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instruction stringlengths 4 924	prompt stringlengths 144 1.4k	input stringlengths 0 1.16k	output stringlengths 1 10.7k
Is black hole truly black?	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Is black hole truly black? ### Input: A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, including light or other electromagnetic waves, has enough energy to escape its event horizon. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole. The boundary of no escape is called the event horizon. Although it has a great effect on the fate and circumstances of an object crossing it, it has no locally detectable features according to general relativity. In many ways, a black hole acts like an ideal black body, as it reflects no light. Moreover, quantum field theory in curved spacetime predicts that event horizons emit Hawking radiation, with the same spectrum as a black body of a temperature inversely proportional to its mass. This temperature is of the order of billionths of a kelvin for stellar black holes, making it essentially impossible to observe directly. ### Response:	A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, including light or other electromagnetic waves, has enough energy to escape its event horizon. The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform spacetime to form a black hole. The boundary of no escape is called the event horizon. Although it has a great effect on the fate and circumstances of an object crossing it, it has no locally detectable features according to general relativity. In many ways, a black hole acts like an ideal black body, as it reflects no light. Moreover, quantum field theory in curved spacetime predicts that event horizons emit Hawking radiation, with the same spectrum as a black body of a temperature inversely proportional to its mass. This temperature is of the order of billionths of a kelvin for stellar black holes, making it essentially impossible to observe directly.	According to general relativity, a black hole emits no lights at all. Thus it is 100% black by definition. However, when quantum effects are included, a black hole has finite temperature, emitting lights called Hawking radiation. In this sense, a black hole is not truly black.
Why do people need sleep?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Why do people need sleep? ### Response:		Sleep is necessary for your overall health and well-being. Sleep is even so important not enough sleep can actually kill you. Sleep enables the body engage in processes that help rejuvenate the body through better mental and physical performance. A good night of rest will give you higher energy levels, better mood, clearer thinking and concentration.
What are some quick dinners that I can make during the week?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are some quick dinners that I can make during the week? ### Response:		Some good ideas for quick dinners that you can make in 15-30 min or less include several pasta dishes like carbonara, basil pesto and pasta Alfredo or dishes that come quickly together like Chinese style fried rice to which you can add different proteins like shrimp, chicken or meat or tofu if you'd rather go for a vegetarian option. Salads are also a good candidate for quick dinners since you can be quite flexible in your combinations and usually do not require to heat up or cook any of the ingredients.
How many continents are in the world?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: How many continents are in the world? ### Response:		There are seven continents in the world
Who is the St Louis Cardinals?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Who is the St Louis Cardinals? ### Response:		The St Louis Cardinals is a major league baseball team that play's in the national league central division.
How can I get people to like me?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: How can I get people to like me? ### Response:		It's important to remember that not everyone will like you in this world, no matter how great you are. So don't be discouraged if you find someone doesn't like you as much as you think they should. Here are some tips for getting people to like you: - Ask them questions about themselves: People enjoy talking about themselves and if you ask them thoughtful questions they will see that you are a caring person who pays attention to them. - Read social cues: It's important to be able to understand when someone is not interested in what you are talking about. If you find someone you're talking to is looking around the room and giving you short responses, you should try and steer the conversation in a different direction to see if you can engage them. - Have a sense of humor: Laughing with other people is a great way to create bonds. You can try to be a little self-deprecating or just make innocent jokes about your situation. But be careful to not alienate people with humor if you don't know them well. Jokes about religion, politics, and other people might not go over well with some people.
Tell me whether these are found at the beach or on a mountains: ocean, ski resort, chair lift, shell, seaweed, hiking trail	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Tell me whether these are found at the beach or on a mountains: ocean, ski resort, chair lift, shell, seaweed, hiking trail ### Response:		Ocean: Beach Ski Resort: Mountain Chair Lift: Mountain Shell: Beach Seaweed: Beach Hiking Trail: Mountain
write a story about the first contact of Alien would be	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: write a story about the first contact of Alien would be ### Response:		The first contact with Alien will be a big event that the entire earth would remember for generations. the first thing that will determine the nature of this first contact depends who get to who first. Alien arrived to earth, or human discovered another planet with other civilisation. it is high likely that in either way, the first contact will be between robots of the more advanced civilisation and the the people of the less advanced civilisation. this is due to the fact that the high advanced civilization tends to explore other worlds using their robots first.
