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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Patrick%20Foley
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John Patrick Foley
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John Patrick Foley (November 11, 1935 – December 11, 2011) was an American cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. From 2007 until 2011, he was Grand Master of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem, an order of knighthood under papal protection, having previously served as President of the Pontifical Council for Social Communications from 1984 to 2007. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 2007. He provided the commentary for the American television viewers of the Christmas Midnight Mass from St Peter's Basilica, Rome. However, in 2009, he retired from that role after 25 years. The commentary was taken over by Monsignor Thomas Powers of the Diocese of Bridgeport, Connecticut, an official in the Congregation for Bishops.
Pope Benedict XVI accepted Foley's resignation as grand master on February 24, 2011, due to age (on November 11, 2010, the cardinal had turned 75, the age at which all bishops must write a letter to the Pope formally offering to resign) and because of ill health (he was diagnosed in September 2009 with leukemia and anemia). He had led the Pontifical Council for Social Communications for 23 years, from 1984 to June 2007, when he was appointed grand master, and had been a consultor or member of many curial departments. At one time he was editor of The Catholic Standard and Times, the newspaper of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia. He had met with Pope Benedict XVI on February 10, two days after submitting his resignation letter to the Vatican Secretary of State.
Biography
An only child, Foley was born at Fitzgerald-Mercy Hospital in Darby, Pennsylvania, to John and Regina (née Vogt) Foley. He was raised in Sharon Hill, a suburb of Philadelphia, and was a member of Holy Spirit Parish. After graduating from the local parochial school, he attended St. Joseph's Preparatory School from 1949 to 1953, and briefly considered a Jesuit vocation. He later attended St. Joseph's College, where he was elected student-body president in 1956 and obtained a Bachelor's degree summa cum laude in history in 1957. He then studied at St. Charles Borromeo Seminary in Wynnewood, earning a Ph.B. in 1958. Foley was ordained a priest of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia by Archbishop John Krol on May 19, 1962. Foley received his Ph.L. in 1964 from the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas and his Ph.D. cum laude in Philosophy from the same institution in 1965. The title of his dissertation was Natural Law, Natural Right and the Warren Court. He set a record by receiving his doctorate in philosophy from the university in one year. After returning to Philadelphia he went on to earn a master's degree in journalism from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism
Foley taught English at Cardinal Dougherty High School, Philadelphia, from 1966 to 1967. He then served as assistant editor and Rome correspondent for the archdiocesan newspaper, The Catholic Standard & Times. From 1970 to 1984 he was the newspaper's editor, and in 1976 he received the honorific title of "monsignor."
Role in the Roman Curia
On April 5, 1984, Foley was appointed President of the Pontifical Council for Social Communications and Titular Archbishop of Neapolis in Proconsulari by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on the following May 8 from Cardinal Krol, with Bishops Martin Nicholas Lohmuller and Thomas Welsh serving as co-consecrators. As the council's president, he was the longest-serving head of a Curial dicastery until receiving this appointment; Archbishop Claudio Maria Celli, former Secretary of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Holy See, was appointed as his successor. In 1989, he published a document on Pornography and Violence in the Media.
John Patrick Foley managed the creation of the .va top-level domain in 1995.
Foley sat on various organizations, including the National Conference of Christians and Jews, Pennsylvania State Ethics Commission and National Conference of Catholic Bishops.
Cardinal
Pope Benedict XVI named him as Pro-Grand Master of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre on June 27, 2007.
Foley was elevated to the College of Cardinals in the consistory at St. Peter's Basilica on November 24, 2007. He was named the Cardinal-Deacon of San Sebastiano al Palatino. He is the seventh priest of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia to be elevated to the cardinalate. He became full Grand Master on December 22, 2007.
On June 12, 2008, in addition to his other duties he was appointed by Benedict as a member of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments and the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples until he was weakened by illness.
On February 12, 2011, he returned to the Archdiocese of Philadelphia, where he resided at Villa St. Joseph, Darby, Pennsylvania, a home for infirm, retired, or convalescent priests of the archdiocese, until his death on December 11, 2011, from leukemia.
The two days of funeral rites began on December 15 with the reception of the body at St Charles Borromeo Seminary, Overbrook, from which Foley was ordained just shy of a half-century earlier. The daylong viewing in St Martin's Chapel ended with Mass celebrated by the senior auxiliary of Philadelphia, Bishop Daniel Thomas, who was a close friend. The funeral took place the next day in the Philadelphia Cathedral-Basilica where he had been ordained a priest and bishop and in whose crypt he was then buried. In keeping with preferences expressed by Cardinal Foley during his final weeks, Archbishop Edwin O'Brien, his successor as head of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre, celebrated the liturgy. Cardinal Timothy M. Dolan, Archbishop of New York and USCCB president, was the homilist. Both presider and preacher were friends of the deceased cardinal since the times when they headed the Pontifical North American College in Rome.
Views
During his tenure, the archbishop once sparked outrage in the homosexual community by describing the AIDS pandemic as a "natural sanction for certain types of activities."
He also defended his church's exclusively male priesthood, once saying, "Jesus clearly did not ordain women to the priesthood, nor did he authorize the Church to do so." Upon the death of John Paul II on April 2, 2005, Foley and all major Vatican officials, in accord with custom, automatically lost their positions during the sede vacante. He was confirmed as the council's president by Pope Benedict XVI several weeks later, on April 21.
Personal life
Foley reportedly would rise every day at 6:00 am to watch CNN, in order to "know what to pray about." Foley was the English liaison for Pope John Paul II's 1979 visit to the United States. He was a teetotaler and self-described "chocoholic".
Honors
He was awarded honorary degrees by St. Joseph's University, Philadelphia (1985); the Allentown College of St. Francis de Sales (1990); The Catholic University of America, Washington (1996); Assumption College, Worcester (1997); Regis University, Denver (1998); John Cabot University, Rome (1998); University of Portland (2007); Franciscan University of Steubenville (2010); and Bethlehem University (2011).
He was made Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Northern Star (Sweden, 1991), Knight with the Collar of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre (Holy See, 1991), Grand Cross of the Order of Bernardo O'Higgins (Chile, 1996), and Grand Cross of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin (Argentina, 2003).
The Cardinal Foley Center at St. Joseph's University is named after him.
Cardinal Foley Catholic School of Havertown, Pennsylvania is named after him.
References
External links
Guest Celebrant for May 20, 1997, Archbishop John P. Foley, D.D.
Cardinal Foley biodata
John Patrick Foley, Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
Members of the Pontifical Council for Social Communications
Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI
21st-century American cardinals
20th-century American Roman Catholic titular archbishops
St. Joseph's Preparatory School alumni
Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni
Pontifical North American College alumni
Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas alumni
Saint Joseph's University alumni
People from Darby, Pennsylvania
People from Sharon Hill, Pennsylvania
Deaths from leukemia in Pennsylvania
1935 births
2011 deaths
Grand Masters of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre
Catholics from Pennsylvania
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Катеринич Сергій Миколайович
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Катеринич Сергій Миколайович
Сергій Миколайович Катеринич — старший солдат Збройних сил України, учасник російсько-української війни.
Нагороди
8 серпня 2014 року — за особисту мужність і героїзм, виявлені у захисті державного суверенітету та територіальної цілісності України, вірність військовій присязі під час російсько-української війни, відзначений — нагороджений орденом «За мужність» III ступеня.
Джерела
Указ Президента №640-2014
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Африканський корінь сновидінь
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Африканський корінь сновидінь
(лат. (смілка капська; — «білі шляхи»; африканський корінь сновидінь) — рослина роду смілка родини .
Росте у Східно--Капській провінції ПАР, де шанується народом коса як священна рослина.
Корінь цієї рослини традиційно використовують, щоб продукувати яскраві (й, на думку народу коса, пророчі) свідомі сновидіння при процесі ініціювання шаманів. По своєму впливу рослина схожа з калеєю закатечічі
Див. також
Коса
Ентеоген
Свідоме сновидіння
Калея закатечічі
Шаман
Примітки
Галюциногенні рослини та гриби
Ентеогени
Вікіпедія:Статті з іншим значенням на Вікіданих
Онейрогени
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Північний Коралай-Патту (підрозділ окружного секретаріату)
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Північний Коралай-Патту (підрозділ окружного секретаріату)
Підрозділ окружного секретаріату — підрозділ окружного секретаріату округу Баттікалоа, Східна провінція, Шрі-Ланка. Складається з 16 Грама Ніладхарі.
Демографія
Джерела
Divisional Secretariats Portal
Population information on Batticaloa District 2007
Підрозділи окружного секретаріату Шрі-Ланки
Адміністративний поділ Шрі-Ланки
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3147600
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florent%20Malouda
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Florent Malouda
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Florent Malouda
Florent Johan Malouda (born 13 June 1980) is a football coach and former professional player who played as a midfielder. Born in French Guiana, he represented both France and French Guiana at international level.
A left winger, he spent most of his career at Lyon and Chelsea, winning four consecutive Ligue 1 titles with the former and the UEFA Champions League in 2012 with the latter, among other honours.
A France international from 2004 to 2012, Malouda represented Les Bleus on 80 occasions, including in two FIFA World Cups and two European Championships. He was part of the French team which reached the 2006 World Cup final. In 2017, he played for his home region French Guiana.
Club career
Châteauroux
Malouda was born in Cayenne, French Guiana. He attracted the interest of scouts from French club Châteauroux and he soon moved to Paris to join the club. Despite the difficulties of living far away from his family home in French Guiana, Malouda was able to continue his studies and play professional football. He played 57 games for Châteauroux, making his senior debut at the age of 16 in Ligue 2.
Guingamp
Malouda was then signed by top division side Guingamp following Châteauroux's inability to secure a Ligue 1 berth. It was in Guingamp where his talent was showcased in French top-flight football. Under the tutelage of coach Guy Lacombe, Malouda demonstrated his ability and formed a combination with Didier Drogba, whom he would also accompany later in his career at Chelsea.
Lyon
Malouda's performances began to catch the attention of French club Lyon who, after claiming their second consecutive title during the 2002–03 season, decided to sign Malouda. In an outstanding Lyon team containing Juninho, Michael Essien, Grégory Coupet and Mahamadou Diarra, Malouda established himself on the left side of Lyon's attack, forming great link-ups with all of Lyon's strikers. His performances for Lyon finally earned him a call-up to the France national team.
The highlights of Malouda's career at Lyon were a man of the match display against Real Madrid in the UEFA Champions League and his ten goals which led Lyon to their sixth consecutive Ligue 1 title, both during the 2006–07 season. He also won the Ligue 1 Player of the Year that season, edging teammate Juninho, Lille's Kader Keïta, Toulouse's Johan Elmander and Lens' Seydou Keita to the accolade.
Malouda made public his wish to leave Lyon at the end of the 2006–07 season, with Chelsea, Liverpool and Real Madrid showing interest in the winger. On 29 June 2007, Malouda told Lyon-based newspaper Le Progres that he has his heart set on a move to Chelsea, confirming that Chelsea had lodged a €17 million bid for him. Malouda later repeated this comment in an interview with the Daily Star. On 5 July 2007, Chelsea chief executive Peter Kenyon told Sky Sports News that Chelsea had been in discussions with Lyon regarding Malouda's transfer and were hoping to tie up the deal before Chelsea's pre-season tour of the United States.
Chelsea
2007–08
On 8 July 2007, Lyon club president Jean-Michel Aulas announced that the club had accepted an undisclosed bid, rumoured to be around £13 million, from Chelsea for Malouda. Chelsea later officially revealed that Malouda would be traveling to London on 9 July for a medical and to discuss personal terms. Malouda had looked set to join Liverpool until their Premier League rivals Chelsea intervened. At 7 pm on the same day, Malouda officially signed a three-year contract with the club. He was handed the number 15 shirt. Chelsea manager José Mourinho described Malouda as a mature and proven player who was up to the challenge of adapting to the fast pace of English football, and hinted that Malouda would be fielded in tandem with Dutch winger Arjen Robben.
Malouda made his debut for Chelsea against Manchester United in the 2007 FA Community Shield on 5 August 2007 in a 1–1 draw; despite Chelsea going on to lose on penalties, he scored in what was an impressive display. Malouda started against Birmingham City on 12 August on the left wing and scored Chelsea's second goal in a 3–2 victory, before being replaced by Steve Sidwell in the 83rd minute, with the win cementing Chelsea's place in the history books by overtaking Liverpool's record of 63-straight home games unbeaten.
On 19 August, Malouda won a penalty awarded by referee Rob Styles in a Premier League match against Liverpool. Replays of the incident indicated Malouda had backed into Liverpool defender Jamie Carragher after trying to leave the ball for the unmarked Didier Drogba. The penalty kick was given and Frank Lampard scored. Referee Rob Styles was dropped from the next weekend Premier League games as a result of this incident and some other contentious decisions during the game. Malouda scored against Schalke 04 in his first Champions League match for Chelsea, squeezing the ball through keeper Manuel Neuer's legs after turning his marker Rafinha. On 23 January, Malouda set up Joe Cole with a long pass to score against Everton in the League Cup; Chelsea won the tie 3–1 on aggregate. On 5 May 2008, Malouda scored his second Premier League goal in the penultimate game of the season against Newcastle United, converting a Frank Lampard through-ball. Malouda ended his first season in English football with two goals and one assist in the league.
2008–09
Malouda scored his first two goals in the Luiz Felipe Scolari era against French outfit Bordeaux in the Champions League group stages on 16 September 2008, and in the League Cup third round tie against Portsmouth. Both games went on to be 4–0 victories for Chelsea. His first league goal of the season was against Middlesbrough in a 5–0 win. The Frenchman scored the crucial second goal in a 2–0 win against Newcastle, scoring from Frank Lampard's pass. He then scored the equaliser against Arsenal in what would be a 2–1 victory for Chelsea in their FA Cup semi-final at Wembley Stadium. On 6 May in a Champions League semi final against Barcelona, Malouda was disallowed a potential penalty by the controversial referee, who disallowed numerous other Chelsea appeals for a penalty. He scored the fourth goal in a famous 4–1 victory over Arsenal which was their biggest defeat in the league at home for 38 years. The game marked his 50th Premier League match for the Blues.
In the 2009 FA Cup Final against Everton, he played a pivotal role in Chelsea's 2–1 win setting up Didier Drogba's equaliser but was then later denied a goal when his 36-yard strike hit the underside of the crossbar, despite replays showing it crossed the line. Malouda's impressive form in the last half of the season prompted interest from big teams such as Barcelona and Milan. On 23 June 2009, however, Malouda signed a new four-year deal with Chelsea which would keep him at Stamford Bridge until 2013.
2009–10
After the arrival of Carlo Ancelotti in the 2009–10 season, Malouda found himself playing in a more central role on the left of Ancelotti's preferred diamond formation in midfield.
On 12 September 2009 against Stoke City he grabbed the winner on the 94th minute to get Chelsea all three points. On 3 November 2009, Malouda made his 100th appearance for Chelsea in a Champions League match against Atlético Madrid. On 26 December 2009, Malouda was sent off for the first time in the season for tackling Stephen Carr in a league game against Birmingham City at St Andrew's.
In a Premier League match against West Ham United, Malouda was voted Man of the Match, delivering 16 crosses, two of which were turned into goals (thus counted as assists) and scoring one. Malouda scored a brace against Portsmouth on 24 March, a match Chelsea won 5–0. On 27 March, Malouda scored two more goals against Aston Villa in the match which Chelsea won 7–1.
In Chelsea's most important fixture of the 2009–10 Premier League campaign against title rivals Manchester United, Malouda played a pivotal role in setting up the first goal of the match. By evading Antonio Valencia and Darren Fletcher en route to the penalty area, Malouda was able to deliver a low cross to Joe Cole, who redirected the ball with his back heel past goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar. Chelsea would go on to win the game 2–1. Malouda was designated for the first time as Premier League's Player of the Month in March 2010. He scored the second goal for Chelsea in a 3–0 win over Aston Villa in the FA Cup semi-final for the second successive year on 10 April 2010.
Malouda scored 12 goals and 8 assists in the league, 15 goals and 15 assists in all competitions, during the 2009–10 season. He finished joint 12th top scorer in the Premier League that season with Manchester United's Dimitar Berbatov.
2010–11
Malouda began the 2010–11 Premier League season for Chelsea by scoring the first goal of their Premier League campaign against West Bromwich Albion, and later getting another in a record 6–0 opening day win. He scored his third goal of the season in another 6–0 demolition of Wigan Athletic. Malouda scored his fourth goal of the season against Stoke City in a 2–0 win. He continued this prolific form against Blackpool, scoring 2 more goals to take his goal tally to six only five games into the season.
On 24 January 2011, Malouda scored in the 41st minute against Bolton Wanderers at the Reebok Stadium in a 4–0 victory for Chelsea in a game in which he completed the full 90 minutes. On 20 April 2011 he scored 2 goals in the game against Birmingham City at Stamford Bridge, starting in a 3–1 win. As of May 2011, he had scored 41 goals in 179 matches in all competitions since making his debut back in 2007. Florent is also widely known for his hairstyle changes. During the 2010–11 Premier League season he was Chelsea's top league goalscorer, with a total of 13 goals, ahead of the likes of Didier Drogba and Nicolas Anelka.
2011–12
During the summer of 2011, following Chelsea's signing of Spanish World Cup-winning winger Juan Mata, Italian Serie A giants Juventus's general director expressed interest in a bid for Malouda. Speaking ahead of France's European Championship qualifier against Albania, Malouda insisted that he wanted to stay at Stamford Bridge until the next World Cup at least.
He scored in the 5–1 demolition of Tottenham Hotspur at Wembley during the FA Cup semi-finals. Malouda came on as an injury-time substitute in Chelsea's 2–1 defeat of Liverpool in the final on 5 May, and collected his third FA Cup winners medal. He picked up a small injury in the club's last game of the Premier League season, a 2–1 defeat of relegated Blackburn Rovers which left him in doubt for the Champions League final, but passed a late fitness test and started on the bench for the Champions League final in Munich. He came on as a second-half substitute for Ryan Bertrand in the Champions League final against Bayern Munich on 19 May at the Allianz Arena. The game was decided by spot kicks as Chelsea ran out 4–3 winners, with Malouda helping them become the first London club to win the European Cup/Champions League trophy. Following an up-and-down season where he was regularly out of the first team, Malouda pledged his loyalty to the club and promised that he would work his hardest to prove his worth again to the club and fans.
2012–13
Malouda missed some of Chelsea's pre-season matches as he was given extra rest following his inclusion in France's UEFA Euro 2012 squad. He was used as a second-half substitute in the pre-season matches against Paris Saint-Germain, MLS All-Stars, and Milan.
Malouda requested a transfer away from Chelsea during the summer. A number of teams in Brazil, as well as his former club Lyon, all showed an interest while the window was open, but Malouda refused to take a significant wage drop from his £80,000 a week. As a result of his refusal to move, he was not picked to be a member of the Chelsea squad in any competition. He was instead ordered to train away from the regular team with the under-21 squad.
On 30 June 2013, Malouda was released by Chelsea.
Later career
On 17 July 2013, it was announced that Malouda signed a two-year contract with Turkish Süper Lig side Trabzonspor. The deal was reported to be worth around €2.5 million per season. On 1 November 2013, he scored two goals against Kayseri Erciyesspor as his side won the match 3–1 in the Hüseyin Avni Aker Stadium.
After having been released by Trabzonspor, on 12 September 2014, he returned to Ligue 1 after seven years abroad, signing for Metz.
On 23 August 2015, Malouda signed for Indian Super League side Delhi Dynamos, managed by Roberto Carlos. He played in all of the Dynamos 2015 Indian Super League games, as they reached the playoff semi-finals.
On 29 January 2016, Malouda joined Egyptian Premier League side Wadi Degla on a six-month loan deal, allowing him to continue to play and remain fit during the Indian off-season. He played 18 times as he helped his new club the Egyptian cup quarter-finals and a fifth-placed finish in the league, narrowly missing out on qualification for the CAF Confederation Cup.
Malouda returned to the Dynamos, ready for the 2016 Indian Super League season. He played the majority of the season as captain as they again reached the playoff semi-finals before leaving the club in July 2017.
On 25 January 2018, after being without a club for almost half a year, Malouda signed a contract with Luxembourg National Division team FC Differdange 03 until the end of the season. Injuries restricted his playing time in Luxembourg, playing five times and assisting three goals as his team finished fifth in the league and reached the semi-finals of the Luxembourg Cup.
International career
France
Malouda made his debut for France on 17 November 2004 in a match against Poland. He then became a squad regular, scoring his first goal for his country on 31 May 2005 against Hungary.
After playing almost throughout France's qualifying campaign for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Malouda earned a call up to the final squad. Malouda continued to play regularly in the tournament, where the French eventually lost on penalties to Italy in the final. He won a penalty for France in that game, which was converted by Zinedine Zidane.
On 22 June 2010, during the 2010 World Cup, Malouda scored a goal during the match against host nation South Africa, which ended in a 2–1 defeat in favour of South Africa. It was the only goal scored by France during their campaign in the group stage before they were eliminated in last place, having drawn 0–0 with Uruguay and lost 2–0 to Mexico.
On 3 September 2010, Malouda was handed the captain's armband in France's first UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier against Belarus, while a five-game suspension was being served by the previous captain, Patrice Evra. It was new coach Laurent Blanc's first game in charge and Les Bleus slumped to a disappointing 1–0 defeat.
On international duty in February 2012, Malouda netted his side's second goal of a 2–1 defeat of Germany, latching on to a cross from fellow substitute Morgan Amalfitano. After being included in France's 23-man squad for the Euro 2012 final stages in Poland and Ukraine, Malouda scored his ninth international goal in a 2–0 friendly defeat of Serbia on 31 May, netting from the edge of the area to double their advantage.
French Guiana
Malouda became available to play for his home nation, a non-FIFA association, after a five-year absence from the French squad. In June 2017, he was named to the preliminary French Guiana squad for the 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup and made his debut against Barbados in a friendly. He was, however, ruled ineligible for the Gold Cup since CONCACAF rules for the tournament use FIFA eligibility guidelines and Malouda remains cap-tied to France. Despite this, on 11 July 2017, Malouda was selected to start French Guiana's Gold Cup match against Honduras, resulting in a forfeit after what was originally a 0–0 draw.
Coaching career
Malouda later became a coach at Swiss club FC Zurich, but his contract was cancelled in April 2019 after less than 2 months.
Personal life
Malouda has eight children. His son Aaron Malouda is a professional footballer with Lille OSC.
Career statistics
Club
Source:
International
Source:
International goals
Honours
Lyon
Ligue 1: 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07
Trophée des Champions: 2003, 2004, 2005
Chelsea
Premier League: 2009–10
FA Cup: 2008–09, 2009–10, 2011–12
FA Community Shield: 2009
UEFA Champions League: 2011–12; runner-up: 2007–08
France
FIFA World Cup runner-up: 2006
Individual
Ligue 1 Team of the Year: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07
Ligue 1 Player of the Month: November 2006
Ligue 1 Player of the Year: 2006–07
Premier League Player of the Month: March 2010
Indian Super League Hero of the League: 2016
References
External links
Footballdatabase provides Florent Malouda's profile and stats
BBC Sport profile
1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Cayenne
French Guianan men's footballers
French Guiana men's international footballers
French men's footballers
France men's international footballers
French people of French Guianan descent
LB Châteauroux players
En Avant Guingamp players
FC Metz players
Men's association football forwards
Olympique Lyonnais players
Chelsea F.C. players
Trabzonspor footballers
Odisha FC players
Wadi Degla SC players
FC Differdange 03 players
French expatriate men's footballers
French Guianan expatriate men's footballers
Premier League players
Ligue 1 players
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in India
Expatriate men's footballers in Egypt
2006 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2008 players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2012 players
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Süper Lig players
Indian Super League players
French expatriate sportspeople in England
French expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
UEFA Champions League winning players
Dual internationalists (men's football)
Luxembourg National Division players
Black French sportspeople
Association football coaches
Expatriate men's footballers in Luxembourg
French expatriate sportspeople in Luxembourg
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Бенні Кеянсі
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Бенні Кеянсі (16 грудня 1973) — суринамський футболіст, який грав на позиції нападника. Відомий за виступами у суринамському клубі «Інтер» (Мунготапу), у складі якого був двократним чемпіоном країни, та у складі національної збірної Суринаму, відзначався забитими м'ячами у відбірковому турнірі Золотого кубка КОНКАКАФ.
Клубна кар'єра
Бенні Кеянсі розпочав виступи на футбольних полях в 1999 році в складі суринамської команди «Інтер» з міста Мунготапу. У сезоні 1999—2000 років він став кращим бомбардиром чемпіонату Суринаму разом із Іфенідо Влійтером, відзначившись 24 забитими м'ячами. У сезонах 2006—2007 та 2007—2008 років у складі команди ставав чемпіоном країни. У 2008 році завершив виступи на футбольних полях.
Виступи за збірну
У 1999 році Бенні Кеянсі дебютував у складі національної збірної Суринаму. У складі збірної брав участь у кваліфікаційних турнірах чемпіонату світу з футболу та Золотого кубка КОНКАКАФ, а також у турнірах Карибського кубка. У складі збірної грав до 2002 року, провів у складі збірної 13 матчів, у яких відзначився 8 забитими м'ячами.
Примітки
Посилання
суринамські футболісти
Гравці збірної Суринаму з футболу
футболісти «Інтера» (Мунготапу)
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2967432
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83%D2%91
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Новий Пожуґ
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Новий Пожуґ — село в Польщі, у гміні Конськоволя Пулавського повіту Люблінського воєводства.
Населення — (2011).
Демографія
Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року:
Примітки
.
Села Пулавського повіту
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1343414
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larne%20F.C.
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Larne F.C.
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Larne F.C.
Larne Football Club is a professional Northern Irish football club based in Larne, County Antrim, that competes in the NIFL Premiership.
They are the league champions in Northern Ireland, winning their first league title in the 2022/23 season.
History
The club was founded in 1889 after Rev. Turner, Mr WN Brown and L. Jackson Holmes watched a game of football between Distillery and the Black Watch regiment of the army and thus took inspiration to create Larne FC on 14 October 1889.
The club in their early days would play against Ballyclare as well as the Fisherwick club in Doagh, when, amid the rise in football interest at the turn of the century, the club experienced relative success at a junior level, winning an IFA Junior Cup in 1901, as well as winning an Intermediate Cup and a Steel & Sons Cup prior to the outbreak of the First World War.
Larne would enter senior football for the first time in 1923, reaching two Irish Cup finals in the 1920s and 30s, before dropping out of senior football as a consequence of World War Two.
The following decades would see a relative amount of success for the club, with a first ever senior trophy win in the Ulster Cup in 1950, as well as a dominant period in Intermediate football over the next 20 years, winning a great deal of silverware.
As a result of the departure of Derry City from Irish League football in 1972, Larne would thus take the place of the Candystripes in senior football, with numerous relatively successful Irish Cup runs however the Invermen would never make it as far as the final.
Following the appointment of Paul Malone as player/manager in 1984, the club would have quite a strong decade that spilled into the early 90s, with several respectable league finishes and another Ulster Cup win in 1987.
The club would slip into decline from the early 90s, Malone would depart in 1991, with Larne being relegated to the old first division in 1995 with the next 8 years seeing a period of regular financial trouble and struggle to compete for promotion.
Tommy Kincaids appointment in 2001 saw a small revival for the club, achieving promotion in 2003 before Jimmy McGeough taking over in 2004. In this period the club would be defeated in the League Cup and Irish Cup finals to Cliftonville and Portadown respectively.
From 1972 until 2008, the club had senior status, but reverted to intermediate status when it failed to gain a place in the new IFA Premiership. The club regained senior status in 2016, when the NIFL Championship became the second tier of senior football for the 2016–17 season.
Larne have notably been runners-up of the Irish Cup on six occasions (1928, 1935, 1987, 1989, 2005 and 2021) and runners-up of the League Cup twice (1991–92 and 2003–04) without ever winning either Cup - a record in both respective competitions for the most final appearances without ever winning.
New Era: Kenny Bruce Investment 2018–
The club in 2018 was taken over by Purplebricks co-founder Kenny Bruce, when the club sat bottom of the NIFL Championship, had dwindling attendances and was in considerable financial difficulty. Bruce set out the aim to bring eventual European success to Larne through investment in the playing staff and facilitites.
The club in January 2018 would cause significant shock in Irish League circles when Waterford United striker David McDaid opted to sign for the NIFL Championship club amid heavy interest from Premiership side Linfield.
The club lifted the 2018–19 NIFL Championship title, comfortably finishing ahead of second-placed rivals Carrick Rangers by 17 points. This was the club's first ever senior tier league title, their first league title since an intermediate title win in 1972, and the first senior honour since lifting the Ulster Cup in 1988. This secured a return to the top flight for the first time since suffering relegation to the second tier in the 2007–08 season after failing to meet the criteria for the new IFA Premiership.
As was expected, Larne would compete in the top half of the NIFL Premiership immediately after achieving promotion, and in their first season in European competition in 2021, Larne would secure one of the biggest European wins for a Northern Irish club, knocking out Danish side Aarhus Gymnastikforening over two legs with a 2–1 win in Larne, and a draw in the away leg to set up a tie with Futebol Clube Paços de Ferreira. after a 4–0 defeat in Portugal, Larne would take a famous 1–0 win at Inver Park in the return leg.
In their fourth season back in the top flight, The Inver Reds won an historic first NIFL Premiership title in 2023 following a 2–0 win over Crusaders in April 2023. Larne were part of an intense title race with Linfield.
Leroy Millar who signed from Ballymena United was a key player in their title success, he won player of the season for his performances. The Cullybackey native is a strong, powerful box-to-box midfielder who often gets on the scoresheet.
The January 2023 window was crucial for Larne as they added Joe Thomson and Andy Ryan to their ranks. This added to the growing number of Scottish players in the squad and they contributed greatly to the first title win.
Long serving player Fuad Sule departed the club in 2023 to sign for Glentoran in East Belfast.
As a result of their title victory, the club would make their first ever appearance in the qualifiers for the UEFA Champions League in the summer of 2023, taking on Finnish giants HJK Helsinki. After a 1–0 loss in Helsinki, the Inver Reds would take the tie to extra time in Belfast, with the game ending 2–2. Larne lost 3–2 on aggregate.
Larne has won four County Antrim Shields in a row, from the 2020–21 to 2023–24 seasons. They are the only team other than Linfield to achieve this feat.
The captain of the club and their longest serving player is Tomas Cosgrove. He is known as a right back but has also been deployed in midfield by Tiernan Lynch. Cosgrove is one of many Larne players including Levi Ives and Aaron Donnelly who previously played for Cliftonville.
Midfielder Mark Randall brings Premier League experience to the club, he has previously played for Arsenal under Arsene Wenger. Left back Levi Ives has also played in England for Torquay United.
The most recent notable signing to the club was Chris "Cricky" Gallagher who signed from Cliftonville. On 13 April 2024 he scored a long goal in an 8–1 victory over his former club.
The 2023-24 season saw Larne go up against Cliftonville and Linfield for the title. Cliftonville fell short and finished third, while Larne edged out Linfield to claim the title for a second consecutive time.
Larne Women's Team
Larne also have a women's team who were originally formed in November 2004, before being reincorporated back into the club in 2018, having been previously dormant for a number of years. In their inaugural season, they finished the season as the unbeaten North 2 League Champions, and also as beaten finalists in the North 2 League Cup. They now for the first time play in the top tier in 2023 (NIFL Women's Irish Premiership) of the Northern Ireland Women's football league system after 4 consecutive promotions.
Current squad
Out on loan
Non-playing staff
European record
Overview
Matches
UEFA ranking
Honours
Senior honours
NIFL Premiership: 2
2022–23, 2023–24County Antrim Shield: 42020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23, 2023–24NIFL Championship: 12018–19Ulster Cup: 21949–50, 1987–88
Intermediate honoursIrish League B Division: 101954–55, 1956–57, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1966–67, 1968–69, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1971–72Irish Intermediate League: 11952–53Irish Intermediate Cup: 31942–43†, 1958–59, 1969–70George Wilson Cup: 61958–59, 1959–60, 1968–69, 1970–71, 1977–78†, 1978–79†Steel & Sons Cup: 111909–10, 1941–42†, 1942–43†, 1956–57, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1964–65, 1968–69, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1971–72Louis Moore Cup: 21956–57 (shared with Banbridge Town), 1958–59
McElroy Cup: 11948–49
† Won by Larne Olympic (reserve team)
Junior honoursIrish Junior Cup: 1'''
1900–01
References
External links
Association football clubs established in 1889
Association football clubs in Northern Ireland
Sport in Larne
NIFL Championship clubs
Association football clubs in County Antrim
1889 establishments in Ireland
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41131638
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifkuh
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Lifkuh
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Lifkuh (also Romanized as Līfkūh; also known as Līfkū Khandān) is a village in Chubar Rural District, Ahmadsargurab District, Shaft County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 571, in 142 families.
References
Populated places in Shaft County
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1973961
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81%20%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD
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Фелікс Потвен
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Фелікс Потвен (23 червня 1971, м. Анжу, Канада) — канадський хокеїст, воротар.
Виступав за «Шікутімі Сагененс» (QMJHL), «Сент-Джонс Мейпл-Ліфс» (АХЛ), «Торонто Мейпл-Ліфс», «Нью-Йорк Айлендерс», «Ванкувер Канакс», «Лос-Анджелес Кінгс», «Бостон Брюїнс».
В чемпіонатах НХЛ — 635 матчів, у турнірах Кубка Стенлі — 72 матчі.
У складі національної збірної Канади учасник чемпіонату світу 1998 (4 матчі). У складі молодіжної збірної Канади учасник чемпіонату світу 1991.
Нагороди
Трофей Жака Планта (1991)
Трофей Гі Лафлера (1991)
Пам'ятна нагорода База Бастьєна (1992)
Пам'ятна нагорода Реда Гарретта (1992)
Посилання
Профіль на Eliteprospects
Канадські хокеїсти
Канадські хокейні воротарі
Гравці збірної Канади з хокею
Хокеїсти «Торонто Мейпл-Ліфс»
Хокеїсти «Нью-Йорк Айлендерс»
Хокеїсти «Ванкувер Канакс»
Хокеїсти «Лос-Анджелес Кінгс»
Хокеїсти «Бостон Брюїнс»
Задрафтовані «Торонто Мейпл-Ліфс»
Хокеїсти АХЛ
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4795890
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%20%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%87
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Скотт Лоуч
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Скотт Лоуч (27 травня 1988, Ноттінгем) — англійський футболіст, воротар клубу «Дербі Каунті».
Виступав, зокрема, за клуб «Вотфорд», а також національну збірну Англії.
Клубна кар'єра
Народився 27 травня 1988 року в місті Ноттінгем. Вихованець юнацьких команд футбольних клубів «Іпсвіч Таун», «Ноттінгем Форест», Southwell United та «Лінкольн Сіті».
У дорослому футболі дебютував 2006 року виступами за команду «Вотфорд», у якій провів один сезон.
Згодом з 2007 по 2008 рік грав у складі команд «Стаффорд Рейнджерс», «Моркем» та «Бредфорд Сіті».
Своєю грою за останню команду знову привернув увагу представників тренерського штабу клубу «Вотфорд», до складу якого повернувся 2008 року. Цього разу відіграв за клуб з Вотфорда наступні чотири сезони своєї ігрової кар'єри. Більшість часу, проведеного у складі «Вотфорда», був основним голкіпером команди.
Протягом 2012—2022 років захищав кольори клубів «Іпсвіч Таун», «Ротергем Юнайтед», «Бері», «Пітерборо Юнайтед», «Йовіл Таун», «Ноттс Каунті», «Гартлпул Юнайтед», «Барнет» та «Честерфілд».
До складу клубу «Дербі Каунті» приєднався 2022 року.
Виступи за збірні
Протягом 2009–2011 років залучався до складу молодіжної збірної Англії. На молодіжному рівні зіграв у 14 офіційних матчах, пропустив 1 гол.
У 2010 році дебютував в офіційних матчах у складі національної збірної Англії.
Посилання
Англійські футболісти
Футбольні воротарі
Гравці молодіжної збірної Англії з футболу
Гравці збірної Англії з футболу
Футболісти «Вотфорда»
Футболісти «Стаффорд Рейнджерс»
Футболісти «Моркема»
Футболісти «Бредфорд Сіті»
Футболісти «Іпсвіч Тауна»
Футболісти «Ротергем Юнайтед»
Футболісти «Бері»
Футболісти «Пітерборо Юнайтед»
Футболісти «Йовіл Тауна»
Футболісти «Ноттс Каунті»
Футболісти «Гартлпул Юнайтед»
Футболісти «Барнета»
Футболісти «Честерфілда»
Футболісти «Дербі Каунті»
Уродженці Ноттінгема
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32878025
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger%20chameleon
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Tiger chameleon
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Tiger chameleon
The tiger chameleon (Archaius tigris), (from Greek αρχαίος, meaning "ancient", archaic) also known as the Seychelles tiger chameleon, is the only species in the resurrected genus Archaius. Initially placed into Chamaeleo, it was for some time moved to the genus Calumma by some (Klaver & Böhme, 1986). It is an endangered species of chameleon, found only on the Seychelles islands of Mahé, Silhouette and Praslin.
Endangered status
It is listed as endangered on the international airport Red List, as well as on CITES Appendix II (The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), with its distribution limited to an area covering . A 2006 survey estimated the remaining global population to be just under 2,000 individuals.
Description
With a length of just , this species is relatively small for a chameleon. Body colour varies from inconspicuous light-grey to a bold yellow-orange, or even green or dark brown, usually with scattered black spots and a pale grey chin and throat. One of the tiger chameleon's most distinctive features, however, is the pointed projection on its chin, which can be up to 3 millimetres long and sits amongst a comb of smaller, spiky outgrowths that border the underside of the chin.
Habitat and distribution
The tiger chameleon is endemic to the Seychelles, occurring only on the islands of Mahé, Silhouette and Praslin. Being an arboreal species, it is found in primary tropical forest, secondary forest where there is high plant diversity, and upland rural gardens, from sea level to 550 metres.
Behaviour and breeding
After a short warming up phase in the morning, this chameleon goes in search of insects and other small animals on which to feed. Like all chameleons, this species hunts by rapidly projecting its elongated sticky tongue at prey. The tongue is tipped by a suction pad capable of ensnaring prey.
Reproduction on the island of Mahé is associated with introduced pineapple plants, in which the tiger chameleon lays its eggs. These plants are not used on Silhouette or Praslin, and the natural nesting sites remain unknown, although the endemic Pandanus and palms are thought to be used. In captivity, clutches contain between five and twelve eggs.
Threats and conservation
As an island endemic with a restricted range of just three small islands, and a population thought to number only 2,000 individuals, the tiger chameleon is particularly vulnerable to changes within its habitat. On the islands of Mahé and Praslin in particular it is threatened by habitat degradation caused by introduced alien plants, such as cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum).
The chameleon and its habitat are protected within the Morne Seychelles (Mahé) and Praslin National Parks. Alien plant control on Praslin and habitat restoration programmes on Silhouette are being undertaken to help contain threats to this species. The main population occurs on Silhouette, where it has been suggested that forested areas containing populations should be given legal protection by being included in a new protected area.
References
Bibliography
(2011): Eastward from Africa: palaeocurrent-mediated chameleon dispersal to the Seychelles islands. ''Biol. Lett.' 7(2): 225–228.
Chameleoninfo.com
External links
Reptiles described in 1820
Taxa named by Heinrich Kuhl
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364819
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B1%D1%96-%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80
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Ебі-Нур
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Ебі-Нур — рифтове озеро на північному заході Китаю біля кордону з Казахстаном, поблизу південного входу до Джунгарської брами. Є найбільшим озером і центром басейну Джунгарської рівнини, має площу понад 1 тис. км²., разом з навколишніми болотами — 1420 км².. Площа і рівень води сильно змінюється (до 800 км². і на 5 м) залежно від кількості води. У посушливі роки піщана коса заввишки близько 0,5 м розділяє озеро на 2 водоймища завглибшки 2 і 15 м.
Річки. що впадають у озеро (Джергалан, Цзінхе і Боро-Тала), несуть до 1,7 км³ води на рік. Взимку озеро замерзає, проте сильні вітри з Джунгарської брами інколи збивають лід. Береги озера низькі, переважно пустинні. Оскільки вода в озері гірко-солона, риба в ньому не водиться. В наш час озеро знаходиться у стадії зростання через сильне збільшення кількості опадів в регіоні.У серпні 2007 року водно-болотяні угіддя озера Ебі-Нур отримали статус національного природного резерва.
На північно-західному березі розташована станція Алашанькоу Ланьчжоу-Сіньцзянської залізниці. По південному краю озера проходить автотраса від прикордонного містечка Хоргос до Урумчі.
Посилання
Джерела
Ебі-Нур у ВРЕ
Словник сучасних географічних назв — Ебі-Нур
Озера Сіньцзян-Уйгурського автономного району
Солоні озера
Боро-Тала-Монгольська автономна префектура
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6470459
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian%20Peruvians
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Croatian Peruvians
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Croatian Peruvians are Peruvians of Croatian descent. Mostly settled in the Peruvian capital, Lima, Croatian-Peruvians have scattered throughout the vast metropolis, but are known to have established a strong community in the Miraflores District, where strong ties to the ethnic group still remain. Due to intermarriage, most Croatian-Peruvians are of mixed ancestry. Actual conversations in Croatian are common only within first generation immigrants. Although Croatian speech in Peru has been generally lost.
Most Croatian-Peruvians are Roman Catholic and either completely Croat or of mixed European origin.
History
Peru was the first South American country to receive immigrants from Croatia. Early settlers came from the Republic of Ragusa (modern-day Dubrovnik) in the 16th century. A more significant number of immigrants arrived in the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century, mostly from the Dubrovnik area and the rest of the Croatian Adriatic coast. Some Croats were involved in the guano business that was flourishing in the late 19th century; others pursued copper, gold and silver mining in the Andes. By the end of the 19th century, Croats were the most prominent foreign community in the mining town of Cerro de Pasco.
Once again, a heavy wave of Croatian immigration took place once World War II began. This time, however, an estimate of 352 Croatians are recorded to have arrived in Lima. Many settled in the populous Miraflores district and cultural assimilation was smooth due to similarities in religion and cooperation of the native residents. Immigrant bachelors often married the local women and settled in Lima. Few are known to have left Peru to go back to either Croatia or other countries.
A group of approximately 1,000 political emigrants from Croatia arrived in the country in 1948. The new generation of immigrants differed significantly from the old one, and the two populations remained separate for a long time.
Today the Croatian government estimates 6,000 Peruvians are of Croatian origin and most are Peruvian-born; few of the actual immigrants still remain alive.
Croatian-Peruvians today
Croatian-Peruvians are not a widely known ethnic group in Peru, nonetheless their contributions are noted in everyday life. Most popular among these is the sport of bocce, bochas in English and Spanish, a simple ball game known all over Europe and very popular in Croatia. Gatherings in the affluent Regatas Lima country club in the district of Chorrillos in Lima became common after bocha alleys were constructed there, and soon all over the city. Bochas is now a renowned sport for Croatians and non-Croatians alike all over Peru.
Many Croatian-Peruvians had humble beginnings in Peru, but have progressed greatly from then. Many became renowned in Peru's already successful fishing industry and others were able to obtain steady jobs in other trades. Croatian cuisine had relative fame in Lima and several Croatian-Peruvians opened their own restaurants, which served mostly seafood.
Notable people
Cesar Bielich-Pomareda, former Minister of the Navy of Peru
Ismael Bielich-Flores, politician
Juan Bielovucic, aviator
Ivan Bulos, footballer
Marko Ciurlizza, footballer
Juan Gargurevich, journalist and university professor
Otto Guibovich, former General Commander of the Peruvian Army and politician
Saby Kamalich, actress
Kristian Kreković, painter
, former Minister of Justice and Human Rights and university professor
Sofía Mulánovich, surfer
Esteban Pavletich, novelist and essayist
Raul Ruidíaz, footballer
, politician
Renzo Sheput, footballer
Laura Spoya, TV host and Miss Peru 2015
Vanessa Terkes, actress
Guillermo Tomasevich, footballer
, rock vocalist from Huelga de Hambre and Zen
See also
Croats
List of Croats
Ethnic groups in Peru
References
External links
Asociación Croata
Peru
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2564252
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0
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Топчинка
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Топчинка — річка в Україні, у Корецькому районі Рівненської області. Ліва притока Клецьки (басейн Дніпра).
Опис
Довжина річки приблизно 12 км.
Притоки: Мала Рудка (ліва).
Розташування
Бере початок на північному заході від Козаків. Тече переважно на північний захід через Топчу і в Малій Клецьки впадає у річку Клецьку, праву притоку річки Стави.
Примітки
Посилання
Малі річки України
Річки Рівненської області
Річки Рівненського району
Статті про річки Рівненської області без зображення в картці
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2664616
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0
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Кассема
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Кассема — село в Естонії, у волості Тарту повіту Тартумаа.
Населення
Чисельність населення на 31 грудня 2011 року становила 26 осіб.
Географія
Через населений пункт проходить автошлях (Кудіна — Маар'я).
Історія
До 25 жовтня 2017 року село входило до складу волості Табівере повіту Йиґевамаа.
Примітки
Джерела
Посилання
Офіційний сайт волості Тарту
Офіційний сайт волості Табівере
Волость Тарту
Села Тартумаа
Волость Табівере
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2090927
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2
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Альошкіна любов
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Альошкіна любов
«Альошкіна любов» — радянська мелодрама кіностудії Мосфільм 1960 року режисерів Семена Туманова і Георгія Щукіна, знята під художнім керівництвом Михайла Ромма.
Сюжет
Літо 1960 року. Бригада геологів-буровиків з розвідки покладів руди веде роботи в степовому районі. Серед працівників — Альошка (Леонід Биков), хлопець, який перед вступом до геологорозвідувального інституту мріяв походити з геологами. Через свою романтичну натуру замість дружби з хлопцями він став об'єктом насмішок і недобрих жартів. А на 46-му залізничному посту, серед степу, зі своїм дідом, працює Зіна (Олександра Зав'ялова) — жвава і завзята дівчина…
У ролях
Леонід Биков — Альошка
Олександра Зав'ялова — Зінка
Олексій Грибов — дід Зінки
Юрій Бєлов — Аркадій
Іван Савкін — Микола
Володимир Гуляєв — Сергій
Олексій Зайцев — Женька
Борис Балакін — Ілля
Ольга Хорькова — Ліза
Іван Рижов — Волков
Петро Соболевський — Георгій Миколайович Белогоров, новий геолог
Павло Винник — Андрій Петрович, начальник бурової станції
Ігор Охлупін — Зінкін залицяльник
Ольга Наровчатова — продавщиця сільмагу
Посилання
Alyoshkina lyubov // IMDb
Фільми СРСР 1960
Фільми-мелодрами СРСР
Фільми студії «Мосфільм»
Дебютні фільми режисерів
Фільми Семена Туманова
Фільми Георгія Щукіна
Молодіжні фільми СРСР
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%94%D0%B2
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Зоран Заєв
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Зоран Заєв (Струмиця) — македонський економіст і політик, прем'єр-міністр Північної Македонії з 31 серпня 2020 до 16 січня 2022 та з 31 травня 2017 до 3 січня 2020 року. 2003—2005 — депутат парламенту, 2005—2016 — мер Струмиці. Голова лівоцентристського Соціал-демократичного союзу (2013—2021).
Раннє життя і освіта
Зоран Заєв народився 8 жовтня 1974 року у Струмиці. Дитинство провів у селі Муртіно, звідки родом була його сім'я, пізніше він переїхав до Струмиці. У Муртіно допомагав батькам по фермерству. Після закінчення початкової і середньої школи у рідному місті, він поступив на економічний факультет Університету св. Кирила і Мефодія у Скоп'є, який закінчив в 1997 році. У цьому ж університеті здобув диплом магістра з монетарної економіки. Раніше перед цим він одружився зі своєю дружиною Зорицею.
Політика
Заєв став членом Соціал-демократичного союзу Македонії у 1996 році. Двічі обирався головою партійної місцевої адміністрації Струмиці. З 2006 по 2008 був віцеголовою партії. Тричі вигравав місцеві вибори, і з 2005 по 2016 рік був мером Струмиці. Після відставки Бранко Црвенковського з посади голови СДСМ у 2013 році, Заєв був обраний на його місце. Крім того, з 2003 по 2005 роки був депутатом парламенту. Після парламентських виборів 2016 року Заєв сформував у травні 2017 року коаліційний уряд за підтримки Демократичного союзу за інтеграцію та Альянсу за албанців.
У вересні 2020 року після того, як президент Македонії звернувся до Вселенського патріарха з проханням про надання томосу про надання Томосу про автокефалію Македонській православній церкві, звернувся із аналогічною заявою.
1 листопада 2021 року після перемоги опозиції у другому турі муніципальних виборів, що відбулись 31 жовтня, оголосив про майбутню відставку з посади прем'єр-міністра та президента Соціал-демократичного союзу Македонії, він очолював попередній уряд з 31 травня 2017 року по 3 січня 2020 року і з 31 серпня 2020 року.. 24 грудня 2021 року подав у відставку з посади прем'єра країни.
Критика
У січні 2015 року прем'єр-міністр Никола Груєвський звинуватив Заєва в імовірній змові з іноземною розвідувальною службою та дипломатами з метою повалення уряду й у причетності до ймовірної спроби державного перевороту. Згодом Заєв звинуватив Груєвського у прослуховуванні телефонних розмов і незаконному шпигунстві як мінімум 20 000 осіб у країні. Прокурор, з іншого боку, звинуватив Заєва у шантажі Груєвського і затримав п'ятьох осіб, пов'язаних з цією справою. Справа була завершена через недостатність доказів.
Після обрання головою СДСМ Заєв став лідером опозиції. У цій ролі Заєв взяв участь у зустрічі з Груєвським та Йоганнесом Ганом, єврокомісаром з питань розширення, у червні 2015 року для подолання політичної кризи. У результаті переговорів була укладена Пржинська угода, яка передбачала організацію тимчасовим урядом дострокових виборів у квітні 2016 року та спеціальну прокуратуру для розслідування скандалу з прослуховуванням телефонних розмов. Заєв погрожував бойкотувати вибори через те, що Груєвський перешкоджав Пржинській угоді та реформам у судовій системі та ЗМІ.
