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[
"the advantages of specialization",
"the type of food that larvae are fed",
"the ways ant colonies train their young for adult tasks",
"the different stages of ant development"
] | The task of feeding larvae is mentioned in the passage to demonstrate | What unusual or unique biological trait led to the remarkable diversification and unchallenged success of the ants for ever 50 million years? The answer appears to be that they were the first group of predatory eusocial insects that both lived and foraged primarily in the soil and in rotting vegetation on the ground. Eusocial refers to a form of insect society characterized by specialization of tasks and cooperative care of the young; it is rare among insects. Richly organized colonies of the land made possible by eusociality enjoy several key advantages over solitary individuals.
Under most circumstances groups of workers are better able to forage for food and defend the nest, because they can switch from individual to group response and back again swiftly and according to need. When a food object or nest intruder is too large for one individual to handle, nestmates can be quickly assembled by alarm or recruitment signals. Equally important is the fact that the execution of multiple-step tasks is accomplished in a series-parallel sequence. That is, individual ants can specialize in particular steps, moving from one object (such as a larva to be feD. to another (a second larva to be feD. They do not need to carry each task to completion from start to finish - for example, to check the larva first, then collect the food, then feed the larva. Hence, if each link in the chain has many workers in attendance, a series directed at any particular object is less likely to fail. Moreover, ants specializing in particular labor categories typically constitute a caste specialized by age or body form or both. There has been some documentation of the superiority in performance and net energetic yield of various castes for their modal tasks, although careful experimental studies are still relatively few.
What makes ants unusual in the company of eusocial insects is the fact that they are the only eusocial predators (predators are animals that capture and feed on other animals) occupying the soil and ground litter. The eusocial termites live in the same places as ants and also have wingless workers, but they feed almost exclusively on dead vegetation. | 358.txt | 0 |
[
"a logical conclusion",
"the next step in a senes of steps",
"a reason for further study",
"the relationship among ants"
] | The author uses the word "Hence" in line 16 to indicate | What unusual or unique biological trait led to the remarkable diversification and unchallenged success of the ants for ever 50 million years? The answer appears to be that they were the first group of predatory eusocial insects that both lived and foraged primarily in the soil and in rotting vegetation on the ground. Eusocial refers to a form of insect society characterized by specialization of tasks and cooperative care of the young; it is rare among insects. Richly organized colonies of the land made possible by eusociality enjoy several key advantages over solitary individuals.
Under most circumstances groups of workers are better able to forage for food and defend the nest, because they can switch from individual to group response and back again swiftly and according to need. When a food object or nest intruder is too large for one individual to handle, nestmates can be quickly assembled by alarm or recruitment signals. Equally important is the fact that the execution of multiple-step tasks is accomplished in a series-parallel sequence. That is, individual ants can specialize in particular steps, moving from one object (such as a larva to be feD. to another (a second larva to be feD. They do not need to carry each task to completion from start to finish - for example, to check the larva first, then collect the food, then feed the larva. Hence, if each link in the chain has many workers in attendance, a series directed at any particular object is less likely to fail. Moreover, ants specializing in particular labor categories typically constitute a caste specialized by age or body form or both. There has been some documentation of the superiority in performance and net energetic yield of various castes for their modal tasks, although careful experimental studies are still relatively few.
What makes ants unusual in the company of eusocial insects is the fact that they are the only eusocial predators (predators are animals that capture and feed on other animals) occupying the soil and ground litter. The eusocial termites live in the same places as ants and also have wingless workers, but they feed almost exclusively on dead vegetation. | 358.txt | 0 |
[
"eusocial (line 3)",
"series-parallel sequence (line 13)",
"caste (line 19)",
"predators (line 23)"
] | All of the following terms art defined in the passage EXCEPT | What unusual or unique biological trait led to the remarkable diversification and unchallenged success of the ants for ever 50 million years? The answer appears to be that they were the first group of predatory eusocial insects that both lived and foraged primarily in the soil and in rotting vegetation on the ground. Eusocial refers to a form of insect society characterized by specialization of tasks and cooperative care of the young; it is rare among insects. Richly organized colonies of the land made possible by eusociality enjoy several key advantages over solitary individuals.
Under most circumstances groups of workers are better able to forage for food and defend the nest, because they can switch from individual to group response and back again swiftly and according to need. When a food object or nest intruder is too large for one individual to handle, nestmates can be quickly assembled by alarm or recruitment signals. Equally important is the fact that the execution of multiple-step tasks is accomplished in a series-parallel sequence. That is, individual ants can specialize in particular steps, moving from one object (such as a larva to be feD. to another (a second larva to be feD. They do not need to carry each task to completion from start to finish - for example, to check the larva first, then collect the food, then feed the larva. Hence, if each link in the chain has many workers in attendance, a series directed at any particular object is less likely to fail. Moreover, ants specializing in particular labor categories typically constitute a caste specialized by age or body form or both. There has been some documentation of the superiority in performance and net energetic yield of various castes for their modal tasks, although careful experimental studies are still relatively few.
What makes ants unusual in the company of eusocial insects is the fact that they are the only eusocial predators (predators are animals that capture and feed on other animals) occupying the soil and ground litter. The eusocial termites live in the same places as ants and also have wingless workers, but they feed almost exclusively on dead vegetation. | 358.txt | 2 |
[
"termites",
"ants",
"places",
"predators"
] | The word "they" in line 25 refers to | What unusual or unique biological trait led to the remarkable diversification and unchallenged success of the ants for ever 50 million years? The answer appears to be that they were the first group of predatory eusocial insects that both lived and foraged primarily in the soil and in rotting vegetation on the ground. Eusocial refers to a form of insect society characterized by specialization of tasks and cooperative care of the young; it is rare among insects. Richly organized colonies of the land made possible by eusociality enjoy several key advantages over solitary individuals.
Under most circumstances groups of workers are better able to forage for food and defend the nest, because they can switch from individual to group response and back again swiftly and according to need. When a food object or nest intruder is too large for one individual to handle, nestmates can be quickly assembled by alarm or recruitment signals. Equally important is the fact that the execution of multiple-step tasks is accomplished in a series-parallel sequence. That is, individual ants can specialize in particular steps, moving from one object (such as a larva to be feD. to another (a second larva to be feD. They do not need to carry each task to completion from start to finish - for example, to check the larva first, then collect the food, then feed the larva. Hence, if each link in the chain has many workers in attendance, a series directed at any particular object is less likely to fail. Moreover, ants specializing in particular labor categories typically constitute a caste specialized by age or body form or both. There has been some documentation of the superiority in performance and net energetic yield of various castes for their modal tasks, although careful experimental studies are still relatively few.
What makes ants unusual in the company of eusocial insects is the fact that they are the only eusocial predators (predators are animals that capture and feed on other animals) occupying the soil and ground litter. The eusocial termites live in the same places as ants and also have wingless workers, but they feed almost exclusively on dead vegetation. | 358.txt | 0 |
[
"live above ground",
"are eusocial",
"protect their nests",
"eat almost no animal substances"
] | It can be inferred from the passage that one main difference between termites and ants is that termites | What unusual or unique biological trait led to the remarkable diversification and unchallenged success of the ants for ever 50 million years? The answer appears to be that they were the first group of predatory eusocial insects that both lived and foraged primarily in the soil and in rotting vegetation on the ground. Eusocial refers to a form of insect society characterized by specialization of tasks and cooperative care of the young; it is rare among insects. Richly organized colonies of the land made possible by eusociality enjoy several key advantages over solitary individuals.
Under most circumstances groups of workers are better able to forage for food and defend the nest, because they can switch from individual to group response and back again swiftly and according to need. When a food object or nest intruder is too large for one individual to handle, nestmates can be quickly assembled by alarm or recruitment signals. Equally important is the fact that the execution of multiple-step tasks is accomplished in a series-parallel sequence. That is, individual ants can specialize in particular steps, moving from one object (such as a larva to be feD. to another (a second larva to be feD. They do not need to carry each task to completion from start to finish - for example, to check the larva first, then collect the food, then feed the larva. Hence, if each link in the chain has many workers in attendance, a series directed at any particular object is less likely to fail. Moreover, ants specializing in particular labor categories typically constitute a caste specialized by age or body form or both. There has been some documentation of the superiority in performance and net energetic yield of various castes for their modal tasks, although careful experimental studies are still relatively few.
What makes ants unusual in the company of eusocial insects is the fact that they are the only eusocial predators (predators are animals that capture and feed on other animals) occupying the soil and ground litter. The eusocial termites live in the same places as ants and also have wingless workers, but they feed almost exclusively on dead vegetation. | 358.txt | 3 |
[
"To spread the idea of charity around the world.",
"To publicise the pains and gains of charity work.",
"To involve more wealthy people in philanthropy.",
"To narrow the gap between the rich and the poor."
] | What's the purpose of the programme started by Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett? | More than three dozen billionaires, including well-known philanthropist David Rockefeller, have promised at least half of their fortunes to charity, joining a programme that Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett started in June to encourage other wealthy people to give.
The pledge is currently worth about $ 150 billion, but the programme predicts it will eventually be worth $ 600 billion.
"During even the Depression's worst years, my parents gave money - about 8% of their annual income of $ 2200," said Lorry Lokey, one of the donors, on the website of the programme, the Giving Pledge, "I remember saying to my mother that we can't afford that. But she said we have to share with others."
The pledge has been a matter of some debate in philanthropic and non-profit circles, with some experts dismissing it as mere publicity and others predicting that it would produce a flood of new money to support non-profit groups.
Buffett said the real value of the pledge was found in the example it set and in the sentiments expressed in the letters posted on the website.
Buffett and Gates will hold several dinners later this year to recruit more billionaires, and members of the Giving Pledge will meet annually to discuss their philanthropy.
The pair are due to meet some wealthiest people in China next month and India in March.
"We hope this catches fire in some other countries," Buffett said, "If they want to take what we think is a good idea and run with it, we will be cheering."
Buffett said the number of people who had agreed to sign on was at the high end of his expectations. He said some people who declined to sign the pledge were planning to give away most of their wealth but did not want to draw attention to those plans.
Energy tycoon Pickens, who is worth about $ 1 billion, said in his Giving Pledge letter: "I've long stated that I enjoy making money, and I enjoy giving it away. I'm not a big fan of inherited wealth. It generally does more harm than good." | 2111.txt | 2 |
[
"His family's income is far from large.",
"The spirit of giving runs in his family.",
"His family suffered during the Great Depression.",
"The wealth of his family has come the hard way."
] | What message does Lorry Lokey intend to convey through his website posting? | More than three dozen billionaires, including well-known philanthropist David Rockefeller, have promised at least half of their fortunes to charity, joining a programme that Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett started in June to encourage other wealthy people to give.
The pledge is currently worth about $ 150 billion, but the programme predicts it will eventually be worth $ 600 billion.
"During even the Depression's worst years, my parents gave money - about 8% of their annual income of $ 2200," said Lorry Lokey, one of the donors, on the website of the programme, the Giving Pledge, "I remember saying to my mother that we can't afford that. But she said we have to share with others."
The pledge has been a matter of some debate in philanthropic and non-profit circles, with some experts dismissing it as mere publicity and others predicting that it would produce a flood of new money to support non-profit groups.
Buffett said the real value of the pledge was found in the example it set and in the sentiments expressed in the letters posted on the website.
Buffett and Gates will hold several dinners later this year to recruit more billionaires, and members of the Giving Pledge will meet annually to discuss their philanthropy.
The pair are due to meet some wealthiest people in China next month and India in March.
"We hope this catches fire in some other countries," Buffett said, "If they want to take what we think is a good idea and run with it, we will be cheering."
Buffett said the number of people who had agreed to sign on was at the high end of his expectations. He said some people who declined to sign the pledge were planning to give away most of their wealth but did not want to draw attention to those plans.
Energy tycoon Pickens, who is worth about $ 1 billion, said in his Giving Pledge letter: "I've long stated that I enjoy making money, and I enjoy giving it away. I'm not a big fan of inherited wealth. It generally does more harm than good." | 2111.txt | 1 |
[
"To share their experience with the newly rich there.",
"To publicise their generosity in helping the needy.",
"To persuade the wealthy people there to join their ranks.",
"To help the billionaires there see the true value of money."
] | Why are Buffett and Gates going to meet some wealthiest people in China and India? | More than three dozen billionaires, including well-known philanthropist David Rockefeller, have promised at least half of their fortunes to charity, joining a programme that Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett started in June to encourage other wealthy people to give.
The pledge is currently worth about $ 150 billion, but the programme predicts it will eventually be worth $ 600 billion.
"During even the Depression's worst years, my parents gave money - about 8% of their annual income of $ 2200," said Lorry Lokey, one of the donors, on the website of the programme, the Giving Pledge, "I remember saying to my mother that we can't afford that. But she said we have to share with others."
The pledge has been a matter of some debate in philanthropic and non-profit circles, with some experts dismissing it as mere publicity and others predicting that it would produce a flood of new money to support non-profit groups.
Buffett said the real value of the pledge was found in the example it set and in the sentiments expressed in the letters posted on the website.
Buffett and Gates will hold several dinners later this year to recruit more billionaires, and members of the Giving Pledge will meet annually to discuss their philanthropy.
The pair are due to meet some wealthiest people in China next month and India in March.
"We hope this catches fire in some other countries," Buffett said, "If they want to take what we think is a good idea and run with it, we will be cheering."
Buffett said the number of people who had agreed to sign on was at the high end of his expectations. He said some people who declined to sign the pledge were planning to give away most of their wealth but did not want to draw attention to those plans.
Energy tycoon Pickens, who is worth about $ 1 billion, said in his Giving Pledge letter: "I've long stated that I enjoy making money, and I enjoy giving it away. I'm not a big fan of inherited wealth. It generally does more harm than good." | 2111.txt | 2 |
[
"They are unsure if they can meet the public's expectations.",
"They have made plans for disposing of their wealth.",
"They are still undecided whether to give or not.",
"They are reluctant to be the focus of attention."
] | What reason do some people give for declining to sign the pledge? | More than three dozen billionaires, including well-known philanthropist David Rockefeller, have promised at least half of their fortunes to charity, joining a programme that Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett started in June to encourage other wealthy people to give.
The pledge is currently worth about $ 150 billion, but the programme predicts it will eventually be worth $ 600 billion.
"During even the Depression's worst years, my parents gave money - about 8% of their annual income of $ 2200," said Lorry Lokey, one of the donors, on the website of the programme, the Giving Pledge, "I remember saying to my mother that we can't afford that. But she said we have to share with others."
The pledge has been a matter of some debate in philanthropic and non-profit circles, with some experts dismissing it as mere publicity and others predicting that it would produce a flood of new money to support non-profit groups.
Buffett said the real value of the pledge was found in the example it set and in the sentiments expressed in the letters posted on the website.
Buffett and Gates will hold several dinners later this year to recruit more billionaires, and members of the Giving Pledge will meet annually to discuss their philanthropy.
The pair are due to meet some wealthiest people in China next month and India in March.
"We hope this catches fire in some other countries," Buffett said, "If they want to take what we think is a good idea and run with it, we will be cheering."
Buffett said the number of people who had agreed to sign on was at the high end of his expectations. He said some people who declined to sign the pledge were planning to give away most of their wealth but did not want to draw attention to those plans.
Energy tycoon Pickens, who is worth about $ 1 billion, said in his Giving Pledge letter: "I've long stated that I enjoy making money, and I enjoy giving it away. I'm not a big fan of inherited wealth. It generally does more harm than good." | 2111.txt | 3 |
[
"Blessed are those who inherit large fortunes.",
"The more you give, the happier you will be.",
"Leaving a fortune to one's children is unwise.",
"Philanthropy can help free the poor the poor from want."
] | What does energy tycoon Pickens try to say in his Giving Pledge letter? | More than three dozen billionaires, including well-known philanthropist David Rockefeller, have promised at least half of their fortunes to charity, joining a programme that Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett started in June to encourage other wealthy people to give.
The pledge is currently worth about $ 150 billion, but the programme predicts it will eventually be worth $ 600 billion.
"During even the Depression's worst years, my parents gave money - about 8% of their annual income of $ 2200," said Lorry Lokey, one of the donors, on the website of the programme, the Giving Pledge, "I remember saying to my mother that we can't afford that. But she said we have to share with others."
The pledge has been a matter of some debate in philanthropic and non-profit circles, with some experts dismissing it as mere publicity and others predicting that it would produce a flood of new money to support non-profit groups.
Buffett said the real value of the pledge was found in the example it set and in the sentiments expressed in the letters posted on the website.
Buffett and Gates will hold several dinners later this year to recruit more billionaires, and members of the Giving Pledge will meet annually to discuss their philanthropy.
The pair are due to meet some wealthiest people in China next month and India in March.
"We hope this catches fire in some other countries," Buffett said, "If they want to take what we think is a good idea and run with it, we will be cheering."
Buffett said the number of people who had agreed to sign on was at the high end of his expectations. He said some people who declined to sign the pledge were planning to give away most of their wealth but did not want to draw attention to those plans.
Energy tycoon Pickens, who is worth about $ 1 billion, said in his Giving Pledge letter: "I've long stated that I enjoy making money, and I enjoy giving it away. I'm not a big fan of inherited wealth. It generally does more harm than good." | 2111.txt | 2 |
[
"Dinosaurs, the real animals living millions of years ago.",
"The two types of dinosaurs.",
"The probable reasons for dinosaurs disappearance.",
"A meteor crashed into the earth."
] | What is the subject discussed in the text? | Millions of years ago there were many types of dinosaurs on earth. Most dinosaurs were planteaters. The Apatosaurus, for example, had a long thin neck so that it could eat leaves from trees. Other dinosaurs were meateaters. The Tyrannosaurus Rex killed smaller dinosaurs for food.
