Datasets:
Matisse6410
/
more-sim-docs

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
1
page_content
stringlengths
51
3.15k
Hypervitaminosis E Cancer Hypervitaminosis_E > Research > Cancer A meta-analysis based on serum alpha-tocopherol content reported an inverse correlation, with the difference between lowest and highest a 21% reduction in relative risk. In contrast, a meta-analysis of observational studies reported no relationship for dietary vitamin E intake. There were also conflicting results from large RCTs.
Radio telegraphy Electrostatic and electromagnetic induction Radio_telegraphy > Non-radio methods > Electrostatic and electromagnetic induction The length of those sending and receiving wires needed to be about the same length as the width of the water or land to be spanned. For example, for Preece's station to span the English Channel from Dover, England, to the coast of France would require sending and receiving wires of about 30 miles (48 kilometres) along the two coasts. These facts made the system impractical on ships, boats, and ordinary islands, which are much smaller than Great Britain or Greenland. Also, the relatively short distances that a practical Preece system could span meant that it had few advantages over underwater telegraph cables.
Chandy–Lamport algorithm Summary Chandy–Lamport_algorithm The Chandy–Lamport algorithm is a snapshot algorithm that is used in distributed systems for recording a consistent global state of an asynchronous system. It was developed by and named after Leslie Lamport and K. Mani Chandy.
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein In other conditions Myelin_oligodendrocyte_glycoprotein > Role in disease > Anti-MOG associated inflammatory demyelinating diseases > In other conditions The presence of anti-MOG autoantibodies has been associated with the following conditions Most cases of aquaporin-4-seronegative neuromyelitis optica: NMO derived from an antiMOG associated encephalomyelitis, Some cases of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, specially the recurrent ones (MDEM) and the fulminant courses Some cases of multiple sclerosis isolated optic neuritis or transverse myelitis
Seismic tomography Theory Seismic_tomography > Theory Seismic tomography is similar to medical x-ray computed tomography (CT scan) in that a computer processes receiver data to produce a 3D image, although CT scans use attenuation instead of traveltime difference. Seismic tomography has to deal with the analysis of curved ray paths which are reflected and refracted within the Earth, and potential uncertainty in the location of the earthquake hypocenter. CT scans use linear x-rays and a known source.
Distributed sensor network Online collaborative sensor data management platforms Sensor_Networks > Platforms > Online collaborative sensor data management platforms Online collaborative sensor data management platforms are on-line database services that allow sensor owners to register and connect their devices to feed data into an online database for storage and also allow developers to connect to the database and build their own applications based on that data. Examples include Xively and the Wikisensing platform Archived 2021-06-09 at the Wayback Machine. Such platforms simplify online collaboration between users over diverse data sets ranging from energy and environment data to that collected from transport services. Other services include allowing developers to embed real-time graphs & widgets in websites; analyse and process historical data pulled from the data feeds; send real-time alerts from any datastream to control scripts, devices and environments. The architecture of the Wikisensing system describes the key components of such systems to include APIs and interfaces for online collaborators, a middleware containing the business logic needed for the sensor data management and processing and a storage model suitable for the efficient storage and retrieval of large volumes of data.
Sample statistic Statistical properties Sample_statistic > Properties > Statistical properties Important potential properties of statistics include completeness, consistency, sufficiency, unbiasedness, minimum mean square error, low variance, robustness, and computational convenience.
Plain old Java object JavaBeans POJO > Contextual variations > JavaBeans A JavaBean is a POJO that is serializable, has a no-argument constructor, and allows access to properties using getter and setter methods that follow a simple naming convention. Because of this convention, simple declarative references can be made to the properties of arbitrary JavaBeans. Code using such a declarative reference does not have to know anything about the type of the bean, and the bean can be used with many frameworks without these frameworks having to know the exact type of the bean. The JavaBeans specification, if fully implemented, slightly breaks the POJO model as the class must implement the Serializable interface to be a true JavaBean.
Shape from focus Summary Shape_from_focus Shape from focus or shape from defocus is a method of 3D reconstruction which consists of the use of information about the focus of an optical system to provide a means of measurement for 3D information. One of the simplest forms of this method can be found in most autofocus cameras today. In its most simple form, the methods analyze an image based upon overall contrast from a histogram, the width of edges, or more commonly, the frequency spectrum derived from a fast Fourier transform of the image. That information might be used to drive a servo mechanism in the lens, focusing it until the quantity measured on one of the earlier parameters is optimized. == References ==
Obstructive shock Treatment Obstructive_shock > Treatment This local therapy has a lower risk of bleeding. Surgical embolectomy is a more invasive treatment, associated with 10-20% surgical mortality risk. == References ==
Euryhaline Osmoregulation Euryhaline > Osmoregulation Osmoregulation is the active process by which an organism maintains its level of water content. The osmotic pressure in the body is homeostatically regulated in such a manner that it keeps the organism's fluids from becoming too diluted or too concentrated. Osmotic pressure is a measure of the tendency of water to move into one solution from another by osmosis. Two major types of osmoregulation are osmoconformers and osmoregulators.
List of mathematical abbreviations Summary List_of_mathematical_abbreviations (Also written as ctg.) coth – hyperbolic cotangent function. cov – covariance of a pair of random variables.
Atomic proposition Atomic formulae Atomic_proposition > Examples > Atomic formulae These wffs are atomic formulae, but are not sentences (atomic or otherwise) because they include free variables: F(x) G(a, z) H(x, y, z)
Constant coefficient Linear algebra Coefficient > Linear algebra The leading entry (sometimes leading coefficient) of a row in a matrix is the first nonzero entry in that row. So, for example, in the matrix the leading coefficient of the first row is 1; that of the second row is 2; that of the third row is 4, while the last row does not have a leading coefficient. Though coefficients are frequently viewed as constants in elementary algebra, they can also be viewed as variables as the context broadens. For example, the coordinates ( x 1 , x 2 , … , x n ) {\displaystyle (x_{1},x_{2},\dotsc ,x_{n})} of a vector v {\displaystyle v} in a vector space with basis { e 1 , e 2 , … , e n } {\displaystyle \lbrace e_{1},e_{2},\dotsc ,e_{n}\rbrace } are the coefficients of the basis vectors in the expression
Xenobiology Aims Xenobiology > Aims One concern with traditional genetic engineering and biotechnology is horizontal gene transfer to the environment and possible risks to human health. One major idea in XB is to design alternative genetic codes and biochemistries so that horizontal gene transfer is no longer possible. Additionally alternative biochemistry also allows for new synthetic auxotrophies. The idea is to create an orthogonal biological system that would be incompatible with natural genetic systems.