9 липня 2019 року була опублікований запис розмови з російськими пранкерами та агентами ФСБ Вованом і Лексусом, в якому Заєв погодився дати хабар патріарху Варфоломію у розмірі 100 тисяч євро для отримання автокефалії Македонської православної церкви. Заєв підтвердив факт розмови, проте заявив, що запис був змонтований..
Прем'єр-міністр
31 травня 2017 року македонський парламент затвердив Заєва на посаду прем'єр-міністра. За нього проголосували 62 депутата із 120. Голосування завершило місяці політичної невизначеності. Опитування 1159 громадян, проведених македонською Brima Gallup International Association у липні 2017 року, показало, що 62 % населення підтримують прем'єр-міністра Заєва. Під час свого виступу Заєв представив програму нового уряду, заявивши, що в наступні роки його пріоритетом стане вступ до НАТО та ЄС. Він також пообіцяв економічне зростання та подолання корупції, проголосивши «відповідальний, реформістський та європейський уряд».
Деякі газети трактували деякі заяви Заєва для газет «БГНЕС» та «Курір» як утвердження, що він вважає македонців єдиним народом із болгарами чи сербами. В оригінальному відео-інтерв'ю болгарській газеті «БГНЕС» Заєв повідомив: «Я хочу послати повідомлення всім громадянам Болгарії. Ми братський народ, один і той же народ». В інтерв'ю сербській газеті «Курір» він заявив, що «серби і македонці — братський народ» та «Ніхто не просив Зорана Заєва зробити щось проти македонців, проти сербів, проти якоїсь етнічної спільноти чи проти якогось нашого сусіда. Ми чули утвердження, що Заєв засуджує Сербію за геноцид. Бо вона для мене такий же народ».
3 січня 2020 року Заєв подав у відставку за домовленістю лідерів провідних партій Північної Македонії щодо проведення позачергових виборів, так як Північна Македонія знову не отримала дату початку переговорів щодо членства в Євросоюзі. Тепер президент Стево Пендаровський повинен проінформувати спікера парламенту Талата Джафері щодо необхідності формування нового кабінету. До виборів у квітні країною керуватиме «службовий кабінет» на чолі з колишнім міністром внутрішніх справ Олівером Спасовським.
Договір про дружбу та співробітництво з Болгарією
Північна Македонія та Болгарія мають складні сусідські відносини. У 2012 році Болгарія стала на бік Греції з питання надання дати початку переговорів щодо вступу Македонії до ЄС. Болгарія звинуватила Македонію у дискримінації етнічних болгар і створенні антиболгарської атмосфери у країні. З моменту приходу до влади уряду Заєва у травні 2017 року перспективи поліпшення відносин між двома країнами значно зросли. У червні на зустрічі зі Заєвим у Софії прем'єр-міністр Бойко Борисов заявив, що Болгарія підтримує прагнення Македонії вступити до Європейського Союзу та НАТО, і що вона підпише з країною давно відкладений договір про дружбу. У результаті 1 серпня уряди обох країн підписали договір з метою зміцнення відносин між двома балканськими державами. Йому передували 18 років напружених переговорів. Договір створює комітет з «об'єктивного перегляду спільної історії» двох країн і передбачає відзначення разом на державному рівні подій із своєї спільної історії. «Македонія та Болгарія мають багато зі спільної історії, і це є відправним пунктом для європейського та євроатлантичного майбутнього Македонії», — розповів Заєв на церемонії у Скоп'є. Договір був ратифікований парламентом Республіки Македонія 15 січня 2018, через кілька днів його ратифікував і болгарський парламент.
Вирішення спору щодо назви з Грецією
В останні роки в опозиції та під час інаугураційного виступу новий прем'єр-міністр Зоран Заєв поклявся у своїй рішучості врегулювати багаторічний спір з Грецією. Були активізовані зусилля між урядами обох країн щодо врегулювання спору щодо назви. 17 січня 2018 року відновились переговори за підтримки ООН, на яких посли Греції та Македонії Адамантіос Василакіс та Васко Наумовський зустрілись з посланцем ООН у Вашингтоні. Він запропонував на вибір п'ять назв, всі вони містили назву Македонія, транслітеровані з кирилиці.
Після зустрічі із Ципрасом у Давосі Заєв оголосив, що вулиці і об'єкти, такі як аеропорт ім. Александра Великого у Скоп'є, які отримали назви від націоналістичної ВМРО-ДПМНЄ на честь давньомакедонських героїв і осіб, таких як Александр Великий, будуть перейменовані в знак доброї волі до Греції. Зокрема Заєв заявив, що автомагістраль «Александр Македонський», автомагістраль Е-75, який з'єднує Скоп'є із Грецією, буде перейменована на «Магістраль дружби». В обмін на це прем'єр-міністр Греції оголосив, що Греція погодиться на заявку Македонії в участі угоди про адріатичне та іонійське співробітництво, а парламент Греції ратифікує другий етап Угоди про асоціацію Європейського Союзу з Македонією в рамках приєднання Північної Македонії до Європейського Союзу, яке було заблоковано Грецією у 2009 році.
У кінці лютого 2018 року уряд та установи Республіки Македонія оголосили про припинення реалізації програми «Скоп'є-2014», направленої на те, щоб зробити столицю Північної Македонії «більш класичною» і почали прибирати спірні пам'ятники та статуї. Весною 2018 року були проведені розширені переговори з метою вирішення спору щодо назви, при цьому часті зустрічі міністрів закордонних справ Греції та Македонії призвели до відчутного прогресу у спорі.
12 червня 2018 року прем'єр-міністр Греції Алексіс Ципрас оголосив про досягнення угоди у спорі з його македонською колегою, «яка охоплює всі попередні умови, визначені грецькою стороною». Ця пропозиція призведе до того, що (колишня) Республіка Македонія буде перейменована на Республіку Північна Македонія. Заєв оголосив, що угода включає у собі визнання македонської мови в ООН і що громадяни країни, як і раніше, будуть називатися македонцями. Проте існує чітке роз'яснення, що громадяни країни не мають жодного відношення до будь-якої елліністичної цивілізації, що раніше заселяла регіон.
5 липня парламент Македонії вдруге ратифікував Преспанську угоду, за неї проголосувало 69 депутатів. 11 липня НАТО запросила Македонію на переговори щодо вступу до Євроатлантичного альянсу, ставши 30-м членом цієї організації. 30 липня Збори Македонії затвердили проведення рекомендаційного референдуму щодо зміни назви країни, який відбувся 30 вересня. Вирішальне голосування щодо внесення змін до конституції та назви країни відбулося 11 січня 2019 року, на яких македонські парламентарі проголосували «за». Зміни набрали чинності після ратифікації грецьким парламентом Преспанської угоди та Протоколу щодо вступу Північної Македонії до НАТО.
Відносини з Албанією та з македонськими албанцями
Зоран Заєв має відносно добрі відносини з Албанією та македонськими албанцями. Під час парламентських виборів 2016 року він підтримав албанські партії та Тирана-платформу, угоду між СДСМ, ДСІ та БЕСА у Тирані, Албанія. Заєву вдалося перемогти на виборах у Північній Македонії, однак президент Георге Іванов не прийняв його як нового прем'єр-міністра. Іванов сказав, що він відмовився давати мандат на формування нового уряду країни лідеру СДСМ Зорану Заєву, який досяг коаліційної угоди з партіями етнічних албанців. Він відмовляється давати такий мандат «будь-кому, хто веде переговори з платформами зарубіжних країн, які шантажують македонський народ, ставлять під загрозу цілісність держави, її суверенітету та незалежності». Це призвело до політичної кризи (2015—2017) та штурму македонського парламенту, де більшість македонців та правляча ВМРО-ДПМНЄ боялися посилення албанського впливу в Північній Македонії.
У ВМРО-ДПМНЄ охарактеризували Заєва та СДСМ як зрадників, яким платять з Албанії і зарубіжних країн, хочуть ввести албанську як другу державну мову в країні та федералізувати Македонію.
В інтерв'ю Top Channel Зоран Заєв описав Албанію як найдружнішу країну для Північної Македонії, й це 100 % дружба, взаємна підтримка прогресу, спільне й краще майбутнє для громадян. Заєв відмітив, що торгівля між Тираною і Скоп'є в 2018 році збільшилася на 11,5 відсотка, й що обидві країни мають значні можливості для вирішення інших завдань.
Сім'я
Одружений, має двох дітей. Сповідує православ'я.
Примітки
Посилання
Офіційний сайт
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Македонські економісти
Уродженці Струмиці
Випускники Університету св. Кирила і Мефодія
Мери міст Північної Македонії
Члени СДСМ
Економісти XXI століття
Політики XXI століття
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%20%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96
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Гусейн Аль-Мугаві
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Гусейн Аль-Мугаві (24 березня 1988, Ель-Хаса) — саудівський футболіст, півзахисник клубу «Аль-Аглі» та національної збірної Саудівської Аравії.
Клубна кар'єра
Гусейн Аль-Мугаві народився 24 березня 1988 року в історичній області Ель-Хаса. Він є вихованцем футбольного клубу «Аль-Адаль», в якому й розпочав професійну футбольну кар'єру у 2008 році. У професійній команді «Аль-Адаля» Аль-Мугаві виступав протягом двох років, і в 2010 році привернув увагу керівництва сильнішого клубу «Аль-Фатех». 14 серпня 2010 року він дебютував у саудівській Про-лізі, вийшовши на заміну в матчі проти клубу «Аль-Кадісія». 2 листопада цього ж року він забив свій перший м'яч у найвищій саудівській лізі у грі з клубом «Наджран». У 2013 році Аль-Мугаві у складі «Аль-Фатеха» став чемпіоном Саудівської Аравії.
У 2014 році Хусейн Аль-Мугаві став гравцем клубу «Аль-Аглі» з Джидди. У 2015 році він став у складі клубу володарем Кубка наслідного принца Саудівської Аравії, а в 2016 році володарем Королівського кубка, чемпіоном країни та володарем Суперкубка. Станом на 2 червня 2018 року відіграв за «Аль-Аглі» 108 матчів у національному чемпіонаті.
Виступи за збірні
У 2012 році дебютував в офіційних матчах у складі національної збірної Саудівської Аравії в матчі Чемпіонату Федерації футболу Західної Азії проти збірної Ірану. 24 серпня 2016 року в товариському матчі зі збірною Лаосу забив свій перший м'яч за національну збірну. У складі збірної був учасником чемпіонату світу 2018 року у Росії.
Досягнення
Саудівська Прем'єр-ліга:
Чемпіон (2): 2012—2013, 2015—16
Кубок наслідного принца Саудівської Аравії:
Володар (1): 2014—15
Королівський кубок Саудівської Аравії з футболу:
Володар (1): 2016
Суперкубок Саудівської Аравії:
Переможець (2): 2013, 2016
Примітки
Посилання
Профіль на ksa-team.com
Профіль на slstat.com
саудівські футболісти
Гравці збірної Саудівської Аравії з футболу
Футболісти «Аль-Фатеха»
Футболісти «Аль-Аглі» (Джидда)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvomay
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Parvomay
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Parvomay is a town, part of the municipality of the same name (Parvomay Municipality) in southern Bulgaria. It is located in Plovdiv Province, close to the towns Sadovo and Chirpan. The name literally means First of May, i.e., May Day, in English and is sometimes transliterated as Parvomai or Purvomai.
As with many places in Bulgaria, the town has other names, such as its old name (up until 1947) of Borisovgrad (after Bulgaria's last Tsar, Boris to celebrate his birthday on 30 January 1894), as well as Borissograd, Borissovgrade, or Borissowgrad. Until 1894, it was known by its Turkish names of Hadzi Ejles (Bulgarian Хаджи Елес), Hadzi-Ele, Hadzi-Jeiles, Khadzhi Eiles, or Khadzhi-Eles ("Hacı İlyas" in Turkish).
The Town
The municipal centre town Parvomay is situated at 134 meters above sea level, with geographic coordinates 25о13`30`` east longitude and 42о06`00`` north latitude. The town is 180 km to the east of Sofia, 39 km to the east of Plovdiv city, 50 km to the southwest of Stara Zagora, 34 km to the west of city of Haskovo and 360 km to the northwest of Istanbul, the northern edge of the town is 700m south of the Maritza River. The topography of the Parvomay Municipality is predominantly a flat plain with the exception being the fields of the Voden and Bukovo villages and the rolling hills around Iskra, Bryagovo, Dragoinovo, and Ezerovo which are from the foothills of Dragoyna. The name of the ridge comes from a legend about Dragoy, prince of the Slavonic tribe that inhabited the region and his daughter Dragoyna, who built a white stone castle on the peak but the Byzantines conquered and destroyed her residence. This range is in turn the foothills of the Rhodopi mountains, passing to the South-West into the Novakovski Balkan mountain. In 1926, the population of the town was 4425 people, and in 1946 the town was 5050, by 1985 the population had risen to 17,136, by 1992 it had dropped to 16,826. The population of the town in 2009 was 16,630, by the end of 2010 it had fallen to 13,733. The settlement ranks the 57th largest cities of Bulgaria.
The Municipality
The Parvomay Municipality has its administrative centre in the town of Parvomay. The consists of three areas, major urban and two suburbs Debar to the South and Liybenovo to the North east. The municipality is situated in the most Eastern area of the Plovdiv Pazardzhik plain– part of the Upper Thracian lowlands, with total area of 470,057 decares. The Municipality encompasses 17 settlements with population of 32,131 people. Villages in Parvomay Municipality in the Plovdiv Province are; Bryagovo (789 inhabitants to 02/05/2006), Bukovo, Byala Reka, Dalbok Izvor, Dobri Do, Dragoynovo, Ezerovo, Gradina, Iskra, Karadjalovo, Vinitsa, Voden. Iskra being the largest in the area with a population of 1829 (to 02/05/2006) in the Dragoyna foothills to the south of Parvomay.
History
Fossils of sea shells have been found in the limestone rocks near the village of Ezerovo (to the south east of Parvomay town) a full skeleton of a prehistoric Deinotherium was also found in this area which is on display in Asenovgrad Paleontological Museum.
Sometime from the 5th century BC to the 3rd century BC, this area became part of the Thracian Odrysian kingdom. In the quarters of Debar and Liybenovo on the outskirts of Parvomay town, archeologists have found Thracian mounds. By the 1st century AD, this part of Thrace was annexed by the Roman empire, and later it remained a part of its Eastern Roman Empire. Roman graves dating to the period of the 1st–4th centuries have been also discovered around Parvomay. Through the history of Bulgaria the area has been Thracian, Greek, Roman, Byzantium, Slav, Bulgar and Ottoman.
Archaeological finds in 2004 2005 and 2006 relate to a Thracian cult complex of a collection of tribes known as the Odrysian kingdom in an area to the south of Dragoynovo at the Goliama Dragoyna peak. The peak of Goliama Dragoyna is the highest point in the area at 813,60 m. A high concentration of Thracian tumulus (burial mounds) have been found in the area. A golden ring was found in Ezerovo, near to Dragoyna archaeological site. The ring has an inscription in Thracian Language with Greek letters. It indicates that the relatives dedicate the ring to the deceased. Numerous dice were also found.
A settlement was located close to the village of Dragoynovo near to Iskra. This religious complex is one of the many sacred places, established by the Thracians on high mountain peaks. Sanctuaries of this type originated and developed as religious centres in the period between the Late Bronze Age and the end of the Roman Empire. The sanctuary complex on Dragoyna peak was first studied and recorded in the first half of the 20th century since when the site has suffered at the hands of numerous treasure hunters. No formal archaeological excavations were conducted until 2004. Two periods of occupation have been identified from the archaeological evidence:
13th century BC – 5th century BC: the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, but also the Dark Ages in the Aegean and Anatolia. At this time, the hill had no floral and soil cover. The archaeological finds from the period are fireplaces, which served as altars for various fire-related rituals.
4th century BC – 3rd century BC: the Late Iron Age or the period of Classics and Hellenism. In this period, the region of the Eastern Mediterranean had its cultural consolidation provoked by the military campaigns of the Macedonian rulers Philip II and Alexander the Great. This was also the period of the most active utilization of the sanctuary.
Four churches were discovered by archaeological excavations near the village of Iskra.
The oldest documented reference to the city of Parvomay is from 1576 in the register of Ottoman taxes in Bulgaria. In 1671 the Turkish travel writer Evliya Celebi mentions the village of Iskra to the south. Parvomay was for a time part of Eastern Rumelia, an autonomous province within the Ottoman Empire after the Treaty of Berlin in 1878. After the revolution of September 6, 1885, the province was annexed by the Principality of Bulgaria. On 14 April 1928, a sequence of two earthquakes with a magnitude of approximately 7 in central Bulgaria destroyed 74,000 buildings and killed 114 people in the nearby cities of Plovdiv, Chirpan (to the north) and Parvomay. A newspaper at the time reported that 1000 buildings in Parvomay collapsed.
Civic and educational buildings
Parvomay's post office opened in 1881, its first hospital opened with one doctor and 10 hospital beds in 1882, and its first doctors clinic in 1886. Parvomay's hospital is located just to the southwest of the town centre and there is also a sizable medical centre just to the north of the centre. The St. Cyril and Methodius Community Center is located in a parkland in the centre of the Town. Following the 1928 earthquake that destroyed many buildings including the courthouse, a fund was set up to construct a new building. A small building constructed in the centre of Parvomay in 1932 has jurisdiction over Parvomay Municipality.
There are two high schools in Parvomay, the Vasil Levski School of Professional Agriculture and Economics northeast of the centre, and Prof. Dr. Asen Zlatarov High School west of the town centre. There are also three elementary schools: St. Cyril and Methodius and Georgi Karaslavov and Hristo Botev, just south of the town centre and two kindergartens, Osmi Mart and Maritsa. All of the schools in the town of Parvomay were extensively renovated in 2010 by the municipality. In the area of Parvomay there are also eight more elementary schools and five kindergartens.
In 1994 Bulgaria began the gasification of the country. The city of Parvomay had the first cubic meter of natural gas sold.
There are limited charter flights to the nearby Plovdiv International Airport just to the east of the Plovdiv Asenovgrad highway (12 km SE of Plovdiv). In 2010, scheduled flights began to London and Moscow in 2011 routes were expanded to Frankfurt.
The international European road Е-80 passes through the southern edge of the town and a branch of the Trakia highway (A1) passes very near on the way to Burgas.
The railway line from Belovo to Dimitrovgrad, running through Parvomay officially opened in 1873 and now run by the Bulgarian State Railways as part of the line from Sofia to Istanbul. The upgrading of the Plovdiv-Svilengrad line was the biggest local project financed by EU's ISPA program at a cost of 340 million euros.
Agriculture and environment
The Maritsa river runs to the East through the Municipality with the Mechka, Byala and Kayaliyka rivers running North into the Maritsa with thermal mineral springs in Dragoinovo, Byala Reka and Lenovo. The Mechka River runs through Lenovo, Poroyna and along the southeastern edge of Parvomay Town. Falling from the Mechkovets Hills, the Kayaliyka River runs North through villages of Iskra, Bryagovo, Dragoinovo, Ezerovo and Bodrovo joining the Marista 8 km to the east of Parvomay Town. The Byala River runs through Byala Reka village and Karadzhalovo. The main crops in the region of Municipality Parvomay are grain production, with 75 000 decares of wheat, barley 7,500 decares, and sunflower 13,200 decares. Agriculture and especially vegetable growing are of great importance for the Parvomay region it is one of the biggest producers of tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers and aubergine (egg-plant)in the Country. There are over greenhouses and over 60% of the arable land is irrigated. There are considerable crops of commercially grown grapes in the south around the village of Iskra, also Oriential (often known as Turkish Tobacco) and Large Leaf Tobacco in the area. The soils are predominantly black humus. There are also vast areas of oak and conifer forests on higher ground in the south. The lowland of the Maritsa river are mainly meadows with cinnamon soils.
Climate and weather
The territory of Municipality Parvomay belongs to the area of transitive Mediterranean climate. The average temperature in January is 1˚С, and about 25˚ С in July. The summer is dry and hot and the winter is comparatively mild. Unlike the nearby winter resort of Pamporovo to the south in the Rhodope Mountains the snowfall in the north of the area is thin and does not last being a little heavier in the south, although the snow of the Winter of 2009 was unusually heavy (50–60 cm). The total precipitation is below the average for the country, about 532 L/m2. The precipitation is highest in December and May and lowest in August and February–March. The relative humidity is particularly low– up to 60%.The strongest wind comes from the North-West, mainly in May and June, when it blows for weeks with average velocity of about 3 м/s. Short thunderstorms and hailstorms are quite common in summer and you may get some thick fogs in the North of the District along the Maritsa river but this is quite uncommon.
Culture, events and tourism
Religion
Parvomay town contains G. Karaslavov museum house and St. Dimiter Church (built in the period 1841–43) displays iconostasis and mural paintings of the Debar school. In the churchyard is one of the first secular schools in the country. Both are monitored by UNESCO. St. Archangel Michael (Архангел Михаил) church sits in the heart of the district of Liybenovo on the northeastern edge of the town and restored golden domed St. Georges Church (Църквата Св. Георги) in the centre. In contrast the Debar district of Parvomay is a modern designed Evangelical Catholic Church. The village of Iskra in the south has St. Georges Chapel (църквата Св. Георги) built in 2010, St. Mary Church (църквата Св. Богородица) restored 2006.
Sport
On the north western edge of the town Parvomay has a stadium with a capacity to seat 5,000 and nearby 'Fiesta' swimming complex, with "Hristo Boltev" football stadium (Стадион "Христо Ботев) on the south eastern edge.
Museum
Preserved ancient relics are displayed in a museum in the town the Primary School St. Cyril and Methodius and also the House of Culture in the village of Iskra.
Wine Fair in Parvomai
For the fifth year in February 2009 the Municipality of Parvomai and the St. Cyril and Methodius Community Centre organized a Wine and Wine-Production Fair together with a prize for best home-made wine. It was attended by a panel of technologists from visiting wineries – Asenovgrad AD Winery, Wine Cellar Reggina Estate Iskra, winery Zagreus AD Parvomai.
The date is not chosen randomly. Beginning of February is the time when the vines and abandon Trifon's Day celebrates the feast of-grower. St. Trifon, as patron saint of vineyards is unique to the Balkans and mainly where Bulgarians and Greeks live.
May Cultural Festival
During the month of May the May Cultural Festival is held in the town of Parvomay, where the people of Parvomay and their guests gather at the halls of the Community Centre to meet the art of the visiting theatres, the local dramatic and music-folklore teams, national favorite and local artists and a lot more interesting additional events. In May 2010 Parvomay Rock Fest was held in the centre of the town, a one-day event of rock music sponsored by the Municipality and local company, EcoGas.
Folklore Music and Song Festival
As well as the Dragoynovo Festival in June and Iskra Festival in August, the city of Parvomay Festival takes place in September which is a celebration of Thracian Music and Songs. Many national orchestras, folklore groups and single artists take part in the centre of Parvomay town.
October is Poetry month.
Tourism
Tourism in the Municipality is somewhat underdeveloped but growing, with new hotels opening such as the 'Tzarigrad' in Debar south of Parvomay town and 'Finest' in the centre. Local attractions include thermal mineral springs in Dragoinovo, Byala Reka and Lenovo. The surroundings of Vinitsa are a unique place in Bulgaria as the rare summer snowflake (Leucojum) grows there. Moreover, the village of Iskra hosts a special celebration known as Iskra Festival, which features Folk Music, dancing, food. A dam of the river Kayaliyka between Iskra and Bryagovo forms Bryagovo Lake. Bryagovo Lake is where local hunting clubs host clay pigeon shooting competition every September close to a Hotel overlooking the lake. There has been a recent development of water-motor sports and fishing tourism at this lake and the nearby Mechka River. A second dam of the Kayaliyka river at Ezerovo forms a sizable lake which is a popular summer spot for local visitors and fishing. Furthermore, in Tatarevo and Iskra there has been a growth and development in business tourism related to production and tasting of local wines.
Notable people
Angel Stoyanov Kariotov (1812-c. 1864), warlord
Georgi Karaslavov (1904-1980), writer
Dimiter Gotscheff (born 1943), theater director.
Lilcho Arsov (born 1972), athlete
Tezdzhan Naimova (born 1988), athlete
Antarctic namesake
Parvomay Neck on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Parvomay.
References
External links
Municipality Map
Plovdiv-Svilengrad Railway
Bulgarian Railway Map
Dragoyna Coordinates
Towns in Bulgaria
Populated places in Plovdiv Province
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD
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Маскараас-Арон
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Маскараас-Арон — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Нова Аквітанія, департамент Атлантичні Піренеї. Населення — .
Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 630 км на південь від Парижа, 150 км на південь від Бордо, 30 км на північний схід від По.
Демографія
Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006):
Економіка
У 2010 році у муніципалітеті числилось 48 оподаткованих домогосподарств, у яких проживали 99,0 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача.
Сусідні муніципалітети
Посилання
Див. також
Список муніципалітетів департаменту Атлантичні Піренеї
Примітки
Муніципалітети департаменту Атлантичні Піренеї
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2200756
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87oruh
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Çoruh
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Çoruh
The Chorokh (Ch'orokhi, , Chorokh, , , Akampsis) is a river that rises in the Mescit Mountains in north-eastern Turkey, flows through the cities of Bayburt, İspir, Yusufeli, and Artvin, along the Kelkit-Çoruh Fault, before flowing into Georgia, where it reaches the Black Sea just south of Batumi and a few kilometers north of the Turkish-Georgian border.
In Arrian's Periplus Ponti Euxini, it is called the Acampsis; Pliny may have confused it with the Bathys. Procopius writes that it was called Acampsis because it was impossible to force a way through it after it has entered the sea, since it discharges its stream with such force and swiftness, causing a great disturbance of the water before it, that it goes out for a very great distance into the sea and makes it impossible to coast along at that point.
In English, it was formerly known as the Boas, the Churuk, or the Chorokh.
Biodiversity
The Ch'orokhi valley lies within the Caucasus ecological zone, which is considered by the World Wide Fund for Nature and by Conservation International as a biodiversity hotspot. The Çoruh Valley is recognised by Turkish conservation organisations as an important plant area, an important bird area, a key biodiversity area and has been nominated as a high priority area for protection. This valley is rich in plants and contains 104 nationally threatened plant species of which 67 are endemic to Turkey.
Recreation
The Çoruh has been called "an eco-tourism gem" and "Turkey's last remaining wild river", and is being promoted for whitewater kayaking by the Eastern Anatolia Tourism Development Project. It attracts kayakers and rafters from all over the world and was the site of the 4th World Rafting Championship in 1993 and the Coruh Extreme kayak competition in 2005.
Dams
A total of 17 large hydroelectric dams are planned as part of the Çoruh River Development Plan but a total of 27 are proposed for the Çoruh River Catchment. Under the Çoruh Development Plan, 8 dams have been completed (Arkun, Artvin, Borçka, Deriner, Güllübağ, Murtli, Tortum and Yusufeli Dams), another 2 are under construction.
See also
European Rivers Network
ECA Watch
Friends of the Earth
References
Rivers of Georgia (country)
Rivers of Turkey
International rivers of Asia
International rivers of Europe
Landforms of Bayburt Province
Landforms of Artvin Province
Landforms of Erzurum Province
Rivers of Artvin Province
Tributaries of the Black Sea
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163296
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon%20Festinger
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Leon Festinger
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Leon Festinger (8 May 1919 – 11 February 1989) was an American social psychologist who originated the theory of cognitive dissonance and social comparison theory. The rejection of the previously dominant behaviorist view of social psychology by demonstrating the inadequacy of stimulus-response conditioning accounts of human behavior is largely attributed to his theories and research. Festinger is also credited with advancing the use of laboratory experimentation in social psychology, although he simultaneously stressed the importance of studying real-life situations, a principle he practiced when personally infiltrating a doomsday cult. He is also known in social network theory for the proximity effect (or propinquity).
Festinger studied psychology under Kurt Lewin, an important figure in modern social psychology, at the University of Iowa, graduating in 1941; however, he did not develop an interest in social psychology until after joining the faculty at Lewin's Research Center for Group Dynamics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1945. Despite his preeminence in social psychology, Festinger turned to visual perception research in 1964 and then archaeology, history, and the human evolutionary sciences in 1979 until his death in 1989. Following B. F. Skinner, Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and Albert Bandura, Festinger was the fifth most cited psychologist of the 20th century.
Life
Early life and education
Festinger was born in Brooklyn New York on May 8, 1919 to Russian-Jewish immigrants Alex Festinger and Sara Solomon Festinger. His father, an embroidery manufacturer, had "left Russia a radical and atheist and remained faithful to these views throughout his life." Festinger attended Boys' High School in Brooklyn, and received his BS degree in psychology from the City College of New York in 1939.
He proceeded to study under Kurt Lewin at the University of Iowa, where Festinger received his MA in 1940 and PhD in 1942 in the field of child behavior. By his own admission, he was not interested in social psychology when he arrived at Iowa, and did not take a single course in social psychology during his entire time there; instead, he was interested in Lewin's earlier work on tension systems, but Lewin's focus had shifted to social psychology by the time Festinger arrived at Iowa. However, Festinger continued to pursue his original interests, studying level of aspiration, working on statistics, developing a quantitative model of decision making, and even publishing a laboratory study on rats. Explaining his lack of interest in social psychology at the time, Festinger stated, "The looser methodology of the social psychology studies, and the vagueness of relation of the data to Lewinian concepts and theories, all seemed unappealing to me in my youthful penchant for rigor." Festinger considered himself to be a freethinker and an atheist.
After graduating, Festinger worked as a research associate at Iowa from 1941 to 1943, and then as a statistician for the Committee on Selection and Training of Aircraft Pilots at the University of Rochester from 1943 to 1945 during World War II. In 1943, Festinger married Mary Oliver Ballou, a pianist, with whom he had three children, Catherine, Richard, and Kurt. Festinger and Ballou were later divorced, and Festinger married Trudy Bradley, currently a professor of social work emeritus at New York University, in 1968.
Career
In 1945, Festinger joined Lewin's newly formed Research Center for Group Dynamics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as an assistant professor. It was at MIT that Festinger, in his own words, "became, by fiat, a social psychologist, and immersed myself in the field with all its difficulties, vaguenesses, and challenges." It was also at MIT that Festinger began his foray into social communication and pressures in groups that marked a turning point in his own research. As Festinger himself recalls, "the years at M.I.T. [sic] seemed to us all to be momentous, ground breaking, the new beginning of something important." Indeed, Stanley Schachter, Festinger's student and research assistant at the time, states, "I was lucky enough to work with Festinger at this time, and I think of it as one of the high points of my scientific life."
Yet, this endeavor "started as almost an accident" while Festinger was conducting a study on the impact of architectural and ecological factors on student housing satisfaction for the university. Although the proximity effect (or propinquity) was an important direct finding from the study, Festinger and his collaborators also noticed correlations between the degree of friendship within a group of residents and the similarity of opinions within the group, thus raising unexpected questions regarding communication within social groups and the development of group standards of attitudes and behaviors. Indeed, Festinger's seminal 1950 paper on informal social communication as a function of pressures toward attitude uniformity within a group cites findings from this seemingly unrelated housing satisfaction study multiple times.
After Lewin's death in 1947, Festinger moved with the research center to the University of Michigan in 1948. He then moved to the University of Minnesota in 1951, and then on to Stanford University in 1955. During this time, Festinger published his highly influential paper on social comparison theory, extending his prior theory regarding the evaluation of attitudes in social groups to the evaluation of abilities in social groups. Following this, in 1957, Festinger published his theory of cognitive dissonance, arguably his most famous and influential contribution to the field of social psychology. Some also view this as an extension of Festinger's prior work on group pressures toward resolving discrepancies in attitudes and abilities within social groups to how the individual resolves discrepancies at the cognitive level. Festinger also received considerable recognition during this time for his work, both from within the field, being awarded the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award by the American Psychological Association in 1959, and outside of the field, being named as one of America's ten most promising scientists by Fortune magazine shortly after publishing social comparison theory.
Despite such recognition, Festinger left the field of social psychology in 1964, attributing his decision to "a conviction that had been growing in me at the time that I, personally, was in a rut and needed an injection of intellectual stimulation from new sources to continue to be productive." He turned his attention to the visual system, focusing on human eye movement and color perception. In 1968, Festinger returned to his native New York City, continuing his perception research at The New School, then known as the New School for Social Research. In 1979, he closed his laboratory, citing dissatisfaction with working "on narrower and narrower technical problems."
Later life
Writing in 1983, four years after closing his laboratory, Festinger expressed a sense of disappointment with what he and his field had accomplished:
Forty years in my own life seems like a long time to me and while some things have been learned about human beings and human behavior during this time, progress has not been rapid enough; nor has the new knowledge been impressive enough. And even worse, from a broader point of view we do not seem to have been working on many of the important problems.
Festinger subsequently began exploring prehistoric archaeological data, meeting with Stephen Jay Gould to discuss ideas and visiting archaeological sites to investigate primitive toolmaking firsthand. His efforts eventually culminated in the book, The Human Legacy, which examined how humans evolved and developed complex societies. Although seemingly the product of a disillusioned, wholesale abandonment of the field of psychology, Festinger considered this research as a return to the fundamental concerns of psychology. He described the goal of his new research interests as "see[ing] what can be inferred from different vantage points, from different data realms, about the nature, the characteristics, of this species we call human," and felt bemused when fellow psychologists asked him how his new research interests were related to psychology.
Festinger's next and final enterprise was to understand why an idea is accepted or rejected by a culture, and he decided that examining why new technology was adopted quickly in the West but not in the Eastern Byzantine Empire would illuminate the issue. However, Festinger was diagnosed with cancer before he was able to publish this material. He decided not to pursue treatment, and died on February 11, 1989.
Work
Proximity effect
Festinger, Stanley Schachter, and Kurt Back examined the choice of friends among college students living in married student housing at MIT. The team showed that the formation of ties was predicted by propinquity, the physical proximity between where students lived, and not just by similar tastes or beliefs as conventional wisdom assumed. In other words, people simply tend to befriend their neighbors. They also found that functional distance predicted social ties as well. For example, in a two-storey apartment building, people living on the lower floor next to a stairway are functionally closer to upper-floor residents than are others living on the same lower floor. The lower-floor residents near the stairs are more likely than their lower-floor neighbors to befriend those living on the upper floor. Festinger and his collaborators viewed these findings as evidence that friendships often develop based on passive contacts (e.g., brief meetings made as a result of going to and from home within the student housing community) and that such passive contacts are more likely to occur given closer physical and functional distance between people.
Informal social communication
In his 1950 paper, Festinger postulated that one of the major pressures to communicate arises from uniformity within a group, which in turn arises from two sources: social reality and group locomotion. Festinger argued that people depend on social reality to determine the subjective validity of their attitudes and opinions, and that they look to their reference group to establish social reality; an opinion or attitude is therefore valid to the extent that it is similar to that of the reference group. He further argued that pressures to communicate arise when discrepancies in opinions or attitudes exist among members of a group, and laid out a series hypotheses regarding determinants of when group members communicate, whom they communicate with, and how recipients of communication react, citing existing experimental evidence to support his arguments.
Festinger labeled communications arising from such pressures toward uniformity as "instrumental communication" in that the communication is not an end in itself but a means to reduce discrepancies between the communicator and others in the group. Instrumental communication is contrasted with "consummatory communication" where communication is the end, such as emotional expression.
Social comparison theory
Festinger's influential social comparison theory (1954) can be viewed as an extension of his prior theory related to the reliance on social reality for evaluating attitudes and opinions to the realm of abilities. Starting with the premise that humans have an innate drive to accurately evaluate their opinions and abilities, Festinger postulated that people will seek to evaluate their opinions and abilities by comparing them with those of others. Specifically, people will seek out others who are close to one's own opinions and abilities for comparison because accurate comparisons are difficult when others are too divergent from those of oneself. To use Festinger's example, a chess novice does not compare his chess abilities to those of recognized chess masters, nor does a college student compare his intellectual abilities to those of a toddler.
People will, moreover, take action to reduce discrepancies in attitudes, whether by changing others to bring them closer to oneself or by changing one's own attitudes to bring them closer to others. They will likewise take action to reduce discrepancies in abilities, for which there is an upward drive to improve one's abilities. Thus Festinger suggested that the "social influence processes and some kinds of competitive behavior are both manifestations of the same socio-psychological process...[namely,] the drive for self evaluation and the necessity for such evaluation being based on comparison with other persons." Festinger also discussed implications of social comparison theory for society, hypothesizing that the tendency for people to move into groups that hold opinions which agree with their own and abilities that are near their own results in the segmentation of society into groups which are relatively alike.
In his 1954 paper, Festinger again systematically set forth a series of hypotheses, corollaries, and derivations, and he cited existing experimental evidence where available. He stated his main set of hypotheses as follows:
1. There exists, in the human organism, a drive to evaluate his opinion and abilities.
2. To the extent that objective, nonsocial means are available, people evaluate their opinions and abilities by comparison respectively with the opinions and abilities of others.
3. The tendency to compare oneself with some other specific person decreases as the difference between his opinion or ability and one's own increases.
4. There is a unidirectional drive upward in the case of abilities which is largely absent in opinions.
5. There are nonsocial restraints which make it difficult or even impossible to change one's ability. These nonsocial restraints are largely absent for opinions.
6. The cessation of comparison with others is accompanied by hostility or derogation to the extent that continued comparison with those persons implies unpleasant consequences.
7. Any factors which increase the importance of some particular group as a comparison group for some particular opinion or ability will increase the pressure toward uniformity concerning that ability or opinion within that group.
8. If persons who are very divergent from one's own opinion or ability are perceived as different from oneself on attributes consistent with the divergence, the tendency to narrow the range of comparability becomes stronger.
9. When there is a range of opinion or ability in a group, the relative strength of the three manifestations of pressures toward uniformity will be different for those who are close to the mode of the group than those who are distant from the mode. Specifically, those close to the mode of the group will have stronger tendencies to change the positions of others, relatively weaker tendencies to narrow the range of comparison, and much weaker tendencies to change their position compared to those who are distant from the mode of the group.
When Prophecy Fails
Festinger and his collaborators, Henry Riecken and Stanley Schachter, examined conditions under which disconfirmation of beliefs leads to increased conviction in such beliefs in the 1956 book When Prophecy Fails. The group studied a small apocalyptic cult led by Dorothy Martin (under the pseudonym Marian Keech in the book), a suburban housewife. Martin claimed to have received messages from "the Guardians," a group of superior beings from another planet called 'Clarion.' The messages purportedly said that a flood spreading to form an inland sea stretching from the Arctic Circle to the Gulf of Mexico would destroy the world on December 21, 1954. The three psychologists and several more assistants joined the group. The team observed the group firsthand for months before and after the predicted apocalypse. Many of the group members quit their jobs and disposed of their possessions in preparation for the apocalypse. When doomsday came and went, Martin claimed that the world had been spared because of the "force of Good and light" that the group members had spread. Rather than abandoning their discredited beliefs, group members adhered to them even more strongly and began proselytizing with fervor.
Festinger and his co-authors concluded that the following conditions lead to increased conviction in beliefs following disconfirmation:
1. The belief must be held with deep conviction and be relevant to the believer's actions or behavior.
2. The belief must have produced actions that are arguably difficult to undo.
3. The belief must be sufficiently specific and concerned with the real world such that it can be clearly disconfirmed.
4. The disconfirmatory evidence must be recognized by the believer.
5. The believer must have social support from other believers.
Festinger also later described the increased conviction and proselytizing by cult members after disconfirmation as a specific instantiation of cognitive dissonance (i.e., increased proselytizing reduced dissonance by producing the knowledge that others also accepted their beliefs) and its application to understanding complex, mass phenomena.
The observations reported in When Prophecy Fails were the first experimental evidence for belief perseverance.
Cognitive dissonance
Festinger's seminal 1957 work integrated existing research literature on influence and social communication under his theory of cognitive dissonance. The theory was motivated by a study of rumors immediately following a severe earthquake in India in 1934. Among people who felt the shock but sustained no damage from the earthquake, rumors were widely circulated and accepted about even worse disasters to come. Although seemingly counter-intuitive that people would choose to believe "fear-provoking" rumors, Festinger reasoned that these rumors were actually "fear-justifying." The rumors functioned to reduce the inconsistency of people's feelings of fear despite not directly experiencing the effects of the earthquake by giving people a reason to be fearful.
Festinger described the basic hypotheses of cognitive dissonance as follows:
1. The existence of dissonance [or inconsistency], being psychologically uncomfortable, will motivate the person to try to reduce the dissonance and achieve consonance [or consistency].
2. When dissonance is present, in addition to trying to reduce it, the person will actively avoid situations and information which would likely increase the dissonance.
Dissonance reduction can be achieved by changing cognition by changing actions, or selectively acquiring new information or opinions. To use Festinger's example of a smoker who has knowledge that smoking is bad for his health, the smoker may reduce dissonance by choosing to quit smoking, by changing his thoughts about the effects of smoking (e.g., smoking is not as bad for your health as others claim), or by acquiring knowledge pointing to the positive effects of smoking (e.g., smoking prevents weight gain).
Festinger and James M. Carlsmith published their classic cognitive dissonance experiment in 1959. In the experiment, subjects were asked to perform an hour of boring and monotonous tasks (i.e., repeatedly filling and emptying a tray with 12 spools and turning 48 square pegs in a board clockwise). Some subjects, who were led to believe that their participation in the experiment had concluded, were then asked to perform a favor for the experimenter by telling the next participant, who was actually a confederate, that the task was extremely enjoyable. Dissonance was created for the subjects performing the favor, as the task was in fact boring. Half of the paid subjects were given $1 for the favor, while those of the other half received $20. As predicted by Festinger and Carlsmith, those paid $1 reported the task to be more enjoyable than those paid $20. Those paid $1 were forced to reduce dissonance by changing their opinions of the task to produce consonance with their behavior of reporting that the task was enjoyable. The subjects paid $20 experienced less dissonance, as the large payment provided consonance with their behavior; they therefore rated the task as less enjoyable and their ratings were similar to those who were not asked to perform the dissonance-causing favor.
Legacy
Social comparison theory and cognitive dissonance have been described by other psychologists as "the two most fruitful theories in social psychology." Cognitive dissonance has been variously described as "social psychology's most notable achievement," "the most important development in social psychology to date," and a theory without which "social psychology would not be what it is today." Cognitive dissonance spawned decades of related research, from studies focused on further theoretical refinement and development to domains as varied as decision making, the socialization of children, and color preference.
In addition, Festinger is credited with the ascendancy of laboratory experimentation in social psychology as one who "converted the experiment into a powerful scientific instrument with a central role in the search for knowledge." An obituary published by the American Psychologist stated that it was "doubtful that experimental psychology would exist at all" without Festinger. Yet it seems that Festinger was wary about burdensome demands for greater empirical precision. Warning against the dangers of such demands when theoretical concepts are not yet fully developed, Festinger stated, "Research can increasingly address itself to minor unclarities in prior research rather than to larger issues; people can lose sight of the basic problems because the field becomes defined by the ongoing research." He also stressed that laboratory experimentation "cannot exist by itself," but that "there should be an active interrelation between laboratory experimentation and the study of real-life situations." Also, while Festinger is praised for his theoretical rigor and experimental approach to social psychology, he is regarded as having contributed to "the estrangement between basic and applied social psychology in the United States." He "became a symbol of the tough-minded, theory-oriented, pure experimental scientist," while Ron Lippitt, a fellow faculty member at Lewin's Research Center for Group Dynamics with whom Festinger often clashed, "became a symbol of the fuzzy-minded, do-gooder, practitioner of applied social psychology."
One of the greatest impacts of Festinger's studies lies in their "depict[ion] of social behavior as the responses of a thinking organism continually acting to bring order into his world, rather than as the blind impulses of a creature of emotion and habit," as cited in his Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award. Behaviorism, which had dominated psychology until that time, characterized man as a creature of habit conditioned by stimulus-response reinforcement processes. Behaviorists focused only on the observable, i.e., behavior and external rewards, with no reference to cognitive or emotional processes. Theories like cognitive dissonance could not be explained in behaviorist terms. For example, liking was simply a function of reward according to behaviorism, so greater reward would produce greater liking; Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment clearly demonstrated greater liking with lower reward, a result that required the acknowledgement of cognitive processes. With Festinger's theories and the research that they generated, "the monolithic grip that reinforcement theory had held on social psychology was effectively and permanently broken."
Works
Allyn, J., & Festinger, L. (1961). Effectiveness of Unanticipated Persuasive Communications. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62(1), 35–40.
Back, K., Festinger, L., Hymovitch, B., Kelley, H., Schachter, S., & Thibaut, J. (1950). The methodology of studying rumor transmission. Human Relations, 3(3), 307–312.
Brehm, J., & Festinger, L. (1957). Pressures toward uniformity of performance in groups. Human Relations, 10(1), 85–91.
Cartwright, D., & Festinger, L. (1943). A quantitative theory of decision. Psychological Review, 50, 595–621.
Coren, S., & Festinger, L. (1967). Alternative view of the "Gibson normalization effect". Perception & Psychophysics, 2(12), 621–626.
Festinger, L. (1942a). A theoretical interpretation of shifts in level of aspiration. Psychological Review, 49, 235–250.
Festinger, L. (1942b). Wish, expectation, and group standards as factors influencing level of aspiration. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 37, 184–200.
Festinger, L. (1943a). Development of differential appetite in the rat. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32(3), 226–234.
Festinger, L. (1943b). An exact test of significance for means of samples drawn from populations with an exponential frequency distribution. Psychometrika, 8, 153–160.
Festinger, L. (1943c). A statistical test for means of samples from skew populations. Psychometrika, 8, 205–210.
Festinger, L. (1943d). Studies in decision: I. Decision-time, relative frequency of judgment and subjective confidence as related to physical stimulus difference. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32(4), 291–306.
Festinger, L. (1943e). Studies in decision: II. An empirical test of a quantitative theory of decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32(5), 411–423.
Festinger, L. (1946). The significance of difference between means without reference to the frequency distribution function. Psychometrika, 11(2), 97–105.
Festinger, L. (1947a). The role of group belongingness in a voting situation. Human Relations, 1(2), 154–180.
Festinger, L. (1947b). The treatment of qualitative data by scale analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 44(2), 149–161.
Festinger, L. (1949). The analysis of sociograms using matrix algebra. Human Relations, 2(2), 153–158.
Festinger, L. (1950). Informal social communication. Psychological Review, 57(5), 271–282.
Festinger, L. (1950b). Psychological Statistics. Psychometrika, 15(2), 209–213.
Festinger, L. (1951). Architecture and group membership. Journal of Social Issues, 7(1–2), 152–163.
Festinger, L. (1952). Some consequences of de-individuation in a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47(2), 382–389.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117–140.
Festinger, L. (1955a). Handbook of social psychology, vol 1, Theory and method, vol 2, Special fields and applications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 39(5), 384–385.
Festinger, L. (1955b). Social psychology and group processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 6, 187–216.
Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Festinger, L. (1959a). Sampling and related problems in research methodology. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 64(2), 358–369.
Festinger, L. (1959b). Some attitudinal consequences of forced decisions. Acta Psychologica, 15, 389–390.
Festinger, L. (1961). The psychological effects of insufficient rewards. American Psychologist, 16(1), 1–11.
Festinger, L. (1962). Cognitive dissonance. Scientific American, 207(4), 93–107.
Festinger, L. (1964). Behavioral support for opinion change. Public Opinion Quarterly, 28(3), 404–417.
Festinger, L. (Ed.). (1980). Retrospections on Social Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Festinger, L. (1983). The Human Legacy. New York: Columbia University Press.
Festinger, L. (1981). Human nature and human competence. Social Research, 48(2), 306–321.
Festinger, L., & Canon, L. K. (1965). Information about spatial location based on knowledge about efference. Psychological Review, 72(5), 373–384.
Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58(2), 203–210.
Festinger, L., Cartwright, D., Barber, K., Fleischl, J., Gottsdanker, J., Keysen, A., & Leavitt, G. (1948). A study of rumor transition: Its origin and spread. Human Relations, 1(4), 464–486.
Festinger, L., Gerard, H., Hymovitch, B., Kelley, H. H., & Raven, B. (1952). The influence process in the presence of extreme deviates. Human Relations, 5(4), 327–346.
Festinger, L., & Holtzman, J. D. (1978). Retinal image smear as a source of information about magnitude of eye-movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance, 4(4), 573–585.
Festinger, L., & Hutte, H. A. (1954). An experimental investigation of the effect of unstable interpersonal relations in a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49(4), 513–522.
Festinger, L., & Katz, D. (Eds.). (1953). Research methods in the behavioral sciences. New York, NY: Dryden.
Festinger, L., & Maccoby, N. (1964). On resistance to persuasive communications. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68(4), 359–366.
Festinger, L., Riecken, H. W., & Schachter, S. (1956). When Prophecy Fails. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Festinger, L., Schachter, S., & Back, K. (1950). Social Pressures in Informal Groups: A Study of Human Factors in Housing. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Festinger, L., Sedgwick, H. A., & Holtzman, J. D. (1976). Visual-perception during smooth pursuit eye-movements. Vision Research, 16(12), 1377–1386.
Festinger, L., & Thibaut, J. (1951). Interpersonal communication in small groups. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46(1), 92–99.
Festinger, L., Torrey, J., & Willerman, B. (1954). Self-evaluation as a function of attraction to the group. Human Relations, 7(2), 161–174.
Hertzman, M., & Festinger, L. (1940). Shifts in explicit goals in a level of aspiration experiment. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27(4), 439–452.
Hochberg, J., & Festinger, L. (1979). Is there curvature adaptation not attributable to purely intravisual phenomena. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2(1), 71–71.
Hoffman, P. J., Festinger, L., & Lawrence, D. H. (1954). Tendencies toward group comparability in competitive bargaining. Human Relations, 7(2), 141–159.
