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PolyAgent
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wiki_uk_en_parallel

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train · 2.12M rows

id stringlengths 3 8	url stringlengths 31 795	title stringlengths 1 211	text stringlengths 12 350k
5073418	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%20%28%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%29	Пиловий диявол (фільм)	Пиловий диявол (фільм) «Пиловий диявол» — фільм жахів 1992 року, написаний та знятий Річардом Стенлі. У головній ролі знявся Роберт Берк. Синопсис Таємничого чоловіка Хітча, який блукає пустелями Намібії, розшукує поліція у зв’язку зі смертю жінки, чия кров була використана в ритуальній церемонії. Місцеві мешканці вважають, що Хітч — це «пиловий диявол», надприродна істота, яка може змінювати свою форму. У ролях Виробництво Попередній фільм Річарда Стенлі «Залізо» був знятий за 1 мільйон фунтів стерлінгів і зібрав понад 5,7 мільйонів доларів. Стенлі заявив, що він зняв «Залізо», щоб довести продюсерам, що він може зняти комерційно успішний фільм після того, як продюсери відмовили йому в його перших сценаріях. «Пиловий диявол» був повністю знятий в Намібії та переосмислює історію південноафриканського серійного вбивці, відомого як Нхадіп. Історія Нхадіпа раніше була джерелом натхнення для британського фільму «Відбитки вітру» (1989) Девіда Віхта. Фільм був створений на основі попередньої роботи Стенлі, незакінченого 16-міліметрового студентського короткометражного фільму, знятого в 1984 році про дивні вбивства, що відбуваються навколо міста Бетані. Влада так і не спіймала серійного вбивцю, що змусило місцевих жителів повірити, що вбивства були спричинені надприродною силою. Зрештою поліція повернулася до міста з тілом чоловіка, якого вони вважали вбивцею; однак тіло було без голови, що унеможливлювало ідентифікацію з місцевими жителями. Пізніше чоловіка поховали в місті з могилою, позначеною «Nhadiep». Стенлі вважав, що його фільм спочатку не є фільмом жаху, але визнав, що картина має певні риси жанру. Окрім визнання впливу італійських фільмів джалло, він також відзначив вплив фільмів «Ель Топо» Алехандро Ходоровскі, «Симон із пустелі» Луїса Бунюеля, «Євангеліє від Матвія» П’єра Паоло Пазоліні та «Одного разу на Заході» Серджіо Леоне. Стенлі також згадав про вплив фільму Мікеле Соаві «Дочка диявола», використовуючи «його ідею мерехтливого блюзу Діви Марії, щоб аналогічно представляти сили Бога». Зйомки в Намібії стали можливими після здобуття країною незалежності в березні 1990 року. Стенлі представив свій сценарій продюсеру ДжоЕнн Селлар, з якою він раніше працював над «Залізом». Сценарій було надіслано до Міністерства інформації та радіомовлення Намібії для затвердження. Селлар також зміг використати південноафриканський персонал та обладнання для виробництва, завдяки чому знімальна група складалася з британців, американців, південноафриканців та намібійців. Випуск Фільм був профінансований об'єднанням британських інвесторів Palace Productions. Також певну фінансову підтримку надала кінокомпанія Miramax. У грудні 1991 року Стенлі представив першу 120-хвилинну версію фільму. Цю версію було передано Miramax на розгляд, яка повернла 85-хвилинну версію як бажану. У лютому 1992 року Palace, який був на межі фінансового краху, попросив Стенлі прийняти іншу скорочену версію, яка було компромісом між оригінальною версією та редакцією Miramax. Стенлі згадував: "Palace пояснив, що було б фінансово доцільно досягти компромісу, але я не став мати з цим нічого спільного. Я вже втратив відзнятий матеріал і не хотів повертатися в монтажну кімнату". Спочатку Dust Devil планувалося випустити у Великобританії в грудні 1992 року. Скорочена версія, прийнята Miramax, була показана в Іспанії та Португалії під назвою Demonica, а також була показана на кінофестивалі Avoriaz. Скорочені версії демонструвалися в Італії та Франції під різними назвами. Після того як Palace втратив гроші, Стенлі переконав Polygram підготувати нову версію, яку він особисто профінансував на суму 15 000 фунтів стерлінгів. 7 квітня 1993 року відбулася прем'єр Dust Devil: The Final Cut в кінотеатрі Scala в Кінгс-Кросс, Лондон. Примітки Зовнішні посилання http://wearecult.rocks/richard-stanleys-dust-devil-and-the-changing-face-of-film4 Фільми 1992 Фільми жахів 1992 Фільми Великої Британії 1992 Фільми про демонів Фільми, дія яких відбувається в пустелі Фільми англійською мовою
2178564	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4	Гаршайд	Гаршайд — громада в Німеччині, розташована в землі Рейнланд-Пфальц. Входить до складу району Арвайлер. Складова частина об'єднання громад Аденау. Площа — 3,13 км2. Населення становить ос. (станом на ). Примітки Посилання Офіційний сайт Громади Рейнланд-Пфальцу‎
3221165	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%20%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87	Покотило Іван Григорович	Покотило Іван Григорович Іван Григорович Покотило (1911–1945) — гвардії старший лейтенант Робітничо-селянської Червоної Армії, учасник німецько-радянської війни, Герой Радянського Союзу (1944). Біографія Іван Покотило народився 23 вересня 1911 року в селі Дубинове Тридубської волості Балтського повіту Подільської губернії (нині — Савранський район Одеської області України). Закінчив початкову школу. У 1930 році був призваний на службу в Робітничо-селянську Червону Армію. У 1938 році він закінчив курси молодших лейтенантів. З лютого 1943 року — на фронті Другої світової. До листопада 1943 р. гвардії старший лейтенант Іван Покотило був старшим ад'ютантом мотострілецького кулеметного батальйону 55-ї гвардійської танкової бригади (7-го гвардійського танкового корпусу, 3-ї гвардійської танкової армії, 1-го Українського фронту). Відзначився під час звільнення Української РСР. У період з 4 по 14 листопада 1943 року сформований підрозділ Покотила діяв у ворожому тилу під Києвом і Попільнею, відбивши велику кількість німецьких контратак. У тих боях Покотило отримав поранення, але продовжував бої, успішно вивівши батальйон з ворожого оточення. Указом Президії Верховної Ради СРСР від 10 січня 1944 року гвардії старший лейтенант Іван Покотило був удостоєний високого звання Героя Радянського Союзу з врученням ордена Леніна і медалі «Золота Зірка». У наступних боях Покотило отримав важкі поранення, від яких помер в госпіталі 13 січня 1945 року. Його прах похований в колумбарії Новодівичого кладовища Москви. Нагороди Був нагороджений орденами Червоного Прапора, Вітчизняної війни 2-го ступеня і Червоної Зірки. Примітки Література Иван Григорьевич Покотыло // Книга памяти Украины: Одесская область: в 11 т. / Одес. обл. редкол. Книги памяти Украины. — О., 1994—2008. [Т.] 7: Савранский р-н, Саратский р-н, Тарутинский р-н, Татарбунарский р-н, Фрунзовский р-н, Ширяевский р-н / Ю. А. Петренко, А. Г. Гурский, В. Д. Сальников [и др.]. — Аспект, 1995. — с. 86. — 736 с.: ил. — ISBN 5-8404-0049-1 Посилання Герої Радянського Союзу Савранщини Поховані на Новодівичому цвинтарі в Москві Кавалери ордена Червоної Зірки Кавалери ордена Вітчизняної війни II ступеня Кавалери ордена Червоного Прапора Кавалери ордена Леніна Герої Радянського Союзу — українці Герої Радянського Союзу — уродженці України Померли в Москві Персоналії:Подільський район Уродженці Балтського повіту
4723366	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F	Маюппія	Маюппія (Майокпія) (*, д/н — 13 травня 1697) — 29-й володар М'яу-У в 1696—1697 роках. Життєпис Походження є дискусійним: з аристократів або професійних військових. Прийшов до влади внаслідок повалення каман (палацовою гвардією-лучників) Норахти. Невдовзі прийняв посольство від Вімаладгармасур'ї II, магараджи Канді, з яким домовився про зміцнення відносин через голландців з Цейлону, про що свідчить губернатор Герріт де Хіре. Маюппія відправив місцевих ченців до Канді на голландських суднах. Намагався позбавитися залежності від всевладних каман. Внаслідок цього вже у травні наступного року був повалений й замінений на Каламандата. Джерела Nandasena Mudiyanse. Cultural Missions to Arakan (Rakkhaṅga-Deśa). The Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland The Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. New Series, Vol. 15 (1971), pp. 26-35 Myint-U, Thant (2006). The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-16342-6. Правителі М'янми
2759495	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD	Морган Сансон	Морган Сансон (18 серпня 1994, Сен-Дульшар) — французький футболіст, півзахисник клубу «Астон Вілла». На умовах оренди виступає за «Ніццу». Клубна кар'єра Народився 18 серпня 1994 року в місті Сен-Дульшар. Розпочав займатись футболом у школах клубів «Газелек» (Бурж) та «Бурж». «Ле-Ман» Вихованець французького футбольного клубу «Ле-Ман». В ньому ж почав дорослу кар'єру. Перший матч за основну команду провів 3 серпня 2012 року у 2-му турі Ліги 2 проти «Діжона». «Ле-Ман» поступився з рахунком 1:2. В цілому провів за сезон 2012/13 27 матчів у рамках чемпіонату. Відзначився трьома забитими м'ячами. «Монпельє» 12 червня 2013 року підписав контракт з «Монпельє» з Ліги 1 за 700 000 євро . Перший матч у вищій французькій лізі зіграв 14 вересня 2013 року у 5-му турі чемпіонату проти «Реймса» (0:0). Протягом всього сезону Сансон був гравцем основного складу, провівши 32 матчі в Лізі 1. Перший гол за команду забив 11 квітня 2014 року в 33-му турі чемпіонату у ворота «Марселя» (2:3). У сезоні 2014/15 провів 32 гри і забив 6 голів. 12 квітня 2015 року в матчі 32-го туру чемпіонату проти «Тулузи» отримав травму через яку був змушений пропустити залишок сезону. У сезоні 2015/16 зіграв 14 матчів і забив 3 голи в чемпіонаті. «Марсель» У січні 2017 року перейшов в «Марсель» за 9 млн. євро плюс 3 млн. бонусів. У сезоні 2016/17 зіграв 17 матчів і забив 1 гол в чемпіонаті. У сезоні 2017/18 зіграв 33 матчі і забив 9 голів у чемпіонаті, ставши з командою фіналістом Ліги Європи 2018 року. Станом на 1 червня 2020 року відіграв за команду з Марселя 110 матчів у національному чемпіонаті. Виступи за збірні 2012 року дебютував у складі юнацької збірної Франції (U-19), взяв участь у 7 іграх на юнацькому рівні. Протягом 2013–2016 років залучався до складу молодіжної збірної Франції. На молодіжному рівні зіграв в 11 офіційних матчах, забив 2 голи. Статистика виступів Статистика клубних виступів Примітки Посилання Уродженці департаменту Шер французькі футболісти Гравці молодіжної збірної Франції з футболу Футболісти «Ле-Мана» Футболісти «Монпельє» Футболісти «Олімпіка» (Марсель) Футболісти «Астон Вілли» Футболісти «Страсбура» Футболісти «Ніцци» Французькі футбольні легіонери Футбольні легіонери в Англії
3331057	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BF%20%28%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%20%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%2C%20%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F%29	Леман Тауншип (округ Пайк, Пенсільванія)	Леман Тауншип (округ Пайк, Пенсільванія) Леман Тауншип — селище в США, в окрузі Пайк штату Пенсільванія. Населення — особи (2020). Демографія Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у селищі мешкали особи в домогосподарствах у складі родин. Було 6138 помешкань Расовий склад населення: До двох чи більше рас належало 3,9 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 22,0 % від усіх жителів. За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 27,4 % — особи молодші 18 років, 62,3 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 10,3 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 38,5 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у селищі припадало 98,0 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 94,5 чоловіків також старших 18 років. Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив доларів США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — долар . Медіана доходів становила доларів для чоловіків та доларів для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 15,9 % осіб, у тому числі 25,3 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 4,4 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших. Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 21,8 %, мистецтво, розваги та відпочинок — 15,9 %, роздрібна торгівля — 14,3 %. Примітки Джерела Селища Пенсільванії Населені пункти округу Пайк (Пенсільванія)
744995	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%9C%D0%91%20%C2%AB%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%C2%BB	БМБ «Компаунд»	БМБ «Компаунд» ТОВ «БМБ «Компаунд» — спеціалізоване підприємство харчової промисловості у Києві з виготовлення шоколадної і кондитерської глазурі. Засноване у 1999 році. ТОВ «БМБ «Компаунд» займає 19% ринку глазурей України і є одним із провідних українських виробників широкого асортименту глазурі для морозива, хлібобулочної, молочної і кондитерської промисловості. Компанія має понад 100 рецептур глазурі. Кожна глазур розроблена з врахуванням особливостей готового продукту. Є виробничим підприємством концерну «Беарс Фуд Інгредієнтс». Основні види продукції: глазур для морозива, кондитерська глазур, шоколадні маси і глазур, кольорова ароматизована глазур, глазур-спрей, горіхова глазур, глазур тоффі-карамель, йогуртова глазур, соуси для морозива, глазур для ескімо-генератора, глазури для екструзіонної лінії. Загальна кількість працівників становить 52 особи. Література Посилання Офіційний сайт Підприємства Києва Підприємства, засновані 1999 Підприємства харчової промисловості Економіка Деснянського району Києва Засновані в Києві 1999
1206880	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%20%28%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%2C%20%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%29	Делень (Бегачу, Муреш)	Делень (Бегачу, Муреш) Делень, Делені, Деленій — село у повіті Муреш в Румунії. Входить до складу комуни Бегачу. Село розташоване на відстані 245 км на північний захід від Бухареста, 35 км на південний захід від Тиргу-Муреша, 80 км на південний схід від Клуж-Напоки, 119 км на північний захід від Брашова. Населення За даними перепису населення 2002 року у селі проживали осіб. Національний склад населення села: Рідною мовою назвали: Примітки Села повіту Муреш
2611347	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apia%20International%20Sydney%202015%2C%20%D0%B6%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%2C%20%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4	Apia International Sydney 2015, жінки, одиночний розряд	Apia International Sydney 2015, жінки, одиночний розряд Цветана Піронкова була чинною чемпіонкою, але не змогла захистити свій титул, оскільки в півфіналі її перемогла Петра Квітова. Квітова виграла титул, у фіналі пермігши співвітчизницю Кароліну Плішкову з рахунком 7–6 (7–5), 7–6 (8–6). Сіяні гравчині Перші дві сіяні гравчині виходять без боротьби в друге коло. {{columns-list\|2\| Симона Халеп (Знялась через хворобу шлунково-кишкового тракту) Петра Квітова (переможниця) Агнешка Радванська (2 коло) Каролін Возняцкі (1 коло, знялася через травму лівого зап'ястка) Анджелік Кербер (півфінал) Катерина Макарова (2 коло) Домініка Цібулкова (2 коло) Флавія Пеннетта (1 коло) }} Сітка Фінальна частина Нижня половина Кваліфікація Сіяні гравчині {{columns-list\|2\| Цветана Піронкова (кваліфікувалася) Ірина-Камелія Бегу (1 коло) Тімеа Бачинскі (знялась, але змагалась у Шеньчжені) Чжан Шуай (1 коло) Ярослава Шведова ''(1 коло) Крістіна Младенович (кваліфікувалася) Шелбі Роджерс (1 коло) Анна Кароліна Шмідлова (2 коло) Яніна Вікмаєр ''(1 коло) }} Кваліфікувалися щасливий лузер Ніколь Гіббс Сітка Перший кваліфаєр Другий кваліфаєр Третій кваліфаєр Четвертий кваліфаєр Посилання Main Draw Qualifying Draw 2015 у тенісі Apia International Sydney 2015
1215169	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/8393%20%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE	8393 Тецумасакамото	8393 Тецумасакамото (8393 Tetsumasakamoto) — астероїд головного поясу, відкритий 15 жовтня 1993 року. Тіссеранів параметр щодо Юпітера — 3,579. Названо на честь Тецуми Сакамото (тецума сакамото). Примітки Див. також Список астероїдів (8301-8400) Посилання Інформація про малі планети на сайті minorplanetcenter.net Астрономічні об'єкти, відкриті 1993 Головний пояс астероїдів
20827908	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komanija	Komanija	Komanija is a small settlement south of Dobrova in the Municipality of Dobrova–Polhov Gradec in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia. Geography Komanija lies along the local road from Razori to Brezovica pri Ljubljani. The core of the village stands in a shady position on a broad terrace above a plain, and it extends up the slope of Gradišča Hill to the west and down to Horjulščica Creek (a.k.a. Horjulka Creek, a tributary of the Gradaščica) to the east. Notable people Notable people that were born or lived in Komanija include: Josip Marinko (1848–1921), editor and journalist References External links Komanija on Geopedia Populated places in the Municipality of Dobrova-Polhov Gradec
215966	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar%27e%20Stoudemire	Amar'e Stoudemire	Amar'e Stoudemire Yahoshafat Ben Avraham (born Amar'e Carsares Jehoshaphat Stoudemire ; ; on November 16, 1982) is an American-born Israeli professional basketball coach and former player who most recently served as a player development assistant for the Brooklyn Nets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He won the NBA Rookie of the Year Award in 2003 with the Phoenix Suns, who selected him with the ninth overall pick of the 2002 NBA draft. He made six appearances in the NBA All-Star Game and was named to the All-NBA Team five times, including one first-team selection in 2007. Amar'e Stoudemire was inducted into Phoenix Suns Ring of Honor on March 2, 2024. Stoudemire played high school basketball for three schools, ultimately graduating from Cypress Creek High School in Orlando, Florida, and declaring for the NBA draft as a prep-to-pro player. He won several prep honors, including being selected as Florida's Mr. Basketball. Stoudemire had chronic knee problems during his career and underwent microfracture surgery on both knees. He played for the Suns, the New York Knicks, the Dallas Mavericks, and the Miami Heat before retiring from the NBA in 2016. Stoudemire won a bronze medal with the United States national team at the 2004 Olympic Games. His off-court ventures include a record label, a clothing line, acting and a series of children's books for Scholastic Press. In addition, Stoudemire owns a significant share of Hapoel Jerusalem, the team he won a championship with in 2017. He won the championship with Maccabi Tel Aviv in 2020 and was named the Israeli Basketball Premier League Finals MVP. Early life Stoudemire was born in Lake Wales, Florida, a small city, an hour away from Orlando, Florida. Stoudemire's parents, Hazell and Carrie (née Palmorn), divorced when he was young. Together they had two sons and a daughter : Hazell Jr., Ladesha, and Amar'e. Stoudemire's mother did agricultural work, picking oranges in Florida and migrating north to upstate New York to pick apples during the fall. Upon divorcing Hazell, she met Artis Wilmore, with whom she had a son, Marwan, Stoudemire's half-brother. His father died of a heart attack when Stoudemire was 12, and his mother was in and out of prison for crimes such as petty theft and forgery during that time. Stoudemire lived in Newburgh, New York "for about five months" in 1994 before relocating to Port Jervis, New York where he lived until 1998. In his parents' absence, Stoudemire had other outside influences to help guide him, including a policeman, Burney Hayes, he occasionally stayed with; he also lived with his Fastbreak USA, AAU squad's coach, Travis King, as well as a minister, Rev. Bill Williams. High school career Stoudemire did not start playing organized basketball until he was 14. As a result of moving in-and-out with his mother and her problems with the law, Stoudemire transferred between five high schools in two states six different times. He first attended Lake Wales High School in Lake Wales, Florida, where his freshman season was cut short due to academic ineligibility. He transferred to Mount Zion Christian Academy in Durham, North Carolina, to play for coach Joel Hopkins. Midway through the year, Hopkins founded Emmanuel Christian Academy in a Durham office building basement and took the Mount Zion basketball team to serve as his student body; the school folded before they played a game. Stoudemire returned to Florida where he attended summer school at Dr. Phillips High School in Orlando. He briefly reenrolled at Mount Zion Academy and then sat out a year at West Orange High School in Winter Garden, Florida, due to academic ineligibility that stemmed from his transcripts from Mount Zion. His final move was to Cypress Creek High School in Orlando, Florida, where he graduated in 2002. Due to all the transfers, he missed his entire junior year of basketball and only played two full seasons. Apart from basketball, Stoudemire excelled in football. He was coached by his father in Pop Warner football and imagined himself a star receiver for the University of Miami, University of Florida or Florida State University. Growing up he rooted for Shaquille O'Neal, center for the hometown Orlando Magic of the NBA. In his senior year, Stoudemire averaged 29.1 points, 15 rebounds, 6.1 blocked shots, and 2.1 steals per game. Among Stoudemire's high school honors was being selected to play in the 2002 McDonald's All-American Game at Madison Square Garden in New York City, where he played with two future New York Knicks teammates, Carmelo Anthony and Raymond Felton. He was also named Florida's Mr. Basketball, the Orlando Sentinel Florida High School Player of the Year, and to USA Today All-USA Basketball First Team. Considered a five-star recruit by Scout.com, Stoudemire was listed as the No. 1 player in the nation in 2002. With his biggest goal in high school being making it to the NBA, Stoudemire committed to the University of Memphis. However, he later de-committed and declared for the NBA draft, being taken with the ninth pick in the 2002 NBA draft by the Phoenix Suns. He was the only high school player taken that year in the first round. Professional career Phoenix Suns (2002–2010) 2002–03: Rookie of the Year In his rookie season, Stoudemire averaged 13.5 points and 8.8 rebounds per game, with a season high of 38 points against the Minnesota Timberwolves on December 30, 2002, the highest score by a prep-to-pro player until broken a year later by LeBron James. Stoudemire was selected to the Rookie squad in the Rookie Challenge. In the game, Stoudemire recorded 18 points, 7 rebounds and 4 steals. Stoudemire won the NBA's Rookie of the Year award, beating out Yao Ming and Caron Butler and becoming the first player drafted out of high school to win the award. Stoudemire also was selected to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. The Suns, led by Stoudemire, Stephon Marbury, Shawn Marion, Penny Hardaway and Joe Johnson, made it to the playoffs but were defeated in six games by the eventual champions, the San Antonio Spurs. 2003–04: Improving as a sophomore During the following season, Stoudemire improved statistically, but his team stumbled to a 29–53 record, and point guard Marbury was traded to the New York Knicks. During the season Stoudemire had a 10-block game against the Utah Jazz; he recorded six blocks in the first quarter alone (both team records as of 2012). During the summer of 2004, Stoudemire was selected to play for the eventual bronze medal-winning 2004 U.S. national team in the Summer Olympics. However, head coach Larry Brown declined to give him significant playing time (6.9 minutes per game). 