Dinosaurs were real animals that once lived on the earth, but they died out about 65 million years ago. The disappearance of the dinosaurs is in some way a great mystery . Some scientists think that the climate changed suddenly. Fossils of trees tell us that the temperature dropped a lot and that the level of the sea dropped as well. This means that it got suddenly much colder. Perhaps the dinosaurs were too slow to change with the climate.
A new idea is that a meteor crashed into the earth. Scientists discovered a place in Mexico where they think the meteor crashed. They think that there was a lot of dust from the meteor. The dust landed on the plants. Also the dust blocked the sun's light for as long as five years. Many animals, including dinosaurs, were plant eaters, and perhaps the dust killed them. This means there was nothing left for meat eating dinosaurs to eat, and so they died out. But, as many animals from that time did not die, we are not 100% sure what really happened. | 631.txt | 2 |
[
"Temperature dropping and sea level dropping.",
"Climate changing and meteor's crashing.",
"The dropping of temperature and sea level.",
"Climate changing and the dust blocking the sun."
] | What are the two possible explanations to the dinosaurs disappearance? | Millions of years ago there were many types of dinosaurs on earth. Most dinosaurs were planteaters. The Apatosaurus, for example, had a long thin neck so that it could eat leaves from trees. Other dinosaurs were meateaters. The Tyrannosaurus Rex killed smaller dinosaurs for food.
Dinosaurs were real animals that once lived on the earth, but they died out about 65 million years ago. The disappearance of the dinosaurs is in some way a great mystery . Some scientists think that the climate changed suddenly. Fossils of trees tell us that the temperature dropped a lot and that the level of the sea dropped as well. This means that it got suddenly much colder. Perhaps the dinosaurs were too slow to change with the climate.
A new idea is that a meteor crashed into the earth. Scientists discovered a place in Mexico where they think the meteor crashed. They think that there was a lot of dust from the meteor. The dust landed on the plants. Also the dust blocked the sun's light for as long as five years. Many animals, including dinosaurs, were plant eaters, and perhaps the dust killed them. This means there was nothing left for meat eating dinosaurs to eat, and so they died out. But, as many animals from that time did not die, we are not 100% sure what really happened. | 631.txt | 1 |
[
"A meteor's crashing.",
"The dust blocking the sun.",
"The plant eating dinosaurs death.",
"It is still unknown."
] | What is the direct cause of the disappearance of meat eating dinosaurs? | Millions of years ago there were many types of dinosaurs on earth. Most dinosaurs were planteaters. The Apatosaurus, for example, had a long thin neck so that it could eat leaves from trees. Other dinosaurs were meateaters. The Tyrannosaurus Rex killed smaller dinosaurs for food.
Dinosaurs were real animals that once lived on the earth, but they died out about 65 million years ago. The disappearance of the dinosaurs is in some way a great mystery . Some scientists think that the climate changed suddenly. Fossils of trees tell us that the temperature dropped a lot and that the level of the sea dropped as well. This means that it got suddenly much colder. Perhaps the dinosaurs were too slow to change with the climate.
A new idea is that a meteor crashed into the earth. Scientists discovered a place in Mexico where they think the meteor crashed. They think that there was a lot of dust from the meteor. The dust landed on the plants. Also the dust blocked the sun's light for as long as five years. Many animals, including dinosaurs, were plant eaters, and perhaps the dust killed them. This means there was nothing left for meat eating dinosaurs to eat, and so they died out. But, as many animals from that time did not die, we are not 100% sure what really happened. | 631.txt | 3 |
[
"are reluctant to carry cash with them",
"simply don't care how much they spend",
"are not good at planning their expenditure",
"often spend more money than they can afford"
] | From what the Brazilian biologist says, we know that tourists like her ________. | "Welcome to the U.S.A.! Major Credit cards accepted!"
By the millions they are coming no longer the tired, the poor, the wretched mass longing for a better living. These are the wealthy. "We don't have a budget," says a biologist from Brazil, as she walks with two companions through New York City's South Street. "We just use our credit cards."
The U.S. has long been one of the world's most popular tourist destinations, but this year has been exceptional. First there was the World Cup, which drew thousands from every corner of the globe; then came the weakening of the U.S. dollar against major currencies. Now the U.S., still the world's superpower, can also claim to be the world's bargain basement . Nobody undersells America these days on just about everything, from consumer electronics to fashion clothes to tennis rackets. Bottom retail prices-anywhere from 30% to 70% lower than those in Europe and Asia-have attracted some 47 million visitors, who are expected to leave behind $79 billion in 1994. That's up from $74 billion the year before.
True, not everyone comes just for brains. There remains an undeniable fascination in the rest of the world with all things American, nourished by Hollywood films and U.S. television series. But shopping the U.S.A. is proving irresistible. Every week thousands arrive with empty suitcases ready to be filled; some even rent an additional hotel room to hold their purchases. The buying binge has become as important as watching Old Faithful Fountains erupt in Yellowstone Park or sunbathing on a beach in Florida.
The U.S. has come at last to appreciate what other countries learned long ago: the pouring in of foreign tourists may not always be convenient, but is does put money in the bank. And with a trade deficit at about $130 billion and growing for the past 12 months, the U.S. needs all the deposits it can get. Compared with American tourists abroad, visitors to the U.S. stay longer and spend more money at each stop; an average of 12.2 night and $1624 a traveller versus the American s' four nights and $298. | 3209.txt | 1 |
[
"it saw an unusually large number of tourists to the U.S.",
"it witnessed a drop in the number of tourists to the U.S.",
"tourism was hardly affected by the weakening of the U.S. dollar that year",
"tourists came to the U.S. for sightseeing rather than for bargains that year"
] | The reason why 1994 was exceptional is that ________. | "Welcome to the U.S.A.! Major Credit cards accepted!"
By the millions they are coming no longer the tired, the poor, the wretched mass longing for a better living. These are the wealthy. "We don't have a budget," says a biologist from Brazil, as she walks with two companions through New York City's South Street. "We just use our credit cards."
The U.S. has long been one of the world's most popular tourist destinations, but this year has been exceptional. First there was the World Cup, which drew thousands from every corner of the globe; then came the weakening of the U.S. dollar against major currencies. Now the U.S., still the world's superpower, can also claim to be the world's bargain basement . Nobody undersells America these days on just about everything, from consumer electronics to fashion clothes to tennis rackets. Bottom retail prices-anywhere from 30% to 70% lower than those in Europe and Asia-have attracted some 47 million visitors, who are expected to leave behind $79 billion in 1994. That's up from $74 billion the year before.
True, not everyone comes just for brains. There remains an undeniable fascination in the rest of the world with all things American, nourished by Hollywood films and U.S. television series. But shopping the U.S.A. is proving irresistible. Every week thousands arrive with empty suitcases ready to be filled; some even rent an additional hotel room to hold their purchases. The buying binge has become as important as watching Old Faithful Fountains erupt in Yellowstone Park or sunbathing on a beach in Florida.
The U.S. has come at last to appreciate what other countries learned long ago: the pouring in of foreign tourists may not always be convenient, but is does put money in the bank. And with a trade deficit at about $130 billion and growing for the past 12 months, the U.S. needs all the deposits it can get. Compared with American tourists abroad, visitors to the U.S. stay longer and spend more money at each stop; an average of 12.2 night and $1624 a traveller versus the American s' four nights and $298. | 3209.txt | 0 |
[
"no other country underestimates the competitiveness of American products",
"nobody expects the Americans to cut the prices of their commodities",
"nobody restrains the selling of American goods",
"no other country sells at a lower price that America"
] | By saying "nobody undersells America" (Line 4, Para. 3), the author means that ________. | "Welcome to the U.S.A.! Major Credit cards accepted!"
By the millions they are coming no longer the tired, the poor, the wretched mass longing for a better living. These are the wealthy. "We don't have a budget," says a biologist from Brazil, as she walks with two companions through New York City's South Street. "We just use our credit cards."
The U.S. has long been one of the world's most popular tourist destinations, but this year has been exceptional. First there was the World Cup, which drew thousands from every corner of the globe; then came the weakening of the U.S. dollar against major currencies. Now the U.S., still the world's superpower, can also claim to be the world's bargain basement . Nobody undersells America these days on just about everything, from consumer electronics to fashion clothes to tennis rackets. Bottom retail prices-anywhere from 30% to 70% lower than those in Europe and Asia-have attracted some 47 million visitors, who are expected to leave behind $79 billion in 1994. That's up from $74 billion the year before.
True, not everyone comes just for brains. There remains an undeniable fascination in the rest of the world with all things American, nourished by Hollywood films and U.S. television series. But shopping the U.S.A. is proving irresistible. Every week thousands arrive with empty suitcases ready to be filled; some even rent an additional hotel room to hold their purchases. The buying binge has become as important as watching Old Faithful Fountains erupt in Yellowstone Park or sunbathing on a beach in Florida.
The U.S. has come at last to appreciate what other countries learned long ago: the pouring in of foreign tourists may not always be convenient, but is does put money in the bank. And with a trade deficit at about $130 billion and growing for the past 12 months, the U.S. needs all the deposits it can get. Compared with American tourists abroad, visitors to the U.S. stay longer and spend more money at each stop; an average of 12.2 night and $1624 a traveller versus the American s' four nights and $298. | 3209.txt | 3 |
[
"Because they have gained much publicity through the American media.",
"Because they represent the world's latest fashions.",
"Because they embody the most sophisticated technology.",
"Because they are available at all tourist destinations."
] | Why does the author assert that all things American are fascinating to foreigners? | "Welcome to the U.S.A.! Major Credit cards accepted!"
By the millions they are coming no longer the tired, the poor, the wretched mass longing for a better living. These are the wealthy. "We don't have a budget," says a biologist from Brazil, as she walks with two companions through New York City's South Street. "We just use our credit cards."
The U.S. has long been one of the world's most popular tourist destinations, but this year has been exceptional. First there was the World Cup, which drew thousands from every corner of the globe; then came the weakening of the U.S. dollar against major currencies. Now the U.S., still the world's superpower, can also claim to be the world's bargain basement . Nobody undersells America these days on just about everything, from consumer electronics to fashion clothes to tennis rackets. Bottom retail prices-anywhere from 30% to 70% lower than those in Europe and Asia-have attracted some 47 million visitors, who are expected to leave behind $79 billion in 1994. That's up from $74 billion the year before.
True, not everyone comes just for brains. There remains an undeniable fascination in the rest of the world with all things American, nourished by Hollywood films and U.S. television series. But shopping the U.S.A. is proving irresistible. Every week thousands arrive with empty suitcases ready to be filled; some even rent an additional hotel room to hold their purchases. The buying binge has become as important as watching Old Faithful Fountains erupt in Yellowstone Park or sunbathing on a beach in Florida.
The U.S. has come at last to appreciate what other countries learned long ago: the pouring in of foreign tourists may not always be convenient, but is does put money in the bank. And with a trade deficit at about $130 billion and growing for the past 12 months, the U.S. needs all the deposits it can get. Compared with American tourists abroad, visitors to the U.S. stay longer and spend more money at each stop; an average of 12.2 night and $1624 a traveller versus the American s' four nights and $298. | 3209.txt | 0 |
[
"the weakening if the U.S. dollar can result in trade deficits",
"the lower the retail prices, the greater the profits",
"tourism can make great contributions to its economy",
"visitors to the U.S. are wealthier than U.S. tourists abroad"
] | From the passage we can conclude that the U.S. has come to realize ________. | "Welcome to the U.S.A.! Major Credit cards accepted!"
By the millions they are coming no longer the tired, the poor, the wretched mass longing for a better living. These are the wealthy. "We don't have a budget," says a biologist from Brazil, as she walks with two companions through New York City's South Street. "We just use our credit cards."
The U.S. has long been one of the world's most popular tourist destinations, but this year has been exceptional. First there was the World Cup, which drew thousands from every corner of the globe; then came the weakening of the U.S. dollar against major currencies. Now the U.S., still the world's superpower, can also claim to be the world's bargain basement . Nobody undersells America these days on just about everything, from consumer electronics to fashion clothes to tennis rackets. Bottom retail prices-anywhere from 30% to 70% lower than those in Europe and Asia-have attracted some 47 million visitors, who are expected to leave behind $79 billion in 1994. That's up from $74 billion the year before.
True, not everyone comes just for brains. There remains an undeniable fascination in the rest of the world with all things American, nourished by Hollywood films and U.S. television series. But shopping the U.S.A. is proving irresistible. Every week thousands arrive with empty suitcases ready to be filled; some even rent an additional hotel room to hold their purchases. The buying binge has become as important as watching Old Faithful Fountains erupt in Yellowstone Park or sunbathing on a beach in Florida.
The U.S. has come at last to appreciate what other countries learned long ago: the pouring in of foreign tourists may not always be convenient, but is does put money in the bank. And with a trade deficit at about $130 billion and growing for the past 12 months, the U.S. needs all the deposits it can get. Compared with American tourists abroad, visitors to the U.S. stay longer and spend more money at each stop; an average of 12.2 night and $1624 a traveller versus the American s' four nights and $298. | 3209.txt | 2 |
[
"a story teller.",
"a historian.",
"a novelist.",
"an autobiographer."
] | Tracy Borman is probably _ | Tracy Borman can tell a good story. Admittedly, her subject is a gift. But Henrietta Howard, mistress to George II, lived in the midst of a large cast of characters, many of them entangled in the complicated politics of 18th-century court life, and Ms Borman handles them and their world with aplomb.
Though the 18th century is called the Age of Reason, it was anything but. Henrietta was born in 1689, a year after the balance of power in Britain shifted from monarch to Parliament. But this did nothing to shift the tyranny of men over women, and Henrietta's life was largely shaped by violent and unreasonable men.When she was eight, her father, the profligate and choleric squire of Blickling Hall in Norfolk, challenged a neighbour to a duel for impugning his valour. He was killed for his pains, leaving a wife, eight children and a pile of debts. Eight years later, perhaps hoping to help her now motherless siblings, Henrietta released her dowry money by marrying a cousin, Charles Howard, 14 years her senior.
It was a disaster. Charles turned out to be a compulsive gambler and wife-beater, and their lives descended into lodging-house flits and near-starvation. Then, aged 25, Henrietta made her own astonishing gamble. In 1714, when Queen Anne lay dying, she took herself and Charles off to Hanover, where George Louis, heir presumptive to the English throne, held court. There she joined throngs of other hopefuls, all jockeying for the notice either of George Louis, or his son, George Augustus, or his daughter-in-law, Caroline.
Henrietta's gamble paid off, though frying pans and fires come to mind. Her appointment as Woman of the Bedchamber to Princess Caroline meant long days of tedious and exacting ceremony, such as holding her mistress's wash basin on bended knee, a point that Caroline spitefully insisted on when Henrietta became her husband's mistress. Not that that was much comfort either. The man was a boor, and dull with it. In any case, Henrietta never really supplanted Caroline. Being a royal mistress was, in this case, more a post than a romance. But it suited Henrietta in that it protected her from her husband-something the law denied her.
Henrietta was known for her discreet and even temper, but she must also have had sharp elbows. As Ms Borman vividly shows, the court was a scandal-mongering, fickle place, riven by political factionalism and held at fever pitch by the royal family's own very public quarrels. This was the atmosphere Henrietta breathed. And yet she somehow managed to be liked. Even acid-tongued poet, Alexander Pope, described her as reasonable, good-humoured, witty and, above all, a friend.
Some of Ms Borman's most engaging writing describes Henrietta's circle of friends-poets, writers and wits such as Lord Chesterfield and Horace Walpole-and the pleasure they all took in the design of her Palladian villa, Marble Hill at Twickenham. When her husband's death made it safe for her to retire, this was where she came: to entertain, to re-marry, to have a home. After a life of winging it, such hard-wrung domesticity feels almost heroic. | 3445.txt | 2 |
[
"the widespread notion of reason.",
"extensive violence among men.",
"irrationality underneath the overcoat of rationality.",
"the tyranny of men over women"
] | According to the passage, 18the Century is characterized by _ | Tracy Borman can tell a good story. Admittedly, her subject is a gift. But Henrietta Howard, mistress to George II, lived in the midst of a large cast of characters, many of them entangled in the complicated politics of 18th-century court life, and Ms Borman handles them and their world with aplomb.
Though the 18th century is called the Age of Reason, it was anything but. Henrietta was born in 1689, a year after the balance of power in Britain shifted from monarch to Parliament. But this did nothing to shift the tyranny of men over women, and Henrietta's life was largely shaped by violent and unreasonable men.When she was eight, her father, the profligate and choleric squire of Blickling Hall in Norfolk, challenged a neighbour to a duel for impugning his valour. He was killed for his pains, leaving a wife, eight children and a pile of debts. Eight years later, perhaps hoping to help her now motherless siblings, Henrietta released her dowry money by marrying a cousin, Charles Howard, 14 years her senior.
It was a disaster. Charles turned out to be a compulsive gambler and wife-beater, and their lives descended into lodging-house flits and near-starvation. Then, aged 25, Henrietta made her own astonishing gamble. In 1714, when Queen Anne lay dying, she took herself and Charles off to Hanover, where George Louis, heir presumptive to the English throne, held court. There she joined throngs of other hopefuls, all jockeying for the notice either of George Louis, or his son, George Augustus, or his daughter-in-law, Caroline.
Henrietta's gamble paid off, though frying pans and fires come to mind. Her appointment as Woman of the Bedchamber to Princess Caroline meant long days of tedious and exacting ceremony, such as holding her mistress's wash basin on bended knee, a point that Caroline spitefully insisted on when Henrietta became her husband's mistress. Not that that was much comfort either. The man was a boor, and dull with it. In any case, Henrietta never really supplanted Caroline. Being a royal mistress was, in this case, more a post than a romance. But it suited Henrietta in that it protected her from her husband-something the law denied her.