Holtzman, J. D., Sedgwick, H. A., & Festinger, L. (1978). Interaction of perceptually monitored and unmonitored efferent commands for smooth pursuit eye movements. Vision Research, 18(11), 1545–1555.
Komoda, M. K., Festinger, L., & Sherry, J. (1977). The accuracy of two-dimensional saccades in the absence of continuing retinal stimulation. Vision Research, 17(10), 1231–1232.
Miller, J., & Festinger, L. (1977). Impact of oculomotor retraining on visual-perception of curvature. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance, 3(2), 187–200.
Schachter, S., Festinger, L., Willerman, B., & Hyman, R. (1961). Emotional disruption and industrial productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 45(4), 201–213.
See also
Belief perseverance
Cognitive dissonance
Elliot Aronson
Kurt Lewin
Propinquity
Social comparison theory
Social psychology
Stanley Schachter
The Great Disappointment
When Prophecy Fails
Notes
References
American Psychological Association. (1959). Distinguished Scientific Contribution Awards. The American Psychologist, 14(12), 784–793.
Aronson, E. (1980). In L. Festinger (Ed.), Retrospections on Social Psychology (pp. 236–254). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Aronson, E. (1991). Leon Festinger and the art of audacity. Psychological Science, 2(4), 213–217.
Cartwright, D., & Festinger, L. (1943). A quantitative theory of decision. Psychological Review, 50, 595–621.
Deutsch, M. (1999). A personal perspective on the development of social psychology in the twentieth century. In Rodriguez, A. and Levine, R. V. (Eds.), Reflections on 100 Years of Experimental Social Psychology (pp. 1–34) New York, NY: Basic Books.
Greenwald, A. G., & Ronis, D. L. (1978). Twenty years of cognitive dissonance: Case study of the evolution of a theory. Psychological Review, 85(1), 53–57.
Festinger, L. (1942). A theoretical interpretation of shifts in level of aspiration. Psychological Review, 49, 235–250.
Festinger, L. (1943a). A statistical test for means of samples from skew populations. Psychometrika, 8, 205–210.
Festinger, L. (1943b). An exact test of significance for means of samples drawn from populations with an exponential frequency distribution. Psychometrika, 8, 153–160.
Festinger, L. (1943c). Development of differential appetite in the rat. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32(3), 226–234.
Festinger, L. (1950). Informal social communication. Psychological Review, 57(5), 271–282.
Festinger, L. "Laboratory Experiments." In L. Festinger, & D. Katz (Eds.). (1953). Research methods in the behavioral sciences (pp. 137–172). New York, NY: Dryden.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117–140.
Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Festinger, L. (1980) "Looking Backward." In L. Festinger (Ed.), Retrospections on Social Psychology (pp. 236–254). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Festinger, L. (1983). The Human Legacy. New York: Columbia University Press.
Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58 (2), 203–210.
Festinger, L., Schachter, S., & Back, K. (1950). Social Pressures in Informal Groups: A Study of Human Factors in Housing. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Gazzaniga, M. S. (2006). Leon Festinger: Lunch With Leon. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(1), 88–94.
Schachter, S. "Leon Festinger." (1994). In Biographical Memoirs V.64 (pp. 97–110). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Schachter, S., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (Eds.). (1989). Extending Psychological Frontiers: Selected Works of Leon Festinger. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
Zanjonc, R. B. (1991). Obituaries: Leon Festinger (1919–1989). The American Psychologist, 45(5), 661–662.
Zukier, H. (1989). "Introduction." In Schachter, S., & Gazzaniga, M. S. (Eds.), Extending Psychological Frontiers: Selected Works of Leon Festinger (pp. xi–xxiv). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
External links
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
1919 births
1989 deaths
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
University of Iowa alumni
Jewish American social scientists
Jewish American atheists
American atheists
American social psychologists
Vision scientists
20th-century American psychologists
The New School faculty
University of Michigan faculty
University of Minnesota faculty
Boys High School (Brooklyn) alumni
City College of New York alumni
20th-century American non-fiction writers
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Анья (Верхня Луара)
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Анья (Верхня Луара)
Анья — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Овернь-Рона-Альпи, департамент Верхня Луара. Населення — .
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Муніципалітети департаменту Верхня Луара
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2651878
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4
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Дрежник-Град
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Дрежник-Град — населений пункт у Хорватії, у Карловацькій жупанії у складі громади Раковиця.
Населення
Населення за даними перепису 2011 року становило 354 осіб.
Динаміка чисельності населення поселення:
Примітки
Населені пункти Хорватії
Карловацька жупанія
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2067
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%20Arbor%2C%20Michigan
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Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Ann Arbor, Michigan
Ann Arbor is a city in and the county seat of Washtenaw County, Michigan, United States. The 2020 census recorded its population to be 123,851, making it the fifth-most populous city in Michigan. It is the principal city of the Ann Arbor metropolitan area, which encompasses all of Washtenaw County and had 372,258 residents in 2020. Ann Arbor is also included in the Metro Detroit combined statistical area and the Great Lakes megalopolis.
Ann Arbor is home to the University of Michigan. The university significantly shapes Ann Arbor's economy as it employs about 30,000 workers, including about 12,000 in its medical center. The city's economy is also centered on high technology, with several companies drawn to the area by the university's research and development infrastructure.
Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by John Allen and Elisha Rumsey. It was named after the wives of the village's founders, both named Ann, and the stands of bur oak trees they found at the site of the town. The city's population grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century.
History
Before founding as Ann Arbor
The lands of present-day Ann Arbor were part of Massachusetts's western claim after the French and Indian War (1754–1763), bounded by the latitudes of Massachusetts Bay Colony's original charter, to which it was entitled by its interpretation of its original sea-to-sea grant from The British Crown. Massachusetts ceded the claim to the federal government as part of the Northwest Territory after April 19, 1785.
In about 1774, the Potawatomi founded two villages in the area of what is now Ann Arbor.
19th century
Ann Arbor was founded in 1824 by land speculators John Allen and Elisha Walker Rumsey. On May 25, 1824, the town plat was registered with Wayne County as the Village of Annarbour, the earliest known use of the town's name. Allen and Rumsey decided to name it for their wives, both named Ann, and for the stands of bur oak in the of land they purchased for $800 from the federal government at $1.25 per acre. The local Ojibwa named the settlement kaw-goosh-kaw-nick, after the sound of Allen's sawmill.
Ann Arbor became the seat of Washtenaw County in 1827 and was incorporated as a village in 1833. The Ann Arbor Land Company, a group of speculators, set aside of undeveloped land and offered it to the state of Michigan as the site of the state capitol, but lost the bid to Lansing. In 1837, the property was accepted instead as the site of the University of Michigan.
Since the university's establishment in the city in 1837, the histories of the University of Michigan and Ann Arbor have been closely linked. The town became a regional transportation hub in 1839 with the arrival of the Michigan Central Railroad, and a north–south railway connecting Ann Arbor to Toledo and other markets to the south was established in 1878. Throughout the 1840s and the 1850s settlers continued to come to Ann Arbor. While the earlier settlers were primarily of British ancestry, the newer settlers also consisted of Germans, Irish, and Black people. In 1851, Ann Arbor was chartered as a city, though the city showed a drop in population during the Depression of 1873. It was not until the early 1880s that Ann Arbor again saw robust growth, with new immigrants from Greece, Italy, Russia, and Poland.
20th century
Ann Arbor saw increased growth in manufacturing, particularly in milling. Ann Arbor's Jewish community also grew after the turn of the 20th century, and its first and oldest synagogue, Beth Israel Congregation, was established in 1916.
In 1960, Ann Arbor voters approved a $2.3 million bond issue to build the current city hall, which was designed by architect Alden B. Dow. The City Hall opened in 1963. In 1995, the building was renamed the Guy C. Larcom, Jr. Municipal Building in honor of the longtime city administrator who championed the building's construction.
During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as an important center for liberal politics. Ann Arbor also became a locus for left-wing activism and anti-Vietnam War movement, as well as the student movement. The first major meetings of the national left-wing campus group Students for a Democratic Society took place in Ann Arbor in 1960; in 1965, the city was home to the first U.S. teach-in against the Vietnam War. During the ensuing 15 years, many countercultural and New Left enterprises sprang up and developed large constituencies within the city. These influences washed into municipal politics during the early and mid-1970s when three members of the Human Rights Party (HRP) won city council seats on the strength of the student vote. During their time on the council, HRP representatives fought for measures including pioneering antidiscrimination ordinances, measures decriminalizing marijuana possession, and a rent-control ordinance; many of these progressive organizations remain in effect today in modified form.
Two religious-conservative institutions were created in Ann Arbor; the Word of God (established in 1967), a charismatic inter-denominational movement; and the Thomas More Law Center (established in 1999).
Since 1998, Ann Arbor is also the home office of the Anthroposophical Society in the United States, an organization dedicated to supporting the community of those interested in the inner path of schooling known as anthroposophy, developed by Rudolf Steiner.
Following a 1956 vote, the city of East Ann Arbor merged with Ann Arbor to encompass the eastern sections of the city.
21st century
In the past several decades, Ann Arbor has grappled with the effects of sharply rising land values, gentrification, and urban sprawl stretching into outlying countryside. On November 4, 2003, voters approved a greenbelt plan under which the city government bought development rights on agricultural parcels of land adjacent to Ann Arbor to preserve them from sprawling development. Since then, a vociferous local debate has hinged on how and whether to accommodate and guide development within city limits. Ann Arbor consistently ranks in the "top places to live" lists published by various mainstream media outlets every year.
In 2016, the city changed mayoral terms from two years to four. Until 2017, City Council held annual elections in which half of the seats (one from each ward) were elected to 2-year terms. These elections were staggered, with each ward having one of its seats up for election in odd years and its other seat up for election in even years. Beginning in 2018 the city council has had staggered elections to 4-year terms in even years. This means that half of the members (one from each ward) are elected in presidential election years, while the other half are elected in mid-term election years. To facilitate this change in scheduling, the 2017 election elected members to terms that lasted 3-years.
In 2020, partly as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the city government opened several downtown streets to pedestrians, limiting their use by motor vehicles to emergency vehicles during summertime weekends. In addition to providing a large pedestrian mall, these changes allow restaurants to use more of the sidewalks and part of the street for outdoor seating. These changes were popular enough that in 2021 the city council extended the dates from March to November, continuing the schedule of cordoning off cars from Thursday evening until Monday morning.
Geography
Ann Arbor is located along the Huron River, which flows southeast through the city on its way to Lake Erie. It is the central core of the Ann Arbor, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area, which consists of the whole of Washtenaw County, but is also a part of the Metro Detroit Combined Statistical Area designated by the U.S. Census Bureau. While it borders only Townships, the built-up nature of the sections of Pittsfield and Ypsilanti townships between Ann Arbor and the city of Ypsilanti make the two effectively a single urban area.
Landscape
The landscape of Ann Arbor consists of hills and valleys, with the terrain becoming steeper near the Huron River. The elevation ranges from about along the Huron River to on the city's west side, near the intersection of Maple Road and Pauline Blvd. Ann Arbor Municipal Airport, which is south of the city at , has an elevation of .
Ann Arbor is nicknamed "Tree Town", both due to its name and to the dense forestation of its parks and residential areas. The city contains more than 50,000 trees along its streets and an equal number in parks. In recent years, the emerald ash borer has destroyed many of the city's approximately 10,500 ash trees. The city contains 157 municipal parks ranging from small neighborhood green spots to large recreation areas. Several large city parks and a university park border sections of the Huron River. Fuller Recreation Area, near the University Hospital complex, contains sports fields, pedestrian and bike paths, and swimming pools. The Nichols Arboretum, owned by the University of Michigan, is a arboretum that contains hundreds of plant and tree species. It is on the city's east side, near the university's Central Campus. Located across the Huron River just beyond the university's North Campus is the university's Matthaei Botanical Gardens, which contains 300 acres of gardens and a large tropical conservatory as well as a wildflower garden specializing in the vegetation of the southern Great Lakes Region.
Cityscape
The cityscape of Ann Arbor is heavily influenced by the University of Michigan, with 22% of downtown and 9.4% of the total land owned by the university.
Downtown
The downtown Central Campus contains some of the oldest extant structures in the city — including the President's House, built in 1840 — and separates the South University District from the other three downtown commercial districts. These other three districts, Kerrytown, State Street, and Main Street are contiguous near the northwestern corner of the university.
Major landmarks in downtown Ann Arbor include the Michigan Theater, The Diag, and Tower Plaza, Ann Arbor's tallest building. Downtown is also home to several Fairy Doors and other public art installations.
Downtown Ann Arbor is a frequent host of many large events, including the award-winning Ann Arbor Art Fairs. These events are often accompanied by the conversion of many downtown streets to pedestrian malls. In 2021 the city council launched a social district downtown, allowing visitors to carry alcoholic beverages between different businesses in the district.
Other areas
Three commercial areas south of downtown include the areas near I-94 and Ann Arbor-Saline Road, Briarwood Mall, and the South Industrial area. Other commercial areas include the Arborland/Washtenaw Avenue and Packard Road merchants on the east side, the Plymouth Road area in the northeast, and the Westgate/West Stadium areas on the west side. Downtown contains a mix of 19th- and early-20th-century structures and modern-style buildings, as well as a farmers' market in the Kerrytown district. The city's commercial districts are composed mostly of two- to four-story structures, although downtown and the area near Briarwood Mall contain a small number of high-rise buildings.
Ann Arbor's residential neighborhoods contain architectural styles ranging from classic 19th- and early 20th-century designs to ranch-style houses. Among these homes are a number of kit houses built in the early 20th century. Contemporary-style houses are farther from the downtown district. Surrounding the University of Michigan campus are houses and apartment complexes occupied primarily by student renters. Tower Plaza, a 26-story condominium building located between the University of Michigan campus and downtown, is the tallest building in Ann Arbor. The 19th-century buildings and streetscape of the Old West Side neighborhood have been preserved virtually intact; in 1972, the district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), and it is further protected by city ordinances and a nonprofit preservation group.
Climate
Ann Arbor has a typically Midwestern humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), which is influenced by the Great Lakes. There are four distinct seasons: winters are cold and snowy, with average highs around . Summers are warm to hot and humid, with average highs around and with slightly more precipitation. Spring and autumn are transitional between the two. The area experiences lake effect weather, primarily in the form of increased cloudiness during late fall and early winter. The monthly daily average temperature in July is , while the same figure for January is . Temperatures reach or exceed on 10 days, and drop to or below on 4.6 nights. Precipitation tends to be the heaviest during the summer months, but most frequent during winter. Snowfall, which normally occurs from November to April but occasionally starts in October, averages per season. The lowest recorded temperature was on February 11, 1885, and the highest recorded temperature was on July 24, 1934.
Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 U.S. Census, there were 123,851 people and 49,948 households residing in the city. The population density was , making it less densely populated than Detroit proper and its inner-ring suburbs like Oak Park and Ferndale, but more densely populated than outer-ring suburbs like Livonia and Troy. The racial makeup of the city including Hispanics in the racial categories was 67.6% White, 6.8% Black, 0.2% Native American, 15.7% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 1.8% from other races, and 7.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race made up 5.5% of the population. Ann Arbor has a small population of Arab Americans, including students as well as local Lebanese and Palestinians.
2010 census
As of the 2010 U.S. Census, there were 113,934 people, 20,502 families, and 47,060 households residing in the city. The population density was . The racial makeup of the city was 73.0% White (70.4% non-Hispanic White), 7.7% Black, 0.3% Native American, 14.4% Asian, 0.0% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 1.0% from other races, and 3.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race made up 4.1% of the population.
In 2013, Ann Arbor had the second-largest community of Japanese citizens in the state of Michigan, at 1,541; this figure trailed only that of Novi, which had 2,666 Japanese nationals.
In 2010, out of 47,060 households, 43.6% were family households, 20.1% had individuals under the age of 18 living in them, and 17.0% had individuals over age 65 living in them. Of the 20,502 family households, 19.2% included children under age 18, 34.2% were husband-wife families (estimates did not include same-sex married couples), and 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present. The average household size was 2.17 people, and the average family size was 2.85 people. The median age was 27.8; 14.4% of the population was under age 18, and 9.3% was age 65 or older. By the 2022 American Community Survey, the percentage of married couple households was 33.8%, while male householders with no spouse present (family households) were 26.1%, and female householders with no spouse present (family households) were 30.4%.
According to the 2012–2016 American Community Survey estimates, the median household income was $57,697, and the median family income was $95,528. Males over age 25 and with earnings had a median income of $51,682, versus $39,203 for females. The per capita income for the city was $37,158. Nearly a quarter (23.4%) of people and 6.7% of families had incomes below the poverty level.
Crime
In 2015, Ann Arbor was ranked 11th safest among cities in Michigan with a population of over 50,000. It ranked safer than cities such as Royal Oak, Livonia, Canton and Clinton Township. The level of most crimes in Ann Arbor has fallen significantly in the past 20 years. In 1995 there were 294 aggravated assaults, 132 robberies and 43 rapes while in 2015 there were 128 aggravated assaults, 42 robberies and 58 rapes (under the revised definition).
Ann Arbor's crime rate was below the national average in 2000. The violent crime rate was further below the national average than the property crime rate; the two rates were 48% and 11% lower than the U.S. average, respectively.
Economy
The University of Michigan shapes Ann Arbor's economy significantly. It employs about 30,000 workers, including about 12,000 in the medical center. Other employers are drawn to the area by the university's research and development money, and by its graduates. High tech, health services and biotechnology are other major components of the city's economy; numerous medical offices, laboratories, and associated companies are located in the city. Automobile manufacturers, such as General Motors and Visteon, also employ residents.
High tech companies have located in the area since the 1930s, when International Radio Corporation introduced the first mass-produced AC/DC radio (the Kadette, in 1931) as well as the first pocket radio (the Kadette Jr., in 1933). The Argus camera company, originally a subsidiary of International Radio, manufactured cameras in Ann Arbor from 1936 to the 1960s. Current firms include Arbor Networks (provider of Internet traffic engineering and security systems), Arbortext (provider of XML-based publishing software), JSTOR (the digital scholarly journal archive), MediaSpan (provider of software and online services for the media industries), Truven Health Analytics, and ProQuest, which includes UMI. Ann Arbor Terminals manufactured a video-display terminal called the Ann Arbor Ambassador during the 1980s. Barracuda Networks, which provides networking, security, and storage products based on network appliances and cloud services, opened an engineering office in Ann Arbor in 2008 on Depot St. and currently occupies the building previously used as the Borders headquarters on Maynard Street. Duo Security, a cloud-based access security provider protecting thousands of organizations worldwide through two-factor authentication, is headquartered in Ann Arbor. It was formerly a unicorn and continues to be headquartered in Ann Arbor after its acquisition by Cisco Systems. In November 2021, semiconductor test equipment company KLA Corporation opened a new North American headquarters in Ann Arbor.
Websites and online media companies in or near the city include All Media Guide, the Weather Underground, and Zattoo. Ann Arbor is the home to Internet2 and the Merit Network, a not-for-profit research and education computer network. Both are located in the South State Commons 2 building on South State Street, which once housed the Michigan Information Technology Center Foundation. The city is also home to a secondary office of Google's AdWords program—the company's primary revenue stream. The recent surge in companies operating in Ann Arbor has led to a decrease in its office and flex space vacancy rates. As of December 31, 2012, the total market vacancy rate for office and flex space is 11.80%, a 1.40% decrease in vacancy from one year previous, and the lowest overall vacancy level since 2003. The office vacancy rate decreased to 10.65% in 2012 from 12.08% in 2011, while the flex vacancy rate decreased slightly more, with a drop from 16.50% to 15.02%.
As of 2022, Ann Arbor is home to more than twenty video game and XR studios of varying sizes. The city plays host to a regional chapter of the International Game Developers Association (IGDA) which hosts monthly meetups, presentations, and educational events.
Pfizer, once the city's second-largest employer, operated a large pharmaceutical research facility on the northeast side of Ann Arbor. On January 22, 2007, Pfizer announced it would close operations in Ann Arbor by the end of 2008. The facility was previously operated by Warner-Lambert and, before that, Parke-Davis. In December 2008, the University of Michigan Board of Regents approved the purchase of the facilities, and the university anticipates hiring 2,000 researchers and staff during the next 10 years. It is now known as North Campus Research Complex. The city is the home of other research and engineering centers, including those of Lotus Engineering, General Dynamics and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Other research centers sited in the city are the United States Environmental Protection Agency's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory and the Toyota Technical Center. The city is also home to National Sanitation Foundation International (NSF International), the nonprofit non-governmental organization that develops generally accepted standards for a variety of public health related industries and subject areas.
Borders Books, started in Ann Arbor, was opened by brothers Tom and Louis Borders in 1971 with a stock of used books. The Borders chain was based in the city, as was its flagship store until it closed in September 2011. Domino's Pizza's headquarters is near Ann Arbor on Domino's Farms, a Frank Lloyd Wright-inspired complex just northeast of the city. Another Ann Arbor-based company is Zingerman's Delicatessen, which serves sandwiches and has developed businesses under a variety of brand names. Zingerman's has grown into a family of companies which offers a variety of products (bake shop, mail order, creamery, coffee) and services (business education). Flint Ink Corp., another Ann Arbor-based company, was the world's largest privately held ink manufacturer until it was acquired by Stuttgart-based XSYS Print Solutions in October 2005. Avfuel, a global supplier of aviation fuels and services, is also headquartered in Ann Arbor.
The controversial detective and private security firm, Pinkerton is headquartered in Ann Arbor, being located on 101 N Main St.
Many cooperative enterprises were founded in the city; among those that remain are the People's Food Co-op and the Inter-Cooperative Council at the University of Michigan, a student housing cooperative founded in 1937. There are also three cohousing communities—Sunward, Great Oak, and Touchstone—located immediately to the west of the city limits.
Arts and culture
Several performing arts groups and facilities are on the University of Michigan's campus, as are museums dedicated to art, archaeology, and natural history and sciences. Founded in 1879, the University Musical Society is an independent performing arts organization that presents over 60 events each year, bringing international artists in music, dance, and theater. Since 2001 Shakespeare in the Arb has presented one play by Shakespeare each June, in a large park near downtown. Regional and local performing arts groups not associated with the university include the Ann Arbor Civic Theatre, the Arbor Opera Theater, the Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra, the Ann Arbor Ballet Theater, the Ann Arbor Civic Ballet (established in 1954 as Michigan's first chartered ballet company), The Ark, and Performance Network Theatre. Another unique piece of artistic expression in Ann Arbor is the fairy doors. These small portals are examples of installation art and can be found throughout the downtown area.
The Ann Arbor Hands-On Museum is located in a renovated and expanded historic downtown fire station. Multiple art galleries exist in the city, notably in the downtown area and around the University of Michigan campus. Aside from a large restaurant scene in the Main Street, South State Street, and South University Avenue areas, Ann Arbor ranks first among U.S. cities in the number of booksellers and books sold per capita. The Ann Arbor District Library maintains four branch outlets in addition to its main downtown building. The city is also home to the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library.
Several annual events—many of them centered on performing and visual arts—draw visitors to Ann Arbor. One such event is the Ann Arbor Art Fairs, a set of four concurrent juried fairs held on downtown streets. Scheduled on Thursday through Sunday of the third week of July, the fairs draw upward of half a million visitors. Another is the Ann Arbor Film Festival, held during the third week of March, which receives more than 2,500 submissions annually from more than 40 countries and serves as one of a handful of Academy Award–qualifying festivals in the United States.
Ann Arbor has a long history of openness to marijuana, given Ann Arbor's decriminalization of cannabis, the large number of medical marijuana dispensaries in the city (one dispensary, called People's Co-op, was directly across the street from Michigan Stadium until zoning forced it to move one mile to the west), the large number of pro-marijuana residents, and the annual Hash Bash: an event that is held on the first Saturday of April. Until (at least) the successful passage of Michigan's medical marijuana law, the event had arguably strayed from its initial intent, although for years, a number of attendees have received serious legal responses due to marijuana use on University of Michigan property, which does not fall under the city's progressive and compassionate ticketing program.
Ann Arbor is a major center for college sports, most notably at the University of Michigan. Several well-known college sports facilities exist in the city, including Michigan Stadium, the largest American football stadium in the world and the third-largest stadium of any kind in the world. Michigan Stadium has a capacity of 107,601, with the final "extra" seat said to be reserved for and in honor of former athletic director and Hall of Fame football coach Fitz Crisler. The stadium was completed in 1927 and cost more than $950,000 to build. The stadium is colloquially known as "The Big House" due to its status as the largest American football stadium. Crisler Center and Yost Ice Arena play host to the school's basketball (both men's and women's) and ice hockey teams, respectively. Concordia University, a member of the NAIA, also fields sports teams.
Ann Arbor is represented in the NPSL by semi-pro soccer team AFC Ann Arbor, a club founded in 2014 who call themselves The Mighty Oak.
A person from Ann Arbor is called an "Ann Arborite", and many long-time residents call themselves "townies". The city itself is often called "A²" ("A-squared") or "A2" ("A two") or "AA", "The Deuce" (mainly by Chicagoans), and "Tree Town". With tongue-in-cheek reference to the city's liberal political leanings, some occasionally refer to Ann Arbor as "The People's Republic of Ann Arbor" or "25 square miles surrounded by reality", the latter phrase being adapted from Wisconsin Governor Lee Dreyfus's description of Madison, Wisconsin. In A Prairie Home Companion broadcast from Ann Arbor, Garrison Keillor described Ann Arbor as "a city where people discuss socialism, but only in the fanciest restaurants." Ann Arbor sometimes appears on citation indexes as an author, instead of a location, often with the academic degree MI, a misunderstanding of the abbreviation for Michigan.
Parks and recreation
The Ann Arbor department of Parks and Recreation manages over 160 parks within the city limits, such as Buhr Park. In addition, the University of Michigan operates several public green spaces, such as The Diag and Nichols Arboretum, and the county operates County Farm Park. Several other green spaces around Ann Arbor are privately owned or owned by government agencies such as Ann Arbor Public Schools.
The Federal building includes a public plaza at the corner of Fifth Ave. and Liberty St.
Government
As the county seat of Washtenaw County, the Washtenaw County Trial Court (22nd Circuit Court) is located in Ann Arbor at the Washtenaw County Courthouse on Main Street. Seven judges serve on the court. The 15th Michigan district court, which serves only the city itself, is located within the Ann Arbor Justice Center, immediately next to city hall. The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan and Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit are also located in downtown Ann Arbor, at the federal building on Liberty Street.
Local government
Ann Arbor has a council-manager form of government, with 11 voting members: the mayor and 10 city council members. Each of the city's five wards are represented by two council members, with the mayor elected at-large during midterm years. Half of the council members are elected in midterm years, with the other in general election years. The mayor is the presiding officer of the city council and has the power to appoint all council committee members as well as board and commission members, with the approval of the city council. The current mayor of Ann Arbor is Christopher Taylor, a Democrat who was elected as mayor in 2014. Day-to-day city operations are managed by a city administrator chosen by the city council.
Political issues
Progressive politics have been particularly strong in municipal government since the 1960s. Voters approved charter amendments that have lessened the penalties for possession of marijuana (1974), and that aim to protect access to abortion in the city should it ever become illegal in the State of Michigan (1990). In 1974, Kathy Kozachenko's victory in an Ann Arbor city-council race made her the country's first openly homosexual candidate to win public office. In 1975, Ann Arbor became the first U.S. city to use instant-runoff voting for a mayoral race. Adopted through a ballot initiative sponsored by the local Human Rights Party, which feared a splintering of the liberal vote, the process was repealed in 1976 after use in only one election. As of April 2021, Democrats hold the mayorship and all ten council seats.
Abortion
Anti-abortion protesters were outnumbered ten-to-one by abortion-rights counterprotesters in 2017. In 2019, The Diag hosted a Stop the Bans rally. In 2022 in the shadow of the Dobbs decision, the diag once again became a rallying point for abortion rights protests, drawing thousands of protesters, including US Rep. Debbie Dingell, Senator Debbie Stabenow, and Michigan Lt. Gov. Garlin Gilchrist.
Local politics
Ann Arbor residents have generally support both taxation and progressive causes locally. In 1974, a city survey found that a ⅔ majority of residents supported a city income tax.
Ann Arbor has two major political factions. In 2020, after the city council voted 7–4 to fire city administrator Howard Lazarus, several of the council members who voted to fire him lost their elections. In April 2021, the city council voted to strip Jeff Hayner of his committee assignments response to his use of homophobic and racist slurs, followed in June by a vote to ask him to resign. Hayner's ally on council, Elizabeth Nelson, defended Hayner, saying he "spoke the phonetic sounds without euphemism." Hayner did not run for re-election in 2022 and Nelson lost her primary to Dharma Akmon in a series of elections that gave the mayor's faction 11-0 control of city council.
A major source of this local divide is differences in views on the city's growth. In 2018, two council members sued the city over a council decision to sell a city-owned property downtown to a housing developer. Later that year, the city narrowly passed a proposal to keep that space as city owned property in perpetuity. In 2020, the city council enacted a resolution sponsored by then council members Anne Bannister and Jeff Hayner to form an advisory body for developing the roof of the parking structure into a city park. By late 2022, this advisory board had sent council a request to direct staff to evaluate the site for use for food truck rallies and other events. In April 2023, city staff responded to this request with a memorandum stating in part that "this site is not well-suited for use as a food truck rally or food truck installation and that it will require significant capital investment to bring the site up to a standard that would be safe, convenient, and attractive as a community event space."
The following city council meeting included public comments deriding the lack of progress from this advisory commission.
Gaza ceasefire
The Ann Arbor city Council passed a resolution calling for a "bilateral ceasefire" in Israel's war on Gaza on January 11, 2024, after almost 90 community members spoke in favor of the resolution.
Education
Primary and secondary education
Public schools are part of the Ann Arbor Public Schools (AAPS) district. AAPS has one of the country's leading music programs. In September 2008, 16,539 students had been enrolled in the Ann Arbor Public Schools. Notable schools include Pioneer, Huron, Skyline, Community high schools, Pathways to Success Academic Campus, and Ann Arbor Open School. The district has a preschool center with both free and tuition-based programs for preschoolers in the district. The University High School, a "demonstration school" with teachers drawn from the University of Michigan's education program, was part of the school system from 1924 to 1968.
Ann Arbor is home to several private schools, including Emerson School, the Father Gabriel Richard High School, Rudolf Steiner School of Ann Arbor (a PreK-12 Waldorf school), Clonlara School, Michigan Islamic Academy, and Greenhills School, a prep school. The city is also home to several charter schools such as Central Academy (Michigan) (PreK-12) of the Global Educational Excellence (GEE) charter school company, Washtenaw Technical Middle College, and Honey Creek Community School.
Higher education
The University of Michigan dominates the city of Ann Arbor, providing the city with its distinctive college-town character. University buildings are located in the center of the city and the campus is directly adjacent to the State Street and South University downtown areas.
Other local colleges and universities include Concordia University Ann Arbor, a Lutheran liberal-arts institution, and Cleary University, a private business school. Washtenaw Community College is located in neighboring Ann Arbor Township. In 2000, the Ave Maria School of Law, a Roman Catholic law school established by Domino's Pizza founder Tom Monaghan, opened in northeastern Ann Arbor, but the school moved to Ave Maria, Florida in 2009, and the Thomas M. Cooley Law School acquired the former Ave Maria buildings for use as a branch campus.
Media
The Ann Arbor News, owned by the Michigan-based Booth Newspapers chain, was the major newspaper serving Ann Arbor and the rest of Washtenaw County. The newspaper ended its 174-year daily print run in 2009, due to economic difficulties and began producing two printed editions a week under the name AnnArbor.com, It resumed using its former name in 2013. It also produces a daily digital edition named Mlive.com. Another Ann Arbor-based publication that has ceased production was the Ann Arbor Paper, a free monthly. Ann Arbor has been said to be the first significant city to lose its only daily paper. The Ann Arbor Chronicle, an online newspaper, covered local news, including meetings of the library board, county commission, and DDA until September 3, 2014.
Current publications in the city include the Ann Arbor Journal (A2 Journal), a weekly community newspaper; the Ann Arbor Observer, a free monthly local magazine; and Current, a free entertainment-focused alt-weekly. The Ann Arbor Business Review covers local business in the area. Car and Driver magazine and Automobile Magazine are also based in Ann Arbor. The University of Michigan is served by many student publications, including the independent Michigan Daily student newspaper, which reports on local, state, and regional issues in addition to campus news.
Four major AM radio stations based in or near Ann Arbor are WAAM 1600, a conservative news and talk station; WLBY 1290, a business news and talk station; WDEO 990, Catholic radio; and WTKA 1050, which is primarily a sports station. The city's FM stations include NPR affiliate WUOM 91.7; country station WWWW 102.9; and adult-alternative station WQKL 107.1. Freeform station WCBN-FM 88.3 is a local community radio/college radio station operated by the students of the University of Michigan featuring noncommercial, eclectic music and public-affairs programming. The city is also served by public and commercial radio broadcasters in Ypsilanti, the Lansing/Jackson area, Detroit, Windsor, and Toledo.
Ann Arbor is part of the Detroit television market. WPXD channel 31, the owned-and-operated Detroit outlet of the ION Television network, is licensed to the city. Until its sign-off on August 31, 2017, WHTV channel 18, a MyNetworkTV-affiliated station for the Lansing market, was broadcast from a transmitter in Lyndon Township, west of Ann Arbor. Community Television Network (CTN) is a city-provided cable television channel with production facilities open to city residents and nonprofit organizations. Detroit and Toledo-area radio and television stations also serve Ann Arbor, and stations from Lansing and Windsor, Ontario, can be seen in parts of the area.
Infrastructure
Healthcare
The University of Michigan Health System (UMHS) includes University Hospital, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital and Women's Hospital in its core complex. UMHS also operates out-patient clinics and facilities throughout the city. The area's other major medical centers include a large facility operated by the Department of Veterans Affairs in Ann Arbor, and Saint Joseph Mercy Hospital in nearby Superior Township.
Water treatment
The city provides sewage disposal and water supply services, with water coming from the Huron River and groundwater sources. There are two water-treatment plants, one main and three outlying reservoirs, four pump stations, and two water towers. These facilities serve the city, which is divided into five water districts. The city's water department also operates four dams along the Huron River—Argo, Barton, Geddes, and Superior—of which Barton and Superior provide hydroelectric power. The city also offers waste management services, with Recycle Ann Arbor handling recycling service. Other utilities are provided by private entities. Electrical power and gas are provided by DTE Energy. AT&T Inc. is the primary wired telephone service provider for the area. Cable TV service is primarily provided by Comcast.
A plume of the industrial solvent dioxane is migrating under the city from the contaminated Gelman Sciences, Inc. property on the westside of Ann Arbor. It is currently detected at 0.039 ppb. The Gelman plume is a potential threat to one of the City of Ann Arbor's drinking water sources, the Huron River, which flows through downtown Ann Arbor.
Transportation
Ann Arbor is considered one of the US's most walkable cities, with one sixth of Ann Arborites walking to work according to the 2020 census. Over 80,000 people commute into Ann Arbor each day from surrounding areas.
Non-motorized transportation
Ann Arbor has made efforts to reverse the trend of car-dependent development. In 2019, 36% of trips in Ann Arbor were taken by walking, biking or transit. In 2020, the city introduced a Healthy Streets program to encourage non-motorized transportation.
The Washtenaw county Border-to-Border Trail connects Ann Arbor to Ypsilanti, mostly along the Huron river, for pedestrians, bicycles and other non-motorized transportation. In 2017, Spin scooters started providing a scooter share program in Ann Arbor, expanding this to include dockless e-bikes in 2023.
Walkability
Ann Arbor has a gold designation by the Walk Friendly Communities program. Since 2011, the city's property taxes have included a provision for sidewalk maintenance and expansions, expanding the sidewalk network, filling sidewalk gaps, and repairing existing sidewalks. The city has created a sidewalk gap dashboard, which showed 143 miles of sidewalk gaps in May 2022. The outlying parts of the city and the township districts between Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti still contain markedly unwalkable areas.
Bicycle
Between 2019 and 2022 Ann Arbor's Downtown Development Authority built four two-way protected bikeways downtown. Early studies have shown a significant increase in bicycle use downtown since the construction of these bikeways. In 2023, the city reported over 900 bicycle parking spaces downtown, though this is still a small portion compared to the over 8,000 car parking spots for cars.
Public transit
The Ann Arbor Area Transportation Authority (AAATA), which brands itself as "TheRide", operates public bus services throughout the city and nearby Ypsilanti. The AATA operates the Blake Transit Center on Fourth Ave. in downtown Ann Arbor, and the Ypsilanti Transit Center. A separate zero-fare bus service operates within and between the University of Michigan campuses. Since April 2012, the "AirRide" connects to Detroit Metro Airport a dozen times a day.
Intercity buses
Greyhound Lines provides intercity bus service. The Michigan Flyer, a service operated by Indian Trails, cooperates with AAATA for their AirRide and additionally offers bus service to East Lansing. Megabus has direct service to Chicago, Illinois, while a bus service is provided by Amtrak for rail passengers making connections to services in East Lansing and Toledo, Ohio.
Railroads
The city was a major rail hub, notably for freight traffic between Toledo and ports north of Chicago, Illinois, from 1878 to 1982; however, the Ann Arbor Railroad also provided passenger service from 1878 to 1950, going northwest to Frankfort and Elberta on Lake Michigan and southeast to Toledo. (In Elberta connections to ferries across the Lake could be made.) The city was served by the Michigan Central Railroad starting in 1837. The Ann Arbor and Ypsilanti Street Railway, Michigan's first interurban, served the city from 1891 to 1929.
Amtrak, which provides service to the city at the Ann Arbor Train Station, operates the Wolverine train between Chicago and Pontiac, via Detroit. The present-day train station neighbors the city's old Michigan Central Depot, which was renovated as a restaurant in 1970.
Airports
Ann Arbor Municipal Airport is a small, city-run general aviation airport located south of I-94.
Roads and highways
The streets in downtown Ann Arbor conform to a grid pattern, though this pattern is less common in the surrounding areas. Major roads branch out from the downtown district like spokes on a wheel to the highways surrounding the city. The city is belted by three freeways: I-94, which runs along the southern and western portion of the city; U.S. Highway 23 (US 23), which primarily runs along the eastern edge of Ann Arbor; and M-14, which runs along the northern edge of the city. Other nearby highways include US 12 (Michigan Ave.), M-17 (Washtenaw Ave.), and M-153 (Ford Rd.). Several of the major surface arteries lead to the I-94/M-14 interchange in the west, US 23 in the east, and the city's southern areas.
Sister cities
Ann Arbor has seven sister cities:
Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (since 1965) The schools in Ann Arbor and Tübingen have regular exchanges.
Belize City, Belize (since 1967)
Hikone, Shiga, Japan (since 1969) The schools in Ann Arbor and Hikone have regular exchanges.
Peterborough, Ontario, Canada (since 1983)
Juigalpa, Chontales, Nicaragua (since 1986)
Dakar, Senegal (since 1997)
Remedios, Cuba (since 2003)
See also
Ann Arbor staging
Ardis Publishing
List of people from Ann Arbor
Iggy Pop
Notes
References
Works cited
Further reading
External links
City's official website
Ann Arbor Area Convention and Visitor's Bureau
Collection: "Ann Arbor and the University of Michigan" from the University of Michigan Museum of Art
Materials on Ann Arbor's history from HathiTrust
Populated places established in 1824
Academic enclaves
County seats in Michigan
Cities in Washtenaw County, Michigan
Metro Detroit
1824 establishments in Michigan Territory
Geographical articles missing image alternative text
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Будьонновка (Буландинський район)
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Будьонновка (Буландинський район)
Будьонновка — село у складі Буландинського району Акмолинської області Казахстану. Входить до складу Новобратського сільського округу.
Населення — 167 осіб (2021; 210 у 2009, 287 у 1999, 300 у 1989).
Національний склад станом на 1989 рік:
українці — 42 %;
росіяни — 41 %.
У радянські часи село також називалось Будьоновка.
Примітки
Джерела
Посилання
На Вікімапії
Населені пункти Буландинського району
Села Акмолинської області
Українські поселення Акмолинської області
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19314166
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy%20Shishkin
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Georgy Shishkin
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Georgy Shishkin (born January 25, 1948) is a Russian painter.
Biography
Born in Ekaterinburg (then Sverdlovsk), Russia, son of a first violinist of the orchestra of the musical theatre, from the age of six, Shishkin began violin classes. As a child he showed an early passion for drawing, and by his tenth year he was enrolled a fine art school. During his youth, he was deeply influenced by the atmosphere at his great-grandparents’ house, steeped with authentic Russian traditions conserved during the Soviet regime.
Young Shishkin travelled to the many old cities in his country. With his easel, he visited monasteries and paid close attention to the icons and frescoes. In the Vladimir Cathedral, an ex-capital of Russia, he was struck by the works of Andrei Rublev, considered the first Russian painter.
He was a graduate of the Ural State Academy of Architecture and Arts in his home town, in 1975, then a trainee at the Stroganov Moscow State University of Arts and Industry. Georgy Shishkin was a professor of drawing and painting for about 10 years at this academy where he started as a trainee.
From 1974 he took part in professional art exhibitions, while remaining at home in Socialist Realism.
In the same year, he won the national competition for young creators in Russia and participated in the Prestige Exposition in Moscow.
Experimentation with different techniques led him to favour pastel from 1980 and three years later he created his base preparation under the pastel.
In 1981, during his first personal exhibition, many of his paintings were acquired by the State Fine Arts Museum.
However, being multi-faceted, Georgy Shishkin made the interior decorations for the Ekaterinburg Opera Museum (1982–1985), with two large frescoes and a portrait gallery of the most famous soloists. The portrait of the ballet star Piotr Gusev was acquired by the Saint Petersburg State Museum of Theatre and Music.
At the same time, for nine years, the artist worked as an architect and several buildings were erected according to his plans.
In 1992, after travelling abroad, in Germany and the Netherlands, (from 1989), Georgy Shishkin, in a quest for his roots, began painting his “Russian Dreams” cycle of paintings. This cycle intended to express spiritual content by uniting abstraction and reality.
He was invited by the mayor of Saint Petersburq, Anatoly Sobchak, to show his works in the Russian State Museum.
As for the painting devoted to Chaliapin, it was presented to the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow.
His arrival in France (1993) and in Monaco (1995) led to a meeting with “White Russians” and a new impulse for his cycle.
Lord Alistair McAlpine, after his visit to the Shishkin exhibition in Paris, wrote an article about him titled "Painter who captured the enigma of Russia" in The European Magazine (21–27 September 1995), noting the great mastery of the painter and high quality of his works.
In 1999, Shishkin won the Taylor Foundation Prize.
At Christie's, during an auction in the Principality, one of his paintings reached fourth place among works of famous artists like Arman, Botero, Folon or Matta (Le Figaro, 20 March 1999).
Living in Monaco since 1998, the artist has participated in many humanitarian and charitable activities.
Georgy Shishkin’s works are found in museums and private collections in many countries, notably in the Prince Palace in Monaco, in the collection of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, in the collections of Luciano Pavarotti, Lord Alistair McAlpine, brothers Lords David and Frederick Barklay. The artist has made two series of paintings for the Royal Palace of H.M. Sheik Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan of Abu Dhabi.
Invited to design Monaco’s postage stamps in 2005, Shishkin won the competition for drawing the effigy in profile of H.R.H. Prince Albert II of Monaco.
In month May, 2009 in Monaco two postage stamps « Centenary of Ballets Russians of Diaghilev » went out, created by Georgy Shishkin. He received a congratulation from Mr Geoffrey Marsh, Director of Department of Theatre of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London.
Exhibitions
Personal exhibitions
1981 - Artists' Center, Ekaterinburg;
1982 - Art Museum, Irbit;
1983 - Central Exhibition Room, Tiumen;
1984 - Ural State Conservatoire, Ekaterinburg;
1987 - Central Arts Center, Moscow; - Central Literature Center, Moscow; - Physicists' town, Dubna; - Astronauts' town "Zvezdny"; - Central Architects' Center, Moscow;
1989 - Exhibition room of the Ministry of the Construction of Oil and Gas Products, Moscow;
1991 - Burg Vossloch Gallery, Hamburg, Germany; - Hall of the Soviet Supreme, Moscow;
1993 - Bolchoi Theater, Moscow; - Exhibition at the XIXe World Philosophy Congress, Moscow; - Exhibition at the IIe World Congress of Compatriots, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow;
1994 - "ADS" Gallery, Paris;
1995 - Trianon Palace, Versailles;
1997 - Grande Maison, Physicists' town, Bures-sur Yvettes, France;
1999 - Palais des Festivals, Cannes; - Atrium of Casino, Monte-Carlo, Monaco;
2000 - Exhibition "Russian Dreams", Gallery des Ponchettes, Nice; - Château-Museum, Auvers-sur-Oise;
2005 - Art 3 Gallery, Paris; - Grand Theater, Luxembourg; - Museum-Citadelle, Villefranche-sur-Mer;
2006 - Grimaldi Forum Monaco;
2008 - Exhibition, Center Universitaire Méditerranéen, Promenade des Anglais, Nice;
2009 - Exhibition "Centenary of Ballets Russians of Diaghilev", Espace Pierre Cardin, Paris; - Exhibition "A tribute to Nijinsky and the Ballets Russes", Monaco, Monegasque National IAA Committee with UNESCO – Visual Arts, 10, Quai Antoine I, 27 September (Heritage Days) - 26 October 2009;
2010 - Exhibition "Russian Dreams" of Georgy Shishkin in Paris, in the Year of Russia in France under the patronage of the French Academy;
2015 - Exhibition "Russian Dreams" of Georgy Shishkin in Monaco, in the Year of Russia in Monaco, Palais des Congres;
2017 - Exhibition "Russian Dreams" of Georgy Shishkin in the State Russian Museum in Saint Petersburg;
Exhibitions de groupe
1974 - Traditional Spring Exhibition, Artists' Center, Ekaterinburg; - Exhibition of the Works of the Students of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk; - National Exhibition of Young Artists, VDNKh, Moscow;
1980 - Regional Art Exhibition, State Gallery, Ekaterinburg;
1982 - National Exhibition, Central Exhibition Room "Carousel", Moscow; - "La Nouvelle Collection", Museum of Art, Ekaterinburg;
1987 - Exhibition Russian-American at the International Congress "Cooperation in Space in the name of Peace on Earth", International Trade Center Hammer, Moscow;
1989 - Autumn Art Exhibition, Gallery 28, Malaya Grouzinskaia, Moscow; - Art Exhibition International "Kunst und Kosmos", "Kö-Gallery", Düsseldorf;
1991 - "Russian Portrait", Artists' Center, Kouznietsky Bridge, Moscow; - "Art russe" (avec Kandinsky), "Burg Vossloch" Gallery, Hamburg; - Exhibition of the International Federation of UNESCO Artists, Central Exhibition Room "Carousel", Moscow;
1995 - "Les Artistes du Monde", Espace Montparnasse, Paris;
1998 - "XXIIe Prix International d’Art Contemporain de Monte-Carlo"; Monaco;
1999 - Christie’s (Monaco), Exhibition of 12 Artists: Arman, Botero, Chichkine, Folon, Matta...; - "Créateurs d’Aujourd’hui", organisé par "Arts Inter" (invité comme président d’honneur), Palais des Congres, Saint-Quay-Portrieux; - "Les Maîtres du Portrait contemporain", Museum of Art, Menton;
2000 - Gallery of Fondation Taylor, Paris;
2001 - "Ambassadeurs of Art European", Lincoln Center, New York;
2002 - EUROPASTEL (invité d’honneur), Cuneo, Italy;
2003 - Maison de Radio-France, Paris;
2004 - Château-Museum Grimaldi, Cagnes-sur-Mer;
2005 - Ie Exhibition Internationale of Pastel in Moscow, Central Arts Center;
2006 - Art en Capital, Grand Palais, Paris;
2007 - Ier Salon International of Pastel, Paris;
Works
interior decorations for the Ekaterinburg Opera Museum (1982–1985), with two large frescoes and a portrait gallery of the most famous soloists;
Cycle of pictures " Russians Dreams ";
Series of artists' portraits;
Pictures, dedicated to the Theatre: " Tribute to Chaliapin ", 1993; triptych " Tribute to Ballets Russians of Diaghilev ", 1997; " Tribute to Nijinsky ", 2000–2001; " Serge Lifar in Ikare ", 2005;
Stamps of Monaco;
Stamps of Russia;
Stamps
Stamps of Monaco
Invited to design Monaco’s postage stamps in 2005, Shishkin (CHICHKINE) won the competition for drawing the effigy in profile of H.R.H. Prince Albert II of Monaco.
"Salle Garnier" (Opéra de Monte-Carlo), block of six stamps, November 16, 2005.
"150th birthday of creation of l`Orchestre Philharmonic of Monte Carlo, 1856-2006", April 6, 2006.
"40th birthday of the Foundation Prince Pierre of Monaco", June 20, 2006.
Effigy in profile of H.S.H. Prince Albert II of Monaco, December 1, 2006.
"Europa: the scouting", diptych, May 4, 2007
"Johannes Brahms, 175 years old of the birth of the compositor", January 3, 2008.
"50th birthday of the Nobel prize of Literature to Boris Pasternak", April 8, 2008.
"48th Festival of Television of Monte Carlo", June 2, 2008.
"200th anniversary of the birth of Felix Mendelssohn", January 29, 2009.
"Centenary of Ballets Russians of Diaghilev", May 11, 2009
"150th anniversary of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov’s birth", December 4, 2010.
"Football in South Africa", Mars 4, 2010.
Block of H.S.H. Prince Albert II of Monaco' marriage to Miss Charlene Wittstock, July 1, 2011.
"50th anniversary of the first man to travel into outer space", September 28, 2011.
"Bicentenary of the birth of Theophile Gautier", October 10, 2011.
"150th anniversary of the birth of Claude Debussy", August 22, 2012.
"Centenary of the creation of the ballet "The Rite of Spring" by Stravinsky, May 22, 2013.
"Christmas 2013", October 30, 2013.
"2015 Russian Year in Monaco", January 7, 2015.
"175th anniversary of the birth of Tchaikovsky", September 10, 2015.