2004–05: First All-Star and All-NBA appearances During the 2004–05 season, Stoudemire teamed up with point guard Steve Nash whom the Suns signed as a free agent, to lead the Suns to a 62–20 record. Averaging 26 points per game that year and achieving a new career high of 50 points against the Portland Trail Blazers on January 2, 2005, he was selected to his first NBA All-Star Game as a reserve forward. Stoudemire and Nash ran a pick-and-roll some have compared to Hall of Famers John Stockton and Karl Malone. In the Western Conference Finals against the San Antonio Spurs, Stoudemire averaged 37 points per game, but the Suns still lost in five games. 2005–06: Knee problems During the 2005–06 NBA preseason, knee cartilage damage was discovered and Stoudemire underwent microfracture surgery on October 18, 2005. Initially, the Suns thought he would return by mid-February, but his rehab took longer than expected. Stoudemire, however, scored 20 points in his return against the Portland Trail Blazers, but went scoreless his third game against the New Jersey Nets on March 27, 2006. On March 28 it was announced that he would likely miss the rest of the regular season due to ongoing stiffness in both knees. His manager stated that the comeback came a little too soon, and Stoudemire needed to do more rehab. Stoudemire's rehabilitation, which was led by Suns trainer Aaron Nelson and Dr. Micheal Clark, the president and CEO of the National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM), went well as he stated during the rehab that he was explosive and he gradually gained his strength back. Stoudemire attended the 2006 USA Basketball camp in Las Vegas, although he ultimately did not play in the 2006 FIBA World Championship. 2006–07: Comeback and All-NBA First Team selection Before the 2006–07 season, Stoudemire changed his jersey number from 32 to 1. Dijon Thompson had worn no. 1 the previous season. On February 18, 2007, Stoudemire appeared in the 2007 NBA All-Star Game, his second All-Star Game appearance. He scored 29 points and grabbed 9 rebounds, and came in second in MVP voting to Kobe Bryant. He had previously announced that he would make the all-star game in his first season back after his knee recovered. During the 2007 playoffs, in a series against the San Antonio Spurs, Stoudemire accused Manu Ginóbili and Bruce Bowen of being "dirty" players. Stoudemire, along with teammate Boris Diaw, was suspended for Game 5 for leaving the bench area after an altercation between teammate Steve Nash and Spurs forward Robert Horry. The Suns lost to the Spurs in six games despite Stoudemire averaging 25 points, 12 rebounds and two blocks throughout the series. He finished the 2006–07 regular season averaging 20.4 points and 9.6 rebounds per game. He was selected to the All-NBA First Team. 2007–10: Eye surgery and playoff defeats Stoudemire played in the FIBA Americas Championship 2007, but withdrew from the national team for the 2008 Olympics. Jerry Colangelo, managing director for the national team, said, "Amar'e has pulled himself out of consideration for the roster and that's predicated on, despite the fact that he's had an injury-free year coming back, he's a little hesitant on pushing the envelope too hard." Stoudemire had said in April 2008, "It's more than a year-round grind. It's last year and the year before that and the year before that. It's really been like a three-year-round basketball circuit." Stoudemire led the Suns in scoring (25.2 per game) and rebounds (9.1 per game) in the 2007–08 season. He made the All-Star team and was named to the All-NBA Second Team. Stoudemire also adjusted well to playing with veteran center Shaquille O'Neal, who the Suns had acquired in February. The Suns, however, faltered in the playoffs, again losing to their rivals the San Antonio Spurs. The Suns blew a big lead in game one of the series, and seemed to never recover, losing the series 4–1 to the Spurs. Stoudemire averaged 23 points in the series. After the season, Suns head coach Mike D'Antoni left the team to coach the New York Knicks. Under new coach Terry Porter, the Suns struggled early in 2008–09 with his system and lost five games in a row heading into the 2009 All-Star break. Stoudemire was voted a starter for the Western Conference. On February 19, in a game against the Los Angeles Clippers, Stoudemire suffered a detached retina, although he may have injured it earlier as he had been bothered by the same eye even before this game. He had injured the same eye in preseason, although this injury involved a partially torn iris, with no damage to his retina. He said then that he would have to wear protective goggles for the rest of his career, but stopped wearing them after seven games. Stoudemire underwent eye surgery to repair the retina. The recovery took eight weeks, which forced him to miss the remainder of the regular season. He announced that he would wear protective goggles when he returned to play the following season. In the 2009–10 season, Stoudemire was once again named to the All-Star team. During the season, Paul Coro of The Arizona Republic reported that the Suns and Cleveland Cavaliers discussed a trade that would have sent Stoudemire to Cleveland to pair up with LeBron James; the deal, however, never went through. Another proposed deal during the 2009 NBA draft would have sent Stoudemire to the Golden State Warriors for a package centered around the #7 overall pick, but the Warriors backed out of the deal at the last minute and selected Stephen Curry with the pick. Stoudemire would eventually lead the Suns to a 54–28 record, clinching the third seed in the Western Conference. Stoudemire finished the season averaging 23 points and 9 rebounds on 56% shooting. The Suns would defeat the Portland Trail Blazers 4–2 during the first round of the playoffs and beat the San Antonio Spurs 4–0 in the Conference Semifinals, to meet the defending champion Los Angeles Lakers in the Conference Finals. After dropping the first two games, Stoudemire would score 42 points in game 3 and 21 in game 4, to help the Suns tie the series 2–2. The Suns failed to win any additional games in the series, dropping it 4–2. Stoudemire finished his tenure with the Suns fourth in franchise history in scoring average (21.4 points per game), third in rebounds, free throws made and attempted, fifth in blocked shots, and single-game records of consecutive free throws in one game (20) and blocked shots (10). New York Knicks (2010–2015) 2010–11: First season in New York On June 30, 2010, Stoudemire opted out of his contract with the Phoenix Suns, which made him an unrestricted free agent. On July 5, 2010, Stoudemire and the New York Knicks agreed in principle to a contract estimated to be worth around $99.7 million over five years. On the first day that free agents were allowed to officially sign, the Knicks formally introduced Stoudemire at Madison Square Garden. There Stoudemire proclaimed "the Knicks are back!" referring to the team's lack of success the past few years. With the Knicks, Stoudemire was reunited with head coach Mike D'Antoni, who had coached him with the Suns. On December 15, 2010, in a loss against the Boston Celtics, Stoudemire set a franchise record with his ninth straight 30-point game. On December 17, 2010, Stoudemire set a franchise record with his ninth straight game shooting 50 percent or better from the field. On January 27, 2011, Stoudemire was named a starter on the Eastern Conference All-Star Team alongside LeBron James, Dwyane Wade, Derrick Rose, and Dwight Howard. He became the first Knicks player to start in the game since Patrick Ewing. In the game Stoudemire scored 29 points, which tied him with LeBron James for most on the Eastern Conference team. On February 22, 2011, the Knicks made a three-team trade with the Denver Nuggets and Minnesota Timberwolves that sent Nuggets superstar Carmelo Anthony to the Knicks along with the Nuggets' starting point guard Chauncey Billups. In 2011, the Knicks made the playoffs for the first time since 2004. Stoudemire was injured during the playoffs. In game 3, Stoudemire attempted a Willis Reed-like comeback by playing in the game despite a bad back. In the first round of the playoffs, the Knicks were swept by the Boston Celtics. Stoudemire ended up having one of the best seasons in his career, averaging 25.3 points, 9.1 rebounds, a career-high 2.6 assists and 2 blocks per game. Stoudemire developed a mid-range game and shot a career-high 43% from three-point range. Stoudemire was named to the All-NBA Second Team. 2011–12: Struggles During the 2011 NBA lockout, Stoudemire served as a player representative for the Knicks. Stoudemire represented the Knicks along with teammates Carmelo Anthony, Chauncey Billups, Toney Douglas, and Roger Mason Jr., who was Vice President of the Players Union. Stoudemire considered playing overseas for Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. due to his possible Hebrew heritage, but instead opted to stay with the players union. In October 2011, Stoudemire appeared on ESPN First Take, where he promoted his new sneaker line, the Nike Air Max Sweep Thru. During the lockout, Stoudemire trained and took history seminars at Florida International University. He also dabbled in acting, appearing in the second-last episode ("Second to Last") of Entourage. Before the 2011–12 season, the Knicks acquired Tyson Chandler, but released point guard Chauncey Billups via the amnesty clause. Early on in the season, Stoudemire struggled without a point guard to distribute the basketball. In February 2012, Stoudemire missed four games mourning the death of his older brother, Hazell, who had died in a car accident. Later that month, the Eastern Conference All-Stars were announced; Stoudemire was not voted in, nor selected by the coaches to play in the All-Star Game. It was the first year since 2006 that he was not selected to the All-Star Game. Stoudemire was struggling with efficiency and explosiveness and blamed it on the weight he gained during the NBA lockout and so engaged in a weight loss program, losing 10 pounds in 10 days with a goal to reach 245 pounds. The weight loss proved to be beneficial for Stoudemire, as he averaged 18 points per game on 56% shooting March. After a good March, however, Stoudemire suffered a bulging disk in his back. Stoudemire returned with a few games remaining in the regular season. The seventh-seeded Knicks were paired with the defending Eastern Conference champions in the Miami Heat heading into the Eastern Conference First Round. After a loss in Game 2, Stoudemire suffered from a self-inflicted cut to his left hand after punching a fire extinguisher box in the visitors' locker room. The wound required stitches to mend. Stoudemire returned for game four and recorded 20 points and 10 rebounds, in a Knicks victory. The victory snapped a record 13 game playoff losing streak for the Knicks. The Knicks would, however, not win another game as they lost the series 4–1 to the Heat. In the Heat's series clinching win in game 5, Stoudemire fouled out after the Heat's Shane Battier drew an offensive foul; this led to the Heat's PA announcer announcing Stoudemire had been extinguished, referring to Stoudemire's hand injury. The Heat later issued an apology to Stoudemire. The 2011–2012 season was a disappointment as Stoudemire's production dropped off in every statistical category from the prior year. Stoudemire averaged 17.5 points, which was down almost 8 points from the prior year, 7.8 rebounds, 1.1 assists and 1.0 blocks. 2012–14: Injury-plagued seasons Stoudemire missed the first 30 games of the 2012–13 season with a knee injury. On December 18, 2012, he was assigned to the Erie BayHawks of the NBA D-League so that he could practice with that team as he continued his rehab. He was recalled by the Knicks on December 21. Stoudemire made his season debut on January 1, 2013, at home against Portland, playing 17 minutes off the bench, scoring six points and grabbing one rebound. After returning Stoudemire was restricted to playing a maximum of 30 minutes a game. It was announced on March 9, 2013, that Stoudemire would have a right knee debridement. He missed the rest of the regular season because of that. For the first time in his career, he was not a starter, but a sixth man for the New York Knicks. He only played 29 games during the season, averaging 14.2 points per game and 5 rebounds per game in 23.5 minutes per game. Even without him for most of the time, the Knicks finished 54–28 (second-best in the Eastern Conference), made the playoffs for the third time in a row, and won their first Atlantic Division title since the 1993–94 season. Stoudemire was still out when the New York Knicks defeated the Boston Celtics in six games which would be the Knicks' first playoff victory since 2000. He returned to action on May 11, 2013, in Game 3 during the Knicks' Eastern Conference Semifinals series against the Indiana Pacers. The Knicks ended up losing to the Pacers in 6 games. After injuries limited him to 47 and 29 games played in the previous two seasons, respectively, Stoudemire bounced back for the Knicks in the 2013–14 season. Not only did he manage to play in 65 games, but he grew stronger as the year progressed. He maintained his offensive efficiency as his workload increased, ultimately forcing his way into the starting five for good on March 3 in Detroit. Once there, he led New York to seven straight wins in games in which he played. In 14 games in March, he averaged 16.9 points and 6.6 rebounds per game, while averaging 28.3 minutes as he proved capable of playing power forward alongside Tyson Chandler or center in small lineups. With the Knicks' playoff hopes hanging on by a thread with a week to go in the regular season, Stoudemire put together arguably his best performance of the season, lighting up the division-leading Toronto Raptors for 24 points on 10-of-14 shooting and 11 rebounds. However, despite Stoudemire's efforts, the Knicks failed to qualify for the 2014 playoffs, finishing just shy with a 35–47 record and a ninth-place finish in the East. 2014–15: Final year with Knicks Having played predominantly in a bench role for the Knicks in 2013–14, Stoudemire's role in 2014–15 began much the same, and with it came solid production as he missed just one game over the first 28. He proved to be a solid leader off the bench for a fledgling Knicks team that had won just five games by mid-December, as he averaged 13.4 points and 7.4 rebounds per game up to and including the December 18 loss to Chicago. He went on to miss the next 12 out of 13 games with another knee injury, returning to action on January 15 in London to face Milwaukee, as he went scoreless in eight first-half minutes and did not play after half time. On February 16, 2015, Stoudemire was waived by the Knicks after an agreement was reached to buy out his contract. Dallas Mavericks (2015) On February 18, 2015, Stoudemire signed with the Dallas Mavericks. Four days later, he made his debut for the Mavericks against the Charlotte Hornets and recorded 14 points in just 11 minutes off the bench. Stoudemire went on to play in 23 games for the Mavericks and averaged 10.8 points and 3.7 rebounds per game. Miami Heat (2015–2016) On July 10, 2015, Stoudemire signed with the Miami Heat. He played in just one of the Heat's first 10 games of the 2015–16 season, largely due to knee soreness. He played eight minutes of first half action against the Sacramento Kings on November 19, scoring 10 points off the bench to spark the Heat early, as the team went on to win the game 116–109. On January 31, 2016, he recorded season highs of 13 points and 12 rebounds against the Atlanta Hawks, starting in place of the injured Hassan Whiteside. Two days later, he set a new season high with 14 points in a loss to the Houston Rockets, starting at center for the Heat in his sixth straight game. Stoudemire's final NBA game was played in Game 5 of the Eastern Conference semifinals against the Toronto Raptors on May 11, 2016. The Heat lost the game 99–91, with Stoudemire only playing 3 minutes as the Heat's starting center, recording one rebound and one steal. The Heat would go on to lose the series in seven games. On July 26, 2016, Stoudemire signed a contract with the New York Knicks to retire as a Knick, as he announced his retirement from the NBA later that day after 14 seasons in the league. Hapoel Jerusalem (2016–2019) Though he retired from the NBA, Stoudemire did not retire from playing basketball, and on August 1, 2016, he signed a two-year deal with Hapoel Jerusalem, a team he co-owns in the Israeli Basketball Premier League. On October 1, 2016, he helped Hapoel Jerusalem win the Israeli Basketball League Cup. He went on to earn All-EuroCup Second Team honors for the 2016–17 season, as well as Israeli Basketball Premier League All-Star honors. In June 2017, he helped Hapoel Jerusalem win the 2016–17 Israeli Basketball Super League. On September 1, 2017, Stoudemire announced his retirement from basketball. In February 2018, Stoudemire joined BIG3 team Tri State as co-captain. Three months later, Stoudemire announced that he was contemplating a return to playing professional basketball in the NBA. On September 24, Stoudemire came out of retirement to sign with Hapoel Jerusalem for the 2018–19 season. On October 31, Stoudemire recorded a season-high 24 points, shooting 10-of-16 from the field, along with seven rebounds in a 105–75 win over Montakit Fuenlabrada, and was named to the Champions League's Team of the Week. On May 2, 2019, Stoudemire was named Israeli Premier League Player of the Month after averaging 16.3 points and 7.5 rebounds per game in four games played in April. Fujian Sturgeons (2019) On October 30, 2019, Stoudemire signed with the Fujian Sturgeons of the Chinese Basketball Association. He appeared in 11 games for the Sturgeons, averaging 19.3 points and 8.3 rebounds per game. In mid-December 2019, Stoudemire had left the team to return to the United States. Maccabi Tel Aviv (2020) On January 22, 2020, Stoudemire returned to Israel for a third stint, signing with Maccabi Tel Aviv for the rest of the season. In July 2020, he helped Maccabi Tel Aviv win the championship while earning Israeli Basketball Premier League Finals MVP honors. Coaching career On October 30, 2020, Stoudemire was hired by the Brooklyn Nets as a player development assistant. On May 12, 2022, he announced he would not be returning to the Nets for the 2022–23 season. Personal life Stoudemire has four children with his wife, Alexis Welch. Having dated since 2002, the two were engaged in May 2012 and later married on December 12, 2012, atop their Greenwich Village apartment rooftop. Stoudemire filed for divorce from his wife in October 2018 but the case was dismissed in July 2019 after he failed to submit the required documents to follow through. Stoudemire's first name had previously been listed in the Phoenix Suns media guide as Amaré or Amare, but it was changed to Amar'e in October 2008. Stoudemire told NBA.com that his name had always been spelled Amar'e, but the media had been spelling it incorrectly since he joined the NBA. Stoudemire was raised Baptist. Through his mother, he associated with the Black Hebrew Israelites. In a 2010 interview, he said, "I have been aware since my youth that I am a Hebrew through my mother, and that is something that has played a subtle but important role in my development." Asked if there was a chance he was Jewish, he said "I think through history, I think we all are." He visited Israel that year, saying he intended "to get a better understanding of [his] heritage." He returned for the 2013 Maccabiah Games as assistant coach of the Canadian basketball team; while there he met with Israeli president Shimon Peres, who urged him to join the Israel national basketball team. In April 2018, he reportedly began converting to Judaism. In January 2019, he was granted residency in Israel. In March 2019, he received Israeli citizenship, and adopted the name Yahoshafat Ben Avraham. He formally converted to Judaism with a Rabbinical court on August 26, 2020. In the early morning hours of February 6, 2012, Stoudemire's older brother, Hazell, was killed in a car accident in Polk County, Florida. He was not wearing a seat belt at the time of the crash. In December 2014, Stoudemire purchased a 185-acre farm in Hyde Park, New York, which includes a 2,066-square-foot log home. Stoudemire said that he intended to use the property as a place where his family can get together on weekends and in the off-season. Off the court Philanthropy Stoudemire started the Each One, Teach One foundation in 2003. Stoudemire also funded his very own AAU team, named Team STAT. Stoudemire played Wheel of Fortune during its NBA week and donated all his winnings to the Boys and Girls Clubs of the Greater Phoenix area. In November 2008, Stoudemire received the NBA's Community Assist Award, for his work with his Each 1, Teach 1 Foundation, and its efforts to provide safe drinking water in Sierra Leone by funding the building of water wells in impoverished villages. Stoudemire visited the country in summer 2008, making visits to water well sites and meeting with President Ernest Bai Koroma and the rest of the cabinet. In 2010 Stoudemire hosted the first Amar'e Stoudemire Basketball Academy in Mali. That same year, he posed shirtless on behalf of PETA's Ink Not Mink campaign, protesting the wearing of animal fur. Film and television After guest appearances on Law & Order: SVU, Entourage and Sesame Street in 2011, Amar'e appeared on TV Land's The Exes opposite Kristen Johnston in a January episode. Stoudemire also appeared on Fox's comedy series, The Mindy Project, where Mindy Kaling's character went on an outing with her co-workers to a nightclub, and wound up hanging in the VIP section with the New York big man. Stoudemire's acting roles have not been limited to television. He had a role in the film MacGruber and appeared in the blockbuster romance New Year's Eve. He also appeared as himself in the comedy film Trainwreck, as one of the patients of sports surgeon Dr. Aaron Conners (played by Bill Hader). Other ventures In 2011, Stoudemire started his own clothing line, which launched at Macy's in late 2011. It was designed with the help of Rachel Roy. Stoudemire described the line as "courtside apparel for the fashion-forward female". Stoudemire has his own record label named Hypocalypto and has signed rappers from Phoenix to Atlanta. In August 2011, Stoudemire signed a deal with Scholastic Press to write a series of middle-grade chapter books called STAT: Standing Tall And Talented. The first book in the series, STAT: Home Court, which Stoudemire described as biographical, was published in August 2012. In the summer of 2013, Stoudemire became a major shareholder of Hapoel Jerusalem B.C. together with sports agent Arn Tellem and Ori Allon. Later that year, he also became an assistant coach for the Canadian men's national basketball team for the 2013 Maccabiah Games. In February 2018, Stoudemire launched a kosher, Israeli wine label, called Stoudemire Cellars. The label launched with three wines, all of which are produced at Tulip Winery in Kfar Tikvah. Stoudemire is also an art collector. Awards and honors Israeli Basketball Premier League champion: 2017, 2020 Israeli Basketball Premier League Finals MVP: 2020 Israeli Cup winner: 2019 Israeli League Cup winner: 2016 NBA Rookie of the Year: 2003 NBA All-Star: 2005, 2007–2011 All-NBA First Team: 2007 All-NBA Second Team: 2005, 2008, 2010, 2011 NBA All-Rookie First Team: 2003 NBA Rookie Challenge MVP: 2004 Orlando Sentinel Florida High School Player of the Year: 2002 Florida Mr. Basketball: 2002 USA Today All-USA Basketball First Team: 2002 Prep Stars Recruiter's Handbook No. 1 High School Player in the United States: 2002 NBA Community Assist Award: 2008 NBA career statistics Regular season \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Phoenix \| 82 \|\| 71 \|\| 31.3 \|\| .472 \|\| .200 \|\| .661 \|\| 8.8 \|\| 1.0 \|\| .8 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 13.5 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Phoenix \| 55 \|\| 53 \|\| 36.8 \|\| .475 \|\| .200 \|\| .713 \|\| 9.0 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 20.6 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Phoenix \| 80 \|\| 80 \|\| 36.1 \|\| .559 \|\| .188 \|\| .733 \|\| 8.9 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 26.0 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Phoenix \| 3 \|\| 3 \|\| 16.7 \|\| .333 \|\| .000 \|\| .889 \|\| 5.3 \|\| .7 \|\| .3 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 8.7 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Phoenix \| style="background:#cfecec;"\| 82* \|\| 78 \|\| 32.8 \|\| .575 \|\| .000 \|\| .781 \|\| 9.6 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 20.4 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Phoenix \| 79 \|\| 79 \|\| 33.9 \|\| .590 \|\| .161 \|\| .805 \|\| 9.1 \|\| 1.5 \|\| .8 \|\| 2.1 \|\| 25.2 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Phoenix \| 53 \|\| 53 \|\| 36.8 \|\| .539 \|\| .429 \|\| .835 \|\| 8.1 \|\| 2.0 \|\| .9 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 21.4 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Phoenix \| style="background:#cfecec;"\| 82* \|\| style="background:#cfecec;"\| 82* \|\| 34.6 \|\| .557 \|\| .167 \|\| .771 \|\| 8.9 \|\| 1.0 \|\| .6 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 23.1 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|New York \| 78 \|\| 78 \|\| 36.8 \|\| .502 \|\| .435 \|\| .792 \|\| 8.2 \|\| 2.6 \|\| .9 \|\| 1.9 \|\| 25.3 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|New York \| 47 \|\| 47 \|\| 32.8 \|\| .483 \|\| .238 \|\| .765 \|\| 7.8 \|\| 1.1 \|\| .8 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 17.5 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|New York \| 29 \|\| 0 \|\| 23.5 \|\| .577 \|\| .000 \|\| .808 \|\| 5.0 \|\| .4 \|\| .3 \|\| .7 \|\| 14.2 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|New York \| 65 \|\| 21 \|\| 22.6 \|\| .557 \|\| .000 \|\| .739 \|\| 4.9 \|\| .5 \|\| .4 \|\| .6 \|\| 11.9 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|New York \| 36 \|\| 14 \|\| 24.0 \|\| .543 \|\| .000 \|\| .740 \|\| 6.8 \|\| 1.0 \|\| .6 \|\| .9 \|\| 12.0 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Dallas \| 23 \|\| 1 \|\| 16.5 \|\| .581 \|\| .000 \|\| .678 \|\| 3.7 \|\| .3 \|\| .4 \|\| .2 \|\| 10.8 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Miami \| 52 \|\| 36 \|\| 14.7 \|\| .566 \|\| .000 \|\| .746 \|\| 4.3 \|\| .5 \|\| .3 \|\| .8 \|\| 5.8 \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\|Career \| 846 \|\| 696 \|\| 31.0 \|\| .537 \|\| .236 \|\| .761 \|\| 7.8 \|\| 1.2 \|\| .8 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 18.9 \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\|All-Star \| 6 \|\| 3 \|\| 19.5 \|\| .571 \|\| .400 \|\| .750 \|\| 7.5 \|\| 1.2 \|\| .7 \|\| .7 \|\| 18.8 Playoffs \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2003 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Phoenix \| 6 \|\| 6 \|\| 33.8 \|\| .523 \|\| 1.000 \|\| .571 \|\| 7.8 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 1.7 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 14.2 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2005 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Phoenix \| 15 \|\| 15 \|\| 40.1 \|\| .539 \|\| .000 \|\| .781 \|\| 10.7 \|\| 1.2 \|\| .7 \|\| 2.0 \|\| 29.9 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2007 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Phoenix \| 10 \|\| 10 \|\| 34.3 \|\| .523 \|\| .333 \|\| .769 \|\| 12.1 \|\| .6 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 1.9 \|\| 25.3 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2008 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Phoenix \| 5 \|\| 5 \|\| 40.8 \|\| .485 \|\| .250 \|\| .633 \|\| 9.0\|\| .4 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 2.4 \|\| 23.2 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2010 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Phoenix \| 16 \|\| 16 \|\| 36.5 \|\| .519 \|\| .000 \|\| .754 \|\| 6.6\|\| 1.1 \|\| .7 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 22.2 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2011 \| style="text-align:left;"\|New York \| 4 \|\| 4 \|\| 33.5 \|\| .382 \|\| .000 \|\| .667 \|\| 7.8 \|\| 1.8 \|\| .3 \|\| .8 \|\| 14.5 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2012 \| style="text-align:left;"\|New York \| 4 \|\| 4 \|\| 36.5 \|\| .556 \|\| .000 \|\| .750 \|\| 6.5 \|\| .8 \|\| 1.3 \|\| .3 \|\| 15.3 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2013 \| style="text-align:left;"\|New York \| 4 \|\| 0 \|\| 8.3 \|\| .385 \|\| 1.000 \|\| 1.000 \|\| 2.3 \|\| .0 \|\| .0 \|\| .0 \|\| 3.8 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2015 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Dallas \| 5 \|\| 0 \|\| 15.0 \|\| .429 \|\| .000 \|\| .692 \|\| 3.2 \|\| .6 \|\| .2 \|\| .6 \|\| 7.8 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2016 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Miami \| 9 \|\| 2 \|\| 9.1 \|\| .579 \|\| .000 \|\| 1.000 \|\| 1.4 \|\| .0 \|\| .6 \|\| .3 \|\| 3.3 \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\|Career \| 78 \|\| 62 \|\| 30.7 \|\| .512 \|\| .250 \|\| .750 \|\| 7.4 \|\| .8 \|\| .8 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 18.7 ISBL career statistics Regular season \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2016–17 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Hapoel Jerusalem B.C. \| 23 \|\| 0 \|\| 22.8 \|\| .613 \|\| .250 \|\| .725 \|\| 5.9 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 9.9 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2018–19 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Hapoel Jerusalem B.C. \| 11 \|\|\| 0 \|\| 20.6 \|\| .558 \|\| .000 \|\| .860 \|\| 6.5 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 0.6 \|\| 13.6 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2020 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. \| 12 \|\| 0 \|\| 15.2 \|\| .698 \|\| 1.000 \|\| .750 \|\| 4.2 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 8.0 Playoffs \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2017 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Hapoel Jerusalem B.C. \| 5 \|\| 0 \|\| 13.6 \|\| .611 \|\| .000 \|\| .714 \|\| 4.4 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 6.4 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2019 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Hapoel Jerusalem B.C. \| 4 \|\| 0 \|\| 20.0 \|\| .577 \|\| .000 \|\| .667 \|\| 4.0 \|\| 2.0 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 12.0 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2020 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. \| 5 \|\| 0 \|\| 18.8 \|\| .667 \|\| .000 \|\| .800 \|\| 5.0 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 10.4 CBA career statistics Regular season \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\|2019 \| style="text-align:left;"\|Jinjiang \| 11 \|\| 0 \|\| 27.9 \|\| .513 \|\| .333 \|\| .790 \|\| 8.3 \|\| 0.9 \|\| 0.7 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 19.4 See also List of NBA career field goal percentage leaders List of NBA single-game blocks leaders List of select Jewish basketball players References External links Amar'e Stoudemire at eurocupbasketball.com Video interview with Amare Stoudemire at fiba.com 1982 births Living people African-American Jews American men's basketball players Black Hebrew Israelite people Israeli people of African-American descent American emigrants to Israel American expatriate basketball people in China American expatriate basketball people in Israel Basketball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics Basketball players from Orlando, Florida Big3 players Centers (basketball) Dallas Mavericks players Fujian Sturgeons players Hapoel Jerusalem B.C. players 21st-century American Jews 21st-century Israeli Jews Jewish American basketball players Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C. players McDonald's High School All-Americans Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics Miami Heat players NBA All-Stars NBA high school draftees New York Knicks players Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in basketball Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball) People from Lake Wales, Florida Sportspeople from Polk County, Florida Phoenix Suns draft picks Phoenix Suns players Power forwards United States men's national basketball team players Converts to Judaism from Baptist denominations Cypress Creek High School (Florida) alumni NBA players from Israel 21st-century American sportsmen 21st-century African-American sportspeople American men's 3x3 basketball players
13001021	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selchenbach	Selchenbach	Selchenbach is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Kusel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Kusel-Altenglan, whose seat is in Kusel. Geography Location Selchenbach is a linear village – by some definitions a thorpe – that lies at the Oster valley in the Western Palatinate, right on the boundary with the Saarland. Selchenbach lies at an elevation of 380 to 390 m above sea level on the upper reaches of the Selchenbach. The Selchenbach itself rises south of the municipal area near the Königreicher Hof, flows through the village of Selchenbach and then the village of Herchweiler to the north and then turns in a broad bow back south, emptying near Haupersweiler into the Oster. This puts Selchenbach within the Saar-Blies drainage basin, with the mountains east of the village marking the watershed between this and the Glan-Nahe drainage basin on the other side. The heights on either side of the valley rise to more than 400 m above sea level; the greatest elevation is the Eichelberg at 465 m above sea level. A major contiguous forested area stretches to the village's north (the Schachenwald). The municipal area measures 479 ha, of which 100 ha is wooded. Neighbouring municipalities Selchenbach borders in the northeast on the municipality of Albessen, in the southeast on the municipality of Langenbach, in the south and west on the town of Sankt Wendel and in the northwest on the municipality of Herchweiler. Selchenbach also meets the municipality of Konken at a single point in the northeast. Constituent communities Selchenbach's Ortsteile are Oberselchenbach and Unterselchenbach. Municipality’s layout Selchenbach, which is made up of two centres called Oberselchenbach and Unterselchenbach, stretches for some one thousand metres mainly on the Selchenbach's left bank and on both sides of Bundesstraße 420, which is held to be the village's main street. A new building zone was opened up in the 1990s on Birkenweg. From the main street, several short sidestreets branch off. From south to north, these are Alte Hohl, Im Eck and Birkenweg (branching from each other after a short distance), Osterbrücker Weg and, somewhat longer, Siedlungsweg with the village community centre, the graveyard and the chapel. The pattern is broken somewhat in Unterselchenbach, where the old village street, Alte Straße (literally “Old Street”), owing to improvements made in 1938, was replaced with a bypass (today part of Bundesstraße 420). Here, the Selchenbach bows to the northwest, thus ending up on the other side of the street. Other streets in Unterselchenbach are Gartenstraße and Mühlweg. Despite the latter's name, literally “Mill Way”, it has been a long time since any mill stood in this area. History Antiquity Archaeological finds in the Selchenbach area go back to the Stone Age, among them two stone axes. One of these was found by a farmer while he was ploughing on the Wöllmesberg. It was some 10 cm long, and it is now in private ownership. The other was discovered while a wall was being torn down. The exact spot of this discovery, the piece's appearance and its whereabouts are now no longer known. As well, several barrows from the Bronze Age and the Iron Age are to be found within Selchenbach's limits, such as the ones on the burying ground north of the village near Bundesstraße 420, which also stretches into Herchweiler's and Langenbach's municipal areas. There are three other barrows on the Eichelberg's west slope. Many isolated finds have been made near various barrows, whose whereabouts are now mostly unknown. There is also a Roman road running from the Krottelbacher Loch towards Herchweiler. Middle Ages Even though Selchenbach was grouped into the so-called Remigiusland in a 14th-century Grenzscheidweistum (“border Weistum”, a Weistum – cognate with English wisdom – being a legal pronouncement issued by men learned in law in the Middle Ages and early modern times), this did not mean that the village had lain within the Remigiusland since its founding. The Counts of Veldenz, beginning in the 13th century, counted some areas as parts of the Remigiusland that had not before been owned by the Archbishopric of Reims, but rather by the Archbishopric of Mainz. Among the Mainz holdings were Ohmbach, some places around Niederkirchen and, quite likely, Selchenbach, too. The two archbishoprics’ holdings belonged originally to the Imperial Domain (Reichsland) around the Royal Castle Lautern. The village of Selchenbach is known with certainty only to have arisen a few hundred years after a Frankish king donated the lands to the Archbishoprics of Reims and Mainz. In 1127, Count Gerlach I from the Nahegau founded the County of Veldenz and became at the same time the Schutzvogt over the ecclesiastical properties in question. In 1262, Selchenbach had a documentary mention, according to which a priest gave the Wörschweiler Monastery some landholds, among them a garden at Selchenbach. At this time, the older line of the Counts of Veldenz were drawing towards their last days. Count Gerlach V was a member of a German delegation that offered King Alfonso X of Castile the German crown during the Great Interregnum, and he died shortly after returning from this mission to his county. Not long before Gerlach's death, his daughter Agnes had been born, and her grandfather, Count Heinrich of Zweibrücken, assumed the regency for her. Count Gerlach V had bequeathed most of his landholds to the Wörschweiler Monastery, which held consequences for Selchenbach, since land in the area around the village had now likewise passed to the monastery. As the Middle Ages went on, the placename Selchenbach cropped up mainly in taxation rolls (mostly the Wörschweiler Monastery's), in Weistümer and also in enfeoffment documents, as for example in one from 1430, according to which Syfrit Bliek von Lichtenberg bestowed upon his wife Katerine von Sötern, among other things from his feudal holdings, “13 Hahnen of the forests at Selchenbach”. This mention makes clear that Selchenbach was then in heavily wooded country. Already by the late 13th century, the family Blick von Lichtenberg had taken over the Vogtei over the Wörschweiler Monastery's ecclesiastical holdings within the County of Veldenz. In the Late Middle Ages, the abbots at the Wörschweiler Monastery and the monastery's Vögte established a Schöffengericht, a court at which Schöffen (roughly “lay jurists”) presided. Freeholders’ rights and duties with regard to the monastery and the Vögte were laid out in a series of Weistümer in 1451, 1458, 1501, 1528 and 1539. In 1444, the County of Veldenz met its end when Count Friedrich III of Veldenz died without a male heir. His daughter Anna wed King Ruprecht's son Count Palatine Stephan. By uniting his own Palatine holdings with the now otherwise heirless County of Veldenz – his wife had inherited the county, but not her father's title – and by redeeming the hitherto pledged County of Zweibrücken, Stephan founded a new County Palatine, as whose comital residence he chose the town of Zweibrücken: the County Palatine – later Duchy – of Palatinate-Zweibrücken. Modern times The village shared a history with the County Palatine of Zweibrücken until that state came to an end with the French Revolution. The Wörschweiler Monastery was dissolved in the Reformation and its whole estate was taken over by the Duchy of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, which then had it administered by a church guardianship. Even as far back as the 15th century, the so-called “Kingdom” posed a problem for Selchenbach and a series of neighbouring villages. The name (Königreich in German) went back to the free Imperial Domain around Kaiserslautern, out of which the Remigiusland had been carved. It was a great swath of land stretching from Marth to Bubach, taking in part of Selchenbach's municipal area, too. In 1451, this tract was held by the Lichtenberg Amtmann Thomas von Contwig, who sold it to the Counts of Nassau-Saarbrücken, who for their part exercised sovereign rights here, which in the time that followed led to disputes between Nassau-Saarbrücken and Zweibrücken. In various Weistümer that were set forth during these disagreements, inhabitants of Selchenbach were mentioned. Only in 1603 were the disputes settled by the State Treaty (Exchange) of Limbach. When the counts palatine (dukes) had the Königreicher Hof (“Kingdom Estate”) built in 1762, they called in all the “Kingdom’s” pledged landholds and then set the Estate up as a hereditary pledged landhold. In the 1588 description of the Oberamt of Lichtenberg by geographer Johannes Hoffmann, the village of Selchenbach, too, is named, specifically in a description of the course of the local brook, although Hoffmann called this “Die große Herchweiler Bach” (große means “great”), and not the Selchenbach as it is known today. Oberselchenbach and Unterselchenbach belonged to different parishes, the former to Niederkirchen and the latter to Konken. During the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), the village was destroyed; only a few inhabitants survived the war. In 1609, Selchenbach had had as many as 62 inhabitants, but the population after the war only once again reached as high as 30 in 1675. More destruction was wrought in King Louis XIV's wars of conquest, whereafter Selchenbach was described as verbrannt (“burnt down”). Recent times At the time of the French annexation of the Rhine’s left bank in Napoleonic times, Selchenbach belonged to the Department of Sarre, the Arrondissement of Birkenfeld, the Canton of Kusel and the Mairie (“Mayoralty”) of Konken. After Napoleon was driven out, Selchenbach remained at first in the Birkenfeld district, but in 1816 it passed to the Kingdom of Bavaria, within which it was grouped into the Bürgermeisterei (“Mayoralty”) of Niederkirchen in 1818. During Bavarian times, Selchenbach, along with six other places in the Oster valley, belonged to the Landcommissariat and Canton of Kusel in this mayoralty. Selchenbach was itself the seat of a mayoralty from 1834 to 1848. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the Nazi Party (NSDAP) became quite popular in Selchenbach. In the 1928 Reichstag elections, 0.7% of the local votes went to Adolf Hitler’s party, but by the 1930 Reichstag elections, this had grown to 24.4%. By the time of the 1933 Reichstag elections, after Hitler had already seized power, local support for the Nazis had swollen to 63.9%. Hitler's success in these elections paved the way for his Enabling Act of 1933 (Ermächtigungsgesetz), thus starting the Third Reich in earnest. The old territorial arrangement lasted until 1947, when several municipalities in the Oster valley were annexed to the Saar protectorate and an area of 297 ha was thereby split away from Selchenbach's municipal area and merged with Marth. Selchenbach, however, remained in the Kusel district. The Königreicher Hof, which hitherto had lain within Selchenbach's limits, was likewise separated from it and grouped into the Saarland. In the course of administrative restructuring in Rhineland-Palatinate in 1969, Selchenbach became a self-administering municipality within the Kusel district and was grouped into the newly formed Verbandsgemeinde of Kusel. Population development A sharp rise in Selchenbach's population is to be noted in the earlier half of the 19th century, levelling off by the middle of the century. This latter phenomenon owes itself mainly to the wave of emigration to North America. This was followed by a steady rise towards the end of the 19th century, although this in turn was followed by a fall in population due mainly to migration to industrial centres in the nearby Saarland. The early 20th century brought yet another rise in population, and then a fall due to the First World War, with further falls in the late 1920s and, of course, in the Second World War. Nowadays, too, a fall in population is taking place, this one due mainly to falling birth rates. More than 90% of Selchenbach's inhabitants are Protestant. The following table shows population development over the centuries for Selchenbach, with some population counts giving a breakdown by religious affiliation: Municipality’s name The placename ending —bach is combined in the municipality's name with the element Salicho, possibly meaning that a Frankish settler by this name founded a settlement here. The current form of the name appears in a 1588 copy of a document from as long ago as 1262. Other forms that the name has taken over time are as follows: Sequebqac (1266), Selkinbach (1487), Seigenbach (1727). Vanished villages A village named Neuhausen once lay south of Selchenbach. It was mentioned in 1381 as Neushusen and might have disappeared sometime about the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th. The name Neuhausen still can still be seen in names given some rural cadastral areas. Religion Selchenbach lay in the Remigiusland, thereby putting it under the authority of the Bishopric of Reims; parts were later owned by the Wörschweiler Monastery. Oberselchenbach, which belonged to the parish of Niederkirchen, had its own, small church, but this was destroyed in the Thirty Years' War, and was never built again. By the traditional rule of cuius regio, eius religio, all the inhabitants had to convert in the days of the Reformation according to their ducal rulers’ demands first to Lutheranism, and then later, in 1588, on Count Palatine Johannes I's orders, to Calvinism. At the turn of the 17th century, Unterselchenbach belonged to the church of Konken, as reflected in its belonging to the lordly domain of the Remigiusberg Monastery. After the Thirty Years' War, religious freedom was theoretically in force, although in practice the great majority of the population remained Protestant (Calvinist or Evangelical). In 1821, Unterselchenbach was transferred to the parish of Niederkirchen, but this arrangement was reverted only two years later. Oberselchenbach was transferred out of the parish of Niederkirchen in 1966 and into the parish of Konken. The village's few Catholics belong to the parish of Kusel. Politics Municipal council The council is made up of 8 council members, who were elected by majority vote at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the honorary mayor as chairman. Mayor Selchenbach's mayor is Dieter Edinger. Coat of arms The German blazon reads: Über einem durch einen silbernen Wellenbalken abgeteilten, grünen Schildfluß in Blau ein schreitendes, silbernes Roß. The municipality's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Azure a horse passant argent on a fess abased wavy of the same below which a base vert. The horse charge in the arms goes back to a customary coat of arms that showed a gold horse on a green field, which itself went back to an old seal borne by the Schultheiß. The arms were approved by the now defunct Regierungsbezirk administration in Neustadt an der Weinstraße in 1983. Culture and sightseeing Monuments Standing at Selchenbach's graveyard, which was laid out in 1843 and has been expanded considerably since, is a mortuary, built in 1970, whose tower houses the village bell. This is rung twice daily, at 11 o’clock in the morning, and also