by the end of the century as against 150 million in 1995.
The number of people living in shanty-towns will inevitably increase in spite of the efforts to improve housing conditions. Africa alone needs to build 12 million housing units between now and the year 2000 to meet its most basic needs. In an ILO study, M. S. V. Sethuraman estimates that in 70 Third "World cities the proportion of people living in shanty-towns varies from 15% to 70% and that about US $ 116 billion is required to give minimum comfort to these people by the turn of the century-less than US $ 10 billion per year.
The world population is growing at a rate of about 90 million people per year, with the Third World accounting for 80 million of them. The pressure on cities can only go on increasing. The urban population of the developing countries will exceed 2 billion people by the year 2000 and since the main reason for the high demographic growth is poverty, the additional population will be mostly made of people of very limited means. | 852.txt | 3 |
[
"almost twice as much as in 1985",
"doubled than that in 1985",
"over twice as much as in 1985",
"300 million"
] | In Africa, people in cities will be _ by the end of the century. | The world has become a world of cities. With the present rate of urban growth(3. 8% in the Third World) , the majority of the population of the world will be living in cities by the year 2000. This will transform the rural-urban equation which has marked the history of mankind up to now and will call for new example and a great deal of innovation to face this phenomenon.
This being so, one must accept the fact that for some years to come, no policy will be capable of stopping or reversing the present migratory trend from the rural areas to the cities in the Third World. In Africa, the urban population will reach 330 million people by the end of the century as against 150 million in 1995.
The number of people living in shanty-towns will inevitably increase in spite of the efforts to improve housing conditions. Africa alone needs to build 12 million housing units between now and the year 2000 to meet its most basic needs. In an ILO study, M. S. V. Sethuraman estimates that in 70 Third "World cities the proportion of people living in shanty-towns varies from 15% to 70% and that about US $ 116 billion is required to give minimum comfort to these people by the turn of the century-less than US $ 10 billion per year.
The world population is growing at a rate of about 90 million people per year, with the Third World accounting for 80 million of them. The pressure on cities can only go on increasing. The urban population of the developing countries will exceed 2 billion people by the year 2000 and since the main reason for the high demographic growth is poverty, the additional population will be mostly made of people of very limited means. | 852.txt | 2 |
[
"houses in shanty-towns are cheap",
"shanty-towns could provide people with minimum comfort",
"no policy will be capable of stopping or changing the present immigrant tendency from the rural areas to the cities in the Third World",
"the Third Word population is growing at a rate of about 80 million people per year"
] | In spite of the efforts to improve housing condition, the number of people living in shanty-towns will increase because _ . | The world has become a world of cities. With the present rate of urban growth(3. 8% in the Third World) , the majority of the population of the world will be living in cities by the year 2000. This will transform the rural-urban equation which has marked the history of mankind up to now and will call for new example and a great deal of innovation to face this phenomenon.
This being so, one must accept the fact that for some years to come, no policy will be capable of stopping or reversing the present migratory trend from the rural areas to the cities in the Third World. In Africa, the urban population will reach 330 million people by the end of the century as against 150 million in 1995.
The number of people living in shanty-towns will inevitably increase in spite of the efforts to improve housing conditions. Africa alone needs to build 12 million housing units between now and the year 2000 to meet its most basic needs. In an ILO study, M. S. V. Sethuraman estimates that in 70 Third "World cities the proportion of people living in shanty-towns varies from 15% to 70% and that about US $ 116 billion is required to give minimum comfort to these people by the turn of the century-less than US $ 10 billion per year.
The world population is growing at a rate of about 90 million people per year, with the Third World accounting for 80 million of them. The pressure on cities can only go on increasing. The urban population of the developing countries will exceed 2 billion people by the year 2000 and since the main reason for the high demographic growth is poverty, the additional population will be mostly made of people of very limited means. | 852.txt | 2 |
[
"Most people buy Kindle 2 mainly because of its low price.",
"The author of the passage is a loyal customer of Apple products.",
"Amazon's Kindle 2 surpassed Kindle 1 in designing.",
"The sales of ebook outnumbered those of paperback in the U. S."
] | What can be inferred from Paragraph One? | There is a certain inevitability that ebook sales have now overtaken paperback sales on Amazon's US site. Amazon's Kindle 2 is so light and so cheap that it's easy to see why people have rushed to buy it. Though I'm still not keen on the design of the Kindle, it is a vast improvement on its predecessor and certainly tolerable. Beyond the device itself, Amazon has done a great job of rolling out Kindle apps, ensuring that people like me-who have an iPad but not a Kindle-can still join in the fun. Once you're into the Kindle ecosystem, Amazon locks you in tightly-just as Apple does with its iTunes/ iPod ecosystem. It's so easy to buy from Amazon's store and the books are so cheap that it's not worth the effort of going elsewhere.
While I remain opposed to Amazon's DRM-indeed, I'm opposed to DRM on any ebooks-I have to admit that the implementation is so smooth that most Kindle users won't care at all that their ebooks can't be moved to other devices.
The ebook trend is nowhere near peaking. Over the next five years we can expect to see more and more readers move away from printed books and pick up ebooks instead. But I don't think that will mean the death of the printed book.
There are some who prefer printed books. They like having shelves filled with books they've read and books they plan to read; they like the feel of the book in their hands and the different weights and typefaces and layouts of different titles. In other words, they like the physical form of the book almost as much as the words it contains.
I can sympathise with those people. As I wrote earlier this week, my ideal situation would be for publishers to bundle ebooks with printed ones-in much the same way that film studios btmdie DVDs with digital copies of films. There's no reason to think that lovers of printed books will change their minds. There will undoubtedly be fewer of them as time goes by because more people will grow up with ebooks and spend little time with printed ones. However, just as there are people who love vinyl records, even if they were born well into the CD era, there will still be a dedicated minority who love physical books.
Since there are fewer of these people, that will mean fewer bookshops and higher prices for printed books but I don't think the picture is entirely bleak. There is scope for smaller print runs of lavishly designed printed books and bookshops aimed at book lovers, rather than the Stieg Larsson-reading masses. With mainstream readers out of the printed book market, book lovers might even find they get a better experience. | 878.txt | 2 |
[
"ebooks can only be purchased on Amazon. com",
"Kindle books are not compatible with other electronic reading devices",
"once implemented, ebooks can't be transferred to other equipments",
"ebooks installed on Kindle 2 can't be edited freely"
] | According to the passage, the reason why the author opposes to Amazon's DRM is that _ | There is a certain inevitability that ebook sales have now overtaken paperback sales on Amazon's US site. Amazon's Kindle 2 is so light and so cheap that it's easy to see why people have rushed to buy it. Though I'm still not keen on the design of the Kindle, it is a vast improvement on its predecessor and certainly tolerable. Beyond the device itself, Amazon has done a great job of rolling out Kindle apps, ensuring that people like me-who have an iPad but not a Kindle-can still join in the fun. Once you're into the Kindle ecosystem, Amazon locks you in tightly-just as Apple does with its iTunes/ iPod ecosystem. It's so easy to buy from Amazon's store and the books are so cheap that it's not worth the effort of going elsewhere.
While I remain opposed to Amazon's DRM-indeed, I'm opposed to DRM on any ebooks-I have to admit that the implementation is so smooth that most Kindle users won't care at all that their ebooks can't be moved to other devices.
The ebook trend is nowhere near peaking. Over the next five years we can expect to see more and more readers move away from printed books and pick up ebooks instead. But I don't think that will mean the death of the printed book.
There are some who prefer printed books. They like having shelves filled with books they've read and books they plan to read; they like the feel of the book in their hands and the different weights and typefaces and layouts of different titles. In other words, they like the physical form of the book almost as much as the words it contains.
I can sympathise with those people. As I wrote earlier this week, my ideal situation would be for publishers to bundle ebooks with printed ones-in much the same way that film studios btmdie DVDs with digital copies of films. There's no reason to think that lovers of printed books will change their minds. There will undoubtedly be fewer of them as time goes by because more people will grow up with ebooks and spend little time with printed ones. However, just as there are people who love vinyl records, even if they were born well into the CD era, there will still be a dedicated minority who love physical books.