Why do sailboats have to tack upwind?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Why do sailboats have to tack upwind? ### Response:		Modern sailboats use sails that act as foils, with pressure that increases on the inside of the foil higher than the outside of the foil, similar to an airplane wing and described by the Bernoulli effect. The sails must have an angle of attack that is perpendicular to the direction of the wind to be effective. Off the wind, or heading away from the wind, the sails can be eased out to maintain this angle. Heading into the wind, the boat can only get so close to the direction to keep the sails from becoming ineffective or "luffing." So to head in the general direction of the wind, a boat must tack at angles to the wind, to make its way in the direction of the wind.
I need a bulleted list of a few things people like to do with trees.	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: I need a bulleted list of a few things people like to do with trees. ### Response:		- Read under one - Plant some in a park - Pick and eat its fruit - Cut it for lumber
Write a friendly complaint to an airline service about a poor experience with multiple issues and ask for points.	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Write a friendly complaint to an airline service about a poor experience with multiple issues and ask for points. ### Response:		To whom it may concern; as a loyal member to your airline alliance, I was disappointed in the multiple issues I experienced on a recent flight. Your airline usually provides me with an exceptional experience but unfortunately this last travel journey was below par. Firstly, my seat was broken and unable to recline. Given this was a red eye flight where I was hoping to get some rest, this limited my ability to do so. Secondly, the Wifi I paid for was out for 4 out of 6 hours of the trip. So while awake without recline, I was unable to use that time effectively to email or communicate with friends and family. Lastly, my checked bag took 45 minutes at the carousel. I know you have a policy where it should be 20 minutes or less. I really enjoy flying with you and would like to hope this was a stroke of bad luck, and not reflective of your customer service and typical experience. I would appreciate as a goodwill 10,000 points into my account to make things right. I hope you consider my request. Kind regards
Was Michael Flavin wealthy at the time he wrote Benjamin Disraeli?	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Was Michael Flavin wealthy at the time he wrote Benjamin Disraeli? ### Input: Michael Flavin's Benjamin Disraeli: The Novel as a Political Discourse suggests that Venetia was largely a commercial endeavour for Disraeli, who was deep in debt at the time that he wrote it. ### Response:	Michael Flavin's Benjamin Disraeli: The Novel as a Political Discourse suggests that Venetia was largely a commercial endeavour for Disraeli, who was deep in debt at the time that he wrote it.	No, he was deep in debt at the time.
Where is the annual indoor rowing World Championship?	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Where is the annual indoor rowing World Championship? ### Input: Ergometer rowing machines (colloquially ergs or ergo) simulate the rowing action and provide a means of training on land when waterborne training is restricted, and of measuring rowing fitness. Ergometers do not simulate the lateral balance challenges, the exact resistance of water, or the exact motions of true rowing including the sweep of the oar handles. For that reason ergometer scores are generally not used as the sole selection criterion for crews (colloquially "ergs don't float"), and technique training is limited to the basic body position and movements. However, this action can still allow a workout comparable to those experienced on the water. Indoor rowing has become popular as a sport in its own right with numerous indoor competitions (and the annual World Championship CRASH-B Sprints in Boston) during the winter off-season.[39] ### Response:	Ergometer rowing machines (colloquially ergs or ergo) simulate the rowing action and provide a means of training on land when waterborne training is restricted, and of measuring rowing fitness. Ergometers do not simulate the lateral balance challenges, the exact resistance of water, or the exact motions of true rowing including the sweep of the oar handles. For that reason ergometer scores are generally not used as the sole selection criterion for crews (colloquially "ergs don't float"), and technique training is limited to the basic body position and movements. However, this action can still allow a workout comparable to those experienced on the water. Indoor rowing has become popular as a sport in its own right with numerous indoor competitions (and the annual World Championship CRASH-B Sprints in Boston) during the winter off-season.[39]	The indoor rowing world championship is held annually in Boston during the winter off-season.
How did Andy Warhol create the "piss paintings"?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: How did Andy Warhol create the "piss paintings"? ### Response:		Andy Warhol created paintings in the 1970s by covering canvases with copper paint and having various staffers urinate on them. This created different colored splotches, pools, and lines.
What is the purpose of operating a motor vehicle?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the purpose of operating a motor vehicle? ### Response:		The purpose of operating a motor vehicle is to get from point A to point B without incident, regardless of whose fault it might be.