at nightfall. It further tolls upon a villager's death. The warriors’ memorial, likewise at the graveyard, is framed by “graves of honour” with red gravestones. Veterans of either world war could (and still can) have themselves buried in this section. Regular events Selchenbach holds its kermis (church consecration festival, locally known as the Kerwe) on the second weekend in September. At this festival, the village youth decorate a “bouquet” (actually a tree), hold a “bouquet speech” in which the year's events are summarized and then dance the Drei Erschde. Formerly, guild balls were held at Shrovetide (Fastnacht), but this has now been reduced to a children's masquerade ball. At Easter, children hunt for eggs. Older boys and girls going to Confirmation receive from their godparents three white eggs and three colourful ones. On May Day Eve, a tree is decorated. The custom of young men affixing to their beloved a May twig or a bouquet has over the years been lost. The “witches”, though, have kept on making trouble. The custom of the Pfingstquack, too, is still alive (see the Henschtal for more about this). Over the last few years, the custom of Halloween from North America has been making itself felt. On New Year's Eve, the New Year is greeted with firecrackers and rockets. Selchenbach has held its village festival since 1984 on the first weekend in August. Clubs The first club that was founded in Selchenbach was the workers’ club in 1893. According to its charter, its goal was to promote comradeship and the love of the Fatherland for the Kaiser and the Prince Regent through social gatherings, and beyond that, the club was to help any member who found himself in need. This club lasted until 1945. Beginning in 1910, there was a cycling club called “Viktoria” and as of 1920 or 1921, there was a music club. Both ceased activities during the 1930s. After the Second World War, the first new club to arise was the singing club “Liederkranz”, which in 1958 was joined by another singing club called “Harmonie”. Once frictions between the two clubs had built up, they were both dissolved in 1967-1968. Replacing them was a mixed choir, which existed until 1991. Currently, Selchenbach has a countrywomen's club (since 1959), a women's nine-pin bowling club called “Die Harmlosen” (“The Harmless Ones”), a leisure club (since 1979) and a fire brigade promotional association (since 2000). The Oster valley local history and culture club also has members from Selchenbach. Sport and leisure For recreation and leisure, Selchenbach offers good hiking opportunities with circuit paths in the forest and fields, complete with benches for resting. Also appreciated is the shelter “Am Brückerbusch” where grilling can be done. Among public facilities, Selchenbach has a village community centre, which is available for cultural and sporting events. Economy and infrastructure Economic structure Agriculture was the original mainstay of the villagers’ livelihood. With the rise of industry beginning in the 19th century, though, ever more people sought work in it, mainly in the neighbouring Saarland. There were also once mills in the area surrounding the village. One was mentioned as early as the 16th century. In the latter half of that century, a man named Hans Morgen lived in Selchenbach, who ran a mill at the ponds near what later became the Königreicher Hof, and two others in Osterbrücken. About 1600, he built a fourth mill between Oberselchenbach and Unterselchenbach. This mill, right in Selchenbach, was destroyed in the Thirty Years' War, but was built once more after the war, and served on into the 19th century as an oilmill. A further mill stood upstream between Selchenbach and Herchweiler. In the 19th century, Selchenbach was also a mining village. The fields of the Ostergrube and the Grube Leimgraben (mines) reached partly into Selchenbach's municipal area. Coal mining lasted four decades all together at the Karstrech and Ober der Säuwiese (or Off de Hall). Since the coal was of low quality, the mining, which was difficult anyway, was shut down in 1874. Today, Selchenbach is purely a residential community for those who work at a great variety of occupations, most of whom need to commute to and from work. For some years now, because of people's greater mobility, there has been no grocery shop in Selchenbach, and the inns once found in the village have closed. Local people do their shopping in nearby towns such as Kusel, Sankt Wendel and Kaiserslautern. Education After schooling had begun in the local villages in the time of the Reformation, schoolchildren from Oberselchenbach were at first taught in Niederkirchen. In 1725, Oberselchenbach and Unterselchenbach together built their own schoolhouse. When after a century of use this building was no longer up to the task at hand, a new schoolhouse was built, which still stands on Hauptstraße today, although it is now under private ownership. From 1814 to 1854, teaching was imparted by Abraham Heyd, a former soldier in the Napoleonic French army. The school building was converted in 1934, and in 1963-1964, the village got yet another new schoolhouse. In the course of structural reforms, the school was closed in 1971, and the still newish school building was converted into a village community centre in 1985. Today, primary school pupils attend school in Konken, while Hauptschule students go to the Roßberg in Kusel. The district seat is also the location of higher schools, the vocational school and the designated special schools. Transport The village lies right on Bundesstraße 420, which leads from Ottweiler towards Mainz. To the northeast runs the Autobahn A 62 (Kaiserslautern–Trier). The interchange lies 5 km away. The nearest railway stations are Kusel station, terminus of the Landstuhl–Kusel railway served by Regionalbahn service RB 67 (called the Glantalbahn after the old Glan Valley Railway, which shared some of the route), and Sankt Wendel station, which has connections to Mainz, Frankfurt and Saarbrücken. References External links Selchenbach in the collective municipality’s webpages Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate Kusel (district)
4563153	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%20%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B5	Рауль Лое	Рауль Лое (31 січня 1989, Курбевуа) — камерунський футболіст, півзахисник китайського клубу «Шеньсі Чанань». Виступав, зокрема, за клуб «Осасуна», а також національну збірну Камеруну. Клубна кар'єра Народився 31 січня 1989 року в місті Курбевуа. Вихованець юнацьких команд футбольних клубів «Парі Сен-Жермен» та «Бретіньй». У дорослому футболі дебютував 2007 року виступами за команду «Бретінь», в якій провів один сезон. Згодом з 2008 по 2012 рік грав у складі команд «Манчего», «Сеута» та «Осасуна Б». Своєю грою за останню команду привернув увагу представників тренерського штабу клубу «Осасуна», до складу якого приєднався 2011 року. Відіграв за клуб з Памплони наступні чотири сезони своєї ігрової кар'єри. Більшість часу, проведеного у складі «Осасуни», був основним гравцем команди. Протягом 2015—2019 років захищав кольори клубів «Аль-Сайлія», «Осасуна», ЦСКА (Софія) та «Омонія». До складу клубу «Шеньсі Чанань» приєднався 2020 року. Станом на 4 червня 2022 року відіграв за команду із Сіаня 43 матчі в національному чемпіонаті. Виступи за збірну У 2013 році дебютував в офіційних матчах у складі національної збірної Камеруну. У складі збірної був учасником Кубка африканських націй 2015 року в Екваторіальній Гвінеї. Посилання Камерунські футболісти Гравці збірної Камеруну з футболу Гравці кубка африканських націй 2015 Футболісти «Сеути» Футболісти «Осасуни» Футболісти «Аль-Сайлії» Футболісти ЦСКА (Софія) Футболісти «Омонії» Футболісти «Шеньсі Чанань» Камерунські футбольні легіонери Футбольні легіонери в Іспанії Футбольні легіонери в Катарі Футбольні легіонери в Болгарії Футбольні легіонери на Кіпрі Футбольні легіонери в Китаї Уродженці Курбевуа
1196769	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8C%20%28%D0%91%D1%96%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%29	Сирбешть (Біхор)	Сирбешть (Біхор) Сирбешть, Сирбешті — село у повіті Біхор в Румунії. Входить до складу комуни Лунка. Село розташоване на відстані 363 км на північний захід від Бухареста, 76 км на південний схід від Ораді, 90 км на захід від Клуж-Напоки, 127 км на північний схід від Тімішоари. Населення За даними перепису населення 2002 року у селі проживали осіб. Рідною мовою 351 особа (98,9%) назвала румунську. Національний склад населення села: Примітки Села повіту Біхор
15388005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utricularia%20myriocista	Utricularia myriocista	Utricularia myriocista is a medium-sized suspended aquatic carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. myriocista is endemic to South America and can be found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad, and Venezuela. See also List of Utricularia species References Carnivorous plants of South America Flora of Argentina Flora of Bolivia Flora of Brazil Flora of French Guiana Flora of Guyana Flora of Suriname Flora of Trinidad and Tobago Flora of Venezuela myriocista
3202415	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%95%D0%A1%20K%C4%81ngy%C3%A1ng	ГЕС Kāngyáng	ГЕС Kāngyáng (康扬水电站) — гідроелектростанція на півночі Китаю у провінції Цинхай. Знаходячись між ГЕС Zhígǎnglākǎ (вище по течії) та ГЕС Gōngbóxiá, входить до складу каскаду на одній із найбільших річок світу Хуанхе. У межах проєкту звели комбіновану греблю висотою до 47 м та довжиною 1092 м. Більша її частина виконана як насипна споруда із бетонним облицюванням, а праворуч до неї під прямим кутом приєднується бетонний машинний зал. Гребля утримує водосховище з об'ємом 28,8 млн м3 та припустимим коливанням рівня поверхні в операційному режимі між позначками 2031 та 2033 м НРМ (під час повені до 2034 м НРМ). Основне обладнання станції становлять сім бульбових турбін потужністю по 40,8 МВт, які використовують напір у 18,7 м та забезпечують виробництво 992 млн кВт·год електроенергії. Відпрацьована вода прямує по відвідному каналу довжиною 0,8 км, котрий приєднується до річки приблизно за 3 км від греблі. Примітки Kāngyáng Хуаннань-Тибетська автономна префектура
4880443	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urotheca	Urotheca	Urotheca — рід змій родини полозових (Colubridae). Представники цього роду мешкають в Центральній і Південній Америці. Опис Представники роду Urotheca — невеликі змії довжиною до 75 см, що живуть в лісах і на луках Центральної і Південної Америки, від Гондурасу до Венесуели і Еквадору. Вони живляться земноводними, ящірками і безхребетними. Самиці відкладають яйця. Види Рід Urotheca нараховує 8 видів: Urotheca decipiens (Günther, 1893) Urotheca dumerilli (Bibron, 1840) Urotheca fulviceps (Cope, 1886) Urotheca guentheri (Dunn, 1938) Urotheca lateristriga (Berthold, 1859) Urotheca multilineata (W. Peters, 1863) Urotheca myersi Savage & Lahanas, 1989 Urotheca pachyura (Cope, 1875) Етимологія Наукова назва роду Urotheca походить від сполучення слів — хвіст і — спосіб поховання. Примітки Полозові Роди плазунів
3117558	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascovaginospora	Ascovaginospora	Ascovaginospora — рід грибів. Назва вперше опублікована 1997 року. Класифікація До роду Ascovaginospora відносять 1 вид: Ascovaginospora stellipala Поширення та середовище існування Знайдений на мертвих стеблах та листках Carex limosa, зануреної у сфагнові болота у штаті Вісконсин, США. Примітки Джерела Fallah, P.M.; Shearer, C.A.; Chen, W. 1997. Ascovaginospora stellipala gen. et sp. nov. from sphagnum bogs. Mycologia. 89(5):812-818 - P.813 Роди грибів Сордаріальні Гриби США
3263073	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F%29	Паттерсон (Каліфорнія)	Паттерсон (Каліфорнія) Паттерсон — місто в США, в окрузі Станіслаус штату Каліфорнія. Населення — особа (2020). Географія Паттерсон розташований за координатами (37.473445, -121.143985). За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році місто мало площу 15,42 км², уся площа — суходіл. Демографія Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у місті мешкало осіб у домогосподарствах у складі родин. Густота населення становила 1324 особи/км². Було 6328 помешкань (410/км²). Расовий склад населення: До двох чи більше рас належало 5,9 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 58,6 % від усіх жителів. За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 33,8 % — особи молодші 18 років, 59,9 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 6,3 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 29,1 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у місті припадало 101,1 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 98,0 чоловіків також старших 18 років. Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив доларів США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — долар . Медіана доходів становила доларів для чоловіків та доларів для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 21,8 % осіб, у тому числі 30,1 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 10,2 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших. Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: роздрібна торгівля — 19,3 %, освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 15,2 %, виробництво — 12,9 %. Примітки Джерела Міста Каліфорнії Населені пункти округу Станіслаус (Каліфорнія) Населені пункти США, засновані 1909
1430619	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BE-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5	Голямо-Пештене	Голямо-Пештене — село у Врачанській області Болгарії. Входить до складу общини Враца. Населення За даними перепису населення 2011 року у селі проживали осіб. Національний склад населення села: Розподіл населення за віком у 2011 році: Динаміка населення: Примітки Села Врачанської області
3081013	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0	Молекулярна медицина	Молекулярна медицина — це міждисциплінарна галузь медицини й охорони здоров’я, зосереджена на розумінні та застосуванні молекулярних процесів для діагностики, лікування та профілактики захворювань. Вона охоплює вивчення біологічних механізмів на молекулярному рівні, об’єднуючи принципи з різних дисциплін, таких як біологія, генетика, біохімія, біомедицина, біотехнологія та біоінженерія. Молекулярна медицина досліджує, як молекули взаємодіють у клітинах і організмах, розгадуючи заплутані шляхи, що лежать в основі здоров’я та хвороб. Розшифровуючи молекулярну основу захворювань, біомедичні науковці та дослідники можуть розробляти цільову терапію, персоналізовані підходи до медицини та інноваційні діагностичні інструменти. Ця сфера відіграє ключову роль у розвитку охорони здоров’я завдяки використанню передових технологій, таких як оміксні технології, біоінформатика, біосенсори, генетична інженерія. За допомогою цих інструментів вчені можуть аналізувати геном, структури білків, широкий спектр метаболітів і молекулярні сигнальні шляхи, що веде до глибшого розуміння захворювань на молекулярному рівні. Загальні принципи Молекулярна медицина є наріжним каменем сучасної охорони здоров’я, заглиблюючись у складну сферу молекулярних і клітинних процесів, що керують життям. Ця дисципліна розкриває фундаментальні принципи молекулярної біології, досліджує молекулярні шляхи та об’єднує різноманітні наукові сфери, щоб розшифрувати механізми здоров’я та хвороби. Молекулярні та клітинні процеси Генетика та епігенетика У мікроскопічному світі клітин нуклеїнові кислоти та білки є головними архітекторами, що керують клітинними процесами. Нуклеїнові кислоти, зокрема ДНК і РНК, зберігають генетичний код, тоді як білки виконують життєво важливі функції в клітинах. Ця взаємодія молекул формує основу життя. ДНК, основне сховище генетичної інформації, що міститься в клітинному ядрі, проходить низку процесів — транскрипції та трансляції, що завершується синтезом білків. Ця центральна догма пояснює потік генетичної інформації в клітинах, керуючий їх поведінкою та функціями. Генетичний код, представлений кодонами, яким відповідають конкретні амінокислоти, пояснює, як інструкції ДНК транслюються в білкові послідовності. Генетичні мутації, охоплюючі точкові мутації, вставки та делеції можуть порушити цей код, потенційно призводячи до аномальних білків і захворювань. Сукупність всієї генетичної інформації називаються геном, геноміка досліджує весь геном організму, а медична генетика патології геному людини. Різні біотехнологічні й біомедичні методики, такі як генотерапія та редагування геному, дозволяють впливати на геном людини. Крім того, активність певних генів регулюється різними механізмами, зокрема — епігенетичними. Сукупність всіх епігенетичних надстроєк геному називається епігеном. Епігеноміка вивчає епігеном і практичні методики впливу на епігеном, такі як епігенетичне перерпрограмування та . Сигнальні шляхи Клітинна сигналізація організовує динамічну взаємодію між молекулами в клітинах, дозволяючи їм спілкуватися та реагувати на внутрішні та зовнішні сигнали. Ці сигнальні шляхи утворюють складну мережу, сприяючи точним і скоординованим клітинним реакціям, що має вирішальне значення для підтримки здоров’я. Порушення в цих шляхах можуть призвести до збоїв, сприяючи виникненню та прогресуванню різних захворювань. Розуміння та аналіз цих сигнальних механізмів має першорядне значення для розшифровки етіології захворювання та розробки цільових терапевтичних втручань. Деякі з сигнальних шляхів наведені нижче. 1. Шляхи MAPK (протеїнкінази, що активуються мітогенами) (ERK, JNK, p38): Функція: регулюють проліферацію, диференціювання та виживання клітин у відповідь на зовнішні подразники, такі як фактори росту та стрес. Порушення: Онкопатології: аномальна активація призводить до неконтрольованого росту клітин і прогресування пухлини. Неврологічні розлади: змінена сигналізація MAPK, пов’язана з нейродегенеративними станами, такими як хвороба Альцгеймера та Паркінсона. Серцево-судинні захворювання: відіграє роль у гіпертрофії серця та серцевій недостатності. 2. Сигнальний шлях PI3K/AKT/mTOR: Функція: контролює ріст клітин, виживання та метаболізм у відповідь на фактори росту та інсулін. Порушення: Онкопатології: порушення регуляції сприяє проліферації клітин і пригніченню апоптозу. Метаболічні розлади: бере участь у передачі сигналів інсуліну та причетний до метаболічних захворювань, таких як діабет. Неврологічні розлади: причетне до нейродегенеративних станів. 3. : Функція: регулює диференціацію клітин, проліферацію та гомеостаз тканин під час розвитку. Порушення: дисрегуляція, пов’язана з різними видами раку та розладами розвитку. 4. Сигнальний шлях Notch: Функція: бере участь у диференціації та формуванні тканинних структур під час розвитку та гомеостазу. Порушення: дисрегуляція пов’язана з онкопатологіями, розладами розвитку та серцево-судинними захворюваннями. 5.: Функція: регулює ріст клітин, диференціювання та імунні відповіді. Порушення: дисрегуляція, пов’язана з онкопатологіями, фіброзом і захворюваннями, пов’язаними з імунною системою. 6. Сигнальний шлях : Функція: контролює імунні реакції, запалення, виживання клітин і проліферацію. Порушення регуляції, пов’язані з хронічними запальними захворюваннями, автоімунними розладами та деякими видами раку. Міждисциплінарна співпраця Інтеграція дисциплін Молекулярна медицина об’єднує різні наукові дисципліни — біологію, генетику, біохімію, біомедицину, біоінформатику, біотехнологію, біоінженерію — інтегруючи знання, щоб розгадати тонкощі здоров’я та хвороби. Це підкреслює взаємозв’язок цих областей у розумінні молекулярних явищ. Оміксні технології Передові оміксні технології, як-от геноміка, епігеноміка, протеоміка, метаболоміка, транскриптоміка, мікробіоміка та їх мультиоміксна інтеграція, дають дослідникам можливість формувати комплексне та деталізоване уявлення про молекулярні біологічні взаємодії всередині клітин та тканин. Фармакогеноміка та розробка ліків На індивідуальні реакції на ліки впливають генетичні варіації. Фармакогеноміка спрямована на адаптацію терапії на основі геномної структури людини, сприяючи розвитку персоналізованої медицини. Генетична інженерія Генетична інженерія розширює можливості молекулярної медицини, уможливлюючи точні модифікації в генетичному коді, пропонуючи потенціал для виправлення генетичних дефектів, створення терапевтичних білків і розробки інноваційних методів генної терапії та редагування геному, націлених на спадкові захворювання або складні розлади в їх молекулярному корінні. Ця технологія революціонізує стратегії лікування, сприяючи створенню персоналізованих терапій і вдосконалюючи здатність маніпулювати молекулярними шляхами для отримання терапевтичних переваг. Молекулярна діагностика та біосенсори Молекулярні біомаркери є специфічними маяками, що полегшують ранню діагностику захворювання. Різноманітні методики оміксних технологій, такі як секвенування геному чи мас-спектрометрія, довзоляють ідентифікувати біомаркери для діагностики. Біосенсори відіграють ключову роль у молекулярній медицині, виявляючи та кількісно оцінюючи конкретні біологічні молекули або маркери, забезпечуючи точне розуміння молекулярних процесів у живих системах у реальному часі. Ці пристрої полегшують швидку діагностику, персоналізоване лікування та безперервний моніторинг, покращуючи розуміння захворювань і уможливлюючи цілеспрямовані втручання на молекулярному рівні. Наномедицина Наномедицина використовує нанорозмірні матеріали та пристрої для точної діагностики, цільової доставки ліків і терапевтичного втручання на молекулярному рівні в організмі. Завдяки нанорозмірним платформам, таким як наночастинки та нанопристрої, вона забезпечує безпрецедентну точність у лікуванні, підвищує ефективність ліків при мінімізації побічних ефектів, революціонізуючи лікування захворювань у молекулярному масштабі. Біофотоніка Біофотоніка, на стику фотоніки, біології та медицини, революціонізує молекулярну медицину завдяки передовим технологіям на основі світла. Методики біофотоніки дають змогу використовувати такі методи візуалізації з високою роздільною здатністю, як флуоресцентна та конфокальна мікроскопія, полегшують оптичну спектроскопію для молекулярного аналізу та підтримують методи оптичної маніпуляції та біосенсорів для діагностики та терапії, пропонуючи потужний набір інструментів для вивчення та втручання на молекулярному рівні в біологічні системи. Сюди ж відносяться дослідження, що охоплюють оптико-акустичну візуалізацію, оптичну когерентну томографію та дворежимний ультразвук/фотоакустику, що забезпечує глибокий моніторинг тканин і портативне біомедичне зображення. Інші інновації включають плазмонічні екзосомні біосенсори, оптичну ендоскопію з наночастинками та лазерну спектроскопічну техніку для медичної діагностики, що розширює межі діагностики та лікування, наприклад, у рамках лапароскопічної хірургії. Молекулярна хірургія Молекулярна хірургія — це застаріла назва концепції молекулярної медицини, яка передбачає точні, цілеспрямовані втручання на молекулярному рівні для діагностики, лікування або запобігання захворюванням. Під «хірургією» в цьому розумінні малось на увазі процеси, як-от редагування генома чи наномедична доставка ліків. Але крім того, в 2010-х та 2020-х зароджується концепція молекулярної хірургії в контексті хірургії. Наприклад, «молекулярна нейрохірургія» представляє новаторський медичний підхід, що передбачає точне усунення цільових нейронів за допомогою потужних лігандів, які взаємодіють зі специфічними рецепторами, що призводить до вибіркової смерті клітин. Ця процедура, прикладом якої є надпотужні , такі як RTX, спрямовані на нейрони, що експресують TRPV1, пропонує багатообіцяючий шлях для лікування больових станів і потенційно революціонізує лікування онкопатологій шляхом цілеспрямованої елімінації клітин. Див. також Біомедицина Біомедична інженерія Біотехнологія Наномедицина Молекулярна біологія Молекулярна нейронаука Біомолекулярна електроніка Профілактична медицина Персоналізована медицина Медицина Додаткова література Книги Carsten Carlberg, Eunike Velleuer, Ferdinand Molnár (2023). Molecular Medicine: How Science Works (eng). Springer Cham, Springer Nature. с. 700. ISBN 978-3-031-27132-8. Kumar Dhavendra, ред. (2020). Clinical molecular medicine: principles and practice. London, San Diego, Cambridge: Academic Press, Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-809356-6. Серія книг Gene and Cell Therapy (Routledge, 2016-2021+) Журнали Experimental & Molecular Medicine (сайт, Nature Portfolio) Molecular Therapy (сайт, Cell Press, Elsevier) Trends in Molecular Medicine (Cell Press, Elsevier) Journal of Molecular Medicine (Springer) Molecular Aspects of Medicine (Elsevier) Current Molecular Medicine (Bentham Science Publishers) Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine (Cambridge University Press) Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (Wiley-Blackwell) International Journal of Molecular Medicine (Spandidos Publications) Frontiers in Molecular Medicine (Frontiers) Статті Muraoka Takahiro; Ajioka Itsuki (2022). Self-assembling Molecular Medicine for the Subacute Phase of Ischemic Stroke. Neurochemical Research (англ.) 47 (9). doi:10.1007/s11064-022-03638-5. Mayr J. A.; Feichtinger R. G.; Achleitner M. T. та ін. (2021). Molecular medicine: pathobiochemistry as the key to personalized treatment of inherited diseases. (нім.) Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 169 (9). doi:10.1007/s00112-021-01252-3. Orkin Stuart H. (2021). Molecular Medicine: Found in Translation. Med 2 (2). doi:10.1016/j.medj.2020.12.011. Примітки Біомедицина Молекулярна біологія Біотехнології Біомедична інженерія