Since there are fewer of these people, that will mean fewer bookshops and higher prices for printed books but I don't think the picture is entirely bleak. There is scope for smaller print runs of lavishly designed printed books and bookshops aimed at book lovers, rather than the Stieg Larsson-reading masses. With mainstream readers out of the printed book market, book lovers might even find they get a better experience. | 878.txt | 2 |
[
"will come to stop any time soon",
"will reach the summit in the near future",
"will meet its heyday when printed books die",
"has already reached its peak"
] | It can be learned that the trend of ebooks _ | There is a certain inevitability that ebook sales have now overtaken paperback sales on Amazon's US site. Amazon's Kindle 2 is so light and so cheap that it's easy to see why people have rushed to buy it. Though I'm still not keen on the design of the Kindle, it is a vast improvement on its predecessor and certainly tolerable. Beyond the device itself, Amazon has done a great job of rolling out Kindle apps, ensuring that people like me-who have an iPad but not a Kindle-can still join in the fun. Once you're into the Kindle ecosystem, Amazon locks you in tightly-just as Apple does with its iTunes/ iPod ecosystem. It's so easy to buy from Amazon's store and the books are so cheap that it's not worth the effort of going elsewhere.
While I remain opposed to Amazon's DRM-indeed, I'm opposed to DRM on any ebooks-I have to admit that the implementation is so smooth that most Kindle users won't care at all that their ebooks can't be moved to other devices.
The ebook trend is nowhere near peaking. Over the next five years we can expect to see more and more readers move away from printed books and pick up ebooks instead. But I don't think that will mean the death of the printed book.
There are some who prefer printed books. They like having shelves filled with books they've read and books they plan to read; they like the feel of the book in their hands and the different weights and typefaces and layouts of different titles. In other words, they like the physical form of the book almost as much as the words it contains.
I can sympathise with those people. As I wrote earlier this week, my ideal situation would be for publishers to bundle ebooks with printed ones-in much the same way that film studios btmdie DVDs with digital copies of films. There's no reason to think that lovers of printed books will change their minds. There will undoubtedly be fewer of them as time goes by because more people will grow up with ebooks and spend little time with printed ones. However, just as there are people who love vinyl records, even if they were born well into the CD era, there will still be a dedicated minority who love physical books.
Since there are fewer of these people, that will mean fewer bookshops and higher prices for printed books but I don't think the picture is entirely bleak. There is scope for smaller print runs of lavishly designed printed books and bookshops aimed at book lovers, rather than the Stieg Larsson-reading masses. With mainstream readers out of the printed book market, book lovers might even find they get a better experience. | 878.txt | 1 |
[
"Because a minority will stick to their love of printed books.",
"Because the majority of book lovers won't change their minds.",
"Because people always hold nostalgic feelings towards printed books.",
"Because people will return to the printed books as time goes by."
] | Why does the author believe that the surging sales of ebooks won't mean the death of the printed book? | There is a certain inevitability that ebook sales have now overtaken paperback sales on Amazon's US site. Amazon's Kindle 2 is so light and so cheap that it's easy to see why people have rushed to buy it. Though I'm still not keen on the design of the Kindle, it is a vast improvement on its predecessor and certainly tolerable. Beyond the device itself, Amazon has done a great job of rolling out Kindle apps, ensuring that people like me-who have an iPad but not a Kindle-can still join in the fun. Once you're into the Kindle ecosystem, Amazon locks you in tightly-just as Apple does with its iTunes/ iPod ecosystem. It's so easy to buy from Amazon's store and the books are so cheap that it's not worth the effort of going elsewhere.
While I remain opposed to Amazon's DRM-indeed, I'm opposed to DRM on any ebooks-I have to admit that the implementation is so smooth that most Kindle users won't care at all that their ebooks can't be moved to other devices.
The ebook trend is nowhere near peaking. Over the next five years we can expect to see more and more readers move away from printed books and pick up ebooks instead. But I don't think that will mean the death of the printed book.
There are some who prefer printed books. They like having shelves filled with books they've read and books they plan to read; they like the feel of the book in their hands and the different weights and typefaces and layouts of different titles. In other words, they like the physical form of the book almost as much as the words it contains.
I can sympathise with those people. As I wrote earlier this week, my ideal situation would be for publishers to bundle ebooks with printed ones-in much the same way that film studios btmdie DVDs with digital copies of films. There's no reason to think that lovers of printed books will change their minds. There will undoubtedly be fewer of them as time goes by because more people will grow up with ebooks and spend little time with printed ones. However, just as there are people who love vinyl records, even if they were born well into the CD era, there will still be a dedicated minority who love physical books.
Since there are fewer of these people, that will mean fewer bookshops and higher prices for printed books but I don't think the picture is entirely bleak. There is scope for smaller print runs of lavishly designed printed books and bookshops aimed at book lovers, rather than the Stieg Larsson-reading masses. With mainstream readers out of the printed book market, book lovers might even find they get a better experience. | 878.txt | 0 |
[
"They will be bundled with ebooks.",
"They will no longer be available in the market.",
"They will be sold in small quantity and high quality.",
"They will be redesigned to cater to the masses."
] | According to the author, which of the following is TRUE about the future of printed books? | There is a certain inevitability that ebook sales have now overtaken paperback sales on Amazon's US site. Amazon's Kindle 2 is so light and so cheap that it's easy to see why people have rushed to buy it. Though I'm still not keen on the design of the Kindle, it is a vast improvement on its predecessor and certainly tolerable. Beyond the device itself, Amazon has done a great job of rolling out Kindle apps, ensuring that people like me-who have an iPad but not a Kindle-can still join in the fun. Once you're into the Kindle ecosystem, Amazon locks you in tightly-just as Apple does with its iTunes/ iPod ecosystem. It's so easy to buy from Amazon's store and the books are so cheap that it's not worth the effort of going elsewhere.
While I remain opposed to Amazon's DRM-indeed, I'm opposed to DRM on any ebooks-I have to admit that the implementation is so smooth that most Kindle users won't care at all that their ebooks can't be moved to other devices.
The ebook trend is nowhere near peaking. Over the next five years we can expect to see more and more readers move away from printed books and pick up ebooks instead. But I don't think that will mean the death of the printed book.
There are some who prefer printed books. They like having shelves filled with books they've read and books they plan to read; they like the feel of the book in their hands and the different weights and typefaces and layouts of different titles. In other words, they like the physical form of the book almost as much as the words it contains.
I can sympathise with those people. As I wrote earlier this week, my ideal situation would be for publishers to bundle ebooks with printed ones-in much the same way that film studios btmdie DVDs with digital copies of films. There's no reason to think that lovers of printed books will change their minds. There will undoubtedly be fewer of them as time goes by because more people will grow up with ebooks and spend little time with printed ones. However, just as there are people who love vinyl records, even if they were born well into the CD era, there will still be a dedicated minority who love physical books.
Since there are fewer of these people, that will mean fewer bookshops and higher prices for printed books but I don't think the picture is entirely bleak. There is scope for smaller print runs of lavishly designed printed books and bookshops aimed at book lovers, rather than the Stieg Larsson-reading masses. With mainstream readers out of the printed book market, book lovers might even find they get a better experience. | 878.txt | 2 |
[
"Consumers and free traders were very angry.",
"Only the Levi‘s maker can decide the prices of the jeans.",
"The ruling has protected Levi‘s from price dumping.",
"Levi‘s jeans should be sold at a high price ."
] | Which of the following is not true according to Paragraph 1? | One of the most exciting and enriching experiences a person can have is that of living abroad.
It was a ruling that had consumers seething with anger and many a free trader crying foul. On November 20th the European Court of Justice decided that Tesco, a British supermarket chain, should not be allowed to import jeans made by America's Levi Strauss from outside the European Union and sell them at cut-rate prices without getting permission first from the jeans maker. Ironically, the ruling is based on an EU trademark directive that was designed to protect local, not American, manufacturers from price dumping. The idea is that any brand-owning firm should be allowed to position its goods and segment its markets as it sees fit： Levi's jeans, just like Gucci handbags, must be allowed to be expensive.