"150th anniversary of the birth of Arturo Toscanini", June 20, 2017.
"200th anniversary of the birth of Jacques Offenbach" , July 20, 2019.
"250th anniversary of the birth of Ludwig van Beethoven", June 11, 2020.
Stamps of Russia
"400th anniversary of the restoration of the unity of the Russian state", November 2, 2012. (winner of competition "The best stamp of Russia 2012")
"The 1150th anniversary of the mission Saints equal to the Apostles Cyril and Methodius to the Slavic countries", May 24, 2013. (winner of competition "The best stamp of Russia 2013")
"200th anniversary of the birth of Russian writer Ivan Turgenev", August 10, 2018.
"200th anniversary of the birth of Russian poet Afanasy Fet", July 16, 2020.
References
Publications
- "Gueorgui CHICHKINE/Georgy Shishkin" (fr./en.), peinture, graphique; Paris, 1995, avec une preface d'André Damien, membre de l'Institut de France, maire de Versalles, texte de Pierre-Marc Levergeois, écrivain, critique d'art.
- Alistair McAlpine "Painter who captured the enigma of Russia", London, "The European Magazine", 21–27 September 1995;
- Catalogue de l'exposition "XXIIème Prix International d’Art Contemporain de Monte-Carlo", 1998;
- Catalogue de l'exposition chez Christie’s de 12 peintres, Monaco, 1999;
- "WHO'S WHO IN INTERNATIONAL ART: les grands et nouveaux noms du Monde Artistique d'Aujo urd'hui" - International biographical art dictionary, 2000, p.: 36, 81, 94;
- Blandine Seigle "Les rêves pastel de Gueorgui Chichkine" (exposition au château-musée d'Auvers-sur-Oise), Le Parisien, November 2, 2000;
- Delarge J. Le Delarge — Paris: Gründ, Jean-Pierre Delarge, 2001. —
- "Gueorgui Chichkine au Grimaldi Forum", "Nice-Matin", Fevrier 19, 2006;
- Sophie Bastide "Gueorgui Chichkine"« Dis l'artiste, dessine-moi le timbre de tes rêves... », "L'Écho de la timbrologie", n° 1799, September 2006, p. 12-13;
- "1000 Russians painters", Ed. Bely Gorod, Moscow, 2006, p. 882;
- "Russian Art Guide";
- Catalog "Christie's Interiors", London, September 28, 2008;
- Victor Ignatov «The Season Russian to Cardin» , «La Pensée Russe / РУССКАЯ МЫСЛЬ», Paris - London, № 17 (4744), May 1–7, 2009, p. 22;
- Victor Ignatov "Monte-Carlo and the Russian Ballets" , «La Pensée Russe / РУССКАЯ МЫСЛЬ», Paris - London, № 21 (4748), 29 May - Juin 4, 2009, p. 24;
- T. Stojanov "Les "Ballets Russes" de Chichkine présentés au quai Antoine Ier", Nice-Matin (Monaco-Matin), October 19, 2009;
- The Year of Russia in France. Exhibition "Russian Dreams" of Georgy Shishkin in Paris, 2010;
- Catalog of Exhibition "Russian Dreams" of Georgy Shishkin in the State Russian Museum in Saint Petersburg, Palace Editions, 2017;
External links
Chichkine's Official Site
"Annuaire des Artistes de Monaco" 2008
Video
Russian artist Shishkin writes portrait of Gerard Depardieu//Channel One.
20th-century Russian painters
Russian male painters
21st-century Russian painters
Russian portrait painters
Russian stamp designers
Living people
People from Monte Carlo
Artists from Moscow
1948 births
20th-century Russian male artists
21st-century Russian male artists
Stroganov Moscow State Academy of Arts and Industry alumni
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Маямі-Дейд-коледж
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Маямі-Дейд-коледж (Miami Dade або MDC) — це державний коледж у Маямі, штат Флорида, що налічує 8 містечок та 21 центр досягнення, розташовані по всьму повіту Маямі-Дейд. Заснований у 1959 році, Маямі-Дейд коледж — це найбільший коледж у Флоридській системі коледжів з понад 165 000 студентів та другий за величиною коледж чи університет у США. Основний кампус коледжу Маямі-Дейд — містечко Вольфсон, розташовано у Дантауні Маямі.
Коледж Маямі-Дейд був створений у 1959 році та відкритий у 1960 році як Джуніор коледж повіту Дейд. Первинний кампус був розташований у недавно побудованій Маямсько-центральній середній школі. Кампус складався з частини школи та сусідньої ферми. У 1960 році на старому військово-морському вокзалі біля аеропорту Опа-Лока (відомий як Майстер-Філд) був побудований заклад, що незабаром став Північним кампусом коледжу. У коледжі навчалися афро-американські студенти й кубинські вигнанці, що не могли дозволити собі інших шкіл, ставши першим інтегрованим молодшим коледжем Флориди. Було зведено новий південне містечко (пізніше містечко Кендалл) у Кендалл. Пізніше перейменований у молодший коледж Маямі-Дейд, його два флагманські містечки розширилися та зарахували більше студентів, врешті-решт переросли за чисельністю університет Флориди та Флоридський державний університет. У 1973 році було збудовано містечко Вольфсона. Приблизно в той же час коледж змінив назву на Маямі-Дейд коледж.
Було побудовано Медичний центр поблизу Маямського громадського центру, що прилягає до Меморіальної лікарні Джексона Університету Маямі для підготовки студентів до програм Альянсу з питань охорони здоров'я та догляду (RN). У 1980 році приїхала громада вигнання Маріель, Коледж створив просвітницький центр у місті Хаяліа, щоб дати освітянам можливості для вступу кубинських біженців. Інший просвітницький центр, Міжамериканський центр, був побудований для розміщення двомовної освіти. Мстечко Хомстед було побудовано у 1990 році у Хомстед для розвантаження містечка Кендалл.
Кампуси
У коледжі Маямі Дейд має 7 містечок й 2 центри, основним його містечком є кампус Вольфсона в центрі міста Маямі.
Північний кампус (11380 NW 27th Ave., Miami FL 33167) має спеціалізовані програми, які готують майбутніх пожежників, працівників міліції та персоналу швидкої медичної допомоги. Він також має Школу розваг та дизайнерських технологій та має партнерство з Флоридським сільськогосподарським та механічним університетом (FAMU) для інженерних програм. У ньому розміщений робот-клуб, створений професором Мануелем Карамесом у 2010 році, головна мета якого — показати студентам важливість математики у співвідношенні з іншими науками, такими як фізика та інженерія. У Північній Кампусі також працює Центр підприємницької освіти Керрі Меек у місті Ліберті. Кампус також пропонує ступінь бакалавра з прикладних наук з питань громадської безпеки, що знаходиться в школі юстиції.
Кампус Кендалл (11011 SW 104th St., Маямі, FL 33176) служить офісом для зарахування та розпорядження коледжу. У Кендалл Кампус також розміщуються спортивні команди коледжу. Кампус площею 185 акрів відкрився в 1967 році. Тут розташований офіс президента коледжу, а також Коледж Честі та Фонд коледжу Маямі-Дейд.
Кампус Вольфсона (300 NE 2nd Ave., Miami FL 33132) був відкритий в 1970 році і є єдиним комплексним міським містечком у місті. Розташований у межах фінансових, урядових, технологічних та культурних центрів міста, Вольфсон навчає понад 27 000 студентів щороку. Щороку в цьому кампусі проводиться Міжнародний книжковий ярмарок у Маямі, найбільший в країні літературний фестиваль. У кампусі є дві художні галереї, бібліотека та два комп'ютерних подвір'я. У кампусі Вольфсона також є програми ділових та паралегальних досліджень.
Медичний центр (950 NW 20th St., Miami FL 33127) Miami Dade College відкрив свій медичний кампус у 1977 році. Він розташований у медичному районі міста Маямі недалеко від Даунтауну Маямі, готує студентів у галузі медсестринства (BSN / RN) та союзного здоров'я, закінчуючи ступінь Асоційованого ступеня з прикладних наук, що дозволить їм негайно вступити до професій охорони здоров'я. Медичний кампус також пропонує ступінь бакалавра. Кампус ділиться своїм комплексом з Медицинською школою університету Маямі, Меморіальною лікарнею Джексона, лікарнею для ветеранів та адміністрацією громадського здоров'я коледжу Маямі Дейд
Кампус Хомстед (500 College Ter., Homestead FL 33030) містить авіаційну програму коледжу, одну з тринадцяти шкіл країни, акредитовану Федеральною авіаційною адміністрацією (ATA-CTI). Крім Медичного кампусу, він також має відому школу медсестер Бенджаміна Леона, яка навчала понад п'ятдесят відсотків медсестер у повіті Маямі-Дейд
На кампусі Eduardo J. Padrón (627 SW 27th Ave., Маямі FL 33135) є школа освіти, яка пропонує ступінь бакалавра наук (BS).
Школа мистецтв Нововго світу (25 NE 2nd St., Miami FL 33132) — це як середня школа, так і коледж, який зосереджується на образотворчому мистецтві, театрі, танці та музиці. Вимоги до прийому включають прослуховування або огляд мистецького портфоліо заявника.
Кампус Хаяліа (1780 W 49th St., Hialeah FL 33012), колишньому розширенні Північного кампусу, розміщена велика і всебічна програма навчання англійської мови для носіїв інших мов у різних інструктивних форматах. У 2014 році було завершено будівництво гаража на 1000 автостоянок та нову будівлю, де розміщуються аудиторії, наукові лабораторії та послуги студентів. Кампус Хаяліа пропонує асоційовані програми та бакалавр прикладних наук з нагляду та управління.
Західний кампус (3800 NW 115th Ave., Doral FL 33178) відкрився у березні 2006 року для студентів, які проживають у Дорал або поблизу. Кампус розпочав будівництво нового 5-поверхового гаража в січні 2012 року; у жовтні того ж року гараж розвалився, цей обвал призвів до загибелі 4 будівельників. У 2015 році підрядники та субпідрядники, що беруть участь у проекті, досягли угоди з коледжем Маямі-Дейд на суму 33,5 мільйона доларів.
Підприємницький навчальний центр Керрі П. Мік (6300 NW 7th Ave., Маямі, FL 33150) — це просвітницький центр, заснований у 1989 році. Цей кампус пропонує курси загальні академічні дисципліни, але фокусується на курсах та професійних програмах, семінарах та семінарах для підготовки людей до працевлаштування.
Доступ до успіху - це для студентів, які мають інвалідність, і допомагає їм отримувати допомогу. Існують такі послуги, як прийом записок, перекладач мов жестів та допоміжні технології для допомоги студентам, які потребують.
Окрім Школи мистецтв Нового світу та Мік, існує дев'ятнадцять інших просвітницьких центрів, якими керує MDC.
Академічне навчання
З приблизно 165 000 студентів, в середньому, майже 6 000 продовжують отримувати ступінь бакалавра, доцента, професійно-технічне або коледжні кредитні сертифікатів. Асоційовані в галузі мистецтв перекладачі студентів з коледжу Маямі-Дейд продовжують переводити насамперед до шкіл у штаті Університетської системи штату Флорида, хоча деякі перекладають у позадержавні установи, в основному за допомогою угод про артикуляцію між установами.
Мистецтво
Коледж Маямі-Дейд колекціонував мистецтво на своїх окремих кампусах з 1960-х років. Протягом багатьох років колекція виросла до понад 1600 робіт у всіх середовищах й жанрах, включаючи живопис, скульптуру, роботи на папері, фотографії, відео, кіно, інсталяції та публічну скульптуру. Хаяліа кампус відкрила мистецьку галерею наприкінці 2018 року в місті Хаяліа.
Помітні випускники
Серед найбільш помітних випускників коледжу — представник США Іліана Рос-Лехтінен, колишній президент Панами Мірея Москосо, актор Сильвестр Сталлоне, актор Стівен Бауер, актор Оскар Ісаак, нагороджений романіст Джеймс Карлос Блейк (який також викладав у коледжі Маямі Дейд Вольфсон з 1984 по 1997 рік).
Примітки
Університети та коледжі Флориди
Освіта в Маямі
Хаяліа
Навчальні заклади, засновані 1959
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3641229
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%20Church%20in%20the%20Netherlands
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Catholic Church in the Netherlands
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Catholic Church in the Netherlands
The Catholic Church in the Netherlands is part of the worldwide Catholic Church under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome. Its primate is the Metropolitan Archbishop of Utrecht, since 2008 Willem Jacobus Eijk. In 2015 Catholicism was the single largest religion of the Netherlands, forming some 23% of the Dutch people, based on in-depth interviewing, down from 40% in the 1960s.
Although the number of Catholics in the Netherlands has decreased in recent decades, the Catholic Church remains today the largest religious group in the Netherlands. Once known as a Protestant country, Catholicism surpassed Protestantism after the First World War, and in 2012 the Netherlands was only 10% Dutch Protestant, down from 60% in the early 20th century, which is primarily due to rising lack of affiliation starting two decades earlier than in Dutch Catholicism. In 2021, there were an estimated 3.7 million in the Netherlands, 21.7% of the population, down from more than 40% in the 1970s. The Catholic Church in the Netherlands has suffered an official membership loss of 650,000 members between 2003 (4,532,000 pers. / 27.9% overall population) and 2015 (3,882,000 pers. / 22.9% overall population). The number of people registered as Catholic in the Netherlands continues to decrease, roughly by half a percent annually.
North Brabant and Limburg have been historically the most Catholic parts of the Netherlands, and Catholicism and some of its traditions now form a cultural identity rather than a religious identity for people there. The majority of the Catholic population is now largely irreligious in practice, in line with the rest of the Dutch population. Research among self-identified Catholics in the Netherlands in 2007 showed that 27% could be regarded as theist; 55% as ietsist, deist, or agnostic; and 17% as atheist. In 2015, 13% of self-identified Dutch Catholics believed in the existence of heaven; 17% in a personal God; and fewer than half believe that Jesus was the Son of God or sent by God.
In December 2011, a report was published by Wim Deetman, a former Dutch Minister of Education, detailing child abuse within the Catholic Church in the Netherlands: 1,800 instances of abuse "by clergy or volunteers within Dutch Catholic dioceses" were reported to have occurred since 1945. Church attendance by Catholics has decreased in recent decades to 98,600 or 2.7% of Dutch Catholics in a regular weekend of May 2022.
History
Medieval period
From the 4th to the 6th century AD The Great Migration took place, in which the small Celtic-Germanic-Roman tribes in the Low Countries were gradually supplanted by three major Germanic tribes: the Franks, the Frisians and Saxons.
The most powerful of these were the Franks (who, at the time, resided between the Rhine and the Somme) and they converted to Catholic Christianity, during the reign of King Clovis I around 500 AD. Most of the region thus fell under the Frankish Kingdom and then the Carolingian Empire until the end of the 9th century. From the center of the Diocese of Tongeren-Maastricht-Liège, successively the cities of Tongeren, Maastricht and Liège, this part of the Low Countries was probably Christianized. According to tradition, the first Bishop of Maastricht, Servatius, was buried in this city in 384, though only from Bishop Domitianus (ca. 535) is it established that he resided in Maastricht.
The coastal Frisian Kingdom remained Germanic pagan but were eventually conquered by Charles Martel and incorporated into the Catholic Frankish Kingdom after the Battle of the Boarn in 734. The Northern parts of the Netherlands were converted as part of the Anglo-Saxon mission as Catholic Christians from the various kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England moved to the Continent, such as St. Willibrord, the Apostle of the Frisians and St. Boniface, who was martyred in Friesland. Both were active in the eighth century, having great impact on the conversion of the country. The areas in the Low Countries which would eventually become part of the modern Netherlands were part of Middle Francia and then Lotharingia, before eventually becoming part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation as part of the Burgundian Netherlands. Originally under the House of Valois-Burgundy by the end of the 15th century it was part of the Habsburg Netherlands as part of a vast Catholic Habsburg Empire dominated by the Kingdom of Spain.
Since the rise of Calvinism
Since the War of Independence the Catholics were systematically and officially discriminated against by the Protestant government until the second half of the 20th century, which had a major influence on the economical and cultural development of the southern part of the Netherlands. Dutch Catholics were "reduced to the rank of second-class citizens" and were barred from all civil service positions; Catholics were not only barred from administrative posts such as that of a mayor, but they were also banned from minor ones such as lantern lighter and turf carrier. The church itself also faced harassment, and between 1703 and 1727 the papal nuncio was not allowed to enter the territory of the Netherlands. Increasingly marginalised, Dutch Catholics became one of the poorest groups in the Dutch society. According to Jan Roegiers, in many Catholic areas "not a single Catholic, aside from the pastor and his assistant, belonged to the intellectual and merchant class". The economic plight of Catholics was largely the result of discrimination by the Protestant majority.
From the Reformation to the 20th century, Dutch Catholics had largely been confined to certain southern areas in the Netherlands where they still tend to form a majority or large minority of the population. However, with modern population shifts and increasing secularization, these areas tend to be less and less predominantly Catholic. Registered Catholics still form a slight majority in the most southern province of the Netherlands, Limburg (refer to the overview by diocese above). After the Dutch Republic banned the Catholic religion in the 1580s the Netherlands became a mission territory under the canonical authority of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (the so-called Dutch Mission). The episcopal hierarchy was not restored until 1853, with the reestablishment of the episcopal hierarchy in the Netherlands.
Restoration of Catholic hierarchy
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Catholics formed a separate social pillar, with their own schools, TV and radio broadcasting, hospitals, unions, and political party. They formed a coalition with orthodox Protestants, who also felt discriminated against. This pillarization and coalition government was important in emancipating the Catholics from their social exclusion. In the period between 1860 and 1960, Catholic church life and institutions flourished. This period is called "The Rich Roman Life" (Dutch: Het Rijke Roomse leven). During this period, the number of Catholics in the Dutch population grew to approximate parity with Protestants, as in Northern Ireland, Scotland, Switzerland, and Germany.
Recent Era
At the Second Vatican Council, representatives of the Dutch Church were prominent on the liberal-wing: especially Cardinal Bernardus Johannes Alfrink, who had the Belgian periti Edward Schillebeeckx working under him and also Fr. Johannes Willebrands, who was involved in ecumenism and promoting religious liberty. While on the otherhand, Fr. Sebastiaan Tromp, a Dutchman who worked under Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani, was involved in drawing up the original conservative schemas which were thrown out. Following the Council, Schillebeeckx and Piet Schoonenberg released the Dutch Catechism, which was one of the more radical representations of the "spirit of Vatican II" in Europe. The Bishops' Conference of the Netherlands under Johannes Bluyssen was engaged in a number of controversies with Rome around this time, also, relating to a wide variety of issues from morality, to doctrine, to the liturgy.
A cultural divide is still found between the "Catholic" south and the "Protestant" north, but with a total of 1.5 million people and 20% of the industrial production in the Netherlands, the southern "Catholic" area BrabantStad has become one of the major economically important, metropolitan regions of the Netherlands.
In the 1980s and 1990s the church became polarized. The conservatives' main organization was Contact Roman Catholics. The liberals' main organization was the Eighth of May Movement (Dutch: "Acht Mei-beweging"), founded because of disputes about the papal visit in 1985; the Movement had a difficult relationship with the bishops, and disbanded in 2003.
Currently, Catholicism is still the single largest religion of the Netherlands with around four million registered members, 22.9% of the Dutch population in 2015. In 2006, in the Diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch (in the eastern part of North Brabant and in part of Gelderland), only 45,645 residents, mostly people over 65, attended Mass, only 2% of the total population in that area. In western North Brabant (the Diocese of Breda), the number of people associating themselves with Catholicism also strongly decreased. Church attendance is even lower in the west with only 1% of the West Brabantian population visiting churches in 2006. A planned visit of Pope Francis to the Netherlands was blocked by Cardinal Wim Eijk in 2014, allegedly because of the feared lack of interest for the Pope among the Dutch public.
92% of Dutch Catholics support same-sex marriage and 3% oppose it. 95% of Dutch Catholics believe society should accept homosexuality, while 4% believe society should not accept homosexuality.
Child abuse scandal
In December 2011 a report was published by Wim Deetman, a former Dutch minister, detailing widespread child abuse within the Catholic Church in the Netherlands: 1,800 instances of abuse "by clergy or volunteers within Dutch Catholic dioceses" were reported to have occurred since 1945. According to the report "The risk of experiencing unwanted sexual advances was twice as great for minors in institutions as the national average of 9.7%. This finding reveals no significant difference between Catholic institutions and other institutions." In March 2012, however, it was revealed that left out were the cases of 10 children being surgically castrated after reporting being sexually abused to the police. It also emerged that in 1956 former prime minister Victor Marijnen, then chairman of a children's home in Gelderland, had covered up the sexual abuse of children. According to the Telegraph newspaper, he "intervened to have prison sentences dropped against several priests convicted of abusing children." The factuality of these claims is unclear, though. The Commission rejected all the claims.
Dioceses
There are seven dioceses in the Netherlands:
Metropolitan Archdiocese of Utrecht, St Catherine's Cathedral, Archbishop Wim Eijk (since 2007)
Diocese of Breda, St. Anthony of Padua Cathedral, Bishop Johannes Liesen (since 2011)
Diocese of Groningen-Leeuwarden, St. Joseph Cathedral, Bishop Ron van den Hout (since 2017)
Diocese of Haarlem-Amsterdam, Cathedral of St Bavo, Bishop Jan Hendriks (since 2020)
Diocese of Roermond, St. Christopher's Cathedral, Bishop Hendrikus Smeets (since 2018)
Diocese of Rotterdam, St. Lawrence and St. Elizabeth Cathedral, Bishop Hans van den Hende (since 2011)
Diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch (Den Bosch), St. John's Cathedral, Bishop Gerard de Korte (since 2016)
There is also the Military Ordinariate of the Netherlands for the Dutch military and the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Vladimir the Great of Paris is for the Ukrainian Greek Catholic population of the Netherlands.
Former dioceses of the Netherlands included: Diocese of Deventer, Diocese of Leeuwarden, Diocese of Maastricht, Diocese of Middelburg, Apostolic Vicariate of Batavia, Apostolic Vicariate of Grave-Nijmegen, Apostolic Vicariate of Limburg, and the Apostolic Vicariate of Ravenstein-Megen.
Demographics
These figures are the latest available as of 2020 from ecclesiastical statistics:
According to the church administration, in 2010 two dioceses – 's-Hertogenbosch and Roermond – still had a majority of Catholics in the population. It is notable that SILA (Stichting Interkerkelijke Ledenadministratie) published for these two dioceses a lower number of Catholics in 2005. Based on the SILA-numbers, in the diocese of Hertogenbosch in 2010 the population has no longer a Catholic majority. KASKI (Katholiek Sociaal-Kerkelijk Insituut / Catholic Social-Ecclesiastical Institute) found 23.3% of the population to be nominal Catholic in 2014, based on registration by the Catholic church. These numbers are higher than the numbers of Catholic adherence found by Radboud University and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (11.7% Catholic in 2015). These surveys show a disconnect between membership and actual adherence. Especially the Catholic Church often claims that a quarter of the Dutch population is Catholic, pointing to the official statistics, but when questioned, fewer than half that number associate themselves with the Catholic faith. A lot of people still registered as members of a church are actually not religious (anymore), but for various reasons have not officially renounced their membership – a phenomenon known as 'belonging without believing'.
According to the Church's figures, Catholics became a minority in the Diocese of 's-Hertogenbosch in 2014. The number of parishes in the Netherlands has dropped between 2003 and 2014 from 1525 to 760.
Many remaining churches have found purposes outside the religious domain, like stores, apartment buildings and museums.
Churches
As well as the cathedrals, notable Catholic churches in the Netherlands also include:
Basilica of Saint Nicholas, Amsterdam
Begijnhof Chapel, Amsterdam
Church of Our Lady, Amsterdam
Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, Amsterdam
De Krijtberg, Amsterdam
Mozes en Aäronkerk, Amsterdam
James the Greater Church, Bocholtz
St Francis Xavier Church, Enkhuizen
St Willibrordus, Hulst
St Joseph's Church, Leiden
Heilige Lodewijkkerk, Leiden
Basilica of Our Lady, Maastricht
Basilica of Saint Servatius, Maastricht
St Peter Canisius Church, Nijmegen
Basilica of St Plechelm, Oldenzaal
Oudenbosch Basilica
Church of St John the Baptist, Pijnacker
St Lambert's Church, Rosmalen
Saint Remigius Church, Simpelveld
Basilica of St Amelberga, Susteren
Gerardus Majellakerk, Tilburg
Heuvelse kerk, Tilburg
Saint Bernard Church, Ubachsberg
Saint Paul's Church, Vaals
Our Lady of the Enclosed Garden, Warfhuizen
Monasteries also include:
Egmond Abbey
St. Benedictusberg Abbey
St. Willibrord's Abbey
Carmelite Monastery, Echt
Berne Abbey
Achel Abbey
Koningshoeven Abbey
Lilbosch Abbey
Notable Dutch Catholics
Notable Dutch Catholics throughout history include Pope Adrian VI, Ruud Lubbers, Henry of Gorkum, Hadewijch, Cornelius Loos, Jakob Middendorp, Hieronymus Bosch, Piet de Jong, Jan Harmenszoon Krul, Dries van Agt, Jan Steen, Casimir Ubaghs, Maxime Verhagen, Erasmus, and Joan Albert Ban.
See also
Religion in the Netherlands
Catholic Church in the Dutch Caribbean
Protestantism in the Netherlands
References
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74398170
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy%20for%20the%20Western%20Balkans
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Strategy for the Western Balkans
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Strategy for the Western Balkans
The Strategy for the Western Balkans (also known as "A credible enlargement perspective for and enhanced EU engagement with the Western Balkans") is a policy pursued by the EU with its partners and accession candidates in the western region of the Balkan Peninsula. Announced by European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker in his 2017 State of the Union address, this policy brings together the objectives of the global strategy for CSDP and the enlargement policy specific to the states in this region.
History
In 1999, the European Union launched the Stabilization and Association Process (SAP) to strengthen its role in the region and provide long-term support for the reconstruction and development of countries in the wake of the wars in the former Yugoslavia. At international level, this approach was accompanied by the Stability Pact for South-Eastern Europe, supported by the EU, NATO, the OSCE, the IMF, the World Bank and other major international players. Since then, an annual EU-Balkans summit has been organized; the first was held in Zagreb in November 2000, and in 2003 the Thessaloniki European Council reaffirmed that all SAP countries were potential candidates for membership.
In 2018, this regional sub-group comprised five of the six candidate states (Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia) and Kosovo, which only has the status of a potential candidate. Each of these states has signed a Stabilization and Association Agreement with the EU to facilitate their approximation to EU standards (Copenhagen criteria and eventual acquis communautaire).
To support and reinvigorate the candidate countries' efforts to meet the accession criteria, the European Commission, through its President, adopted a strategy at the end of 2017 focusing on priorities and areas for enhanced joint cooperation. The strategy detailed by Jean-Claude Juncker in his State of the Union address in September 2017 and prepared in advance by the Commission and EEAS includes an action plan focusing on six initiatives relating to the EU's strategy in the Balkans with an increased budget allocated to pre-accession instruments and regional initiatives.
According to the President of the European Commission: "If we want more stability in our neighborhood, we must offer credible prospects to the countries of the Western Balkans"; he also added that "there will be no further accessions during the term of office of this Commission" (2014-2019). Beyond this regional policy, the EU is also committed to working alongside its member states and partners to resolve local issues such as the debate over the name of Macedonia, or the dispute over the delineation of the border between Kosovo and Serbia.
Specific features of the region
With the redefinition of borders and forced population movements that followed the inter-ethnic conflicts of the 1990s in the former Yugoslavia, the Western Balkans were sharply divided, and deep-rooted tensions remained. The Dayton Accords put an end to the war in Bosnia (1995) by separating the country into two distinct regions and creating a federal government managed by a collective tripartite presidency and supervised by an international High Representative. The agreements also provided for the intervention of a NATO intervention force (IFOR), which was replaced by the European Union's Althea force in 2004. Kosovo became independent in 2008, at the cost of a mass exodus of Albanian and Serbian populations. Here too, a NATO force was set up (KFOR), supported by an administration mission that was replaced by the European Union's civilian mission EULEX Kosovo.
Since the fall of Yugoslavia and the end of the Communist regime, economic development in the Balkans has lagged significantly behind that of other regions in Eastern Europe; for example, in 1990, Macedonia's GDP was three times lower than Slovenia's; in 2003, it was fifty times lower. This lack of development has led to an expansion of black market and illegal activities in the region.
Demographic trends in the Balkans are also specific: the number of inhabitants is declining for two main reasons: the fertility rate is below 1 child per woman (compared with 1.4 on average in Europe - well below the generational renewal rate of 2.1), and with significant income and development gaps compared with the rest of Europe, a massive exodus (particularly of young people) is taking place; Macedonia is said to have lost almost a quarter of its population in twenty-five years; Serbia lost 160,000 people between 2002 and 2011, and the Serbian National Statistics Office estimates that the country could have fewer than 6 million inhabitants in 2030, compared with 7.7 in 2016. Bosnia-Herzegovina has also been hard hit by the phenomenon, with an estimated 170,000 departures over the past five years.
For High Representative Federica Mogherini: "The Western Balkans are part of Europe: we share the same history, the same geography, the same cultural heritage, as well as the same opportunities and challenges today and in the future [...] This strategy shows the path we must follow: for all our six partners, overcoming the past once and for all, and for all of us, making the process of bringing the Western Balkans closer to the European Union an irreversible one, and continuing to reunite the continent".
Goals
Through six main initiatives, this strategy aims to support the transformation of the Western Balkans so that the countries concerned meet the values of the European Union and, in the longer term, are able to achieve the convergence criteria:
The rule of law: with individual and detailed action plans for compliance with EU standards and special monitoring for candidate countries; including the deployment of new advisory missions.
Security and migration control: with reinforced cooperation in the fight against organized crime and terrorism, as well as the strengthening of border control and migrant management, and increased cooperation with the Frontex agency.
Socio-economic development: this includes a range of mechanisms designed to facilitate the financing of SMEs, research and innovation. The EU also supports economic reform programs focusing on employment, social reform, education and health. Erasmus+ funding will be doubled.
Transport and energy connectivity: in particular to secure supplies to and from the Balkans. The Energy Union should be extended to the Western Balkans.
Digital strategy: this covers concrete areas such as reducing roaming costs, supporting broadband deployment, developing online public services, etc. ;
Regional reconciliation and good neighborly relations: this aims to improve cooperation in the fields of justice, education, culture, youth and sports, so that the region's tumultuous past can be put to rest.
The strategy also sets out the steps to be taken by Montenegro and Serbia to complete their accession processes, with the aim of meeting the Copenhagen criteria by 2025.
Resources
The European Parliament is responsible for managing the budget allocated to this policy; for 2018 alone, funding for pre-accession instruments has risen to 1.07 billion euros for the Western Balkans region, and is set to increase until 2020; over the period 2007-2017, it was around 9 billion euros. The main program is IPA II, which forms the financial basis of the new strategy; for the 2014-2020 period, a budget of 11.7 billion euros has been voted for this pre-accession instrument alone, which is managed in line with the objectives of the European institutions and the monitoring reports drawn up by the European Commission.
Monitoring of the use of aid is carried out by the European Parliament Committee on Foreign Affairs, which appoints permanent rapporteurs for all candidate and potential candidate countries; the Parliament expresses its positions in annual reports on each country.
The European Commission also points out that the Union is the leading investor and trading partner in the region, with a total annual volume of trade amounting to 43 billion euros (2016).
The Brdo-Brijuni and Berlin processes
The Brdo-Brijuni Process is a diplomatic initiative launched by Croatia and Slovenia in 2013 with the aim of working together to stabilize the region and accelerate the EU accession processes of the countries in the Western Balkans region.
The Berlin Process was launched by Germany in 2014, along with a number of other EU countries and all the Western Balkan states; although it is not directly overseen by European bodies, some of the objectives are similar (mainly regional cooperation and development of the region's infrastructure and economy), and funding is provided by European and external bodies (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and European Investment Bank (EIB)).
See also
Western Balkans
Yugoslavia–European Communities relations
Potential enlargement of the European Union
Accession of Albania to the European Union
Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union
Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union
Accession of Montenegro to the European Union
Accession of Serbia to the European Union
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Enlargement – Europa
EU enlargement documentation on EUR-Lex
European Union Member States and applicant countries – CVCE
Archival material concerning the enlargement of the European Union can be consulted at the Historical Archives of the European Union in Florence
Balkans
European Union
Enlargement of the European Union
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1173544
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bort
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Bort
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Bort, boart, or boort is an umbrella term used in the diamond industry to refer to shards of non-gem-grade/quality diamonds. In the manufacturing and heavy industries, "bort" is used to describe dark, imperfectly formed or crystallized diamonds of varying levels of opacity. The lowest grade, "crushing bort", is crushed by steel mortars and used to make industrial-grade abrasive grits. Small bort crystals are used in drill bits. The Democratic Republic of the Congo provides 75% of the world supply of crushing bort.
Use and application
Bort is commonly used as an abrasive. Smaller flakes and particles are used as an additive for scouring or polishing pastes and agents. Larger particles can be added to cutting, drilling and grinding tools to improve their lifespan and substantially increase their efficiency.
Bort particles varying from one to two nanometers are added to lubricants such as paraffin oil. These particles will embed themselves into minute irregularities and imperfections of moving-part surfaces. Particles that remain suspended in the lubricant oil act as both a polishing agent, further smoothening the surfaces, and as ball bearings between the surfaces. Such nanotechnology applications with paraffin oil containing approximately 1% of these nano-size bort particles may decrease the friction up to half of that without the nano-particles.
See also
Carbonado (black diamond)
Synthetic diamond
Ballas
Rough diamond
References
Diamond
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14178729
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaz%20literature
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Abkhaz literature
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Abkhaz literature
The written Abkhaz literature appeared relatively recently in the beginning of the 20th century although Abkhaz oral tradition is quite rich.
History
Abkhaz share with other Caucasian peoples the Nart sagas — series of tales about mythical heroes, some of which can be considered as creation myths and ancient theology. There also exist historical legends (for example about Marshania princes), brigands' and hunters' songs, satirical songs and songs about the Caucasian War and various ritual songs.
The Abkhaz alphabet was created in the 19th century by Dimitry Gulia and K. Machavariani. Prior to the 1917 revolution in Russia, the only books published in Abkhaz were the alphabet book (Apswa anban), a few other textbooks, and a couple of books by Dmitry Gulia. He published a collection of short poems (Tbilisi, 1912) and a poem Love letter (Tbilisi, 1913).
The first newspaper in Abkhaz, called Abkhazia (Apsny) and edited by Dmitry Gulia appeared in 1917. It was replaced by the Apsny Kapsh (Аҧсны ҟаҧшь, meaning Red Abkhazia) newspaper after the Soviet rule was established in the country.
A number of new works appeared in the next decades—including Dmitry Gulia's novel Under the foreign skies (1919), about a peasant who took responsibility for his prince's crime and was exiled to Siberia, and Kamachich, (1940) about the pre-revolution life in Abkhazia. Other writers were Samson Chanba (Muhajirs and several other plays), Iua Kogonia (Abkhazian poems, 1924), and Mushni Khashba.
Bagrat Shinkuba was one of the greatest Abkhaz writers and poets. He published his first collections of poems in the 1930s and continued writing until his death in 2004. His Ballad of the rock tells about the fate of Abkhaz "Robin Hood" — Hajarat Kyakhba. His most known work (translated in English and Russian) is the novel The Last of the Departed, dedicated to the tragic destiny of Ubykh nation which became extinct along a hundred of years.
Arguably the most famous Abkhaz writer, Fazil Iskander, wrote mostly in Russian. He was renowned in the former Soviet Union for the vivid descriptions of Caucasian life. He is probably best known in the English-speaking world for Sandro of Chegem, a picturesque novel that recounts life in a fictional Abkhaz village from the early years of the 20th century until the 1970s. This rambling, amusing, and ironic work has been considered as an example of magic realism, although Iskander himself said he "did not care for Latin American magic realism in general".
See also
Notes
Works
Bagrat Shinkuba. The Last of the Departed
Russian translations of Abkhaz Nartic legends
Nart Sagas from the Caucasus: Myths and Legends from the Circassians, Abazas, Abkhaz, and Ubykhs, assembled, edited and annotated by John Colarusso.
Sources
Абхазская литература. Литературная энциклопедия 1929—1939. (Abkhazian literature. Encyclopaedia of literature 1929-1939)
Поэт – живописец, поэт – мыслитель. Форум (Forum newspaper), 09.05.07.
Culture of Abkhazia
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39826036
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Firm%20%281993%20film%29
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The Firm (1993 film)
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The Firm (1993 film)
The Firm is a 1993 American legal thriller film directed by Sydney Pollack, and starring Tom Cruise, Jeanne Tripplehorn, Gene Hackman, Ed Harris, Holly Hunter, Hal Holbrook, David Strathairn and Gary Busey. The film is based on the 1991 novel of the same name by author John Grisham. The Firm was one of two films released in 1993 that were adapted from a Grisham novel, the other being The Pelican Brief.
Released on June 30, 1993, the film was a major commercial success, grossing $270.2 million against a budget of $42 million, making it the highest grossing film adapted from a Grisham novel, fifth highest-grossing and the highest-grossing R-rated film of 1993, and received generally positive reviews for the performances (particularly from Cruise and Hunter), although the screenplay received some criticism. Holly Hunter was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance, while Dave Grusin was nominated for Best Original Score.
Plot
Mitch McDeere, a top Harvard Law School graduate, accepts a lucrative offer from boutique law firm Bendini, Lambert & Locke in Memphis, Tennessee. After he and wife Abby relocate there, he prepares for the Tennessee bar exam. Senior partner Avery Tolar mentors Mitch on the firm's strict culture of loyalty, confidentiality, and high fees. Although the money and benefits, such as a new house, a Mercedes-Benz, and paid-off student loans have swayed Mitch, Abby resents the firm's meddling in employees' personal lives.
Mitch passes the bar exam and works grueling hours, straining his marriage. Under Avery's guidance, Mitch discovers the firm's primary work involves helping wealthy clients hide money in offshore shell corporations and other questionable tax-avoidance schemes. On a work trip to the Cayman Islands, Mitch overhears a client mentioning how the firm's Chicago associates "break legs”. At the firm's Cayman condominium, he finds documents linked to four deceased associates. Meanwhile, the firm's security chief, Bill DeVasher, sends a prostitute to seduce Mitch and uses photos of the assignation to blackmail him into silence. Mitch hires private investigator Eddie Lomax, a former cell mate of Mitch’s brother Ray, to investigate the associates' deaths, but Lomax is murdered by hitmen, witnessed by his secretary Tammy.
FBI agents reveal to Mitch that BL&L's top client is the Morolto crime family of the Chicago Outfit, and most of the firm's lawyers are involved in a significant tax fraud and money laundering scheme. The deceased associates were killed when they tried to leave the firm. The FBI warns Mitch that his home is bugged and pressures him to provide evidence against the firm and the Moroltos. Mitch agrees to cooperate for $1.5 million and his brother Ray's release from prison. The FBI release Ray and transfer half the money to a Swiss account Mitch has set up. The FBI secretly intend to return Ray to jail after Mitch provides the incriminating files. Mitch confesses his one-night stand in the Caymans to Abby, who plans to leave him.
Mitch finds a possible way to save his career after discovering the firm regularly overbills its clients. He realizes it is mail fraud, exposing them to RICO charges. He and Tammy copy the billing records but need additional files from the firm's Cayman condo. Avery changes his schedule, jeopardizing Mitch's plan, so Abby flies to the Caymans and seduces and drugs Avery to get the files. The firm's phone tap records Abby warning Tammy, leading DeVasher's hitmen to pursue them. After Abby copies the files, Avery tells her the firm set up the prostitute who seduced Mitch on the beach. He warns Abby to leave and is later killed by DeVasher's hitmen, staging his death as a bathtub drowning.
Mitch's plans are compromised when a prison guard on the Moroltos' payroll tips off DeVasher about Ray's transfer to FBI custody, forcing him to flee. He is chased through downtown Memphis by DeVasher and his hitman, until Mitch tricks the former into accidentally shooting the latter, after which he confronts DeVasher and knocks him unconscious. Mitch meets with the Moroltos, presenting himself as a loyal attorney who uncovered the firm's illegal over-billing. He asks for permission to turn over their billing invoices to help the FBI prosecute the firm, but assures them that any information about their legal affairs remains safe under attorney–client privilege, implying everything will remain confidential as long as he is alive. The Moroltos reluctantly agree to guarantee Mitch's safety. Mitch hands over the evidence and is able to continue his legal career. He and Abby reconcile.
Mitch's decision to work with the Moroltos angers the FBI, but he reminds them that the evidence he has provided is enough to make a RICO case and ensure that the firm's senior members go to prison for a long time. The film ends with the McDeeres returning to Boston in their old car. Ray, now with Tammy, enjoys his new life in the Caymans with the money Mitch obtained for him.
Cast
Tom Cruise as Mitch McDeere, a promising recent Harvard Law graduate
Jeanne Tripplehorn as Abby McDeere, Mitch's wife
Gene Hackman as Avery Tolar, Mitch's mentor at the Firm
Holly Hunter as Tammy Hemphill, Eddie's chain-smoking secretary and lover who aids Mitch in copying and stealing the files in Memphis and the Cayman Islands
Ed Harris as FBI Agent Wayne Tarrance, the agent in charge of the investigation into the Firm; Mitch's primary contact with the FBI
Hal Holbrook as Oliver Lambert, senior partner at the Firm
Jerry Hardin as Royce McKnight, managing partner at the Firm
David Strathairn as Ray McDeere, Mitch's brother who was in jail for a manslaughter conviction
Terry Kinney as Lamar Quinn, Mitch's friend who works at the Firm
Wilford Brimley as Bill DeVasher, officially the head of security at the Firm—unofficially the Firm's main hitman
Sullivan Walker as Thomas Abanks, the owner of a scuba diving business
Gary Busey as Eddie Lomax, a private investigator and former cell-mate of Ray McDeere
Barbara Garrick as Kay Quinn, Lamar Quinn's wife who befriends both Abby and Mitch
Steven Hill as FBI Director Denton Voyles
Margo Martindale as Nina Huff, Mitch's Secretary
Paul Sorvino as Tony Morolto
Joe Viterelli as Joey Morolto
Jerry Weintraub as Sonny Capps
Tobin Bell as The Nordic Man, Morolto Hitman
Dean Norris as The Squat Man, Morolto Hitman
Karina Lombard as Young Woman on Beach who seduces Mitch
John Beal as Nathan Locke
Paul Calderon as FBI Agent Thomas Richie
Production
Paramount Pictures initially budgeted the film at $15 million with Charlie Sheen or Jason Patric considered for the lead with a scheduled release date of Christmas 1992. However, producers Scott Rudin and John Davis wanted it to be a bigger production and talked to Tom Cruise on the set of A Few Good Men, who indicated that he wanted to star and direct. With the release date at risk, Rudin and Davis were given one week to sign a director and signed John Badham for $3 million. Soon after, John McTiernan expressed an interest in directing with Cruise starring, which the studio was keen on however, McTiernan wanted Rudin removed as producer. Paramount Communications president Stanley Jaffe decided to keep Rudin so McTiernan went off to make Last Action Hero and Jaffe brought in Sydney Pollack.
Principal photography took place from November 9, 1992, to March 20, 1993, and though it was primarily filmed in Memphis, Tennessee, some scenes were filmed in Marion, Arkansas, and the Cayman Islands.
The film's soundtrack is almost exclusively solo piano by Dave Grusin.
Gene Hackman's name did not appear on the film's release poster. Hackman joined the film late, when it was already well into production, because the producers had originally wanted to change the gender of the character and cast Meryl Streep, until author John Grisham objected and Hackman was eventually cast. Tom Cruise's deal with Paramount already stated that only his name could appear above the title. Hackman also wanted his name to appear above the title, but when this was refused he asked for his name to be removed completely from the poster. Hackman's name does appear in the beginning and end credits.
This is also the final film for Steven Hill and John Beal.
Differences from the novel
The film accords with the book in most respects, but the ending is completely different. In the book, Mitch ends up in the Caribbean, hiding from the mob of which he stole a lot of money; conversely, in the film he comes up with a complicated and risky judicial balancing act, getting neatly out of a very dangerous situation, culminating with him and Abby simply getting into their car and driving back to Boston where he is free to find new employment as a lawyer.
A more fundamental difference from the book is the motives and manner in which Mitch solves his predicament. In the book, Mitch acknowledges to himself that he is breaking the attorney–client privilege by copying information and giving it to the FBI. In most US states this privilege only applies to crimes that have already been committed. The privilege does not apply if a lawyer knows that his client either is committing or will commit a crime. However, it is important to note that the attorney-client privilege is one of an evidentiary nature relating specifically to information sought during pretrial discovery or at trial. This is distinguished from an attorney's duty of confidentiality, which prohibits (with exceptions including, for example, if a client is engaged in conduct that will certainly lead to physical harm against another) disclosure of communications made between the attorney and client. Additionally, Mitch must disclose information about his legitimate clients as well. Accepting that he will likely not be allowed to practice law anywhere again, he swindles $10 million from the firm, along with receiving $1 million of a promised $2 million from the FBI for his cooperation. After an extended manhunt involving the police, the firm's lawyers, and hired thugs from the Morolto family, Mitch escapes with Abby (and his brother Ray) to the Cayman Islands. Before fleeing, he leaves behind detailed records of the firm's illegal activities, as well as a recorded deposition. Mitch's information gives federal prosecutors enough evidence to indict half of the firm's active lawyers right away, as well as several retired partners. The documents also provide the FBI with circumstantial evidence of the firm's involvement in money laundering and tax fraud, and thus probable cause for a search warrant for the firm's building and files. This additional evidence is enough to smash both the firm and the Morolto family with a massive RICO indictment.
In the film, apparently in order to preserve the protagonist's personal integrity, Mitch exposes a systematic overbilling scheme by the firm, thus driving a wedge between the Moroltos (who in essence become complicit with Mitch) and their law firm (in the book, overbilling only received a brief mention). He receives a smaller amount of money from the FBI, which he gives to Ray, allowing him to disappear. Rather than capitalizing on his circumstances by stealing money from the firm, as in the book, the movie's McDeere ends up battered and bruised, but with his integrity and professional ethics intact. Mitch also makes the FBI have to work in order to bring down the firm by having to argue that each instance of excessive billing is a federal offense (by virtue of the excessive bills being sent through the mail). The volume and frequency meet the criteria for RICO, thereby enabling the FBI to effectively put the firm out of business by seizing its property and equipment and freezing its bank accounts. From here the Moroltos would then need to find another law firm willing to take them on as clients, and if they couldn't, charges for non-lodgment of tax returns could be brought. Since Mitch is exposing only the illegal activity of his employer, and not his and his employer's clients, he is able to retain his law license.
Avery Tolar was originally Avery Tolleson; the latest version of the novel uses the film's surname. Tolar is portrayed as a sort of reluctant villain in the film, while in the novel he has no such moral conflicts.
Mitch's confession to Abby about his sexual infidelity was also unique to the film. In the novel, McDeere never tells Abby about his infidelity. In the book, Abby's not knowing about Mitch's infidelity is a major "suspense" piece. Mitch comes home one evening and finds an envelope addressed to Abby, that has "Photos – Do Not Bend" written on it. The photos were surreptitiously given to DeVasher by Art Germain. Mitch thinks it is the pictures he was shown of his infidelity overseas. Abby is in the bedroom when he sees the open package. He enters the bedroom and learns that Abby opened the package, but it was empty. Mitch realizes DeVasher is toying with him, and this incident in the book causes Mitch to cooperate with the FBI. In the film, Mitch's confession prompts Abby to seriously consider leaving him, but she ultimately helps him bring down the firm.
Also, in the book, Eddie's old secretary, Tammy, seduces and drugs Avery. In the movie, however, it is Abby who seduces Avery. This also changes the character development because in the movie Abby is portrayed as risking herself for Mitch. In the book, Abby is simply an accomplice to Tammy.
Release
The film was released while Grisham was at the height of his popularity. That week, Grisham and Michael Crichton evenly divided the top six paperback spots on The New York Times Best Seller list. It opened on June 30, 1993 in 2,393 theatres, and landed at #1 at the box office, grossing $25.4 million over the 4th of July weekend. It remained in the #1 spot at the box office for 3 weeks. After 12 weeks in theatres, the film was a huge success, making over $158 million domestically and $111 million internationally ($270 million worldwide). Additionally, it was the largest grossing R-rated movie of 1993 and of any film based on a Grisham novel.
Awards
The film earned two Academy Award nominations including Best Supporting Actress for Holly Hunter (losing to Anna Paquin for The Piano, though she did win an Oscar at that year's ceremony for Best Actress in the same film as Paquin) and Best Original Score for Dave Grusin (losing to John Williams for Schindler's List).
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 76% based on 58 reviews, with an average of 6.20/10. The site's critics consensus states: "The Firm is a big studio thriller that amusingly tears apart the last of 1980s boardroom culture and the false securities it represented." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.
Roger Ebert gave The Firm three stars out of four, remarking: "The movie is virtually an anthology of good small character performances. [...] The large gallery of characters makes The Firm into a convincing canvas [... but] with a screenplay that developed the story more clearly, this might have been a superior movie, instead of just a good one with some fine performances."
The film earned some negative reviews as well, notably from James Berardinelli, who said that "[v]ery little of what made the written version so enjoyable has been successfully translated to the screen, and what we're left with instead is an overly-long [and] pedantic thriller." Grisham enjoyed the film, remarking: "I thought [Tom Cruise] did a good job. He played the innocent young associate very well."
Home media
The film was released on VHS in December 1993, with the cassettes specially made of blue plastic. It was released on LaserDisc in the United States on December 16, 1993 in both widescreen and pan and scan formats. The DVD was released on May 23, 2000. The special features include only the teaser and theatrical trailers. A Blu-ray edition was released on September 11, 2012.
A 4K UHD version was released on June 20, 2023.