5084868	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar%20%28%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%29	Jaguar (міноносець)	Jaguar (міноносець) «Ягуар» — військовий корабель, міноносець типу 1924 Кріґсмаріне часів Другої світової війни. «Ягуар» був закладений 4 травня 1927 року на верфі німецької компанії Kriegsmarinewerft Wilhelmshaven у Вільгельмсгафені. 15 березня 1928 року він був спущений на воду, а 15 серпня 1929 року увійшов до складу військово-морського флоту веймарської Німеччини. «Ягуар» був п'ятим міноносцем типу 1924, побудованим на замовлення Рейхсмаріне у другій половині 1920-х років. Міноносець неодноразово патрулював без втручання в перебіг подій за часи громадянської війни в Іспанії наприкінці 1930-х років. Під час Другої світової війни він зіграв другорядну роль у Норвезькій кампанії 1940 року. Наступні кілька місяців «Ягуар» провів у місіях із супроводу мінних загороджувачів, які встановлювали мінні поля, та пошкоджених важких кораблів, що поверталися до портів Німеччини, перш ніж приблизно у вересні його перевели до Франції. З цього періоду брав участь у постановці мінних полів і продовжував це робити до кінця війни. Після переобладнання на початку 1941 року корабель якійсь час діяв у Скагерракі, й у 1942 році повернувся до Франції. «Ягуар» був одним із супроводжувачів капітальних кораблів, що прямували з Франції до Німеччини через Ла-Манш при прориві протокою. Протягом наступних кількох років він супроводжував проривачі блокади, торгові рейдери і підводні човни при їхньому проході через Ла-Манш і Біскайську затоку, а також норвезькі води. Міноносець атакував кораблі союзників під час вторгнення союзників у Нормандію в червні 1944 року, але того ж місяця був потоплений британськими бомбардувальниками в Гаврі. Історія служби Норвезька кампанія На початок Другої світової війни «Ягуар» разом із «Фальке» виконував завдання з патрулювання у Каттегаті та Скагерраку, де затримав шість суден у середині грудня 1939 року. Під час Норвезької кампанії «Ягуар» і «Фальке», серед інших кораблів, ненадовго надали допомогу торпедованому британським підводним човном «Сперфіш» важкому крейсеру «Лютцов», перш ніж продовжити рух до Крістіансанна 11 квітня з підкріпленням. 4–5 червня «Фальке» та «Ягуар» забезпечили протичовновий захист лінійних кораблів «Гнейзенау» і «Шарнгорст» і важкого крейсера «Адмірал Гіппер», що рушили від Кіля до Скаггерака, для спроби перехопити конвої союзників, які евакуйовувалися з Північної Норвегії. З 21 по 23 червня «Ягуар» був одним із ескортів для сильно пошкодженого британським ПЧ «Труантом» «Шарнгорста» на шляху з Норвегії до Кіля. 7–8 серпня, діючи у складі 5-ї флотилії міноносців, «Ягуар», «Кондор», «Фальке», Т2, T7 та T8 супроводжували мінні загороджувачі під час встановлення ними мінного поля в південно-західній частині Північного моря. 14–15 серпня 5-та флотилія міноносців у складі міноносців «Ягуар», «Фальке», «Кондор», «Ілтіс», «Грейф», Т2 і Т3 також прикривала мінні загороджувачі в ході постановки мінного поля в цій частині моря. Флотилія супроводжувала інші мінні місії в тому ж районі 31 серпня — 2 вересня та 6–7 вересня. 8-9 жовтня разом з «Вольфом», флотилія здійснила невдалий рейд на острів Вайт. 11–12 жовтня вони здійснили другий, більш успішний наліт, потопивши два мисливці за підводними човнами Вільної Франції і два британські траулери. «Ягуар» і «Ілтіс» заклали мінне поле біля Дувра 29-30 жовтня, а потім знову 2-3 грудня. Коли союзники почали висадку в Нормандії 6 червня, 5-та флотилія, яка тепер складалася з міноносців «Ягуар», «Фальке», «Мюве» і Т28, кілька разів виходила з Гавра протягом наступного тижня, намагаючись потопити кораблі союзників. Незважаючи на витрати понад 50 торпед і велику кількість боєприпасів, вони були загалом невдалими, лише 6 червня німцям вдалося потопити норвезький есмінець «Свеннер». Під час повітряного нальоту важких бомбардувальників Бомбардувального командування Королівських ПС «Ланкастер» у ніч з 14 на 15 червня на гавань і німецькі військові кораблі, які там знаходилися, «Ягуар» і «Фальке» були потоплені бомбами. Див. також USS Hayter (DE-212) La Combattante (L19) Летучий (есмінець, 1905) Sleipner (1936) Bison (есмінець) Carlo Alberto Racchia Примітки Виноски Джерела Посилання Jaguar German WW2 Torpedo Boats Jaguar Література Haarr, Geirr H. (2010). The Battle for Norway — April–June 1940. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-057-4. Erich Gröner, Dieter Jung [Bearb.]: Die Schiffe der deutschen Kriegsmarine und Luftwaffe 1939—1945 und ihr Verbleib. Bernard & Graefe, Bonn 2000 (9., neu bearb. und erw. Aufl.), ISBN 978-3-7637-6215-6. Міноносці типу 1924 Кораблі 1928 Кораблі, затоплені авіацією Кораблі, побудовані у Вільгельмсгафені
1196118	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%28%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%29	Братка (комуна)	Братка (комуна) Братка — комуна у повіті Біхор в Румунії. До складу комуни входять такі села (дані про населення за 2002 рік): Безня (1403 особи) Братка (1705 осіб) — адміністративний центр комуни Валя-Крішулуй (530 осіб) Даміш (680 осіб) Лореу (503 особи) Поноаре (746 осіб) Комуна розташована на відстані 387 км на північний захід від Бухареста, 54 км на схід від Ораді, 77 км на захід від Клуж-Напоки. Населення За даними перепису населення 2002 року у комуні проживали осіб. Національний склад населення комуни: Рідною мовою назвали: Склад населення комуни за віросповіданням: Посилання Дані про комуну Братка на сайті Ghidul Primăriilor Примітки Комуни повіту Біхор
3411933	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident%20Evil%3A%20Resistance	Resident Evil: Resistance	Resident Evil: Resistance — відеогра у жанрі survival horror, розроблена та видана Capcom 3 квітня 2020 року як мережеве доповнення до Resident Evil 3. Гра розгортається навколо чотирьох вцілілих, які змагаються проти одного ляльковода, який може створювати пастки, ворогів та інші загрози. Події гри розгортаються під час спалаху епідемії в Раккун-Сіті, в ній з'являються деякі персонажі з Resident Evil 2 і 3, проте гра не є каноном у серії. Критики неоднозначно оцінили гру, критикуючи її за незбалансованість, технічні проблеми та відсутність виділених серверів. Сюжет Події гри відбуваються у 1998 році, незадовго до або під час знищення Раккун-Сіті, коли розвідувальний відділ компанії Амбрелла викрав кількох цивільних. Відправлені на об'єкт «NEST2», вони змушені боротися з низкою мутантів за дорученням керівництва Амбрелли, щоб довести ефективність проєкту t-Virus, розробленого компанією. Вцілілі Семюел Джордан — боксер, який був змушений залишити бокс після травми. Він записався на медичне тестування в Umbrella Pharmaceuticals, сподіваючись повернутися до боксу. Натомість його забрали до NEST2 для тестування біоорганічної зброї; Валері Хармон — студентка хімічного факультету Університету Раккун-Сіті. Під час навчання на магістратурі Валері стажувалася в лабораторії NEST2. Вона досліджувала загадкові проблеми з пам'яттю свого сусіда по кімнаті. Вона привернула увагу Амбрелли та була викрадена для участі в експериментах; Тайрон Генрі — пожежник пожежної служби Раккун-Сіті. Він потрапив до NEST2 після того, як прибув на виклик щодо пожежі на об'єкті Амбрелли U.S.A.; Дженвері Ван Сант — хакерка, якій було доручено знайти інформацію про співпрацю між компанією Umbrella U.S.A. та поліцією Раккун-Сіті. Після того, як її викрили, вона була викрадена Амбреллою і привезена до NEST2; Бекка Вулетт — паркова рейнджерка, яка виросла на околиці округу Арклей. Її викликали розслідувати волання біля Мармурової річки. На Бекку напала зграя Церберів, біоорганічної зброї Амбрелли. Вона пережила напад і була доставлена Амбреллою до об'єкта NEST2; Мартін Сендвіч — механік, який працював на неназвану компанію з виробництва медичного обладнання. Під час ремонту в Меморіальній лікарні Спенсера він випадково побачив заховану там дослідницьку лабораторію, яка належала Амбреллі. Згодом його викрали, щоб зробити піддослідним у NEST2; Джилл Валентайн — після того, як керівництво поліції Раккун-Сіті звільнило її через розслідування незаконної діяльності компанії Амбрелла, Джилл починають снитися жахливі «сни», в яких вона та інші вцілілі стикаються з неосяжними жахіттями. Поступово Джилл усвідомлює, що ці кошмари відбуваються насправді. Ляльководи Даніель Фаброн — співробітник розвідувального підрозділу і колега докторки Алекс Вескер. З її допомогою його робота полягає в усуненні загроз для компанії; Алекс Вескер — головна дослідниця, Алекс підбирає піддослідних і проводить експерименти, доповідаючи про свої результати Озвеллу Е. Спенсеру; Аннет Біркін — вірусолог, Аннет Біркін була запрошена Алекс Вескер до команди після значного внеску в дослідження G-вірусу; Озвелл Е. Спенсер — один із засновників компанії Амбрелла, Озвелл Е. Спенсер вперто опирається усвідомленню власної смертності. Він був заінтригований звітами Алекс про мутацію вірусу, що надає надлюдські здібності без зміни фізіології суб'єкта, і вирішив сам взяти участь в експериментах; Микола Зінов'єв — бере участь у цих експериментах виключно з фінансових міркувань. Досвід найманця зробив з нього вправного стрільця та проникливого опортуніста. Навіть якщо вцілілим вдасться вислизнути з його обіймів, невдовзі на них полюватиме невблаганний Немезис. Розробка та випуск Resistance став першим проєктом, розробленим студією . Хоча студія була створена у 2017 році, багато її співробітників раніше працювали над різними проєктами з Capcom, зокрема над . Розробка Resistance розпочалася у 2017 році командою з приблизно 120 осіб, які працювали у двох офісах у Тайбеї та Сучжоу. Ідея створення ляльковода, який використовує камери спостереження для стеження за вцілілими, була натхненна фіксованими ракурсами камер у перших іграх серії Resident Evil. Гра функціонує на власному рушію RE Engine від Capcom. Анонс відбувся на 2019 року під назвою Project Resistance. Бета-версія вийшла для Steam й PlayStation 4 31 березня 2020 року. Resistance вийшла в комплекті з рімейком Resident Evil 3 і була випущена 3 квітня 2020 року, оскільки Capcom вважала, що Resident Evil 3 сама по собі не має достатньо контенту, як рімейк Resident Evil 2. Capcom підтримувала гру додатковими оновленнями та завантажуваним контентом до липня 2020 року. Серед них — надання вцілілим гравцям можливості грати за Джилл Валентайн, новий набір костюмів, який дозволяє вцілілим гравцям переодягнутися в Леона Кеннеді і Клер Редфілд з рімейку Resident Evil 2. В іншому оновленні з'явився персонаж Ніколай Зінов'єв як ляльковод, завдяки якому гравці можуть викликати Немезис та керувати ним. Ніколай розглядався як потенційний персонаж ще на ранніх стадіях розробки. Патч, який зосередився на коригуванні балансу, був випущений 19 червня 2020 року. Підтримка гри завершилася фінальним патчем, випущеним 8 жовтня 2020 року. Рецензії Resistance отримала «змішані або посередні відгуки» від критиків. IGN розкритикували гру за незбалансованість і брак графічного розмаїття. Shacknews критикували гру за погану якість підключення, оскільки вона не має власних виділених серверів. Замість цього, гравець, який грає за ляльковода, є хостом гри, що призводить до того, що гравці, які грають за вцілілих, опиняються залежними від якості з'єднання ляльковода. Окрім того, було зафіксовано велику кількість технічних проблем, які, за словами гравців, робили Resistance майже непридатною до гри. Редактор Wccftech Натан Бірч розкритикував включення в гру мікротранзакцій і лутбоксів. Примітки Відеоігри 2020 Біотероризм у культурі Resistance Відеоігри жанру жахів 2020-х Багатокористувацькі відеоігри Мутанти у мистецтві Покращені ігри для PlayStation 4 Pro Resistance Науково-фантастичні відеоігри Відеоігри про виживання Шутери від третьої особи Відеоігри про зомбі Відеоігри про вірусні епідемії Відеоігри, розроблені в Китаї Відеоігри, розроблені в Тайвані Відеоігри, дія яких відбувається в 1998 Покращені ігри для Xbox One X
64845	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202629	NGC 2629	NGC 2629 Об'єкти NGC Велика Ведмедиця Галактики Астрономічні об'єкти, відкриті 1802
2634234	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D1%80%20%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96	Бесір Демірі	Бесір Демірі (1 серпня 1994, Скоп'є, Північна Македонія) — македонський футболіст, захисник клубу «Маріуполь» і збірної Македонії. Клубна кар'єра Демірі почав професійну кар'єру в клубі «Шкупі» зі свого рідного міста. У 2014 році Бесір перейшов у «Шкендію». 1 березня 2015 року в матчі проти «Тетекса» він дебютував в чемпіонаті Македонії. 24 травня в поєдинку проти столичного «Металурга» Бесір забив свій перший м'яч за «Шкендію». У 2016 році він допоміг команді посісти друге місце в чемпіонаті і виграти Кубок Македонії. На початку 2017 року Демірі перейшов у «Вардар». 19 лютого в матчі проти свого рідного «Шкупі» дебютував за нову команду. За підсумками того ж сезону став з командою чемпіоном Македонії. На початку 2018 року Бесір перейшов в український «Маріуполь». Міжнародна кар'єра 29 травня 2016 року в товариському матчі проти збірної Азербайджану Демірі дебютував за збірну Македонії. У 2017 році в складі молодіжної збірної Македонії взяв участь у молодіжному чемпіонаті Європи в Польщі. На турнірі він зіграв у матчах проти команд Іспанії та Сербії. Досягнення Чемпіон Македонії: 2016/17 Володар Кубка Македонії: 2015/16 Примітки Посилання Македонські футболісти Футболісти за алфавітом Футболісти «Вардара» Футболісти «Шкендії» Футболісти «Маріуполя» Гравці збірної Північної Македонії з футболу Персоналії за алфавітом Народились 1 серпня Народились 1994 Уродженці Скоп'є Спортсмени за алфавітом Македонські футбольні легіонери Футбольні легіонери в Україні Футболісти «Шкупі»
2601522	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%94%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F	Біртяєвське сільське поселення	Біртяєвське сільське поселення — адміністративна одиниця у складі Котельницького району Кіровської області Росії. Адміністративний центр поселення — селище Ленінська Іскра. Історія Станом на 2002 рік на території сучасного поселення існували такі адміністративні одиниці: Біртяєвський сільський округ (село Гостево, селище Ленінська Іскра, присілки Банникови, Бичкови, Біловщина, Біртяєви, Бородіни, Гулини, Жохи, Заложани, Зикови, Ігумново, Кардакови, Кірпикови, Клепикови, Коврови, Костичі, Лагунови, Левичі, Липичі, Наймушини, Овчинята, Омеличі, Парфьонови, Репейник, Селюничі, Ситникови, Спудняки, Токаєви, Тугуни, Урожайна, Фадеєвці, Філичі, Фомичі, Хаустови, Чащини, Шабаліни, Шмаки) Поселення було утворене згідно із законом Кіровської області від 7 грудня 2004 року № 284-ЗО у рамках муніципальної реформи шляхом перетворення Біртяєвського сільського округу. Населення Населення поселення становить 2801 особа (2017; 2777 у 2016, 2822 у 2015, 2824 у 2014, 2829 у 2013, 2843 у 2012, 2905 у 2010, 3096 у 2002). Склад До складу поселення входять 37 населених пунктів: Примітки Поселення Котельницького району
889172	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE	Фламандське мереживо	Фламандське мереживо — різновид мережива, виробленого в бельгійському регіоні Фландрія. Історія Перші мережива з'явилися в Італії в кінці XV — на початку XVI століття. На століття пізніше, в кінці XVI століття мистецтво мережива зародилося й у Фландрії, яка в той час була одним із найбільш економічно і культурно розвинених регіонів Європи. Поступово фламандське мереживо прославилося на весь світ, його купували всі королівські двори Європи. Особливістю фламандських мережив була незвичайна тонкість виробів, оскільки фламандці володіли технологією виробництва дуже тонких ниток. Різновиди мережива Мереживо малін Мереживо типу «малін» (від — «місто Мехелен»), або мехельнське мереживо — одне з найвідоміших фламандських мережив. Цей різновид мережива дуже тонкий, типовим для нього вважаються квіткові мотиви і фон з дрібних шестикутників. Малін найчастіше використовували для оздоблення нічних гарнітурів, манжет і пошиття жабо. Антверпенське мереживо Для мережива, виробленого в Антверпені, типові мотиви з квітковими вазами на тлі дрібних шестикінцевих «зірочок». Антверпенське мереживо подібне до мережива малін, однак трохи грубіше. Брюггське мереживо Основу мережива з міста Брюгге становить безперервно пов'язана тасьма, яку з'єднують при в'язанні в химерний малюнок. Брюггске мереживо нагадує вологодське. Брюссельське мереживо Для брюссельського мережива орнаменти виконувались окремо один від одного, а потім з'єднувалися за допомогою тюлевого фону. Цей вид мережива вважався найдорожчим, навіть дорожче за малін, і мав великий попит за кордоном. Через заборону на ввезення фламандських мережив до Англії, брюссельські мережива ввозили в країну нелегально під виглядом англійських, за рахунок чого другою назвою брюссельського мережива є «англетерр» («Англія»). Особливим різновидом брюссельського мережива є мереживо «дюшесс» («герцогиня»), яке не має фону, а орнаменти з'єднувалися безпосередньо один з одним. Посилання Exploring the Art of Belgian Laces. By JENNIFER MERIN Примітки Мистецтво Бельгії Мереживо
13175302	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venialbo	Venialbo	Venialbo is a municipality located in the province of Zamora, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 502 inhabitants. References Municipalities of the Province of Zamora
63332242	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherntsovo	Cherntsovo	Cherntsovo is a rural locality (a village) in Argunovskoye Rural Settlement, Nikolsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 138 as of 2002. Geography Cherntsovo is located 50 km northwest of Nikolsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. Syrkovo is the nearest rural locality. References Rural localities in Nikolsky District, Vologda Oblast
1568638	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollodorus%20of%20Carystus	Apollodorus of Carystus	Apollodorus of Carystus in Euboea, was one of the most important writers of the Attic New Comedy, who flourished in Athens between 300 and 260 B.C. He is to be distinguished from the older Apollodorus of Gela (342—290), a contemporary of Menander who was also a writer of New Comedy. He wrote 47 comedies and obtained the prize five times. Terence's Hecyra and Phormio were adapted from the Hekyra and Epidikazomenos of Apollodorus. Surviving titles and fragments Amphiareus ("Amphiaraus") Anteuergeton ("Man Who Returns a Kindness") Apokarterountes ("People Starving Themselves to Death") Apoleipousa ("The Woman Who Leaves") Grammateidiopoios ("Maker of Writing Tablets") Diabolos ("The Accuser") Hekyra ("The Mother-In-Law") Ennea ("Nine") Epidikazomenos ("The Claimant") Hiereia ("The Priestess") Proikizomene ("The Woman with a Dowry") or Himatiopolis ("The Female Clothes-Seller") Sphattomene ("The Woman Being Slaughtered") In addition to these twelve plays, there are nine other titles (and associated fragments) which are only credited to "Apollodorus" by the ancient authorities, without specifying whether they were written by Apollodorus of Carystus or Apollodorus of Gela. They are as follows: Adelphoi ("Brothers") Aphanizomenos ("The Disappearing Man") Galatai ("The Galatians") Diamartanon ("The Man Who Is Failing Utterly") Kitharodos ("The Citharode") Lakaina ("The Laconian Woman") Paidion ("The Little Child") Paralogizomenoi ("The Beguiling Men") Synepheboi ("People Who Were Adolescents Together") References "Apollodorus of Carystus". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Ancient Greek dramatists and playwrights Ancient Euboeans 3rd-century BC Greek people New Comic poets Year of birth unknown Year of death unknown People from Karystos Ancient Athenian dramatists and playwrights 3rd-century BC Athenians
2761697	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%20%28%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%29	Відділення (значення)	Відділення (значення) Відділення — найменше штатне військове формування Машинне відділення — технічне приміщення на кораблі Охоронне відділення — назва місцевих органів департаменту поліції МВС, які здійснювали політичний розшук у Російській імперії Поштове відділення — об'єкт поштового зв'язку, який здійснює прийом, сортування, відправку, обробку і доставку пошти Див. також Відділ Ізоляція Сепаратизм
61879878	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shumikha%2C%20Altai%20Krai	Shumikha, Altai Krai	Shumikha, Altai Krai Shumikha is a rural locality (also called a selo) in Togulsky Selsoviet, Togulsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 77 as of 2013. There are 6 streets. Geography Shumikha is located on the Togul River, 27 km north of Togul (the district's administrative centre) by road. Novoiushino is the nearest rural locality. References Rural localities in Togulsky District
20883049	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerino%20Gottardi	Guerino Gottardi	Guerino Gottardi (born 18 December 1970) is a Swiss former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He also holds Italian nationality. Career Born in Bern, Gottardi began his career in Switzerland with BSC Young Boys. After joining Italian club Lazio in 1995 from Swiss side Neuchâtel Xamax, Gottardi was often used as a "supersub" and was instrumental in Lazio's 1997–98 Coppa Italia victory. With Lazio losing 2–0 on aggregate, Gottardi came off the bench to win a penalty, and then score before Alessandro Nesta's winner gave Lazio a 3–2 aggregate victory over A.C. Milan in the final. Gottardi is also remembered for an outstanding performance against cross-city rivals Roma when he scored in the final minute of their second leg Coppa Italia clash, giving Lazio their third consecutive win against their arch rivals in the 1998–99 season. Honours Lazio Serie A: 1999–2000 Coppa Italia: 1997–98, 1999–2000, 2003–04 Supercoppa Italiana: 1998, 2000 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1998–99 UEFA Super Cup: 1999 References 1970 births Living people Footballers from Bern Italian men's footballers Swiss men's footballers Swiss people of Italian descent Men's association football defenders BSC Young Boys players Neuchâtel Xamax FCS players SS Lazio players Swiss Super League players Serie A players