Henrietta was known for her discreet and even temper, but she must also have had sharp elbows. As Ms Borman vividly shows, the court was a scandal-mongering, fickle place, riven by political factionalism and held at fever pitch by the royal family's own very public quarrels. This was the atmosphere Henrietta breathed. And yet she somehow managed to be liked. Even acid-tongued poet, Alexander Pope, described her as reasonable, good-humoured, witty and, above all, a friend.
Some of Ms Borman's most engaging writing describes Henrietta's circle of friends-poets, writers and wits such as Lord Chesterfield and Horace Walpole-and the pleasure they all took in the design of her Palladian villa, Marble Hill at Twickenham. When her husband's death made it safe for her to retire, this was where she came: to entertain, to re-marry, to have a home. After a life of winging it, such hard-wrung domesticity feels almost heroic. | 3445.txt | 2 |
[
"hated.",
"displaced.",
"threatened.",
"pleased."
] | The word "supplanted" (Line 5, Paragraph 4) most probably means _ | Tracy Borman can tell a good story. Admittedly, her subject is a gift. But Henrietta Howard, mistress to George II, lived in the midst of a large cast of characters, many of them entangled in the complicated politics of 18th-century court life, and Ms Borman handles them and their world with aplomb.
Though the 18th century is called the Age of Reason, it was anything but. Henrietta was born in 1689, a year after the balance of power in Britain shifted from monarch to Parliament. But this did nothing to shift the tyranny of men over women, and Henrietta's life was largely shaped by violent and unreasonable men.When she was eight, her father, the profligate and choleric squire of Blickling Hall in Norfolk, challenged a neighbour to a duel for impugning his valour. He was killed for his pains, leaving a wife, eight children and a pile of debts. Eight years later, perhaps hoping to help her now motherless siblings, Henrietta released her dowry money by marrying a cousin, Charles Howard, 14 years her senior.
It was a disaster. Charles turned out to be a compulsive gambler and wife-beater, and their lives descended into lodging-house flits and near-starvation. Then, aged 25, Henrietta made her own astonishing gamble. In 1714, when Queen Anne lay dying, she took herself and Charles off to Hanover, where George Louis, heir presumptive to the English throne, held court. There she joined throngs of other hopefuls, all jockeying for the notice either of George Louis, or his son, George Augustus, or his daughter-in-law, Caroline.
Henrietta's gamble paid off, though frying pans and fires come to mind. Her appointment as Woman of the Bedchamber to Princess Caroline meant long days of tedious and exacting ceremony, such as holding her mistress's wash basin on bended knee, a point that Caroline spitefully insisted on when Henrietta became her husband's mistress. Not that that was much comfort either. The man was a boor, and dull with it. In any case, Henrietta never really supplanted Caroline. Being a royal mistress was, in this case, more a post than a romance. But it suited Henrietta in that it protected her from her husband-something the law denied her.
Henrietta was known for her discreet and even temper, but she must also have had sharp elbows. As Ms Borman vividly shows, the court was a scandal-mongering, fickle place, riven by political factionalism and held at fever pitch by the royal family's own very public quarrels. This was the atmosphere Henrietta breathed. And yet she somehow managed to be liked. Even acid-tongued poet, Alexander Pope, described her as reasonable, good-humoured, witty and, above all, a friend.
Some of Ms Borman's most engaging writing describes Henrietta's circle of friends-poets, writers and wits such as Lord Chesterfield and Horace Walpole-and the pleasure they all took in the design of her Palladian villa, Marble Hill at Twickenham. When her husband's death made it safe for her to retire, this was where she came: to entertain, to re-marry, to have a home. After a life of winging it, such hard-wrung domesticity feels almost heroic. | 3445.txt | 1 |
[
"she wanted to have a romance with the royal family member.",
"such a royal post helped her to climb up the social ladder.",
"she wanted to dodge her husband.",
"she could be exempt from Caroline's tedious ceremony."
] | Henrietta chose to be a royal mistress because _ | Tracy Borman can tell a good story. Admittedly, her subject is a gift. But Henrietta Howard, mistress to George II, lived in the midst of a large cast of characters, many of them entangled in the complicated politics of 18th-century court life, and Ms Borman handles them and their world with aplomb.
Though the 18th century is called the Age of Reason, it was anything but. Henrietta was born in 1689, a year after the balance of power in Britain shifted from monarch to Parliament. But this did nothing to shift the tyranny of men over women, and Henrietta's life was largely shaped by violent and unreasonable men.When she was eight, her father, the profligate and choleric squire of Blickling Hall in Norfolk, challenged a neighbour to a duel for impugning his valour. He was killed for his pains, leaving a wife, eight children and a pile of debts. Eight years later, perhaps hoping to help her now motherless siblings, Henrietta released her dowry money by marrying a cousin, Charles Howard, 14 years her senior.
It was a disaster. Charles turned out to be a compulsive gambler and wife-beater, and their lives descended into lodging-house flits and near-starvation. Then, aged 25, Henrietta made her own astonishing gamble. In 1714, when Queen Anne lay dying, she took herself and Charles off to Hanover, where George Louis, heir presumptive to the English throne, held court. There she joined throngs of other hopefuls, all jockeying for the notice either of George Louis, or his son, George Augustus, or his daughter-in-law, Caroline.
Henrietta's gamble paid off, though frying pans and fires come to mind. Her appointment as Woman of the Bedchamber to Princess Caroline meant long days of tedious and exacting ceremony, such as holding her mistress's wash basin on bended knee, a point that Caroline spitefully insisted on when Henrietta became her husband's mistress. Not that that was much comfort either. The man was a boor, and dull with it. In any case, Henrietta never really supplanted Caroline. Being a royal mistress was, in this case, more a post than a romance. But it suited Henrietta in that it protected her from her husband-something the law denied her.
Henrietta was known for her discreet and even temper, but she must also have had sharp elbows. As Ms Borman vividly shows, the court was a scandal-mongering, fickle place, riven by political factionalism and held at fever pitch by the royal family's own very public quarrels. This was the atmosphere Henrietta breathed. And yet she somehow managed to be liked. Even acid-tongued poet, Alexander Pope, described her as reasonable, good-humoured, witty and, above all, a friend.
Some of Ms Borman's most engaging writing describes Henrietta's circle of friends-poets, writers and wits such as Lord Chesterfield and Horace Walpole-and the pleasure they all took in the design of her Palladian villa, Marble Hill at Twickenham. When her husband's death made it safe for her to retire, this was where she came: to entertain, to re-marry, to have a home. After a life of winging it, such hard-wrung domesticity feels almost heroic. | 3445.txt | 2 |
[
"maintain good temper when serving the royal family.",
"survive the complicated disputes.",
"have herself accepted by all the people she met.",
"make friends with reasonable people."
] | Henrietta must have had sharp elbows in order to _ | Tracy Borman can tell a good story. Admittedly, her subject is a gift. But Henrietta Howard, mistress to George II, lived in the midst of a large cast of characters, many of them entangled in the complicated politics of 18th-century court life, and Ms Borman handles them and their world with aplomb.
Though the 18th century is called the Age of Reason, it was anything but. Henrietta was born in 1689, a year after the balance of power in Britain shifted from monarch to Parliament. But this did nothing to shift the tyranny of men over women, and Henrietta's life was largely shaped by violent and unreasonable men.When she was eight, her father, the profligate and choleric squire of Blickling Hall in Norfolk, challenged a neighbour to a duel for impugning his valour. He was killed for his pains, leaving a wife, eight children and a pile of debts. Eight years later, perhaps hoping to help her now motherless siblings, Henrietta released her dowry money by marrying a cousin, Charles Howard, 14 years her senior.
It was a disaster. Charles turned out to be a compulsive gambler and wife-beater, and their lives descended into lodging-house flits and near-starvation. Then, aged 25, Henrietta made her own astonishing gamble. In 1714, when Queen Anne lay dying, she took herself and Charles off to Hanover, where George Louis, heir presumptive to the English throne, held court. There she joined throngs of other hopefuls, all jockeying for the notice either of George Louis, or his son, George Augustus, or his daughter-in-law, Caroline.
Henrietta's gamble paid off, though frying pans and fires come to mind. Her appointment as Woman of the Bedchamber to Princess Caroline meant long days of tedious and exacting ceremony, such as holding her mistress's wash basin on bended knee, a point that Caroline spitefully insisted on when Henrietta became her husband's mistress. Not that that was much comfort either. The man was a boor, and dull with it. In any case, Henrietta never really supplanted Caroline. Being a royal mistress was, in this case, more a post than a romance. But it suited Henrietta in that it protected her from her husband-something the law denied her.
Henrietta was known for her discreet and even temper, but she must also have had sharp elbows. As Ms Borman vividly shows, the court was a scandal-mongering, fickle place, riven by political factionalism and held at fever pitch by the royal family's own very public quarrels. This was the atmosphere Henrietta breathed. And yet she somehow managed to be liked. Even acid-tongued poet, Alexander Pope, described her as reasonable, good-humoured, witty and, above all, a friend.
Some of Ms Borman's most engaging writing describes Henrietta's circle of friends-poets, writers and wits such as Lord Chesterfield and Horace Walpole-and the pleasure they all took in the design of her Palladian villa, Marble Hill at Twickenham. When her husband's death made it safe for her to retire, this was where she came: to entertain, to re-marry, to have a home. After a life of winging it, such hard-wrung domesticity feels almost heroic. | 3445.txt | 1 |
[
"To provide background information of the topic",
"To attract readers' attention to the topic",
"To use an example to support the topic",
"To offer basic knowledge of the topic"
] | What purpose does Paragraph 1 serve in the passage? | When a Swedish ship that sank in 1628 was recovered from the port of Stockholm, historians and scientists were overjoyed with the chance to examine the remains of the past. The ship construction showed how ships were built and operated during the seventeenth century. In this way, artifacts, objects made by human beings, provided a picture of daily life almost 400 years ago.
Underwater archaeology-the study of ships, aircraft and human settlements that have sunk under large bodies of water-is really a product of the last 50 years. The rapid growth of this new area of study has occurred because of the invention of better diving equipment.Besides the Swedish ship wreck(），underwater archaeologists have made more exciting discoveries such as the 5000-year-old boats in the Mediterranean Sea.
Underwater archaeology can provide facts abut the past. In ancient ports all over the world are ships sunken in the past 6,000 years. There are also sunken settlements in seas and lakes telling of people's way of life and their systems of trade in ancient times. Underwater archaeologists want to study these objects to add to the world's knowledge of history, but they have to fight two enemies. One enemy is treasure hunters who dive for ancient artifacts that they can sell to collectors. Once sold, these objects are lost to experts. The second enemy is dredging machines(）often used to repair ports. These machines destroy wrecks and artifacts or bury them deeper under sand and mud. By teaching the public about the importance of underwater "museums" of the past, archaeologists are hoping to get support for laws to protect underwater treasures. | 3629.txt | 1 |
[
"exploit water bodies",
"search for underwater life",
"study underwater artifacts",
"examine underwater environment"
] | The aim of underwater archaeology is to. | When a Swedish ship that sank in 1628 was recovered from the port of Stockholm, historians and scientists were overjoyed with the chance to examine the remains of the past. The ship construction showed how ships were built and operated during the seventeenth century. In this way, artifacts, objects made by human beings, provided a picture of daily life almost 400 years ago.
Underwater archaeology-the study of ships, aircraft and human settlements that have sunk under large bodies of water-is really a product of the last 50 years. The rapid growth of this new area of study has occurred because of the invention of better diving equipment.Besides the Swedish ship wreck(），underwater archaeologists have made more exciting discoveries such as the 5000-year-old boats in the Mediterranean Sea.
Underwater archaeology can provide facts abut the past. In ancient ports all over the world are ships sunken in the past 6,000 years. There are also sunken settlements in seas and lakes telling of people's way of life and their systems of trade in ancient times. Underwater archaeologists want to study these objects to add to the world's knowledge of history, but they have to fight two enemies. One enemy is treasure hunters who dive for ancient artifacts that they can sell to collectors. Once sold, these objects are lost to experts. The second enemy is dredging machines(）often used to repair ports. These machines destroy wrecks and artifacts or bury them deeper under sand and mud. By teaching the public about the importance of underwater "museums" of the past, archaeologists are hoping to get support for laws to protect underwater treasures. | 3629.txt | 2 |
[
"sea hunters have better diving equipment",
"their knowledge of world history is limited",
"dredging machines cause damage to the ports",
"sold artifacts can hardly be regained for research"
] | Underwater archaeologists are worried because _ . | When a Swedish ship that sank in 1628 was recovered from the port of Stockholm, historians and scientists were overjoyed with the chance to examine the remains of the past. The ship construction showed how ships were built and operated during the seventeenth century. In this way, artifacts, objects made by human beings, provided a picture of daily life almost 400 years ago.
Underwater archaeology-the study of ships, aircraft and human settlements that have sunk under large bodies of water-is really a product of the last 50 years. The rapid growth of this new area of study has occurred because of the invention of better diving equipment.Besides the Swedish ship wreck(），underwater archaeologists have made more exciting discoveries such as the 5000-year-old boats in the Mediterranean Sea.
Underwater archaeology can provide facts abut the past. In ancient ports all over the world are ships sunken in the past 6,000 years. There are also sunken settlements in seas and lakes telling of people's way of life and their systems of trade in ancient times. Underwater archaeologists want to study these objects to add to the world's knowledge of history, but they have to fight two enemies. One enemy is treasure hunters who dive for ancient artifacts that they can sell to collectors. Once sold, these objects are lost to experts. The second enemy is dredging machines(）often used to repair ports. These machines destroy wrecks and artifacts or bury them deeper under sand and mud. By teaching the public about the importance of underwater "museums" of the past, archaeologists are hoping to get support for laws to protect underwater treasures. | 3629.txt | 3 |
[
"To introduce a young branch of learning.",
"To discuss the scientists' problems.",
"To explain people's way of life in the past.",
"To describe the sunken ships."
] | What is the main purpose of the passage? | When a Swedish ship that sank in 1628 was recovered from the port of Stockholm, historians and scientists were overjoyed with the chance to examine the remains of the past. The ship construction showed how ships were built and operated during the seventeenth century. In this way, artifacts, objects made by human beings, provided a picture of daily life almost 400 years ago.
Underwater archaeology-the study of ships, aircraft and human settlements that have sunk under large bodies of water-is really a product of the last 50 years. The rapid growth of this new area of study has occurred because of the invention of better diving equipment.Besides the Swedish ship wreck(），underwater archaeologists have made more exciting discoveries such as the 5000-year-old boats in the Mediterranean Sea.
Underwater archaeology can provide facts abut the past. In ancient ports all over the world are ships sunken in the past 6,000 years. There are also sunken settlements in seas and lakes telling of people's way of life and their systems of trade in ancient times. Underwater archaeologists want to study these objects to add to the world's knowledge of history, but they have to fight two enemies. One enemy is treasure hunters who dive for ancient artifacts that they can sell to collectors. Once sold, these objects are lost to experts. The second enemy is dredging machines(）often used to repair ports. These machines destroy wrecks and artifacts or bury them deeper under sand and mud. By teaching the public about the importance of underwater "museums" of the past, archaeologists are hoping to get support for laws to protect underwater treasures. | 3629.txt | 0 |
[
"they received lower pay",
"they deserved no fame and glory",
"they performed poorly",
"they worked harder than anyone else"
] | Career public servants are leaving government in alarming numbers. One of the reasons may be that _ . | As a company executive who spent ten years in federal service, I am often asked what I regard as the biggest difference between working for the government and working for a private company. My invariable response is to say that I look back on my time in government as one of the most exciting and challenging experiences of my life. Furthermore, I never worked as hard as when I was a public servant.
When I worked for the government, I worked with some of the finest, most competent and most committed people I have ever met. I was impressed by the overall quality of our career civil servants then, and I still am. But one of my greatest concerns now is that I will not be able to hold this same high opinion in the future.
Career public servants are leaving government in alarming numbers, and qualified replacements are becoming harder and harder to find. Good people who leave career government service are striving for highly paid positions in private enterprises.
We depend on government to keep this country safe in an uncertain world, to secure justice and domestic order and to solve a host of pressing problems. We need the best possible people performing and overseeing these vital tasks. A high-quality, professional federal service has been a source of national pride for more than a century. But what we have built up during a hundred years can be lost in less time than we imagine. We can't afford to let this happen. We must act now if this country is to be assured of the quality public service it deserves. | 952.txt | 0 |
[
"I never worked as hard as when I was a public servant",
"I have become a company executive",
"there will not be so many competent and qualified servants in the government as we had before",
"my time in government was not the most exciting experience in my life"
] | According to the author, _ , so I will not be able to hold this same high opinion toward the public servants in the future. | As a company executive who spent ten years in federal service, I am often asked what I regard as the biggest difference between working for the government and working for a private company. My invariable response is to say that I look back on my time in government as one of the most exciting and challenging experiences of my life. Furthermore, I never worked as hard as when I was a public servant.
When I worked for the government, I worked with some of the finest, most competent and most committed people I have ever met. I was impressed by the overall quality of our career civil servants then, and I still am. But one of my greatest concerns now is that I will not be able to hold this same high opinion in the future.
Career public servants are leaving government in alarming numbers, and qualified replacements are becoming harder and harder to find. Good people who leave career government service are striving for highly paid positions in private enterprises.
We depend on government to keep this country safe in an uncertain world, to secure justice and domestic order and to solve a host of pressing problems. We need the best possible people performing and overseeing these vital tasks. A high-quality, professional federal service has been a source of national pride for more than a century. But what we have built up during a hundred years can be lost in less time than we imagine. We can't afford to let this happen. We must act now if this country is to be assured of the quality public service it deserves. | 952.txt | 2 |
[
"we should make greater contributions to the country",
"the best possible people are urgently needed to do important tasks",
"we should show deep concern about the nation's future",
"we should become public servants"
] | We depend on government to keep this country safe in an uncertain world, therefore, | As a company executive who spent ten years in federal service, I am often asked what I regard as the biggest difference between working for the government and working for a private company. My invariable response is to say that I look back on my time in government as one of the most exciting and challenging experiences of my life. Furthermore, I never worked as hard as when I was a public servant.