Circular Error Probability Conversion Circular_Error_Probability > Conversion Said conversion table, giving the coefficients α {\displaystyle \alpha } to convert X {\displaystyle X} into Y = α . X {\displaystyle Y=\alpha .X} , is given by: For example, a GPS receiver having a 1.25 m DRMS will have a 1.25 m × 1.73 = 2.16 m 95% radius.
Scientific model Generating a model Scientific_modeling > Basics > Generating a model For example, the special theory of relativity assumes an inertial frame of reference. This assumption was contextualized and further explained by the general theory of relativity. A model makes accurate predictions when its assumptions are valid, and might well not make accurate predictions when its assumptions do not hold. Such assumptions are often the point with which older theories are succeeded by new ones (the general theory of relativity works in non-inertial reference frames as well).
Thin-film thickness monitor Summary Thin-film_thickness_monitor The sensor and the sample generally cannot be in the same direction from the deposition source (if they were, the one closer to the source would shadow the other), and may not even be at the same distance from it. Therefore, the rate at which the material is deposited on the sensor may not equal the rate at which it is deposited on the sample. The ratio of the two rates is sometimes called the "tooling factor".
Antioxidative stress Health effects Antioxidative_stress > Health effects The concept of antioxidative stress may best be described by excessive or detrimental nutritional consumption of a diet rich in antioxidants, unbalancing the immune systems' pathogenic response processes. Serious health conditions can result if these processes are chronically unbalanced, ranging from acute to chronic. Immunological stress by over-supplementation of antioxidants facilitates adverse health effects specifically including allergies, asthma, and physiological alterations (especially of the skin).
Earth ship Water Earth_ship > Water Water from the low end of the botanical cell is directed through a peat moss filter and collected in a reservoir or well. The reclaimed water is passed once more through a greywater board and used to flush conventional toilets. Black water is water that has been used in a toilet.
Redundancy (information theory) Other notions Redundancy_(information_theory) > Other notions increased, the actual difference L ( M n ) − n r {\displaystyle L(M^{n})-nr\,\!} , cannot, although it can be theoretically upper-bounded by 1 in the case of finite-entropy memoryless sources. Redundancy in an information-theoretic contexts can also refer to the information that is redundant between two mutual informations. For example, given three variables X 1 {\displaystyle X_{1}} , X 2 {\displaystyle X_{2}} , and Y {\displaystyle Y} , it is known that the joint mutual information can be less than the sum of the marginal mutual informations: I ( X 1 , X 2 ; Y ) < I ( X 1 ; Y ) + I ( X 2 ; Y ) {\displaystyle I(X_{1},X_{2};Y)
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension Pathogenesis Chronic_thromboembolic_pulmonary_hypertension > Pathogenesis People with CTEPH lack traditional thrombosis risk factors. Current understanding is that CTEPH is a result of “inflammatory thrombosis”: When pro-thrombotic (blood-clot forming) conditions combine with chronic inflammation and infection, non-resolution of thrombus may ensue. Risk factors for CTEPH include splenectomy, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic thyroid hormone replacement, blood types other than 0, malignancy, infected ventriculo-atrial shunt and permanent intravenous leads.
S scale History S_scale > History A.C. Gilbert's improvements in 1:64 modeling and promotions of S gauge largely shaped the world of 1:64 modeling today. As early as 1948, an industrially produced narrow-gauge railway on tracks with a model gauge of 16.5 mm was available from the French company Allard.
Character evolution Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics Character_evolution > Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics Lamarck is best known for his Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics in 1801. His theory states that the characteristics an organism acquires throughout its life in order to adapt to its environment are passed down to its offspring. For example, Lamarck believed that the long necks of giraffes evolved as generations of giraffes reached for ever higher leaves of a tree. Their offspring and later generations inherited the resulting long necks.
Algorithmic problem Summary Algorithmic_problem Using human characteristics as descriptors of machines in metaphorical ways was already practiced by Alan Turing with terms such as "memory", "search" and "stimulus".In contrast, a heuristic is an approach to problem solving that may not be fully specified or may not guarantee correct or optimal results, especially in problem domains where there is no well-defined correct or optimal result.As an effective method, an algorithm can be expressed within a finite amount of space and time, and in a well-defined formal language for calculating a function. Starting from an initial state and initial input (perhaps empty), the instructions describe a computation that, when executed, proceeds through a finite number of well-defined successive states, eventually producing "output" and terminating at a final ending state. The transition from one state to the next is not necessarily deterministic; some algorithms, known as randomized algorithms, incorporate random input.
Mandibular first molar Summary Mandibular_first_molar The right permanent mandibular first molar is known as "30", and the left one is known as "19". The Palmer notation uses a number in conjunction with a symbol designating in which quadrant the tooth is found. For this tooth, the left and right first molars would have the same number, "6", but the right one would have the symbol, "┐", over it, while the left one would have, "┌".
Three Laws of Robotics Applications to future technology Three_Laws_of_Robotics > Applications to future technology However, as the complexity of robots has increased, so has interest in developing guidelines and safeguards for their operation.In a 2007 guest editorial in the journal Science on the topic of "Robot Ethics", SF author Robert J. Sawyer argues that since the U.S. military is a major source of funding for robotic research (and already uses armed unmanned aerial vehicles to kill enemies) it is unlikely such laws would be built into their designs. In a separate essay, Sawyer generalizes this argument to cover other industries stating: The development of AI is a business, and businesses are notoriously uninterested in fundamental safeguards — especially philosophic ones.