1517575	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%20%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BE	Орден Сантьяго	Орден Сантьяго, або Духовно-лицарський орден Сантьяго де Компостелла, або Великий військовий орден Меча святого Якова Компостельського — католицький військово-чернечий орден, заснований у 1169 році в Касересі. Це один з чотирьох найбільших іспанських військових орденів, інші три — Монтеса, Калатрава і Алькантара. Заснування ордену Орден зародився в Касересі — фортеці на півдні Піренейського (Іберійського) півострова в 1158 році. Але орден Сантьяго, на відміну від інших орденів Іберійського півострова, мав з тамплієрами особливий зв'язок, бо був заснований, як і орден храму, спеціально для охорони прочан, які прямували для поклоніння чесним мощам Святого Апостола Якова (Зеведеєвого) в Галісії, і самих мощей, водночас надаючи паломникам і прочанам госпітальєрські послуги. У 1171 році «брати з Касереса» зобов'язалися захищати володіння архієпископа Компостели. Натомість отримали право носити прапор святого Якова та користуватися заступництвом цього святого, а також прийняли назву лицарів Меча святого Якова — Сантьяго. Незабаром орден почав будувати шпиталі (будинки прочан) і надавати озброєний конвой для забезпечення безпечного проходження паломників в дорозі. Особливості статуту У 1175 році папа Олександр III затвердив Орден Сантьяго. У 1281 році до складу ордену входить Орден Святої Марії Іспанської (або Орден Зірки), колись орден для морських боїв. Відмінною рисою ордену Сантьяго є право одружених лицарів бути повноправними членами ордену. Орден Сантьяго прийняв статут августинців, який є більш м'яким, ніж статут бенедиктинців. Статут ордена Сантьяго був найменш аскетичним і найменш обтяжливим для його членів з усіх статутів іберійських духовно-лицарських орденів. Брати ордена слідували правилам гуртожиткового монастирського статуту і постійно вдавалися до релігійних вправ, але вони були звільнені від обов'язкових чернечих обітниць цнотливості (їм дозволялося одружуватися — завдяки цій вільності орден швидко ріс, незабаром перевершивши в чисельності інші ордени) і нестяжання (їм було дозволено володіти особистим майном). Однак після смерті члена ордену Сантьяго все його майно переходило не до його вдови й дітей, а у володіння ордену, який брав на себе зобов'язання дбати про сім'ю покійного орденського брата. У XII столітті орден поєднував і чисто чернечі обов'язки (супровід та влаштування на нічліг паломників), і військові, пов'язані з охороною прочан і власних володінь. Умови прийняття до ордену Морські походи ордену, для яких були необхідні веслярі на галери, породили своєрідний звичай: кандидати в лицарі повинні були відслужити півроку веслярами; більшість, однак, воліли відкуповуватися від цієї повинності. Кандидати в члени ордену повинні були підтвердити шляхетність походження всіх своїх дідів і бабок; на ділі, дворянство батька було достатньою умовою. Військова діяльність ордену Орден Сантьяго, нарівні з духовно-лицарськими орденами, брав участь у війнах з мусульманами (Реконкісті). Лицарі охороняли кордон від маврів, причому зазвичай діяли самостійно, борючись проти невірних на свій власний розсуд і не зважаючи при цьому на мирні угоди, укладені з маврами королем Арагона, на території котрого знаходилась резиденція магістра лицарів Сантьяго. Таким чином, лицарі Сантьяго не вважали обов'язковим для свого ордену дотримання угод, укладених світською владою з мусульманами. У ході свого динамічного розвитку, що відбувався протягом наступних десятиліть, орден Сантьяго швидко ріс, обзаводячись новими землями і замками, причому не тільки на Іберійському півострові, але і у Франції, Італії, Святій Землі, Англії, Угорщини і навіть Польщі. Штаб-квартира ордену була розташована в Арагонському замку Монтальбан. До середини XIII століття орден Сантьяго здобув собі широку популярність і гучну славу у всьому Середземномор'ї, від Португалії до Анатолії. Символізм емблеми ордену Знаком приналежності до Ордену Святого Апостола Якова і Меча спочатку було червоне зображення меча (ісп.: «Еспада») з хрестоподібною рукояткою вістрям вниз, але згодом його змінив червоний лілієподібний хрест з нижнім кінцем у формі леза меча. Меч був доданий до Орденського хреста лицарів Сантьяго в пам'ять про мучеництво Святого Апостола Якова, сина Якова, який проповідував Слово Боже в Іспанії під владою стародавніх римлян і помер від меча тамтешніх язичників (за іншою версією, Святий Апостол Яків Зеведеїв прийняв мученицьку смерть не в Іспанії, а в Палестині, звідки тіло святого було чудесним чином по морю доставлено в Іспанію). Згодом червоний меч на орденському гербі був переосмислений зі знаряддя страти Апостола в символ збройної боротьби християн з невірними, і образ Святого Якова набув у іспанському і португальському фольклорі чимало рис, які ріднять його зі Святим Великомучеником і Змієборцем Георгієм. Звичайна іберійська іконографія Святого Якова зображує Апостола в образі «винищувача маврів» («Сантьяго Матаморос») — грізного бородатого вершника на білому коні, у плащі, з паломницькою раковиною на капелюсі, прапором з орденським хрестом у лівій руці й занесеним мечем — у правій. Під ногами Якова — тіла мусульман. Особливості орденського одягу У лицарів — білі «тамплієрські» плащі та білі накидки-сюрко (довжиною трохи нижче коліна, без рукавів і зазвичай з розрізами в передній і задній частині). І на тому, і на іншому — зображення червоного хреста Сантьяго (червоного меча-«Еспада»). У сержантів — чорні плащі та чорні накидки-сюрко (довжиною трохи нижче коліна, без рукавів і зазвичай з розрізами в передній і задній частині). І на тому, і на іншому — зображення червоного хреста Сантьяго. У Великого Пріора обов'язковим елементом одягу є біла відлога поверх білої накидки-сюрко, а також білий плащ, обов'язковий для всіх братів. На плащі і накидці — зображення червоного хреста Сантьяго. У капеланів — аналогічний одяг, тільки чорного кольору. Див. також Орден Калатрави Орден Алькантари Орден Монтеси Посилання Noticia del Archivo General de la Militar Orden de Santiago que existe en su convento de Uclés La Orden de Santiago La cruz de Santiago Лицарські ордени Середньовічна Іспанія Засновані 1158 1158 у християнстві
30355276	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Redkach	Ivan Redkach	Ivan Redkach (born 11 March 1986) is a Ukraine professional boxer. Professional career On 7 January 2011 Redkach fought and beat Jaime Orrantia by third-round knockout in Fairfield, California. On 1 June 2019, he scored one of the biggest wins of his career, over former world champion Devon Alexander. In the sixth round, Redkach connected with a left-hand to floor Alexander for the first time in the bout. He managed to drop Alexander two more times in the round, with the third knockdown also being the last of the fight, forcing the referee to stop the fight. In his next fight, he faced another former world champion in Danny García. The fight didn't include a lot of action, however, despite that García looked like the clear winner, hurting Redkach late in the fifth, and cutting him in the seventh round. During the eighth round, Redkach bit García on the shoulder while allegedly saying "Mike Tyson" to García during the process. The judges awarded García a unanimous decision victory, scoring the fight 118–110, 117–111 and 117–111 in favor of the former champion. Following his fight against Garcia, Redkach took on Regis Prograis on April 17, 2021 in Atlanta. In the sixth round, Prograis landed a glancing blow to Redkach’s kidney area. Redkach responded by dropping to the canvas holding his groin as if Prograis had hit him below the belt. The fight was stopped due to the punch, and because the ruling by referee Jim Morb was that it was due to an accidental low blow, a technical decision was rendered and Prograis was declared the winner. Prograis protested the decision, saying that he knocked out Redkach, and after an appeal the decision was changed from a technical decision to a technical knockout defeat for Redkach. Professional boxing record References External links Ivan Redkach - Profile, News Archive & Current Rankings at Box.Live Official telegram Group https://www.instagram.com/ivan_redkach_11?igsh=YTQwZjQ0NmI0OA%3D%3D&utm_source=qr https://t.me/Redkach_Ivan 1986 births Lightweight boxers Living people Ukrainian male boxers People from Shostka Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in the United States Sportspeople from Sumy Oblast
70710324	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eotypotherium	Eotypotherium	Eotypotherium is an extinct genus of mammal, belonging to the suborder Typotheria. It lived during the Early Miocene. Its fossilized remains were discovered in the Chucal Formation, in the Chilean altiplano, near the Salar de Surire, in South America. Etymology The name Eotypotherium is composed of the greek prefix "Eo-", meaning "dawn", and of the suffix "-typotherium", an invalid name for the genus Mesotherium, which gave its name to the suborder Typotheria. This name was given due to the relative antiquity of this taxon compared to other Mesotheriidae. Description The genus is known from various remains of small-sized skulls, with the notable absence of a well-developed zygomatic plate. The first upper incisor presents a groove in its lingual part. Holotype The holotype, SGOPV 5157, held by the Chilean National Museum of Natural History in Santiago de Chile, includes the right half of a face, with the maxilla and the right zygomatic arch. References Typotheres Miocene mammals of South America Neogene Chile Fossils of Chile Fossil taxa described in 2004 Prehistoric placental genera
3773731	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquila%20%281917%29	Aquila (1917)	Aquila (1917) «Аквіла» — лідер ескадрених міноносців ВМС Італії першої половини XX століття однойменного типу. Історія створення Корабель був замовлений Румунією у 1913 році і отримав назву «Vigor». Закладений 11 березня 1914 року на верфі «Cantieri Pattison» в Неаполі. Зі вступом Італії у Першу світову війну недобудований корабель був реквізований ВМС Італії і перейменований на «Аквіла». Спущений на воду 26 липня 1916 року, вступив у стрій 8 лютого 1917 року. У складі ВМС Італії класифікувався як «легкий крейсер-розвідник». Історія служби У складі ВМС Італії В ніч з 14 на 15 травня 1917 року австро-угорські кораблі намагались прорвати блокаду протоки Отранто та перехопити італійський конвой в Албанію. О 5:30 ранку італійські есмінці «Аквіла», «Карло Альберто Раккія», «Інсідіозо», «Імпавідо», «Індоміто», крейсер «Марсала», а також британські крейсери «Ліверпуль» та «Дартмот» вирушили з Бріндізі, і о 7:45 були помічені австро-угорськими есмінцями «Чепель» та «Балатон». О 8:10 «Аквіла» з одним з есмінців відкрили вогонь по ворожих кораблях. Вони пошкодили есмінець «Балатон», але незабаром «Аквіла» також був уражений ворожим снарядом, який вибухнув в котельному відділені. Внаслідок вибуху загинули 7 моряків, корабель втратив хід]. Близько 9 години ранку австро-угорські крейсери «Гельголанд», «Сайда» і «Новара», переслідувані британо-італійським флотом, проходили неподалік знерухомленого «Аквіла», але есмінці та крейсери зайняли позицію між ним та ворожими кораблями. Після закінчення бою «Аквіла» був відбуксирований в порт. У ніч з 4 на 5 жовтня 1917 року «Аквіла» та «Карло Альберто Раккія» підтримували повітряний наліт на Котор. 19 жовтня того ж року «Аквіла» разом з однотипним есмінцем «Спарвіеро», британськими крейсерами «Глостер» і «Ньюкасл», італійськими есмінцями «Індоміто», «Антоніо Мосто», «Джузеппе Міссорі», а також французькими «Командан Рів'єр», «Біссон» і «Командан Борі» вирушили з Бріндізі для переслідування групи австро-угорських кораблів (крейсер «Гельголанд», есмінці «Ліка», «Тріглав», «Татра», «Чепель», «Ор'єн», «Балатон»), які вирушили з Котору для атаки італійських конвоїв. «Гельголанд» і «Ліка», не зустрівши конвоїв, вирушили до Бріндізі, щоб виманити італійські кораблі в зону дії своїх підводних човнів. Після тривалого переслідування італійські кораблі повернулись у свій порт. 28 листопада есмінці «Спарвіеро», «Аквіла», «Анімозо», «Арденте», «Ардіто», «Джузеппе Чезаре Абба», «Джованні Ачербі», «Вінченцо Джованні Орсіні», «Аудаче», «Джузеппе Сірторі» і «Франческо Стокко» вирушили з Венеції для переслідування австро-угорської ескадри у складі есмінців «Штрайтер», «Гусар», «Дукла» та 4 міноносців, яка обстріляла залізницю поблизу гирла річки Метауро. Італійські кораблі розпочали переслідування, але наздогнали ворожі кораблі занадто близько до Поли. 10 березня 1918 року есмінці «Аквіла», «Джузеппе Сірторі», «Франческо Стокко», «Арденте» і «Ардіто» прикривали атаку торпедних катерів на порт Бакар. 5 вересня 1918 року есмінці «Спарвіеро», «Ніббіо», та «Аквіла» супроводжували міноносці «8 PN» і «12 PN», які мали атакувати австро-угорські судна поблизу Дураццо. 2 жовтня «Спарвіеро», «Ніббіо» і «Аквіла» разом з іншими кораблями патрулювали поблизу Дураццо на випадок контратаки ворожого флоту та обстрілу міста, де перебували італійські та британські війська. У 1927 році корабель був модернізований, п'ять 152-мм гармат були замінені на чотири 120-мм. У складі ВМС Іспанії У жовтні 1937 року, під час громадянської війна в Іспанії, корабель (разом з однотипним «Спарвіеро», який отримав назву «Сеута») був переданий франкістам, але офіційно це було оформлено 6 січня 1939 року. У складі ВМС Іспанії корабель отримав назву «Мелілья». У 1938 році корабель був перекласифікований в есмінець Він займався в основному ескортом кораблів. У 1938 році «Мелілья» разом з есмінцем «Сеута» і крейсером «Канаріас» взяв участь в бою проти есмінця республіканців «José Luis Diaz». Після закінчення війни «Мелілья» використовувався як навчальний корабель. У 1950 році корабель був виключений зі складу флоту і зданий на злам. Посилання Ескадрений міноносець «Аквіла» на сайті www.marina.difesa.it Література Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1906—1921. — London: Conway Maritime Press, 1985. — ISBN 0 85177 245 5 Примітки Ескадрені міноносці типу «Аквіла» Кораблі 1916 Ескадрені міноносці Італії часів Першої світової війни Кораблі, побудовані в Неаполі
19603	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8E%D1%85%D0%B0%20%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0	Синюха блакитна	Синюха блакитна, синюха голуба, синюха звичайна (Polemonium caeruleum) — рослина родини синюхових (Polemoniaceae). Опис Багаторічна трав'яниста рослина. Стебло високе, до 1 м заввишки, самотнє. Листки чергові: нижні — черешкові, верхні — сидячі, непарнопірчасті, які складаються з 17—21 продовгувато-яйцеподібних загострених листочків. Квітки великі, п'ятироздільні, зібрані в китицю. Привабливого блакитного, іноді білястого кольору, хоча трапляються й зовсім білі. Нектарники розміщені з внутрішнього боку в основі пелюсток. Цвіте рослина на другому році життя, з кінця травня по липень. Виділяє багато нектару і пилку. Через гарний колір квітів, тривале цвітіння та лікарські властивості можна вирощувати у квітниках. Кореневища товсті, корені надто густі, ниткоподібні, жовто-бурого кольору, іноді білуваті. Цвіте в другій половині літа синіми або ліловими квітами. Росте синюха блакитна на лісових галявинах, вологих луках, по берегах річок, стариць, у долинах. Поширена на Поліссі та в Лісостепу. Уведена у культуру. Отруйна для худоби. Сировина Для медичного застосування використовують стебла, квітки й листя (збирають під час цвітіння), а також кореневища з коренями рослини, які викопують або рано навесні або пізно восени. Їх ретельно миють холодною водою, подрібнюють і сушать у теплих просторих приміщеннях, які добре провітрюються. Зберігають у щільній паперовій тарі. Синюха — потужне рослинне заспокійливе. Росте на лісових галявинах, берегах річок, вкритих лісом схилах гір та серед чагарників. Хімічний склад У кореневищах і коренях синюхи блакитної знайдені тритерпенові сапоніни (20—30 %), смола (1,28 %), органічні кислоти, жирні та леткі олії, ліпіди, білки, крохмаль. Дія, застосування Відхаркувальна, седативна, гіпохолестеринемічна, протисудомна. Препарати синюхи блакитної застосовують для лікування гострих та хронічних запальних захворюваннях верхніх дихальних шляхів, туберкульозу, при нервово-психічних потрясіннях; загальному атеросклерозі, а також кардіо- та церебросклерозах, епілепсії, тетанії, виразковій хворобі шлунку та дванадцятипалої кишки. Медичне застосування Синюха застосовується при захворюваннях верхніх дихальних шляхів як відхаркувальний засіб, а також як заспокійливе при різного роду нервових і психічних захворюваннях. Це найефективніший фітотерапевтичний засіб при безсонні. Корінь цієї рослини викопують у вересні. Протипоказана синюха при підвищеному згортанні крові. Настій синюхи Готування: залити 6—8 г здрібнених корінь рослини 1 склянкою окропу, настояти 2 години. Застосування: пити по 1 ст. ложці 3—5 разів у день після їжі. Відвар синюхи Готування: залити 3—6 г коріння 1 склянкою гарячої води, кип'ятити 20—30 хвилин. Застосування: пити по 1 ст. ложці 3—5 разів у день після їжі. Див. також Список дикорослих корисних рослин України Джерела Посилання СИНЮХА //Фармацевтична енциклопедія Товстуха Євген Фітоетнологія українців Примітки Синюхові Лікарські рослини Багаторічні рослини Рослини, описані 1753
110800	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendon%2C%20Illinois	Mendon, Illinois	Mendon, Illinois Mendon is a village in Adams County, Illinois, United States. The population was 872 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Quincy, IL–MO Micropolitan Statistical Area. The village is named after Mendon, Massachusetts. History Mendon was platted in 1833 under the name of Fairfield. However, there was another Fairfield in Illinois, so the village name was changed to Mendon. Geography Mendon is located at (40.088241, -91.284458). According to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Mendon has a total area of , all land. The community is in northwest Adams County on Illinois Route 61. Illinois Route 336 passes approximately one-half mile to the east. Quincy is eleven miles to the south-southwest. The headwaters of Ursa Creek arise southeast of the community and it flows to the west passing the south side of the community. Demographics As of the 2020 census there were 872 people, 394 households, and 287 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 376 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 95.41% White, 0.69% from other races, and 3.90% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.57% of the population. There were 394 households, out of which 40.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.38% were married couples living together, 12.94% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.16% were non-families. 26.14% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.23% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.16 and the average family size was 2.62. The village's age distribution consisted of 29.6% under the age of 18, 3.9% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 21% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.7 males. The median income for a household in the village was $56,000, and the median income for a family was $73,750. Males had a median income of $39,167 versus $30,268 for females. The per capita income for the village was $23,663. About 7.7% of families and 8.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.9% of those under age 18 and 8.6% of those age 65 or over. Registered Historic Places Lewis Round Barn References External links Village of Mendon official website Early history of Mendon, Illinois Villages in Adams County, Illinois Quincy, Illinois micropolitan area Villages in Illinois 1833 establishments in Illinois Populated places established in 1833
669169	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-bellied%20paradise%20flycatcher	Red-bellied paradise flycatcher	Red-bellied paradise flycatcher The red-bellied paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone rufiventer), also known as the black-headed paradise flycatcher, is a medium-sized passerine bird of the family of monarch flycatchers. It is native to intra-tropical forests of Africa. The male bird is about long and has a black head, a mainly chestnut body, and a tail with streamers nearly twice as long as the body. The colouring is somewhat variable across the bird's range. Both females and juveniles lack the tail streamers and are a duller brown colour. It is closely related to the African paradise flycatcher, and the two can hybridise. Taxonomy and systematics The name "red-bellied paradise flycatcher" is also used as an alternate name for Bedford's paradise flycatcher. Subspecies Ten subspecies are recognized: T. r. rufiventer - (Swainson, 1837): Found in Senegal, Gambia and western Guinea T. r. nigriceps - (Hartlaub, 1855): Originally described as a separate species. Found from Sierra Leone and Guinea to Togo and south-western Benin Fagan's paradise-flycatcher (T. r. fagani) - (Bannerman, 1921): Originally described as a separate species. Found in Benin and south-western Nigeria Ashy-tailed paradise-flycatcher (T. r. tricolor) - (Fraser, 1843): Originally described as a separate species. Found on Bioko (Gulf of Guinea) Cameroon ashy-tailed paradise-flycatcher (T. r. neumanni) - Stresemann, 1924: Found from south-eastern Nigeria to northern Angola T. r. schubotzi - (Reichenow, 1911): Originally described as a separate species. Found in south-eastern Cameroon and south-western Central African Republic T. r. mayombe - (Chapin, 1932): Found in Congo and western Democratic Republic of Congo T. r. somereni - Chapin, 1948: Found in western and southern Uganda Uganda black-headed paradise-flycatcher (T. r. emini) - Reichenow, 1893: Originally described as a separate species. Found in south-eastern Uganda, western Kenya and north-western Tanzania Fiery paradise-flycatcher (T. r. ignea) - (Reichenow, 1901): Originally described as a separate species. Found in eastern Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, north-eastern Angola and north-western Zambia Until 2009, the Annobón paradise flycatcher was classified as a subspecies (T. r. smithii) of the Red-bellied paradise flycatcher. Description The adult male of this species is about 17 cm long, but the long tail streamers nearly double the birds length. It has a black head, and the rest of the plumage is chestnut, other than a prominent black wingbar. The female is duller and lacks the tail streamers. Young birds are plain brown. The males show considerable variation in plumage in some areas. There is a morph of this species in which the male has the chestnut parts of the plumage replaced by white, and some races have black tail streamers. The red-bellied paradise flycatcher is a noisy bird with a sharp zweet call. It has short legs and sits very upright whilst perched prominently, like a shrike. It is insectivorous, often hunting by flycatching. The black-bellied African paradise flycatcher, Terpsiphone viridis, is closely related to this species, and hybrids occur with the underparts a mixture of black and red. Distribution and habitat The red-bellied paradise flycatcher is a common resident breeder in tropical western Africa south of the Sahara Desert. This species is usually found in thick forests and other well-wooded habitats. Two eggs are laid in a tiny cup nest in a tree. References Birds of The Gambia by Barlow, Wacher and Disley, red-bellied paradise flycatcher Birds of the Gulf of Guinea Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa red-bellied paradise flycatcher
19013502	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciechanki%20Krzesimowskie	Ciechanki Krzesimowskie	Ciechanki Krzesimowskie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łęczna, within Łęczna County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Łęczna and east of the regional capital Lublin. References Ciechanki Krzesimowskie