Extract the year that the Balloon typeface was created from the following Wikipedia article.	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Extract the year that the Balloon typeface was created from the following Wikipedia article. ### Input: Balloon was a brush script commonly used for signage or display purposes. It was designed in 1939 by Max R. Kaufmann, for American Type Founders, in response to Howard Allen Trafton's Cartoon, cut for Bauer Type Foundry in 1936. It had no lowercase letters and was cast in Light, Bold, and Extra Bold.[1][2] The two lighter weights were identical with Kaufmann Script and so could be used as alternate capitals for that face. It was most notably used in the Madeline books, TV series and film. The font was most famously known for the typeface of the Nickelodeon logo from late 1984 to 2009 in white letters with an orange splat background. This font was digitized by the now-defunct Bitstream Inc. ### Response:	Balloon was a brush script commonly used for signage or display purposes. It was designed in 1939 by Max R. Kaufmann, for American Type Founders, in response to Howard Allen Trafton's Cartoon, cut for Bauer Type Foundry in 1936. It had no lowercase letters and was cast in Light, Bold, and Extra Bold.[1][2] The two lighter weights were identical with Kaufmann Script and so could be used as alternate capitals for that face. It was most notably used in the Madeline books, TV series and film. The font was most famously known for the typeface of the Nickelodeon logo from late 1984 to 2009 in white letters with an orange splat background. This font was digitized by the now-defunct Bitstream Inc.	Balloon typeface was created in 1939 by Max R. Kaufmann.
How many people died in the Cloquet fire of Illinois according to the text?	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: How many people died in the Cloquet fire of Illinois according to the text? ### Input: The Cloquet fire was an immense forest fire in northern Minnesota, United States in October 1918, caused by sparks on the local railroads and dry conditions. The fire left much of western Carlton County devastated, mostly affecting Moose Lake, Cloquet, and Kettle River. Cloquet was hit the hardest by the fires. It was the worst natural disaster in Minnesota history in terms of the number of casualties in a single day. In total, 453 people died[1] and 52,000 people were injured or displaced, 38 communities were destroyed, 250,000 acres (100,000 ha) were burned, and $73 million ($1.315 billion in 2023 United States dollars) in property damage was suffered. Thirteen million dollars in federal aid were disbursed. ### Response:	The Cloquet fire was an immense forest fire in northern Minnesota, United States in October 1918, caused by sparks on the local railroads and dry conditions. The fire left much of western Carlton County devastated, mostly affecting Moose Lake, Cloquet, and Kettle River. Cloquet was hit the hardest by the fires. It was the worst natural disaster in Minnesota history in terms of the number of casualties in a single day. In total, 453 people died[1] and 52,000 people were injured or displaced, 38 communities were destroyed, 250,000 acres (100,000 ha) were burned, and $73 million ($1.315 billion in 2023 United States dollars) in property damage was suffered. Thirteen million dollars in federal aid were disbursed.	453 people died in the Cloquet fire that occurred in northern Minnesota, United States in October 1918. In addition to the 453 people that died, 52,000 people were injured or displaced, 38 communities were destroyed, 250,000 acres (100,000 ha) were burned, and $73 million ($1.315 billion in 2023 United States dollars) in property damage was suffered.
What is a wallet used for?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is a wallet used for? ### Response:		A wallet is a flat pouch used to carry small person items. It can be made out of raw hide or some other material. It can be used to cary currency or money, credit cards, photos of family, insurance cards, and person identification. A wallet is helpful to organize different payment methods, and it used in most transactions that requirement a payment using a form of currency or credit.
Why are kids inquisitive?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Why are kids inquisitive? ### Response:		Kids are very eager to understand the world around them and tend to ask lots of questions. There is a potential for these characteristics to reduce as kids grow older, either because of other social interactions or having a better understanding of their general environment.
Which of these four novels has the least in common with the others? 1. Red Harvest by Dashiell Hammett 2. One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez 3. The Big Sleep by Raymond Chandler 4. The Hound of the Baskervilles by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Which of these four novels has the least in common with the others? 1. Red Harvest by Dashiell Hammett 2. One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez 3. The Big Sleep by Raymond Chandler 4. The Hound of the Baskervilles by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle ### Response:		One Hundred Years of Solitude has the least in common with the other books. It is part of a genre called Magical Realism, which depicts a world that strongly resembles real life but contains magical aspects that would normally be found in the Fantasy genre. The other three novels are all Detective fiction, and belong to the Hardboiled sub-genre. Hardboiled detective stories typically feature a deeply cynical (and often unlikable) protagonist, organized crime elements, and a prohibition-era setting.