In other media
TV sequel
In April 2011 Entertainment One announced that a sequel to The Firm was being produced with Sony Pictures Television and Paramount Pictures. The series picked up the story of Mitch and his family ten years after the events of the novel and film. The first season was 22 episodes long and began production in Canada in July 2011. In May 2011, NBC confirmed that they had acquired the U.S. broadcast rights to the show and that they planned to début it in January 2012. The show was cancelled after its first season.
References
External links
"The Firm: Blu-ray Review" at HD-Report
"The Firm" essay by Ian C. Bloom
1993 films
1993 crime thriller films
1990s legal thriller films
American crime thriller films
American legal films
Davis Entertainment films
Films about the Federal Bureau of Investigation
Films scored by Dave Grusin
Films about lawyers
Films adapted into television shows
Films based on works by John Grisham
Films directed by Sydney Pollack
Films produced by John Davis
Films produced by Scott Rudin
Films produced by Sydney Pollack
Films set in Harvard University
Films set in Massachusetts
Films set in Memphis, Tennessee
Films set in Arkansas
Films shot in Arkansas
Films shot in Massachusetts
Films shot in Tennessee
Films shot in the Cayman Islands
American legal thriller films
Paramount Pictures films
Films with screenplays by Robert Towne
Films based on thriller novels
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
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2162483
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B9%D0%BE
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Тамарильйо
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Тамарильйо (Solanum betaceum) — рослина з роду Паслін родини пасльонових. Інші назви «Цифомандра бурячна», «томатне дерево», «тамаморо».
Опис
Невеличке вічнозелене дерево. Досягає заввишки 2-3 м, має досить великі блискучі листя овальної форми. Квітки рожево-білі, мають дуже приємний аромат. Рослина живе всього 15 років, плодоносити починає з другого року життя.
Ягоди яйцеподібної форми завдовжки від 5 до 10 см. Ростуть гронами, в кожній з яких від 3 до 12 плодів. Зверху плоди вкриті блискучою твердою шкіркою, що має гіркий смак. Забарвлення плодів може бути будь-якою в залежності від сорту (червоною, помаранчевої, жовтого, фіолетового тощо). Зовні плоди нагадують довгоплідні помідори. Тому перші конкістадори, котрі познайомилися з цим фруктом, назвали його томатним деревом.
М'якоть тамарільйо на смак кисло-солодко-солона, трохи нагадує смак томатного соку. Відмінність полягає в наявності у плодів характерного аромату тропічних фруктів. Колір м'якоті найчастіше золотисто-рожевий. Усередині плоду містяться насіння чорного кольору, які тонкі і круглі.
Зберігання
Тамарільйо, якщо його не піддавати транспортуванню великими купами, може зберігатися досить довго. У ящику для овочів і фруктів у холодильнику він пролежить 7—10 діб, якщо він спочатку був свіжим.
У темному місці незрілий плід доходить самостійно.
Застосування
Плоди дуже смачні, корисні для здоров'я. У них міститься багато вітамінів А, С, Е, РР, але особливо — вітамінів групи В (В2, В6, В9), мінеральних елементів: калію, кальцію, магнію, заліза і фосфору. Містить фолієву кислоту (вітамін В9), потреба в якій найгостріше відчувається під час вагітності.
Плоди вживають в їжу в свіжому вигляді, для цього попередньо потрібно очистити шкірку і зняти верхній шар до м'якоті. Тільки так можна уникнути попадання гірких частин плода. М'якоть плодів є чудовим доповненням деяких коктейлів і смузі, оскільки надає їм особливий аромат і неповторний смак.
Переважно використовують для консервування і кулінарної обробки (на кшталт помідорів). Тамарільйо погано зберігається і не витримує тривалого перевезення.
Він набагато солодший за помідори, що позначається на його калорійності (у тамарільйо — 50калл/100 г на відміну від помідора до 25 ккал/100 г). Є дієтичним продуктом. Фрукт багатий на каротиноїди, які надають йому червоно-помаранчевий колір. Каротиноїди є сировиною для синтезу в організмі людини вітаміну А. Вживання тамарільйо сприятливо позначається на здоров'ї шкіри, волосся і нігтів, покращує регенерацію тканин, зміцнює зір і імунітет. Істотну користь має для нервової системи, оскільки він багатий на вітаміни групи В.
Багато в плодах томатного дерева і вітаміну С. Достатнє споживання — засіб профілактики і лікування грипу, ГРВІ та інших інфекційних захворювань, як вірусної, так і бактеріальної природи. Тамарільйо допоможе при цинзі, а також прискорить відновлення після перенесених важких хвороб і хірургічних втручань. Зміцнює імунітет, сприяє профілактиці і лікуванню атеросклерозу, усуває закрепи.
При недокрів'ї та рясних місячних тамарільйо також є доречним, адже в ньому багато заліза, отже він корисний для виконання організмом кровотворної функції. Завдяки високому вмісту магнію корисний для серця і нервової системи.
Примітно те, що в тамарільйо багато калію і майже не міститься натрій, тому плоди і сік рослини рекомендується вживати при набряках, нирковій недостатності та інших захворюваннях нирок.
Розповсюдження
Природний ареал тамарільйо — перуанські Анди, Чилі, Болівія та Еквадор. У цих країнах воно досить широко поширене в дикому вигляді. У культурі тамарільйо поширене в країнах за місцем походження, а також в Аргентині, Венесуелі, Колумбії і Бразилії, а також в Новій Зеландії. Окремі плантації є в гірських районах Коста-Рики, Ямайки, Гватемали, Гаїті та Пуерто-Рико.
Джерела
Prohens, Jaime; Nuez, Fernando (2001). The Tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea): A Review of a Promising Small Fruit Crop. Small Fruits Review 1 (2): 43–68.
D.H. Lewis und J.A. Considine: Pollination and fruit set in the tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendt.) 1. Floral biology. In: New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, Volume 27, 1999. S. 101—112.
Паслін
Флора Південної Америки
Городина
Рослини, описані 1799
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4139147
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%28%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
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Новостройка (Томський район)
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Новостройка (Томський район)
Новостройка — присілок у складі Томського району Томської області, Росія. Входить до складу Новорождественського сільського поселення.
Населення
Населення — 17 осіб (2010; 36 у 2002).
Національний склад (станом на 2002 рік):
росіяни — 94 %
Джерела
Примітки
Посилання
На Вікімапії
Населені пункти Томського району
Присілки Томської області
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4167983
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA
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Червоний харчівник
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Червоний харчівник
ВАТ «Червоний харчівник» — підприємство в Бобруйську, засноване 1870 року.
Історія
1870 року купець Ханон Райцин відкрив у Бобруйську дріжджовий завод. У ньому працювало 40 людей і вироблялося близько 400 фунтів дріжджів на рік. Перші будівлі були дерев'яними, згодом добудованими цегляними бараками для робітників.
1890 року Райцин продав завод купцеві Зусману Рабіновичу. У 1892-1897 роках побудовано цегляну будівлю, придбано нове обладнання. 1898 року Рабінович продав частину власності Ашерові Рабіновичу та Шмерці Голадцю. 1902 року завод перейшов у власність поміщиків Вікентія Козел-Поклевського та Карла Незабитовського. 1913 року новим власником став купець 1-ї гільдії Янкель Разовський. Після приходу більшовиків завод був переданий повітовому комісаріатові, і його керівником став Геца Фрід. 1921 року за нового директора С. Л. Ґінзбурґа виробництво припинилося. 1924 року завод було передано Белхарчтресту, розпочався капітальний ремонт. Були створені виробничі відділи: бродіння, вальцювання, затирання, замочування, прасування, фасування. Наступного року завод виробив понад 700 кг дріжджів, які постачались переважно в Україну, а також у Бобруйську та Могильовську області.
У 1928-1930 рр. завод було реконструйовано та перейменовано на кондитерську фабрику «Червоний харчівник». Почалося виробництво пастили, мармеладу, джему. 1934 року було засновано карамельну крамницю, 1934 року
— халвовий, а 1937 року — дріжджовий магазин. До Німецько-радянської війни фабрика випускала 33 види кондитерських виробів загальною вагою 7000 тонн.
1944 року німці спалили фабрику під час відступу, частину обладнання вивезли. Виробництво відновилося 1945 року, до 1950 був досягнутий довоєнний обсяг виробництва. У 1952-1955 рр. відбувається переорієнтація підприємства на випуск пастильних та мармеладних виробів. У 1969-1971 роках було побудовано халвове виробництво.
У жовтні 1994 року кондитерська фабрика була перетворена на відкрите акціонерне товариство. 1999 року введена в експлуатацію лінія з виробництва ірису, мармеладу та цукерок у шоколадній глазурі з автоматичним пакуванням.
Продукти
Завод випускає понад 140 видів продукції: зефір, халву, драже, мармелад, іриски, желейні цукерки.
Примітки
Посилання
Офіційна сторінка
Історія підприємства // Могильовська обласна бібліотека
Підприємства Бобруйська
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1517158
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill-class%20submarine
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Churchill-class submarine
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Churchill-class submarine
The three Churchill class, sometimes known as the Repeat Valiant-class submarines were nuclear-powered fleet submarines which served with the Royal Navy from the 1970s until the early 1990s. The Churchill class was based on the older , but featured many internal improvements.
The lead vessel was named after the former Prime Minister and First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill. was the most famous of the class, sinking the Argentinian cruiser during the 1982 Falklands War. , this is the only instance of a nuclear-powered submarine of any nation sinking an enemy ship by torpedo.
Design
The Churchills carried a crew of 103 and had a full load displacement of 4,900 tons whilst dived. They were long, had a beam of and a draught of . Their single pressurized water-cooled reactor supplied steam to two English Electric geared turbines, producing a total of for the single shaft and resulting in a maximum of submerged. Like all nuclear-powered submarines the Churchill class could remain submerged almost indefinitely, with supplies of food being the only limiting factor. One Kelvin Type 1006 surface-search radar was fitted. The ships were built with a Type 2001 sonar array, but this was replaced in the late 1970s with a Type 2020 array and a Type 2026 towed array. Weapons included Mk VIII torpedoes, Mk 24 Tigerfish torpedoes, and Sub-Harpoon anti-ship missiles. Six torpedo tubes fired from the bow.
HMS Churchill evaluated both the American Mark 48 torpedo and the UGM-84 Harpoon missile, though only the latter was adopted by the Royal Navy. She was decommissioned in 1990 and is laid up at Rosyth awaiting disposal.
In 1981 became the first British submarine to carry the Sub-Harpoon missile. She was decommissioned in 1992 and is at Devonport Dockyard serving as a museum ship.
Construction Programme
Service history
was the most famous of the class, sinking the Argentinian cruiser during the 1982 Falklands War. She did not fire again during the war, but provided valuable help to the British task force by using her monitoring equipment to track Argentine aircraft departing the mainland. After the war Conqueror returned to Faslane; the sinking of General Belgrano had provoked controversy in Britain and Conqueror was criticised for flying the Jolly Roger on returning to port, as Royal Navy submarines customarily did on returning after scoring a kill. She the only nuclear-powered submarine of any nationality to have engaged an enemy ship with torpedoes. She was decommissioned in 1990 and is laid up at Devonport awaiting disposal. Conquerors periscopes can be viewed at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum in Gosport.
See also
List of submarines of the Royal Navy
Cited footnotes
Submarine classes
Monuments and memorials to Winston Churchill
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4478450
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%20%28%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%29
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Аль-Джазіра (газета)
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Аль-Джазіра (газета)
Аль-Джазіра (в перекладі «Острів») — щоденна арабська газета, що видається в Саудівській Аравії. Газета публікується у форматі широкоформатних листів на 48 сторінках, як кольорових, так і чорно-білих. Видання має понад тридцять національних та міжнародних філій.
Примітки
Посилання
Офіційний вебсайт
Арабомовні газети
Газети Саудівської Аравії
Засновані в Саудівській Аравії 1960
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1656862
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96
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Сасорі
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Сасорі Акасуна — ніндзя-зрадник із Сунаґакуре. Після смерті своїх батьків Сасорі замкнувся в собі. Після цього ним піклувалася його бабуся, Чійо, яка навчила його мистецтву і контролю маріонеток. Також у нього був єдиний друг Камуші, який помер через отруту, Сасорі (потім Сасорі зробить з нього свою першу людську маріонетку). Це захоплення було єдиним, що цікавило хлопця. Він настільки захопився маріонетками, що навіть створив ляльок схожих на його батьків, щоб постійно відчувати їх втрачену любов. Зрозумівши, що ляльки найважливіші в його житті, Сасорі покинув селище і приєднався до «Акацукі». Його партнером спершу був Орочімару, а після його зради ним став Дейдара, який захопився рівнем Сасорі. Хоча у цих двох були різні погляди на мистецтво (Сасорі стверджував, що мистецтво — це вічність, а Дейдара вважав що справжнім мистецтвом є вибух), Дейдара вважав, що Сасорі — його вчитель, і намагався досягти його рівня.
Сасорі — майстер контролю над маріонетками. Його найсильнішою маріонеткою є Третій Казекаге. Сам він перебував у Хіруко і тільки члени Акацукі, такі як Дейдара та Орочімару, а також бабуся Чійо знали як він виглядає насправді. Через своє захоплення "вічним мистецтвом" Сасорі зробив з себе маріонетку, але використовував своє лялькове тіло рідко. Маріонетки Сасорі мають особливість — вони відповідають певним особам, які колись жили, і, відповідно, мають їхні колишні сили. Наприклад, маріонетка Третього Казекаґе, вбитого Сасорі перед приєднанням до Акацукі, має всі притаманні йому сили.
Сасорі був вбитий у поєдинку із Сакурою Харуно і своєю бабусею Чійо. Чійо використала проти онука свої найсильніші маріонетки, подолавши елітні маріонетки Сасорі. Хоча він міг ухилитися від останньої атаки Чійо, але не став. Таким чином, Сасорі приєднався до своїх люблячих загиблих батьків.
Посилання
Біографія Сасорі
Персонажі Naruto
Чоловічі персонажі аніме та манґи
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18775606
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukowiec%2C%20%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA%20East%20County
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Bukowiec, Łódź East County
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Bukowiec, Łódź East County
Bukowiec is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Brójce, within Łódź East County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. The village lies approximately north-east of Brójce and south-east of the regional capital Łódź.
References
Central Statistical Office (GUS) Population: Size and Structure by Administrative Division - (2007-12-31) (in Polish)
Villages in Łódź East County
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1976897
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B9%20%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE
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Пахомій Горленко
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Пахомій Горленко
Горленко Павло Дмитрович (чернече ім'я Пахомій; *1692, Прилуки — †1736, Київ) — український церковний діяч доби Гетьманщини, ієромонах, аскет. Походив з давнього козацького роду Горленків. Син видатного державного діяча, полковника Прилуцького Дмитра Горленка. Вихованець Києво-Могилянської академії. Рідний дядько святого Йосафа Білгородського, якому був наставником у чернечому житті.
Біографія
Закінчив Києво-Могилянську академію. Значився у списках студентів класу філософії за 1715–1717.
1715 прийняв чернечий постриг на Волощині, де тимчасово перебували його батьки. Тоді ж став ієродияконом.
1725 висвячений єпископом Луцьким, Троїцьким та Переяславським К. Шумлянським у сан ієромонаха. Перебував серед братії Ближніх печер Києво-Печерської лаври.
Зберігся лист його батька, Дмитра Горленка, до Б. Шереметева, в якому він просить заступництва для свого сина: «к сынови моему, старцу Пахомію, Богу себе иноческим образом обручившему и света отщепившемуся, буди милостив и, где ему укажут до подвигов иноческих местце в монастырях Кіевских, дабы то под протекцією непреломанною Вашего Сіятельства мог спокойное маты помешканье».
Серед лаврських ченців відзначався аскетизмом і подвижництвом, що справило велике враження на його небожа — учня Києво-Могилянської академії, майбутнього святого Якима Горленка. Павло Дмитрович покровительствував небожу й підтримав його намір прийняти чернечий постриг.
Література
Акты и документы.., ОТД. 2, Т. 1, Ч. 2. К., 1904;
Жевахов Н. Д. Святитель Иоасаф (Горленко)… т. 3. Доп. К., 1909;
Титов Ф. И. К истории Киевской духовной академии в XVII–XVIII вв. К., 1913.
Києво-Могилянська академія в іменах
Випускники Києво-Могилянської академії
Українські релігійні діячі
Ієромонахи
Персоналії:Прилуки
Померли в Києві
Померли 1736
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4030731
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0
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Старомлинівська сільська громада
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Старомлинівська сільська громада
Старомлинівська сільська об'єднана територіальна громада — об'єднана територіальна громада в Україні, на території Волноваського району Донецької області. Адміністративний центр — село Старомлинівка.
Утворена 17 липня 2020 року.
Населені пункти
До складу громади входять 11 сіл: Старомлинівка, Володине, Георгіївка, Євгенівка, Завітне Бажання, Красна Поляна, Малий Керменчик, Новомайорське, Новопетриківка, Орлинське, Ялинське і 3 селища: Керменчик, Ключове, Новодонецьке.
Джерела
Громади Волноваського району
засновані в Україні 2020
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42780592
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian%20Greek%20Catholic%20Church%20in%20the%20Soviet%20Union
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Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the Soviet Union
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Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the Soviet Union
The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the USSR refers to the period in its history between 1939 and 1991, when Ukraine was part of the Soviet Union.
Tensions in the pre-Soviet period
Soviet policy toward the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church cannot be understood simply in terms of Marxist–Leninist ideology. The precedent for Stalinist church policy in Western Ukraine can be found in the treatment of the Greek-Catholic Church during centuries of tsarist rule and the pattern of relations between the Russian state and the Orthodox Church.
Hostility toward the so-called "Uniate Church" dates back to the Union of Brest in 1596, when the majority of Orthodox bishops in Ukraine and Belarus (then part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) recognized the primacy of the Holy See. In return, papal guarantees recognized that the Uniates retained their Byzantine (Eastern) rite, the Church-Slavonic liturgical language, Eastern canon law, a married clergy and administrative autonomy.
Coming only seven years after the establishment of the Moscow Patriarchate (which claimed jurisdiction over the Orthodox in the Commonwealth), this union was viewed by Muscovy not only as an ecclesiastical obstacle to its claim as the "Third Rome," but also as an attempt to permanently separate Ukraine and Belarus from Muscovy.
This opposition continued after the second and third partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century, when the Russian Empire systematically carried out attempts to liquidate the Union of Brest.
The Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church's incompatibility with Soviet Russian policy and social order stems from the church's title. As a "Ukrainian" church, the UGCC not only managed to maintain its ethnic individuality under foreign domination but also helped forge a modern national self-identity. As a "Catholic" church, the UGCC was closely tied to Rome and to other Catholic Churches.
Attempts to liquidate the church in 1939-41
Without any efforts to conceal its intentions, the Soviet regime renewed earlier attempts to liquidate the Union of Brest following its liberation of Western Ukrainian lands in September 1939, prior to which they were occupied by Poland.
A propaganda campaign against the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church was initiated by the magazine "Communist", which, in its 9 October 1939 issue, accused the church's infrastructure of Anti-Soviet agitation and collaboration with the "Polish Bourgeoisie." At this same time, 20 Ukrainian Greek-Catholic publications were shut down by Soviet authorities who subsequently began confiscating religious literature from libraries and bookstores. Seminaries and monastic novitiates also witnessed the forced closure of their institutions. On 22 October 1939, the Peoples' Committees of Ukraine voted on and passed a decree calling for the nationalization of all Greek-Catholic property, including churches and monasteries. The day-to-day operations of all Greek-Catholic organizations were prohibited. Priests were deemed "unfit for society" and levied with exorbitant taxes, amounting up to 15,000 roubles per year. Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky personally met with Nikita Khrushchev regarding the tax burdens, and managed to secure a slight mitigation.
On 9 October 9, 1939, Sheptytsky issued a pastoral letter in which he underscored the difficulty of the new situation for the church and emphasized the necessity of rearing children and youth in the spirit of the Greek-Catholic faith. A few months later, the metropolitan addressed the priests of the UGCC, requesting that they refrain from openly endorsing any political power to avoid further repressions. But, unsatisfied with the rate at which atheism was being implemented, the regime increased its anti-religious campaign by supplementing the budgets of the media and such organizations as the Komsomol and Association of Military Non-Believers. Schools became targets of increased pressure to introduce curricula featuring subjects on atheism, while traditional religious holidays were officially declared work days.
The atheism campaign was augmented by the simultaneous attempt to introduce and embed the influence and authority of the Russian Orthodox Church on the territory of Galicia. On 17 October 1939, Panteleymon Rozhnovsky was appointed bishop of Grodno and authorized to conduct missionary work in Western Belarus and Ukraine. In the middle of the following year, Mykola Yarushevych became the exarch of Volhynia. On 28 October 1940, despite disapproval even from Orthodox hierarchs, who warned of possible difficulties stemming from planned religious conversions, the Moscow Patriarchate openly declared its desire to liquidate Greek-Catholicism.
The expansion of the Russian Orthodox Church and the process of implementing atheism throughout the Ukrainian territories were interrupted by the outbreak of the Nazi-Soviet War of 22 June 1941. From the summer of 1941 until the summer of 1944, Western Ukraine was under Nazi occupation.
Renewed pressure on the UGCC in 1944-1945
In the summer and fall of 1944, the Soviet Red Army re-occupied Eastern Galicia, as well as Transcarpathia, the seat of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Eparchy of Mukachiv-Uzhorod. In time, Communist forces extended their rule on all neighboring territories settled by ethnic Ukrainians-Uniates, including the Riashiv, Lemko and Priashiv regions of present-day Poland and Slovakia. In his letter to Cardinal Tisserant (March 22nd, 1944), Sheptytsky expressed his deep concern over the return of Soviet occupying forces, in which he stated that, "The Bolshevik Army is approaching... This news fills all the faithful with fear. Everyone... is convinced they are destined for certain death."
At first, the Soviet regime did not openly concern itself with the question of implementing atheism in Western Ukraine. The authority of Church and Metropolitan Sheptysky forced the state to avoid a direct conflict. In fact, Sheptytsky, who died on 1 November 1944, was granted a solemn yet momentous funeral, the ceremony of which was attended by members of the new regime.
At the close of World War II, the Greek-Catholic Church in the Ukrainian S.S.R. consisted of 4 eparchies with 2,326 parishes, over 4,000 structures and approximately 3.5 – 4 million faithful. Pastoral duties were being fulfilled by 8 bishops and close 2,400 priests. The 4 eparchies administered theological academies, 4 seminaries with 565 seminarians, as well as 35 monasteries with 155 monks and 347 brotherhoods, and 123 convents with 979 nuns.
By April 1945, Iosyf Stalin approved a 10-point plan – developed by leaders of the Ukrainian Communist Party – which called for the liquidation of the Greek-Catholic Church and the augmentation of Orthodox infrastructures in Ukraine. The Soviet press began to slander the priesthood and unleashed a campaign attacking the Greek-Catholic Church's history. In addition, the press renewed its accusations of Nationalism vis-à-vis the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church and organizing anti-Soviet resistance. The pro-Soviet articles of the Galician journalist Yaroslav Halan, a correspondent for the daily newspaper Vil'na Ukraina (A Free Ukraine), were particularly effective in harming the church's reputation.
On 11 April 1945, the NKGB arrested Metropolitan Josyf Slipyj, Sheptytsky's successor, as well as 4 Galician bishops: Hryhory Khomyshyn, Ivan Liatyshevsky, Nikita Budka and Mykola Charnetsky. At a time when bishops and other members of the religious community who refused to "convert" to Orthodoxy were accused of fabricated political crimes and deported to concentration camps (where only Metropolitan Slipyj, and Bishops Charnetsky and Liatyshevsky, survived), the NKVD created a "voluntary" movement for the "reunion" (Rus. vossoiedyneniia) with the Russian Orthodox Church. This movement, in addition to the support of those priests who voluntarily strived for reunion, also relied on the official support of priests who were forced into such a position, often by torture. Almost immediately following the wave of arrests of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic hierarchs, the Russian Orthodox Church appointed Mykhailo Oksiiuk bishop of Lviv and Ternopil, expressly advising him to coordinate his actions with the "people's movement for the union of the Church."
"The Initiative Group"
The so-called "Initiative Group for the Reunion of the Greek-Catholic Church with the Orthodox Church" was created on 28 May 1945, with the Rev. Havryil Kostelnyk at its helm. Two official letters were written on this day. The first letter was addressed to the government of Soviet Ukraine, requesting the Initiative Group's formal recognition as well as its authorization for the right to carry out the "reunion" campaign. The second letter informed the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic clergy that the group was created "by the will of the people" and that the group did not recognize any other administrative leadership of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. On 18 June 1945, Pavlo Khodchenko, the republican plenipotentiary of the Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church, replied on behalf of the government of the Ukrainian S.S.R., recognizing the "Initiative Group" as the sole provisional organ of church administration, authorized to conduct all affairs of the Greek-Catholic parishes situated on the territory of Western Ukraine. This paved the way for proceeding in all matters concerning the reunion with the Russian Orthodox Church.
The Initiative Group was authorized to "coordinate and comply with the government on all legal affairs pertaining to the administration of Greek-Catholic parishes." The reply also instructed the Initiative Group to dispatch to Khodchenko "lists of all deans, parish priests and hegumens [superiors] of monasteries who refused to recognize the jurisdiction of the Initiative Group." Khodchenko's letter is the only officially publicized document confirming the government's direct participation in the process of destroying the Uniate Church.
A group of Ukrainian Greek-Catholic hierarchs who were not yet incarcerated – under the leadership of Archimandrite Klymentiy Sheptytsky – issued a formal protest against Khodchenko's directives. In their letter to Vyacheslav Molotov, they referred to specific clauses in Soviet law which guaranteed the freedom of religion and conscience. In addition, the letter of protest denoted the manipulative nature of the "Initiative Group" in its attempt to falsify the history of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. They demanded the release of Metropolitan Slipyj and other imprisoned clergy, while at the same time offering their assurance that Greek-Catholics have no intention to engage in anti-Soviet activity. However, none of these acts of protest were able to garner any positive results. In fact, the NKGB proceeded to arrest priests, particularly focusing its attention on members of the Order of St. Basil the Great. By the end of June 1945, the number of those incarcerated exceeded 200.
The "Initiative Group" also began to engage in the so-called "political re-education" of Ukrainian Greek-Catholics. In August 1945, it distributed 5,000 copies of Kostelnyk's anti-papal brochure which condemned the Union of Brest and appealed for the conversion to Orthodoxy. During his many private meetings with members of the priesthood, Kostelnyk asserted that the issue of "reunion" would be limited only to a formal subordination to the Russian Orthodox Church; the ability to observe holy days and conduct religious services would be retained without any changes and such an arrangement, given the circumstances, would be in the best interest of the faithful. At the same time, representatives of the "Initiative Group" were systematically informing the government of recalcitrant priests. As a result, those priests who refused to sign the document certifying their conversion to Orthodoxy, were not only automatically relieved of their pastoral responsibilities, but often arrested as well. The "Initiative Group" considered the combination of various forms of pressure, to be effective – in October 1945 Kostelnyk estimated that by year's end only a hundred priests would be negatively inclined towards "reunification." Yet, he admitted that among those individuals who agreed to the conversion, there were many who committed this act out of fear or the desire to continue their pastoral activity under the pretext of subordinating to the regime.
The activities of the "Initiative Group" were personally supervised by the then head of the Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU), Nikita Khrushchev, who informed Stalin on 17 December 1945 of the activities taken by the group under the supervision of the NKGB.
The Synod of Lviv and its consequences
The culmination of the "unification" campaign took place at the so-called Lviv Synod (Sobor) in March 1946, when an assembly of appointed hierarchs "annulled" the Union of Brest (although this 1946 congregation was not convened in accordance with canon law). Apart from the fact that the Stalinist regime never formally liquidated the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church, by 1949 the Russian Orthodox Church had forcibly absorbed the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church in Transcarpathia as well, and an analogous "union" had also occurred on the territory of the Greek-Catholic Eparchy of Priashiv in Eastern Slovakia. In 1948, the Union of Brest was abolished in Romania and Orthodoxy was also instituted in 10 Ukrainian Greek-Catholic parishes in those regions neighboring Transcarpathia. The Greek-Catholic Church was also de facto disbanded in Poland in 1947-1949.
The forced "unification" did not eradicate the existence of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. The church survived within the formal infrastructure of the Orthodox Church as an "underground" Uniate Church, in the GULags, in exile, and clandestinely on the territory of Western Ukraine. However, the church received its formal legal right to exist only on the cusp of 1989-1990.
The Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church after Stalin's death
Stalin's death in March 1953, the internal struggle for power following his demise, and the so-called de-Stalinization campaign initiated by Nikita Khrushchev all had a significant impact on the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. A few months following the dictator's death, Metropolitan Josyf Slipyj – whose 8-year sentence officially ended in April 1953 – by Beria's order, was transferred from a camp in Mordova to Moscow. As he sought out allies during his struggle for power in Ukraine and the other non-Russian republics, Beria began to oppose the russification of Western Ukraine. His subordinates began secret negotiations with Josyf Slipyj regarding the normalization of relations with the Vatican and the legalization of the Greek-Catholic Church in Western Ukraine. Discussions with the metropolitan were abruptly discontinued after Beria's arrest. Slipyj did not accept the KGB's proposal of renouncing his loyalty to the Pope of Rome in exchange for freedom and a high position in the Russian Orthodox Church. As a result, he was sentenced to exile in Krasnoyarsk where he remained under the obscure status of a semi-prisoner until his subsequent arrest in 1958. In 1955-1956 following Khrushchev's dissolution of the GULag system, a few hundred Greek-Catholic priests and monks were released from the camps and permitted to return to Western Ukraine.
Among those released were two bishops: Nicholas Charnetsky who returned to Lviv, and Ivan Lyatyshevskyi, the auxiliary bishop of the Stanislaviv Eparchy, who returned to Stanislaviv. Although they were forbidden to engage in pastoral activities, both bishops continued to fulfill their episcopal obligations and ordained a number of priests. Due to the fact that many Ukrainian Greek-Catholic priests – now formally serving as Orthodox priests – appealed to the bishops by requesting absolution and their re-acceptance into the Greek-Catholic faith, in 1956 Bishop Charnetsky came to the conclusion that the priests should continue to provide pastoral care to the faithful in the Orthodox Church, while secretly belonging to the Greek-Catholic Church. Thus, the banned Greek-Catholic Church – without any possibility of legally serving its faithful – managed to formally maintain its presence in the Orthodox Church in the form of a "clandestine" Greek-Catholic clergy. Furthermore, the Greek-Catholic Church was able to supplement, to some degree, the ranks of its priesthood through the "underground" Greek-Catholic seminaries.
New tensions regarding the status of and policies towards the UGCC
De-Stalinization, just like the transformation of the Greek-Catholic Church in Poland in 1956-1957, brought hope for yet another legalization of the Greek-Catholic Church in Western Ukraine. A large number of appeals regarding legalization were produced by the faithful, while a few parishes even rejected Orthodoxy. The publication in December 1957 of a resolution adopted in October of that year by the deans of the Lviv Eparchy during a conference held at the Pochaiv Monastery, quashed these aspirations. The resolution distinctly underscored the fact that the Soviet government's stance regarding the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church had not changed and that it [the church] will continue to be interpreted as an instrument in the hands of "enemies of the state."
Moreover, a clear signal of the regime's hard-line attitude towards the Greek-Catholic Church, was the arrest, in the spring of 1958, of exiled Metropolitan Josyf Slipyj under the premise of illegal contacts with members of the clergy and the smuggling abroad of the metropolitan's pastoral letters and other correspondence. Following lengthy hearings in June 1959, during a closed trial in Kyiv, the metropolitan was sentenced to an additional 7 years of imprisonment.
It was only as a result of ongoing discussions between Pope John XXIII, Nikita Khrushchev and President John F. Kennedy between 1961 and 1963, that the metropolitan was finally released from imprisonment in late January 1963. On 4 February 1963, after secretly appointing Vasyl Velychkovsky as bishop-exarch of Lviv, Slipyj departed Moscow en route to Rome. However, improved relations between the Vatican and Moscow did not benefit the status of the Greek-Catholic Church in Ukraine – repressions against active, underground Uniate bishops and clergy commenced once again.
The relative amelioration of Moscow-Vatican relations coincided with the final phase of Krushchev's "de-Stalinization" period, which nevertheless consisted of an ongoing Soviet anti-religious policy, the main target of which, since the late 1950s, was the Russian Orthodox Church. Prior to Khrushchev's ouster at the end of 1964, a large number of Orthodox churches, monasteries and seminaries were closed.
Seeking to establish amicable relations with the Kremlin, the Moscow Patriarchate renewed its function as a supporter and defender of Soviet foreign policy. In 1960, the Russian Orthodox Church joined the World Council of Churches and initiated contact with the Vatican. The illegal status of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church in the USSR became the key point of contention between the Vatican and the Moscow Patriarchate. In this respect, Moscow's greatest wish was for the pope to renounce the Uniates. At a minimum, the task was to maintain the status quo and keep the Vatican from legalizing the Greek-Catholic Church worldwide.
The Moscow Patriarchate hoped that closer relations with the pope would neutralize the pressure induced by Uniate émigré circles upon the Vatican, as well as demoralize the underground church in Ukraine. In both cases, the Moscow Patriarchate achieved a certain amount of success during the papacy of Paul VI, which coincided with the leadership of Leonid Brezhnev.
The Brezhnev Period
The Greek-Catholic clergy – undaunted by disciplinary sanctions in 1965-1966 – in mid-1966 began celebrating liturgies on Sundays and religious holidays in officially non-functioning churches in Western Ukraine. The clergy's actions served as a test to monitor the regime's potential reaction to such activity. Thus, by August 1967, close to 200 churches were once again meeting the spiritual needs of Ukrainian Catholics in Galicia, while a large number of those priests who had been "accepted" into the Orthodox Church, were secretly seeking the opportunity to return to the Greek-Catholic Church.
Countless appeals for the legal registration of Ukrainian Greek-Catholic parishes were rejected by the regime.
Despite the regime's warnings, the majority of the active clergy openly continued pastoral activity. The restored legal status of the Greek-Catholic Church in neighboring Czechoslovakia in June 1968 (which was not rescinded following the Soviet invasion in August of that year) and the subsequent return of the majority of the parishes, which had been transferred in 1950 to the government-supported Orthodox Church, galvanized the Uniates in Galicia and inclined Cardinal Josyf Slipyj, that same year, to relay a memorandum to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of Ukraine calling for the legalization of the Church. A meeting between the head of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Mykola Pidhornyi and Pope Paul VI on June 30, 1969, produced no breakthrough regarding the legalization of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church.
However, just as in 1957, prospects for the UGCC's resurgence from the underground compelled the Russian Orthodox Church in 1968 to demand from the Soviet regime an assurance that this would never happen. In October 1968, a new wave of repressions was initiated against the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. The arrest of Bishop Velychkovsky and two underground priests was the culmination of this last crackdown on the cusp of 1968-1969. Empty churches throughout the countryside which at one time had been frequented by Greek Catholics, were now being either destroyed by the local authorities or utilized for secular purposes; a number of churches were transformed into museums of atheism. In some locales the situation came to a head between the militia and faithful, including incidents of violence where the faithful were brutally beaten or temporarily detained by the militia. Priests who were caught celebrating liturgical services were issued monetary fines.
This renewed wave of repressions coincided with Moscow's crackdown on political demonstrations in Ukraine which manifested themselves in the form of Ukrainian dissidents' support for the renewal of the Greek-Catholic Church. The beginning of the 1970s was also characterized by a significant increase in defamatory and intimidating publications in the press.
These new attacks divided the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic clergy vis-à-vis the prospects for the legalization of their church. Many representatives of the clergy fell under the assumption that the regime would never recognize the Church and therefore a "compromise" – as was often proposed by KGB operatives during interrogations – would serve as a possible solution. Others, on the other hand, sought some kind of modus vivendi and hoped for some sort of Vatican-Moscow outcome which would benefit the status and further the recognition process of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church.
Throughout 1972-1973, Ukrainian Catholics submitted to the [Soviet] government many declarations calling for the legalization of the Church. However, fear of repressions hindered the collecting of signatures. A petition relayed to Moscow in February 1973 via a delegation headed by Rev. Volodymyr Prokopiv garnered 1200 signatures. The initiative spearheaded by Rev. Prokopiv – who attempted to secure the Church's registration under the hope of a compromise – did not enjoy broad support amongst the clergy. Rev. Prokopiv's proposal appeared to be yet another attempt to implode the Church from within.
The Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe in Helsinki in August 1975 served as an important step towards the implementation of international monitoring of Human Rights in the USSR, particularly the freedom of religion. For the underground Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church – the largest banned religious organization in the Soviet Union – the Helsinki Accords initiated the practice of regularly held observational conferences. In addition, the engagement of foreign, independent monitoring organizations as well as unofficial Helsinki Groups in the USSR (the Ukrainian Helsinki Group was formed in November 1976), paved the way for the internationalization of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. Beginning with the Belgrade conference in late 1977, the issue of the violation of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics' religious freedom was formally raised in the form of various presentations and documents issued by American, Canadian and Vatican delegations as well as by other Western powers.
In late spring 1978, yet another initiative was undertaken – most likely under the impetus of the Soviet Ukrainian government – to resolve the legalization issue of the UGCC in the form of a "Roman Catholic Church of the Eastern Rite." The initiative group drafted a statute of such a church and proposed that its head be a Roman Catholic bishop from Lithuania to be appointed by the Pope. In so doing, the clergy's activities would be limited to celebrating liturgies and performing other religious ceremonial functions. Finances and the administering of parochial affairs would be fulfilled by lay parish councils, as guaranteed by Soviet legislation under the category "religious beliefs."
On 5 June 1978, the draft statute was submitted to the Council for Religious Affairs in Moscow. The overall initiative, however, failed to receive further attention and development. Even if the authorities had chosen to provide a formal response, the uncertainty regarding the future course of the Vatican's "Ost-Politik" could have possibly decided the endeavour's ultimate fate. Following the death of Pope Paul VI on 6 August 1978, and the unexpected passing of the pontiff's immediate successor on 29 September of that year, John Paul II became pope on 16 October 1978.
Pope John Paul II and tensions vis-à-vis the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
John Paul II's ascension to the Holy See ushered in the Vatican's policy of support for the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. The Soviet authorities' concerns regarding the new pope's intentions were confirmed by the publication of a letter (dated 19 March 1979) addressed to Cardinal Josyf Slipyj regarding the Millennium of Ukraine's Christianity, scheduled to be commemorated in 1988. In his letter, John Paul II underscored the importance of preserving the Union of Brest, by expressing his respect for the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic episcopate, clergy, and faithful who bore witness to injustice and persecution in the name of Christ and professed their faith in God and their Church. Simultaneously directing his address at the Soviet government, the pope invoked the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by appealing to the authorities to allow each believer to profess his/her own faith and to participate in the communal life of the Church to which he/she belongs.
The pope's letter to Slipyj not only sent shock waves and anxiety throughout the Vatican's Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity (headed at that time by Cardinal Johannes Willebrands), but also spurred a harsh reaction from Moscow. As a result, the Moscow Patriarchate immediately postponed a scheduled theological meeting with Roman Catholic hierarchs in Odesa. In addition, on 4 September 1979, the patriarchate's representative in charge of external ecclesiastical affairs, Metropolitan Yuvenaliy, wrote a letter to Cardinal Willebrands in which he threatened the latter with "public criticism," if Willebrands did not immediately explain the "exact meaning" behind the papal missive to Slipyj.
Unsatisfied with Willebrands's diplomatic response, Moscow once again expressed outrage when in March 1980 John Paul II convened an extraordinary synod of all the Ukrainian bishops. It was during this synod that the pope confirmed the selection of Archbishop Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky as coadjutor – with the right of succession – to Archbishop of Lviv, Josyf Slipyj, thereby guaranteeing the continuity of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Metropolitanate's leadership in Galicia. The already strained relations between Moscow and the Vatican were exacerbated even further, when later that same year the synod of Ukrainian bishops was once again summoned to Rome where, on 2 December 1980, it adopted a resolution which unanimously declared the Lviv Sobor of 1946 as uncanonical and void.
The Russian patriarch's protest initiated a broad discussion within the Roman curia regarding the priorities of Vatican-Moscow political and ecumenical relations, and the effect of Moscow's dissatisfaction with the Roman Catholic Church's position in the Soviet bloc. The pope's response to Moscow was issued on 24 January 1981, and was considered a compromise, which could satisfy neither the Russian Patriarchate nor the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics: the Apostolic See – by expressing its unwavering position in support of the rights of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church – nevertheless wanted the resolution (of the 1946 Sobor) to initially be disseminated throughout the press and for the documents to be accessible for review. As a result, Rome immediately informed all of the papal nuncios in those countries where Ukrainian Catholics dwelled that the texts of the resolution did not receive formal approval and were therefore not considered official documents.
In the spring of 1980, the Soviet press left no doubt that John Paul II was perceived as a serious threat. As a result, an anti-papal and anti-Uniate campaign was initiated, which in Ukraine was spearheaded by Leonid Kravchuk. He informed a conference of Orthodox bishops that authorities in Ukraine had embarked on a massive propaganda initiative and had taken certain administrative steps to counteract the "nationalist and religious subversive deeds" supported by the Vatican.
The Period of Transition
The final years of the Brezhnev regime and the transitional rule of Yuri Andropov and Kostyantin Chernenko were characterized in terms of an increase in political control. This included attacks against any manifestation of ideological deviation as well as an escalation of propaganda against such influences from abroad as: nationalism, Catholicism, religious fundamentalism, Zionism and American imperialism. At a time when a "patriotic" rapprochement between the Kremlin and the Russian Orthodox Church was becoming more and more evident, the banned Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church was subjected to yet another wave of repressions. During the first half of 1980, three Uniate priests were murdered, while in early 1981 three additional priests were imprisoned. At this same time, Soviet Secret Service officials began using new, advanced methods of infiltration and internal manipulation with the intent of destabilizing the underground Church and undermining its status abroad.
During the early 1980s, several priests and proactive lay youth groups outside Ukraine distributed information worldwide about the dramatic situation of the Uniates and their struggle for the legalization of their Church. Domestically, in September 1982, under the leadership of Iosyp Terelia, "The Initiative Group for the Defence of the Rights of Believers and the Church" was organized. Following Terelia's arrest and sentencing to a one-year term of incarceration in December 1982, the group's leadership was assumed by another lay activist, Vasyl Kobryn, who in turn was arrested and sentenced to a three-year term of hard labour in November 1984. Beginning in 1984, on an irregular basis, the group began issuing a bulletin titled "The Chronicle of the Catholic Church in Ukraine," edited for the most part by Terelia.
One of the reasons behind the publication of the bulletin was the ever-deepening crisis because aging priests who were trained under "normal" circumstances (prior to the Church's destruction) could not be replaced by equally well-trained young clergymen. Another factor to contend with was the phenomenon of so-called "crypto-Catholics" who had evolved and increased in size over the course of the previous four decades by attending Orthodox services. Among them now functioned a new generation of Orthodox priests who had not undergone formation in the Uniate tradition and were thus increasingly distancing themselves from the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. Given such circumstances, the concern was that this new generation of clergymen might not return to their original Church as long as it remained underground and was not officially recognized by the regime.
Cardinal Josyf Slipyj died on 7 September 1984 in Rome. He was succeeded, as planned, by Archbishop Myroslav Lubachivsky, whom Pope John Paul II appointed cardinal on 25 May 1985.
The status of the UGCC at the outset of the Gorbachev era
Mikhail Gorbachev's ascension to the leadership of the Communist Party and the introduction of "Perestroika" paved the way for a number of political concessions. In 1986-1987 almost all Ukrainian prisoners of conscience were released. Their freedom became the basis for a revitalized movement in support of human, national and religious rights in Ukraine.
As the fear of massive political repressions began to wane, the underground Church was becoming more assertive and visible. In the wake of Gorbachev's reforms, "The Initiative Group for the Defense of the Rights of Believers and the Church" renewed its activities. In late 1987 – following Iosyp Terelia's relocation to Canada – the Initiative Group's title was changed to the "Committee for the Defense of the Ukrainian Catholic Church" and its leadership was now assumed by the recently released political dissident Ivan Gel.
The Committee began to publish an uncensored journal titled "The Christian Voice," which replaced "The Chronicle." With the arrival of "Glasnost," Ukrainian Catholic activists organized a campaign for the return of the Church's pre-war status. As a result, the clergy began to celebrate liturgies in public for large congregations of Greek-Catholics, particularly at pilgrimage sites. In addition, activists began organizing petitions demanding the reopening of Greek-Catholic churches as well as the full rehabilitation and legalization of the Church. Furthermore, the faithful were being encouraged to publicly confront the authorities on the issue of the constitutional rights of Ukrainian Catholics' religious freedom. Through the intervention of non-Ukrainian dissident movements in the Soviet Union, the Committee also began to distribute to the Western media not only various printed as well as audio-visual materials attesting to the massive support for the renewal of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church, but also evidence of the ongoing repressions by Soviet authorities.
In early August 1987, a group consisting of Ukrainian Greek-Catholic priests, monks and lay people, including bishops Pavlo Vasylyk and Ivan Semedi, announced that it is "leaving the underground," and called upon the pope to "support the legalization of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church in the USSR in every possible way." Soon afterwards, additional Ukrainian Catholic bishops, namely Metropolitan Volodymyr Sterniuk of Lviv and bishop Sofron Dmyterko of Ivano-Frankivsk, joined the group of activists demanding legalization. Pope John Paul II was now, on many an occasion, taking up the plight of Ukrainian Catholics in the USSR, and high expectations were being held in regards to the upcoming commemoration of the Millennium of Ukrainian Christianity.
The Pope celebrated the Millennium together with the hierarchs of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church in Rome in 1988, subject to the condition that he could make a pastoral visit to a Ukrainian Greek-Catholic church, to serve as a symbolic gesture of gratitude to the pontiff for approving a high-ranking delegation's participation in Millennium festivities in Moscow and Kyiv. This led to a planned meeting in Moscow scheduled for 10 June 1988 between cardinals Agostino Casaroli and Johannes Willebrands and a Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church delegation headed by bishops Fylymon Kurchaba and Pavlo Vasylyk.
On 17 September 1988, bishop Pavlo Vasylyk was invited to Moscow to take part in a roundtable discussion regarding the UGCC's situation in the Soviet Union. Additional discussants at the meeting also included four US senators and members of the USSR's Supreme Soviet (Parliament).
Nevertheless, Soviet authorities in Moscow and Ukraine, who consistently denied the UGCC's existence, rejected the latest initiatives for the Church's legalization. The Soviet press secretary argued that legalization is an internal matter of the Russian Orthodox Church, which itself is against any changes to the status quo in Western Ukraine. Furthermore, the authorities declared that the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church is not a religious organization but rather a "strictly political," "nationalist," and "separatist" entity and therefore does not qualify for registration as a religious denomination. In addition, the Uniate Church continued to be viewed as a supporter of nationalist leaders in Ukraine and abroad.
The Russian Orthodox Church – whose official status began to improve considerably starting in 1987 – was now beginning to voice its protest, both domestically and abroad, against the possible repeal of the Stalinist-era prohibition officially forbidding activities of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. In addition, Russian church hierarchs were displeased with the ever-increasing threat by the Uniate eparchies and parishes in Galicia and Transcarpathia to leave the Moscow Patriarchate to which they had been forcibly annexed.
In the summer of 1988, the authorities initiated new repressive measures regarding "unsanctioned" public gatherings and demonstrations. Such actions, taken against the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic clergy and lay people, included substantial monetary fines and administrative penalties in the form short-term arrests. At the end of 1988, Soviet authorities reacted to the now continuous efforts for the legalization of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church by transferring more than 700 soon-to-be-reopened provincial Uniate churches to hastily organized Orthodox so-called "Twentiers" (Ukr. dvadtsiatky) primarily in locations where Greek-Catholics constituted a majority. According to a Soviet ordinance of that time, 20 religious faithful constituted a sufficient number of believers to secure registration as a religious community.
On 7 February 1989, a UGCC delegation headed by bishop Pavlo Vasylyk departed for Moscow to engage in negotiations at which it demanded the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church's recognition by the USSR's central authorities.
Expectations were high that the new legislation on the freedom of conscience, which was about to go into effect, would help pave the way for the legalization of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. However, in May 1989, Kyivan Metropolitan Filaret's actions at that time hindered such possibilities. During a press conference in Lviv – in the presence of the head of the Council for Religious Affairs in Ukraine (M. Kolesnyk) – the metropolitan announced that the new law did "not legitimize" the Uniates. Furthermore, the Orthodox hierarch suggested that Ukrainian Greek-Catholics should attend services at functioning Roman Catholic churches, while those who felt a close affinity to the Eastern Byzantine Rite should attend Orthodox churches. Finally, Metropolitan Filaret remarked that the legalization of the Uniate Church could provoke clashes between the Orthodox and Greek-Catholics.
Intensification for the legalization of the UGCC
In response to Metropolitan Filaret's assertion that the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church would never attain legal status, on 16 May 1989, 4 bishops and 10 priests of the UGCC submitted a formal appeal to General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev. In their declaration, the church officials refuted 160 political accusations aimed at the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church, voiced their support for Gorbachev's reforms and demanded the legalization of the UGCC.
On 16 May 1989, prior to the congress of USSR deputies, another delegation arrived in Moscow composed of bishops Pavlo Vasylyk, Sofron Dmyterko, Fylymon Kurchaba and Rev. H. Simkailo, Rev. Volodymyr Viytyshyn, Rev. T. Senkiw (at present the apostolic administrator of the Stryi Eparchy) and Rev. Ihor Vozniak, as well as a number of religious faithful to meet with the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
On 17 May, after government officials did not appear for a scheduled meeting with the delegation, the UGCC bishops and priests began a hunger strike which caught the attention of the international broadcasting media and also appeared on the first pages of the press. On 18 May, the delegation was met by a representative of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR who received another formal appeal intended for Mikhail Gorbachev. Following the delegation's departure from Moscow, various groups of Ukrainian Greek-Catholics took turns participating in hunger strikes over the course of the next 4 months in Moscow. Such hunger strikes occurred simultaneously with public prayer services and efforts to entice the Ukrainian delegates of the congress of people's deputies of the USSR, 4 of which, unsuccessfully, attempted to raise the issue of the legalization of the UGCC during the congress's sessions. The Moscow activities of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics received not only the recognition of the international community but also the support of Russian Orthodox dissidents and various democratic circles. However, the hunger strikers' most significant achievement occurred when the reforms-oriented newspaper Moskovskiye Novosti began to publish objective and favorable reports. It raised doubts about the official Soviet version regarding the "unification of the Uniates" and accused the Russian Orthodox Church of condoning the repressive Stalinist methods being used against supporters of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church.