When I worked for the government, I worked with some of the finest, most competent and most committed people I have ever met. I was impressed by the overall quality of our career civil servants then, and I still am. But one of my greatest concerns now is that I will not be able to hold this same high opinion in the future.
Career public servants are leaving government in alarming numbers, and qualified replacements are becoming harder and harder to find. Good people who leave career government service are striving for highly paid positions in private enterprises.
We depend on government to keep this country safe in an uncertain world, to secure justice and domestic order and to solve a host of pressing problems. We need the best possible people performing and overseeing these vital tasks. A high-quality, professional federal service has been a source of national pride for more than a century. But what we have built up during a hundred years can be lost in less time than we imagine. We can't afford to let this happen. We must act now if this country is to be assured of the quality public service it deserves. | 952.txt | 1 |
[
"national pride",
"high-quality professional federal service",
"good people",
"private enterprise"
] | If we neglect the serious problem and make no efforts, we will lose _ . | As a company executive who spent ten years in federal service, I am often asked what I regard as the biggest difference between working for the government and working for a private company. My invariable response is to say that I look back on my time in government as one of the most exciting and challenging experiences of my life. Furthermore, I never worked as hard as when I was a public servant.
When I worked for the government, I worked with some of the finest, most competent and most committed people I have ever met. I was impressed by the overall quality of our career civil servants then, and I still am. But one of my greatest concerns now is that I will not be able to hold this same high opinion in the future.
Career public servants are leaving government in alarming numbers, and qualified replacements are becoming harder and harder to find. Good people who leave career government service are striving for highly paid positions in private enterprises.
We depend on government to keep this country safe in an uncertain world, to secure justice and domestic order and to solve a host of pressing problems. We need the best possible people performing and overseeing these vital tasks. A high-quality, professional federal service has been a source of national pride for more than a century. But what we have built up during a hundred years can be lost in less time than we imagine. We can't afford to let this happen. We must act now if this country is to be assured of the quality public service it deserves. | 952.txt | 1 |
[
"Those who work for companies are highly paid.",
"More and more public servants have left the government.",
"Career public servants are qualified.",
"Many people of high qualities want to work in the government."
] | Which of the following is NOT TRUE? | As a company executive who spent ten years in federal service, I am often asked what I regard as the biggest difference between working for the government and working for a private company. My invariable response is to say that I look back on my time in government as one of the most exciting and challenging experiences of my life. Furthermore, I never worked as hard as when I was a public servant.
When I worked for the government, I worked with some of the finest, most competent and most committed people I have ever met. I was impressed by the overall quality of our career civil servants then, and I still am. But one of my greatest concerns now is that I will not be able to hold this same high opinion in the future.
Career public servants are leaving government in alarming numbers, and qualified replacements are becoming harder and harder to find. Good people who leave career government service are striving for highly paid positions in private enterprises.
We depend on government to keep this country safe in an uncertain world, to secure justice and domestic order and to solve a host of pressing problems. We need the best possible people performing and overseeing these vital tasks. A high-quality, professional federal service has been a source of national pride for more than a century. But what we have built up during a hundred years can be lost in less time than we imagine. We can't afford to let this happen. We must act now if this country is to be assured of the quality public service it deserves. | 952.txt | 3 |
[
"warn young people of the hardships that a successful writer has to experience",
"advise young people to give up their idea of becoming a professional writer",
"show young people it's unrealistic for a writer to pursue wealth and fame",
"encourage young people to pursue a writing career"
] | The passage is meant to _ . | Many a young person tells me he wants to be a writer. I always encourage such people, but I also explain that there's big difference between "being a writer" and writing. In most cases these individuals are dreaming of wealth and fame, not the long hours alone at a typewriter. "You've got to want to write," I say to them, "not want to be a writer."
The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor-paying affair. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never rewarded. When I left a 20-year career in the U.S. Coast Guard to become a freelance writer, I had no prospects at all. What I did have was a friend who found me my room in a New York apartment building. It didn't even matter that it was cold and had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used manual type writer and felt like a genuine writer.
After a year or so, however, I still hadn't gotten a break and began to doubt myself. It was so hard to sell a story that barely made enough to eat. But I knew I wanted to write. I had dreamed about it for years. I wasn't going to be one of those people who die wondering, What if? I would keep putting my dream to the test-even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure. This is the Shadowland of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there. | 3081.txt | 0 |
[
"Genuine writers often find their work interesting and rewarding.",
"A writer's success depends on luck rather than on effort.",
"Famous writers usually live in poverty and isolation.",
"The chances for a writer to become successful are small."
] | What can be concluded from the passage? | Many a young person tells me he wants to be a writer. I always encourage such people, but I also explain that there's big difference between "being a writer" and writing. In most cases these individuals are dreaming of wealth and fame, not the long hours alone at a typewriter. "You've got to want to write," I say to them, "not want to be a writer."
The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor-paying affair. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never rewarded. When I left a 20-year career in the U.S. Coast Guard to become a freelance writer, I had no prospects at all. What I did have was a friend who found me my room in a New York apartment building. It didn't even matter that it was cold and had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used manual type writer and felt like a genuine writer.
After a year or so, however, I still hadn't gotten a break and began to doubt myself. It was so hard to sell a story that barely made enough to eat. But I knew I wanted to write. I had dreamed about it for years. I wasn't going to be one of those people who die wondering, What if? I would keep putting my dream to the test-even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure. This is the Shadowland of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there. | 3081.txt | 3 |
[
"He wasn't able to produce a single book.",
"He hadn't seen a change for the better.",
"He wasn't able to have a rest for a whole years.",
"He found his dream would never come true."
] | Why did the author begin to doubt himself after the first year of his writing career? | Many a young person tells me he wants to be a writer. I always encourage such people, but I also explain that there's big difference between "being a writer" and writing. In most cases these individuals are dreaming of wealth and fame, not the long hours alone at a typewriter. "You've got to want to write," I say to them, "not want to be a writer."
The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor-paying affair. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never rewarded. When I left a 20-year career in the U.S. Coast Guard to become a freelance writer, I had no prospects at all. What I did have was a friend who found me my room in a New York apartment building. It didn't even matter that it was cold and had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used manual type writer and felt like a genuine writer.
After a year or so, however, I still hadn't gotten a break and began to doubt myself. It was so hard to sell a story that barely made enough to eat. But I knew I wanted to write. I had dreamed about it for years. I wasn't going to be one of those people who die wondering, What if? I would keep putting my dream to the test-even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure. This is the Shadowland of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there. | 3081.txt | 1 |
[
"who think too much of the dark side of life",
"who regret giving up their career halfway",
"who think a lot without making a decision",
"who are full of imagination even upon death"
] | "... People who die wondering, What if?" (Line 3, Para. 3) refers to "those _ ". | Many a young person tells me he wants to be a writer. I always encourage such people, but I also explain that there's big difference between "being a writer" and writing. In most cases these individuals are dreaming of wealth and fame, not the long hours alone at a typewriter. "You've got to want to write," I say to them, "not want to be a writer."
The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor-paying affair. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never rewarded. When I left a 20-year career in the U.S. Coast Guard to become a freelance writer, I had no prospects at all. What I did have was a friend who found me my room in a New York apartment building. It didn't even matter that it was cold and had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used manual type writer and felt like a genuine writer.
After a year or so, however, I still hadn't gotten a break and began to doubt myself. It was so hard to sell a story that barely made enough to eat. But I knew I wanted to write. I had dreamed about it for years. I wasn't going to be one of those people who die wondering, What if? I would keep putting my dream to the test-even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure. This is the Shadowland of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there. | 3081.txt | 1 |
[
"the wonderland one often dreams about",
"the bright future that one is looking forward to",
"the state of uncertainty before one's final goal is reached",
"a world that exists only in one's imagination"
] | "Shadowland" in the last sentence refers to _ . | Many a young person tells me he wants to be a writer. I always encourage such people, but I also explain that there's big difference between "being a writer" and writing. In most cases these individuals are dreaming of wealth and fame, not the long hours alone at a typewriter. "You've got to want to write," I say to them, "not want to be a writer."
The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor-paying affair. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never rewarded. When I left a 20-year career in the U.S. Coast Guard to become a freelance writer, I had no prospects at all. What I did have was a friend who found me my room in a New York apartment building. It didn't even matter that it was cold and had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used manual type writer and felt like a genuine writer.
After a year or so, however, I still hadn't gotten a break and began to doubt myself. It was so hard to sell a story that barely made enough to eat. But I knew I wanted to write. I had dreamed about it for years. I wasn't going to be one of those people who die wondering, What if? I would keep putting my dream to the test-even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure. This is the Shadowland of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there. | 3081.txt | 2 |
[
"It absorbs sun's heat.",
"It is responsible for climate change.",
"It reflects sunlight.",
"It may account for a quarter of global warming over the past century."
] | Which of the following statements of soot is NOT true? | New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow. According to a computer simulation, black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century.
Soot in the higher latitudes of the Earth, where ice is more common, absorbs more of the sun's energy and warmth than an icy, white background. Dark-colored black carbon, or soot,absorbs sunlight, while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.
Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change. Also, if snow and ice covered areas begin melting, the warming effect increases, as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface. "This provides a positive feedback, as glaciers and ice sheets melt, they tend to get even dirtier," said Dr. James Hansen, a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York.
Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo , which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere, such as thinning Arctic sea ice and melting glaciers permafi:ost. Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.
"Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space, thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon," Hansen said. Soot's increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world's climate. "This forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude," Hansen noted.
Hansen cautioned, although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial, it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century. Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of the century.
The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were coherent with the researchers' climate model situations, which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight. | 1276.txt | 2 |
[
"Ice sea areas.",
"Areas with black carbon.",
"Areas covered with white snow.",
"Melting glaciers."
] | Which of the following areas shows a greater warming effect? | New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow. According to a computer simulation, black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century.
Soot in the higher latitudes of the Earth, where ice is more common, absorbs more of the sun's energy and warmth than an icy, white background. Dark-colored black carbon, or soot,absorbs sunlight, while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.
Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change. Also, if snow and ice covered areas begin melting, the warming effect increases, as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface. "This provides a positive feedback, as glaciers and ice sheets melt, they tend to get even dirtier," said Dr. James Hansen, a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York.
Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo , which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere, such as thinning Arctic sea ice and melting glaciers permafi:ost. Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.
"Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space, thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon," Hansen said. Soot's increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world's climate. "This forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude," Hansen noted.
Hansen cautioned, although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial, it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century. Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of the century.
The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were coherent with the researchers' climate model situations, which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight. | 1276.txt | 1 |
[
"sun's heating on snow surface",
"soot's increased absorption of solar energy",
"carbon-dioxide's warming effect",
"snow's increased reflection of sunlight"
] | "This forcing" in Paragraph 5 refers to _ . | New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow. According to a computer simulation, black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century.
Soot in the higher latitudes of the Earth, where ice is more common, absorbs more of the sun's energy and warmth than an icy, white background. Dark-colored black carbon, or soot,absorbs sunlight, while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.
Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change. Also, if snow and ice covered areas begin melting, the warming effect increases, as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface. "This provides a positive feedback, as glaciers and ice sheets melt, they tend to get even dirtier," said Dr. James Hansen, a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York.
Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo , which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere, such as thinning Arctic sea ice and melting glaciers permafi:ost. Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.
"Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space, thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon," Hansen said. Soot's increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world's climate. "This forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude," Hansen noted.
Hansen cautioned, although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial, it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century. Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of the century.
The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were coherent with the researchers' climate model situations, which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight. | 1276.txt | 1 |
[
"Soot.",
"Snow.",
"Greenhouse gases.",
"Wind."
] | What is the main cause of climate warming during the past century? | New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow. According to a computer simulation, black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century.
Soot in the higher latitudes of the Earth, where ice is more common, absorbs more of the sun's energy and warmth than an icy, white background. Dark-colored black carbon, or soot,absorbs sunlight, while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.
Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change. Also, if snow and ice covered areas begin melting, the warming effect increases, as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface. "This provides a positive feedback, as glaciers and ice sheets melt, they tend to get even dirtier," said Dr. James Hansen, a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York.
Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo , which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere, such as thinning Arctic sea ice and melting glaciers permafi:ost. Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.
"Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space, thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon," Hansen said. Soot's increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world's climate. "This forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude," Hansen noted.
Hansen cautioned, although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial, it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century. Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of the century.
The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were coherent with the researchers' climate model situations, which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight. | 1276.txt | 2 |
[
"thinning sea ice and insufficient sunlight",
"light snow cover and sufficient sunlight",
"heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight",
"thick sea ice and insufficient sunlight"
] | The largest warming effects happened in the Northern Hemisphere with _ . | New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow. According to a computer simulation, black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century.
Soot in the higher latitudes of the Earth, where ice is more common, absorbs more of the sun's energy and warmth than an icy, white background. Dark-colored black carbon, or soot,absorbs sunlight, while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight.
Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change. Also, if snow and ice covered areas begin melting, the warming effect increases, as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface. "This provides a positive feedback, as glaciers and ice sheets melt, they tend to get even dirtier," said Dr. James Hansen, a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York.
Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo , which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere, such as thinning Arctic sea ice and melting glaciers permafi:ost. Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.
"Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space, thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon," Hansen said. Soot's increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world's climate. "This forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude," Hansen noted.
Hansen cautioned, although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial, it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century. Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of the century.
The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were coherent with the researchers' climate model situations, which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight. | 1276.txt | 2 |
[
"The pollutants come mostly from debris.",
"The pollutants come mostly from fibers.",
"The pollutants come mostly from cosmetics.",
"The pollutants come mostly from daily supplies."
] | According to the passage.what are mainly called "micro plastics"? | Arctic Ocean ice may hold trillions of small pieces of plastic and other synthetic trash，and they are being released into the world's oceans as global warming melts the polar cap，researchers say,Though the finding is surprising and worrying，the possible harm to marine life is so far unknown，the authors concluded.called micro plastics，the pollutants come mostly from debris that has broken apart，as well as from cosmetics and fibers released from washing clothes，according to the Study,which was published in the iournA. Earth's Future and first reported by Science magazine.
At current melting trends.more than l trillion pieces 5 millimeters or smaller could wind up in the oceans during the coming decade.the authors estimate.The concentration of plastic debris is 1，000 times greater than that floating in the so.called Great Pacific Garbage Patch.The researchers based their findings on core samples of ice taken during polar expeditions in 2005 and 2010.
Rayon was the most colninon synthetic material discovered-54％.Though rayon is not a plastic(it's made from wood),the authors included it"because it is a manmade semi.synthetic that makes up a significant proportion of synthetic microparticles found in the marine environment."Rayon is used in cigarette filters，clothing and personal hygiene products.Polyesterwas the next most common pollutant found in the ice(21％)，followed by nylon(16％)，polypropylene(3％)and polystyrene，acrylic and polyethylene (2％each).
The authors cA.led the ice trap"a major historic globA. sink of man.made particulates."and said their findings"go some way to help clarify one of the most puzzling aspects of current understanding on the quantities of plastic debris reported in the oceans."As Science points out，288 million tons of plastics were produced in 2012.
Micro plastics garbage has aso been found on the shores of southernmost Chile，so the authors said it's time to investigate the planet's other polar region."WHile multiyear sea ice makes up a smaller proportion of aunual sea ice cover in the Southem Ocean.and perenniA. sea ice cover around Antarctica is following different trends,our finding indicate the importance of sampling ice from the Antarctic to see if it too contains micro plastics，"they write. | 1175.txt | 3 |
[
"putan endto",
"screwup",
"sweep across",
"roll up"
] | What does the phrase"wind uP"mean in Para.2? | Arctic Ocean ice may hold trillions of small pieces of plastic and other synthetic trash，and they are being released into the world's oceans as global warming melts the polar cap，researchers say,Though the finding is surprising and worrying，the possible harm to marine life is so far unknown，the authors concluded.called micro plastics，the pollutants come mostly from debris that has broken apart，as well as from cosmetics and fibers released from washing clothes，according to the Study,which was published in the iournA. Earth's Future and first reported by Science magazine.
At current melting trends.more than l trillion pieces 5 millimeters or smaller could wind up in the oceans during the coming decade.the authors estimate.The concentration of plastic debris is 1，000 times greater than that floating in the so.called Great Pacific Garbage Patch.The researchers based their findings on core samples of ice taken during polar expeditions in 2005 and 2010.
Rayon was the most colninon synthetic material discovered-54％.Though rayon is not a plastic(it's made from wood),the authors included it"because it is a manmade semi.synthetic that makes up a significant proportion of synthetic microparticles found in the marine environment."Rayon is used in cigarette filters，clothing and personal hygiene products.Polyesterwas the next most common pollutant found in the ice(21％)，followed by nylon(16％)，polypropylene(3％)and polystyrene，acrylic and polyethylene (2％each).
The authors cA.led the ice trap"a major historic globA. sink of man.made particulates."and said their findings"go some way to help clarify one of the most puzzling aspects of current understanding on the quantities of plastic debris reported in the oceans."As Science points out，288 million tons of plastics were produced in 2012.
Micro plastics garbage has aso been found on the shores of southernmost Chile，so the authors said it's time to investigate the planet's other polar region."WHile multiyear sea ice makes up a smaller proportion of aunual sea ice cover in the Southem Ocean.and perenniA. sea ice cover around Antarctica is following different trends,our finding indicate the importance of sampling ice from the Antarctic to see if it too contains micro plastics，"they write. | 1175.txt | 2 |
[
"Because it is a significant manmade semi.synthetic discovered in the ocean.",
"Because it is a major natural semi.synthetic appearing in the marine.",
"Because it is a minor manmade synthetic dug out in the marine.",
"Because it is a significant natural synthetic explored in the marine."