What are some good steps to getting an AWS cloud certification and getting a cloud job?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are some good steps to getting an AWS cloud certification and getting a cloud job? ### Response:		Getting an AWS certification is a great way to get started with learning about cloud and potentially starting a career in it! Here are some good first steps: 1. Start with the free AWS Cloud Practitioner course and overview: https://aws.amazon.com/training/digital/aws-cloud-practitioner-essentials/?cp=sec&sec=prep 2. Pass the AWS cloud practitioner exam 3. Decide which specialization path to go down — options could include the architecture path, more of a data specialist, or a Security specialization, with multiple other options 4. If you choose the architecture path, Stephane Marek’s courses (https://www.udemy.com/user/stephane-maarek/) are excellent, frequently updated, and inexpensive. 5. The next step is the AWS Solution Architect—Associate exam, which is difficult but the above courses prepare you well (combined with practice tests, note below on that) 6. To get hands on experience here is a list of interesting cloud sample projects, some easy and some hard: https://www.reddit.com/r/sysadmin/comments/8inzn5/so_you_want_to_learn_aws_aka_how_do_i_learn_to_be/ 7. In preparing for the exams, especially the more advanced ones, Jon Bonso has excellent practice question banks: https://tutorialsdojo.com/courses/aws-certified-solutions-architect-associate-practice-exams/. 8. Once you have the Solution Architect—Associate certification and some sample projects complete you can likely start looking for a job in the cloud space. Companies are looking for people with those skills + cert + some hands-on experience, so good luck!
When did the golden age for Jewish culture start and where was it?	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: When did the golden age for Jewish culture start and where was it? ### Input: A few scholars give the start of the Golden Age as 711–718, the Muslim conquest of Iberia. ### Response:	A few scholars give the start of the Golden Age as 711–718, the Muslim conquest of Iberia.	The golden age for jewish culture started somewhere around 711-718 and it was in Spain.
Monster Hunter 4 Unlimited (hereafter, "MH4U") was a video game released exclusively for the Nintendo 3DS circa 2013. Elden Ring was a video game released for multiple platforms in circa 2022 to critical acclaim. If MH4U and Elden Ring were considered to be siblings nine years apart in a small family, how might the experiences of MH4U have influenced the growth and development of Elden Ring?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Monster Hunter 4 Unlimited (hereafter, "MH4U") was a video game released exclusively for the Nintendo 3DS circa 2013. Elden Ring was a video game released for multiple platforms in circa 2022 to critical acclaim. If MH4U and Elden Ring were considered to be siblings nine years apart in a small family, how might the experiences of MH4U have influenced the growth and development of Elden Ring? ### Response:		Young parents face many challenges. Finances, education, and home expenses often compete with the needs of a growing family. Within the context provided, MH4U reflects the first child of a young couple who must make several investments, including clothing, baby essentials, and furniture. This may be conveyed under the limited system resources available to MH4U under the 3DS console: 128MB of RAM. Additionally, one or both parents may work full time, leaving limited time to work with and grow the child. As the child, MH4U, enters age 9, they should be entering 4th or 5th grade and have developed the cognitive and functional skills to support their parents. Additionally, the parents will have likely developed further in their careers and caretaking abilities that ensure the stability and growth of a small family. In this example, Elden Ring represents the second child, which arrives nine years after MH4U. In this context, as a result of the growth of experience and income of the family, and assuming the family equates to a Playstation 4, the family now enjoys 8GB of RAM. As described in the preceding paragraph, the familial environment that Elden Ring emerges from is vastly different than that of MH4U. However, there are additional benefits beyond the system limitations provided. These benefits are conveyed through the emotional and physical support provided through familial bonds, in this case, that of an older and younger sibling. Upon the arrival of Elden Ring, MH4U is eager to help their parents with caretaking tasks which may include keeping the child company, completing small jobs and errands, and establishing familial bonds with their sibling. The parents will be able to draw upon the experience of raising MH4U and apply those lessons to their newest member of the family. It’s important that the parents continue to create small jobs for MH4U that help to convey positive responses to younger family members: caretaking, guidance, and companionship. As MH4U graduates from their teens and enters early adulthood, it’s critical that they stay actively involved in the life of their