632642	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BD	Віцан	Віцан або Віцлав II (Wican, Wicon, Wiczan, в давніших джерелах Wilkomir чи Wilczan, , Wizzin, Widin, Witsidus) — перший верховний князь Ободрицького союзу, один із творців ободрицько-франкського перемир'я. Ймовірно був сином Аріберта II. Був васалом Карла I Великого, перший раз згадується в 789 році. Влітку того ж року на чолі свого племені допомагав Карлові громити лютичів-велетів, регулярні напади яких на землі ободритів очевидно і послужили тому причиною. Вбитий саксами на переправі через ріку Лабу, коли їхав на збірний пункт військ свого союзника Карла Великого в Бардовіку, з метою взяти участь у придушенні антифранкського повстання саксів. Похований у 795 році в місті Глюні, зараз це німецьке місто Люнебург. Див. також Ободрицькі князі Джерела Gerard Labuda, Wican [w:] Słownik Starożytności Słowiańskich, t. VI, Wrocław 1980, ISBN 83-04-00080-6 (całość), s.415 Henryk Łowmiański, Początki Polski, t. V, Warszawa 1973, s. 252 Adam Turasiewicz, Dzieje polityczne Obodrzyców: od IX wieku do utraty niepodległości w latach 1160–1164, Kraków 2004, ISBN 83-88508-65-2, s. 43—45 Kazimierz Wachowski, Słowiańszczyzna zachodnia, Poznań 2000, (Wznowienia, t. 6), ISBN 83-7063-271-8, , s. 58, 69, 71, 104 Князі ободритів Західнослов'янські князі і вожді
60065512	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd%20Guards%20Tank%20Division	42nd Guards Tank Division	42nd Guards Tank Division The 42nd Guards Priluki Order of Lenin Red Banner Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky Tank Division (Military Unit Number 29410) was an armoured division of the Soviet Ground Forces, active from 1957 to 1990. The division was formed with the Western Front in July 1942 from the 1st Guards Red Banner Rifle Brigade as the 1st Guards Red Banner Rifle Division. The division in the process of formation was temporarily called the '1st Guards Red Banner Rifle Division' (formed 1942) from July 6, 1942 to September 13, 1942. Units of the division included the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Guards Rifle Regiments. On 13 September 1942 the division became the 42nd Guards Red Banner Rifle Division. On 1 October 1942 it was part of the Western Front reserves; by 1 November 1942 it had been shifted into 20th Army, seemingly as part of the Battles of Rzhev. It eventually fought at Stalingrad, Kursk, Kiev, Iasi, and Budapest; gained the 'Prilukskaya' honorific 13 February 1944 after the liberation of Pryluky; and it was serving with the 1st Guards Cavalry-Mechanized Group of the 2nd Ukrainian Front at the end of the war in May 1945. The division also served with the 5th; 31st; 5th Guards; 40th Army (September — November 1943 and December 1943 — March 1945); and the 53rd Armies by the end of the war. The 42nd Gv Tank Division was formed from the 42 GRD on 4 June 1957 at Hvardiiske, Dnepropetrovsk Oblast. The town was established around the unit's base in 1957, and named for the Guards designation of the division. It was part of the 6th Guards Tank Army throughout its existence. The division became the 6299th Base for Storage of Weapons and Equipment (VKhVT) on 1 September 1990; probably actually the 6299th Guards VKhVT. References Further reading External links 42 гв. сд Действующая армия. Перечни войск. Perechni № 5. Includes Guards Rifle Divisions (Part II) 42-я гв. Прилукская стрелковая дивизия 42 ГВАРДЕЙСКАЯ СТРЕЛКОВАЯ ДИВИЗИЯ 42-я гв. сд КВО 6-я армия Tank divisions of the Soviet Union Military units and formations established in 1957 Military units and formations disestablished in 1990
2900019	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2%20%28%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%A9%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%29	Юзефкув (гміна Щавін-Косьцельни)	Юзефкув (гміна Щавін-Косьцельни) Юзефкув — село в Польщі, у гміні Щавін-Косьцельни Ґостинінського повіту Мазовецького воєводства. Населення — (2011). У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Плоцького воєводства. Демографія Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року: Примітки . Села Ґостинінського повіту
3778719	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%20%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80	Міхаель Кречмер	Міхаель Кречмер (7 травня 1975, Герліц, НДР) — німецький політик, член ХДС, прем'єр-міністр федеральної землі Саксонії (з 2017), прихильник співпраці з Росією. Життєпис У 1991 році закінчив середню школу Герліца, у 1995 — пройшов курс навчання роботі із офісним електронним обладнанням, у 1998 році закінчив Школу додаткової освіти, у 2002 році отримав диплом інженера-економіста в Університеті прикладних наук в Дрездені. З 2002 по 2017 роки — депутат Бундестагу. 1 грудня 2004 року став тимчасово виконуючим обов'язки генерального секретаря саксонського відділення Християнсько-демократичного союзу, 23 квітня 2005 року обійняв цю посаду на постійній основі. З 2009 по 2017 роки очолював партійну фракцію в Бундестазі. 9 грудня 2017 року обраний головою саксонської організації ХДС. У вересні 2017 року на федеральних парламентських виборах до Бундестагу у виборчому окрузі району Герліц (Саксонія) поступився на виборах представнику партії АдН . Прем'єр-міністр Саксонії 18 жовтня 2017 року Станіслав Тілліх оголосив про свою відставку з посади голови Саксонії та запропонував Кречмеру замінити його. На голосуванні 13 грудня 2017 року 69 зі 122 депутатів саксонського ландтагу проголосували за затвердження Кречмера на посаді прем'єр-міністра. 28 серпня 2022 року посол України в Німеччині Андрій Мельник повідомив, що скасував запрошення прем'єра Саксонії до України через його заклики про замороження війни та переговорів з Путіним. У січні 2023 Кречмер висловився за ремонт газопроводу Північний потік та відновлення поставок російського газу. Примітки Посилання Michael Kretschmer, CDU на порталі Саксонського ландтагу Michael Kretschmer, CDU/CSU на порталі Бундестагу Члени Християнсько-демократичного союзу Німеччини Випускники Дрезденського технічного університету Міністри-президенти Саксонії Прихильники російської агресії проти України Політики — прихильники російської агресії проти України Фігуранти бази «Миротворець»
12540093	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi%20rousette	Sulawesi rousette	Sulawesi rousette The Sulawesi rousette or Sulawesi fruit bat (Pilonycteris celebensis) is a species of megabat in the family Pteropodidae endemic to Sulawesi, an island in Indonesia. It is presently the only member of the genus Pilonycteris. Taxonomy It was formerly classified in the genus Rousettus until 2021, when a phylogenetic study found it to belong to its own genus (and tribe, although a new tribe was not described for it) that was more derived than Rousettus, which was described as Pilonycteris. P. celebensis is thought to be the only member of Pilonycteris, but Rousettus linduensis may also belong. Description The tibia of the Sulawesi rousette bat is covered in dense fur. Its antitragal lobe is fairly reduced. The bony arch of its cheek is narrow and triangular in shape. The male's distal end of the penis has a flattened and triangular shape. Diet Rousettus celebensis is a fruit-eating bat; it has big wings which allow it to carry heavy loads and also make it a good seed disperser. Its diet consists of large seeds, an uncommon feature, compared to other frugivorous bats. R. celebensis has a unique digestive system which allows it to digest certain seeds or seed coats or both. References Megabats Rousette, Sulawesi Mammals described in 1907 Taxa named by Knud Andersen Bats of Indonesia Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN
424797	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist%20Party%20of%20Ukraine	Communist Party of Ukraine	Communist Party of Ukraine The Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU or KPU) is a banned political party in Ukraine. It was founded in 1993 and claimed to be the successor to the Soviet-era Communist Party of Ukraine, which had been banned in 1991. In 2002 it held a "unification" congress when both "old and new" parties merged. The party is a member of the Moscow-based Union of Communist Parties, an umbrella organisation for all communist parties of the former Soviet Union. The party has been led by Petro Symonenko since it was founded. Communist parties have a long history in Ukraine. With the fall of the Soviet Union, members of the Soviet-era Communist Party of Ukraine formed the Socialist Party of Ukraine. After being revived in 1993, the Communist Party was represented in the Ukrainian parliament from 1994 until the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election, which ended a period of parliamentary representation for communists stretching back to 1918. The Communist Party and its predecessor were the largest party in Ukrainian parliamentary elections for the first eight years of free and fair election, from 1990 until 1998. According to Ukrainian sociologist Volodymyr Ishchenko, by the 2010s the party had "degenerated into a conservative and pro-Russian rather than pro-working class grouping, gradually losing its voters and membership". During the 2013–2014 Euromaidan protests, the party voted for anti-protest laws. However, it also voted to remove President Viktor Yanukovych from office in the Revolution of Dignity. During the Russian-Ukrainian conflict which followed, the Security Service of Ukraine said the party was actively helping pro-Russian separatists and Russian proxy forces, which it denied. Regional party cells formed the pro-separatist Communist Party of the Donetsk People's Republic. In May 2015, Ukraine banned Soviet communist symbols. Because of these laws, and the Communist Party's support for Donbas separatists, the party was barred from standing in elections. In December 2015, the Communist Party was banned, for actions "aimed at violating Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity, collaboration with Russian proxy forces, and inciting ethnic hatred". The party appealed the ban to the European Court of Human Rights and various Ukrainian courts, and participated in some elections by joining umbrella groups and running candidates as independents. The Central Election Commission of Ukraine prohibited Symonenko's candidacy for the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election. Party officials reportedly supported the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. As a result, its ban was upheld and its assets were seized by the state in July 2022. History Early years and electoral successes The KPU considers itself to be the direct successor to the original Communist Party of Ukraine, a branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) which was founded on 5 July 1918 in Moscow. The original communist party existed until 30 August 1991, when the CPSU and its branch in Ukraine were banned. Between 1991 and 1993, several small communist organizations were created throughout Ukraine. "Without clear legality", communists from all over Ukraine convened on 6 March 1993 for the All-Ukrainian Conference for Communists in an attempt to reestablish the KPU. In reaction, the Verkhovna Rada (the Ukrainian parliament) legalized the establishment of communist parties two months later. On 19 June 1993, the 1st Congress of the newly founded KPU was convened. Officially, it was designated as the 29th Congress to denote it as a direct successor to the Soviet KPU and it elected Petro Symonenko as First Secretary. In the 1994 presidential election, the KPU supported the candidacy of Oleksandr Moroz from the Socialist Party of Ukraine (SPU). The relationship between the KPU and SPU was strong throughout the 1990s, with Moroz even speaking to the 22nd KPU Congress (held in 1999). In the 1998 Ukrainian parliamentary election the party gained 24.65% of the vote and 123 seats, becoming the largest party in Parliament. The first ten members on the party list were Petro Symonenko (MP), Omelian Parubok (MP), Anatoliy Nalyvaiko (tunneler of the Karl Marks Mine (Yenakieve)), Borys Oliynyk (MP), Valeria Zaklunna-Myronenko (actress of the Lesya Ukrainka Theater (Kyiv)), Adam Martynyuk (the 2nd secretary of the Central Committee of CPU), Anatoliy Draholyuntsev (mechanic-electrician at Luhanskteplovoz), Vasyl Sirenko (Koretsky Institute of State and Law (NANU), unaffiliated), Borys Molchanov (tool craftsman at Dniproshyna) and Anatoliy Strohov (pensioner). The KPU won 121 seats, constituting 19.5% of the seats in the Verkhovna Rada. The good result in the 1998 election led the KPU to field their own candidate in the 1999 presidential election as they nominated party leader Symonenko. Symonenko received 23.1 percent of the votes in the first round, trailing behind Leonid Kuchma who received 38,0 percent of the votes. In the second round Symonenko received 38,8 percent, losing to Kuchma who received 57,7 percent of the vote. In 2000, two parties split from the party, namely the Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed) and the Communist Party of Workers and Peasants. The KPU argued that the creation of parties was encouraged by President Leonid Kuchma in order to syphon votes away from their party. The Constitutional Court of Ukraine recognized in 2001 that the ban on the Communist Party of Ukraine violated the Constitution of Ukraine. At the parliamentary election on 30 March 2002, the party won 19.98% of the popular vote and 66 out of 450 seats in the Verkhovna Rada. The first ten members on the party list were Petro Symonenko (MP), Omelian Parubok (MP), Ivan Herasymov (Head of the Veterans of Ukraine Organization, unaffiliated), Borys Oliynyk (MP), Valeria Zaklunna-Myronenko (MP), Adam Martynyuk (MP), Stanislav Hurenko (MP), Oleksandr Tkachenko (MP), Anatoliy Nalyvaiko (MP) and Oleh Blokhin (MP, unaffiliated). Electoral decline Symonenko's support sharply declined at the time of the 2004 presidential election. Symonenko received 5% of the votes and came in fourth place, unable to get into the controversial runoff which caused the Orange Revolution. Since then, the party lost much support, particularly after the Orange Revolution. In the 2006 parliamentary election, the party won 3.66% and 21 seats. The first ten members on the party list were Petro Symonenko (MP), Adam Martynyuk (MP), Ivan Herasymov (MP), Kateryna Samoilyk (MP), Omelian Parubok (MP), Valeria Zaklunna-Myronenko (MP), Oleksandr Holub (MP), Valentyn Matvyeyev (MP), Oleksandr Tkachenko (MP) and Petro Tsybenko (MP). No later than 2006, the Communist Party office in Donetsk on regular basis provided material and logistical assistance to the separatist organization Donetsk Republic (banned in 2007) which with the assistance of the Communist Party was spreading printed information materials of separatist orientation in authorship of the ideologist of Donetsk internationalism Dmitriy Kornilov as well as by collecting signatures for "independence of Donbass" agitated for violation of territorial integrity of Ukraine through seceding several oblasts of Ukraine from Ukraine and uniting them into one quasi state formation based on Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia and Kherson "republics". Even after the Donetsk Republic Party was banned for separatism on 6 November 2007 by the Donetsk district administrative court on the suit of the Chief Justice Administration of Donetsk Oblast based on materials of the Security Service of Ukraine, the Donetsk branch of Communists did not cease to assists separatists with its tents and printing capabilities periodically conducting joint campaigns with them. In the parliamentary election on 30 September 2007, the party won 5.39% of the popular vote and 27 out of 450 seats. The first ten members on the party list were Petro Symonenko (MP), Yevhen Volynets (tunneler of the Vasily Chapayev Mine (Shakhtarsk)), Maryna Perestenko (Head of the Mars farm (Simferopol Raion)), Ivan Herasymov (MP), Yuriy Haidayev (Minister of Healthcare, unaffiliated), Adam Martynyuk (1st deputy Chairman of parliament), Valeriy Bevz (Deputy Minister of Emergencies), Oleksandr Tkachenko (MP), Oleksandr Holub (MP) and Ihor Aleksyeyev (MP). The party participated in the 2010 presidential election as part of the Election bloc of left and central left political forces. The party participated in the 2010 presidential election as part of the Election bloc of left and central left political forces. The Communist Party was part of the parliamentary coalition called "Stability and Reforms" that supported the First Azarov government. On 28 November 2006, the Ukrainian Parliament adopted the Law of Ukraine "About 1932–1933 Holodomor in Ukraine". The first article of the document states: "The Holodomor is a genocide against the Ukrainian people". The second article states that the public denial of the Holodomor as a genocide is recognized as desecration of the memory of millions of victims, disparaging of Ukrainian people and is unlawful. On 13 January 2010, the Kyiv Appellate Court reviewed the criminal case on the fact of committing genocide (crime against humanity) and agreed with the conclusions of the investigation that the leadership of the Soviet Union, including Joseph Stalin and others, had purposely created such living conditions designed to physically eliminate a part of the Ukrainian national group. The court found Stalin and others guilty of indirectly committing the crime. Less than four months after the ruling, on 5 May 2010, the Communist Party branch office in Zaporizhzhia Oblast publicly unveiled a monument of Stalin in Zaporizhzhia. Members of the Communist Party were criticized for hindering journalist activity and cursing at protesters during the event. Three people also reportedly fainted from the heat during the unveiling ceremony, and one woman later died from a heatstroke. The Communist Party was criticized for a statement it later issued in memory of the woman who died, which said, "She died a worthy death in front of Stalin." In the 2010 local elections, the party scored between 5% and 12% of the votes in all Ukrainian Oblasts, except in Western Ukraine and Kyiv Oblast, where they almost had no voters. In the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election, the party won 13.18% of the national votes and no constituencies (it had competed in 220 of the 225 constituencies) and thus 32 seats. The party did win about one and a half million more votes compared with the results of the previous election. Independent candidate Oksana Kaletnyk joined the Communist parliamentary faction on 12 December 2012. Importance of Kaletnyk joining the Communists was due to parliamentary regulations on obtaining its own parliamentary factions which required to have at least one deputy who came to parliament by winning a constituency. Oleh Tyahnybok tried to challenge the creation of Communist faction, but on 30 January 2013 the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine declined his petition. Kaletnyk left the faction (at her own request) on 29 May 2014. The first ten members on the party list were Petro Symonenko (MP), Petro Tsybenko (MP), Iryna Spirina (Head of Psychiatric Department (Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy)), Spiridon Kilinkarov (MP), Oleksandr Prysyazhnyuk (unemployed), Ihor Aleksyeyev (MP), Ihor Kalyetnik (Head of the State Customs Service of Ukraine), Adam Martynyuk (1st deputy Chairman of parliament), Valentyn Matvyeyev (MP) and Yevhen Marmazov (MP). In 2007 and 2012, the electorate of the party was estimated to be very loyal to the party. The party supported the vote of Mykola Azarov's candidacy for the post of Prime Minister that created the Second Azarov government. Symonenko stated on 28 December 2012 that the Communist Party of Ukraine and Azarov's (and President Viktor Yanukovych's) Party of Regions had not concluded any agreements concerning the Communist support, but that his party had supported Azarov's nomination because Azarov had told them his government was ready to implement the program on Ukraine's accession to the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia. Symonenko added that should Azarov fail to fulfill the promise of Ukraine's joining this customs union, the Communists would initiate his resignation. The government continued to negotiate with the European Union for Ukraine's integration in the European Union while (according to President Yanukovych) it was also in negotiations with Russia to "find the right model" for cooperation with the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia. Ukrainian Revolution From November 2013 until February 2014, there were large protests throughout Ukraine. They were sparked by President Yanukovych's sudden decision not to sign the political association and free trade agreement with the EU, instead choosing closer ties to Russia. The Communist Party of Ukraine opposed the protests, but did not support Yanukovych. In January 2014 the party supported the draconian Anti-protest laws that severely restricted freedom of speech and the right to protest. In January and February 2014, clashes in Kyiv between protesters and Berkut special riot police resulted in the deaths of 108 protesters and 13 police officers. On 22 February 2014, Ukraine's parliament voted 328–0 (about 73% of the parliament's 450 members) to remove Yanukovych from his post and to schedule an early presidential election for 25 May. The thirty deputies of the Communist Party voted for his removal. In February 2014, the party came out in firm opposition to the violence and identified the protest movement as a "coup" to overthrow the elected government and replace it with a pro-NATO regime and in an open plea from the First Secretary called for all communist and left-wing movements around the world to condemn the events as such. However, the party did vote to remove Yanukovych. During the Russia-Ukraine conflict Immediately after the revolution, pro-Russian, counter-revolutionary protests erupted in southern and eastern Ukraine. Russia occupied and then annexed Crimea, while armed pro-Russian separatists seized government buildings and proclaimed the independent states of Donetsk and Luhansk, sparking the Donbas war. The Security Service of Ukraine gathered intelligence that the Communist Party of Ukraine had been helping the Russian proxy forces. In May 2014, Ukraine's Acting President, Oleksandr Turchynov, asked the Ministry of Justice to examine whether the party was involved in actions aimed at violating Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity, and to take steps to ban the party if this is proven. On 11 April, there was a scuffle in the Verkhovna Rada between KPU leader Petro Symonenko and two MPs from the far-right "Svoboda" party, after Symonenko blamed them for the Russian annexation of Crimea and the pro-Russian unrest. After repeatedly calling for calm, the parliament chairman suspended the session for fifteen minutes. On 6 May, a majority of MPs voted to expel the Communist Party from the parliamentary session hall for making a pro-separatist declaration. In the 2014 Ukrainian presidential election, Symonenko initially again ran as a candidate of his party, but he withdrew from the race on 16 May. The Central Election Commission was unable to remove his name from the ballot because he withdrew from the race after the deadline of 1 May. In the election, he received 1.5% of the vote. On 8 July, the Ministry of Justice asked Kyiv's District Administrative Court to ban the activity of the party as a result of "a large amount of evidence regarding illegal activities and illegal actions on the part of the Communist Party" (according to Justice Minister Pavlo Petrenko). The Party of the European Left and the European United Left–Nordic Green Left grouping in the European Parliament condemned the possible ban and declared their solidarity with the KPU. Russia's State Duma denounced the ban too and said it was "an attempt by the new Kyiv authorities to force political and civil forces that do not agree with the path taken by the ultranationalist powers to shut up". The KPU also received solidarity from the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT) in Britain. On 1 July, six MPs left the Communist Party faction in parliament, reducing it to 23 members. On 22 July, a