Levi Strauss persuaded the court that, by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas, Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brands--which could only lead to less innovation and, in the long run, would reduce consumer choice. Consumer groups and Tesco say that Levi's case is specious. The supermarket argues that it was just arbitraging the price differential between Levi's jeans sold in America and Europe--a service performed a million times a day in financial markets, and one that has led to real benefits for consumers. Tesco has been selling some 15, 000 pairs of Levi's jeans a week, for about half the price they command in specialist stores approved by Levi Strauss. Christine Cross, Tesco's head of global non-food sourcing, says the ruling risks " creating a Fortress Europe with a vengeance" .
The debate will rage on, and has implications well beyond casual clothes (Levi Strauss was joined in its lawsuit by Zino Davidoff, a perfume maker). The question at its heart is not whether brands need to control how they are sold to protect their image, but whether it is the job of the courts to help them do this. Gucci, an Italian clothes label whose image was being destroyed by loose licensing and over-exposure in discount stores, saved itself not by resorting to the courts but by ending contracts with third-party suppliers, controlling its distribution better and opening its own stores. It is now hard to find cut-price Gucci anywhere.
Brand experts argue that Levi Strauss, which has been losing market share to hipper rivals such as Diesel, is no longer strong enough to command premium prices. Left to market forces, so-so brands such as Levi's might well fade away and be replaced by fresher labels. With the courts protecting its prices, Levi Strauss may hang on for longer. But no court can help to make it a great brand again. | 613.txt | 1 |
[
"Gucci has successfully saved its own image.",
"It has changed its fate with its own effort.",
"Opening its own stores is the key to success.",
"It should be the court‘s duty to save its image."
] | Gucci‘s success shows that _ . | One of the most exciting and enriching experiences a person can have is that of living abroad.
It was a ruling that had consumers seething with anger and many a free trader crying foul. On November 20th the European Court of Justice decided that Tesco, a British supermarket chain, should not be allowed to import jeans made by America's Levi Strauss from outside the European Union and sell them at cut-rate prices without getting permission first from the jeans maker. Ironically, the ruling is based on an EU trademark directive that was designed to protect local, not American, manufacturers from price dumping. The idea is that any brand-owning firm should be allowed to position its goods and segment its markets as it sees fit： Levi's jeans, just like Gucci handbags, must be allowed to be expensive.
Levi Strauss persuaded the court that, by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas, Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brands--which could only lead to less innovation and, in the long run, would reduce consumer choice. Consumer groups and Tesco say that Levi's case is specious. The supermarket argues that it was just arbitraging the price differential between Levi's jeans sold in America and Europe--a service performed a million times a day in financial markets, and one that has led to real benefits for consumers. Tesco has been selling some 15, 000 pairs of Levi's jeans a week, for about half the price they command in specialist stores approved by Levi Strauss. Christine Cross, Tesco's head of global non-food sourcing, says the ruling risks " creating a Fortress Europe with a vengeance" .
The debate will rage on, and has implications well beyond casual clothes (Levi Strauss was joined in its lawsuit by Zino Davidoff, a perfume maker). The question at its heart is not whether brands need to control how they are sold to protect their image, but whether it is the job of the courts to help them do this. Gucci, an Italian clothes label whose image was being destroyed by loose licensing and over-exposure in discount stores, saved itself not by resorting to the courts but by ending contracts with third-party suppliers, controlling its distribution better and opening its own stores. It is now hard to find cut-price Gucci anywhere.
Brand experts argue that Levi Strauss, which has been losing market share to hipper rivals such as Diesel, is no longer strong enough to command premium prices. Left to market forces, so-so brands such as Levi's might well fade away and be replaced by fresher labels. With the courts protecting its prices, Levi Strauss may hang on for longer. But no court can help to make it a great brand again. | 613.txt | 1 |
[
"responsible for oneself",
"having too many doubts",
"not as it seems to be",
"raising misunderstanding"
] | The word " specious" (line 12, paragraph 2) in the context probably means _ . | One of the most exciting and enriching experiences a person can have is that of living abroad.
It was a ruling that had consumers seething with anger and many a free trader crying foul. On November 20th the European Court of Justice decided that Tesco, a British supermarket chain, should not be allowed to import jeans made by America's Levi Strauss from outside the European Union and sell them at cut-rate prices without getting permission first from the jeans maker. Ironically, the ruling is based on an EU trademark directive that was designed to protect local, not American, manufacturers from price dumping. The idea is that any brand-owning firm should be allowed to position its goods and segment its markets as it sees fit： Levi's jeans, just like Gucci handbags, must be allowed to be expensive.
Levi Strauss persuaded the court that, by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas, Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brands--which could only lead to less innovation and, in the long run, would reduce consumer choice. Consumer groups and Tesco say that Levi's case is specious. The supermarket argues that it was just arbitraging the price differential between Levi's jeans sold in America and Europe--a service performed a million times a day in financial markets, and one that has led to real benefits for consumers. Tesco has been selling some 15, 000 pairs of Levi's jeans a week, for about half the price they command in specialist stores approved by Levi Strauss. Christine Cross, Tesco's head of global non-food sourcing, says the ruling risks " creating a Fortress Europe with a vengeance" .
The debate will rage on, and has implications well beyond casual clothes (Levi Strauss was joined in its lawsuit by Zino Davidoff, a perfume maker). The question at its heart is not whether brands need to control how they are sold to protect their image, but whether it is the job of the courts to help them do this. Gucci, an Italian clothes label whose image was being destroyed by loose licensing and over-exposure in discount stores, saved itself not by resorting to the courts but by ending contracts with third-party suppliers, controlling its distribution better and opening its own stores. It is now hard to find cut-price Gucci anywhere.
Brand experts argue that Levi Strauss, which has been losing market share to hipper rivals such as Diesel, is no longer strong enough to command premium prices. Left to market forces, so-so brands such as Levi's might well fade away and be replaced by fresher labels. With the courts protecting its prices, Levi Strauss may hang on for longer. But no court can help to make it a great brand again. | 613.txt | 2 |
[
"the rivals are competitive",
"it fails to command premium prices",
"market forces have their own rules",
"the court fails to give some help"
] | According to the passage, the doomed fate of Levi‘s is caused by such factors except that _ . | One of the most exciting and enriching experiences a person can have is that of living abroad.
It was a ruling that had consumers seething with anger and many a free trader crying foul. On November 20th the European Court of Justice decided that Tesco, a British supermarket chain, should not be allowed to import jeans made by America's Levi Strauss from outside the European Union and sell them at cut-rate prices without getting permission first from the jeans maker. Ironically, the ruling is based on an EU trademark directive that was designed to protect local, not American, manufacturers from price dumping. The idea is that any brand-owning firm should be allowed to position its goods and segment its markets as it sees fit： Levi's jeans, just like Gucci handbags, must be allowed to be expensive.
Levi Strauss persuaded the court that, by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas, Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brands--which could only lead to less innovation and, in the long run, would reduce consumer choice. Consumer groups and Tesco say that Levi's case is specious. The supermarket argues that it was just arbitraging the price differential between Levi's jeans sold in America and Europe--a service performed a million times a day in financial markets, and one that has led to real benefits for consumers. Tesco has been selling some 15, 000 pairs of Levi's jeans a week, for about half the price they command in specialist stores approved by Levi Strauss. Christine Cross, Tesco's head of global non-food sourcing, says the ruling risks " creating a Fortress Europe with a vengeance" .
The debate will rage on, and has implications well beyond casual clothes (Levi Strauss was joined in its lawsuit by Zino Davidoff, a perfume maker). The question at its heart is not whether brands need to control how they are sold to protect their image, but whether it is the job of the courts to help them do this. Gucci, an Italian clothes label whose image was being destroyed by loose licensing and over-exposure in discount stores, saved itself not by resorting to the courts but by ending contracts with third-party suppliers, controlling its distribution better and opening its own stores. It is now hard to find cut-price Gucci anywhere.
Brand experts argue that Levi Strauss, which has been losing market share to hipper rivals such as Diesel, is no longer strong enough to command premium prices. Left to market forces, so-so brands such as Levi's might well fade away and be replaced by fresher labels. With the courts protecting its prices, Levi Strauss may hang on for longer. But no court can help to make it a great brand again. | 613.txt | 3 |
[
"biased",
"indifferent",
"puzzling",
"objective"
] | The author‘s attitude towards Levi's prospect seems to be _ . | One of the most exciting and enriching experiences a person can have is that of living abroad.