] | Why does the author include"rayon"in.though it is not a plastic? | Arctic Ocean ice may hold trillions of small pieces of plastic and other synthetic trash，and they are being released into the world's oceans as global warming melts the polar cap，researchers say,Though the finding is surprising and worrying，the possible harm to marine life is so far unknown，the authors concluded.called micro plastics，the pollutants come mostly from debris that has broken apart，as well as from cosmetics and fibers released from washing clothes，according to the Study,which was published in the iournA. Earth's Future and first reported by Science magazine.
At current melting trends.more than l trillion pieces 5 millimeters or smaller could wind up in the oceans during the coming decade.the authors estimate.The concentration of plastic debris is 1，000 times greater than that floating in the so.called Great Pacific Garbage Patch.The researchers based their findings on core samples of ice taken during polar expeditions in 2005 and 2010.
Rayon was the most colninon synthetic material discovered-54％.Though rayon is not a plastic(it's made from wood),the authors included it"because it is a manmade semi.synthetic that makes up a significant proportion of synthetic microparticles found in the marine environment."Rayon is used in cigarette filters，clothing and personal hygiene products.Polyesterwas the next most common pollutant found in the ice(21％)，followed by nylon(16％)，polypropylene(3％)and polystyrene，acrylic and polyethylene (2％each).
The authors cA.led the ice trap"a major historic globA. sink of man.made particulates."and said their findings"go some way to help clarify one of the most puzzling aspects of current understanding on the quantities of plastic debris reported in the oceans."As Science points out，288 million tons of plastics were produced in 2012.
Micro plastics garbage has aso been found on the shores of southernmost Chile，so the authors said it's time to investigate the planet's other polar region."WHile multiyear sea ice makes up a smaller proportion of aunual sea ice cover in the Southem Ocean.and perenniA. sea ice cover around Antarctica is following different trends,our finding indicate the importance of sampling ice from the Antarctic to see if it too contains micro plastics，"they write. | 1175.txt | 0 |
[
"The historic sink should be attributed to man-made particulates.",
"People on a worldwide scA.e have reaped what they had sown.",
"The ice trap is of major historic meaning on the globA. context.",
"The major historic globA. sink is derived from the ice melting."
] | What can we infer from the ice trap"a major historic global sink of mail-made particulates"? | Arctic Ocean ice may hold trillions of small pieces of plastic and other synthetic trash，and they are being released into the world's oceans as global warming melts the polar cap，researchers say,Though the finding is surprising and worrying，the possible harm to marine life is so far unknown，the authors concluded.called micro plastics，the pollutants come mostly from debris that has broken apart，as well as from cosmetics and fibers released from washing clothes，according to the Study,which was published in the iournA. Earth's Future and first reported by Science magazine.
At current melting trends.more than l trillion pieces 5 millimeters or smaller could wind up in the oceans during the coming decade.the authors estimate.The concentration of plastic debris is 1，000 times greater than that floating in the so.called Great Pacific Garbage Patch.The researchers based their findings on core samples of ice taken during polar expeditions in 2005 and 2010.
Rayon was the most colninon synthetic material discovered-54％.Though rayon is not a plastic(it's made from wood),the authors included it"because it is a manmade semi.synthetic that makes up a significant proportion of synthetic microparticles found in the marine environment."Rayon is used in cigarette filters，clothing and personal hygiene products.Polyesterwas the next most common pollutant found in the ice(21％)，followed by nylon(16％)，polypropylene(3％)and polystyrene，acrylic and polyethylene (2％each).
The authors cA.led the ice trap"a major historic globA. sink of man.made particulates."and said their findings"go some way to help clarify one of the most puzzling aspects of current understanding on the quantities of plastic debris reported in the oceans."As Science points out，288 million tons of plastics were produced in 2012.
Micro plastics garbage has aso been found on the shores of southernmost Chile，so the authors said it's time to investigate the planet's other polar region."WHile multiyear sea ice makes up a smaller proportion of aunual sea ice cover in the Southem Ocean.and perenniA. sea ice cover around Antarctica is following different trends,our finding indicate the importance of sampling ice from the Antarctic to see if it too contains micro plastics，"they write. | 1175.txt | 1 |
[
"Rayon was the most common synthetic in the ocean.",
"It's time to research the planet's other polar region.",
"Trillions of plastic pieces found in the Arctic ice.",
"Trillions of plastic pieces will wind up in the ocean."
] | What's the best title of this passage? | Arctic Ocean ice may hold trillions of small pieces of plastic and other synthetic trash，and they are being released into the world's oceans as global warming melts the polar cap，researchers say,Though the finding is surprising and worrying，the possible harm to marine life is so far unknown，the authors concluded.called micro plastics，the pollutants come mostly from debris that has broken apart，as well as from cosmetics and fibers released from washing clothes，according to the Study,which was published in the iournA. Earth's Future and first reported by Science magazine.
At current melting trends.more than l trillion pieces 5 millimeters or smaller could wind up in the oceans during the coming decade.the authors estimate.The concentration of plastic debris is 1，000 times greater than that floating in the so.called Great Pacific Garbage Patch.The researchers based their findings on core samples of ice taken during polar expeditions in 2005 and 2010.
Rayon was the most colninon synthetic material discovered-54％.Though rayon is not a plastic(it's made from wood),the authors included it"because it is a manmade semi.synthetic that makes up a significant proportion of synthetic microparticles found in the marine environment."Rayon is used in cigarette filters，clothing and personal hygiene products.Polyesterwas the next most common pollutant found in the ice(21％)，followed by nylon(16％)，polypropylene(3％)and polystyrene，acrylic and polyethylene (2％each).
The authors cA.led the ice trap"a major historic globA. sink of man.made particulates."and said their findings"go some way to help clarify one of the most puzzling aspects of current understanding on the quantities of plastic debris reported in the oceans."As Science points out，288 million tons of plastics were produced in 2012.
Micro plastics garbage has aso been found on the shores of southernmost Chile，so the authors said it's time to investigate the planet's other polar region."WHile multiyear sea ice makes up a smaller proportion of aunual sea ice cover in the Southem Ocean.and perenniA. sea ice cover around Antarctica is following different trends,our finding indicate the importance of sampling ice from the Antarctic to see if it too contains micro plastics，"they write. | 1175.txt | 2 |
[
"women do as much as men",
"people think women are weaker than men",
"sport is easier for men than for women",
"in sport the two sexes are always together"
] | Women are called the weaker sex because _ . | In sport the sexesare separate. Women andmen do not run or swim in the same races. Womenare less strong than men. That at least is whatpeople say. Women are called the weaker sex, or, ifmen want to please them, the fair sex. But boys andgirls are taught together at schools and universities.There are women who are famous Prime Ministers,scientists and writers. And women live longer thanmen. A European woman can expect to live until the age of 74, a man only until he is 68.Arewomen's bodies really weaker?
The fastest men can run a mile in under 4 minutes. The best women need 4.5 minutes.Women's time are always slower than men's, but some facts are a surprise. Some of the fastestwomen swimmers today are teenage girls. One of them swam 400 metres in 4 minutes 21.2seconds when she was only 16.The first‘Tartan'in film was an Olympic swimmer, JohnnyWeissmuller. His fastest 400 metres was 4 minutes 49.1 seconds, which is 37.9 seconds slowerthan a girl 50 years later! This does not mean that women are catching men up. Conditions arevery different now and sport is much more serious. It is so serious that some women athletesare given hormone injections. At the Olympics a doctor has to check whether thewomen athletes are really women or not. It seems sad that sport has such problems. Life can bevery complicated when there are two separate sexes! | 2488.txt | 1 |
[
"Boys and girls study separately everywhere.",
"Women do not run or swim in races with men.",
"Famous Prime Ministers are women.",
"Men can expect to live longer than women in Europe."
] | Which of the following is true? | In sport the sexesare separate. Women andmen do not run or swim in the same races. Womenare less strong than men. That at least is whatpeople say. Women are called the weaker sex, or, ifmen want to please them, the fair sex. But boys andgirls are taught together at schools and universities.There are women who are famous Prime Ministers,scientists and writers. And women live longer thanmen. A European woman can expect to live until the age of 74, a man only until he is 68.Arewomen's bodies really weaker?
The fastest men can run a mile in under 4 minutes. The best women need 4.5 minutes.Women's time are always slower than men's, but some facts are a surprise. Some of the fastestwomen swimmers today are teenage girls. One of them swam 400 metres in 4 minutes 21.2seconds when she was only 16.The first‘Tartan'in film was an Olympic swimmer, JohnnyWeissmuller. His fastest 400 metres was 4 minutes 49.1 seconds, which is 37.9 seconds slowerthan a girl 50 years later! This does not mean that women are catching men up. Conditions arevery different now and sport is much more serious. It is so serious that some women athletesare given hormone injections. At the Olympics a doctor has to check whether thewomen athletes are really women or not. It seems sad that sport has such problems. Life can bevery complicated when there are two separate sexes! | 2488.txt | 1 |
[
"say other things , too",
"don't say this much",
"say this but may not think so",
"only think this"
] | "That at least is what people say"means people _ . | In sport the sexesare separate. Women andmen do not run or swim in the same races. Womenare less strong than men. That at least is whatpeople say. Women are called the weaker sex, or, ifmen want to please them, the fair sex. But boys andgirls are taught together at schools and universities.There are women who are famous Prime Ministers,scientists and writers. And women live longer thanmen. A European woman can expect to live until the age of 74, a man only until he is 68.Arewomen's bodies really weaker?
The fastest men can run a mile in under 4 minutes. The best women need 4.5 minutes.Women's time are always slower than men's, but some facts are a surprise. Some of the fastestwomen swimmers today are teenage girls. One of them swam 400 metres in 4 minutes 21.2seconds when she was only 16.The first‘Tartan'in film was an Olympic swimmer, JohnnyWeissmuller. His fastest 400 metres was 4 minutes 49.1 seconds, which is 37.9 seconds slowerthan a girl 50 years later! This does not mean that women are catching men up. Conditions arevery different now and sport is much more serious. It is so serious that some women athletesare given hormone injections. At the Olympics a doctor has to check whether thewomen athletes are really women or not. It seems sad that sport has such problems. Life can bevery complicated when there are two separate sexes! | 2488.txt | 2 |
[
"Some women athletes are actually men.",
"Some women athletes are give hormone injections.",
"Women and men do not run or swim in the same races.",
"It is difficult to check whether women athletes are really women."
] | What problems does sport have? | In sport the sexesare separate. Women andmen do not run or swim in the same races. Womenare less strong than men. That at least is whatpeople say. Women are called the weaker sex, or, ifmen want to please them, the fair sex. But boys andgirls are taught together at schools and universities.There are women who are famous Prime Ministers,scientists and writers. And women live longer thanmen. A European woman can expect to live until the age of 74, a man only until he is 68.Arewomen's bodies really weaker?
The fastest men can run a mile in under 4 minutes. The best women need 4.5 minutes.Women's time are always slower than men's, but some facts are a surprise. Some of the fastestwomen swimmers today are teenage girls. One of them swam 400 metres in 4 minutes 21.2seconds when she was only 16.The first‘Tartan'in film was an Olympic swimmer, JohnnyWeissmuller. His fastest 400 metres was 4 minutes 49.1 seconds, which is 37.9 seconds slowerthan a girl 50 years later! This does not mean that women are catching men up. Conditions arevery different now and sport is much more serious. It is so serious that some women athletesare given hormone injections. At the Olympics a doctor has to check whether thewomen athletes are really women or not. It seems sad that sport has such problems. Life can bevery complicated when there are two separate sexes! | 2488.txt | 1 |
[
"women are weaker than wen , but faster",
"women are slower than men, but stronger",
"men are not always stronger and faster than women",
"men are faster and stronger than women"
] | In this passage the author implies that _ . | In sport the sexesare separate. Women andmen do not run or swim in the same races. Womenare less strong than men. That at least is whatpeople say. Women are called the weaker sex, or, ifmen want to please them, the fair sex. But boys andgirls are taught together at schools and universities.There are women who are famous Prime Ministers,scientists and writers. And women live longer thanmen. A European woman can expect to live until the age of 74, a man only until he is 68.Arewomen's bodies really weaker?
The fastest men can run a mile in under 4 minutes. The best women need 4.5 minutes.Women's time are always slower than men's, but some facts are a surprise. Some of the fastestwomen swimmers today are teenage girls. One of them swam 400 metres in 4 minutes 21.2seconds when she was only 16.The first‘Tartan'in film was an Olympic swimmer, JohnnyWeissmuller. His fastest 400 metres was 4 minutes 49.1 seconds, which is 37.9 seconds slowerthan a girl 50 years later! This does not mean that women are catching men up. Conditions arevery different now and sport is much more serious. It is so serious that some women athletesare given hormone injections. At the Olympics a doctor has to check whether thewomen athletes are really women or not. It seems sad that sport has such problems. Life can bevery complicated when there are two separate sexes! | 2488.txt | 2 |
[
"at school",
"over the radio",
"on TV",
"not all in the same way"
] | People learn English _ . | Students in many countries are learning English. Some of these students are small children. Others are teen-agers. Many are adults. Some learn at school, others by themselves. A few learn English by learning the language over the radio, on TV, or in film. One must work hard to learn another language.
Why do all these people want to learn English? It is difficult to answer this question. Many boys and girls learn English at school because it is one of their subjects required for study. They study their own language and maths and English: Some people learn it because it is useful for their work. Many people learn English for their work. Many people learn English for their higher studies, because at college or university some of their books are in English. Other people learn English because they want to read newspapers or magazines in English. | 959.txt | 3 |
[
"together with other subjects",
"for different reas",
"for their work",
"for higher studies at colleges"
] | Different kinds of people want to learn English _ . | Students in many countries are learning English. Some of these students are small children. Others are teen-agers. Many are adults. Some learn at school, others by themselves. A few learn English by learning the language over the radio, on TV, or in film. One must work hard to learn another language.
Why do all these people want to learn English? It is difficult to answer this question. Many boys and girls learn English at school because it is one of their subjects required for study. They study their own language and maths and English: Some people learn it because it is useful for their work. Many people learn English for their work. Many people learn English for their higher studies, because at college or university some of their books are in English. Other people learn English because they want to read newspapers or magazines in English. | 959.txt | 1 |
[
"we can learn English easily",
"English is very difficult to learn",
"English is learned by most people in the world",
"English is a useful language but one must work hard to learn"
] | From this passage we know that _ . | Students in many countries are learning English. Some of these students are small children. Others are teen-agers. Many are adults. Some learn at school, others by themselves. A few learn English by learning the language over the radio, on TV, or in film. One must work hard to learn another language.
Why do all these people want to learn English? It is difficult to answer this question. Many boys and girls learn English at school because it is one of their subjects required for study. They study their own language and maths and English: Some people learn it because it is useful for their work. Many people learn English for their work. Many people learn English for their higher studies, because at college or university some of their books are in English. Other people learn English because they want to read newspapers or magazines in English. | 959.txt | 3 |
[
"We don't need to learn any foreign languages.",
"We can do well in all our work without English.",
"English is the most important subject in schools.",
"We should learn English because we need to face the world."
] | Which of the following is right? | Students in many countries are learning English. Some of these students are small children. Others are teen-agers. Many are adults. Some learn at school, others by themselves. A few learn English by learning the language over the radio, on TV, or in film. One must work hard to learn another language.
Why do all these people want to learn English? It is difficult to answer this question. Many boys and girls learn English at school because it is one of their subjects required for study. They study their own language and maths and English: Some people learn it because it is useful for their work. Many people learn English for their work. Many people learn English for their higher studies, because at college or university some of their books are in English. Other people learn English because they want to read newspapers or magazines in English. | 959.txt | 3 |
[
"the Asian elephant",
"the forest elephant",
"the savanna elephant",
"the mastodon elephant"
] | One of the fossils studied by the researchers is that of _ . | A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct species
The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard universities when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephants-the Asian elephant, African forest elephant and African savanna elephant
Once they obtained DNA sequences from two fossils ，mammoths and mastodons the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants. They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.
The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephants and the African forest elephants have been distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists.
There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.
Previously, many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species despite the elephants' significant size differences. The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5metres. The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons, roughly double the weight of the forest elephant. But the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species. However, the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.
Alfred Roca, assistant professor in the department of Animal Sciences at the University of Minois, said, "We now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purpose. Since 1950 all African elephants have been conserved as one species. Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinct animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priority for conservation purpose." | 3351.txt | 3 |
[
"DNA",
"height",
"weight",
"population"
] | The researcher's conclusion was based on a study of the African elephant's _ . | A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct species
The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard universities when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephants-the Asian elephant, African forest elephant and African savanna elephant
Once they obtained DNA sequences from two fossils ，mammoths and mastodons the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants. They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.
The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephants and the African forest elephants have been distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists.
There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.
Previously, many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species despite the elephants' significant size differences. The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5metres. The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons, roughly double the weight of the forest elephant. But the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species. However, the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.
Alfred Roca, assistant professor in the department of Animal Sciences at the University of Minois, said, "We now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purpose. Since 1950 all African elephants have been conserved as one species. Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinct animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priority for conservation purpose." | 3351.txt | 0 |
[
"The conversation of African elephants.",
"The purpose of studying African elephants",
"The way to divide African elephants into two units",
"The reason for the distinction of African elephants"
] | What were Alfred Roca's words mainly about? | A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct species
The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard universities when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephants-the Asian elephant, African forest elephant and African savanna elephant
Once they obtained DNA sequences from two fossils ，mammoths and mastodons the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants. They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.
The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephants and the African forest elephants have been distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists.