Solar Building Heating system Solar_Building > Heating system Under normal conditions (about 90% of an average heating season), the water in the tank would be warm enough to directly heat the building by circulating it through radiant panels in the floor and ceiling. If the temperature in the tank dropped due to prolonged cloudy weather, a heat pump could be employed to maintain the hot water supply to the panels. The heat pump was a standard commercial water chiller unit, but with heating rather than cooling as its intended purpose—chilling the water in the tank and delivering the "waste" heat to the hot water stream.
Experimental psychology Reliability Psychological_experiment > Methodology > Reliability and Validity > Reliability Reliability measures the consistency or repeatability of an observation. For example, one way to assess reliability is the "test-retest" method, done by measuring a group of participants at one time and then testing them a second time to see if the results are consistent. Because the first test itself may alter the results of a second test, other methods are often used. For example, in the "split-half" measure, a group of participants is divided at random into two comparable sub-groups, and reliability is measured by comparing the test results from these groups, It is important to note that a reliable measure need not yield a valid conclusion.
Probability box P-boxes from calculation results Probability_box > Where p-boxes come from > P-boxes from calculation results Kolmogorov originally asked what bounds could be placed about the distribution of a sum when nothing is known about the dependence between the distributions of the addends. The question was only answered in the early 1980s. Since that time, formulas and algorithms for sums have been generalized and extended to differences, products, quotients and other binary and unary functions under various dependence assumptions.These methods, collectively called probability bounds analysis, provide algorithms to evaluate mathematical expressions when there is uncertainty about the input values, their dependencies, or even the form of mathematical expression itself.
Causal modeling History Causal_models > History While reading Blalock's work on path diagrams, Duncan remembered a lecture by Ogburn twenty years earlier that mentioned a paper by Wright that in turn mentioned Burks. : 308 Sociologists originally called causal models structural equation modeling, but once it became a rote method, it lost its utility, leading some practitioners to reject any relationship to causality. Economists adopted the algebraic part of path analysis, calling it simultaneous equation modeling.
Formation factor Summary Formation_factor So, electrical conduction is considered to be absent in the rock grains of the solid phase or in organic fluids other than water (oil, hydrocarbon, gas). Archie's law is named after Gus Archie (1907–1978) who developed this empirical quantitative relationship between porosity, electrical conductivity, and fluid saturation of rocks. Archie's law laid the foundation for modern well log interpretation as it relates borehole electrical conductivity measurements to hydrocarbon saturations (which, for fluid saturated rock, equals 1 − S w {\displaystyle 1-S_{w}} ).
Oxidative phosphorylation Chemiosmosis ATP_generation > Chemiosmosis Both the electron transport chain and the ATP synthase are embedded in a membrane, and energy is transferred from the electron transport chain to the ATP synthase by movements of protons across this membrane, in a process called chemiosmosis. A current of protons is driven from the negative N-side of the membrane to the positive P-side through the proton-pumping enzymes of the electron transport chain. The movement of protons creates an electrochemical gradient across the membrane, is called the proton-motive force.
Sangaku Select examples Sangaku > Select examples A typical problem, which is presented on an 1824 tablet in Gunma Prefecture, covers the relationship of three touching circles with a common tangent, a special case of Descartes' theorem. Given the size of the two outer large circles, what is the size of the small circle between them? The answer is: 1 r middle = 1 r left + 1 r right . {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {r_{\text{middle}}}}}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {r_{\text{left}}}}}+{\frac {1}{\sqrt {r_{\text{right}}}}}.}
Visual search Visual orienting and attention Visual_search > Visual orienting and attention A scanning saccade is triggered endogenously for the purpose of exploring the visual environment.Visual search relies primarily on endogenous orienting because participants have the goal to detect the presence or absence of a specific target object in an array of other distracting objects. Early research suggested that attention could be covertly (without eye movement) shifted to peripheral stimuli, but later studies found that small saccades (microsaccades) occur during these tasks, and that these eye movements are frequently directed towards the attended locations (whether or not there are visible stimuli).
Proteolysis Cellular regulation Protein_degradation > Biological functions > Cellular regulation Proteolysis is also involved in the regulation of many cellular processes by activating or deactivating enzymes, transcription factors, and receptors, for example in the biosynthesis of cholesterol, or the mediation of thrombin signalling through protease-activated receptors.Some enzymes at important metabolic control points such as ornithine decarboxylase is regulated entirely by its rate of synthesis and its rate of degradation. Other rapidly degraded proteins include the protein products of proto-oncogenes, which play central roles in the regulation of cell growth.
Enteric nervous system Summary Enteric_nervous_system However, studies have shown that the system is operable with a severed vagus nerve. The neurons of the enteric nervous system control the motor functions of the system, in addition to the secretion of gastrointestinal enzymes. These neurons communicate through many neurotransmitters similar to the CNS, including acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin. The large presence of serotonin and dopamine in the gut are key areas of research for neurogastroenterologists.
Java Collections Double-ended queue (Deque) interfaces Collections_API > Queue interfaces > Double-ended queue (Deque) interfaces The Deque interface extends the Queue interface. Deque creates a double-ended queue. While a regular Queue only allows insertions at the rear and removals at the front, the Deque allows insertions or removals to take place both at the front and the back.
Protein toxicity Causes and pathophysiology Protein_toxicity > Causes and pathophysiology Protein toxicity has a significant role in neurodegenerative diseases. Whether it is due to high protein intake, pathological disorders lead to the accumulation of protein waste products, the no efficient metabolism of the proteins, or oligomerization of the amino acids from proteolysis. The mechanism by which protein can lead to well known neurodegenerative diseases includes transcriptions dysfunction, propagation, pathological cytoplasmic inclusions, mitochondrial and stress granule dysfunction.Ammonia, one of the waste products of protein metabolism, is very harmful, especially to the brain, where it crosses the blood brain barrier leading to a whole range of neurological dysfunctions from cognitive impairment to death. The brain has a mechanism to counteract the presence of this waste metabolite.