It was a ruling that had consumers seething with anger and many a free trader crying foul. On November 20th the European Court of Justice decided that Tesco, a British supermarket chain, should not be allowed to import jeans made by America's Levi Strauss from outside the European Union and sell them at cut-rate prices without getting permission first from the jeans maker. Ironically, the ruling is based on an EU trademark directive that was designed to protect local, not American, manufacturers from price dumping. The idea is that any brand-owning firm should be allowed to position its goods and segment its markets as it sees fit： Levi's jeans, just like Gucci handbags, must be allowed to be expensive.
Levi Strauss persuaded the court that, by selling its jeans cheaply alongside soap powder and bananas, Tesco was destroying the image and so the value of its brands--which could only lead to less innovation and, in the long run, would reduce consumer choice. Consumer groups and Tesco say that Levi's case is specious. The supermarket argues that it was just arbitraging the price differential between Levi's jeans sold in America and Europe--a service performed a million times a day in financial markets, and one that has led to real benefits for consumers. Tesco has been selling some 15, 000 pairs of Levi's jeans a week, for about half the price they command in specialist stores approved by Levi Strauss. Christine Cross, Tesco's head of global non-food sourcing, says the ruling risks " creating a Fortress Europe with a vengeance" .
The debate will rage on, and has implications well beyond casual clothes (Levi Strauss was joined in its lawsuit by Zino Davidoff, a perfume maker). The question at its heart is not whether brands need to control how they are sold to protect their image, but whether it is the job of the courts to help them do this. Gucci, an Italian clothes label whose image was being destroyed by loose licensing and over-exposure in discount stores, saved itself not by resorting to the courts but by ending contracts with third-party suppliers, controlling its distribution better and opening its own stores. It is now hard to find cut-price Gucci anywhere.
Brand experts argue that Levi Strauss, which has been losing market share to hipper rivals such as Diesel, is no longer strong enough to command premium prices. Left to market forces, so-so brands such as Levi's might well fade away and be replaced by fresher labels. With the courts protecting its prices, Levi Strauss may hang on for longer. But no court can help to make it a great brand again. | 613.txt | 3 |
[
"many short sleepers need less sleep by nature",
"many short sleepers are obliged to reduce their nightly sleep time because they are busy with their work",
"long sleepers sleep a longer period of time during the day",
"many long sleepers preserve their sleeping habit formed during their childhood"
] | According to the report,_ . | Baekeland and Hartmann report that the "short sleepers" had been more or less average in their sleep needs until the men were in their teens. But at about age 15 or so, the men voluntarily began cutting down their nightly sleep time because of pressures from school, work, and other activities. These men tended to view their nightly periods of unconsciousness as bothersome interruptions in their daily routines.
In general, these "short sleeps" appeared ambitious, active, energetic, cheerful, conformist in their opinions, and very sure about their career choices. They often held several jobs at once, or workers full-or part-time while going to school. And many of them had a strong urge to appear "normal" or "acceptable" to their friends and associates.
When asked to recall their dreams, the "short sleepers" did poorly. More than this, they seemed to prefer not remembering. In similar fashion, their usual way of dealing with psychological problems was to deny that the problem existed, and then to keep busy in the hope that the trouble would go away.
The sleep patterns of the "short sleepers" were similar to, but less extreme than, sleep patterns shown by many mental patients categorized as manic.
The "long sleepers" were quite different indeed. Baekeland and Hartmann report that these young men had been lengthy sleeps since childhood. They seemed to enjoy their sleep, protected it, and were quite concerned when they were occasionally deprived of their desired 9 hours of nightly bed rest. They tended to recall their dreams much better than did the "short sleepers."
Many of the "long sleepers" were shy, anxious, introverted , inhibited , passive, mildly depressed, and unsure of themselves (particularly in social situations). Several openly states that sleep was an escape from their daily problems. | 1514.txt | 3 |
[
"sleep is a withdrawal from the reality",
"sleep interferes with their sound judgement",
"sleep is the least expensive item on their routine program",
"sleep is the best way to deal with psychological troubles"
] | Many "short sleepers" are likely to hold the view that _ . | Baekeland and Hartmann report that the "short sleepers" had been more or less average in their sleep needs until the men were in their teens. But at about age 15 or so, the men voluntarily began cutting down their nightly sleep time because of pressures from school, work, and other activities. These men tended to view their nightly periods of unconsciousness as bothersome interruptions in their daily routines.
In general, these "short sleeps" appeared ambitious, active, energetic, cheerful, conformist in their opinions, and very sure about their career choices. They often held several jobs at once, or workers full-or part-time while going to school. And many of them had a strong urge to appear "normal" or "acceptable" to their friends and associates.
When asked to recall their dreams, the "short sleepers" did poorly. More than this, they seemed to prefer not remembering. In similar fashion, their usual way of dealing with psychological problems was to deny that the problem existed, and then to keep busy in the hope that the trouble would go away.
The sleep patterns of the "short sleepers" were similar to, but less extreme than, sleep patterns shown by many mental patients categorized as manic.
The "long sleepers" were quite different indeed. Baekeland and Hartmann report that these young men had been lengthy sleeps since childhood. They seemed to enjoy their sleep, protected it, and were quite concerned when they were occasionally deprived of their desired 9 hours of nightly bed rest. They tended to recall their dreams much better than did the "short sleepers."
Many of the "long sleepers" were shy, anxious, introverted , inhibited , passive, mildly depressed, and unsure of themselves (particularly in social situations). Several openly states that sleep was an escape from their daily problems. | 1514.txt | 2 |
[
"are ideally vigorous even under the pressures of life",
"often neglect the consequences of inadequate sleep",
"do not know how to relax properly",
"are more unlikely to run into mental problems"
] | It is stated in the third paragraph that short sleepers _ . | Baekeland and Hartmann report that the "short sleepers" had been more or less average in their sleep needs until the men were in their teens. But at about age 15 or so, the men voluntarily began cutting down their nightly sleep time because of pressures from school, work, and other activities. These men tended to view their nightly periods of unconsciousness as bothersome interruptions in their daily routines.
In general, these "short sleeps" appeared ambitious, active, energetic, cheerful, conformist in their opinions, and very sure about their career choices. They often held several jobs at once, or workers full-or part-time while going to school. And many of them had a strong urge to appear "normal" or "acceptable" to their friends and associates.
When asked to recall their dreams, the "short sleepers" did poorly. More than this, they seemed to prefer not remembering. In similar fashion, their usual way of dealing with psychological problems was to deny that the problem existed, and then to keep busy in the hope that the trouble would go away.
The sleep patterns of the "short sleepers" were similar to, but less extreme than, sleep patterns shown by many mental patients categorized as manic.
The "long sleepers" were quite different indeed. Baekeland and Hartmann report that these young men had been lengthy sleeps since childhood. They seemed to enjoy their sleep, protected it, and were quite concerned when they were occasionally deprived of their desired 9 hours of nightly bed rest. They tended to recall their dreams much better than did the "short sleepers."
Many of the "long sleepers" were shy, anxious, introverted , inhibited , passive, mildly depressed, and unsure of themselves (particularly in social situations). Several openly states that sleep was an escape from their daily problems. | 1514.txt | 1 |
[
"appear disturbed",
"become energetic",
"feel dissatisfied",
"be extremely depressed"
] | When sometimes they cannot enjoy adequate sleep, the long sleepers might _ . | Baekeland and Hartmann report that the "short sleepers" had been more or less average in their sleep needs until the men were in their teens. But at about age 15 or so, the men voluntarily began cutting down their nightly sleep time because of pressures from school, work, and other activities. These men tended to view their nightly periods of unconsciousness as bothersome interruptions in their daily routines.
In general, these "short sleeps" appeared ambitious, active, energetic, cheerful, conformist in their opinions, and very sure about their career choices. They often held several jobs at once, or workers full-or part-time while going to school. And many of them had a strong urge to appear "normal" or "acceptable" to their friends and associates.
When asked to recall their dreams, the "short sleepers" did poorly. More than this, they seemed to prefer not remembering. In similar fashion, their usual way of dealing with psychological problems was to deny that the problem existed, and then to keep busy in the hope that the trouble would go away.
The sleep patterns of the "short sleepers" were similar to, but less extreme than, sleep patterns shown by many mental patients categorized as manic.