There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.
Previously, many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species despite the elephants' significant size differences. The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5metres. The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons, roughly double the weight of the forest elephant. But the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species. However, the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.
Alfred Roca, assistant professor in the department of Animal Sciences at the University of Minois, said, "We now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purpose. Since 1950 all African elephants have been conserved as one species. Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinct animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priority for conservation purpose." | 3351.txt | 0 |
[
"Naturalist's Belief about Elephants.",
"Amazing Experiment about Elephants",
"An Unexpected Finding about Elephants",
"A Long scientific Debate about Elephants"
] | Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? | A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct species
The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard universities when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephants-the Asian elephant, African forest elephant and African savanna elephant
Once they obtained DNA sequences from two fossils ，mammoths and mastodons the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants. They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.
The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephants and the African forest elephants have been distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists.
There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.
Previously, many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species despite the elephants' significant size differences. The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5metres. The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons, roughly double the weight of the forest elephant. But the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species. However, the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.
Alfred Roca, assistant professor in the department of Animal Sciences at the University of Minois, said, "We now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purpose. Since 1950 all African elephants have been conserved as one species. Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinct animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priority for conservation purpose." | 3351.txt | 2 |
[
"more precise",
"absolutely accurate",
"more durable",
"indestructible"
] | Scientists expect that the atomic clocks will be _ . | The accuracy of cientific observations and calculations is always at the mercy of the scientist's timekeeping methods. For this reason,scientists are interested in devices that give promise of more precise timekeeping.
In their search for precision, scientists have turned to atomic clocks that depend on various vibrating atoms or molecules to supply their "ticking" .This is possible because each kind of atom or molecule has its own characteristic rate of vibration. The nitrogen atom in ammonia , for example, vibrates or "ticks" 24 billion times a second.
One such atomic clock is so accurate that it will probaly lose no more than a second in 3000 years. It will be of great improtance in fields such as astronomical is a sesium atom that vibrates 9.2 billion times a second when heated to the temperature of boiling water.
An atomic clock that operates with an ammonia molecue may be used to check the accuracy of predictions based on Einstein's relativity theories, according to which a clock in motion and a clock at rest should keep time differently. Placed in an orbiting satellite moving at a speed of 18000 miles an hour, the clock could broadcast its time readings to a ground station, where they would be compared with the readings on a similar model. Whatever differences develop would be checked against the differences predicted. | 1650.txt | 0 |
[
"acesium atom",
"an ammonia molecule",
"a nitrogen atom",
"a hydrogen"
] | The heart of the atomichron is _ . | The accuracy of cientific observations and calculations is always at the mercy of the scientist's timekeeping methods. For this reason,scientists are interested in devices that give promise of more precise timekeeping.
In their search for precision, scientists have turned to atomic clocks that depend on various vibrating atoms or molecules to supply their "ticking" .This is possible because each kind of atom or molecule has its own characteristic rate of vibration. The nitrogen atom in ammonia , for example, vibrates or "ticks" 24 billion times a second.
One such atomic clock is so accurate that it will probaly lose no more than a second in 3000 years. It will be of great improtance in fields such as astronomical is a sesium atom that vibrates 9.2 billion times a second when heated to the temperature of boiling water.
An atomic clock that operates with an ammonia molecue may be used to check the accuracy of predictions based on Einstein's relativity theories, according to which a clock in motion and a clock at rest should keep time differently. Placed in an orbiting satellite moving at a speed of 18000 miles an hour, the clock could broadcast its time readings to a ground station, where they would be compared with the readings on a similar model. Whatever differences develop would be checked against the differences predicted. | 1650.txt | 0 |
[
"affect only ammonia molecules",
"may affect the vibration rate of atoms",
"affect the speed at which atoms travel",
"do not affect atoms in any way"
] | From theselection,we may assume that temperature changes_ . | The accuracy of cientific observations and calculations is always at the mercy of the scientist's timekeeping methods. For this reason,scientists are interested in devices that give promise of more precise timekeeping.
In their search for precision, scientists have turned to atomic clocks that depend on various vibrating atoms or molecules to supply their "ticking" .This is possible because each kind of atom or molecule has its own characteristic rate of vibration. The nitrogen atom in ammonia , for example, vibrates or "ticks" 24 billion times a second.
One such atomic clock is so accurate that it will probaly lose no more than a second in 3000 years. It will be of great improtance in fields such as astronomical is a sesium atom that vibrates 9.2 billion times a second when heated to the temperature of boiling water.
An atomic clock that operates with an ammonia molecue may be used to check the accuracy of predictions based on Einstein's relativity theories, according to which a clock in motion and a clock at rest should keep time differently. Placed in an orbiting satellite moving at a speed of 18000 miles an hour, the clock could broadcast its time readings to a ground station, where they would be compared with the readings on a similar model. Whatever differences develop would be checked against the differences predicted. | 1650.txt | 1 |
[
"the effect of outer space on an atomic clock",
"the actual speed of an orbiting satelite",
"the accuacy of predictions based on theories of relativity",
"all of Einstein's theories"
] | Identical atomic clocks may be used to check_ . | The accuracy of cientific observations and calculations is always at the mercy of the scientist's timekeeping methods. For this reason,scientists are interested in devices that give promise of more precise timekeeping.
In their search for precision, scientists have turned to atomic clocks that depend on various vibrating atoms or molecules to supply their "ticking" .This is possible because each kind of atom or molecule has its own characteristic rate of vibration. The nitrogen atom in ammonia , for example, vibrates or "ticks" 24 billion times a second.
One such atomic clock is so accurate that it will probaly lose no more than a second in 3000 years. It will be of great improtance in fields such as astronomical is a sesium atom that vibrates 9.2 billion times a second when heated to the temperature of boiling water.
An atomic clock that operates with an ammonia molecue may be used to check the accuracy of predictions based on Einstein's relativity theories, according to which a clock in motion and a clock at rest should keep time differently. Placed in an orbiting satellite moving at a speed of 18000 miles an hour, the clock could broadcast its time readings to a ground station, where they would be compared with the readings on a similar model. Whatever differences develop would be checked against the differences predicted. | 1650.txt | 2 |
[
"Precise timekeeping is essential in science",
"Scientists expect to disprove Einstein's relativity theories",
"Atomic clocks will be important in space flight",
"The rate of vibration of an atom never varies"
] | Implied but not stated:_ . | The accuracy of cientific observations and calculations is always at the mercy of the scientist's timekeeping methods. For this reason,scientists are interested in devices that give promise of more precise timekeeping.
In their search for precision, scientists have turned to atomic clocks that depend on various vibrating atoms or molecules to supply their "ticking" .This is possible because each kind of atom or molecule has its own characteristic rate of vibration. The nitrogen atom in ammonia , for example, vibrates or "ticks" 24 billion times a second.
One such atomic clock is so accurate that it will probaly lose no more than a second in 3000 years. It will be of great improtance in fields such as astronomical is a sesium atom that vibrates 9.2 billion times a second when heated to the temperature of boiling water.
An atomic clock that operates with an ammonia molecue may be used to check the accuracy of predictions based on Einstein's relativity theories, according to which a clock in motion and a clock at rest should keep time differently. Placed in an orbiting satellite moving at a speed of 18000 miles an hour, the clock could broadcast its time readings to a ground station, where they would be compared with the readings on a similar model. Whatever differences develop would be checked against the differences predicted. | 1650.txt | 2 |
[
"They are alive.",
"They are hopeless.",
"They are similar.",
"They are different."
] | What does the author think of cities all over the world? | American cities are similar to other cities around the world; In every country. Cities reflect the values of the culture. American cities are changing， just as American society is changing.
After Wolld Wa Ⅱ,the population of most large American cities decreased; bowever. The populaton In omthe Sun Belt cities increased. Los Angeles and Houston are eitit where populatfon shifeto and from the oity reflect the changing values of Amorican society. In the late 1940s and early 1950s,city residentsbecame wealthier. They had more children so they needed more space, They moved out of their apartments in the city to buy their own homes. They bought houses in the suburbs.
Now things are changing. The children of the people who left the cities in the 1950s are now adults. Many, unlike their parents, want to live in the cities. They continue to move to Sun Belt cities and older ones of the Northeast and Midwest. Many young professionals are moving back into city. They prefer the city to the burbs because their jobs are there; or they jus enjoy the excitement and possibii that the city offers.
his people shift is bringing problems as well as benefits. Countless poot people must leave their apartments in the city because the owners want to sell the buildings or make apartments for sale instead of for rent. In the 1950s, many poor people did not have enough money to move to the suburbs; now many of these same people do not have enough money to stay in the cities.
Only a few years ago, people though that the older American cities were dying. Some city residents now see a bright, new fiture, Others see only problems and comfiels the thing is sure many dying cities are alive again. | 2311.txt | 2 |
[
"Because older American cities were dying.",
"Because they were richer and needed more space.",
"Because cities contained the wont pare of society.",
"Because they could hardly afford a live in the city."
] | Why did American city residents want to live in the suburbs after World War Ⅱ? | American cities are similar to other cities around the world; In every country. Cities reflect the values of the culture. American cities are changing， just as American society is changing.
After Wolld Wa Ⅱ,the population of most large American cities decreased; bowever. The populaton In omthe Sun Belt cities increased. Los Angeles and Houston are eitit where populatfon shifeto and from the oity reflect the changing values of Amorican society. In the late 1940s and early 1950s,city residentsbecame wealthier. They had more children so they needed more space, They moved out of their apartments in the city to buy their own homes. They bought houses in the suburbs.
Now things are changing. The children of the people who left the cities in the 1950s are now adults. Many, unlike their parents, want to live in the cities. They continue to move to Sun Belt cities and older ones of the Northeast and Midwest. Many young professionals are moving back into city. They prefer the city to the burbs because their jobs are there; or they jus enjoy the excitement and possibii that the city offers.
his people shift is bringing problems as well as benefits. Countless poot people must leave their apartments in the city because the owners want to sell the buildings or make apartments for sale instead of for rent. In the 1950s, many poor people did not have enough money to move to the suburbs; now many of these same people do not have enough money to stay in the cities.
Only a few years ago, people though that the older American cities were dying. Some city residents now see a bright, new fiture, Others see only problems and comfiels the thing is sure many dying cities are alive again. | 2311.txt | 1 |
[
"are faced with housing problems",
"are forced to move to the suburbs",
"want to sell their buildings",
"need more money for daily expenses"
] | According to the 4th paragraph, a great many poor people in American cities. | American cities are similar to other cities around the world; In every country. Cities reflect the values of the culture. American cities are changing， just as American society is changing.
After Wolld Wa Ⅱ,the population of most large American cities decreased; bowever. The populaton In omthe Sun Belt cities increased. Los Angeles and Houston are eitit where populatfon shifeto and from the oity reflect the changing values of Amorican society. In the late 1940s and early 1950s,city residentsbecame wealthier. They had more children so they needed more space, They moved out of their apartments in the city to buy their own homes. They bought houses in the suburbs.
Now things are changing. The children of the people who left the cities in the 1950s are now adults. Many, unlike their parents, want to live in the cities. They continue to move to Sun Belt cities and older ones of the Northeast and Midwest. Many young professionals are moving back into city. They prefer the city to the burbs because their jobs are there; or they jus enjoy the excitement and possibii that the city offers.
his people shift is bringing problems as well as benefits. Countless poot people must leave their apartments in the city because the owners want to sell the buildings or make apartments for sale instead of for rent. In the 1950s, many poor people did not have enough money to move to the suburbs; now many of these same people do not have enough money to stay in the cities.
Only a few years ago, people though that the older American cities were dying. Some city residents now see a bright, new fiture, Others see only problems and comfiels the thing is sure many dying cities are alive again. | 2311.txt | 0 |
[
"American cities are changing far the worse",
"people have different views on American cities",
"many people are now moving from American cities",
"the population is decreasing in older American cities"
] | We ear comude from the text that. | American cities are similar to other cities around the world; In every country. Cities reflect the values of the culture. American cities are changing， just as American society is changing.
After Wolld Wa Ⅱ,the population of most large American cities decreased; bowever. The populaton In omthe Sun Belt cities increased. Los Angeles and Houston are eitit where populatfon shifeto and from the oity reflect the changing values of Amorican society. In the late 1940s and early 1950s,city residentsbecame wealthier. They had more children so they needed more space, They moved out of their apartments in the city to buy their own homes. They bought houses in the suburbs.
Now things are changing. The children of the people who left the cities in the 1950s are now adults. Many, unlike their parents, want to live in the cities. They continue to move to Sun Belt cities and older ones of the Northeast and Midwest. Many young professionals are moving back into city. They prefer the city to the burbs because their jobs are there; or they jus enjoy the excitement and possibii that the city offers.
his people shift is bringing problems as well as benefits. Countless poot people must leave their apartments in the city because the owners want to sell the buildings or make apartments for sale instead of for rent. In the 1950s, many poor people did not have enough money to move to the suburbs; now many of these same people do not have enough money to stay in the cities.
Only a few years ago, people though that the older American cities were dying. Some city residents now see a bright, new fiture, Others see only problems and comfiels the thing is sure many dying cities are alive again. | 2311.txt | 1 |
[
"The effect of glaciers on climate",
"Damage from glaciers",
"Glacier formation",
"The location of glaciers"
] | Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss? | Glaciers are large masses of ice on land that show evidence of past or present movement. They grow by the gradual transformation of snow into glacier ice.
A fresh snowfall is a fluffy mass of loosely packed snowflakes, small delicate ice crystals grown in the atmosphere. As the snow ages on the ground for weeks or months, the crystals shrink and become more compact, and the whole mass becomes squeezed together into a more dense form, granular snow. As new snow falls and buries the older snow, the layers of granular snow further compact to form firm, a much denser kind of snow, usually a year or more old, which has little pore space. Further burial and slow cementation - a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of intergrown ice crystals - finally produce solid glacial ice. In this process of recrystallization, the growth of new crystals at the expense of old ones, the percentage of air is reduced from about 90 percent for snowflakes to less than 20 percent for glacier ice. The whole process may take as little as a few years, but more likely ten or twenty years or longer. The snow is usually many meters deep by the time the lower layers are converted into ice.
In cold glaciers those formed in the coldest regions of the Earth, the entire mass of ice is at temperatures below the melting point and no free water exists. In temperate glaciers, the ice is at the melting point at every pressure level within the glacier, and free water is present as small drops or as larger accumulations in tunnels within or beneath the ice.
Formation of a glacier is complete when ice has accumulated to a thickness (and thus weight) sufficient to make it move slowly under pressure, in much the same way that solid rock deep within the Earth can change shape without breaking. Once that point is reached, the ice flows downhill, either as a tongue of ice filling a valley or as thick ice cap that flows out in directions from the highest central area where the most snow accumulates. The trip down leads to the eventual melting of ice. | 374.txt | 2 |
[
"Increased water and air content",
"Pressure from the weight of new snow",
"Long periods of darkness and temperature variations",
"Movement of the glacier"
] | Which of the following will cause density within the glacier to increase? | Glaciers are large masses of ice on land that show evidence of past or present movement. They grow by the gradual transformation of snow into glacier ice.
A fresh snowfall is a fluffy mass of loosely packed snowflakes, small delicate ice crystals grown in the atmosphere. As the snow ages on the ground for weeks or months, the crystals shrink and become more compact, and the whole mass becomes squeezed together into a more dense form, granular snow. As new snow falls and buries the older snow, the layers of granular snow further compact to form firm, a much denser kind of snow, usually a year or more old, which has little pore space. Further burial and slow cementation - a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of intergrown ice crystals - finally produce solid glacial ice. In this process of recrystallization, the growth of new crystals at the expense of old ones, the percentage of air is reduced from about 90 percent for snowflakes to less than 20 percent for glacier ice. The whole process may take as little as a few years, but more likely ten or twenty years or longer. The snow is usually many meters deep by the time the lower layers are converted into ice.
In cold glaciers those formed in the coldest regions of the Earth, the entire mass of ice is at temperatures below the melting point and no free water exists. In temperate glaciers, the ice is at the melting point at every pressure level within the glacier, and free water is present as small drops or as larger accumulations in tunnels within or beneath the ice.
Formation of a glacier is complete when ice has accumulated to a thickness (and thus weight) sufficient to make it move slowly under pressure, in much the same way that solid rock deep within the Earth can change shape without breaking. Once that point is reached, the ice flows downhill, either as a tongue of ice filling a valley or as thick ice cap that flows out in directions from the highest central area where the most snow accumulates. The trip down leads to the eventual melting of ice. | 374.txt | 1 |
[
"covered",
"chosen",
"planned",
"held"
] | The word "bound" in line 9 is closest in meaning to | Glaciers are large masses of ice on land that show evidence of past or present movement. They grow by the gradual transformation of snow into glacier ice.
A fresh snowfall is a fluffy mass of loosely packed snowflakes, small delicate ice crystals grown in the atmosphere. As the snow ages on the ground for weeks or months, the crystals shrink and become more compact, and the whole mass becomes squeezed together into a more dense form, granular snow. As new snow falls and buries the older snow, the layers of granular snow further compact to form firm, a much denser kind of snow, usually a year or more old, which has little pore space. Further burial and slow cementation - a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of intergrown ice crystals - finally produce solid glacial ice. In this process of recrystallization, the growth of new crystals at the expense of old ones, the percentage of air is reduced from about 90 percent for snowflakes to less than 20 percent for glacier ice. The whole process may take as little as a few years, but more likely ten or twenty years or longer. The snow is usually many meters deep by the time the lower layers are converted into ice.
In cold glaciers those formed in the coldest regions of the Earth, the entire mass of ice is at temperatures below the melting point and no free water exists. In temperate glaciers, the ice is at the melting point at every pressure level within the glacier, and free water is present as small drops or as larger accumulations in tunnels within or beneath the ice.