The legalization of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church posed a serious threat to the status of the Russian Orthodox Church in Western Ukraine. As a result, the Moscow Patriarchate and Volodymyr Shcherbytsky's party apparatchiks took decisive measures to prevent legalization. In May–June 1989, the question of the Uniate Church caused a schism amongst the ranks of Soviet politicians, which in turn delayed the legislative passage of the long-awaited "Law on the Freedom of Conscience." Furthermore, the issue of the UGCC also led to the replacement of K. Kharchev by Y. Khrystoradnov as head of the Council for Religious Affairs of the USSR. In addition, Y. Kashliev, as head of the delegation at the Vienna conference, stated that every religious denomination had the right to be registered. The discussion surrounding the UGCC – which hitherto was considered an internal issue of the Russian Orthodox Church – now became the responsibility of the state. Kashliev also underscored the fact that the Uniate question should be settled as quickly as possible.
On 17 September 1989, according to official accounts, close to 100,000 UGCC supporters took part in an unprecedented demonstration in Lviv. Large demonstrations began to take place in other cities of Western Ukraine at this time as well. The movement for legalization, headed by Ivan Hel, was now being augmented by the Ukrainian urban intelligentsia which began organizing itself into various informal associations, including The Popular Movement of Ukraine for Restructuring.
On 20 September 1989, Scherbytsky and Viktor Chebrykov were ousted from the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. One week later (28 September) Volodymyr Ivashko replaced Shcerbytsky as 1st Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine. Officials in favor of a more conservative line regarding the UGCC were no longer in the top positions of the Ukrainian Communist Party. The plenary session of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (18 October 1989) reflected the Central Committee's deepening indecisiveness regarding the future status of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church.
On the heels of the increasingly tense atmosphere, the parish of Sts. Peter and Paul of the Russian Orthodox Church in Lviv had announced its allegiance to the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) on 19 August 1989. Two additional Lviv parishes soon followed suit and subsequently the same steps were taken by a few hundred parishes throughout Galicia. At first, the authorities placed administrative sanctions on the parishes but then cancelled such directives hoping to avoid confrontations with parishioners and the local RUKH affiliates, which had already managed to spread their influence on the UAOC. It cannot be ruled out that Soviet authorities considered the supporters of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church as the "lesser of two evils" when taking into account the Uniates. It is quite possible that Soviet government officials were hoping for an open conflict between the Uniates and supporters of Ukrainian Autocephaly which in turn would cause a division within the Ukrainian national movement.
On 22 October 1989, bishop Ivan Bodnarchuk of the Russian Orthodox Church (a native Galician) – who had very recently relinquished his episcopal duties in Zhytomyr – accepted leadership of the Autocephalous Church in Ukraine.
On 29 October, Ukrainian Greek-Catholics under the guidance of a young priest, Fr. Yaroslav Chukhniy, peacefully took over one of the largest ecclesiastical structures in Lviv, the Church of the Transfiguration of Our Lord. Until the transfer of St. George's Cathedral to the faithful of the UGCC in August 1990, the parish of the Transfiguration served as the spiritual centre of Ukrainian Greek-Catholicism in Galicia.
On 26 November – one week prior to Gorbachev's meeting with Pope John Paul II in Rome – over 100,000 UGCC faithful took part in a demonstration demanding the return of St. George's Cathedral to the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics.
Partial recognition of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church
The Apostolic See consistently raised the issue of the rights of Ukrainian Greek-Catholics during its numerous negotiations with the Kremlin – despite minimal reciprocity – ever since Soviet-Vatican relations experienced a thaw beginning in the early 1960s. In June 1988, the Vatican once again expressed its desire for the UGCC's legalization when a delegation to Moscow headed by Cardinals Casaroli and Willebrands took part in the festivities commemorating the Millennium of the Baptism of Kyivan Rus'.
Gorbachev replied to the pope's proposal only in August 1989. Official correspondence had been established between the Kremlin and the Moscow Patriarchate on one side and the Apostolic See on the other side. Gorbachev maintained that it was both the Vatican's and the Moscow Patriarchate's obligation to reach a consensus regarding the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic question. Shortly afterwards, in a letter addressed to Pope John Paul II on 16 August 1989, Patriarch Pimen put forth a proposal which was unacceptable to the Vatican. In his missive, the Russian Orthodox hierarch recommended the de facto liquidation of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church by way of adjoining the Uniates who place the Eastern Rite above Catholic dogma – to the Orthodox Church, and those Uniates who favor Catholicism – to the Roman Catholic Church.
Moscow based its strategy on the hope of benefiting from the disparity within the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church in the form of its "Eastern" and "Roman" orientations. Furthermore, the Russian Orthodox Church banked on taking advantage of the decades-long discord between the Vatican and the UGCC's émigré activists who were demanding the appointment of a separate patriarch for Ukrainian Greek-Catholics outside Ukraine. A potential settlement in the form of a compromise had been discussed when Archbishop Angelo Sodano (the Vatican's Secretary of State) visited Moscow on 19–21 October 1989, and met with M. Gorbachev, Soviet Foreign Affairs Minister Eduard Shevarnadze, and the head of the Council for Religious Affairs, Y. Khrystoradnov. As a result of the meeting, the Vatican was assured that the new law on the freedom of conscience and religious organizations in essence will legalize the UGCC. Nevertheless, the Soviet authorities insisted that specific aspects of the legalization process be coordinated between the Vatican, the Kremlin and the Moscow Patriarchate based on the principles of genuine ecumenical dialogue between the Roman Catholic and Russian Orthodox Churches.
The pope's expectations for the legalization of the UGCC in the Soviet Union were once again put forward in his response to Patriarch Pimen's August letter which in turn was presented to the Holy Synod on 1 November 1989, by Cardinal Willebrands and his successor as head of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, Cardinal Edward Cassidy. The Moscow Patriarchate had agreed only on the legal right of Ukrainian Greek-Catholics to practice their faith. The issue of permitting the UGCC clergy to obtain actual pastoral appointments, and other unresolved questions were to be set aside for future negotiations between the Vatican and the Moscow Patriarchate. This position was presented to the Pope in the form of a letter from Patriarch Pimen, delivered to Rome by Metropolitan Yuvenaliy on 27 November.
Mikhail Gorbachev's meeting with Pope John Paul II on 1 December 1989, marked a rapprochement between the Vatican and the Kremlin. The Roman Pontiff once again expressed his will for Roman Catholics and Greek-Catholics to have the possibility of freely practicing their faith, while Gorbachev assured John Paul II that the future law on freedom of conscience would provide religious freedom to everyone in the USSR. The meeting laid the foundation for establishing bilateral diplomatic relations, and the pope accepted Gorbachev's invitation to visit the Soviet Union. Realizing that the outright legalization of the Uniate Church would cause religious unrest in Western Ukraine and would lead to conflict with the Moscow Patriarchate, Gorbachev refused to delegate direct responsibility to the government regarding the settlement of the UGCC question. Instead, the Soviet leader decided that these issues should be settled according to the principles of ecumenical dialogue between the Moscow Patriarchate and the Vatican.
On 1 December 1989, the Soviet news agency Novosti (News) and news services in Western Ukraine outlined the key points of "The Declaration of the Council for Religious Affairs Addressed to the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian S.S.R.," dated 20 November. The Lviv municipal press labeled the "Declaration" a de facto recognition of the long-banned Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. At the same time though, the Declaration asserted that Ukrainian Greek-Catholics will be able to enjoy all the rights guaranteed by the law on registration of associations in the Ukrainian S.S.R., as long as they [the UGCC faithful] uphold the principles of the Constitution of the Ukrainian S.S.R. and the latter's legislation on religious beliefs. All religious structures arbitrarily appropriated by the UGCC faithful were to be returned to local administrative authorities. The transfer of such property to religious communities would take place according to the will of the faithful themselves. If necessary, the "Declaration" called for holding local referendums to be monitored by independent observers, and cautioned against undue influence on the faithful, to guarantee an objective and unbiased vote.
At the same time, the head of the Council for Religious Affairs of the Ukrainian S.S.R., M. P. Kolesnyk, underscored that the council had not considered the canonical status of the infrastructure and hierarchies of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church. Instead, it had only taken into account the rights of a "community of believers" to apply for state registration (recognition) and the possibility for the denationalization (privatization) of inactive church structures. Furthermore, there was no talk of returning ecclesiastical structures and property – nationalized by the state – to the UGCC, nor of annulling the Lviv pseudo-Sobor of 1946, nor of a formal rehabilitation of the Church or even any kind of compensation for losses incurred over the decades.
In response to the promise for legalization, the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics reappropriated their former churches from the Russian Orthodox Church. By January 1990, over 120 churches in Galicia had been returned to the UGCC. By the end of the month, this number had increased to 230 churches on the territory of the Lviv and Ternopil eparchies, and to 140 on the territory of the Ivano-Frankivsk eparchy.
By June 1990, 803 churches had been returned to the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics in newly established (albeit for the most part unregistered) Uniate parishes in the Lviv eparchy, including approximately 500 churches in the Ivano-Frankivsk eparchy and 12 in Transcarpathia. Close to 370 Orthodox priests had converted to the UGCC in Galicia. This increased the overall quantity of Greek-Catholic priests to 767 (including 186 monks). In general, 1,592 Greek-Catholic parishes had been established and 1,303 churches were taken over in Galicia by early summer 1990. In addition, newly established seminaries accepted 485 students, while approximately 700 nuns were active in the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church throughout Western Ukraine. At the same time, close to 500 Orthodox parishes converted to the UAOC.
The massive reappropriation by the Ukrainian Greek-Catholics of their former churches spurred a wave of protests on the part of the Moscow Patriarchate. Supporters of the Russian Orthodox Church accused the Uniates of illegally taking over churches, threatening the Orthodox faithful and persecuting the clergy.
The change in the party and governmental leadership of the Ukrainian S.S.R. impacted the Russian Orthodox Church as well. In 1989, the leadership of the exarchate found it necessary to make a number of concessions regarding the Ukrainian language. In January 1990, the Ukrainian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church was retitled the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. Shortly after June 1990, the Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church expressed its concern regarding the liquidation of its Church for the benefit of the Uniates and the autocephalous "schismatics" in Western Ukraine. As a result, a special commission of the Holy Synod visited Ukraine, headed by the newly appointed Moscow Patriarch, Aleksei II.
In response to the Declaration of the State Sovereignty of Ukraine on 16 July 1990, in October the Russian Orthodox Church bestowed the right for "self-government" to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, which, nevertheless, was to remain an integral component of the Moscow Patriarchate. The creation of the UAOC – although limited at that time to the territory of Galicia – posed a much greater, long-term threat to the ROC than the revival of the UGCC, because the autocephalous church boasted supporters in traditional Orthodox territories of Eastern Ukraine.
On 19 August 1990, the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church received possession of the historic Cathedral of St. George in Lviv. In September 1990, 250 students began their studies at the archeparchial seminary in Rudno, while 47 seminarians initiated their studies at the seminary in Drohobych. In addition, approximately 300 students were attending improvised lectures on theology in Ivano-Frankivsk. Similarly, the Basilians opened a minor seminary for 70 students and a novitiate at their monastery in Krekhiv.
In a state of increasing tension between the Orthodox and Ukrainian Greek-Catholics, a Vatican delegation once again met with its counterparts from the Moscow Patriarchate on 10 September 1990, in Moscow. These delegations, in turn, were soon joined by three Ukrainian Greek-Catholic bishops and their Orthodox counterparts. However, on 14 September, the Russian Orthodox delegates exited the negotiations after the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic delegation unanimously rejected the demands of the Orthodox to return the reappropriated Uniate churches in Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk. Soon afterwards, the trilateral, inter-denominational Lviv regional commission fell apart when representatives of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church and Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church resigned their positions in the negotiating body after accusing the local authorities of favoring the UGCC in the settlement of church property ownership.
In the fall of 1990, the head of the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church, Cardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky, declared his intention to visit the faithful in Ukraine in the spring of 1991.
See also
Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church
History of Christianity in Ukraine
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
Holy See–Russia relations
References
Bohdan R. Bociurkiw, The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and the Soviet State (1939–1950). Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. 1996.
External links
Vatican Diplomacy after the Cuban Missile Crisis: New Light on the Release of Josyf Slipyj at Catholic Historical Review
History of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
Christianity in the Soviet Union
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Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene
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Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene
Oyun-Erdene Luvsannamsrain (born 29 June 1980) is a Mongolian politician who has served as the prime minister of Mongolia since 27 January 2021. He has been elected to the State Great Khural (Parliament) twice since 2016. Prior to becoming the prime minister, Oyun-Erdene was a Minister and Chief of the Cabinet Secretariat of the government of Mongolia from 2 February 2019 to 27 January 2021.
Education and early career
Oyun-Erdene graduated from Harvard University in 2015 with a master's degree in Public Policy.
In 2016, he was elected as a Member of Parliament in Mongolia for Khentii. He led multiple demonstrations, most notably one held in 2018 involving more than 30,000 citizens against government corruption.
Chief of the Cabinet Secretariat of Mongolia
As Chief of the Cabinet Secretariat of Mongolia in 2019, Oyun-Erdene assisted in amending the Constitution of Mongolia. The 2019 amendments strengthened the powers of the Prime Minister.
During his time in this role, Oyun-Erdene drafted plans for a 5-year program to expand Mongolia's digital infrastructure. The first action of this program was rolling-out E-Mongolia, an online platform which provides 182 different services to citizens.
Prime Minister of Mongolia
Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene was appointed Prime Minister of Mongolia on January 27, 2021. He reshuffled his cabinet and appointed new ministers on August 30, 2022. Prime Minister Oyun-Erdene's priorities as Prime Minister include increasing Mongolia’s energy independence, expanding Mongolia’s links with the rest of the world, supporting the long-term expansion of the Mongolian economy, reforming government and tackling corruption.
Vision 2050 and New Recovery Policy
In December 2021, Oyun-Erdene introduced the New Recovery Policy (or New Revival Policy) as part of Mongolia’s Vision 2050 program, focused on diversifying Mongolia’s economy, supporting the country’s recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and driving long-term development. The policy contains six pillars with each aimed at tackling existing economic constraints and unlocking growth in the following areas: border ports, energy, industrialization, urban and rural development, green development and state efficiency.
Partially as a result of the New Recovery Policy beginning to be implemented, the country’s economy grew by 4% in 2022, having been forecasted to grow by just 2.6%. The Mongolian budget deficit was reduced by 60%, with exports increasing. In December 2022, the Government announced that Mongolia had paid off the 1.5 billion USD ‘Chinggis bond’, a key milestone in the country’s long-term debt management strategy. In 2023, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development forecasted that Mongolia’s economy would see 7.2% growth in 2023 and 7.5% in 2024.
Under the New Recovery Policy, Mongolia has already built the Zuunbayan-Khangi rail link, which opened in November 2022, and started construction on the New Settlement Zone of Khushigt Valley. Other New Recovery Policy Projects completed in 2022 include the Borkh solar thermal power plant charge storage system in Uliastgai and the solar thermal power plant hybrid system in Altai soum.
Tourism
On 29 November 2022, the Government of Mongolia unveiled a major package of measures to promote the country as a growing tourist destination. This included the Government launch of its ‘Welcome to Mongolia’ campaign, as well as designating 2023-2025 as the ‘Years to Visit Mongolia’. The aim of the campaign is to encourage overseas travelers to visit Mongolia for both leisure and tourism. The Government’s reforms are focused on opening up more travel routes, modernizing Mongolia’s visa system and reducing the cost of flights to the country. In June 2022, Mongolia started allowing South Koreans to enter and stay without a visa for up to 90 days. In January 2023, nationals of 34 countries became exempt from visa requirements for those traveling to Mongolia for tourism purposes. In August 2023, during Oyun-Erdene’s visit to the United States, the Prime Minister met with Vice President Kamala Harris and held a joint press conference. During the visit, it was announced that there would be direct flights between the US and Mongolia starting in 2024.
Digitalization policy
In December 2022, Oyun-Erdene’s government launched its new online procurement portal, Mindgolia, to boost the country’s tech sector and to transition the country’s economy “from mining to mind.” The website allows companies to search for products by software category, view reviews, and choose products and services by looking at other people’s ratings of them. In April 2023, Oyun-Erdene launched the E-Business online platform to help businesses start and grow more easily, cutting down on bureaucracy and waiting times by streamlining exchanges between government and business. At the Mongolia Economic Forum in July 2023, the Government announced an agreement with SpaceX and Starlink to launch a new era of high-speed internet connectivity. Mongolia now has two licences for SpaceX to operate as an internet provider in Mongolia using low-orbit satellites. In August 2023, during Oyun-Erdene’s official visit to the United States, it was announced that Google would be partnering with Mongolia to enhance the digital skills of Mongolian teachers and young people, including the provision of 20,000 Chromebooks to schools.
Mining
On 13 March 2023, the Prime Minister joined Rio Tinto CEO Jakob Stausholm underground to celebrate the commencement of underground production at the Oyu Tolgoi copper mine in the Gobi Desert. A partnership between Rio Tinto and Mongolia, the Oyu Tolgoi open pit and concentrator have been operating since 2011. The total workforce of Oyu Tolgoi is currently around 20,000 people, of which 97% are Mongolian. Oyu Tolgoi works with more than 500 national suppliers and has spent around $15 billion in Mongolia since 2010, including $4 billion of taxes, fees and other payments to the state budget. According to Rio Tinto, Oyu Tolgoi is expected to produce an average of 500,000 tons of copper per year from 2028 to 2036 from the open pit and underground, which would be enough to produce around 6 million electric vehicles per year, and an average of close to 290,000 tons over the reserve life of around 30 years.
Speaking at the commencement ceremony, the Prime Minister said “I am proud to celebrate this major milestone with our partner Rio Tinto as we look towards Mongolia becoming one of the world’s key copper producers. The start of underground production at Oyu Tolgoi demonstrates our ability to work together with investors in a sustainable manner and become a trusted partner. The next phase of the partnership will enable the continued successful delivery of Mongolia’s ‘New Recovery Policy’ and Vision 2050 economic diversification strategy. Mongolia stands ready to work actively and mutually beneficially with global investors and partners.”
Anti-Corruption
During the December 2022 Mongolian protests, thousands protested in Mongolia’s capital against alleged corruption in Mongolia’s coal industry and inflation. As part of the New Recovery Policy’s pillar to tackle corruption and in light of these protests, the Prime Minister put forward an initiative to change the governance of Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi JSC (ETT), making the company public. This was aimed at improving transparency within the mining sector. The Prime Minister also set up a six-month investigation into ETT. In January 2023, Mongolia took further steps to crack down on corruption by passing the Commodities Exchange Law, which requires state-owned enterprises to trade export commodities on a new mining commodity exchange.
In January 2023, Mongolia’s anti-corruption authority announced that over 30 officials, including the chief executive of Erdenes Tavan Tolgoi, were under investigation for embezzlement. In May, the Mongolian Parliament passed constitutional amendments to enlarge the legislative body, from 76 members to 126, and adopt a more proportional electoral system for the 2024 elections. Oyun-Erdene stated that the proportional system would prevent the government being used for private gain. In July 2023, Mongolia became the first APAC country to implement all 40 recommendations from the Financial Action Task Force, and the fifth globally.
Foreign affairs
In January 2024, Mongolia stated that it seeks to institute a summit where Mongolia, China, and Russia can further develop economic opportunities, including the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor, one of the six major land corridors of the Belt and Road Initiative. That same month, Oyun-Erdene described relations between Mongolia and China as at their highest level and described the two countries as working towards a comprehensive strategic partnership.
References
External links
Progressive Alliance
Talk with Jargal De Facto on YouTube
1980 births
Living people
21st-century Mongolian politicians
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Mongolian People's Party politicians
Mongolian politicians
Politicians from Ulaanbaatar
Prime ministers of Mongolia
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Онопрієнко Максим Федорович
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Онопрієнко Максим Федорович
Максим Федорович Онопрієнко (хутір Рудка Марківської волості Лебединського повіту Харківської губернії, тепер Білопільського району Сумської області — , пропав безвісти) — український радянський діяч, новатор сільськогосподарського виробництва, завідувач молочнотоварної ферми колгоспу імені Сталіна хутора Рудки Марківської сільради Штепівського району Харківської (тепер — Сумської) області. Депутат Верховної Ради СРСР 1-го скликання.
Життєпис
Народився 22 листопада 1906 року в бідній родині селян Федора Івановича та Єлисавети Андріївни Онопрієнко. У семирічному віці втратив батьків, був пастухом. З 1920-х років працював у сільському господарстві. Служив у Червоній армії, був снайпером.
З 1930 року — колгоспник, з 1932 року — завідувач молочнотоварної племінної ферми колгоспу імені Сталіна хутора Рудки Марківської сільради Штепівського району Харківської (тепер — Сумської) області.
12.грудня 1937 року вибраний депутатом Верховної Ради СРСР 1-го скликання від Лебединського виборчого округу Харківської області;
У 1938 році отримав від корови—рекордистки «Лєнти» 12 633 літра молока при щоденному надої 64,75 літра, а від кожної фуражної корови — по 5400 літрів молока.
Член ВКП(б).
З 1941 року — в Червоній армії, учасник німецько-радянської війни. Служив військовим комісаром роти, яка знаходилася у розпорядженні Військової ради Південно-Західного фронту. Пропав безвісти у грудні 1941 року.
Звання
політрук
Нагороди
орден Леніна (7.02.1939)
Джерела
Правда: газета. — Москва, 1937 — листопад.
Депутати Верховної Ради СРСР 1-го скликання
Персоналії:УРСР
Члени КПРС
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Штуммерберг
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Штуммерберг — громада округу Швац у землі Тіроль, Австрія.
Штуммерберг лежить на висоті 800 м над рівнем моря і займає площу 56,73 км². Громада налічує мешканців.
Густота населення /км².
Громада Штуммерберг розміщена над громадою Штумм на схилах гори, по обидва боки річки Марк.
Адреса управління громади: Dorfstraße 15, 6276 Stummerberg.
Примітки
Громади Тіролю
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Єремія (Свистельницький)
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Єремія (Свистельницький)
Єремія Свистельницький гербу Сас (у світі Євстафій Свистельницький); ?, найвірогідніше, с. Свистельники, Галицький повіт, Руське воєводство — не раніше червня 1678) — єпископ львівський, галицький і кам'янецький в 1668—1676 рр.
Біографія
Походив з давнього галицького шляхетського роду Свистельницьких гербу Сас. Народився найімовірніше в родовому маєтку. Батьком був Ілля Свистельницький, який імовірно там заснував православну парафію в 1630 р.
Про його життя до 1667 р. відомості відсутні, проте згідно непідтверджених заяв його оппонентів був двічі одруженим. Вдруге на вдові, через що за церковним правом не мав права отримати єпископський сан. Через це український історик Ігоря Скочиляса припускає можливим що він міг мати сина, проте жодних достеменних підтверджень цьому немає.
Весною 1668 р., напередодні хіротонії на єпископа, вступив до Скиту Манявського. Там був пострижений у монахи під іменем Єремія.
Примітки
Література
Єпископ львівський, галицький і кам'янецький Єремія (Свистельницький, 1668—1676) / І. Скочиляс // Генеалогічні записки: Зб. наук. пр. — 2010. — Вип. 8. — С. 70-74. — Бібліогр.: 25 назв. — укр.
Персоналії за алфавітом
Євстафій
Львівські православні єпископи
Православне духовенство Речі Посполитої
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Папський хрест
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Папський хрест, або ферула — символ папського служіння. Як матеріальний хрест його несли перед римським папою в процесіях або використовували його як пастирський посох. Різновид латинського хреста, але з трьома поперечками.
Поперечки позначають папське потрійне правління як вищого священика, вищого вчителя та головного пастиря. Вони також символізують ідею про те, що папа римський як представник Бога на Землі є співправителем трьох царств: небесного, земного та пекельного. Число 3 також вважається божественним у деяких культурах. Іноді такий хрест називається західним потрійним хрестом.
Див. також
Хрест
Церковна палиця
Передносний хрест
Папство
Статті з твердженнями без джерел більше 14 днів
Типи хрестів
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1285827
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20distillation
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Steam distillation
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Steam distillation is a separation process that consists of distilling water together with other volatile and non-volatile components. The steam from the boiling water carries the vapor of the volatiles to a condenser; both are cooled and return to the liquid or solid state, while the non-volatile residues remain behind in the boiling container.
If, as is usually the case, the volatiles are not miscible with water, they will spontaneously form a distinct phase after condensation, allowing them to be separated by decantation or with a separatory funnel.
Steam distillation can be used when the boiling point of the substance to be extracted is higher than that of water, and the starting material cannot be heated to that temperature because of decomposition or other unwanted reactions. It may also be useful when the amount of the desired substance is small compared to that of the non-volatile residues. It is often used to separate volatile essential oils from plant material. for example, to extract limonene (boiling point 176 °C) from orange peels.
Steam distillation once was a popular laboratory method for purification of organic compounds, but it has been replaced in many such uses by vacuum distillation and supercritical fluid extraction. It is however much simpler and economical than those alternatives, and remains important in certain industrial sectors.
In the simplest form, water distillation or hydrodistillation, the water is mixed with the starting material in the boiling container. In direct steam distillation, the starting material is suspended above the water in the boiling flask, supported by a metal mesh or perforated screen. In dry steam distillation, the steam from a boiler is forced to flow through the starting material in a separate container. The latter variant allows the steam to be heated above the boiling point of water (thus becoming superheated steam), for more efficient extraction.
History
Steam distillation is used in many of the recipes given in the ('Book of Gentleness on Perfume'), also known as the ('Book of the Chemistry of Perfume and Distillations'), attributed to the early Arabic philosopher al-Kindi (–873). Steam distillation was also used by the Persian philosopher and physician Avicenna (980–1037) to produce essential oils by adding water to rose petals and distilling the mixture. The process was also used by al-Dimashqi (1256–1327) to produce rose water on a large scale.
Principle
Every substance has some vapor pressure even below its boiling point, so in theory it could be distilled at any temperature by collecting and condensing its vapors. However, ordinary distillation below the boiling point is not practical because a layer of vapor-rich air would form over the liquid, and evaporation would stop as soon as the partial pressure of the vapor in that layer reached the vapor pressure. The vapor would then flow to the condenser only by diffusion, which is an extremely slow process.
Simple distillation is generally done by boiling the starting material, because, once its vapor pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure, that still vapor-rich layer of air will be disrupted, and there will be a significant and steady flow of vapor from the boiling flask to the condenser.
In steam distillation, that positive flow is provided by steam from boiling water, rather than by the boiling of the substances of interest. The steam carries with it the vapors of the latter.
The substance of interest does not need to be miscible water or soluble in it. It suffices that it has significant vapor pressure at the steam's temperature.
If the water forms an azeotrope with the substances of interest, the boiling point of the mixture may be lower than the boiling point of water. For example, bromobenzene boils at 156 °C (at normal atmospheric pressure), but a mixture with water boils at 95 °C. However, the formation of an azeotrope is not necessary for steam distillation to work.
Applications
Steam distillation is often employed in the isolation of essential oils, for use in perfumes, for example. In this method, steam is passed through the plant material containing the desired oils. Eucalyptus oil, camphor oil and orange oil are obtained by this method on an industrial scale. Steam distillation is a means of purifying fatty acids, e.g. from tall oils.
Steam distillation is sometimes used in the chemical laboratory. Illustrative is a classic preparation of bromobiphenyl where steam distillation is used to first remove the excess benzene and subsequently to purifiy the brominated product. In one preparation of benzophenone, steam is employed to first recover unreacted carbon tetrachloride and subsequently to hydrolyze the intermediate benzophenone dichloride into benzophenone, which is in fact not steam distilled. It one preparation of a purine, steam distillation is used to remove volatile benzaldehyde from nonvolatile product.
Equipment
On a lab scale, steam distillations are carried out using steam generated outside the system and piped through the mixture to be purified. Steam can also be generated in-situ using a Clevenger-type apparatus.
See also
Azeotropic distillation
Batch distillation
Distillation
Extractive distillation
Fractional distillation
Heteroazeotrope
Herbal distillates
Hydrodistillation
Laboratory equipment
Steam engine
Steam stripping
Supercritical fluid extraction
Theoretical plate
References
Distillation
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%20%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%20%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%20%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C
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Список видів роду жовтець
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Список видів роду жовтець
Жовтець (Ranunculus) — рід рослин родини жовтецеві (Ranunculaceae). Рід містить близько 600 видів, з них в Україні зустрічається 41 вид.
Види
a
Ranunculus abnormis Cutanda & Willk.
Ranunculus abortivus L.
Ranunculus acaulis DC.
Ranunculus acetosellifolius Boiss.
Ranunculus aconitifolius L.
Ranunculus acriformis A.Gray
Ranunculus acris L. — Жовтець їдкий
Ranunculus acutilobus Ledeb.
Ranunculus adoneus A.Gray
Ranunculus adoxifolius Hand.-Mazz.
Ranunculus aduncus Gren.
Ranunculus ageri Bertol.
Ranunculus albertii Regel & Schmalh.
Ranunculus alismellus (A.Gray) Greene
Ranunculus alismifolius Geyer ex Benth.
Ranunculus allegheniensis Britton
Ranunculus allenii B.L.Robinson
Ranunculus alpestris L.
Ranunculus ambigens S.Watson
Ranunculus amellus Briq.
Ranunculus ampelophyllus Somm. & Levier
Ranunculus amplexicaulis L.
Ranunculus amurensis Kom.
Ranunculus andersonii A.Gray
Ranunculus angulatus C. Presl
Ranunculus angustisepalus W.T.Wang
Ranunculus apenninus (Chiov.) Pignatti
Ranunculus apiifolius Pers.
Ranunculus aquatilis L.
Ranunculus araraticus Grossh. ex Kem.-Nath.
Ranunculus arizonicus Lemmon ex A.Gray
Ranunculus arizonicus var. arizonicus
Ranunculus arvensis L.
Ranunculus asiaticus L. — Жовтець азійський
Ranunculus astrantiifolius Boiss. ex Trautv.
Ranunculus aureopetalus Kom.
Ranunculus auricomus L.
Ranunculus allemannii Br.-Bl.
Ranunculus cassubicus L.
Ranunculus fallax (Wimm. & Grab.) Sloboda
Ranunculus megacarpus Walo Koch
Ranunculus austro-oreganus L.D.Benson
b
Ranunculus balangshanicus W.T.Wang
Ranunculus balikunensis J.G.Liou
Ranunculus banguoensis L.Liou
Ranunculus barceloi Grau
Ranunculus batrachioides Pomel
Ranunculus bilobus Bertol.
Ranunculus biternatus Smith
Ranunculus blankinshipii (B.L.Rob.) A.Heller
Ranunculus bonariensis Poir.
Ranunculus bonariensis var. trisepalus
Ranunculus borealis Trautv.
Ranunculus brevifolius Ten.
Ranunculus breyninus Crantz, Syn.: Ranunculus hornschuchii Hoppe, Ranunculus oreophilus M.Bieb.
Ranunculus breviscapus DC.
Ranunculus brotherusii Freyn
Ranunculus brutius Ten.
Ranunculus bulbosus L.
Ranunculus bullatus L.
Ranunculus bupleuroides Brot.
c
Ranunculus cacuminis Strid & Papan.
Ranunculus californicus Benth.
Ranunculus cangshanicus W.T. Wang
Ranunculus cantoniensis DC.
Ranunculus canus Benth.
Ranunculus caprarum Skottsb.
Ranunculus cardiophyllus Hook.
Ranunculus carinthiacus Hoppe
Ranunculus carpaticus Herbich
Ranunculus caucasicus M.Bieb.
Ranunculus changpingensis W.T.Wang
Ranunculus cheirophyllus Hayata
Ranunculus chilensis DC.
Ranunculus chinensis Bunge
Ranunculus chinghoensis L.Liou
Ranunculus chius DC.
Ranunculus chuanchingensis L.Liou
Ranunculus circinatus Sibth.
Ranunculus clethraphilus Litard.
Ranunculus clypeatus (Ulbr.) Lourteig
Ranunculus concinnatus Schott
Ranunculus concinnus (Hook.f.) Melville
Ranunculus constantinopolitanus (DC.) d'Urv.}}, Syn.: R. villosus DC. subsp. constantinopolitanus (DC.) Elenevskij
Ranunculus cooleyae Vasey & Rose
Ranunculus cordiger Viv.
Ranunculus cornutusDC.
Ranunculus cortusifolius Willd.
Ranunculus crenatus L.
Ranunculus creticus L.
Ranunculus crimaeus Juz.
Ranunculus cuneifolius Maxim.
Ranunculus cupreus Boiss. & Heldr.
Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh
Ranunculus cymbalariifolius Balb. ex Moris,
d
Ranunculus degenii Kümmerle & Jáv.
Ranunculus demissus DC.
Ranunculus densiciliatus W.T.Wang
Ranunculus dichotomus Moc. & Sessé ex DC.
Ranunculus dielsianus Ulbr.
Ranunculus diffusus DC.
Ranunculus dingjieensis L.Liou
Ranunculus dissectus M.Bieb.
Ranunculus distans Royle
Ranunculus dongrergensis Hand.-Mazz.
Ranunculus donianus Pritz.
e
Ranunculus elegans C.Koch
Ranunculus eschscholtzii Schltdl.
Ranunculus extensus (Hook. f.) Schilbe. ex Engl.
f
Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. ex Bigelow
Ranunculus fasciculatus Sessé & Moc.
Ranunculus felixii H.Lév.
Ranunculus fibrosus Pomel
Ranunculus ficariifolius H.Lév. & Vaniot
Ranunculus filamentosus Wedd.
Ranunculus flabellaris Raf.
Ranunculus flagelliformis Sm.
Ranunculus flammula L.
Ranunculus fluitans Lam.
Ranunculus fontanus C.Presl
Ranunculus formosa-montanus Ohwi
Ranunculus fraternus Schrenk
Ranunculus fuegianus Speg.
Ranunculus furcatifidus W.T.Wang
g
Ranunculus gelidus Kar. & Kir.
Ranunculus geranioides Kunth ex DC.
Ranunculus gigas Lourteig
Ranunculus glaberrimus Hook.
Ranunculus glabricaulis (Hand.-Mazz.) L.Liou
Ranunculus glacialiformis Hand.-Mazz.
Ranunculus glacialis L., Syn.: Beckwithia glacialis (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve
Ranunculus glareosus Hand.-Mazz.
Ranunculus gmelinii DC.
Ranunculus gouanii Willd.
Ranunculus gracilis E.D.Clarke
Ranunculus gramineus L.
Ranunculus granatensis Boiss.
Ranunculus grandifolius C.A.Mey.
Ranunculus grandis Honda
Ranunculus grayi Britton
Ranunculus gregarius Brot.
Ranunculus gusmannii Humb. ex Caldas
Ranunculus guzmannii Humb.
h
Ranunculus haemanthus Ulbr.
Ranunculus hamiensis J.G.Liu
Ranunculus harveyi (A.Gray) Britton
Ranunculus hayekii Dörfl.
Ranunculus hederaceus L.
Ranunculus hejingensis W.T.Wang
Ranunculus henriquesii Freyn
Ranunculus hetianensis L.Liou
Ranunculus hirtellus Royle
Ranunculus hookeri Schltdl.
Ranunculus humillimus W.T.Wang
Ranunculus hybridus Biria
Ranunculus hydrocharoides A.Gray
Ranunculus hydrophilus Gaudich. ex Mirb.
Ranunculus hyperboreus Rottb.
Ranunculus hystriculus A.Gray
i
Ranunculus illyricus L. — Жовтець ілірійський
Ranunculus inamoenus Greene
Ranunculus incomparabilis Janka
Ranunculus indivisus (Maxim.) Hand.-Mazz.
Ranunculus intramongolicus Y.Z.Zhao
Ranunculus isthmicus Boiss.
j
Ranunculus jacuticus Ocz.
Ranunculus jingyuanensis W.T.Wang
Ranunculus junipericola Ohwi
k
Ranunculus kamchaticus DC.
Ranunculus krapfia DC. ex Deless.
Ranunculus kuepferi Greuter & Burdet
Ranunculus kunlunshanicus J.G.Liu
Ranunculus kunmingensis W.T.Wang
l
Ranunculus lambayequensis T.Duncan & Sagást.
Ranunculus lancipetalus Griseb.
Ranunculus lanuginosus L.
Ranunculus lateriflorus DC.
Ranunculus laxicaulis Darby
Ranunculus limoselloides Turcz.
Ranunculus limprichtii Ulbr.
Ranunculus lingua L.
Ranunculus lobatus Jacquem. ex Cambess.
Ranunculus lobbii A.Gray
Ranunculus longipes Lange ex Cutanda
Ranunculus lourteigiae H.Eichler}
Ranunculus luoergaiensis L.Liou
Ranunculus luxurians Lourteig
Ranunculus lyallii (A.Gray) Rydb.
m
Ranunculus maclovianus D'Urville
Ranunculus macounii Britton
Ranunculus macranthus Scheele
Ranunculus macropetalus DC.
Ranunculus macrophyllus Desf.
Ranunculus magellensis Ten.
Ranunculus mainlingensis W.T.Wang
Ranunculus malessanus |Degen & Hervier
Ranunculus marginatus d'Urv.
Ranunculus marschlinsii Steud.
Ranunculus matsudai Hayata ex Masam.
Ranunculus melanogynus W.T.Wang
Ranunculus membranaceus Royle
Ranunculus menyuanensis W.T.Wang
Ranunculus mexiae (L.D.Benson) T.Duncan
Ranunculus micranthus Nutt.
Ranunculus micronivalis Hand.-Mazz.
Ranunculus micropetalus (Greene) Rydb.
Ranunculus miliarakesii Halácsy
Ranunculus millefoliatus Vahl
Ranunculus millii Boiss. & Heldr.
Ranunculus minor (L.Liou) W.T.Wang
Ranunculus minutiflorus Bert. ex Phil.
Ranunculus mogoltavicus Ovcz.
Ranunculus monophyllus Ovcz.
Ranunculus monspeliacus L.
Ranunculus montanus Willd.
Ranunculus morii (Yamam.) Ohwi
Ranunculus multifidus Forssk.
Ranunculus munroanusJ.R.Drumm. ex Dunn
Ranunculus muricatus L.
Ranunculus muscigenus W.T. Wang
n
Ranunculus nankotaizanus Ohwi
Ranunculus natans C.A.Mey.
Ranunculus neapolitanus Ten.
Ranunculus nematolobus Hand.-Mazz.
Ranunculus nephelogenes Edgew.
Ranunculus nigrescens Freyn
Ranunculus nipponicus Nakai
Ranunculus nivalis L.
Ranunculus nodiflorus L.
Ranunculus nubigenus {Kunth ex DC.
Ranunculus nyalamensis W.T.Wang
o
Ranunculus occidentalis Nutt.
Ranunculus odessanus Klokov f.
Ranunculus olgae Regel
Ranunculus ollissiponensis Pers.
Ranunculus ololeucos J.Lloyd
Ranunculus omiophyllus Ten., Syn.: Ranunculus lenormandii F.W.Schultz
Ranunculus ophioglossifolius Vill.
Ranunculus oreionannos C.Marquand & Airy Shaw
Ranunculus oreophilus M.Bieb.
Ranunculus ovczinnikovii Kovalevsk.
Ranunculus oxyspermus Willd.
p
Ranunculus pacificus (Hultén) L.D.Benson
Ranunculus paishanensis Kitag.
Ranunculus paludosus Poir.
Ranunculus parnassiifolius L.
Ranunculus parviflorus L.
Ranunculus pectinatilobus W.T.Wang
Ranunculus pedatifidus Sm..
Ranunculus pedatus Waldst. & Kit.
Ranunculus pedicellatus Hand.-Mazz.
Ranunculus peduncularisSm.
Ranunculus pegaeus Hand.-Mazz.
Ranunculus peltatus Schrank:
Ranunculus peltatus subsp. baudotii (Godr.) Meikle ex C.D.K.Cook., Syn.: Ranunculus baudotii Godr.
Ranunculus peltatus subsp. fucoides (Freyn) Muñoz Garm. (Syn.: Ranunculus fucoides Freyn,Ranunculus saniculifolius Viv., Ranunculus aquatilis subsp. saniculifolius (Viv.) O.Bolòs & Vigo)
Ranunculus peltatus Schrank subsp. peltatus).
Ranunculus penicillatus (Dum.) Bab.
Ranunculus peruvianus Pers.
Ranunculus petrogeiton Ulbr
Ranunculus pianmaensis W.T.Wang
Ranunculus pilosus Kunth
Ranunculus platanifolius L.
Ranunculus platensis A.Spreng.
Ranunculus platypetalus (Hand.-Mazz.) Hand.-Mazz.
Ranunculus platyspermus Fisch. ex DC.
Ranunculus podocarpus W.T.Wang
Ranunculus polii Franch. ex Hemsl.
Ranunculus pollinensis (N.Terracc.) Chiov.
Ranunculus polyanthemos L. — Жовтець багатоквітковий:
Ranunculus polyanthemos L. subsp. polyanthemos
Ranunculus polyanthemos subsp. polyanthemoides (Bor.) Ahlfv.
Ranunculus polyanthemos subsp. thomasii (Ten.) Tutin
Ranunculus polyphyllus Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.
Ranunculus polyrhizos Stephan ex Willd.
Ranunculus polystachyus Lourteig
Ranunculus popovii Ovcz.
Ranunculus potaninii Kom.
Ranunculus praemorsus Kunth ex DC.
Ranunculus pratensis C.Presl
Ranunculus pseudolobatus L.Liou
Ranunculus pseudomillefoliatus Grau
Ranunculus pseudomontanus Schur
Ranunculus pseudopygmaeus Hand.-Mazz.
Ranunculus pseudotrullifolius Skottsb.
Ranunculus psilostachys Griseb.
Ranunculus psychrophilus Wedd.
Ranunculus pulchellus C.A.Mey.
Ranunculus pygmaeus Wahlenb.
Ranunculus pyrenaeus L.
q
Ranunculus quelpaertensis Nakai
r
Ranunculus radicans C.A.Mey.
Ranunculus radinotrichus Greuter & Strid
Ranunculus ranunculinus (Nutt.) Rydb.
Ranunculus regelianus Ovcz.
Ranunculus repens L. — Жовтець повзучий
Ranunculus reptans L.
Ranunculus revelierei Boreau
Ranunculus rhomboideus Goldie
Ranunculus rigescens Turcz. ex Ovcz.
Ranunculus rionii Lagger
Ranunculus rubrocalyx Regel ex Kom.
Ranunculus rufosepalus Franch.
Ranunculus rumelicus Griseb.
Ranunculus ruscinonensis Landolt
s
Ranunculus sabinei R.Br.
Ranunculus sardous Crantz
Ranunculus sartorianus Boiss. & Heldr.
Ranunculus sceleratus L.
Ranunculus seguieri Vill.
Ranunculus serbicus Vis.
Ranunculus sericocephalus Hook. f.
Ranunculus serpens Schrank
Ranunculus sewerzowii Regel
Ranunculus shaftoanus (Aitch. & Hemsl.) Boiss.
Ranunculus shuichengensis L.Liao
Ranunculus sieboldii Miq.
Ranunculus sierrae-orientalis (L.D.Benson) G.L.Nesom
Ranunculus silerifolius H.Lév.
Ranunculus silvisteppaceus Dubovik
Ranunculus similis Hemsl.
Ranunculus sinovaginatus W.T.Wang
Ranunculus smirnovii Ovcz.
Ranunculus sommieri Albov
Ranunculus songoricus Schrenk
Ranunculus spaniophyllus Lourteig
Ranunculus sphaerospermus Boiss. & Blanche
Ranunculus spicatus Desf.
Ranunculus sprunerianus Boiss.
Ranunculus stenorhynchus Franch.
Ranunculus stojanovii {Delip.
Ranunculus strigillosus Boiss. & Huet.
Ranunculus strigulosus Schur
Ranunculus subcorymbosus Kom.
Ranunculus subhomophyllus (Halácsy) Vierh.
Ranunculus submarginatus Ovcz.
Ranunculus sulphureus Sol.
Ranunculus svaneticus Rupr.
Ranunculus szowitsianus Boiss.
t
Ranunculus tachiroei Franch. & Sav.
Ranunculus taisanensis Hayata
Ranunculus taiwanensis Hayata
Ranunculus tanguticus (Finet & Gagnep.) K.S.Hao
Ranunculus tengchongensis W.T.Wang
Ranunculus ternatus Thunb.
Ranunculus tetrandrus W.T.Wang
Ranunculus thasius Halácsy
Ranunculus thora L. — Жовтець татранський
Ranunculus thracicus Aznav.
Ranunculus transcaucasicus Kem.-Nath.
Ranunculus transiliensis Popov ex Ovcz.
Ranunculus transochotensis Hara
Ranunculus traunfellneri Hoppe
Ranunculus trautvetterianus C.Regel ex Ovcz.
Ranunculus triangularis W.T.Wang
Ranunculus trichocarpus Boiss. & Kotschy
Ranunculus trichophyllus Chaix ex Vill.
Ranunculus trigonus Hand.-Mazz.
Ranunculus trilobus Desf.
Ranunculus tripartitus DC.
Ranunculus triternatus A.Gray
Ranunculus trullifolius Hook. f.
Ranunculus turneri Greene
u
Ranunculus ultramontanus (Greene) A.Heller
Ranunculus uncinatus D.Don
Ranunculus uniflorus Phil. ex Reiche
Ranunculus ussuriensis Kom.
v
Ranunculus velutinus Ten.
Ranunculus venetus Huter ex Landolt
Ranunculus villarsii DC.
w
Ranunculus wangianus Q.E.Yang
Ranunculus weberbaueri (Ulbr.) Lourteig
Ranunculus weddellii Lourteig
Ranunculus wettsteinii Dörfl.
Ranunculus weyleri Marès
x
Ranunculus xinningensis W.T.Wang
y
Ranunculus yanshanensis W.T.Wang
Ranunculus yaoanus W.T.Wang
Ranunculus yechengensis W.T.Wang
Ranunculus yinshanicus (Y.Z.Zhao) Y.Z.Zhao
Ranunculus yunnanensis Franch.
z
Ranunculus zhungdianensis W.T.Wang
Примітки
Ж
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2909586
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8-%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B5
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Триноси-Оседле
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Триноси-Оседле — село в Польщі, у гміні Вонсево Островського повіту Мазовецького воєводства.
У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Остроленцького воєводства.
Примітки
Села Островського повіту (Мазовецьке воєводство)
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2249115
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C
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Суперсаль
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Суперсаль
Шуферсаль - найбільша роздрібна продовольча мережа Ізраїлю. була створена в 1958 році. Сьогодні в її складі - 248 діючих продуктових магазинів загальною площею 540 997 квадратних метрів, а персонал нараховує 13500 співробітників.
Відділення Шуферсаль
Шуферсаль працює в п'яти різних роздрібних форматах по всьому Ізраїлю:
"Шуферсаль Шелі" (Shufersal Sheli) - являє собою мережу з 107 магазинів, які забезпечують торговельні потреби клієнтів, дотримуючись концепції зручності, доступності, свіжості продукції та відмінного сервісу;
"Шуферсаль Діль" (Shufersal Deal) - мережу з 74 дискаунтерів, які пропонують недорогі продукти протягом усього року;
"Еш" (Yesh) - об'єднує 54 конкуруючих дисконтних магазину, які орієнтовані на різні групи населення, узгодять асортимент продуктів до потреб клієнтів і пропонують спеціальний машрут;
"Шуферсаль Експрес" (Shufersal Express) - об'єднує 13 міні-маркетів, запущених в серпні 2008 року. Управління в магазинах, розташованих в околицях і міських центрах, здійснюється в основному франшизами;
"Шуферсаль онлайн" (Shufersal Online) (колишній "Шуферсаль Яширо") - це послуга, яка забезпечує придбання продуктів і їх доставку безпосередньо до клієнта додому або в офіс. Замовлення здійснюються через інтернет, по телефону або факсу.
Посилання
офіційний сайт
Крамниці Ізраїлю
Рішон-ле-Ціон
Засновані в Ізраїлі 1958
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1216350
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%85%20%D0%A2%201706
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Автошлях Т 1706
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Автошлях Т 1706
Автошлях Т-1706(скасований та переіменований на обласний автошлях О-1702368) — автомобільний шлях територіального значення у Полтавській області. Проходить територією Гадяцького та Зіньківського районів через Гадяч — Опішню. Загальна довжина — 61,050 км.
Маршрут
Автошлях проходить через такі населені пункти:
Джерела
Постанова Кабінету Міністрів України від 18 квітня 2012 р. № 301 Київ Про затвердження переліку автомобільних доріг загального користування державного значення
Про затвердження переліку автомобільних доріг загального користування державного значення: Кабінет Міністрів України; Постанова, Перелік від 16.09.2015 № 712
Автошлях Т 1706 на Google Maps
Т1706
Територіальні автомобільні шляхи України
Транспорт Гадяцького району
Транспорт Зіньківського району
Транспорт Гадяча
Транспорт Зінькова
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2918482
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%9F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5
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Жешотари-Пщеле
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Жешотари-Пщеле — село в Польщі, у гміні Росьцишево Серпецького повіту Мазовецького воєводства.
Населення — (2011).
У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Плоцького воєводства.
Демографія
Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року:
Примітки
.
Села Серпецького повіту
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4614198
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%20%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB
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Жаннетт Кемпбелл
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Жаннетт Кемпбелл (8 березня 1916 — 15 січня 2003) — аргентинська плавчиня.
Срібна медалістка Олімпійських Ігор 1936 року.