The "long sleepers" were quite different indeed. Baekeland and Hartmann report that these young men had been lengthy sleeps since childhood. They seemed to enjoy their sleep, protected it, and were quite concerned when they were occasionally deprived of their desired 9 hours of nightly bed rest. They tended to recall their dreams much better than did the "short sleepers."
Many of the "long sleepers" were shy, anxious, introverted , inhibited , passive, mildly depressed, and unsure of themselves (particularly in social situations). Several openly states that sleep was an escape from their daily problems. | 1514.txt | 0 |
[
"If one sleeps inadequately, his performance suffers and his memory is weakened",
"The sleep patterns of short sleepers are exactly the sane as those shown by many mental patients",
"Long and short sleepers differ in their attitudes towards sleep",
"Short sleepers would be better off with more rest"
] | Which of the following is Not included in the passage? | Baekeland and Hartmann report that the "short sleepers" had been more or less average in their sleep needs until the men were in their teens. But at about age 15 or so, the men voluntarily began cutting down their nightly sleep time because of pressures from school, work, and other activities. These men tended to view their nightly periods of unconsciousness as bothersome interruptions in their daily routines.
In general, these "short sleeps" appeared ambitious, active, energetic, cheerful, conformist in their opinions, and very sure about their career choices. They often held several jobs at once, or workers full-or part-time while going to school. And many of them had a strong urge to appear "normal" or "acceptable" to their friends and associates.
When asked to recall their dreams, the "short sleepers" did poorly. More than this, they seemed to prefer not remembering. In similar fashion, their usual way of dealing with psychological problems was to deny that the problem existed, and then to keep busy in the hope that the trouble would go away.
The sleep patterns of the "short sleepers" were similar to, but less extreme than, sleep patterns shown by many mental patients categorized as manic.
The "long sleepers" were quite different indeed. Baekeland and Hartmann report that these young men had been lengthy sleeps since childhood. They seemed to enjoy their sleep, protected it, and were quite concerned when they were occasionally deprived of their desired 9 hours of nightly bed rest. They tended to recall their dreams much better than did the "short sleepers."
Many of the "long sleepers" were shy, anxious, introverted , inhibited , passive, mildly depressed, and unsure of themselves (particularly in social situations). Several openly states that sleep was an escape from their daily problems. | 1514.txt | 1 |
[
"steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus.",
"the fropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study.",
"the Ph. D. holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout.",
"The high dropouts rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members."
] | The author states that many educators feel that | Dropouts for Ph. D. s
Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.
The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph. D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.
Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated `because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable of competing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph. D.
level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph. D.'
"The results of our research" Dr. Tucker concluded, "did not support these opinions."
Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.
Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialities.
Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.
Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph. D. program, lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent.
As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving$20,000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D. `s with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D.'s shone in the$7,500 to$15,000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D.'s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.
As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25%of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job. | 227.txt | 0 |
[
"Dropouts are substantially below Ph. D. `s in financial attainment.",
"the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph. D. studies.",
"The Ph. D. candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out.",
"about one-third of those who start Ph. D. work do not complete the work to earn the degree."
] | Research has shown that | Dropouts for Ph. D. s
Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.
The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph. D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.
Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated `because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable of competing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph. D.
level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph. D.'
"The results of our research" Dr. Tucker concluded, "did not support these opinions."
Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.
Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialities.
Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.
Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph. D. program, lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent.
As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving$20,000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D. `s with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D.'s shone in the$7,500 to$15,000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D.'s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.
As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25%of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job. | 227.txt | 3 |
[
"is the most frequent reason for dropping out.",
"is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate.",
"is an essential part of many Ph. D. programs.",
"does not vary in difficulty among universities."
] | Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph. D. | Dropouts for Ph. D. s
Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.
The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph. D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.
Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated `because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable of competing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph. D.
level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph. D.'
"The results of our research" Dr. Tucker concluded, "did not support these opinions."
Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.
Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialities.
Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.
Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph. D. program, lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent.
As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving$20,000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D. `s with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D.'s shone in the$7,500 to$15,000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D.'s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.
As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25%of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job. | 227.txt | 2 |
[
"optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph. D. dropouts to return to their pursuit of the degree.",
"a Ph. D. dropout, by and large, does not have what it takes to learn the degree.",
"colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph. D. dropouts.",
"Ph. D. `s are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic positions."
] | After reading the article, one would refrain from concluding that | Dropouts for Ph. D. s
Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.
The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph. D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.
Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated `because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable of competing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph. D.
level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph. D.'
"The results of our research" Dr. Tucker concluded, "did not support these opinions."
Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.
Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialities.
Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.
Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph. D. program, lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent.
As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving$20,000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D. `s with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D.'s shone in the$7,500 to$15,000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D.'s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.
As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25%of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job. | 227.txt | 0 |
[
"salary for Ph. D. too low.",
"academic requirement too high.",
"salary for dropouts too high.",
"1000 positions."
] | It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies in | Dropouts for Ph. D. s
Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.
The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph. D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.
Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated `because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable of competing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph. D.
level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph. D.'
"The results of our research" Dr. Tucker concluded, "did not support these opinions."
Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.
Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialities.
Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.
Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph. D. program, lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent.
As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving$20,000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D. `s with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D.'s shone in the$7,500 to$15,000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D.'s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.
As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25%of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job. | 227.txt | 0 |
[
"in a web",
"by drowning",
"by poisoning",
"with its antennae"
] | How does the grass water spider kill its prey? | Some spiders hunt on the ground, others build webs to trap their food, but the grass water spider catches its prey by running along the surface of the water.
This special water spider lives on the grassy banks of streams where mosquitoes, damsel flies and other insects come to feed and breed.
Although it is one of the largest spiders in New Zealand, it has an unusual ability. It doesn't disturb the water as it waits for its meal, and there is barely a ripple when it skims across the surface at lightning speed to catch its prey.
Grass water spiders deal swiftly with larger insects like damsel flies by pulling their heads under the water and holding them there until they drown.
After a meal, the grass water spider spends up to half an hour grooming itself. It wipes its eight eyes, brushes its antennae, and takes special care to clean the hairs on its body.
It is the hairs that trap tiny bubbles of air so that the spider can run down a blade of grass and stay underwater for up to an hour when it is frightened. The hairs also keep the spider dry, even underwater.
It is only when the female spider is caring for the young that she does not hunt on the water. After mating, she produces a large egg sac, which she carries around for five weeks. Once the eggs start to hatch, she attaches the sac to some blades of grass or a thistle. She then tears the sac open and releases the tiny spiders into the nursery web. | 2836.txt | 1 |
[
"it walks on water",
"it has eight eyes",
"of its hairy appearance",
"of the way it produces its young"
] | the writer describes the special spider as "special" because _ . | Some spiders hunt on the ground, others build webs to trap their food, but the grass water spider catches its prey by running along the surface of the water.
This special water spider lives on the grassy banks of streams where mosquitoes, damsel flies and other insects come to feed and breed.
Although it is one of the largest spiders in New Zealand, it has an unusual ability. It doesn't disturb the water as it waits for its meal, and there is barely a ripple when it skims across the surface at lightning speed to catch its prey.
Grass water spiders deal swiftly with larger insects like damsel flies by pulling their heads under the water and holding them there until they drown.
After a meal, the grass water spider spends up to half an hour grooming itself. It wipes its eight eyes, brushes its antennae, and takes special care to clean the hairs on its body.
It is the hairs that trap tiny bubbles of air so that the spider can run down a blade of grass and stay underwater for up to an hour when it is frightened. The hairs also keep the spider dry, even underwater.
It is only when the female spider is caring for the young that she does not hunt on the water. After mating, she produces a large egg sac, which she carries around for five weeks. Once the eggs start to hatch, she attaches the sac to some blades of grass or a thistle. She then tears the sac open and releases the tiny spiders into the nursery web. | 2836.txt | 0 |
[
"feeds grass and thistles to its young.",
"lives on blades of grass under the water",
"lives in the grass on the banks of streams",
"eats a meal once every five weeks"
] | The passage tells us that the spider _ . | Some spiders hunt on the ground, others build webs to trap their food, but the grass water spider catches its prey by running along the surface of the water.
This special water spider lives on the grassy banks of streams where mosquitoes, damsel flies and other insects come to feed and breed.