Bacterial morphological plasticity Antibiotics Bacterial_morphological_plasticity > Antibiotics Treatment at or below the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) induces bacterial filamentation and decreases killing within human macrophages. B.pseudomallei filaments revert to normal forms when the antibiotics are removed, and daughter cells maintain cell-division capacity and viability when re-exposed to antibiotics.
Graham Fleming Select publications Graham_Fleming > Select publications "Evidence for wavelike energy transfer through quantum coherence in photosynthetic systems" (PDF). Nature. 446 (7137): 782–786.
Test of significance Education Confirmatory_data_analysis > History > Education Statisticians learn how to create good statistical test procedures (like z, Student's t, F and chi-squared). Statistical hypothesis testing is considered a mature area within statistics, but a limited amount of development continues.
Ostwald Process Stage 2 Ostwald_Process > Description > Stage 2 Stage two encompasses two reactions and is carried out in an absorption apparatus containing water. Initially nitric oxide is oxidized again to yield nitrogen dioxide (nitrogen(IV) oxide). This gas is then readily absorbed by the water, yielding the desired product (nitric acid, albeit in a dilute form), while reducing a portion of it back to nitric oxide: 2 NO ( g ) + O 2 ( g ) ⟶ 2 NO 2 ( g ) {\displaystyle {\ce {2 NO (g) + O2 (g) -> 2 NO2 (g)}}} (ΔH = −114 kJ/mol) 3 NO 2 ( g ) + H 2 O ( l ) ⟶ 2 HNO 3 ( aq ) + NO ( g ) {\displaystyle {\ce {3 NO2 (g) + H2O (l) -> 2 HNO3 (aq) + NO (g)}}} (ΔH = −117 kJ/mol)The NO is recycled, and the acid is concentrated to the required strength by distillation. And, if the last step is carried out in air: 4 NO 2 ( g ) + O 2 ( g ) + 2 H 2 O ( l ) ⟶ 4 HNO 3 ( aq ) {\displaystyle {\ce {4 NO2 (g) + O2 (g) + 2 H2O (l) -> 4 HNO3 (aq)}}} (ΔH = −348 kJ/mol)..Typical conditions for the first stage, which contribute to an overall yield of about 98%, are: pressure is between 4–10 standard atmospheres (410–1,000 kPa; 59–150 psi) and temperature is about 870–1,173 K (600–900 °C; 1,100–1,700 °F).A complication that needs to be taken into consideration is a side-reaction in the first step that reverts the nitric oxide back to nitrogen: 4 NH 3 + 6 NO ⟶ 5 N 2 + 6 H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {4 NH3 + 6 NO -> 5 N2 + 6 H2O}}} This is a secondary reaction that is minimised by reducing the time the gas mixtures are in contact with the catalyst.
Hilbert Space Applications Hilbert_spaces > Applications Many of the applications of Hilbert spaces exploit the fact that Hilbert spaces support generalizations of simple geometric concepts like projection and change of basis from their usual finite dimensional setting. In particular, the spectral theory of continuous self-adjoint linear operators on a Hilbert space generalizes the usual spectral decomposition of a matrix, and this often plays a major role in applications of the theory to other areas of mathematics and physics.
Scientific process Another example: general relativity Critical_method > Elements of the scientific method > Predictions from the hypothesis > Another example: general relativity Einstein's theory of general relativity makes several specific predictions about the observable structure of spacetime, such as that light bends in a gravitational field, and that the amount of bending depends in a precise way on the strength of that gravitational field. Arthur Eddington's observations made during a 1919 solar eclipse supported General Relativity rather than Newtonian gravitation.
Prion diseases Fungi Prion_diseases > Fungi Subsequent to this, a prion has also been found in the fungus Podospora anserina. These prions behave similarly to PrP, but, in general, are nontoxic to their hosts. Susan Lindquist's group at the Whitehead Institute has argued some of the fungal prions are not associated with any disease state, but may have a useful role; however, researchers at the NIH have also provided arguments suggesting that fungal prions could be considered a diseased state.
Broken symmetry Non-technical description Symmetry_Breaking > Non-technical description When the particle is at the top, the configuration respects the reflection symmetry: the particle stays in the same place when reflected. However, the lowest energy configurations are those at x = ± a {\displaystyle x=\pm a} . When the particle is in either of these configurations, it is no longer fixed under reflection in the y-axis: reflection swaps the two vacuum states.
Thermosalinograph Measurement devices Thermosalinograph > Measurement devices The thermosalinograph uses a conductivity cell to measure conductivity, which can then be translated into a value of salinity. Also a thermistor cell measures the temperature of the surface water, which when combined with the conductivity can be used calculate the density of the water and the sound velocity within it.
Distributed knowledge Summary Distributed_knowledge In multi-agent system research, distributed knowledge is all the knowledge that a community of agents possesses and might apply in solving a problem. Distributed knowledge is approximately what "a wise man knows", or what someone who has complete knowledge of what each member of the community knows knows. Distributed knowledge might also be called the aggregate knowledge of a community, as it represents all the knowledge that a community might bring to bear to solve a problem.
Human Longevity Overview Human_Longevity > Overview In November 2019, C. Thomas Caskey, MD, FACP, FACMG, FRSC and Professor, Molecular & Human Genetics at the Baylor College of Medicine, joined the company as Chief Medical Officer. In January 2020, Human Longevity published a ground-breaking study in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The study titled, “Precision medicine integrating whole-genome sequencing, comprehensive metabolomics, and advanced imaging”, showed that by integrating whole-genome sequencing with advanced imaging and blood metabolites, clinicians identified adults at risk for key health conditions.
Abstract Graphical Data Types Summary Abstract_graphical_data_type The syntax is described in Figure 2. The word "figure" is a keyword. The formal parameter section, the declaration, and the body are similar to the corresponding elements in a procedure.