Formation of a glacier is complete when ice has accumulated to a thickness (and thus weight) sufficient to make it move slowly under pressure, in much the same way that solid rock deep within the Earth can change shape without breaking. Once that point is reached, the ice flows downhill, either as a tongue of ice filling a valley or as thick ice cap that flows out in directions from the highest central area where the most snow accumulates. The trip down leads to the eventual melting of ice. | 374.txt | 3 |
[
"Air",
"Pressure",
"Weight",
"Rocks"
] | Which of the following will be lost is a glacier forms? | Glaciers are large masses of ice on land that show evidence of past or present movement. They grow by the gradual transformation of snow into glacier ice.
A fresh snowfall is a fluffy mass of loosely packed snowflakes, small delicate ice crystals grown in the atmosphere. As the snow ages on the ground for weeks or months, the crystals shrink and become more compact, and the whole mass becomes squeezed together into a more dense form, granular snow. As new snow falls and buries the older snow, the layers of granular snow further compact to form firm, a much denser kind of snow, usually a year or more old, which has little pore space. Further burial and slow cementation - a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of intergrown ice crystals - finally produce solid glacial ice. In this process of recrystallization, the growth of new crystals at the expense of old ones, the percentage of air is reduced from about 90 percent for snowflakes to less than 20 percent for glacier ice. The whole process may take as little as a few years, but more likely ten or twenty years or longer. The snow is usually many meters deep by the time the lower layers are converted into ice.
In cold glaciers those formed in the coldest regions of the Earth, the entire mass of ice is at temperatures below the melting point and no free water exists. In temperate glaciers, the ice is at the melting point at every pressure level within the glacier, and free water is present as small drops or as larger accumulations in tunnels within or beneath the ice.
Formation of a glacier is complete when ice has accumulated to a thickness (and thus weight) sufficient to make it move slowly under pressure, in much the same way that solid rock deep within the Earth can change shape without breaking. Once that point is reached, the ice flows downhill, either as a tongue of ice filling a valley or as thick ice cap that flows out in directions from the highest central area where the most snow accumulates. The trip down leads to the eventual melting of ice. | 374.txt | 0 |
[
"several months",
"several years",
"at least fifty years",
"a century"
] | According to the passage , which of the following is the LEAST amount of time necessary for glacial ice to form? | Glaciers are large masses of ice on land that show evidence of past or present movement. They grow by the gradual transformation of snow into glacier ice.
A fresh snowfall is a fluffy mass of loosely packed snowflakes, small delicate ice crystals grown in the atmosphere. As the snow ages on the ground for weeks or months, the crystals shrink and become more compact, and the whole mass becomes squeezed together into a more dense form, granular snow. As new snow falls and buries the older snow, the layers of granular snow further compact to form firm, a much denser kind of snow, usually a year or more old, which has little pore space. Further burial and slow cementation - a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of intergrown ice crystals - finally produce solid glacial ice. In this process of recrystallization, the growth of new crystals at the expense of old ones, the percentage of air is reduced from about 90 percent for snowflakes to less than 20 percent for glacier ice. The whole process may take as little as a few years, but more likely ten or twenty years or longer. The snow is usually many meters deep by the time the lower layers are converted into ice.
In cold glaciers those formed in the coldest regions of the Earth, the entire mass of ice is at temperatures below the melting point and no free water exists. In temperate glaciers, the ice is at the melting point at every pressure level within the glacier, and free water is present as small drops or as larger accumulations in tunnels within or beneath the ice.
Formation of a glacier is complete when ice has accumulated to a thickness (and thus weight) sufficient to make it move slowly under pressure, in much the same way that solid rock deep within the Earth can change shape without breaking. Once that point is reached, the ice flows downhill, either as a tongue of ice filling a valley or as thick ice cap that flows out in directions from the highest central area where the most snow accumulates. The trip down leads to the eventual melting of ice. | 374.txt | 1 |
[
"changed",
"delayed",
"promoted",
"dissolved"
] | The word "converted" in line 15 is closest in meaning to | Glaciers are large masses of ice on land that show evidence of past or present movement. They grow by the gradual transformation of snow into glacier ice.
A fresh snowfall is a fluffy mass of loosely packed snowflakes, small delicate ice crystals grown in the atmosphere. As the snow ages on the ground for weeks or months, the crystals shrink and become more compact, and the whole mass becomes squeezed together into a more dense form, granular snow. As new snow falls and buries the older snow, the layers of granular snow further compact to form firm, a much denser kind of snow, usually a year or more old, which has little pore space. Further burial and slow cementation - a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of intergrown ice crystals - finally produce solid glacial ice. In this process of recrystallization, the growth of new crystals at the expense of old ones, the percentage of air is reduced from about 90 percent for snowflakes to less than 20 percent for glacier ice. The whole process may take as little as a few years, but more likely ten or twenty years or longer. The snow is usually many meters deep by the time the lower layers are converted into ice.
In cold glaciers those formed in the coldest regions of the Earth, the entire mass of ice is at temperatures below the melting point and no free water exists. In temperate glaciers, the ice is at the melting point at every pressure level within the glacier, and free water is present as small drops or as larger accumulations in tunnels within or beneath the ice.
Formation of a glacier is complete when ice has accumulated to a thickness (and thus weight) sufficient to make it move slowly under pressure, in much the same way that solid rock deep within the Earth can change shape without breaking. Once that point is reached, the ice flows downhill, either as a tongue of ice filling a valley or as thick ice cap that flows out in directions from the highest central area where the most snow accumulates. The trip down leads to the eventual melting of ice. | 374.txt | 0 |
[
"To define two types of glaciers",
"To contrast glacier ice with non-glacier ice",
"To present theories of glacier formation",
"To discuss the similarities between glacial types"
] | What is the purpose of the material in paragraph three? | Glaciers are large masses of ice on land that show evidence of past or present movement. They grow by the gradual transformation of snow into glacier ice.
A fresh snowfall is a fluffy mass of loosely packed snowflakes, small delicate ice crystals grown in the atmosphere. As the snow ages on the ground for weeks or months, the crystals shrink and become more compact, and the whole mass becomes squeezed together into a more dense form, granular snow. As new snow falls and buries the older snow, the layers of granular snow further compact to form firm, a much denser kind of snow, usually a year or more old, which has little pore space. Further burial and slow cementation - a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of intergrown ice crystals - finally produce solid glacial ice. In this process of recrystallization, the growth of new crystals at the expense of old ones, the percentage of air is reduced from about 90 percent for snowflakes to less than 20 percent for glacier ice. The whole process may take as little as a few years, but more likely ten or twenty years or longer. The snow is usually many meters deep by the time the lower layers are converted into ice.
In cold glaciers those formed in the coldest regions of the Earth, the entire mass of ice is at temperatures below the melting point and no free water exists. In temperate glaciers, the ice is at the melting point at every pressure level within the glacier, and free water is present as small drops or as larger accumulations in tunnels within or beneath the ice.
Formation of a glacier is complete when ice has accumulated to a thickness (and thus weight) sufficient to make it move slowly under pressure, in much the same way that solid rock deep within the Earth can change shape without breaking. Once that point is reached, the ice flows downhill, either as a tongue of ice filling a valley or as thick ice cap that flows out in directions from the highest central area where the most snow accumulates. The trip down leads to the eventual melting of ice. | 374.txt | 0 |
[
"Only near the surface",
"In pools of various depths",
"In a thin layer below the firm",
"In tunnels"
] | In temperate glaciers, where is water found? | Glaciers are large masses of ice on land that show evidence of past or present movement. They grow by the gradual transformation of snow into glacier ice.
A fresh snowfall is a fluffy mass of loosely packed snowflakes, small delicate ice crystals grown in the atmosphere. As the snow ages on the ground for weeks or months, the crystals shrink and become more compact, and the whole mass becomes squeezed together into a more dense form, granular snow. As new snow falls and buries the older snow, the layers of granular snow further compact to form firm, a much denser kind of snow, usually a year or more old, which has little pore space. Further burial and slow cementation - a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of intergrown ice crystals - finally produce solid glacial ice. In this process of recrystallization, the growth of new crystals at the expense of old ones, the percentage of air is reduced from about 90 percent for snowflakes to less than 20 percent for glacier ice. The whole process may take as little as a few years, but more likely ten or twenty years or longer. The snow is usually many meters deep by the time the lower layers are converted into ice.
In cold glaciers those formed in the coldest regions of the Earth, the entire mass of ice is at temperatures below the melting point and no free water exists. In temperate glaciers, the ice is at the melting point at every pressure level within the glacier, and free water is present as small drops or as larger accumulations in tunnels within or beneath the ice.
Formation of a glacier is complete when ice has accumulated to a thickness (and thus weight) sufficient to make it move slowly under pressure, in much the same way that solid rock deep within the Earth can change shape without breaking. Once that point is reached, the ice flows downhill, either as a tongue of ice filling a valley or as thick ice cap that flows out in directions from the highest central area where the most snow accumulates. The trip down leads to the eventual melting of ice. | 374.txt | 3 |
[
"formation",
"ice",
"thickness",
"weight"
] | The word "it" in line 21 refers to | Glaciers are large masses of ice on land that show evidence of past or present movement. They grow by the gradual transformation of snow into glacier ice.
A fresh snowfall is a fluffy mass of loosely packed snowflakes, small delicate ice crystals grown in the atmosphere. As the snow ages on the ground for weeks or months, the crystals shrink and become more compact, and the whole mass becomes squeezed together into a more dense form, granular snow. As new snow falls and buries the older snow, the layers of granular snow further compact to form firm, a much denser kind of snow, usually a year or more old, which has little pore space. Further burial and slow cementation - a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of intergrown ice crystals - finally produce solid glacial ice. In this process of recrystallization, the growth of new crystals at the expense of old ones, the percentage of air is reduced from about 90 percent for snowflakes to less than 20 percent for glacier ice. The whole process may take as little as a few years, but more likely ten or twenty years or longer. The snow is usually many meters deep by the time the lower layers are converted into ice.
In cold glaciers those formed in the coldest regions of the Earth, the entire mass of ice is at temperatures below the melting point and no free water exists. In temperate glaciers, the ice is at the melting point at every pressure level within the glacier, and free water is present as small drops or as larger accumulations in tunnels within or beneath the ice.
Formation of a glacier is complete when ice has accumulated to a thickness (and thus weight) sufficient to make it move slowly under pressure, in much the same way that solid rock deep within the Earth can change shape without breaking. Once that point is reached, the ice flows downhill, either as a tongue of ice filling a valley or as thick ice cap that flows out in directions from the highest central area where the most snow accumulates. The trip down leads to the eventual melting of ice. | 374.txt | 1 |
[
"can revert to a fluffy mass",
"maintains the same shape throughout the glacial process",
"is too cold to be thoroughly studied",
"can contribute water to lakes, rivers, or oceans"
] | It can be inferred from the last paragraph that a glacier | Glaciers are large masses of ice on land that show evidence of past or present movement. They grow by the gradual transformation of snow into glacier ice.
A fresh snowfall is a fluffy mass of loosely packed snowflakes, small delicate ice crystals grown in the atmosphere. As the snow ages on the ground for weeks or months, the crystals shrink and become more compact, and the whole mass becomes squeezed together into a more dense form, granular snow. As new snow falls and buries the older snow, the layers of granular snow further compact to form firm, a much denser kind of snow, usually a year or more old, which has little pore space. Further burial and slow cementation - a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of intergrown ice crystals - finally produce solid glacial ice. In this process of recrystallization, the growth of new crystals at the expense of old ones, the percentage of air is reduced from about 90 percent for snowflakes to less than 20 percent for glacier ice. The whole process may take as little as a few years, but more likely ten or twenty years or longer. The snow is usually many meters deep by the time the lower layers are converted into ice.
In cold glaciers those formed in the coldest regions of the Earth, the entire mass of ice is at temperatures below the melting point and no free water exists. In temperate glaciers, the ice is at the melting point at every pressure level within the glacier, and free water is present as small drops or as larger accumulations in tunnels within or beneath the ice.
Formation of a glacier is complete when ice has accumulated to a thickness (and thus weight) sufficient to make it move slowly under pressure, in much the same way that solid rock deep within the Earth can change shape without breaking. Once that point is reached, the ice flows downhill, either as a tongue of ice filling a valley or as thick ice cap that flows out in directions from the highest central area where the most snow accumulates. The trip down leads to the eventual melting of ice. | 374.txt | 3 |
[
"a news item",
"part of an introduction to a book",
"part of a lecture",
"an advertisement"
] | This passage is most probably _ . | As supplier of most of the food we eat and of raw materials for many industrial processes, agriculture is clearly an important area of the economy. But the industrial performance of agriculture (the relative efficiency of agricultural production compared to other areas in the economy) is even more important than this. For in nations where the productivity of farmers is low, most of the working population is needed to raise food and few people are available for the production of investment goods or for other activities required for economic growth. Indeed, one of the factors related most closely to the per capita income of a nation is the fraction of its population engaged in farming. In the poorest nations of the world more than half of the population lives on farms. This compares sharply with less than 10 percent in western Europe and less than 4 percent in the United States.
In short, the course of economic development in general depends in a fundamental way on the performance of farmers. This performance, in turn, depends on how agriculture is organized and on the economic environment, or market structure, within which it functions. In the following pages the performance of American agriculture is examined. It is appropriate to begin with a consideration of its market structure. | 3155.txt | 2 |
[
"the amount of food it produces",
"the per capita income of farmers",
"its industrial performance",
"the production of investment goods"
] | What is the most important to agriculture is _ . | As supplier of most of the food we eat and of raw materials for many industrial processes, agriculture is clearly an important area of the economy. But the industrial performance of agriculture (the relative efficiency of agricultural production compared to other areas in the economy) is even more important than this. For in nations where the productivity of farmers is low, most of the working population is needed to raise food and few people are available for the production of investment goods or for other activities required for economic growth. Indeed, one of the factors related most closely to the per capita income of a nation is the fraction of its population engaged in farming. In the poorest nations of the world more than half of the population lives on farms. This compares sharply with less than 10 percent in western Europe and less than 4 percent in the United States.
In short, the course of economic development in general depends in a fundamental way on the performance of farmers. This performance, in turn, depends on how agriculture is organized and on the economic environment, or market structure, within which it functions. In the following pages the performance of American agriculture is examined. It is appropriate to begin with a consideration of its market structure. | 3155.txt | 2 |
[
"the size of the working population",
"the organization of agriculture",
"the market structure",
"the general development of economy"
] | The performance of farmers essentially determines _ . | As supplier of most of the food we eat and of raw materials for many industrial processes, agriculture is clearly an important area of the economy. But the industrial performance of agriculture (the relative efficiency of agricultural production compared to other areas in the economy) is even more important than this. For in nations where the productivity of farmers is low, most of the working population is needed to raise food and few people are available for the production of investment goods or for other activities required for economic growth. Indeed, one of the factors related most closely to the per capita income of a nation is the fraction of its population engaged in farming. In the poorest nations of the world more than half of the population lives on farms. This compares sharply with less than 10 percent in western Europe and less than 4 percent in the United States.
In short, the course of economic development in general depends in a fundamental way on the performance of farmers. This performance, in turn, depends on how agriculture is organized and on the economic environment, or market structure, within which it functions. In the following pages the performance of American agriculture is examined. It is appropriate to begin with a consideration of its market structure. | 3155.txt | 3 |
[
"the structure of American farming population",
"the market structure of American agriculture",
"the various functions of American agriculture",
"the organization of American agriculture"
] | This passage will most probably be followed by a discussion of _ . | As supplier of most of the food we eat and of raw materials for many industrial processes, agriculture is clearly an important area of the economy. But the industrial performance of agriculture (the relative efficiency of agricultural production compared to other areas in the economy) is even more important than this. For in nations where the productivity of farmers is low, most of the working population is needed to raise food and few people are available for the production of investment goods or for other activities required for economic growth. Indeed, one of the factors related most closely to the per capita income of a nation is the fraction of its population engaged in farming. In the poorest nations of the world more than half of the population lives on farms. This compares sharply with less than 10 percent in western Europe and less than 4 percent in the United States.
In short, the course of economic development in general depends in a fundamental way on the performance of farmers. This performance, in turn, depends on how agriculture is organized and on the economic environment, or market structure, within which it functions. In the following pages the performance of American agriculture is examined. It is appropriate to begin with a consideration of its market structure. | 3155.txt | 1 |
[
"sought after by too many",
"too difficult for young people",
"for slim people only",
"one can go into without special training"
] | From the very beginning，the author puts it clearly that acting is a profession _ . | Acting is such an over-crowded profession that theonly advice that should be given to a young personthinking of going on the stage is "Don't!".But it isuseless to try to discourage someone who feels thathe must act，although the chances of his becomingfamous are slim. The normal way to begin is to go toa drama sch001.Usually only students who showpromise and talent are accepted，and the courselasts two years.Then the young actor or actress takes up work with a theatrical company，usually as an assistant stage manager This means doing everything that there is to do inthe theatre and occasionally acting in very small parts It is very hard work indeed，the hoursare long and the salary is tiny.
Of course，some people have remarkable chances which lead to fame and Success without thislong and hard training.Connie Pratt，for example，was just an ordinary girl working in a bicyclefactory.A film producer happened to catch sight of her one morning waiting at a bus stop，as hedrove past in his car.He stopped and got out to speak to the girl.He asked if she would like togo to the film studio to do a test，and she thought he was joking Then she got angry and saidshe would call the police It took the producer twenty minutes to convince Connie that he wasserious The test was successful.And within a few weeks she was playing the leading partopposite one of the most famous actors of the day But chances like this happen once in a bluemoon | 2444.txt | 0 |
[
"he will become a film star at long last",
"he will become a stage manager",
"he will be well paid",
"he will end up without any Success"
] | For someone who feels he must act，it is very likely that _ . | Acting is such an over-crowded profession that theonly advice that should be given to a young personthinking of going on the stage is "Don't!".But it isuseless to try to discourage someone who feels thathe must act，although the chances of his becomingfamous are slim. The normal way to begin is to go toa drama sch001.Usually only students who showpromise and talent are accepted，and the courselasts two years.Then the young actor or actress takes up work with a theatrical company，usually as an assistant stage manager This means doing everything that there is to do inthe theatre and occasionally acting in very small parts It is very hard work indeed，the hoursare long and the salary is tiny.