Although it is one of the largest spiders in New Zealand, it has an unusual ability. It doesn't disturb the water as it waits for its meal, and there is barely a ripple when it skims across the surface at lightning speed to catch its prey.
Grass water spiders deal swiftly with larger insects like damsel flies by pulling their heads under the water and holding them there until they drown.
After a meal, the grass water spider spends up to half an hour grooming itself. It wipes its eight eyes, brushes its antennae, and takes special care to clean the hairs on its body.
It is the hairs that trap tiny bubbles of air so that the spider can run down a blade of grass and stay underwater for up to an hour when it is frightened. The hairs also keep the spider dry, even underwater.
It is only when the female spider is caring for the young that she does not hunt on the water. After mating, she produces a large egg sac, which she carries around for five weeks. Once the eggs start to hatch, she attaches the sac to some blades of grass or a thistle. She then tears the sac open and releases the tiny spiders into the nursery web. | 2836.txt | 2 |
[
"convince readers that spiders are dangerous",
"indicate that the grass water spider is endangered",
"list all of the spiders that can be found in New Zealand",
"describe the characteristics of the grass water spider"
] | The purpose of the passage is to _ . | Some spiders hunt on the ground, others build webs to trap their food, but the grass water spider catches its prey by running along the surface of the water.
This special water spider lives on the grassy banks of streams where mosquitoes, damsel flies and other insects come to feed and breed.
Although it is one of the largest spiders in New Zealand, it has an unusual ability. It doesn't disturb the water as it waits for its meal, and there is barely a ripple when it skims across the surface at lightning speed to catch its prey.
Grass water spiders deal swiftly with larger insects like damsel flies by pulling their heads under the water and holding them there until they drown.
After a meal, the grass water spider spends up to half an hour grooming itself. It wipes its eight eyes, brushes its antennae, and takes special care to clean the hairs on its body.
It is the hairs that trap tiny bubbles of air so that the spider can run down a blade of grass and stay underwater for up to an hour when it is frightened. The hairs also keep the spider dry, even underwater.
It is only when the female spider is caring for the young that she does not hunt on the water. After mating, she produces a large egg sac, which she carries around for five weeks. Once the eggs start to hatch, she attaches the sac to some blades of grass or a thistle. She then tears the sac open and releases the tiny spiders into the nursery web. | 2836.txt | 3 |
[
"delicate",
"elaborate",
"private",
"common"
] | The word "complex"(Paragraph 1)in the passage is closest in meaning to | Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction-and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.
People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.
Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.
A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.
Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.
Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.
Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them. | 786.txt | 1 |
[
"It is a structure of associations with many people.",
"It should be studied in the course of a social interaction.",
"It places great demands on people.",
"It develops gradually overtime."
] | According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of a relationship? | Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction-and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.
People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.
Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.
A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.
Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.
Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.
Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them. | 786.txt | 3 |
[
"leaving",
"exposing",
"providing",
"understanding"
] | The word endowing in the passage(Paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to | Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction-and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.
People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.
Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.
A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.
Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.
Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.
Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them. | 786.txt | 2 |
[
"Instrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would normally not cooperate.",
"Instrumental ties require as much emotional investment as expressive ties.",
"Instrumental ties involve security, love, and acceptance.",
"Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant."
] | Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author's mention of working with competitors in paragraph 2? | Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction-and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.
People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.
Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.
A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.
Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.
Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.
Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them. | 786.txt | 0 |
[
"Primary groups consist of people working together, while secondary groups exist outside of work settings.",
"In primary groups people are seen as means, while in secondary groups people are seen as ends.",
"Primary groups involve personal relationships, while secondary groups are mainly practical in purpose.",
"Primary groups are generally small, while secondary groups often contain more than two people."
] | According to paragraph 3, what do sociologists see as the main difference between primary and secondary groups? | Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction-and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.
People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.
Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.
A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.
Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.
Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.
Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them. | 786.txt | 2 |
[
"Secondary group relationships begin by being primary group relationships.",
"A secondary group relationship that is highly visible quickly becomes a primary group relationship.",
"Sociologists believe that only primary group relationships are important to society.",
"Even in secondary groups, frequent communication serves to bring people into close relationships."
] | Which of the following can be inferred from the author's claim in paragraph 3 that primary group relationships sometimes evolve out of secondary group relationships? | Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction-and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.
People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.
Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.
A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.
Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.
Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.
Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them. | 786.txt | 3 |
[
"enlarge",
"evaluate",
"impress",
"accept"
] | The phrase "size up" in the passage(Paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to | Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction-and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.
People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.
Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.
A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.
Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.
Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.
Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them. | 786.txt | 1 |
[
"drawing comparisons between theory and practice",
"presenting two opposing theories",
"defining important concepts and providing examples of them",
"discussing causes and their effects"
] | This passage is developed primarily by | Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction-and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.
People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.
Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.
A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.
Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.
Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.
Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them. | 786.txt | 2 |
[
"detract",
"advance",
"select",
"depart"
] | The word "deviate" in the passage(Paragraph 7)is closest in meaning to | Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction-and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.
People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.
Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.
A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.
Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.
Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.
Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them. | 786.txt | 3 |
[
"To enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the group",
"To discourage offending individuals from remaining in the group",
"To commend and reward the behavior of the other members of the group",
"To decide which behavioral norms should be passed on to the next generation"
] | According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning? | Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction-and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.
People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.
Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.
A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.
Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.
Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.
Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them. | 786.txt | 0 |
[
"In the middle zone.",
"In the inner zone.",
"In the outer zone.",
"In the inner and middle zone."
] | Where will people live and go out to enjoy themselves? | Douglas Grace talks about his ideal city of the future.
I see the city of the future in three zones---inner, middle and outer. In the inner zone there will be no private cars. Public transport will be free and there will only be ambulances, fire engines, taxis and police cars. This inner zone will be the residential and recreational area of the city. People will live there and go out to enjoy themselves----to cinemas and restaurants. There will be parks and open spaces, trees and lakes, schools and universities. This way, when people are at home, they can go out easily and safely.
Just outside the inner zone there will be big car parks for all private cars.
The banks and most of the shops and hospitals will be in the middle zone. These are things that people don't need every day.
All the factories and offices will be in the outer zone. People will travel out of the center to work, and back to the center in the evenings. The inner zone will be cleaner and better to live in and there will be more space for industry on the outside.
This is my ideal city of the future--- a very beautiful place! But I don't really think things will ever be like that! | 1685.txt | 1 |
[
"Just outside the middle zone.",
"Just inside the middle zone.",
"Just outside the inner zone.",
"Just inside the inner zone."
] | Where will big car parks be? | Douglas Grace talks about his ideal city of the future.
I see the city of the future in three zones---inner, middle and outer. In the inner zone there will be no private cars. Public transport will be free and there will only be ambulances, fire engines, taxis and police cars. This inner zone will be the residential and recreational area of the city. People will live there and go out to enjoy themselves----to cinemas and restaurants. There will be parks and open spaces, trees and lakes, schools and universities. This way, when people are at home, they can go out easily and safely.
Just outside the inner zone there will be big car parks for all private cars.
The banks and most of the shops and hospitals will be in the middle zone. These are things that people don't need every day.
All the factories and offices will be in the outer zone. People will travel out of the center to work, and back to the center in the evenings. The inner zone will be cleaner and better to live in and there will be more space for industry on the outside.
This is my ideal city of the future--- a very beautiful place! But I don't really think things will ever be like that! | 1685.txt | 2 |
[
"The banks, hospitals and schools.",
"The banks, hospitals and police stations.",
"The banks, schools and car parks.",
"The banks, hospital and most of the shops."
] | What will be in the middle zone? | Douglas Grace talks about his ideal city of the future.
I see the city of the future in three zones---inner, middle and outer. In the inner zone there will be no private cars. Public transport will be free and there will only be ambulances, fire engines, taxis and police cars. This inner zone will be the residential and recreational area of the city. People will live there and go out to enjoy themselves----to cinemas and restaurants. There will be parks and open spaces, trees and lakes, schools and universities. This way, when people are at home, they can go out easily and safely.
Just outside the inner zone there will be big car parks for all private cars.
The banks and most of the shops and hospitals will be in the middle zone. These are things that people don't need every day.
All the factories and offices will be in the outer zone. People will travel out of the center to work, and back to the center in the evenings. The inner zone will be cleaner and better to live in and there will be more space for industry on the outside.