Software code Example computer program Software_code > Example computer program The "Hello, World!" program is used to illustrate a language's basic syntax. The syntax of the language BASIC (1964) was intentionally limited to make the language easy to learn. For example, variables are not declared before being used. Also, variables are automatically initialized to zero. Here is an example computer program, in Basic, to average a list of numbers: Once the mechanics of basic computer programming are learned, more sophisticated and powerful languages are available to build large computer systems.
Foot-pound (energy) Usage Foot-pound_(energy) > Usage The foot-pound is often used to specify the muzzle energy of a bullet in small arms ballistics, particularly in the United States. The term foot-pound is also used as a unit of torque (see pound-foot (torque)). In the United States this is often used to specify, for example, the tightness of a fastener (such as screws and nuts) or the output of an engine. Although they are dimensionally equivalent, energy (a scalar) and torque (a Euclidean vector) are distinct physical quantities.
Theory of Special Relativity Relativity of simultaneity Theory_of_Special_Relativity > Consequences derived from the Lorentz transformation > Relativity of simultaneity Consider two events happening in two different locations that occur simultaneously in the reference frame of one inertial observer. They may occur non-simultaneously in the reference frame of another inertial observer (lack of absolute simultaneity). From Equation 3 (the forward Lorentz transformation in terms of coordinate differences) It is clear that the two events that are simultaneous in frame S (satisfying Δt = 0), are not necessarily simultaneous in another inertial frame S′ (satisfying Δt′ = 0).
Biomolecular engineering Future Biomolecular_engineering > Timeline > Future Bio-inspired technologies of the future can help explain biomolecular engineering. Looking at the Moore's law "Prediction", in the future quantum and biology-based processors are "big" technologies. With the use of biomolecular engineering, the way our processors work can be manipulated in order to function in the same sense a biological cell work. Biomolecular engineering has the potential to become one of the most important scientific disciplines because of its advancements in the analyses of gene expression patterns as well as the purposeful manipulation of many important biomolecules to improve functionality.
Detent Summary Detent A detent is a mechanical or magnetic means to resist or arrest the movement of a mechanical device. Such a device can be anything ranging from a simple metal pin to a machine. The term is also used for the method involved. Magnetic detents are most often used to divide a shaft rotation into discrete increments. Magnetic detents are inherent in some types of electric motors, most often stepper motors.
Chemical symbol Extension of the symbol Chemical_symbol > Extension of the symbol In addition to the letters for the element itself, additional details may be added to the symbol as superscripts or subscripts a particular isotope, ionization, or oxidation state, or other atomic detail. A few isotopes have their own specific symbols rather than just an isotopic detail added to their element symbol. Attached subscripts or superscripts specifying a nuclide or molecule have the following meanings and positions: The nucleon number (mass number) is shown in the left superscript position (e.g., 14N).
Database model Network model Database_model > Early data models > Network model In this way a hierarchy may be established between any two record types, e.g., type A is the owner of B. At the same time another set may be defined where B is the owner of A. Thus all the sets comprise a general directed graph (ownership defines a direction), or network construct. Access to records is either sequential (usually in each record type) or by navigation in the circular linked lists. The network model is able to represent redundancy in data more efficiently than in the hierarchical model, and there can be more than one path from an ancestor node to a descendant.
Exciton Self-trapping of excitons Exciton > Self-trapping of excitons Because r b {\displaystyle r_{b}} is large, tunneling can be described by a continuum theory. The height of the barrier W ∼ ω 4 / m 3 γ 4 {\displaystyle W\sim \omega ^{4}/m^{3}\gamma ^{4}} . Because both m {\displaystyle m} and γ {\displaystyle \gamma } appear in the denominator of W {\displaystyle W} , the barriers are basically low. Therefore, free excitons can be seen in crystals with strong exciton-phonon coupling only in pure samples and at low temperatures. Coexistence of free and self-trapped excitons was observed in rare-gas solids, alkali-halides, and in molecular crystal of pyrene.
Smith–Magenis syndrome Cause Smith–Magenis_syndrome > Cause The loss of other genes in the deleted region may help explain why the features of Smith–Magenis syndrome vary among affected individuals. A small percentage of people with Smith–Magenis syndrome have a mutation in the RAI1 gene instead of a chromosomal deletion. These deletions and mutations lead to the production of an abnormal or nonfunctional version of the RAI1 protein.
Behavioral epigenetics Background Behavioral_epigenetics > Background In biology, and specifically genetics, epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene activity which are not caused by changes in the DNA sequence; the term can also be used to describe the study of stable, long-term alterations in the transcriptional potential of a cell that are not necessarily heritable.Examples of mechanisms that produce such changes are DNA methylation and histone modification, each of which alters how genes are expressed without altering the underlying DNA sequence. Gene expression can be controlled through the action of repressor proteins that attach to silencer regions of the DNA. DNA methylation turns a gene "off" – it results in the inability of genetic information to be read from DNA; removing the methyl tag can turn the gene back "on".Histone modification changes the way that DNA is packaged into chromosomes.
Splash pad Hydraulophones Splash_pad > Special features > Hydraulophones Hydraulophones are the world's first musical instrument that makes music from vibrations in water. By pressing on jets of water laid out to a musical scale, hydraulophones make a unique sound. Hydraulophones have been installed in water parks, museums, and science centres around the world, including the Legoland California Resort, Chicago Children's Museum, and the Ontario Science Centre in Toronto.
Chopper wheel Use in guidance systems Optical_chopper > Use in guidance systems This signal is then smoothed to make a sinusoidal output which is then compared to the signal driving the motor. The difference in phase between these two signals reveals the angle of the target compared to a given point in the motor signal. Sampling the signal at two different points directly produces X and Y error signals that can drive the missile's flight controls.The same basic system has been used in a number of other roles. Early ICBMs used a similar chopper system connected to a small visible-light telescope to produce a star tracker that was used to improve accuracy by measuring the angles to one or more stars once they climbed above the atmosphere. Anti-tank missiles used an infrared photocell on the launcher that tracked a flare on the missile, using the X and Y error signals to drive the missile into the line of sight of the operator's aiming telescope.These systems are no longer in use in modern weapons, as they have generally been replaced by imaging systems that provide much more information.