sibling. By age 18, MH4U will now be nine years older than Elden Ring, which as it happens, is the same age when MH4U became an older sibling. Under this lens, MH4U carries greater social responsibility than they did when they were the same age as Elden Ring. MH4U may also begin to contemplate leaving the family for continuing education. While it’s common for individuals to depart the family for secondary education after age 18, it’s critically important that MH4U continue to maintain constant contact with its younger sibling to provide guidance and advice and convey lessons learned from its formative experiences. In this way, Elden Ring has a fast track to develop. MH4U is able to provide guidance equatable to best practices, experiences, and trial and error. Additionally, MH4U development during constrained resources encourages Elden Ring to do “more with less” and ensures a fastidious approach towards the allocation of resources. By the time Elden Ring approaches age 18, they enjoy the combined experiences of their parents and their older sibling which helps to increase their likelihood of success and families are stronger when they provide guidance and stability to their children. In summary, the success of Elden Ring was no accident. The investments of the parents into the older sibling, MH4U, however lacking, provided a baseline level by which MH4U could invest in its younger sibling Elden Ring. Through this chain of investments, the family finds a greater chance of success. Under the lens of the original context, there would not be a critically reception to Elden Ring had not the parents made baseline investment and support to MH4U during the formative years of the family.
What is the Krusty Krab?	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the Krusty Krab? ### Input: The Krusty Krab is a fictional fast food restaurant in the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants. It is famous for its signature burger, the Krabby Patty, the formula to which is a closely guarded trade secret. ### Response:	The Krusty Krab is a fictional fast food restaurant in the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants. It is famous for its signature burger, the Krabby Patty, the formula to which is a closely guarded trade secret.	The restaurant was founded by Eugene H. Krabs (often referred to as Mr. Krabs), who is also the owner and manager. SpongeBob SquarePants (who works as the fry cook) and Squidward Tentacles (the cashier) are the only full-time employees. The primary competitor to the Krusty Krab is the Chum Bucket across the street, which is operated by Plankton, a plankton and Karen, a waterproof supercomputer and Plankton's wife.
What are the top 10 largest cities in the world by population (city proper)?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What are the top 10 largest cities in the world by population (city proper)? ### Response:		- Chongqing, China - Shanghai, China - Beijing, China - Delhi, India - Chengdu, China - Istanbul, Turkey - Karachi, Pakistan - Guangzhou, China - Tianjin, China - Tokyo, Japan
Classify each of these bands as Polish death metal, Norwegian death metal, or K-Pop: BTS, EXO, Red Velvet, Cadaver, Darkthrone, Behemoth, Vader, Empatic, Girls' Generation, TWICE, Blood Red Throne, Emperor, Gorgoroth, Decapitated	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Classify each of these bands as Polish death metal, Norwegian death metal, or K-Pop: BTS, EXO, Red Velvet, Cadaver, Darkthrone, Behemoth, Vader, Empatic, Girls' Generation, TWICE, Blood Red Throne, Emperor, Gorgoroth, Decapitated ### Response:		Polish death metal bands: Behemoth, Vader, Empatic, Decapitated Norwegian death metal bands: Cadaver, Darkthrone, Blood Red Throne, Emperor, Gorgoroth K-Pop bands: BTS, EXO, Red Velvet, Girls' Generation, TWICE
Why should I cheer for the Sacramento Kings in this year's NBA playoffs?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Why should I cheer for the Sacramento Kings in this year's NBA playoffs? ### Response:		Until this season, the Sacramento Kings held the longest playoff drought in all of North American professional sports, lasting 16 years. Despite this, the fanbase for the Kings remained loyal and regularly attended games to watch their team lose year after year. In the midst of this drought, the previous owners of the franchise attempted to move the team to a new city, with significant traction at various points, to both Anaheim and Seattle. It was only the passion of the fans, and the combined support from local businesses and politicians, that prevented the move. In addition to the Kings having one of the most supportive fanbases in the NBA getting their first taste of success, the Kings are also a highly enjoyable team to watch. The players are friendly and likable, and the offense is one of the most successful in NBA history. Lastly, the team also has a fun gimmick of lighting a large purple laser beam that can be seen for miles after every victory, leading to a chorus of 'Light the beam!' from the Kings fanbase in the arena at the conclusion of every win. Pulling all of these factors together make the Sacramento Kings a fun team to cheer for in the upcoming NBA playoffs.