This is my ideal city of the future--- a very beautiful place! But I don't really think things will ever be like that! | 1685.txt | 3 |
[
"In the outer zone.",
"In the middle zone.",
"In the inner zone.",
"In the middle and inner zone."
] | Where will the factories and offices be? | Douglas Grace talks about his ideal city of the future.
I see the city of the future in three zones---inner, middle and outer. In the inner zone there will be no private cars. Public transport will be free and there will only be ambulances, fire engines, taxis and police cars. This inner zone will be the residential and recreational area of the city. People will live there and go out to enjoy themselves----to cinemas and restaurants. There will be parks and open spaces, trees and lakes, schools and universities. This way, when people are at home, they can go out easily and safely.
Just outside the inner zone there will be big car parks for all private cars.
The banks and most of the shops and hospitals will be in the middle zone. These are things that people don't need every day.
All the factories and offices will be in the outer zone. People will travel out of the center to work, and back to the center in the evenings. The inner zone will be cleaner and better to live in and there will be more space for industry on the outside.
This is my ideal city of the future--- a very beautiful place! But I don't really think things will ever be like that! | 1685.txt | 0 |
[
"a painter",
"a builder",
"a town planner",
"an officer"
] | Douglas Grace is probably. | Douglas Grace talks about his ideal city of the future.
I see the city of the future in three zones---inner, middle and outer. In the inner zone there will be no private cars. Public transport will be free and there will only be ambulances, fire engines, taxis and police cars. This inner zone will be the residential and recreational area of the city. People will live there and go out to enjoy themselves----to cinemas and restaurants. There will be parks and open spaces, trees and lakes, schools and universities. This way, when people are at home, they can go out easily and safely.
Just outside the inner zone there will be big car parks for all private cars.
The banks and most of the shops and hospitals will be in the middle zone. These are things that people don't need every day.
All the factories and offices will be in the outer zone. People will travel out of the center to work, and back to the center in the evenings. The inner zone will be cleaner and better to live in and there will be more space for industry on the outside.
This is my ideal city of the future--- a very beautiful place! But I don't really think things will ever be like that! | 1685.txt | 2 |
[
"as loudly as possible",
"in a low voice",
"loudly",
"forcefully"
] | When you speak to the class, you should speak _ . | Everyday we go to school and listen to the teacher, and the teacher will ask us some questions. Sometimes, the classmates will ask your opinions of the work of the class. When you are telling others in the class what you have found out about these topics, remember that they must be able to hear what you are saying. You are not taking part in a family conversation or having a chatwith friends-you are in a slightly unnatural situation where a large group of people will remain silent, waiting to hear what you have to say. You must speak so that they can hear you-loudly enough and clearly enough but without trying to shout of appearing to force yourself.
Remember, too, that it is the same if you are called to an interview whether it is with a professor of your school or a government official who might meet you. The person you are seeing will try to put you at your easebut the situation is somewhatdifferent from that of an ordinary conversation. You must take special care that you can be heard. | 720.txt | 2 |
[
"noisy",
"quiet",
"having a rest",
"serious"
] | Usually, when you speak to the class, the class is _ . | Everyday we go to school and listen to the teacher, and the teacher will ask us some questions. Sometimes, the classmates will ask your opinions of the work of the class. When you are telling others in the class what you have found out about these topics, remember that they must be able to hear what you are saying. You are not taking part in a family conversation or having a chatwith friends-you are in a slightly unnatural situation where a large group of people will remain silent, waiting to hear what you have to say. You must speak so that they can hear you-loudly enough and clearly enough but without trying to shout of appearing to force yourself.
Remember, too, that it is the same if you are called to an interview whether it is with a professor of your school or a government official who might meet you. The person you are seeing will try to put you at your easebut the situation is somewhatdifferent from that of an ordinary conversation. You must take special care that you can be heard. | 720.txt | 1 |
[
"not very different from",
"sometimes the same as",
"sometimes not the same as",
"not the same as"
] | The situation in the class is _ that in your house. | Everyday we go to school and listen to the teacher, and the teacher will ask us some questions. Sometimes, the classmates will ask your opinions of the work of the class. When you are telling others in the class what you have found out about these topics, remember that they must be able to hear what you are saying. You are not taking part in a family conversation or having a chatwith friends-you are in a slightly unnatural situation where a large group of people will remain silent, waiting to hear what you have to say. You must speak so that they can hear you-loudly enough and clearly enough but without trying to shout of appearing to force yourself.
Remember, too, that it is the same if you are called to an interview whether it is with a professor of your school or a government official who might meet you. The person you are seeing will try to put you at your easebut the situation is somewhatdifferent from that of an ordinary conversation. You must take special care that you can be heard. | 720.txt | 3 |
[
"to show your ability",
"to be very gentle",
"to make sure that you can be heard",
"to put the official at ease"
] | If you are having a conversation with an official, the most important thing for you is _ . | Everyday we go to school and listen to the teacher, and the teacher will ask us some questions. Sometimes, the classmates will ask your opinions of the work of the class. When you are telling others in the class what you have found out about these topics, remember that they must be able to hear what you are saying. You are not taking part in a family conversation or having a chatwith friends-you are in a slightly unnatural situation where a large group of people will remain silent, waiting to hear what you have to say. You must speak so that they can hear you-loudly enough and clearly enough but without trying to shout of appearing to force yourself.
Remember, too, that it is the same if you are called to an interview whether it is with a professor of your school or a government official who might meet you. The person you are seeing will try to put you at your easebut the situation is somewhatdifferent from that of an ordinary conversation. You must take special care that you can be heard. | 720.txt | 2 |
[
"that we must use different ways at different situations",
"that we must speak loudly",
"that we must keep silent at any time",
"that we must talk with the class"
] | The main idea of this passage is _ . | Everyday we go to school and listen to the teacher, and the teacher will ask us some questions. Sometimes, the classmates will ask your opinions of the work of the class. When you are telling others in the class what you have found out about these topics, remember that they must be able to hear what you are saying. You are not taking part in a family conversation or having a chatwith friends-you are in a slightly unnatural situation where a large group of people will remain silent, waiting to hear what you have to say. You must speak so that they can hear you-loudly enough and clearly enough but without trying to shout of appearing to force yourself.
Remember, too, that it is the same if you are called to an interview whether it is with a professor of your school or a government official who might meet you. The person you are seeing will try to put you at your easebut the situation is somewhatdifferent from that of an ordinary conversation. You must take special care that you can be heard. | 720.txt | 0 |
[
"many people began to call for humane treatment of animals that year",
"a new book was published that broadened the animal rights movement",
"the environmentalists began to show interest in animal protection",
"the trapping of animals began to go wild all through the world"
] | 1975 was an important year in the history of animal treatment because | Since 1975 advocates of humane treatment of animals have broadened their goals to oppose the use of animals for fur, leather, wool and food.They have moaned protests against all forms of hunting and the trapping of animals in the wild.And they have joined environmentalists in urging protection of natural habitats from commercial or residential development.The occasion for these added emphases was the publication in 1975 of Animal Liberation：A New Ethics for Our Treatment ofAnimals by Peter Singer, formerly a professor ofphUosophy at Oxford University in England.This book gave a new impetus to the animal rights movement.
The post 1 975 animal rights activists are far more vocal than theirpredecessors, and the organizations to which they belong are generally more radical.Many new organizations are formed.The tactics of the activists are designed to catch the attention of the public.Since the mid 1 980s there have been frequent newsreports about animal rights organizations picketing stores that sell furs, harassing hunters in the wild, or breaking into laboratories to free animals.Some of the more extreme organizations advocate the use of assault, armed terrorism, and death threats to make their point.Aside from making isolated attacks on people who wear fur coats or trying to prevent hunters from killing animals, most of the organizations have directed their tactics at institutions.
The results of the protests and other tactics have been mixed.Companies are reducing reliance on animal testing.Medical research has been somewhat curtailed by legal restrictions and the reluctance of younger workers to use animals in research.New tests have been developed to replace the use of animals.Some well-known designers have stopped using fur.