Phantom Plague Summary Phantom_Plague Phantom Plague: How Tuberculosis Shaped our History is a 2022 non-fiction book about the history of tuberculosis by health journalist Vidya Krishnan.It covers the history of tuberculosis through the 19th, 20th, and early 21st centuries, from early understandings of the disease to modern public health and pharmaceutical interventions. The book explores how flawed philanthropy, politics, racism, and anti-science rhetoric have led to "medical apartheid".
Human resource accounting Limitations Human_resource_accounting > Limitations There are many limitations that make the management reluctant to introduce HRA. Some of the attributes are: There are no clear cut and specific procedures or guidelines for finding costs and value of human resources of an organization. The systems that are being adopted all have certain drawbacks.
Abstract machine Sequence control Abstract_machine > Structure > Sequence control Operations and structures for "sequence control" allow controlling the execution flow of program instructions. When certain conditions are met, it is necessary to change the typical sequential execution of a program. Therefore, the interpreter employs data structures (such as those used to store the address of the next instruction to execute) that are modified by operations distinct from those used for data manipulation (for example, operations to update the address of the next instruction to execute).
Mean absolute deviation Summary Mean_absolute_deviation The average absolute deviation (AAD) of a data set is the average of the absolute deviations from a central point. It is a summary statistic of statistical dispersion or variability. In the general form, the central point can be a mean, median, mode, or the result of any other measure of central tendency or any reference value related to the given data set. AAD includes the mean absolute deviation and the median absolute deviation (both abbreviated as MAD).
Repressilator Recent Work Repressilator > Recent Work The repressilator model has been used to model and study other biological pathways and systems. Since, extensive work into the repressilator’s modeling capacities has been performed. In 2003, the repressilator’s representation and validation of biological models, being a model with many variables, was performed using the Simpathica system, which verified that the model does indeed oscillate with all of its complexities. As stated in Elowitz and Leibler’s original work, the ultimate goal for repressilator research is to build an artificial circadian clock that mirrors its natural, endogenous counterpart.
Post-industrial society Social critique Post-industrial_society > Critics > Social critique A group of scholars (including Allen Scott and Edward Soja) argue that industry remains at the center of the whole process of capitalist accumulation, with services not only becoming increasingly industrialized and automated but also remaining highly dependent on industrial growth. Some observers, including Soja (building on the theories of the French philosopher of urbanism Henri Lefebvre), suggest that although industry may be based outside of a "post-industrial" nation, that nation cannot ignore industry's necessary sociological importance. Further concerns can be raised regarding the difference in mindset and objectives between those in an industrial society, and those in a post-industrial one. For instance, if the industrial society (producing the raw materials and goods consumed by its peer) were for some reason to cut off supply to the post-industrial nation, there would be little recourse for the latter to ensure that supply chains were not disrupted. Since the society based on ideas would have diminished real product output, the industrial society would be in a position to dictate terms to its counterpart. The response from the "more advanced" nation might be eventually effective or damaging, however it would be hard pressed to bridge the gap until domestic industry could makeup for the lack of imported manufactured goods.
Watching-eye effect Summary Watching-eye_effect This means that people need not actually be watched, but that a simple photograph of eyes is enough to elicit feelings that individuals are being watched which can impact their behavior to be more pro-social and less antisocial. Empirical psychological research has continually shown that the visible presence of images depicting eyes nudges people towards slightly, but measurably more honest and more pro-social behavior.The concept is part of the psychology of surveillance and has implications for the areas of crime reduction and prevention without increasing actual surveillance, just by psychological measures alone. By simply inserting signs depicting eyes and leading others to believe they are being watched, crime can be reduced, as it leads to behavior that is more socially acceptable.
Interactive Compilation Interface Summary Interactive_Compilation_Interface The Interactive Compilation Interface (ICI) is a plugin system with a high-level compiler-independent and low-level compiler-dependent API to transform current black-box compilers into collaborative modular interactive toolsets. It was developed by Grigori Fursin during MILEPOST project. The ICI framework acts as a "middleware" interface between the compiler and the user-definable plugins. It opens up and reuses the production-quality compiler infrastructure to enable program analysis and instrumentation, fine-grain program optimizations, simple prototyping of new development and research ideas while avoiding building new compilation tools from scratch. For example, it is used in MILEPOST GCC to automate compiler and architecture design and program optimizations based on statistical analysis and machine learning, and predict profitable optimization to improve program execution time, code size and compilation time.
Renewable-energy economy Summary Renewable_energy_commercialisation As of 2012, renewable energy accounts for about half of new nameplate electrical capacity installed and costs are continuing to fall.Public policy and political leadership helps to "level the playing field" and drive the wider acceptance of renewable energy technologies. Countries such as Germany, Denmark, and Spain have led the way in implementing innovative policies which has driven most of the growth over the past decade. As of 2014, Germany has a commitment to the "Energiewende" transition to a sustainable energy economy, and Denmark has a commitment to 100% renewable energy by 2050.
Pneumococcal infection Treatment Drug-resistant_Streptococcus_pneumoniae > Treatment Throughout history treatment relied primarily on β-lactam antibiotics. In the 1960s nearly all strains of S. pneumoniae were susceptible to penicillin, but more recently there has been an increasing prevalence of penicillin resistance especially in areas of high antibiotic use. A varying proportion of strains may also be resistant to cephalosporins, macrolides (such as erythromycin), tetracycline, clindamycin and the fluoroquinolones. Penicillin-resistant strains are more likely to be resistant to other antibiotics.
Kummer–Vandiver conjecture Evidence for and against the Kummer–Vandiver conjecture Kummer–Vandiver_conjecture > Evidence for and against the Kummer–Vandiver conjecture For example, assuming the generalized Riemann hypothesis, the class number of the real cyclotomic field for the prime p is 1 for p<163, and divisible by 4 for p=163. This suggests that Washington's informal probability argument against the conjecture may be misleading. Mihăilescu (2010) gave a refined version of Washington's heuristic argument, suggesting that the Kummer–Vandiver conjecture is probably true.