From the given text, provide a couple of points on Supreme Court of Iran	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: From the given text, provide a couple of points on Supreme Court of Iran ### Input: The Supreme Court of Iran is the highest juridical authority in Iran, established to supervise the correct implementation of laws by courts of justice and consisting of the most prominent judges of the country. The head of the judiciary assigns criteria to ensure uniformity of judicial procedure and to carry out all legal responsibilities. ### Response:	The Supreme Court of Iran is the highest juridical authority in Iran, established to supervise the correct implementation of laws by courts of justice and consisting of the most prominent judges of the country. The head of the judiciary assigns criteria to ensure uniformity of judicial procedure and to carry out all legal responsibilities.	1. The Supreme Court of Iran, which is composed of the most eminent judges in the nation and was founded to oversee the proper application of laws by courts of justice, is the highest legal authority in Iran. 2. To ensure judicial procedure is uniform and to fulfil all legal obligations, the head of the court assigns standards.
How does grain orientation effect the dimensional movement of wood?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: How does grain orientation effect the dimensional movement of wood? ### Response:		Wood expands and shrinks depending on its moisture content. The relative amount of change, expansion, or shrinkage differs for each of the three main grain directions. Those directions are longitudinal, radial, and tangential. Longitudinal is the direction a tree or its branches grows length-wise. In most lumber, this is its length. The change in this direction is very small. That is why a wooden ruler can be used without changing its measurements when ambient moisture changes. In almost all uses, longitudinal expansion and contraction are small enough not to be of concern. Radial and tangential directional expansion and contraction are significant and different enough that they affect the dimensional stability of a piece of wood. The relative amount of change in each direction is specific to the wood species. Regardless of wood species, the change is greater in the tangential direction than in the radial direction. The tangential direction is tangential to the growth rings in the wood, and the radial direction is perpendicular to the growth rings. The T/R or ratio of tangential to radial change correlates to the dimensional stability of a wood species. If you visualize a piece of lumber that is milled square and comes from a part of a log such that the rings are almost straight across in one direction, that is referred to as vertical grain or quarter sawn. As the moisture content of the wood changes to come into equilibrium with its environment, it will move toward a diamond shape. The closer the T/R ratio is to 1, the less the square dimension will distort. Dimensional stability and the direction of wood movement is important to plan for when cutting joinery in wood. If two joined pieces are aligned so that they will not move in the same direction relative to the joint, the joint will be unstable when the ambient humidity changes and can cause the joint to fail.
What is the best sport?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: What is the best sport? ### Response:		It depends on who you ask, but as an AI language model, I cannot determine which sport is the best. The best sport for a person may differ compared to another person based on the level of athleticism and the complexity of the game required. Some of the popular sports around the world include soccer, basketball, baseball, football, tennis, cricket, and others.
Was the hermit hummingbird hawkmoth first described in the 18th century or the 19th century?	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Was the hermit hummingbird hawkmoth first described in the 18th century or the 19th century? ### Input: Macroglossum insipida, the hermit hummingbird hawkmoth, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1875. ### Response:	Macroglossum insipida, the hermit hummingbird hawkmoth, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1875.	The hermit hummingbird hawkmoth was first described in 1875, which is in the 19th century.