Примітки
Посилання
Жаннетт Кемпбелл на Olympedia.org
Жаннетт Кемпбелл на Olympics.com
Жаннетт Кемпбелл на Sports-Reference.com
Аргентинські плавчині
Плавці та плавчині на літніх Олімпійських іграх 1936
Аргентинські срібні олімпійські медалісти
Срібні призери літніх Олімпійських ігор 1936
Срібні олімпійські медалісти з плавання
Французи Аргентини
Французькі емігранти до Аргентини
Аргентинські олімпійські плавці та плавчині
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26849274
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igrinsky%20District
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Igrinsky District
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Igrinsky District (Egra joros) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-five in the Udmurt Republic, Russia. It is located in the center of the republic. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a settlement) of Igra. Population: 42,850 (2002 Census); The population of Igra accounts for 54.3% of the district's total population.
References
Notes
Sources
Districts of Udmurtia
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5904211
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Corver
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Charles Corver
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Charles Corver
Charles George Reinier Corver (16 January 1936 – 10 November 2020) was a Dutch football referee.
Career
He was decorated twice by the Queen (Order of Orange-Nassau) and the football association (KNVB-UEFA-FIFA).
He refereed the 1982 World Cup semifinal between Germany and France in Seville, Spain, when he deemed goalkeeper Harald Schumacher's collision with Patrick Battiston to be not a foul.
Battiston remained unconscious for over a minute and sustained the loss of three teeth and a damaged vertebrae.
This failure is often considered as one of the worst examples of poor refereeing decisions in football.
Corver was referee at two World Cups and two European championships. He refereed four European Cup finals, ten semifinals and a final World Cup for clubs in Argentina. More than 140 international matches and more than 600 national matches. After his last final (1983) in Portugal he was observer for UEFA-FIFA and KNVB for 22 years and member of the disciplinary committee for sixteen years. His profession was national sales manager at Heineken.
References
External links
1936 births
2020 deaths
Dutch football referees
Sportspeople from Leiden
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy politicians
1982 FIFA World Cup referees
1978 FIFA World Cup referees
UEFA Euro 1980 referees
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1689342
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%20%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F
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Друге народне ополчення
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Друге народне ополчення
Друге народне або друге земське ополчення — ополчення у Московії, яке виникло у вересні 1611 в Нижньому Новгороді для боротьби з польськими інтервентами. Продовжувало активно формуватися під час шляху з Нижнього Новгорода в Москву, переважно в Ярославлі у квітні — липні 1612. Складалося з загонів городян, селян центральних та північних районів Московії. Керівники — Кузьма Мінін та князь Дмитро Пожарський. У серпні 1612 з частиною сил, що залишилися під Москвою від Першого ополчення, розбило польську армію під Москвою, а в жовтні 1612 — повністю звільнило столицю від окупації інтервентами.
Література
Літопис про многіх' мятежах'. Видання друге. — М.: 1788.
Забелін' І. Е. Мінін' та Пожарський. Прямі та криві Вь Смутний час . — М.: 1883.
Корсакова В. І. Пожарський, кн. Дмитро Міхайловіч'. — СПб.: 1905. — С. 221—247.
Бібіков Г. Н.Бої російського народного ополчення з польськими інтервентами 22 — 24 серпня 1612 під Москвою. Історична записка. — М.: 1950. Т.32.
Буганов В. І.«Виборний людина усією землею» Кузьма Мінін. // Питання історії: журнал. — 1980. — № 9. — С. 90 — 102.
Храмцовський Н. І. Короткий нарис історії та опису Нижнього Новгорода. — Н. Новгород: 1998. — С. 83 — 113.
Шматов В. Е. Пурех' . — Кіров: 2004. — С. 30 — 42.
Посилання
Будило Йосип Щоденник подій, що належать до смутному часу
Див. також
Перше народне ополчення
Московське облогове сидіння
Смутний час
Москва
1612 у Європі
Московське військо
Історія Нижньогородської області
Історія Нижнього Новгорода
Історія Ярославля
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1809973
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%21
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Берсерк!
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Берсерк! (англ. Berserk!) — англійський фільм жахів режисера Джима О’Коннолі 1967 року.
Сюжет
Моніка Ріверс - власниця невеликого пересувного цирку. Коли в її цирку починає відбуватися серія загадкових вбивств, виникає питання: чи буде Моніка наступною жертвою невідомого маніяка або за всім цим стоїть вона сама, потребучи реклами.
У ролях
Джоан Кроуфорд — Моніка Ріверс
Ті Хардін — Френк Хокінс
Діана Дорс — Матильда
Майкл Гоф — Альберт Дорандо
Джуді Гісон — Анджела Ріверс
Роберт Гарді — детектив Брукс
Джефрі Кін — комісар Долбі
Сідні Тефлер — Гаррісон Лістон
Джордж Клейдон — Бруно Фонтана
Філіп Медок — Лазло
Посилання
Berserk! на сайті Internet Movie Database
Berserk! на сайті AllMovie
Berserk! на сайті TCM Movie Database
Фільми Великої Британії 1967
Фільми про поліцейських
Фільми про цирк
Фільми англійською мовою
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4628236
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%20%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80
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Горст Вайгер
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Горст Вайгер (5 травня 1910, Гляйвіц — 4 лютого 1944, Балтійське море) — німецький офіцер-підводник, капітан-лейтенант крігсмаріне.
Біографія
3 квітня 1936 року вступив на флот. З серпня 1939 року — ад'ютант в 7-й флотилії підводних човнів. З квітня 1940 року — вахтовий офіцер в 4-й, з серпня 1940 року — командир корабля і групи 42-ї, з квітня 1941 року — командир корабля 8-ї флотилії мінних тральщиків. З вересня 1941 по березень 1942 року пройшов курс підводника. З березня 1942 року — вахтовий офіцер в 29-й флотилії підводних човнів. В липні 1942 року переданий в розпорядження своєї флотилії. В квітні-червні 1943 року пройшов курс командира човна. З 19 липня 1943 року — командир підводного човна U-854. 4 лютого 1944 року човен затонув в Балтійському морі північніше Свінемюнде (54°01′ пн. ш. 14°16′ сх. д.), підірвавшись на міні британського мінного поля Geranium. 7 членів екіпажу були врятовані, 51 (включаючи Вайгера) загинули.
Біографія
Кандидат в офіцери (3 квітня 1936)
Морський кадет (10 вересня 1936)
Фенріх-цур-зее (1 травня 1937)
Оберфенріх-цур-зее (1 липня 1938)
Лейтенант-цур-зее (1 жовтня 1938)
Оберлейтенант-цур-зее (1 жовтня 1940)
Капітан-лейтенант (1 липня 1943)
Посилання
Біографічні дані.
Вайгер на сайті uboat.net
Примітки
Померли в морі
Капітан-лейтенанти крігсмаріне
Німецькі підводники Другої світової війни
Командири підводних човнів
Загинули в боях Другої світової війни
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28414157
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permsky%20District
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Permsky District
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Permsky District
Perm District is an administrative district (raion), one of the thirty-three in Perm Krai, Russia. Population - 116,353 (2021)
Geography
The Perm district is located in the suburban area of Perm. It borders on Krasnokamsk municipality, Dobryansk municipality, Chusovskoy municipality, Kungur municipal district, Okhansk municipality as well as Nytvensk municipality along the river Kama. The district has 17 rural settlements comprising 223 communities.
The area of the district is 3753.05 km2.
History
Perm uyezd was one of the 16 constituent districts of Perm province, formed by the manifesto of Catherine the Great in 1775.
Kultaevski district (administrative centre is Kultaevo village) was formed as a part of Perm district of Uralian region in December 1923. In December 1924 administrative centre of the district was moved to Verkhniye Mulli village.
Kultaevo district (at the initiative of the population) was renamed into Kalininskiy district in December 1925.
The Kalininsky district was united with the Motovilikhinsky district into one Kalininsky district with the centre in the town of Perm in October 1927 (the All-Russian Central Executive Committee decision of 14.10.1927).
In 1931 Kalininsky district was united with a part of liquidated Leninsky (Grigoryevsky), Yugovsky and South-Osokinsky districts into one Perm district with the centre in Perm (administrated by the city council).
On March 26, 1939, there was a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of RSFSR on the formation of Verkhne-Mullinsky district, later renamed to Perm district. It included 94 collective farms, 5 state farms, 5 industrial collective farms, 2 machine-tractor stations.
Economy
Location in the suburban area of the regional centre gives specific character to the farms: dairy and vegetable, egg and poultry production. Well-known enterprises include the Verkhnemullinsky livestock breeding farm, the Russian agricultural holding company and State Horse Breeding Farm. All of them have been liquidated due to bankruptcy.
Transport
The Trans-Siberian Railway and "Perm-Yekaterinburg" line pass through the raion. The boundaries of the area are washed by the waters of two reservoirs, the Kama and the Votkinsk. In summer the Yugo-Kamski-Okhansk and Mostovaya-Nasadka ferries operate. In the Perm District is the "air gate" of Perm International Airport Bolshoye Savino (18 km from the city centre of Perm).
There are two major oil and gas pipelines of Russian and international importance running through the Perm District: Surgut-Polotsk and Urengoy-Centre.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Permsky District is one of the thirty-three in the krai. The city of Perm serves as its administrative center, despite being incorporated separately as a city of krai significance—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.
As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Permsky Municipal District. The city of krai significance of Perm is incorporated separately from the district as Perm Urban Okrug.
Notable residents
Ilya Berezin (1818–1896), Orientalist, born in the settlement of Yug
Fyodor Panayev (1856–1933), teacher and climatologist, born in Yug
See also
Alebastrovo
Zaborye
Zagrishinskoye
Zavedeniye
Zaykovo
References
Notes
Sources
Districts of Perm Krai
States and territories established in 1939
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%20%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0
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Учень Ескулапа
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Учень Ескулапа
«Учень Ескулапа» — радянський художній фільм 1977 року, знятий режисером Отаром Абесадзе на кіностудії «Грузія-фільм».
Сюжет
Молодий лікар Гурам живе та працює у грузинському селі. Незабаром він починає помічати у пацієнтів ознаки захворювань явно професійного походження. Він розуміє, що причина — хімічний завод неподалік, що отруює все навколо, не дотримуючись техніки безпеки. Гурам починає боротися із заводським керівництвом і з байдужістю селян.
У ролях
Паата Бараташвілі — Гурам (дублював В. Грачов)
Мзія Арабулі — Магда (дублювала М. Кремєнєва)
Шота Габела — Сачіно (дублював М. Граббе)
Сесілія Такаїшвілі — Дареджан (дублювала Н. Нікітіна)
Карло Саканделідзе — Кукурі (дублював В. Маркін)
Зураб Лаферадзе — Ловел (дублював К. Тиртов)
Іраклій Учанейшвілі — Вахтанг (дублював О. Соловйов)
Абессалом Лорія — Аркіпо (дублював О. Алексєєв)
Кахі Кавсадзе — Бежан (дублював Г. Тонунц)
Давид Окросцварідзе — Алмасхан (дублював Я. Бєлєнький)
Грігол Костава — Давид (дублював С. Курилов)
Маріам Абесадзе — роль другого плану
Ремі Абесадзе — Гогі (дублював В. Подвиг)
Тамара Абесадзе — роль другого плану
Серго Ахаладзе — Соломон (дублював В. Балашов)
Ціала Берідзе — Летеція (дублювала О. Кончакова)
Мераб Джафарідзе — Ушангі (дублював Р. Ахметов)
Мзіа Кадагіддзе — Русудан (дублювала В. Хмара)
Таміла Ласхішвілі — Есма (дублювала З. Степанова)
Манана Ломтатідзе — роль другого плану
Олександр Махарадзе — Джуду (дублював В. Філіппов)
Шинагі Нацвлішвілі — Едішер (дублював Ю. Чекулаєв)
Леван Пілпані — Леван (дублював М. Глузський)
Тамара Тваліашвілі — роль другого плану
Д. Церцвадзе — роль другого плану
М. Чиргадзе — роль другого плану
Лейла Шотадзе — роль другого плану
Знімальна група
Режисер — Отар Абесадзе
Сценаристи — Отар Абесадзе, Теймураз Маглаперідзе
Оператор — Абесалом Майсурадзе
Композитор — Реваз Лагідзе
Художник — Василь Арабідзе
Посилання
Фільми СРСР 1977
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96446
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IC%203235
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IC 3235
|
IC 3235 — галактика типу S (спіральна галактика) у сузір'ї Волосся Вероніки.
Цей об'єкт міститься в оригінальній редакції індексного каталогу.
Посилання
IC 3235 в оригінальному новому загальному каталозі
IC 3235 в оригінальному новому загальному каталозі
http://www.seds.org/~spider/ngc/revngcic.cgi?IC+3235
IC 3235 в базі SIMBAD
IC 3235 в базі Vizier
IC 3235 в базі NASA Extragalactic Database
Бази даних про об'єкти NGC/IC
IC 3235
IC 3235
IC 3235
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71523004
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian%20Society%20of%20the%20Deaf
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Ukrainian Society of the Deaf
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Ukrainian Society of the Deaf
The Ukrainian Society of the Deaf, abbreviated UTOH or UTOG is a Ukrainian non-governmental organisation responsible for promoting the rights of the deaf community in Ukraine. Its stated goal is to serve as "An organisational association of persons with hearing impairments and providing them with assistance in professional, labour, and social rehabilitation, protection of their legal rights and interests, and confirmation of their status as citizens fully integrated into society."
History
The Ukrainian Society of the Deaf was founded by a directive of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee on 4 June 1933, alongside the Ukrainian Association of the Blind (UTOS). Joining the World Federation of the Deaf in 1957, UTOH's existence was confirmed by the 5 October 1992 law of the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament) "On Citizens' Associations".
During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, UTOH's activities were significantly impacted. Along with UTOS, local offices of UTOH received aid, including in Mykolaiv and Kostiantynivka.
Activities
UTOH's primary goal, as described on their website, is to serve as "An organisational association of persons with hearing impairments and providing them with assistance in professional, labour, and social rehabilitation, protection of their legal rights and interests, and confirmation of their status as citizens fully integrated into society." Among their activities are searching for deaf persons who have gone missing as a result of the Russo-Ukrainian War, translation of government information into Ukrainian Sign Language, and teaching of Ukrainian Sign Language.
Recognition
UTOH has been recognised as critical to protecting and enhancing the rights of the deaf in Ukraine, particularly in the wake of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The World Federation of the Deaf launched a donation campaign for UTOH in order to assist with operations during the war.
Since 2018, the Government of Ukraine has supplied funding to UTOH and UTOS.
References
1933 establishments in Ukraine
Deafness rights organizations
Disability organizations based in Ukraine
Organizations established in 1933
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Cooper%20%28musicologist%29
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Barry Cooper (musicologist)
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Barry Cooper (musicologist)
Barry Cooper (born 1949) is an English musicologist, composer, organist, Beethoven scholar, and editor of the Beethoven Compendium.
Life
Born in Westcliff-on-Sea in Essex,
Cooper studied piano and composition in his childhood, leading to scholarships to Gordonstoun School and later to University College, Oxford, where he studied organ with John Webster and earned an MA in 1973 and a DPhil in 1974. His musical compositions include an oratorio, The Ascension.
Cooper is best known for his books on Beethoven, as well as a completion and realization of Beethoven's fragmentary Symphony No. 10. Having extensively studied Beethoven's sketchbooks and written a book about them, Beethoven and the Creative Process, Cooper felt confident enough to identify the sketches for the individual movements of the Symphony and put together those for the first movement into a musically satisfactory whole. The realisation was recorded by the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Wyn Morris.
It was then revised and received its public premiere in 1988 by the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Walter Weller. In a way, this fulfilled Beethoven's promise of his Symphony No. 10 to the Royal Philharmonic Society, since the premiere was at a concert given by this society. Several recordings are available.
From 1974–1990, Cooper taught at the University of Aberdeen, where he became interested in early printed music in that city, as well as music theory in 18th-century England. He has also discovered rare 17th century French harpsichord music as well as one of the oldest canons now known.
Cooper recently released a new edition of the Beethoven Piano Sonatas (for the ABRSM), incorporating three additional sonatas not normally included. Cooper also wrote the accompanying critical text to the sonatas, detailing the changes made and the many thousands of corrections to the sonatas.
Since 1990, Cooper has taught, latterly as Professor of Music, at the University of Manchester. As well as Beethoven's sketches, Cooper teaches courses in Western music history, editing, bibliography skills, and harmony and counterpoint.
References
1949 births
Alumni of University College, Oxford
Beethoven scholars
English composers
English male composers
English musicologists
English organists
English male organists
Living people
People educated at Gordonstoun
People from Westcliff-on-Sea
21st-century organists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hintersee%2C%20Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
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Hintersee, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
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Hintersee, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Hintersee is a municipality in the Vorpommern-Greifswald district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is located near the border with Poland.
History
From 1648 to 1720, Hintersee was part of Swedish Pomerania. From 1720 to 1945, it was part of the Prussian Province of Pomerania, from 1945 to 1952 of the State of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, from 1952 to 1990 of the Bezirk Neubrandenburg of East Germany and since 1990 again of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
References
Vorpommern-Greifswald
fr:Hintersee
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sova%2C%20Iran
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Sova, Iran
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Sova, Iran
Sova (also Romanized as Sovā and Sūā; also known as Suah) is a village in Larijan-e Sofla Rural District, Larijan District, Amol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 89, in 41 families.
References
Populated places in Amol County
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD
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Сен-Кантен-ла-Шабанн
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Сен-Кантен-ла-Шабанн — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Нова Аквітанія, департамент Крез. Населення — .
Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 340 км на південь від Парижа, 75 км на схід від Ліможа, 45 км на південний схід від Гере.
Демографія
Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006):
Економіка
У 2010 році в муніципалітеті числилось 160 оподаткованих домогосподарств, у яких проживали 361,0 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача
Сусідні муніципалітети
Посилання
Сен-Кантен-ла-Шабанн на сайті французького Національного інституту географії
Сен-Кантен-ла-Шабанн на сайті французького Національного інституту статистики й економічних досліджень
Сен-Кантен-ла-Шабанн на сайті Quid (загальні відомості, історія, пам'ятки, фото, адреси)
Розташування муніципалітету Сен-Кантен-ла-Шабанн на мапі Франції та сусідні муніципалітети
Мапа муніципалітету Сен-Кантен-ла-Шабанн на сайті Mapquest
Див. також
Список муніципалітетів департаменту Крез
Примітки
Муніципалітети департаменту Крез
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka%2C%20Dubrovnik-Neretva%20County
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Luka, Dubrovnik-Neretva County
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Luka, Dubrovnik-Neretva County
Luka is a village in the municipality of Ston, Croatia.
Demographics
According to the 2021 census, its population was 151. It was 153 in 2011.
References
Populated places in Dubrovnik-Neretva County
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%20%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%96%201995
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Фінал Кубка Стенлі 1995
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Фінал Кубка Стенлі 1995 — 103-й загалом фінал Кубка Стенлі та сезону 1994–1995 у НХЛ між командами «Нью-Джерсі Девілс» та «Детройт Ред Вінгз». Фінальна серія стартувала 17 червня в Детройті, а фінішувала 24 червня перемогою «Нью-Джерсі Девілс».
У регулярному чемпіонаті «Нью-Джерсі Девілс» фінішували п'ятими в Східній конференції набравши 52 очка, а «Детройт Ред Вінгз» посіли перше місце в Західній конференції з 70 очками.
У фінальній серії перемогу здобули «Нью-Джерсі Девілс» 4:0. Приз Кона Сміта (найкращого гравця фінальної серії) отримав нападник «Дияволів» Клод Лем'є.
Шлях до фіналу
Арени
Серія
Володарі Кубка Стенлі
Посилання
Результати матчів фінальної серії
НХЛ
1995 в американському спорті
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%20%28%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%29
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Кхасі (мова)
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Кхасі (мова)
Кхасі — мова народу кхасі. Поширена в центральних і східних районах індійського штату Мегхалая, в районах Гори Кхасі та Гори Джайнтія, а також у сусідніх районах штату Ассам і Бангладеш (регіон Сілхет).
Інші назви: Cossyah, Kahasi, Kassi, Khasa, Khasi, Khasie, Khashi, Khasiyas, Khassee, Khuchia, Kyi.
Мова кхасі належить до числа австроазійських мов, утворюючи в їх складі окрему групу. Іншими групами цієї мовної сім'ї є мови мунда в Індії, мон-кхмерські мови в країнах Індокитаю.
Функціонує кхасі в оточенні індоарійських та тибето-бірманських мов.
За переписом 2001 року, в Індії мову кхасі рідною назвали 1 128 575 осіб, з них 1 091 087 осіб у штаті Мегхалая, 34 617 осіб — в штаті Ассам, ще 2 871 особа — в інших штатах.
Фонетика
Фонемний склад мови кхасі відзначається відсутністю протиставлення відкритих і закритих е і о (на відміну від багатьох інших австроазійських мов) і наявністю придихових приголосних (аспіратів). Крім простих голосних, присутні дифтонги.
Морфологія
Типологічно — це префіксально-аглютинаційна мова з додатковими рисами основоізоляції.
Морфонологія відмічена явищем скупчення початкових приголосних, що виникає через випадання префіксального голосного (наприклад, kyti — kti «рука»). Нейтральний голосний ə (графічно — y) зустрічається майже виключно у префіксах. Характерним явищем є асиміляція приголосних на стику префіксу і кореня. Для утворення граматичних категорій використовується афіксація (переважно, префіксація) та аглютинація. У словотворенні широко використовуються редуплікація, ономатопея.
Структура складу: (приголосний) приголосний, голосний (приголосний).
Характерною рисою граматики мови кхасі є категорія роду іменників, яка позначається артиклем, що стоїть перед іменником: u — для чоловічого роду, ka — для жіночого роду, ki — для множини). Артиклі часто виконують також роль займенника. Артикль ya вказує на прямий об'єкт, артикль ha — на непрямий об'єкт. Існують також артиклі, що виконують роль негативних маркерів: um, em, m, khlem. Мова кхасі має класифікатори.
Дієслово утворюється за допомогою службових слів, що стоять до або після основного слова.
Синтаксис
Типовий порядок слів у реченні: підмет-присудок-додаток, коли залежний член речення йде за головним. Проте трапляються також конструкції з узгодженням, а також зі зворотнім порядком слів. Прямий додаток передує непрямому, прикметник йде за іменником, до якого він відноситься, числівник стоїть перед відповідним іменником.
Лексика
Мова кхасі містить запозичення з гінді, бенгальської та англійської мов.
Діалекти і споріднені мови
Діалект Черрапунджі (історична назва Согра), або кхинрієм поширений в південній частині штату Мегхалая, а також у місті Шиллонг, він є стандартним діалектом для літературної мови кхасі. Діалект бхой поширений в північному окрузі Рі-Бхой, а близький до нього діалект нонгтунг — в окрузі Східні Гори Кхасі.
Діалект лингнам, що використовується населенням округу Західні Гори Кхасі, зазнав впливу з боку сусідньої мови гаро і сильно відрізняється від стандартної кхасі своїм словниковим запасом. Це дало підставу виділити лингнам як окрему мову (lyg). Окремими мовами вважаються також кхасіянські діалекти вар (aml) в південних районах Мегхалаї та на території Бангладеш і пнар (інші назви синтанг, і джайнтія) (pbv) на центральному плато в горах Джайнтія.
Незважаючи на певні відмінності всі ці мови (чи діалекти) за фонологічними, лексичними і граматичними ознаками виявляють тісну близькість і об'єднуються в єдину кхасіянську групу.
Писемність
Писемність для мови кхасі на основі латинської абетки була створена валлійським місіонером Томасом Джонсом у 1842 році. Тоді кхасійська абетка складалася з 21 літери: 5 голосних (a, e, i, o, u) і 16 приголосних (b, k, d, g, ng, h, j, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, w, y). Згодом було додано ще 2 діакритичні приголосні (ї та ñ).
Офіційний статус
2005 року мова кхасі отримала статус офіційної мови в чотирьох округах штату Мегхалая: Східні Гори Кхасі, Західні Гори Кхасі, Гори Джайнтія та Рі-Бхой. Крім того, вона широко використовується в початковій і середній освіті, на радіо, телебаченні, у релігійних обрядах. Всі ці факти стали підставою для виключення у 2012 році кхасі з переліку ЮНЕСКО мов, що перебувають у небезпеці.
В Індії мовою кхасі видаються газети, журнали, художня й наукова література. Кхасі викладається також у Північно-Східному Гірському університеті в Шиллонзі.
На офіційному рівні мова кхасі поступається англійській, першій офіційній мові штату Мегхалая. Існує стійка тенденція у потязі населення до вивчення й використання англійської мови. Тим самим мова кхасі повільно втрачає свої позиції в галузі освіти.
Джерела
Ю. К. Лекомцев. Кхаси . Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь. Главный редактор В. Н. Ярцева. Москва, «Советская энциклопедия», 1990
Кхаси язык . Энциклопедия «Кругосвет» — Универсальная научно-популярная онлайн-энциклопедия
Khasi . Language Information Services (LIS) — India
Посилання
Мова кхасі на сайті Ethnologue: Khasi. A language of India
Мова кхасі на сайті Glottolog 3.0: Language: Khasi
Мова кхасі на сайті WALS Online: Language Khasi
Короткий англо-кхасіянський словничок: Learn Khasi online
Короткий курс мови кхасі: K. H. Gruessner. Kurzer Khasi-Kurs . Universität Tübingen
Інтернет-газета мовою кхасі: Mawphor
Примітки
Австроазійські мови
Мови Індії
Мегхалая
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%28%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
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Івановське (Бежецький район)
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Івановське (Бежецький район)
Івановське — присілок в Бежецькому районі Тверської області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 303 особи. Входить до складу муніципального утворення місто Бежецьк.
Історія
Від 2005 року входить до складу муніципального утворення місто Бежецьк.
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Бежецького району
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%28%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F%29
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Полтавська (станиця)
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Полтавська (станиця)
Станиця Полтавська — адміністративний, культурний і економічний центр Красноармійського району Краснодарського краю й одночасно сільській адміністрації. В радянський період була перейменована на станицю Красноармійська, потім станиці повернуто первісну назву.
Населення: 28 тис. осіб, загальна площа Полтавської — 17 км², щільність населення — 1696,23 особи/км².
Станица розташована в дельті Кубані, оточена рисовими чеками, за 65 км північно-західніше Краснодару, за 11 км північніше Слов'янську-на-Кубані.
Залізнична станція Полтавська на гілці «Кримськ — Тимашевськ».
У станиці базується мотобольний клуб «Кіровець».
Історія
Полтавська, заснована в 1794, є однією перших сорока курінних поселень чорноморських козаків на Кубані (див. Кубанські козаки). Назву перенесено з однойменного куреня Січи, названого у свою чергу по місту Полтава;
У 1926 році в станиці працював україномовний педагогічний технікум;
У 1932—1933 Полтавська стала однією зі станиць, поставлених за «саботаж» на «чорні дошки ганьби». Від голоду померли сотні станичників;
На підставі спеціального пункту постанови ЦК ВКП(б) та РНК СРСР від 14 грудня 1932 року навесні 1933 все козацьке населення станиці було виселено до північних районів СРСР, а на їхнє місце поселені військовослужбовці Червоної армії та їхні сім'ї. Станиця перейменована на Красноармійську;
2004 року станиці було повернуто первісну назву;
Голодомор 1933
Як пише Роберт Конквест в книзі «Жнива скорботи»: «Нападки Шеболдаєва на станицю Полтавську не були простою словесною погрозою. 17 грудня 1932 р. за розпорядженням голови крайвиконкому депортували всіх 27 тис. мешканців станиці.
Партизанський рух у цій окрузі існував до 1925 р., а окремі групи діяли і значно довше. У 1929—1930 рр. депортували 300 з 5600 господарств і судили 250 осіб за невиконання зернових заготівель, з-поміж яких близько 40 розстріляли. „Бабський бунт“ у цій місцевості очолили вдови червоних партизанів. У 1930—1931 рр. там провели серію арештів підозрюваних членів „Спілки визволення України“.
Тепер, у грудні 1932 р., у Полтавській відбулося справжнє повстання, учасники якого вбивали співробітників ОДПУ та активістів; станиця перейшла під контроль повстанців, котрі відрядили свої ескадрони до сусідніх селищ із закликом приєднатися до них. Одначе вони робили це надто повільно, і владі вдалося сконцентрувати коло Полтавської гнітючі сили і після тяжких боїв знову взяти станицю у свої руки.
Начальник ОДПУ Кубаєв віддав наказ: через те що Полтавська опинилася в руках куркулів, депортувати все населення, за винятком кількох лояльних громадян. Із цією метою оголосили воєнний стан, а жителів попередили, що за будь-яке порушення наказів винуватці отримають „найвищу міру соціалістичної законності — розстріл“: це стосувалося тих, хто „проводив агітацію, ширив провокаційні чутки, спричиняв паніку або плюндрував власність чи продукцію“. Згодом до станиці наїхали російські поселенці, і її перейменували в „Красноармейскую“.»
Відомі люди
Безщасний Конон Петрович — кобзар, скрипаль, учасник антибільшовицького руху на Кубані, артист Кубанського симфонічного оркестру.
Міхновський Микола Іванович — український політичний і громадський діяч. У 1920—1924 рр. жив у станиці Полтавській, де вчителював та займався українізацією.
Смовський Костянтин Авдійович — полковник Армії УНР, генерал-хорунжий на еміграції.
Примітки
Галерея
Джерела та література
Д. Д. Білий. Полтавська станиця //
Посилання
Історія станиці Полтавської
Інформаційно-розважальний портал станиці Полтавської
Роберт Конквест. Жнива скорботи. Голодовий террор. Кубань, Дон і Волга
Об'єкти, названі на честь Полтави
Районні центри Краснодарського краю
Станиці Краснодарського краю
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546366
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%20%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%97%D1%81%D0%B0%20%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0
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Кряченко Таїса Миколаївна
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Кряченко Таїса Миколаївна
Таїса Миколаївна Кряченко (11 травня 1936, Київ, УРСР, СРСР) — радянський, український режисер монтажу.
Життєпис
Закінчила курси монтажерів Всесоюзного державного інституту кінематографії (1968).
Член Національної спілки кінематографістів України.
Фільмографія
«Карантин» (1968, у співавт. з Н. Ратманською)
«Родина Коцюбинських» (1970, у співавт.)
«Веселі Жабокричі» (1971)
«Стара фортеця» (1973, у співавт.)
«Ні пуху, ні пера» (1973)
«Таємниця партизанської землянки» (1974)
«Небо — земля — небо» (1975)
«Королі й капуста» (1978)
«Оглядини» (1979)
«Снігове весілля» (1980)
«Візит у Ковалівку» (1980)
«Стратити немає можливості» (1982)
«Провал операції „Велика ведмедиця“» (1983)
«Загублені в пісках» (1984)
«Володчине життя» (1984, т/ф, 2 а)
«Десь гримить війна» (1986)
«Брате, знайди брата!..» (1988)
«Нині прослався син людський» (1990)
«Мелодрама із замахом на вбивство» (1992)
«Господи, прости нас грішних» (1992)
«Записки кирпатого Мефістофеля» (1994)
та інших...
Посилання
Персоналії за алфавітом
Радянські режисери монтажу
Українські режисери монтажу
Випускники ВДІК
Кінематографісти XX століття
Члени Національної спілки кінематографістів України
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768590
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5
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Караоке
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Караоке (караоке) — розвага, що полягає в непрофесійному співі з використанням пристрою, що дозволяє співати під заздалегідь записану музику (фонограму); також сам пристрій.
Історія
Караоке було винайдене в Японії в другій половині XX століття. Назва всесвітньо відомої забави складається із слова 空 [кара] — «порожній» і オケ [оке] (від オーケストラ [о: кесутора]) — «оркестр».
Проте, за іншими даними, прообраз караоке з'явився ще в 50‑ті роки XX століття в США. Тоді були дуже популярні виступи хору Мітча Міллера. Професійні вокалісти виконували хіти по телевізору, а глядачі дивилися на екран і підспівували. Але ця система сильно відрізняється від тієї, яка використовується зараз.
Її винайшов в 1971 році японський барабанщик . На виступах рок-групи, в якій він грав, нічим було зайняти публіку під час перерв. Тоді він придумав апарат, який міг відтворювати пісенну музику без слів. Музиканти роздавали глядачам тексти і відпочивали, доки публіка із задоволенням співала. У той час ніхто, окрім відвідувачів концерту, новинку не оцінив. Тільки через 15 років караоке стало дуже популярним. Проте єдине, чим відзначили Дайсуке, — вручили в 2004 році «Шнобелівську премію» (Ig Nobel Prizes) за найбезглуздіші, смішніші і даремніші винаходи. Колишнього барабанщика нагородили премією миру як людини, що «відкрила людям новий спосіб вчитися терпимості один до одного».
Формати і види караоке
Оптичні диски
Існують два основні формати оптичних дисків з караоке — CD і DVD. Відмінність цих форматів полягає в тому, що на караоке CD-дисках записані MIDI-файли, тому якість, як правило, поступається караоке DVD-дискам. Якість звуку залежить від звукової карти, встановленої в ПК або музичному інструменті. Професійні карти (і семплери — для запису звуку в банк), зараз стоять тільки на професійних клавішних інструментах фірм Korg, Roland, Kurzweil, Yamaha. На останніх звук записаний у форматі WMA, який дозволив додати фонограму професійних виконавців.
Також для запису композицій на DVD-караоке дисках використовується формат OGG, який дозволяє отримати кращу якість звуку.
Останнім часом можливості систем караоке значно розширилися. Окрім фонового звукового супроводу і відеоряду, з'явилися диски з функціями командних змагань, виставляння оцінки за спів, зміни темпу і тональності мелодії, автоматичного включення-виключення голосу соліста, програмування і сортування композицій.
Файли
MIDI
Формат файлів «MIDI-караоке» — неофіційне розширення MIDI -файлів. До музики додається текст, який може виводитися при програванні за допомогою спеціальної програми (наприклад, KMid або PyKaraoke), але не впливає на програвання звичайними MIDI-плеєрами. Для файлів в цьому форматі використовується розширення імені «.kar».
Поліпшення звучання MIDI
Файли MIDI є набором команд для синтезатора, встановленим на комп'ютері, Встановлений за замовчуванням на комп'ютері «Програмний синтезатор» не дає бажаних результатів через мізерний «банк звуків». Для поліпшення звуку треба встановити синтезатор з повнішим «банком звуків» і настроїти караоке-плеєр для роботи з цим синтезатором.
UltraStar
Один з популярних сучасних форматів — набори файлів для програми UltraStar і сумісних. Це текстовий файл, що містить назву, автора, версію, стиль, мову, фон, текст (розбитий на шматочки зі своїми висотою і тривалістю) та ін. пісні, а також імена файлів з обкладинкою пісні, фоном, використовуваним в процесі співу, і самою композицією. Останнє поле називається «MP3», але використовується і для файлів інших форматів.
Аудіосубтитри
Для субтитрування використовують окремий клас субтитрів формату LRC, вживаний зазвичай у караоке або просто для перегляду таймованих текстів пісень, мовою оригіналу (у тому числі на ієрогліфічних мовах) або в перекладі (з метою культурного обміну).
Особливості тексту в караоке
Записаний у рухомому рядкові поетичний твір здебільшого представлений не так, як подають його зазвичай (наприклад, у друкованих виданнях), — караоке руйнує форму вірша. Віршовий рядок, який ми звикли бачити у друкованих виданнях, на екрані часто має іншу форму, що зумовлено розмірами відеопристроїв, за допомогою яких виводять текст пісні. До того ж, зважаючи на специфіку цієї форми розваги, літери повинні бути великими і займати багато місця на екрані для зручного перегляду тексту. Такі технічні умови використання текстів для караоке спричинили членування віршових рядків на частини, що не відповідає оригінальній формі поетичного твору. Іноді порушується смислове членування, не береться до уваги принцип поділу тексту на синтагми. У текстах, представлених у караоке, крім власне текстової частини пісні, є ще й приспіви, які обов'язково мають бути показані на екрані в процесі співу, тому багато пісень записують разом із формами на зразок на-на-на, та-та-та, ля-ля-ля та ін.
У текстових записах караоке розділові знаки здебільшого відсутні. Нехтування пунктуацією підпорядковане важливому правилу — щоб мовець не зачепився за розділовий знак при виконанні твору і не порушилася ритмомелодика співу. Розділові знаки, які не впливають на ритмомелодику (наприклад, лапки, дужки), залишаються такі самі, як і у творі, опублікованому в друкованих виданнях. Те саме стосується і написання слів із великої літери — усі власні назви, початок речення, як і в друкованому тексті, позначаються великою літерою.
Караоке українською мовою
Реалізація української графіки в караоке має такі самі особливості, як і в інших електронних засобах. Якщо раніше передавання, наприклад, українських графем у комп'ютерах, мобільних телефонах було не завжди адекватним, то відповідно й тексти караоке мали такі самі вади. Сучасні ж засоби реалізації графічного тексту роблять можливим передавання будь-яких графем.
Див. також
Караоке на майдані
Контрафактура
Посилання
Всеукраїнський портал любителів караоке
Колекція українського караоке
Заклади з караоке в Києві
Примітки
Розваги
Спів
Винаходи Японії
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3502252
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2%20%28%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%29
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Лебедів (Воронезька область)
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Лебедів (Воронезька область)
Лебедів — хутір у Кантемирівському районі Воронезької області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 0 осіб (2010). Входить до складу муніципального утворення Пасєковське сільське поселення.
Історія
Населений пункт розташований у межах суцільної української етнічної території, частини Східної Слобожанщини. До Перших визвольних змагань належав до Воронезької губернії.
Від 1928 року належить до Кантемирівського району, спочатку в складі Центрально-Чорноземної області, а від 1934 року — Воронезької області. У 1954-1957 роках був у складі Кам'янської області.
Згідно із законом від 15 жовтня 2004 року входить до складу муніципального утворення Пасєковське сільське поселення.
Населення
Примітки
Хутори Воронезької області
Населені пункти Кантемирівського району
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20376944
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema%20of%20Bihar
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Cinema of Bihar
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Cinema of Bihar
The cinema of Bihar, a state in eastern India, primarily consists of films in the Bhojpuri language. Bihar also has smaller Maithili- and Magahi-language film industries. Cinema in the state began during the early 20th century.
History
Bihar's film industry began during the early years of the 20th century, when Jamshedji Framji Madan acquired the Elphinstone Theatre Company of Bombay in 1902 and converted it into the Elphinstone Bioscope Company. The Elphinstone Theatre in Patna (Bihar's capital) became the Elphinstone Cinema, screening short silent films until the advent of sound. The cinema exists under different ownership after the Madan family's economic collapse during the 1930s. Another silent-film cinema in Patna closed in 1931, early in the sound era. The city's first sound theatre, in the southwestern Babu Bazar, opened with Veer Abhimanyu in 1933 or 1934. The theatre was destroyed by a fire caused by flammable nitrate film, and was never rebuilt.
The first Bihari film was the silent Punarjanma (Life Divine) with Arati Devi, A. K. Prosad, Pratima Devi, and N. G. Bhattacharya. It was produced by Raja Rana Jagarnnath Prasad Singh. Arati Devi, who was Jewish, was 19 years old when she made the film. Born Rachel Sofaer in Rangoon in 1912, she moved with her family to Calcutta . Devi had made only one other film a year before (1930's A Man Condemned), and her career ended when she married Sassoon Jonah in 1933. She died in childbirth in April 1948.
Prakash Jha made his feature-film debut with 1984's Hip Hip Hurray, a Hindi film shot in Jharkhand (then part of Bihar) and produced in Bombay. Patang was directed by Goutam Ghose. By May 2012, more than 150 completed films were awaiting release.
Bhaiyaa, the first film of Bihar with sound was a Magahi-language film, was released in 1961 directed by Phani Majumdar. The first Bhojpuri-language film, Ganga Maiya Tohe Piyari Chhadhaibo, was made in 1962 and released the following year. Bhojpuri and Maghi were spoken in earlier films such as Gunga Jumna and Nadiya Ke Paar, however. Films such as Laagi Nahi Chhute Ram and Bideshiya were popular in Bhojpur district.
Bollywood's Nadiya Ke Paar is one of the best-known Bhojpuri-language films. The first Maithili-language film was 1965's Kanyadan, directed by Phani Majumdar. The film, about a man who decides to learn Maithili because it is his wife's only language, is based on Harimohan Jha's novel Kanyadaan. Bhauji Maay and Mamta Gaave Geet (directed by C. Parmanand) were also popular; the latter is noted for its music and plot. Sasta Jingi Mahag Senur (directed by Muarli Dhar and released in 1999) was a successful Maithili film, with songs by Md. Aziz, Sadhana Sargam, Udit Narayan and Deepa Narayan.
Another successful Maithili film, Kakhan Harab Dukh Mor, was based on the life of the Maithil poet Vidyapati. Phool Singh played the lead role, with music by Gyaneshwar Dubey.
Other Maithili films include Senurak Laaj and Dularua Babu. Ashu-Priya Productions' unsuccessful Aau Piya Hamar Nagari was released in 2000. Murli Dhar directed 90 percent of the film, and Manikant Mishra completed it.
The Maithili film Sindurdan was released in November 2007, but was withdrawn from theatres due to sound problems. Senuriya, directed by B.D. Prasad Chaudhary with music by Gyaneshwar Dubey, is dubbed from Tamil into Maithili. Surya and Diva Shree starred, and Rami Reddy played the antagonist.
Banner Dev Kala Arts and A. Y. Movies' 2005 Garibak Beti, directed by Manoj Jha and produced by Ajay Yash, was a low-budget Maithili success; Jha's next film was 2010's Mayak Karz, for the same producers. Two successful Maithili films were released in 2011: Sajana Ke Anagana Me Solah Singaar (directed by Murli Dhar) and Mukhiya Jee (directed by Vikash Jha). Another successful Maithili film, An Ideal Lady - Ramaulwali (directed by Niraj Yadav and Randhir Singh), was released in November 2014.
The Maithili film Gamak Ghar premiered at the Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival in October 2019, the first Maithili film selected for the festival. Cited as the region's first art film from the region, it had a positive reception at the festival and on the streaming service Mubi.
Film festivals
The Patna Film Festival is an international film festival with participants from Iran, Canada, China, Japan, Sweden, Germany, Russia, the U.S. and India. Since 2006, it has been organized by of Union Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, the National Film Development Corporation (NFDC), the National Film Archive of India, the Federation of Film Societies of India and the state government.
Mini-film festivals were organized by Patna's Cine-Society during the summer and winter from 1973 to 1989; the last festival featured Charlie Chaplin films to celebrate his centenary. Cine-Society aided the government of India and cultural organizations such as the Bihar Art Theater. Facing competition from video, broadcast and satellite television, the society screens about twelve feature and four documentary films from around the world each month, organizes film-appreciation workshops and discussions, publishes a monthly newsletter and continues assisting governmental and non-governmental groups in organizing one or two mini-film festivals annually.
Film cities
Two film cities were proposed in 2014: Rajgir Film City and a second film city in Valmikinagar. In 2017, the Rajgir project was still alive.
Languages
Bhojpuri
Bhojpuri language films, targeting residents of western Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh, also have a large audience in Delhi and Mumbai due to the migration of Bhojpuri speakers to these cities. In addition to India, markets for these films developed among the Bhojpuri-speaking populations of the West Indies, Oceania and South America.
Bhojpuri cinema began in 1962 with Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo (Mother Ganges, I Will Offer You a Yellow Sari), directed by Kundan Kumar. Although few films were produced over the next two decades, Bidesiya (Foreigner, 1963, directed by S. N. Tripathi) and Ganga (Ganges, 1965, directed by Kumar) were successful.
The 2001 film Saiyyan Hamar (My Sweetheart, directed by Mohan Prasad), made Ravi Kissan a star. This was followed by several other successes, including 2005's Panditji Batai Na Biyah Kab Hoi (Priest, Tell Me When I Will Marry, directed by Prasad) and Sasura Bada Paisa Wala (My Father-in-Law, the Rich Guy). Both did better in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar than mainstream Bollywood hits, and earned more than ten times their production costs. Although smaller than other Indian film industries, the success of Bhojpuri cinema spawned an awards show and the trade magazine Bhojpuri City.
Maithili
Kanyadan released in 1965, was the first full-length Maithili-language film. A number of Maithili-language films have been made, and Mithila Makhaan received a Best Maithili Film award in the language section of the 2017 National Film Awards.
Directors
Prakash Jha
Neeraj Pandey
N. Mandal
Kabeer Kaushik
Naveen Bhardwaj
Manoj K.Jha
Achal Mishra
See also
List of Bhojpuri actors
List of Bhojpuri actresses
List of Bhojpuri singers
List of Bhojpuri people
References
Cinema of Bihar
Bhojpuri language films
Magahi language films
Maithili language films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charras
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Charras
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Charras is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Charente department
References
www.charente.website
Communes of Charente
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81
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Гадяцький землетрус
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Гадяцький землетрус
Землетрус у Гадяцькому районі Полтавської області — коровий землетрус тектонічного походження на території слабосейсмічної Дніпрово-Донецької западини, який стався о 07:56 (за місцевим часом) 3 лютого 2015 року.
За даними Європейського середземноморського сейсмологічного центру (EMSC) магнітуда землетрусу склала 4,6 бала, епіцентр знаходився за 35 кілометрів на північний схід від м. Гадяча, поблизу села Василівки в Сумській області на глибині 10 км. Сила поштовхів в епіцентрі землетрусу досягала — 6 балів.
Було проведено інструментальне (за даними сейсмостанцій) та макросейсмічне (за даними опитувань і характеру пошкодження будівель) дослідження цього землетрусу. Попередньо було визначено, що максимальна інтенсивність поштовхів була поблизу села Плішивець Гадяцького району Полтавської області. У цій місцевості житлові одноповерхові будинки взялися тріщинами і люди відчували землетрус навіть на вулиці. Також повідомлялося, що в місті Гадячі землетрус був відчутний лише у приміщеннях, а безпосередньо в селі Василівці землетрус силою 4 бали також відчувався тільки в приміщеннях, пошкодження спорудам — завдано не було.
Водночас вчені Інституту геофізики ім. С.І. Субботіна НАН України ретельно дослідили передумови, причини та наслідки макросейсмічних проявів, а саме землетрусу 3 лютого 2015 року в Дніпрово-Донецькій западині, адже згідно з картою загального сейсмічного районування території України, аналогічний землетрус у цій зоні міг виникнути 1 раз на 5000 років. Результати дослідження того ж року було викладено в науковому виданні "Геологія".
На думку вчених, природа походження Гадяцького землетрусу є — коровий землетрус тектонічного походження, що підтверджується величиною глибини вогнища, яка унеможливлює техногенні причини або тригерні ефекти. Глибина вогнища встановлена за часом вступів глибинних фаз на зареєстрованих сейсмограмах. Автори зазначили, що на території Дніпрово-Донецької западини і в суміжних районах недостатньо розвинута мережа сейсмічних станцій України. Найближче до епіцентру досліджуваного землетрусу розташована сейсмічна станція "Полтава". Далі в межах України, за віддаленістю від епіцентру, знаходиться станція "Кривий Ріг", наступна станція, дані якої вони використали, — це "Львів" та румунська станція "MLR". Записи події, отримані на цих станціях, оброблялися із застосуванням частотної фільтрації і аналізу Фур'є для побудови спектрів, будувалися також спектрограми записів. Враховуючи тектонічне походження землетрусу вчені вивчили тектонічну обстановку району, де відбувся землетрус.
Шляхом аналізу макросейсмічних даних дослідниками було визначене місце прояву максимальної інтенсивності струшувань (6 балів) на поверхні ґрунту 2-ї категорії за сейсмічними властивостями при досліджуваному землетрусі. Були наведені конкретні приклади результатів анкетування та аналізу пошкоджень будинків і споруд у с. Тимофіївці (на той час — Гадяцького району) Полтавської області, яке максимально постраждало в результаті землетрусу. У селі були відчутні два поштовхи землетрусу, опис місцевих жителів був емоційно забарвлений, що свідчить про пережиті хвилювання, викликані землетрусом. Пошкодження будівель в селі також засвідчують значну інтенсивність землетрусу, яка сягнула позначки 6 балів за шкалою MSK-64. Всього опитування і візуальне вивчення результатів землетрусу було проведено в 13 населених пунктах. У результаті дослідження було зібрано 111 анкет, які були зведені у відповідні таблиці.
Див. також
Геологія України
Сейсмічність України
Сейсмічність
Землетрус
Наведена сейсмічна активність
Примітки
Посилання
4.4 magnitude earthquake 18 km from Hadyach, Poltava, Ukraine UTC time: Tuesday, February 03, 2015 05:56 AM
M4.4 — 18km NNE of Hadyach, Ukraine
Землетруси в Україні
Землетруси 2015
2015 у Полтавській області
Лютий 2015
Події 3 лютого
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47383944
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg%20Shcherbakov
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Oleg Shcherbakov
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Oleg Shcherbakov
Oleg Vasilyevich Shcherbakov (born 18 June 1966) is a former Russian football player.
References
1966 births
Living people
Soviet men's footballers
FC Fakel Voronezh players
FC Metallurg Lipetsk players
Russian men's footballers
Russian Premier League players
Russian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Men's association football forwards
FC Khimik Dzerzhinsk players
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%20%D0%B4%D1%96%20%D0%94%D1%83%D1%87%D1%87%D0%BE
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Агостіно ді Дуччо
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Агостіно ді Дуччо (1418 — 1481) — італійський скульптор ранньої епохи Відродження.
Біографія
Агостіно ді Дуччо народився 1418 року у Флоренції. Він працював у Прато із Донателло та Мікелоццо, які дуже на нього вплинули. У 1441 році його звинуватили у крадіжці цінних матеріалів із флорентійського монастиря і вигнали з рідного міста. Наступного року він продовжив працювати над вівтарем святого Джемініано для кафедрального собору Модени, у цій роботі простежується вплив Мікелоццо.