Of course，some people have remarkable chances which lead to fame and Success without thislong and hard training.Connie Pratt，for example，was just an ordinary girl working in a bicyclefactory.A film producer happened to catch sight of her one morning waiting at a bus stop，as hedrove past in his car.He stopped and got out to speak to the girl.He asked if she would like togo to the film studio to do a test，and she thought he was joking Then she got angry and saidshe would call the police It took the producer twenty minutes to convince Connie that he wasserious The test was successful.And within a few weeks she was playing the leading partopposite one of the most famous actors of the day But chances like this happen once in a bluemoon | 2444.txt | 3 |
[
"at work in a bicycle factory",
"driving past him in her car",
"going to a film studio",
"waiting for a bus"
] | The film producer found Connie Pratt one morning when she was _ . | Acting is such an over-crowded profession that theonly advice that should be given to a young personthinking of going on the stage is "Don't!".But it isuseless to try to discourage someone who feels thathe must act，although the chances of his becomingfamous are slim. The normal way to begin is to go toa drama sch001.Usually only students who showpromise and talent are accepted，and the courselasts two years.Then the young actor or actress takes up work with a theatrical company，usually as an assistant stage manager This means doing everything that there is to do inthe theatre and occasionally acting in very small parts It is very hard work indeed，the hoursare long and the salary is tiny.
Of course，some people have remarkable chances which lead to fame and Success without thislong and hard training.Connie Pratt，for example，was just an ordinary girl working in a bicyclefactory.A film producer happened to catch sight of her one morning waiting at a bus stop，as hedrove past in his car.He stopped and got out to speak to the girl.He asked if she would like togo to the film studio to do a test，and she thought he was joking Then she got angry and saidshe would call the police It took the producer twenty minutes to convince Connie that he wasserious The test was successful.And within a few weeks she was playing the leading partopposite one of the most famous actors of the day But chances like this happen once in a bluemoon | 2444.txt | 3 |
[
"the most famous actress of the world",
"playing the leading female role in a play",
"as famous as the greatest actor of the world",
"no less famous than the leading actor of the day"
] | A few weeks after the test.Connie Pratt found herself _ . | Acting is such an over-crowded profession that theonly advice that should be given to a young personthinking of going on the stage is "Don't!".But it isuseless to try to discourage someone who feels thathe must act，although the chances of his becomingfamous are slim. The normal way to begin is to go toa drama sch001.Usually only students who showpromise and talent are accepted，and the courselasts two years.Then the young actor or actress takes up work with a theatrical company，usually as an assistant stage manager This means doing everything that there is to do inthe theatre and occasionally acting in very small parts It is very hard work indeed，the hoursare long and the salary is tiny.
Of course，some people have remarkable chances which lead to fame and Success without thislong and hard training.Connie Pratt，for example，was just an ordinary girl working in a bicyclefactory.A film producer happened to catch sight of her one morning waiting at a bus stop，as hedrove past in his car.He stopped and got out to speak to the girl.He asked if she would like togo to the film studio to do a test，and she thought he was joking Then she got angry and saidshe would call the police It took the producer twenty minutes to convince Connie that he wasserious The test was successful.And within a few weeks she was playing the leading partopposite one of the most famous actors of the day But chances like this happen once in a bluemoon | 2444.txt | 1 |
[
"this is something which happens once in a while",
"this is a highly profitable chance",
"this is something highly possible",
"this is a very rare chance"
] | The concluding sentence "chances like this happen once in a blue moon"means _ . | Acting is such an over-crowded profession that theonly advice that should be given to a young personthinking of going on the stage is "Don't!".But it isuseless to try to discourage someone who feels thathe must act，although the chances of his becomingfamous are slim. The normal way to begin is to go toa drama sch001.Usually only students who showpromise and talent are accepted，and the courselasts two years.Then the young actor or actress takes up work with a theatrical company，usually as an assistant stage manager This means doing everything that there is to do inthe theatre and occasionally acting in very small parts It is very hard work indeed，the hoursare long and the salary is tiny.
Of course，some people have remarkable chances which lead to fame and Success without thislong and hard training.Connie Pratt，for example，was just an ordinary girl working in a bicyclefactory.A film producer happened to catch sight of her one morning waiting at a bus stop，as hedrove past in his car.He stopped and got out to speak to the girl.He asked if she would like togo to the film studio to do a test，and she thought he was joking Then she got angry and saidshe would call the police It took the producer twenty minutes to convince Connie that he wasserious The test was successful.And within a few weeks she was playing the leading partopposite one of the most famous actors of the day But chances like this happen once in a bluemoon | 2444.txt | 3 |
[
"the analysis of the salinity of ocean waters",
"the causes of the variation in oceanic salinity",
"the importance of the changes in oceanic salinity",
"the different forms of salts in ocean waters"
] | This passage mainly tells us about _ . | When we analyze the salt salinity of ocean waters, we find that it varies only slightly from place to place. Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important. There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity. One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation. In this manner, the salinity is increased, since the salt stays behind. If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white salt would be left behind; this, by the way, is how much of the table salt we use is actually obtained.
The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean. Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased. This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation.
Normally, in hot regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation. Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.
A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice. When seawater is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind.. In this manner, seawater directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared. Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water.
In the Weddell Sea, the densest water in the ocean is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water. This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portion of the oceans of the world. | 2473.txt | 1 |
[
"melting of sea ice",
"precipitation",
"evaporation",
"supplement of salt"
] | It can be known from the passage that increase in the salinity of ocean water is caused by _ . | When we analyze the salt salinity of ocean waters, we find that it varies only slightly from place to place. Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important. There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity. One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation. In this manner, the salinity is increased, since the salt stays behind. If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white salt would be left behind; this, by the way, is how much of the table salt we use is actually obtained.
The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean. Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased. This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation.
Normally, in hot regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation. Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.
A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice. When seawater is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind.. In this manner, seawater directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared. Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water.
In the Weddell Sea, the densest water in the ocean is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water. This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portion of the oceans of the world. | 2473.txt | 2 |
[
"Precipitation.",
"Rain and snow.",
"Formation of ice.",
"Addition of water by rivers."
] | Which of the following is not the cause of the decrease in the oceanic salinity? | When we analyze the salt salinity of ocean waters, we find that it varies only slightly from place to place. Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important. There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity. One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation. In this manner, the salinity is increased, since the salt stays behind. If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white salt would be left behind; this, by the way, is how much of the table salt we use is actually obtained.
The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean. Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased. This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation.
Normally, in hot regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation. Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.
A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice. When seawater is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind.. In this manner, seawater directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared. Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water.
In the Weddell Sea, the densest water in the ocean is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water. This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portion of the oceans of the world. | 2473.txt | 2 |
[
"Oceanic salinity has great effect on sea life.",
"Many factors combine to cause changes in oceanic salinity.",
"The movement of the water is related to the amount of salt.",
"The temperature of the water has much to do with the oceanic salinity."
] | Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? | When we analyze the salt salinity of ocean waters, we find that it varies only slightly from place to place. Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important. There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity. One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation. In this manner, the salinity is increased, since the salt stays behind. If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white salt would be left behind; this, by the way, is how much of the table salt we use is actually obtained.
The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean. Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased. This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation.
Normally, in hot regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation. Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.
A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice. When seawater is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind.. In this manner, seawater directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared. Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water.
In the Weddell Sea, the densest water in the ocean is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water. This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portion of the oceans of the world. | 2473.txt | 3 |
[
"to give an example of cold-water salinity",
"to point out the location of deep waters",
"to make a comparison between hot-water salinity and cold-water salinity",
"to show that the water in the Weddell Sea varies in salinity from place to place"
] | The purpose of mentioning the Weddell Sea is _ . | When we analyze the salt salinity of ocean waters, we find that it varies only slightly from place to place. Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important. There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity. One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation. In this manner, the salinity is increased, since the salt stays behind. If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white salt would be left behind; this, by the way, is how much of the table salt we use is actually obtained.
The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean. Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased. This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation.
Normally, in hot regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation. Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.
A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice. When seawater is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind.. In this manner, seawater directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared. Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water.
In the Weddell Sea, the densest water in the ocean is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water. This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portion of the oceans of the world. | 2473.txt | 0 |
[
"to acquaint the reader with water pollution problems",
"to alert the reader to the dwindling water supply",
"to explain industrial uses of water",
"to demonstrate various measures to solve the pollution problem"
] | The purpose of this passage is _. | Water problems in the future will become more intense and more complex. Our increasing population will tremendously increase urban wastes, primarily sewage. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decrease substantially the amount of water available for diluting wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce larger volumes of liquid .wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are noxious. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensified. This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals. From this, it is apparent that drastic steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem.
There are two ways by which this pollution problem can be dwindled. The first relates to the treatment of wastes to decrease their pollution hazard. This involves the processing of solid wastes "prior to" disposal and the treatment of liquid wastes, or effluents, to permit the reuse of the water or minimize pollution upon final disposal.
A second approach is to develop an economic use for all or a part of the wastes. Farm manure is spread in fields as a nutrient or organic supplement. Effluents from sewage disposal plants are used in some areas both for irrigation and for the nutrients contained. Effluents from other processing plants may also be used as a supplemental source of water. Many industries, such as meat and poultry processing plants, are currently converting former waste products into marketable by products. Other industries are exploring potential economic uses for their waste products. | 1010.txt | 2 |
[
"Industrial development includes the simplification of complex chemical processes.",
"Diluting wastes needs certain amount of water.",
"Demands for water will go up along with the expanding population.",
"Intensive cultivation of land requires more and more chemicals."
] | Which of the following points is NOT included in the passage? | Water problems in the future will become more intense and more complex. Our increasing population will tremendously increase urban wastes, primarily sewage. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decrease substantially the amount of water available for diluting wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce larger volumes of liquid .wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are noxious. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensified. This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals. From this, it is apparent that drastic steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem.
There are two ways by which this pollution problem can be dwindled. The first relates to the treatment of wastes to decrease their pollution hazard. This involves the processing of solid wastes "prior to" disposal and the treatment of liquid wastes, or effluents, to permit the reuse of the water or minimize pollution upon final disposal.
A second approach is to develop an economic use for all or a part of the wastes. Farm manure is spread in fields as a nutrient or organic supplement. Effluents from sewage disposal plants are used in some areas both for irrigation and for the nutrients contained. Effluents from other processing plants may also be used as a supplemental source of water. Many industries, such as meat and poultry processing plants, are currently converting former waste products into marketable by products. Other industries are exploring potential economic uses for their waste products. | 1010.txt | 0 |
[
"countries of the world will work together on pollution problems",
"byproducts from wastes lead to a more prosperous marketplace",
"science is making great progress on increasing water supplies",
"some industries are now making economic use of wastes"
] | The reader can conclude that_. | Water problems in the future will become more intense and more complex. Our increasing population will tremendously increase urban wastes, primarily sewage. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decrease substantially the amount of water available for diluting wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce larger volumes of liquid .wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are noxious. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensified. This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals. From this, it is apparent that drastic steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem.
There are two ways by which this pollution problem can be dwindled. The first relates to the treatment of wastes to decrease their pollution hazard. This involves the processing of solid wastes "prior to" disposal and the treatment of liquid wastes, or effluents, to permit the reuse of the water or minimize pollution upon final disposal.
A second approach is to develop an economic use for all or a part of the wastes. Farm manure is spread in fields as a nutrient or organic supplement. Effluents from sewage disposal plants are used in some areas both for irrigation and for the nutrients contained. Effluents from other processing plants may also be used as a supplemental source of water. Many industries, such as meat and poultry processing plants, are currently converting former waste products into marketable by products. Other industries are exploring potential economic uses for their waste products. | 1010.txt | 3 |
[
"interviews with authorities in the field of water controls",
"opinion and personal observations",
"definitions which clarify important terms",
"strong argument and persuasions"
] | The author gives substance to the passage through the use of_. | Water problems in the future will become more intense and more complex. Our increasing population will tremendously increase urban wastes, primarily sewage. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decrease substantially the amount of water available for diluting wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce larger volumes of liquid .wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are noxious. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensified. This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals. From this, it is apparent that drastic steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem.
There are two ways by which this pollution problem can be dwindled. The first relates to the treatment of wastes to decrease their pollution hazard. This involves the processing of solid wastes "prior to" disposal and the treatment of liquid wastes, or effluents, to permit the reuse of the water or minimize pollution upon final disposal.
A second approach is to develop an economic use for all or a part of the wastes. Farm manure is spread in fields as a nutrient or organic supplement. Effluents from sewage disposal plants are used in some areas both for irrigation and for the nutrients contained. Effluents from other processing plants may also be used as a supplemental source of water. Many industries, such as meat and poultry processing plants, are currently converting former waste products into marketable by products. Other industries are exploring potential economic uses for their waste products. | 1010.txt | 1 |
[
"after",
"during",
"before",
"Beyond"
] | The words "prior to" (Para. 2) probably mean_. | Water problems in the future will become more intense and more complex. Our increasing population will tremendously increase urban wastes, primarily sewage. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decrease substantially the amount of water available for diluting wastes. Rapidly expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical processes will produce larger volumes of liquid .wastes, and many of these will contain chemicals which are noxious. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensified. This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals. From this, it is apparent that drastic steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the pollution problem.
There are two ways by which this pollution problem can be dwindled. The first relates to the treatment of wastes to decrease their pollution hazard. This involves the processing of solid wastes "prior to" disposal and the treatment of liquid wastes, or effluents, to permit the reuse of the water or minimize pollution upon final disposal.
A second approach is to develop an economic use for all or a part of the wastes. Farm manure is spread in fields as a nutrient or organic supplement. Effluents from sewage disposal plants are used in some areas both for irrigation and for the nutrients contained. Effluents from other processing plants may also be used as a supplemental source of water. Many industries, such as meat and poultry processing plants, are currently converting former waste products into marketable by products. Other industries are exploring potential economic uses for their waste products. | 1010.txt | 2 |
[
"the birds, mammals and fish there are most predators",
"the development there has been at the highest pace",
"only a few species still live in the world",
"many species have been put on the endangered species list"
] | In North America, the number of wild animals has reduced most greatly mainly because _ . | Of all the continents, the most drastic reduction in wildlife has occurred in North America, where the transition from a rural to a highly industrialized society has been most rapid. Among the victims are birds, mammals, and fish. We will never again see the passenger pigeon or the eastern elk. They have been wiped out. Of many other species, only a few representatives still survive in the wild. The U. S. Department of the Interior has put no fewer than 109 species on the endangered species list. (An endangered species is one with poor prospects for survival and in need of protection. ) This list includes everything from the timber wolf to the whooping crane. Even the bald eagle, our national symbol, is threatened.
Animals that kill other game for food are called predators. The predators include the wolf, mountain lion, fox, bobcat, and bear. Attack against these animals began with the arrival of the first European settlers, who wished to protect their livestock. Eventually, a reward was offered to hunters for every predator that was killed. This reward is called a bounty. Ironically, the Federal government is the chief founder of predator-control programs.
The settlers also brought in their Old World fears and superstitions concerning predators. Whether preying on livestock or not, predators were shot on sight. This attitude continues to this day for coyotes, eagles, foxes, mountain lions, and bobcats, and is largely responsible for placing the eastern timber wolf, grizzly bear, and bald eagle on the endangered species list.
Yet every animal, including the predator, has its place in nature's grand design. Predators help maintain the health of their prey species by eliminating the diseased, young, old and injured. Predators like the mountain lion and the wolf help to keep the deer herds healthy. Occasional loss of livestock must be weighed against the good these animals do in maintaining the balance of nature. | 909.txt | 1 |
[
"eat their meat",
"protect themselves",
"please the Federal government",
"protect their livestock"
] | The first European settlers killed predators chiefly in order to _ . | Of all the continents, the most drastic reduction in wildlife has occurred in North America, where the transition from a rural to a highly industrialized society has been most rapid. Among the victims are birds, mammals, and fish. We will never again see the passenger pigeon or the eastern elk. They have been wiped out. Of many other species, only a few representatives still survive in the wild. The U. S. Department of the Interior has put no fewer than 109 species on the endangered species list. (An endangered species is one with poor prospects for survival and in need of protection. ) This list includes everything from the timber wolf to the whooping crane. Even the bald eagle, our national symbol, is threatened.
Animals that kill other game for food are called predators. The predators include the wolf, mountain lion, fox, bobcat, and bear. Attack against these animals began with the arrival of the first European settlers, who wished to protect their livestock. Eventually, a reward was offered to hunters for every predator that was killed. This reward is called a bounty. Ironically, the Federal government is the chief founder of predator-control programs.
The settlers also brought in their Old World fears and superstitions concerning predators. Whether preying on livestock or not, predators were shot on sight. This attitude continues to this day for coyotes, eagles, foxes, mountain lions, and bobcats, and is largely responsible for placing the eastern timber wolf, grizzly bear, and bald eagle on the endangered species list.
Yet every animal, including the predator, has its place in nature's grand design. Predators help maintain the health of their prey species by eliminating the diseased, young, old and injured. Predators like the mountain lion and the wolf help to keep the deer herds healthy. Occasional loss of livestock must be weighed against the good these animals do in maintaining the balance of nature. | 909.txt | 3 |
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