World Wrestling Championship 2022 was held in	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: World Wrestling Championship 2022 was held in ### Response:		Belgrade, Serbia
Which era of counterculture were the Beatles pivotal to?	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Which era of counterculture were the Beatles pivotal to? ### Input: he Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960, that comprised John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. They are regarded as the most influential band of all time[1] and were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and popular music's recognition as an art form.[2] Rooted in skiffle, beat and 1950s rock 'n' roll, their sound incorporated elements of classical music and traditional pop in innovative ways; the band also explored music styles ranging from folk and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock. As pioneers in recording, songwriting and artistic presentation, the Beatles revolutionised many aspects of the music industry and were often publicised as leaders of the era's youth and sociocultural movements ### Response:	he Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960, that comprised John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. They are regarded as the most influential band of all time[1] and were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture and popular music's recognition as an art form.[2] Rooted in skiffle, beat and 1950s rock 'n' roll, their sound incorporated elements of classical music and traditional pop in innovative ways; the band also explored music styles ranging from folk and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock. As pioneers in recording, songwriting and artistic presentation, the Beatles revolutionised many aspects of the music industry and were often publicised as leaders of the era's youth and sociocultural movements	The Beatles were integral to the development of 1960s counterculture
Given a reference text about Listeriosis, tell me how how the bacterium is transfered into animals, and people.	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Given a reference text about Listeriosis, tell me how how the bacterium is transfered into animals, and people. ### Input: Listeriosis is an infectious but not contagious disease caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, far more common in domestics animals (domestic mammals and poultry), especially ruminants, than in human beings. It can also occur in feral animals—among others, game animals—as well as in poultry and other birds. The causative bacterium lives in the soil and in poorly made silage, and is acquired by ingestion. It is not contagious; over the course of a 30-year observation period of sheep disease in Morocco, the disease only appeared in the late 2000s (decade) when feeding bag-ensiled corn became common.[1][better source needed] In Iceland, the disease is called "silage sickness".[2] ### Response:	Listeriosis is an infectious but not contagious disease caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, far more common in domestics animals (domestic mammals and poultry), especially ruminants, than in human beings. It can also occur in feral animals—among others, game animals—as well as in poultry and other birds. The causative bacterium lives in the soil and in poorly made silage, and is acquired by ingestion. It is not contagious; over the course of a 30-year observation period of sheep disease in Morocco, the disease only appeared in the late 2000s (decade) when feeding bag-ensiled corn became common.[1][better source needed] In Iceland, the disease is called "silage sickness".[2]	Listeriosis is most often associated with animals but can also infect people and is primarily transferred by ingestion.
How do airplanes fly?	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: How do airplanes fly? ### Response:		Planes fly because of two forces - thrust and lift. Thrust is generated by the engines and moves the plane forward. When the wind passes the wings, there is a pressure differential created by the shape of the wings such that there is lift
How can introverts maintain friendship.	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: How can introverts maintain friendship. ### Response:		Introverts like to be themselves. They dont like being forced to things why dont like to do. This is extremely difficult for them. They respect their friends space and expect the same in return. Introverts need to find friends who respect them for what they are and dont push them to do things they dont like and have said no to once. Generally extroverts tend to bring people to follow them, hence extroverts are not great friends for introverts, but its generally not true completely. Introverts may need to be little extrovert to express their line which their friends should push them over.
Are these blue or red colors? Pink, navy, maroon, mahogany, teal, sky, robin, scarlet	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Are these blue or red colors? Pink, navy, maroon, mahogany, teal, sky, robin, scarlet ### Response:		Pink: red, navy: blue, maroon: red, mahogany: red, teal: blue, sky: blue, robin: blue, scarlet: red
Where can I find Leptodactylus tapiti?	Below is an instruction that describes a task, paired with an input that provides further context. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Where can I find Leptodactylus tapiti? ### Input: Leptodactylus tapiti is a species of frog in the family Leptodactylidae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are moist savanna, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, and rivers. ### Response:	Leptodactylus tapiti is a species of frog in the family Leptodactylidae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are moist savanna, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, and rivers.	Leptodactylus tapiti is a species of frog that are native to Brazil. Its natural habitats are moist savanna, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, and rivers.
Give me a simpler way to tell someone that Layli and Majnun is Persian literature that borrows storytelling techniques from Varqeh and Golshah, Orwa wa Afra, Vameq and Ozra, Metiochus and Parthenope, and Vis and Ramin.	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Give me a simpler way to tell someone that Layli and Majnun is Persian literature that borrows storytelling techniques from Varqeh and Golshah, Orwa wa Afra, Vameq and Ozra, Metiochus and Parthenope, and Vis and Ramin. ### Response:		The Persian literary story Layli and Majnun is based on several other pieces of literature, such as Varqeh and Golshah, Orwa wa Afra, Vameq and Ozra, Metiochus and Parthenope, and Vis and Ramin.
Tell me which of the following items are trees and which ones are weeds: aspen, ash, chickweed, crabgrass, oak, almond, dandelion	Below is an instruction that describes a task. Write a response that appropriately completes the request. ### Instruction: Tell me which of the following items are trees and which ones are weeds: aspen, ash, chickweed, crabgrass, oak, almond, dandelion ### Response:		tree: aspen, ash, oak, almond weed: chickweed, crabgrass, dandelion