While the general public tends to agree that animals should be treated humanely, most people are unlikely to give up eating meat or wearing goods made from leather and wool. Giving up genuine fur has become less of a problem, since fibers used to makefake fur such as the Japanese invention Kanecaron can look almost identical to real fur.Some of the strongest opposition to the animal rights movement has come from hunters and their organizations.But animal rights activists have succeeded in marshaling public opinion to press for state restrictions on hunting in several parts of the nation. | 602.txt | 1 |
[
"wipe out cruel people",
"stop using animals in the laboratory",
"attack hunters in the wild",
"catch full public attention"
] | Some animal rights organizations advocate the use of extreme means in order to | Since 1975 advocates of humane treatment of animals have broadened their goals to oppose the use of animals for fur, leather, wool and food.They have moaned protests against all forms of hunting and the trapping of animals in the wild.And they have joined environmentalists in urging protection of natural habitats from commercial or residential development.The occasion for these added emphases was the publication in 1975 of Animal Liberation：A New Ethics for Our Treatment ofAnimals by Peter Singer, formerly a professor ofphUosophy at Oxford University in England.This book gave a new impetus to the animal rights movement.
The post 1 975 animal rights activists are far more vocal than theirpredecessors, and the organizations to which they belong are generally more radical.Many new organizations are formed.The tactics of the activists are designed to catch the attention of the public.Since the mid 1 980s there have been frequent newsreports about animal rights organizations picketing stores that sell furs, harassing hunters in the wild, or breaking into laboratories to free animals.Some of the more extreme organizations advocate the use of assault, armed terrorism, and death threats to make their point.Aside from making isolated attacks on people who wear fur coats or trying to prevent hunters from killing animals, most of the organizations have directed their tactics at institutions.
The results of the protests and other tactics have been mixed.Companies are reducing reliance on animal testing.Medical research has been somewhat curtailed by legal restrictions and the reluctance of younger workers to use animals in research.New tests have been developed to replace the use of animals.Some well-known designers have stopped using fur.
While the general public tends to agree that animals should be treated humanely, most people are unlikely to give up eating meat or wearing goods made from leather and wool. Giving up genuine fur has become less of a problem, since fibers used to makefake fur such as the Japanese invention Kanecaron can look almost identical to real fur.Some of the strongest opposition to the animal rights movement has come from hunters and their organizations.But animal rights activists have succeeded in marshaling public opinion to press for state restrictions on hunting in several parts of the nation. | 602.txt | 3 |
[
"the protest and other tactics have produced desired effects",
"the protest and other tactics almost amounted to nothing",
"the protest and other tactics have some influence on the public",
"the protest and other tactics have proved to be too radical"
] | By saying" the results ofthe protests and other tactics have been mixed" (Line 1, Para.3), the author means | Since 1975 advocates of humane treatment of animals have broadened their goals to oppose the use of animals for fur, leather, wool and food.They have moaned protests against all forms of hunting and the trapping of animals in the wild.And they have joined environmentalists in urging protection of natural habitats from commercial or residential development.The occasion for these added emphases was the publication in 1975 of Animal Liberation：A New Ethics for Our Treatment ofAnimals by Peter Singer, formerly a professor ofphUosophy at Oxford University in England.This book gave a new impetus to the animal rights movement.
The post 1 975 animal rights activists are far more vocal than theirpredecessors, and the organizations to which they belong are generally more radical.Many new organizations are formed.The tactics of the activists are designed to catch the attention of the public.Since the mid 1 980s there have been frequent newsreports about animal rights organizations picketing stores that sell furs, harassing hunters in the wild, or breaking into laboratories to free animals.Some of the more extreme organizations advocate the use of assault, armed terrorism, and death threats to make their point.Aside from making isolated attacks on people who wear fur coats or trying to prevent hunters from killing animals, most of the organizations have directed their tactics at institutions.
The results of the protests and other tactics have been mixed.Companies are reducing reliance on animal testing.Medical research has been somewhat curtailed by legal restrictions and the reluctance of younger workers to use animals in research.New tests have been developed to replace the use of animals.Some well-known designers have stopped using fur.
While the general public tends to agree that animals should be treated humanely, most people are unlikely to give up eating meat or wearing goods made from leather and wool. Giving up genuine fur has become less of a problem, since fibers used to makefake fur such as the Japanese invention Kanecaron can look almost identical to real fur.Some of the strongest opposition to the animal rights movement has come from hunters and their organizations.But animal rights activists have succeeded in marshaling public opinion to press for state restrictions on hunting in several parts of the nation. | 602.txt | 2 |
[
"conducting",
"popularizing",
"changing",
"utraging"
] | The word" marshaling" (Line 5, Para.4)probably means | Since 1975 advocates of humane treatment of animals have broadened their goals to oppose the use of animals for fur, leather, wool and food.They have moaned protests against all forms of hunting and the trapping of animals in the wild.And they have joined environmentalists in urging protection of natural habitats from commercial or residential development.The occasion for these added emphases was the publication in 1975 of Animal Liberation：A New Ethics for Our Treatment ofAnimals by Peter Singer, formerly a professor ofphUosophy at Oxford University in England.This book gave a new impetus to the animal rights movement.
The post 1 975 animal rights activists are far more vocal than theirpredecessors, and the organizations to which they belong are generally more radical.Many new organizations are formed.The tactics of the activists are designed to catch the attention of the public.Since the mid 1 980s there have been frequent newsreports about animal rights organizations picketing stores that sell furs, harassing hunters in the wild, or breaking into laboratories to free animals.Some of the more extreme organizations advocate the use of assault, armed terrorism, and death threats to make their point.Aside from making isolated attacks on people who wear fur coats or trying to prevent hunters from killing animals, most of the organizations have directed their tactics at institutions.
The results of the protests and other tactics have been mixed.Companies are reducing reliance on animal testing.Medical research has been somewhat curtailed by legal restrictions and the reluctance of younger workers to use animals in research.New tests have been developed to replace the use of animals.Some well-known designers have stopped using fur.
While the general public tends to agree that animals should be treated humanely, most people are unlikely to give up eating meat or wearing goods made from leather and wool. Giving up genuine fur has become less of a problem, since fibers used to makefake fur such as the Japanese invention Kanecaron can look almost identical to real fur.Some of the strongest opposition to the animal rights movement has come from hunters and their organizations.But animal rights activists have succeeded in marshaling public opinion to press for state restrictions on hunting in several parts of the nation. | 602.txt | 0 |
[
"is strongly opposed to the animal rights movement",
"is in favor ofthe animal rights movement",
"supports the use of violence in animal protection",
"hatestheuse offakefurfor clothes"
] | It seems that the author ofthis article | Since 1975 advocates of humane treatment of animals have broadened their goals to oppose the use of animals for fur, leather, wool and food.They have moaned protests against all forms of hunting and the trapping of animals in the wild.And they have joined environmentalists in urging protection of natural habitats from commercial or residential development.The occasion for these added emphases was the publication in 1975 of Animal Liberation：A New Ethics for Our Treatment ofAnimals by Peter Singer, formerly a professor ofphUosophy at Oxford University in England.This book gave a new impetus to the animal rights movement.
The post 1 975 animal rights activists are far more vocal than theirpredecessors, and the organizations to which they belong are generally more radical.Many new organizations are formed.The tactics of the activists are designed to catch the attention of the public.Since the mid 1 980s there have been frequent newsreports about animal rights organizations picketing stores that sell furs, harassing hunters in the wild, or breaking into laboratories to free animals.Some of the more extreme organizations advocate the use of assault, armed terrorism, and death threats to make their point.Aside from making isolated attacks on people who wear fur coats or trying to prevent hunters from killing animals, most of the organizations have directed their tactics at institutions.
The results of the protests and other tactics have been mixed.Companies are reducing reliance on animal testing.Medical research has been somewhat curtailed by legal restrictions and the reluctance of younger workers to use animals in research.New tests have been developed to replace the use of animals.Some well-known designers have stopped using fur.
While the general public tends to agree that animals should be treated humanely, most people are unlikely to give up eating meat or wearing goods made from leather and wool. Giving up genuine fur has become less of a problem, since fibers used to makefake fur such as the Japanese invention Kanecaron can look almost identical to real fur.Some of the strongest opposition to the animal rights movement has come from hunters and their organizations.But animal rights activists have succeeded in marshaling public opinion to press for state restrictions on hunting in several parts of the nation. | 602.txt | 2 |
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