Chest pain Epidemiology Chest_pain > Epidemiology Chest pain is a common presenting problem. Overall chest pain is responsible for an estimated 6% of all emergency department visits in the United States and is the most common reason for hospital admission. Chest pain is also very common in primary care clinics, representing 1-3% of all visits. The rate of emergency department visits in the US for chest pain decreased 10% from 1999 to 2008. but a subsequent increase of 13% was seen from 2006 to 2011.
MAXEkSAT Related problems MAXEkSAT > Related problems The minimum satisfiability problem. The MAX-SAT problem can be extended to the case where the variables of the constraint satisfaction problem belong the set of reals. The problem amounts to finding the smallest q such that the q-relaxed intersection of the constraints is not empty.
Tree-crevice skink Reproduction and life cycle Tree-crevice_skink > Reproduction and life cycle Their mating season occurs in September and October. Egernia striolata are viviparous and have relatively simple type 1 placentas, but not a lot of research has been done on their exact reproductive ecology. They prefer to mate monogamously and keep one mate for at least the entirety of a breeding season. They produce 2-6 offspring per litter.
553 symmetry Symmetry 553_symmetry > Symmetry The dual of this tiling represents the fundamental domains of the *553 symmetry. There are no mirror removal subgroups of , but this symmetry group can be doubled to 652 symmetry by adding a bisecting mirror to the fundamental domains.
Cherenkov Telescope Array CTA Consortium Members and CTAO Shareholders Cherenkov_Telescope_Array > CTA Consortium Members and CTAO Shareholders As of December 2018, the CTA Consortium includes more than 1,420 members from 210 institutes in 31 countries: Armenia, Australia, Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Namibia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, the United Kingdom, Ukraine and the United States. The group of scientists and engineers are engaged in the scientific and technical development of CTA. Its internal authority, the Consortium Board, includes representatives from each of the Consortium institutes and is responsible for endorsing all major Consortium decisions.The CTA Observatory gGmbH (CTAO gGmbH) is the legal entity for CTA in the preparation of the implementation of the CTA Observatory. The CTAO gGmbH works in close cooperation with the CTA Consortium. The CTAO is governed by the CTA Council, composed of shareholders from 11 countries (Australia, Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom) and associate members from two countries (Netherlands and South Africa).
Cerebellar vermis Lobe anatomy Cerebellar_vermis > Structure > Lobe anatomy This lobule is related with the biventral lobule of the hemisphere. The uvula is the second largest lobule, following the culmen. It pertains to the paleocerebellum and is separated from the nodule by the posterolateral fissure.
Homomorphic signatures for network coding Proof of security Homomorphic_signatures_for_network_coding > Proof of security We get one equation in one unknown (the discrete log of Q {\displaystyle Q} ). It is quite possible that the equation we get does not involve the unknown.
Topological ring Topological fields Topological_ring > Topological fields Some of the most important examples are topological fields. A topological field is a topological ring that is also a field, and such that inversion of non zero elements is a continuous function. The most common examples are the complex numbers and all its subfields, and the valued fields, which include the p {\displaystyle p} -adic fields.
Coeliac trunk Drainage Coeliac_trunk > Function > Drainage The celiac artery is the only major artery that nourishes the abdominal digestive organs that does not have a similarly named vein. Most blood returning from the digestive organs (including from the area of distribution of the celiac artery) is diverted to the liver via the portal venous system for further processing and detoxification in the liver before returning to the systemic circulation via the hepatic veins. In contrast to the drainage of midgut and hindgut structures by the superior mesenteric vein and inferior mesenteric vein respectively, venous return from the celiac artery is through either the splenic vein emptying into the hepatic portal vein or via smaller tributaries of the portal venous system.
Software brittleness Causes Software_brittleness > Causes When software is new, it is very malleable; it can be formed to be whatever is wanted by the implementers. But as the software in a given project grows larger and larger, and develops a larger base of users with long experience with the software, it becomes less and less malleable. Like a metal that has been work-hardened, the software becomes a legacy system, brittle and unable to be easily maintained without fracturing the entire system.Brittleness in software can be caused by algorithms that do not work well for the full range of input data. A good example is an algorithm that allows a divide by zero to occur, or a curve-fitting equation that is used to extrapolate beyond the data that it was fitted to.
Paul Émile Appell Mechanics Paul_Émile_Appell > Work > Mechanics In mechanics, he proposed an alternative formulation of analytical mechanics known as Appell's equation of motion. He discovered a physical interpretation of the imaginary period of the doubly periodic function whose restriction to real arguments describes the motion of an ideal pendulum.
Thermometric titration Where thermometric titration determinations may be recommended Thermometric_titration > Where thermometric titration determinations may be recommended Similarly, the potentiometric titration of sulfate with barium chloride in various industrial samples can lead to rapid degradation of the indicating barium ion selective electrode. A thermometric titration methodology which cannot be emulated using other types of titration sensors will deliver superior or results otherwise unobtainable by other techniques. Examples are the determination of fluoride by titration with boric acid, the analysis of orthophosphate by titration with magnesium ions, and the direct titration of aluminium with fluoride ions.
Glossary of chemistry terms R Glossary_of_chemistry_terms > R rate equation Also rate law. rate-determining step The slowest step in a chemical reaction that involves more than one step. The rate of this step determines the overall reaction rate.
Network simulation Simulations Network_Simulator > Simulations Most of the commercial simulators are GUI driven, while some network simulators are CLI driven. The network model/configuration describes the network (nodes, routers, switches, links) and the events (data transmissions, packet error, etc.). Output results would include network-level metrics, link metrics, device metrics etc. Further, drill down in terms of simulations trace files would also be available. Trace files log every packet, every event that occurred in the simulation and is used for analysis. Most network simulators use discrete event simulation, in which a list of pending "events" is stored, and those events are processed in order, with some events triggering future events—such as the event of the arrival of a packet at one node triggering the event of the arrival of that packet at a downstream node.