У 1446 році він вивчав пізню готичну скульптуру у Венеції і зустрів скульптора Маттео де Пасті, який запросив його виконати скульптурне обрамлення Темпіо Малатестіано у Ріміні, над яким Агостіно працював із 1449 до 1457 року. Це мала бути своєрідна середньовічна енциклопедія, з барельєфами зодіакальних та інших алегоричних і міфічних істот.
Між 1457 та 1462 роками він створив мармуровий фасад церкви святого Бернардина в Перуджі. До 1470 року він завершив багато робіт, особливо у Флоренції, наприклад, «Богородиця д'Овілле» для П'єро ді Козімо Медічі (зберігається у Луврі). 1473 року він зробив зовнішній фасад Порта ді Сан-П'єтро у Перуджі, виконаний у стилі Леона-Баттіста Альберті. Інші його роботи зберігаються у Амелії та у Національній галереї Умбрії у Перуджі. Агостіно ді Дуччо помер близько 1481 року у Перуджі.
Примітки
Персоналії:Флоренція
Скульптори епохи Відродження
Італійські скульптори
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96
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Іпсіланті
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Іпсіланті — грецька князівська родина, з якої вийшли відомі діячі грецького національно-визвольного руху проти панування Османської імперії.
Олександр (бл. 1726—13 січня 1807) — господар Валахії (1774—82, 1796—97) і Молдови (1786—88). Був прибічником Російської імперії в її боротьбі з Туреччиною, за що був страчений турецьким урядом.
Костянтин, син Олександра (1760 — 24 червня 1816), — певний час обіймав важливі державні посади в турецькій адміністрації: великого драгомана Османської імперії (1796—99), господаря Дунайських князівств — Молдови (1799—1802), Валахії (1802—06). 1799 сприяв укладанню російсько-турецького договору. 1804—06 допомагав повсталим сербам. 1806 уряд Османської імперії звинуватив його в зраді, він був позбавлений престолу господаря Валахії. Того ж року імператор Олександр I запросив його до Росії. 1807 він разом із сім'єю: дружиною Єлизаветою, дочками Оленою, Катериною, Марією та синами Дмитром, Георгієм, Миколою і Григорієм оселився в Києві. Його син Олександр прибув до Санкт-Петербурга на рік раніше.
Після переїзду до Києва Костянтин відійшов від активної участі в політичних справах. Головною його турботою стало виховання дітей та влаштування синів на службу. Помер у місті Київ.
Олександр, молодший син Костянтина (12 грудня 1792 — 31 січня 1828). Освіту здобув у Санкт-Петербурзі. Від 1808 перебував на службі в російській армії. Учасник Війни 1812. За мужність та відвагу був нагороджений двома орденами — святого Володимира 4-го ступеня та святої Анни 2-го ступеня, а також золотою шаблею з написом «За хоробрість». 1816 призначений особистим ад'ютантом імператора Олександра I, 1817 отримав чин генерал-майора. Від 1820 — один із керівників грецької таємної організації «Філікі Етерія». В березні 1821 прибув у князівство Молдова з метою підняти балканські народи на повстання проти турецького гніту. 13 червня 1821-го військовий загін, який він створив, був розбитий турками. Перебрався до Австрії, де був заарештований австрійським урядом. Від 1821 до 1827 перебував у Віденській в'язниці. Звільнений завдяки втручанню Росії. Невдовзі помер. Виступ Олександра Іпсіланті став поштовхом до грецького національно-визвольного повстання 1821—29, яке привело до визволення Греції від турецької неволі.
Сини Костянтина — Микола, Георгій та Дмитро — 1815 були прийняті на службу в російську армію. Дмитро (1793 — 16 серпня 1832) — брав активну участь у діяльності «Філікі Етерія». 1821 прибув у Морею (Пелопоннес) для керівництва грецьким національно-визвольним повстанням. 1822 грецькі Національні збори обрали його головою Законодавчого корпусу, 1828 призначений командувачем військ у Східній Греції. У битві при Патрах 24 вересня 1829 року грецькі повстанці під його командуванням здобули перемогу над переважаючими в два рази силами супротивника.
Джерела
Арш Г. Л. Этеристское движение в России. — М., 1970;
Його ж. Ипсиланти в России. «Вопросы истории», 1985, № 3;
Терентьева Н. Греки в Украине: экономическая и культурно-просветительская деятельность (XVII—XX вв.). — К., 1999.
Н. О. Терентьєва. Іпсіланті
Грецькі родини
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/4441%20%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B5
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4441 Тосіе
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4441 Тосіе (4441 Toshie) — астероїд головного поясу, відкритий 26 січня 1985 року.
Тіссеранів параметр щодо Юпітера — 3,264.
Названо на честь Тосіе (тосіе).
Примітки
Див. також
Список астероїдів (4401-4500)
Посилання
Інформація про малі планети на сайті minorplanetcenter.net
Астрономічні об'єкти, відкриті 1985
Головний пояс астероїдів
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4046691
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC
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Сонячно-протонний шторм
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Сонячно-протонний шторм
Протонний шторм (SPE) — потенційно небезпечний прояв Сонячної активності, зумовлений потоками протонів та іонів, які внаслідок сонячного спалаху або коронального викиду маси отримали значні енергії й швидкості. Це явище також має назву космічних радіаційних штормів.
Досягаючи Землі, протонні шторми залежно від їхньої інтенсивності призводять до порушень короткохвильового зв'язку і до неполадок у роботі електрообладнання, викликають іонізацію верхніх шарів земної атмосфери й утворення в ній радіоактивних ізотопів (C-14, Be-10 та ін.). Це є однією з причин появи полярних сяйв.
Див. також
Список сонячних бур
Подія Каррінгтона
Магнітна буря
Сплеск вуглецю-14 у 774 році
Примітки
Інтернет-ресурси
Solar Particle Events Affecting the Earth Environment 1976 — present
SWPC alert descriptions
Carrington Super Flare, NASA Science News, May 6, 2008
Сонячна система
Космічні загрози
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%20%28%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%29
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Бжозова (Мазовецьке воєводство)
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Бжозова (Мазовецьке воєводство)
Бжозова — село в Польщі, у гміні Кадзідло Остроленцького повіту Мазовецького воєводства.
Населення — (2011).
У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Остроленцького воєводства.
Демографія
Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року:
Примітки
.
Села Остроленцького повіту
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21823
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82
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Лопатинський Теофілакт
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Лопатинський Теофілакт
Теофілакт Лопатинський (1670-ті pp. — 1741) — богослов і церковний діяч, родом з Волині.
Учень і професор Київської академії; з 1704 професор, з 1706 ректор Московської духовної академії, член Святійшого Синоду, єпископ тверський (1723); брав участь у перередагуванні Острозької Біблії.
Як противника впливів і діяльності Т. Прокоповича, заарештовано (1736), позбавлено сану (1738) й ув'язнено; 1740 амнестовано.
Праці
Праці Теофілакта:
«Объ игѣ Господнемъ благомъ» (проти поглядів Т.Прокоповича);
«Политиколѣпная апотеозисъ» (1709, цареславний опис зустрічі царя Петра після перемоги під Полтавою);
«Зеркало горячайшаго к Господу Богу духа» (1787);
латинські вірші "Oda in laudem «peris principis Demetrii Kantemiri» (1719).
Література
Посилання
Лопатинський Теофілакт //
Персоналії за алфавітом
Українські православні єпископи
Випускники Києво-Могилянської академії
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3968767
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul%20Cup%202019
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İstanbul Cup 2019
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İstanbul Cup 2019 (також відомий під назвою TEB BNP Paribas İstanbul Cup за назвою спонсора) — тенісний турнір, що проходив на кортах з ґрунтовим покриттям у Стамбулі (Туреччина). Це був 12-й за ліком Istanbul Cup. Належав до категорії International в рамках Туру WTA 2019. Тривав з 22 до 28 квітня 2019 року.
Очки і призові
Розподіл призових грошей
Учасниці основної сітки в одиночному розряді
Сіяні учасниці
Рейтинг подано станом на 15 квітня 2019.
Інші учасниці
Учасниці, що отримали вайлд-кард на участь в основній сітці:
Чагла Бююкакчай
Світлана Кузнецова
Пемра Озген
Нижче наведено гравчинь, які пробились в основну сітку через стадію кваліфікації:
Ірина Бара
Ана Богдан
Івана Йорович
Катерина Козлова
Вероніка Кудерметова
Олена Рибакіна
Такі тенісистки потрапили в основну сітку як Щасливі лузери:
Тімеа Бабош
Юлія Глушко
Відмовились від участі
До початку турніру
Ірина-Камелія Бегу → її замінила Тімеа Бабош
Каміла Джорджі → її замінила Юлія Глушко
Унс Джабір → її замінила Маргарита Гаспарян
Татьяна Марія → її замінила Лара Арруабаррена
Анна Кароліна Шмідлова → її замінила Юганна Ларссон
Знялись
Кірстен Фліпкенс (lower right pelvis injury)
Маргарита Гаспарян (запаморочення)
Анастасія Потапова (gastrointestinal)
Учасниці основної сітки в парному розряді
Сіяні
1 Рейтинг подано станом на 15 квітня 2019.
Інші учасниці
Пари, що отримали вайлд-кард на участь в основній сітці:
Чагла Бююкакчай / Пемра Озген
Меліс Сезер / Іпек Сойлу
Знялись з турніру
Під час турніру
Барбора Стрицова (травма спини)
Переможниці та фіналістки
Одиночний розряд
Петра Мартич — Маркета Вондроушова, 1–6, 6–4, 6–1
Парний розряд
Тімеа Бабош / Крістіна Младенович — Алекса Гуарачі / Сабріна Сантамарія, 6–1, 6–0
Примітки
Посилання
Official website
2019 у турецькому спорті
Стамбул Cup
2019
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4240079
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf%20Meyer%20%28architect%29
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Adolf Meyer (architect)
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Adolf Meyer (architect)
Adolf Meyer (17 June 1881, 14 July 1929, the Island of ) was a German architect.
A student and employee of both Bruno Paul and Peter Behrens, Meyer became the office boss of the firm of Walter Gropius around 1915 and a full partner afterwards. In 1919, Gropius appointed Meyer as a master at the Bauhaus, where he taught work drawing and construction technique. Meyer is also credited as co-designer of the Gropius entry for the 1922 Chicago Tribune Tower competition.
From 1926, he practiced as an architect in the New Frankfurt project.
Literature
Susan R. Henderson. "Building Culture: Ernst May and the New Frankfurt Initiative, 19261931." Peter Lang, 2013.
References
External links
Biography and photo at Bauhaus (in German)
1881 births
1929 deaths
People from Mechernich
People from the Rhine Province
20th-century German architects
Modernist architects
Academic staff of the Bauhaus
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70329592
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolina%20Bielawska
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Karolina Bielawska
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Karolina Bielawska is a Polish beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss World 2021.
Personal life
Bielawska was born in Łódź. She is a business student with a bachelor's degree in management and she is studying for her master's degree.
She is the daughter of Agnieszka Zakrzewska-Bielawska, dean of the Faculty of Organization and Management of the Łódź University of Technology, and Łukasz Bielawski, former president of ŁKS Łódź.
Pageantry
Miss Polonia 2019
On 24 November 2019, Bielawska represented Łódź at Miss Polonia 2019 and won the title, making her Poland's Miss World 2020 candidate. Miss World 2020 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. She retained the Miss World Poland 2021 title.
After being selected, she engaged in charity activities, such as volunteering for "Soup na Pietrynie", initiator of the Polish National Charity Action "Korona z Głowy" supporting those in need during the pandemic, ambassador of the social campaign "Dotykam = Wygrywam" acting to fight breast cancer and a participant in the "FASS OFF" campaign for the Dom Foundation in Łódź. She supports the Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity and the DKMS Foundation, is an ambassador of the charity action fighting COVID-19 in Peru, the action included in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs "Polonia4Neighbors", and as part of the charity project "Beauty with a purpose" together with the Foundation "Zupa na Pietrynie" created the first bathhouse in Łódź for people who are homeless.
Miss World 2021
Bielawska won Miss World 2021 at the Coca-Cola Music Hall in San Juan, Puerto Rico on 16 March 2022. She became the second Pole to win Miss World after Aneta Kręglicka in 1989.
During her reign as Miss World, she visited Puerto Rico, the United Kingdom, Poland, Romania, United States, Ecuador, Ivory Coast, Lebanon, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Botswana,Finland, United Arab Emirates, India, Philippines, and Ukraine.
References
External links
1999 births
Living people
Miss World winners
Miss World 2021 delegates
Polish beauty pageant winners
People from Łódź
Łódź University of Technology alumni
Miss Polonia winners
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51606109
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermione%20Corfield
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Hermione Corfield
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Hermione Corfield
Hermione Isla Conyngham Corfield (born 19 December 1993) is an English actress. She has appeared in films including Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation (2015), Mr. Holmes (2015), Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (2016), XXX: Return of Xander Cage (2017), Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017), Rust Creek (2018) and The Misfits (2021).
On television, she is known for her roles in the ITV period drama The Halcyon (2017) and the Alibi series We Hunt Together (2020–).
Early life
Corfield was born in London, the daughter of Richard Conyngham Corfield, of the Corfield family of Chatwall Hall, Shropshire, and Jermyn Street shirt designer Emma Willis.
Career
Corfield made her film debut in 2014 with Colton's Big Night, a segment in the movie 50 Kisses, directed by Sebastian Solberg, where she plays a character named Anna. In 2015, she starred alongside Ian McKellen and Laura Linney in Mr. Holmes, and appeared in Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation opposite Tom Cruise. She also worked with Penélope Cruz in an advertisement campaign for Schweppes. In 2014, she was cast in Fallen as Gabrielle Givens. In 2016, she appeared in Pride and Prejudice and Zombies as Cassandra. In 2017, she appeared in the film XXX: Return of Xander Cage alongside Vin Diesel, the Guy Ritchie-directed King Arthur: Legend of the Sword, and in Star Wars: The Last Jedi as Tallie Lintra, a Resistance A-Wing pilot and squadron leader. She also starred in the ITV drama The Halcyon as Emma Garland.
She starred in the 2017 film Bees Make Honey and in the 2018 British comedy film Slaughterhouse Rulez, along with Asa Butterfield, Finn Cole, Michael Sheen, Nick Frost, and Simon Pegg.
Corfield received acclaim from critics for her performance in Rust Creek, which was released in cinemas on 4 January 2019. She played one of the central characters in the 2020 TV series We Hunt Together.
In February 2024, it was announced that Corfield had been cast as Julia Morriston in the Outlander prequel series Outlander: Blood of My Blood.
Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Awards and nominations
References
External links
1993 births
21st-century English actresses
Actresses from London
British female models
English female models
British film actresses
British stage actresses
British television actresses
Living people
People educated at Downe House School
21st-century English people
Models from London
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1126378
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80
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Статичний міксер
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Статичний міксер (змішувач) — статичний (нерухомий) змішувач середовищ, який конструктивно являє собою вставку різної конструкції у трубі, по якій подається середовище (рідина, газ, пульпа).
Загальний опис
Статичні змішувачі є ефективними пристроями, які дозволяють збільшити турбулентність гідросуміші і при цьому мають ряд переваг: зокрема, велику кількістю можливих варіантів конструктивного рішення, відсутність рухомих елементів, привода, енергоспоживання, можливість суміщення з гідро- та пнемо-транспортними мережами.
Міксери відрізняються один від одного за конфігурацією, довжиною, діаметром і набором інших показників, і в цілому дозволяють змішувати великий спектр дво- і багатокомпонентних матеріалів різної в'язкості, густини, хімічної природи і практичного призначення.
Задача статичного міксеру — гомогенізувати матеріал, вирівняти градієнт в'язкості і кольору, не допустити попадання в суміш повітряних включень, суттєво підвищити турбулентність потоку. Експериментальні дані показують, що суттєві зміни параметричних полів швидкості, турбулентногості, завихреності, масштабу турбулентності тощо мають місце на відстані 10 діаметрів труби в області після проходу флюїдом старичного змішувача.
Перспективні галузі застосування статичного змішувача дуже широкі, зокрема, для перемішування (кондиціонування) флотаційних пульп перед подачею у флотомашини, селективної флокуляції гідрофобних тонкозернистих матеріалів поєднаної з їх гідравлічним траспортом, гомогенізації висококонцентрованих водовугільних суспензій, гомогенізації бурових розчинів тощо.
Див. також
Місцеві гідравлічні опори
Література
Білецький В. С. Моделювання у нафтогазовій інженерії: навчальний посібник. / В. С. Білецький — Львів: Видавництво «Новий Світ — 2000», — Харків: НТУ «ХПІ», 2021. — 306 с.
Джерела
Статичні міксери
Category: Static_mixers
static-mixers
Статические смесители в технологиях нефтехимии и нефтепереработки
Static Mixing Technology
Обладнання
Примітки
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1179163
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9
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Поду-Крістіній
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Поду-Крістіній — село у повіті Димбовіца в Румунії. Входить до складу комуни Потлоджі.
Село розташоване на відстані 41 км на захід від Бухареста, 41 км на південь від Тирговіште, 145 км на схід від Крайови, 120 км на південь від Брашова.
Населення
За даними перепису населення 2002 року у селі проживали осіб. Усі жителі села рідною мовою назвали румунську.
Національний склад населення села:
Примітки
Села повіту Димбовіца
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73566425
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkhovyna%20settlement%20hromada
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Verkhovyna settlement hromada
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Verkhovyna settlement hromada
Verkhovyna settlement territorial hromada is a hromada of Ukraine, situated in the western Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. Its administrative centre is the urban-type settlement of Verkhovyna.
The hromada has an area of . Its population is 19,845.
Settlements
In addition to one urban-type settlement (Verkhovyna), the hromada includes 19 villages:
References
Ukrainian hromadas established during the 2020 administrative reform
Hromadas of Verkhovyna Raion
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3302801
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81
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Ієракосфінкс
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Ієракосфінкс (від «яструб» + «сфінкс») - різновид сфінкса з тілом лева і головою сокола. У давньоєгипетському мистецтві символізував божественну владу Сонця, уособлював Гора, якого уявляли або у вигляді сокола, або з соколиного головою.
Грецька назва придумана Геродотом, який бачив зображення цих істот в Єгипті.
Іконографія
Перший відомий іконографічний приклад цього типу істот був знайдений на ювелірних виробах Середнього царства, виявлених у Дахшурі, на яких зображено божество, ймовірно, бог Монту або король-переможець, що вбиває своїх ворогів.
У Новому царстві найбільш відомі приклади статуй іеракосфінксів, виявлені біля входу в храм Рамсеса II в Абу-Сімбелі в Нубії.
Для Пізнєго царство відома голова однієї з цих статуй, яка була виявлена на місці Гераклеона в дельті Нілу.
Джерела
Gwynn-Jones, P. Ll. The Art of Heraldry (англ.). — London: Parkgate, 1998. — ISBN 1-85585-560-7.
James Bonwick. Pyramid Facts and Fancies (англ.). — Kegan Paul, 1877. — С. 105. — 258 с.
Theresa Bane. Encyclopedia of Beasts and Monsters in Myth, Legend and Folklore (англ.). — McFarland, 2016-05-22. — С. 156. — 428 с. — ISBN 9781476622682.
George Rawlinson, Henry Creswicke Rawlinson, John Gardner Wilkinson. The History of Herodotus: A New English Version. — D. Appleton, 1859. — С. 223. — 552 с.
Сфінкси
Єгипетська міфологія
Міфічні птахи
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1188576
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83
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Стругурелу
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Стругурелу — село у повіті Олт в Румунії. Входить до складу комуни Шербенешть.
Село розташоване на відстані 112 км на захід від Бухареста, 27 км на схід від Слатіни, 69 км на схід від Крайови.
Населення
За даними перепису населення 2002 року у селі проживали особи, усі — румуни. Усі жителі села рідною мовою назвали румунську.
Примітки
Села повіту Олт
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356714
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod%20Antipas
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Herod Antipas
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Herod Antipas (Hērǭdēs Antipas; ) was a 1st-century ruler of Galilee and Perea. He bore the title of tetrarch ("ruler of a quarter") and is referred to as both "Herod the Tetrarch" and "King Herod" in the New Testament He was a son of Herod the Great and a grandson of Antipater the Idumaean. He is widely known today for accounts in the New Testament of his role in events that led to the executions of John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth (Matthew 14). His father, Herod the Great, was described in the account as ordering the Massacre of the Innocents, marking the earliest Biblical account of the concerns of the government in Jerusalem regarding Jesus's existence.
Following the death of his father in 4 BC, Herod Antipas was recognized as tetrarch by Caesar Augustus, and subsequently by his own brother, the ethnarch Herod Archelaus. Antipas officially ruled Galilee and Perea as a client state of the Roman Empire. He was responsible for building projects at Sepphoris and Betharamphtha, and for the construction of his capital Tiberias on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. Named in honour of his patron, the emperor Tiberius, the city later became a centre of rabbinic learning after the Jewish-Roman wars (66–135 AD).
Antipas divorced his first wife Phasa'el, the daughter of King Aretas IV of Nabatea, in favour of Herodias, who had formerly been married to his half-brother Herod II. (Antipas was Herod the Great's son by Malthace, while Herod II was his son by Mariamne II.) According to the New Testament Gospels, it was John the Baptist's condemnation of this arrangement that led Antipas to have him arrested; John was subsequently put to death in Machaerus. Besides provoking his conflict with John the Baptist, the tetrarch's divorce added a personal grievance to previous disputes with Aretas over territory on the border of Perea and Nabatea. The result was a war that proved disastrous for Antipas; a Roman counter-offensive was ordered by Tiberius, but abandoned upon that emperor's death in 37 AD. In 39 AD Antipas was accused by his nephew Agrippa I of conspiracy against the Roman emperor Caligula, who sent him into exile in Gaul, according to Josephus. Accompanied there by Herodias, he died at an unknown date.
The Gospel of Luke states that Jesus was first brought before Pontius Pilate for trial, since Pilate was the governor of Roman Judea, which encompassed Jerusalem where Jesus was arrested. Pilate initially handed him over to Antipas, in whose territory Jesus had been most active, but Antipas sent him back to Pilate's court.
Early life
Antipas was a son of Herod the Great, who had become king of Judea, and Malthace, who was from Samaria. His date of birth is unknown but was before 20 BC. Antipas, his full brother Archelaus and his half-brother Philip, were educated in Rome.
Antipas was not Herod's first choice of heir. That honour fell to Aristobulus and Alexander, Herod's sons by the Hasmonean princess Mariamne. It was only after they were executed (c. 7 BC), and Herod's oldest son Antipater was convicted of trying to poison his father (5 BC), that the now elderly Herod fell back on his youngest son Antipas, revising his will to make him heir. During his illness in 4 BC, Herod had yet another change of heart about the succession. According to the final version of his will, Antipas' elder brother Archelaus was now to become king of Judea, Idumea, and Samaria, while Antipas would rule Galilee and Perea with the lesser title of tetrarch. Philip was to receive Iturea, Trachonitis, Batanea, Gaulanitis, Auranitis, and Paneas also with the title of tetrarch.
Because of Judea's status as a Roman client kingdom, Herod's plans for the succession had to be ratified by Augustus. The three heirs therefore travelled to Rome to make their claims, Antipas arguing he ought to inherit the whole kingdom and the others maintaining that Herod's final will ought to be honoured. Despite qualified support for Antipas from Herodian family members in Rome, who favoured direct Roman rule of Judea but considered Antipas preferable to his brother, Augustus largely confirmed the division of territory set out by Herod in his final will. Archelaus had, however, to be content with the title of ethnarch rather than king.
Reign
4 BC to c. 39 AD
After the death of Herod the Great in 4 BC, Augustus confirmed the testament of the dead king by making Antipas tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, a region he would rule for the next forty-two years. The two territories were separated by the region of the Decapolis, with Galilee to the north and Perea to the south (see map). Threats to stability in both areas would have been clear to Antipas when he took office. While he had been making his case to Augustus in Rome, dissidents led by Judas, son of Hezekiah, had attacked the palace of Sepphoris in Galilee, seizing money as well as weapons which they used to terrorize the area. In a counterattack ordered by Quinctilius Varus, Roman governor of Syria, Sepphoris was destroyed by fire and its inhabitants sold as slaves. Perea, meanwhile, bordered on the kingdom of Nabatea, which had long had uneasy relations with Romans and Jews.
Part of Antipas' solution was to follow in his father's footsteps as a builder. He rebuilt and fortified Sepphoris, while also adding a wall to Betharamphtha in Perea. The latter city was renamed Livias after Augustus' wife Livia, and later Julias after his daughter. However, the tetrarch's most noted construction was his capital on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, Tiberias, so named to honour his patron Tiberius, who had succeeded Augustus as emperor in 14 AD. Residents could bathe nearby at the warm springs of Emmaus, and by the time of the First Jewish-Roman War the city's buildings included a stadium, a royal palace and a sanctuary for prayer. It gave its name to the sea and later became a centre of rabbinic learning after the Jewish-Roman wars. However, pious Jews at first refused to live in it because it was built atop a graveyard and therefore a source of ritual impurity. Antipas had to colonize it with a mixture of foreigners, forced migrants, poor people, and freed slaves.
At other times Antipas was more sensitive to Jewish tradition. His coins carried no images, which would have violated Jewish prescriptions against idolatry. When Pontius Pilate, governor of Judea from 26 AD to 36 AD, caused offence by placing votive shields in the Antonia palace at Jerusalem, Antipas and his brothers successfully petitioned for their removal.
John the Baptist and Jesus
Marriage to Herodias
Early in his reign, Antipas had married Phasa'el, the daughter of King Aretas IV of Nabatea. However, on a visit to Rome he stayed with his half-brother Herod II and there he fell in love with his wife, Herodias, granddaughter of Herod the Great and Mariamne I, and the two agreed to marry after Herod Antipas had divorced his wife. Phasa'el learned of the plan and asked permission to travel to the frontier fortress of Machaerus, whence Nabatean forces escorted her to her father. With his daughter safe in his custody, Aretas now could declare war on Herod. Josephus says that Aretas was joined in this war by 'fugitives from the tetrarchy of Phillip', whereas Moses of Chorene says that Aretas was joined by the Edessan army. It is said that the joint Petra-Edessan army prevailed over the forces of Herod Antipas.
It is generally agreed that the war, in which Herod was defeated, occurred in 36 AD, a year before the death of the emperor Tiberius. A point of contention today is how long before this date Herod's marriage to Herodias took place. Some surmise that the marriage of Antipas and Herodias took place shortly before the war in about 34 AD, after the death of Philip, but others have pointed to Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews (Book 18, chapter 5, paragraph 4) comment that Herodias "divorced herself from her husband while he was alive" to argue that it took place before Herod II's death, in about 27 AD, thus making it possible for Jesus to have been born in the reign of Herod the Great (as indicated by the Gospel of Matthew) and to have died in his early 30s (as indicated by the Gospel of Luke).
John's ministry and execution
Antipas faced more immediate problems in his own tetrarchy after John the Baptist, in 28/29 AD according to the Gospel of Luke (or 27 AD, if the co-regency of Augustus and Tiberius is included in Luke's reckoning of time, for which there is some evidence), began a ministry of preaching and baptism by the Jordan River, which marked the western edge of Antipas' territory of Perea. The Gospels state that John attacked the tetrarch's marriage as contrary to Jewish law (it was incestuous, as Herodias was also Antipas' niece, but also John criticized the fact that she was his brother's wife, (lending credence to the belief that Antipas and Herodias married while Herod II was still alive), while Josephus says that John's public influence made Antipas fearful of rebellion. John was imprisoned in Machaerus and executed. According to Matthew and Mark, Herod was reluctant to order John's death. However, during his birthday banquet, he had been so pleased by the dancing of Herodias' daughter (unnamed in the text but named by Josephus as Salome), he had sworn an oath and promised to grant whatever she asked. Her mother then prompted her to ask for John the Baptist's head on a platter. Compelled not to violate his oath to the girl or the guests, he ordered him beheaded.
Jesus' ministry and trial
Among those baptized by John was Jesus of Nazareth, who began his own ministry in Galilee, causing Antipas, according to Matthew and Mark, to fear that John had been raised from the dead. Luke alone among the Gospels states that a group of Pharisees warned Jesus to flee because Antipas was plotting his death, whereupon Jesus denounced the tetrarch as a "fox" and declared that he, Jesus, would not fall victim to such a plot to run from heading towards Jerusalem because "it cannot be that a prophet should perish away from Jerusalem". Luke also credits the tetrarch with a role in Jesus' trial. According to Luke, Pilate, on learning that Jesus was a Galilean and therefore under Herod's jurisdiction, sent him to Antipas, who was also in Jerusalem at the time. Initially, Antipas was pleased to see Jesus, hoping to see him perform a miracle, but when Jesus remained silent in the face of questioning, Antipas mocked him and sent him back to Pilate. Luke says that these events improved relations between Pilate and Herod despite their earlier enmity.
Legal aspects
The reason for Antipas' involvement has been debated. Theodor Mommsen argued that the normal legal procedure of the early Roman empire was for defendants to be tried by the authorities of their home provinces. A. N. Sherwin-White re-examined the relevant legal texts and concluded that trials were generally based on the location of the alleged crimes, but that there was a possibility of referral to a province of origin in special cases. If Pilate was not required to send Jesus to Antipas, he may have been making a show of courtesy to the tetrarch and trying to avoid the need to deal with the Jewish authorities himself. When Jesus was sent back, Pilate could still have represented Antipas' failure to convict as support for his own view (according to Luke) that Jesus was not guilty of a capital offence, thus allowing him to avoid responsibility for Jesus' crucifixion.
Historicity of Gospel narrative
Due to the lack of historical evidence, it has been suggested that Jesus' trial by Herod Antipas is unhistorical. For example, Robin Lane Fox, an English historian, alleges that the story was invented based on Psalm 2, in which "the kings of the earth" are described as opposing the Lord's "anointed", and also served to show that the authorities failed to find grounds for convicting Jesus.
Later reign
Between 34 and 36 AD the conflict with Aretas of Nabatea, caused by Antipas' divorce from Aretas' daughter and the rulers' disagreement over territory, developed into open war. Antipas' army suffered a devastating defeat after fugitives from the former tetrarchy of Philip sided with the Nabateans, and Antipas was forced to appeal to Tiberius for help. The emperor ordered Lucius Vitellius, governor of Syria, to march against Aretas and ensure that he was captured or killed. Vitellius obediently mobilized two legions, sending them on a detour around Judea while he joined Antipas in attending a festival at Jerusalem. While staying there he learned of the death of Tiberius (16 March 37 AD), concluded he lacked the authority to go to war, and recalled his troops.
Josephus implies that Vitellius was unwilling to cooperate with the tetrarch because of a grudge he bore from an earlier incident. According to his account, Antipas provided hospitality at a conference on the Euphrates between Vitellius and King Artabanus III of Parthia, and after Vitellius' diplomatic success anticipated the governor in sending a report to Tiberius. However, other sources place the meeting between Vitellius and Artabanus under Tiberius' successor Caligula, leading some historians to think that Josephus misdated it to the reign of Tiberius or conflated it with an earlier diplomatic meeting involving Antipas and Vitellius.
Exile and death
Antipas' fall from power was due to Caligula and to his own nephew Agrippa, brother of Herodias. When Agrippa fell into debt during the reign of Tiberius despite his connections with the imperial family, Herodias persuaded Antipas to provide for him, but the two men quarrelled and Agrippa departed. After Agrippa was heard expressing to his friend Caligula his eagerness for Tiberius to die and leave room for Caligula to succeed him, he was imprisoned. When Caligula finally became emperor in 37 AD, he not only released his friend but granted him rule of Philip's former tetrarchy (slightly extended), with the title of king.
Josephus relates that Herodias, jealous at Agrippa's success, persuaded Antipas to ask Caligula for the title of king for himself. However, Agrippa simultaneously presented the emperor with a list of charges against the tetrarch: allegedly, he had conspired against Tiberius with Sejanus (executed in 31 AD) and was now plotting against Caligula with Artabanus. As evidence, Agrippa noted that Antipas had a stockpile of weapons sufficient for 70,000 men. Hearing Antipas' admission to this last charge, Caligula decided to believe the allegations of conspiracy. In the summer of 39 AD, Antipas' money and territory were turned over to Agrippa, while Antipas was exiled. His place of exile is described by Josephus in Antiquities as Lugdunum, a city in Gaul, and as Hispania in The Wars of the Jews. There are two places in France that claim to be the place of exile: Lyon (Lugdunum) and Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges (Lugdunum Convenae), on the Spanish border.
Antipas died in exile. The 3rd-century historian Cassius Dio seems to imply that Caligula had him killed, but this is usually treated with skepticism by modern historians.
Legacy
Among the followers of Jesus and members of the early Christian movement mentioned in the New Testament are Joanna, the wife of one of Antipas' stewards, and Manaen, a "foster-brother" or "companion" of Antipas (both translations are possible for the Greek ). It has been conjectured that these were sources for early Christian knowledge of Antipas and his court. In any case, Antipas featured prominently in the New Testament in connection with the deaths of John the Baptist and Jesus. The pseudepigraphical Gospel of Peter went further, stating that it was Antipas rather than Pilate who ordered the crucifixion of Jesus. In line with the work's anti-Judaic theme, it pointedly remarked that Herod and "the Jews", unlike Pilate, refused to "wash their hands" of responsibility for the death.
Antipas has appeared in a large number of representations of the passion of Jesus – most notably portrayed by Frank Thring in King of Kings (1961), José Ferrer in The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965), and Christopher Plummer in Jesus of Nazareth (1977). Often, as in the films Jesus Christ Superstar (1973) and The Passion of the Christ (2004), Antipas is portrayed as effeminate (Antipas was played in those films by Joshua Mostel and Luca De Dominicis respectively); the origin of this tradition may have been Antipas' manipulation by his wife Herodias, as well as Christ's description of him as a "fox" in Luke 13:32, using a feminine word in the original Greek. In Salome (1953), he is portrayed by Charles Laughton. He was played by Mitchell Lewis in Salomé (1923). He also features in The Secret Magdalene by Ki Longfellow. In Longfellow's view, he was not effeminate so much as rash, ineffective, and when backed into a corner by his furious ex-father-in-law, willing to do anything to save himself.
In Gustave Flaubert's Hérodias (1877), Herodias uses her long-concealed daughter, Salome, to manipulate Herod sexually for her own political purposes. This conceit (original to Flaubert) inspired Oscar Wilde's play Salome (1891), the first version of the legend to show Salome with a will of her own, opposing her mother and lusting after John the Baptist herself. Naive and puzzled by her stepfather's lascivious attentions, the young girl arouses Herod in order to avenge herself on the prophet who has refused her advances. Flaubert's novella was turned into an opera by Jules Massenet (Hérodiade, 1881) in which Salome, ignorant of her royal parentage, becomes a disciple of the Baptist, who is then executed by the lustful and jealous Herod (a baritone). In Richard Strauss's operatic setting of Wilde's play (1905), Herod, one of the most difficult tenor roles in the repertory, is depicted as befuddled by both drink and lust, and in bitter conflict with his wife (as in Flaubert). At the end of the opera (as in Wilde's play), disgusted with Salome's behavior with the head of John, he orders her execution.
In Journey to Bethlehem, he is portrayed as the semi-loyal son of Herod and struggles to follow his father's commands.
Family tree
See also
Herodian dynasty
Herodian kingdom
List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources
Notes
References
Ancient
The Bible: ; ; ; , , , , , ; John ; , .
Dio 59.8.2, 59.27.2–3.
Josephus, Antiquities 17–18, War 1–2.
Gospel of Peter 1.
Philo, On the Embassy to Gaius 299–305.
Suetonius, Caligula 14.3.
Modern
2nd rev. ed. (Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck, 2010) Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2.Reihe (WUNT II), 215.
External links
Galilee under Antipas and Antipas entries in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
20s BC births
30s deaths
1st-century BC Herodian rulers
1st-century BCE Jews
1st-century Herodian rulers
1st-century Jews
1st-century monarchs in the Middle East
Herodian dynasty
Jesus and history
Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire
People in the canonical gospels
Roman client monarchs
Exiled royalty
Children of Herod the Great
Sons of kings
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IFS
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IFS AB (повна назва — Industrial and Financial Systems) — шведська компанія, розробник програмного забезпечення для комплексного управління діяльністю підприємства. Продуктами компанії є ERP-система IFS Applications, рішення IFS Field Service Management для управління виїзним обслуговуванням, рішення IFS Enterprise Operational Intelligence для аналізу оперативних даних, рішення IFS Maintenix для управління технічним обслуговуванням і ремонтами авіатехніки. Штаб-квартира компанії знаходиться в Лінчепінгу, офіси та представництва є у 54 країнах світу.
Історія
Заснована в 1983 році п'ятьма інженерами з Лінчепінгського університету, першою розробкою компанії було програмне забезпечення для проведення ремонтів та технічного обслуговування обладнання. Комплексна ERP система була представлена у 1990 році. З 1998 року IFS Applications має компонентну структуру, а акції компанії IFS почали котируватись на Стокгольмській фондовій біржі.
З 1999 року представництва IFS існують на всіх континентах. У 2001 р. вводяться засновані на Java Інтернет-портали та мобільні рішення, що дозволяє розширити мережу клієнтів компанії. У 2005 році було нараховано близько 500 тисяч користувачів ERP-системи, яких у 2011 році стає 800 тисяч, а у 2015 році - 1 млн. Генеральним директором компанії з квітня 2018 року є Даррен Роос.
У 2012 році виходить оновлена версія системи IFS Applications 8, яка, окрім роботи із 4 ключовими бізнес-процесами забезпечує виконання будь-яких бізнес-вимог до фінансів, HR, управлінню життєвим циклом продуктів, управління якістю, документообігом, CRM та впливом на екологію.
У травні 2012 року було оголошено про придбання компанією IFS компанії Metrix, що спеціалізується на розробці мобільних прикладних програм, метою придбання було отримання можливості надати користувачам мобільні рішення для виконання робіт поза офісом, інтегровані з ERP-системою.
З 2014 року починає роботу IFS Academy - центр, завданням якого є допомога клієнтам та партнерам IFS у підвищенні рівня їхніх знань та компетенцій.
У 2015 році виходить оновлена версія системи IFS Applications 9, яку відрізняє наявність багаторівневої архітектури додатку, покращена візуалізація інформації, рішення для роботи із хмарою Microsoft Azure, вбудована CRM-система та рішення для ведення міжнародного бізнесу. У цьому ж році IFS провела придбання компанії VisionWaves, а на початку 2017 року було придбано компанію Mxi.
Восени 2017 року оголошено про придбання компанії Workwave, провідного постачальника хмарних SaaS-рішень.
Наприкінці 2019 року IFS придбала Astea International - компанію з розробки рішень для управління виїзним обслуговуванням.
Нагороди
У 2011 році консалтингова компанія Frost & Sullivan присудила компанії IFS нагороду "За підвищення цінності для користувача" (Customer Value Enhancement) за результатами аналізу ринку систем з управління активами підприємств (EAM).
У 2016 році IFS отримала нагороду Mobile Star Awards за найкращий програмний продукт для управління виїзним обслуговуванням та мобільне рішення для підприємств.
У 2017 році аналітики компанії Panorama Consulting опублікували звіт Top 10 ERP Systems Rankings Report for 2017 на основі даних досліджень більш ніж 250 систем автоматизації бізнесу; за їх результатами було сформовано рейтинг 10 найбільш затребуваних ERP-систем, у якому компанія IFS посіла 4 місце.
Восени 2017 року компанія Gartner визнала IFS лідером "Магічного квадранту" в категорії "Управління виїзним обслуговуванням" за "спроможність доводити проекти до кінця" та "повноту бачення".
Влітку 2018 компанія Panorama Consulting у звіті 2018 Top 12 Manufacturing ERP Systems Report опублікувала рейтинг 12 популярних постачальників ERP-систем для виробничих компаній. Компанія IFS посіла у ньому 5 місце. Восени 2018 Panorama Consulting представила ще один рейтинги, до складу якого увійшла IFS: 10 кращих постачальників ERP-рішень для дистрибуції, IFS зайняла 6 позицію. Окрім цього, компанія ARC Advisory Group (аналітика, маркетингові дослідження) визнала IFS лідером серед постачальників рішень для управління основними фондами (EAM-рішень), призначених для компаній галузі авіації і оборони.
У 2019 р. компанію вп'яте обрано лідером "Магічного квадранту" Gartner у категорії "Управління виїзним обслуговуванням" за рішення IFS FSM і лідером з постачання FSM-рішень за версією IDC MarketScape .
Напочатку 2020 р. було опубліковано рейтинг топ-10 ERP-вендорів, сформований спеціалістами аналітико-консалтингової компанії Panorama Consulting, до якого також увійшла й IFS.
IFS Applications
IFS Applications — компонентна ERP-система з SOA архітектурою - основний продукт компанії. Panorama Consulting віднесла продукт до другої групи ERP-систем за часткою присутності на ринку: у першій групі сконцентровано половину ринку, що працює на системах SAP, Oracle та Microsoft, другу групу, що займає 11 % ринку, IFS розділяє з системами компаній Epicor, Sage, Infor, QAD, Lawson та Ross.
IFS Applications містить модулі: виробництво, фінанси, дистрибуція, персонал, продаж, проекти, інжинірінг, документообіг, технічне обслуговування та ремонт, управління якістю, управління екологічним впливом.
Система переведена на 24 мови, з восьмої версії (2012 рік випуску) система є доступною для роботи кінцевих користувачів з планшетів та смартфонів.
У травні 2018 р. відбувся реліз IFS Applications 10. Особливостями нової версії стали новий інтерфейс користувача IFS Aurena, наявність віртуального співрозмовника IFS Aurena Bot, що дозволяє спростити обмін інформацією із системою за допомогою голосу чи текстових повідомлень, розширення функціональності планування матеріальних ресурсів (Demand-driven MRP), перебудований механізм управління міжнародним податковим адмініструванням, сучасні API, що організовані за принципом мікросервісної архітектури і розроблені на основі стандартів RESTful і OASIS oData, а також більш ніж 500 функціональних оновлень в усіх модулях.
Станом на початок 2020 року стверджується про понад 10 тисяч впроваджень системи на підприємствах різних галузей промисловості, серед замовників вказані Eesti Energia, , Energo-Pro Georgia , Nestle, BMW, Saab, Olympus, Mitsubishi, Pepsi, NEC, Oriflame, Slovnaft, ГЕС «Три ущелини». Серед впроваджень в Україні називають Nowy Styl , корпорацію "Артеріум", "Церсаніт Інвест ", "Барлінек-Інвест ", "ДКП "Фармацевтична фабрика ", "ТММ-Енергобуд ", "Golden Tile ".
Примітки
Посилання
IFS в Україні
BBC об IFS (англ)
Підприємства, засновані 1983
Шведські бренди
Виробники програмного забезпечення
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%20%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%20%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%20%28%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%29
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Костел Святого Йоана Хрестителя (Ізяслав)
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Костел Святого Йоана Хрестителя (Ізяслав)
Костел Святого Йоана Хрестителя або Фарний костел — найдавніша християнська культова споруда міста Заслава на Волині, усипальниця князів Заславських. Протягом 1941—1943 років Собор Святого Володимира Української Автокефальної Православної Церкви. Зруйнований комуністами за часів радянського панування в другій половині ХХ століття.
Пам'ятка національного значення, охоронний номер 759/0.
Історія
Заснований (початок зведення 24 червня 1599 р.) князем Янушем Заславським (бл. 1556 — 4.VIII.1629) і його дружиною княжною Олександрою Романівною Санґушківною († 1602) разом з будинками школи, шпиталю і плебанії для священиків, коштом міської оренди у Старому Заславі. На власність парафії передавалося село Збирів. Згідно з фундушем Януша Заславського при храмі повинні були утримуватися три священики. Будувався за проєктом швейцарського архітектора Якопо Мадлена у відповідності до ренесансної архітектурної традиції.
Як свідчить інвентар Старозаславського замку на 1622 рік спорудження святині тривало.
Стараннями сина Януша Заславського Олександра Заславського (1581—1629) у 1630-х до костелу було перенесено труни з тілами представників родини з колишнього ктиторського храму монастиря Пресвятої Трійці у Старому Заславі, на місці якого протягом 1604—1630 років, було збудовано костел Святого Михайла та монастир оо. Бернардинів.
1643 року храм згорів.
У часи національної революції середини XVII століття був пограбований козацькими військами, поховання князів Заславських було спаплюжено.
У 1720—1723 храм відремонтовано, богослужіння поновлено.
У 1754—1756 з ініціативи Барбари Санґушкової (1718—1791) ремонтні роботи проведено ретельніше, за участі придворного архітектора Паоло Фонтана.
1760 року при церкві збудовано флігель
.
1776 року в усипальниці костелу було поховано князя Януша Олександра Санґушка. Згодом там поховали князя Януша Санґушка, його дружину княгиню Анелю Санґушкову, князя Карла Санґушка (1779—1840).
1884 року в храмі було поховано австрійського таємного радника Юзефа Адама Жищевського.
1929 року внаслідок загострення стосунків Другої Речі Посполитої і СРСР костел закрили (три роки стояв пусткою). 1932 року костел перетворено на «Музей релігії та атеїзму», офіційно — Ізяславський краєзнавчий музей..
В часі Другої світової війни (1941—1943 роки) при храмі діяла парафія Української Автокефальної Православної Церкви. На початку серпня 1943 року у соборі Святого Володимира, як тоді називався храм, відбулася відправа за участю керуючого Рівненсько-Крем'янецькою єпархією владики Платона (Артемюка), що зібрала більше п'яти тисяч віруючих. 8 серпня 1943 року церкву намагалися захопити священики-москвофіли на чолі з заславським благочинним-автономістом о. Михайлом Семенюком, однак парафіяни стали на заваді здійсненню їхнього задуму.
З поверненням комуністів в стінах святині 1944—1950 поновлено діяльність музею.
1950 року музей ліквідовано, приміщення храму передано Ізяславській машинно-тракторній станції.
Вежу храму перетворено на водонапірну башту, як наслідок підмито вежовий фундамент, костел почав розколюватися. У 1960-х роках над базилікою почав завалюватися дах.
У 1984 році внаслідок підпалу було знищено шатро на вежі храму.
Нині пам'ятка знаходиться в жалюгідному стані. Дах знищено повністю, перекриття, окрім апсиди і першого поверху захристя, обвалилися. За останнє десятиліття розкрадачами могил розкопано переважну більшість крипт у підлозі катедри. Відтак порожнечі в підлозі, підземелля, як і сам костел використовуються містянами для викидання сміття.
Костел Святого Йоана Хрестителя був занесена до Державного реєстру національного культурного надбання, охоронний номер 759/0.
23 вересня 2008 року будівлю внесено до переліку пам'яток культурної спадщини, що не підлягають приватизації.
Навесні 2015 року місцевими волонтерами розпочато розчистку костелу від будівельного і побутового сміття.
Станом на 2022 рік, костел й надалі перебуває у плачевному стані — на межі руйнування.
Опис святині
Просторове вирішення святині ґрунтується на базиліці (розділеній на три поздовжніх нави двома рядами по три стовпи), в обрисах латинського хреста за рахунок трансепту (розташованого ближче до західної частини споруди), п'ятибічної апсиди з нетрадиційними видовженими пропорціями та квадратної у проєкції вежі (прибудованої від заходу), нав'язує до антропоморфних храмів епохи Ренесансу. На початку святині розміщувалися музичні хори, на балконі, що спирався на фігурні кронштейни. У XVIII столітті над вежею зведено шатро з люкарнами, вивершене хрестом. До вівтаря симетрично прибудовані квадратні у плані каплиця (від півдня) і захристя (від півночі), натомість до вежі комунікаційні і господарські приміщення. Внутрішній простір оздоблено за допомогою пілястр, що підтримують арки з ледь наголошеними карнизами. Перекриття склепінчате, хрестове. В захристі — півциліндричне. Стеля першого поверху захристя, як і стеля каплиці, була оздоблена гіпсовою ліпниною, яка за останні роки практично обсипалася. У приміщеннях, що дотикаються вежі — по балках.
Фасад святині однаково скромний, як невибагливе її внутрішнє опорядження. Будівлю по периметру прикрашає антаблемент. Фриз раніше був оздоблений орнаментальним розписом. Крім головного входу різьблений білокам'яний портал прикрашав південний вхід (над порталом містився фундаційний напис з барельєфами гербів засновників), в інтер'єрі, вхід з вівтаря до каплиці. На початку 2000-х років усі портали зникли, окрім головного, частково (без інскрипції) відтвореного у Національному університеті «Острозька академія».
Глибокі, вузькі і видовжені вікна мають гостре завершення. Вікна з трьох східних сторін апсиди було замуровано під час ремонту у XVIII сторіччі. Трансепт трибічний, увінчений з півночі і півдня фронтонами. Місце перетину нав було накрите хрестоподібним дахом.
З начиння костелу в Заславі зберіглося лише невелике розп'яття, врятоване вірянами. До того ж доступні іконографічні матеріали дають недостатньо можливостей для пізнання. Головний вівтар, в якому знаходилася картина видатного представника моденської школи Леліо Орсі (1511—1587) «Хрещення Господнє», належав до доробку Паоло Фонтана, подібний до інших робіт архітектора (пор. напр. головний вівтар костелу оо. Капуцинів у Любартові), які своїм корінням сягають мистецтва Риму. Крім того, у святині можна було оглянути полотно Карло Дольчі (1616—1686) «Христос благословляє дітей».
Галерея
Див. також
Церква святого Івана Хрестителя
Примітки
Посилання
Про що мовчить фарний костел в Ізяславі, або Музика, втілена у камені
Іван Кузьмінський. Анджей Ґодек. Музична спадщина міста Заслава (XVII—XVIII століття)
Собори України
Пам'ятки Ізяслава
Усипальниці
Заславські
Архітектура готики в Україні
Українське Відродження
Втрачені об'єкти архітектурної спадщини Волині
Засновані в Україні 1599
Будівлі Якопо Мадлена
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faint%20%28%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%29
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Faint (значення)
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Faint (значення)
Faint:
Faint — пісня гурту Linkin Park в стилі ню-метал із альбому «Meteora» (2003).
The Faint — американський інді-рок-гурт з міста Омаха.
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