Biomechanics Renaissance Biomechanics > History > Renaissance He analyzed muscle forces as acting along lines connecting origins and insertions, and studied joint function. Da Vinci tended to mimic some animal features in his machines. For example, he studied the flight of birds to find means by which humans could fly; and because horses were the principal source of mechanical power in that time, he studied their muscular systems to design machines that would better benefit from the forces applied by this animal.In 1543, Galen's work, On the Function of the Parts was challenged by Andreas Vesalius at the age of 29.
Microbial mats Photosynthesis Microbial_mats > Role in the history of life > Photosynthesis It may be possible to confirm this model by analyzing the isotope ratios of both carbon and sulfur in sediments laid down in shallow water.The last major stage in the evolution of microbial mats was the appearance of cyanobacteria, photosynthesizers which both produce and use oxygen. This gave undersea mats their typical modern structure: an oxygen-rich top layer of cyanobacteria; a layer of photosynthesizing purple bacteria that could tolerate oxygen; and oxygen-free, H2S-dominated lower layers of heterotrophic scavengers, mainly methane-emitting and sulfate-reducing organisms.It is estimated that the appearance of oxygenic photosynthesis increased biological productivity by a factor of between 100 and 1,000. All photosynthetic reactions require a reducing agent, but the significance of oxygenic photosynthesis is that it uses water as a reducing agent, and water is much more plentiful than the geologically produced reducing agents on which photosynthesis previously depended.
First Solar Market history First_Solar > Market history Declines and uncertainty in feed-in-tariff subsidies for solar power in European markets, including Germany, France, Italy and Spain, prompted major PV manufacturers, such as First Solar, to accelerate their expansion into other markets, including the U.S., India and China.Beginning in December 2011, First Solar shifted away from existing markets that are heavily dependent on government subsidies and toward providing utility-scale PV systems in sustainable markets with immediate need. As a result, it now competes against conventional power generators, and has reduced its focus on the rooftop market.On February 24, 2009, First Solar's cost per watt broke the $1 barrier, reaching $0.98. Production cost has continued to fall and in February 2013, reached $0.68 per watt.
Kepler-5 Summary Kepler-5 Kepler-5 is a star located in the constellation Cygnus in the field of view of the Kepler Mission, a NASA project aimed at detecting planets in transit of, or passing in front of, their host stars as seen from Earth. One closely orbiting, Jupiter-like planet, named Kepler-5b, has been detected around Kepler-5. Kepler-5's planet was one of the first five planets to be discovered by the Kepler spacecraft; its discovery was announced on January 4, 2010 at the 215th meeting of the American Astronomical Society after being verified by a variety of observatories. Kepler-5 is larger and more massive than the Sun, but has a similar metallicity, a major factor in planet formation.
Apple-designed processors Apple S1P Apple_silicon > S series > Apple S1 > Apple S1P Used in Apple Watch Series 1. It has a dual-core processor identical to the S2, with the exception of the built-in GPS receiver. It contains the same dual-core CPU with the same new GPU capabilities as the S2, making it about 50% faster than the S1.
Phenolphthalein Summary Phenolphthalein Phenolphthalein ( feh-NOL(F)-thə-leen) is a chemical compound with the formula C20H14O4 and is often written as "HIn", "HPh", "phph" or simply "Ph" in shorthand notation. Phenolphthalein is often used as an indicator in acid–base titrations. For this application, it turns colorless in acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions. It belongs to the class of dyes known as phthalein dyes.
String theorist Extra dimensions Ten-dimensional_space > Fundamentals > Extra dimensions However, as one approaches the hose, one discovers that it contains a second dimension, its circumference. Thus, an ant crawling on the surface of the hose would move in two dimensions.
Cantor function Self-similarity Cantor_function > Self-similarity Thus, every dyadic rational is in one-to-one correspondence with some self-symmetry of the Cantor function. Some notational rearrangements can make the above slightly easier to express. Let g 0 {\displaystyle g_{0}} and g 1 {\displaystyle g_{1}} stand for L and R. Function composition extends this to a monoid, in that one can write g 010 = g 0 g 1 g 0 {\displaystyle g_{010}=g_{0}g_{1}g_{0}} and generally, g A g B = g A B {\displaystyle g_{A}g_{B}=g_{AB}} for some binary strings of digits A, B, where AB is just the ordinary concatenation of such strings.
Computer System Stored program architecture General_purpose_computer > Software > Programs > Stored program architecture While a person will normally read each word and line in sequence, they may at times jump back to an earlier place in the text or skip sections that are not of interest. Similarly, a computer may sometimes go back and repeat the instructions in some section of the program over and over again until some internal condition is met. This is called the flow of control within the program and it is what allows the computer to perform tasks repeatedly without human intervention.
Held–Karp algorithm Approximate algorithms for solving the TSP Held-Karp_algorithm > Related algorithms > Approximate algorithms for solving the TSP As the application of precise algorithm to solve problem is very limited, we often use approximate algorithm or heuristic algorithm. The result of the algorithm can be assessed by C / C* ≤ ε . C is the total travelling distance generated from approximate algorithm; C* is the optimal travelling distance; ε is the upper limit for the ratio of the total travelling distance of approximate solution to optimal solution under the worst condition. The value of ε >1.0.
Artificial life form Modeling Synthetic_life > Enabling technologies > Modeling Models inform the design of engineered biological systems by better predicting system behavior prior to fabrication. Synthetic biology benefits from better models of how biological molecules bind substrates and catalyze reactions, how DNA encodes the information needed to specify the cell and how multi-component integrated systems behave. Multiscale models of gene regulatory networks focus on synthetic biology applications.
Fixed-pattern noise Summary Fixed-pattern_noise Fixed-pattern noise (FPN) is the term given to a particular noise pattern on digital imaging sensors often noticeable during longer exposure shots where particular pixels are susceptible to giving brighter intensities above the average intensity.