vote supported by 232 MPs gave the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada (the speaker of Ukraine's parliament) the power to dissolve a faction that has lost some of its members compared to the number it had while it was formed during the first parliamentary session after the previous election, pending a signature from President Petro Poroshenko. Later that day, Poroshenko signed this bill, giving effect to this new parliamentary regulation. The next day, speaker and former Acting President Turchynov announced the party's impending dissolution and added to MPs: "We only have to tolerate this party for another day". The party's faction in parliament was dissolved on 24 July by Turchynov. That same day, it was announced that 308 criminal proceedings had been opened against members of the party. Communist Party members were accused of openly supporting the Russian annexation of Crimea, supporting the breakaway Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic, and agitating for Russian annexation of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. The party leadership at the time stated its support for Ukrainian territorial integrity and excluded separatist dissenters from its membership. On 4 September, the Kyiv District Administrative Court indefinitely postponed the hearing about the ban of the party. The October 2014 parliamentary election further marginalized the party as it won no constituency seats and came 1.12% short of reaching the 5% election threshold. This meant that for the first time since 1918, Communists were not represented in Ukrainian national politics. The first ten members on the party list for the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election were Petro Symonenko (MP), Adam Martynyuk (MP), Kateryna Samoylyk (senior), Vasyl Sirenko (Koretsky Institute of State and Law, non-partisan), Petro Tsybenko (MP), Ihor Aleksyeyev (MP), Serhiy Hordiyenko (MP), Yevhen Marmazov (MP), Spiridon Kilinkarov (MP) and Serhiy Khrapov (unemployed). In May 2015, laws that banned Soviet communist symbols (the so-called "decommunization laws") came into effect in Ukraine, meaning that the party could not use communist symbols or sing the Soviet national hymn or "The Internationale". In a 24 July decree based on these laws, the Ukrainian Interior Ministry stripped the party of its right to participate in elections and stated that it was continuing the court actions (which started in July 2014) to end the registration of Ukraine's communist parties. On 30 September, the District Administrative Court in Kyiv banned two smaller communist parties: the Communist Party of Workers and Peasants and the Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed). However, the Communist Party was not banned because it had filed an appeal against the Justice Ministry's decree on its activity termination. The party decided to take part in the October 2015 local elections as part of the umbrella party Left Opposition. According to the Interior Ministry, this was legal as long as the new party did not use communist symbols. Other party members took part in this election as Nova Derzhava. The political party Nova Derzhava was established in 2012. On 1 August, it elected a new leader Oleh Melnyk. Formally along with the Communist Party, it is also a member of the Left Opposition Association. In late 2015, 19 local party leaders from the party's South and East Ukraine organizations resigned from the central committee to protest against the repression of internal dissent they blamed on Symonenko. Banning On 16 December 2015, at the request of the Ministry of Justice, the District Administrative Court in Kyiv banned the Communist Party for actions aimed at violating Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity, collaboration with Russian proxy forces, and inciting ethnic hatred. This ban was criticized by John Dalhuisen of Amnesty International, who said the ban was "the same style of draconian measures used to stifle dissent" in the Soviet Union. On 25 January 2016, the Supreme Administrative Court of Ukraine denied the party in the consideration of the cassation of the (16 December 2015) ban. The court suspended the appeal for the time being until the Constitutional Court determines the legitimacy of the law on decommunization. Nevertheless, the party appealed its ban at the European Court of Human Rights. The attempts to ban the party never did forbid individual members of the party to take part in elections as an independent candidate. The party still sends in its required financial reports and is still listed on the website of the Ministry of Justice and the website of the Department of State Registration and Notary. In February 2019, the Central Election Commission of Ukraine refused to register the candidacy of Symonenko for the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election due to the fact that the statute, name and symbolism of the Communist Party did not comply with the 2015 decommunization laws. According to a Kyiv Polytechnic professor, who published an article in The Guardian, the party came into conflict with the Ukrainian government after the Revolution of Dignity due to prominent displays of support for ousted Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych during the Euromaidan protests and alleged involvement with the separatist movement in Donbas as well as the party's pro-Russian government agenda. However, the party did vote in favour of the impeachment of Yanukovych. Two days after the Ukrainian parliament changed its regulations regarding the required size of parliamentary groups, the Communist Party faction was dissolved on 24 July 2014. According to political scientist Tadeusz A. Olszański, the party "effectively supports the separatist rebellion" during the Russo-Ukrainian War. Explaining the withdrawal of the status of political party from the KPU and two of its satellites, the secretary of state security and defense Oleksandr Turchynov stated in July 2015 that the Communist Party took a treacherous position from the very first days of Russian aggression and acted as its Fifth Column. Seizure of assets On 6 July 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the KPU was again banned after a Lviv court ruling which turned over all its assets, including party buildings and funds, to the Ukrainian state. In a statement, the Eighth Administrative Appeal Court said that it had satisfied the claims of the Ministry of Justice and ordered the party's banning. "The activity of the Communist Party of Ukraine is prohibited; the property, funds and other assets of the party, its regional, city, district organisations, primary centres and other structural entities have been transferred to the state." During the Russian invasion, the party was reported to have taken a pro-Russian stance, and the party's leader Petro Symonenko in March had fled to Belarus with the assistance of Russian forces during the Kyiv offensive. In October 2022, Symonenko took part in the International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties in Havana, Cuba. During the speech, he blamed the United States and the United Kingdom for the war, and said they wanted to "use Ukraine against Russia and Taiwan against China". In August 2023, the Security Service of Ukraine opened an investigation against him on the charges of sedition and treason. Ideology In its statute, the Communist Party claims that "on voluntary basis it unites citizens of Ukraine who are supporters of the Communist idea". The party considers itself a successor of the Communist Party of Ukraine of the Soviet Union and calls itself a "battle detachment of RKP(b)–VKP(b)–KPSS". The party claims that prohibition of that party in August 1991 was unlawful, which was confirmed by the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on 27 December 2001. The party sets itself in an opposition to any government and seeks a full restoration of the socialist state in the country without any particular association with any other political parties. Program Political sphere: liquidation of presidency as an institution, strengthening of democratic measures of state and public life; electoral legislation reform ensuring a proper share of representation of workers, peasants, intelligentsia, women, youth in Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and local government; introduction of practice to recall deputies and judges who received vote of no confidence; election of judges of prime level; filling with real meaning and proper financial support regional and local government; introduction in the country a system of public control; creation of labor group councils vested with powers to monitor economic activity of businesses; suppression of corruption, organized crime, particularly in the upper echelon of power; elimination of benefits and privileges for officials; federalization of Ukraine; comprehensive development of Ukrainian language and culture, granting Russian language the status of state language; changing of Ukraine's state symbol, lyrics and music of the State anthem. Economic policy: modernization and public control over economy, nationalization of strategic businesses; establishing a competitive state sector of economy, energy independence; reforms in Agro-Industrial Complex, Housing and Communal Services, etc.; prohibition of private property. Social sphere: liquidation of poverty, social justice, system of progressive taxation and state price regulation, free medicine, secondary and tertiary education; full compensation of deposits in the Soviet Savings Bank. Spiritual sphere: quality youth politics; preservation of historical and cultural heritage including Soviet; increased punishment for distribution of narcotics, human trafficking, prostitution, promotion of pornography, violence; combating immorality, vulgarity, cynicism, national chauvinism, xenophobia, falsification of history, fascism, neo-Nazism, anti-Communism, anti-Sovietism; banning of neo-Nazi organizations in Ukraine, criminal penalties for acts of fascism; freedom of worldview and expression of faith, secular state. Foreign policy: non-aligned military status, independent foreign policy, active position on creation of a new European system of collective security, reform of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, review international agreements with WTO and IMF, membership and active position in the CIS, Customs Union and Eurasian Economic Community of the Russian Federation, Belarus and Kazakhstan. Soviet legacy The KPU was established as "the inheritor of the ideas and traditions of the KPU, as it existed until its banning in August 1991". In general, the party has laid weight on nostalgia for the Soviet Union to gain votes. In contrast to many parts of the former Soviet Union where leftist conservatives have tried to win votes by promoting local nationalism, the KPU supports a form of Soviet nationalism, considering the establishment of an independent Ukraine as illegal. The party has remained loyal to the legacy of the Soviet Union. In 1998, to celebrate the would-be 80th anniversary of the Soviet Union it published Historical Thesis, a text which painted a rosy picture of the former state. The Soviet Union is barely criticized and controversial events such as the Great Purge and Holodomor are not mentioned in the party press. There are some who are favorable to Joseph Stalin's legacy, giving the impression that things "only began to go wrong with [Nikita] Khrushchev's 'adventurism'". Despite all this, when the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) is criticized at all, the favored line is that the party and state lost their belief in key Leninist principles. Vladimir Lenin, the founder of the Soviet Union, "is still considered sacrosanct" by the party and official pronouncements talk of the "Leninist Communist Party of Ukraine" and more precisely that the KPU continues "speaking in the words of Lenin". Symonenko has criticized the label of conservative on the KPU, stating that the party is not willing to abandon its own history. He has referred to the dissolution of the Soviet Union as "the tragic events of the recent past". Further, the KPU believes the Soviet Union "was criminally destroyed". The party believes that Ukraine has been living off the legacy of the Soviet Union since its independence. However, certain concessions to the present have been made and at the 2nd KPU Congress it was stated that "it would be utopian to try and revive a socio-economic system of different relations, which existed in different conditions, under different principles and different organizations of production and distribution, different social-class structures of society, a different level of consciousness". Marxism The party adheres and believes in the Marxian concepts of class struggle and historical materialism. Their ongoing belief in historical materialism cements their views that the socialist mode of production will still be the society of the future. It could be said that the party believed stronger than ever in the possibility of a socialist future since the "careerists", symbolized by Mikhail Gorbachev, Boris Yeltsin and Leonid Kravchuk, were gone. The KPU believes that since the West has developed into a post-industrial society, capitalism through globalization was actively "de-modernizing" Ukraine. This was in their favor since de-modernization would lead to the reestablishment of a dominant proletarian class. As Vasyl Tereshchuk, a former party theoretician expelled in 2005, noted: "People are surviving on what they accumulated in the years of Soviet power: that is, they are not yet a classic proletariat as they still have much to lose (a flat, a car, a dacha, etc.). But their full proletarianization will come sooner or later". Secondly, the dissolution of the Soviet Union directly led to the reestablishment of class antagonism in society. This antagonism led to the exploitation of the proletariat by "a comprador bourgeoisie ... behind which stands world imperialism headed by the USA". According to Symonenko, on this basis there was no chance for a social democratic movement ever to develop in Ukraine. The "softening of class antagonism in the West" which had led to the establishment of social democratic parties "was only possible because the local working class, as part of the 'golden billion', lived 'as parasites on the labour of the countries of the world periphery' to which Ukraine was rapidly being consigned. Ukraine could not expect any 'lessening of class antagonism, only the reverse". Symonenko appreciates the economical aid and partnership with China and calls to use the Chinese Communist Party as the example, giving the country back to the working people, and "build our country into a strong country like China". Views on nationalism At least in the beginning, the party is best described as Soviet patriotic. As Yurii Solomatin, a member of parliament, noted in 2000, "we are Soviet communists; we are Soviet people; we are Soviet patriots". The party continues speaking about the existence of a "Soviet people" and "Soviet homeland" and at the beginning no concessions were given to local Ukrainian nationalism. There has been no talk of establishing a national communism unique to Ukraine and the 1st KPU Congress even criticized the notion of establishing a unique "Ukrainian communism". Instead, the KPU has opted promoting Ukraine as a "bi-cultural state". At the 1st KPU Congress, Symonenko told the delegates that "'the interests, rights and specific traits of one nation above those of other nations and nationalities', and in which 'the Ukrainian language' should not be 'over'-privileged, but left alone to enjoy 'its natural development, purged of the imposed language of the diaspora. The Russian language, as the native language of half the population of Ukraine, [should be given] the status of a state language alongside Ukrainian". Their views on patriotism is highly nostalgic. When the Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union (UCP–CPSU), a loose organization of post-Soviet parties was formed, it was met with open arms. However, when the Communist Party of the Russian Federation proposed in 1995 to transform the organization into a modern-day Comintern, the KPU opposed because of their Soviet patriotic views. In recent years, their commitment to Soviet patriotism has been partially replaced with a vaguer Eurasianism. Wishing not to reestablish a union with Russia "as a protectorate of the Russian bourgeoisie", "the Ukrainian Communists have rediscovered the natural link from Soviet to East Slavic or Eurasian nationalism in the supposed common 'economic civilization' and proclivity for collective labour of all the East Slavic peoples". As noted in the party journal Communist, the "'Soviet man ... did not emerge from nothing before him stood the courageous Slavic-Rusich, the labour-loving Ukrainian peasant, the self-sacrificing Cossack". At the 4th KPU Congress, the party conceded that Ukraine would not join any particular union as long as it weakened the country's sovereignty. At the same time, Petro Symonenko publicly backed Ukraine's membership in the Eurasian Customs Union. Symonenko has often been referred to as a Ukrainophobe. Symonenko made controversy in 2007 when he accused the Ukrainian nationalist figure Roman Shukhevych of receiving two Iron Crosses from Adolf Hitler. Shukhevych's kids submitted a lawsuit against Symonenko in response. The Pechersk District Court of Kyiv city declared that Symonenko failed to present any proof of his claim and obligated "to refute the false information he spread about Roman Shukhevych at the next plenary session of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine after the court's decision enters into force". Criticism Writing on The Guardian, Ukrainian sociologist Volodymyr Ishchenko described the KPU as a "conservative and pro-Russian group", whose leaders "became a part of the bourgeois elite and invited business support for their cause", pointing out that the richest deputy of the 7th Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada (Oksana Kaletnik) was a member of the Communist faction. Thus, according to Ishchenko "the only things the party has in common with the determined Bolshevik revolutionaries of the past who spared neither themselves nor others are devotion to the Soviet symbols and appeals to empty 'Marxist-Leninist' phrases". After the start of Euromaidan and the Revolution of Dignity, the party newspaper Komunist published an article comparing the protests to riots in Black ghettoes in the United States during the 1960s; the article, titled "White on the outside, black on the inside", stated that "at least in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco the police sometimes make raids on such places and simply kill a few rabid Negroes. [...] Even the dark-skinned vendors in Kyiv second hand shops seem a bit more civilized than our 'light-skinned brothers' from the western regions of the country, who have gathered on the Maidan". The article was widely condemned as racist. Election results Parliamentary elections Presidential elections Ministerial appointments March–December 2007: Yuriy Haidayev Ministry of Healthcare (Ukraine) (second Yanukovych government) Haidayev was officially unaffiliated, but he was on the party list to parliament from the Communist Party Splinter parties Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed) Communist Party of Workers and Peasants Communist Party of the Donetsk People's Republic See also Antifascist Committee of Ukraine, a committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine acting as a separate organization Notes References Citations Sources Books Journal articles External links Official website 1993 establishments in Ukraine Banned communist parties in Ukraine Banned political parties in Ukraine Eurosceptic parties in Ukraine Far-left political parties Political parties established in 1993 Political parties in Ukraine International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties Russophilic parties in Ukraine
4863959	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%20%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4	Ам ехад	Ам ехад («Один народ») — колишня соціал-демократична політична партія в Ізраїлі. Це був більш соціалістичний відкол від лейбористів, який очолив , колишній голова Гістадруту, ізраїльської федерації профспілок. «Ам ехад» отримав два місця на виборах до Кнесету в 1999 році і три місця в 2003 році. У 2005 році «Ам ехад» знову об'єдналася з лейбористами, депутат Давід Таль створив власну фракцію, але пізніше приєднався до партії «Кадіма». Посилання Профіль на сайті jewishvirtuallibrary.org Примітки Засновані в Ізраїлі 1999
3359458	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%28%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%29	Фаулертон (Техас)	Фаулертон (Техас) Фаулертон — переписна місцевість (CDP) в США, в окрузі Ла-Салл штату Техас. Населення — 73 особи (2020). Географія Фаулертон розташований за координатами (28.452766, -98.809567). За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році переписна місцевість мала площу 5,64 км², з яких 5,62 км² — суходіл та 0,01 км² — водойми. Демографія Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у переписній місцевості мешкало 55 осіб у 23 домогосподарствах у складі 17 родин. Густота населення становила 10 осіб/км². Було 41 помешкання (7/км²). Расовий склад населення: До двох чи більше рас належало 5,5 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 49,1 % від усіх жителів. За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 23,6 % — особи молодші 18 років, 54,6 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 21,8 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 52,8 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у переписній місцевості припадало 103,7 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 90,9 чоловіків також старших 18 років. Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило 53 особи. Основні галузі зайнятості: сільське господарство, лісництво, риболовля — 50,9 %, транспорт — 49,1 %. Джерела Переписні місцевості Техасу Населені пункти округу Ла-Салл (Техас)
869581	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D1%81%D1%83-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9	Невіль-су-Монтрей	Невіль-су-Монтрей — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні О-де-Франс, департамент Па-де-Кале. Населення — . Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 185 км на північ від Парижа, 95 км на захід від Лілля, 75 км на захід від Арраса. Демографія Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006): Економіка У 2010 році в муніципалітеті числилось 281 оподатковане домогосподарство, у яких проживали 688,0 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача Сусідні муніципалітети Посилання Невіль-су-Монтрей на сайті французького Національного інституту географії Див. також Список муніципалітетів департаменту Па-де-Кале Примітки Муніципалітети департаменту Па-де-Кале
4529978	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0	Малиновка Телешовська	Малиновка Телешовська — селище в Тереницькій сільській раді Гомельського району Гомельської області Республіки Білорусь. Географія Розташування На півдні межує із лісом. За 12 км від залізничної станції Якимівка (на лінії Калинковичі — Гомель), 25 км на захід від Гомеля. Гідрографія На річці Уза (притока річки Сож); на півночі меліоративні канали. Транспортна мережа Поруч автошлях Жлобин — Гомель. Планування складається з прямолінійної вулиці, яка орієнтована з південного сходу на північний захід. Забудова двостороння, дерев'яна, садибного типу. Історія Заснований на початку XX століття переселенцями із сусідніх сіл. 1926 року в Уваровицькому районі Гомельського округу. 1931 року жителі вступили до колгоспу. Під час німецько-радянської війни 19 мешканців загинули на фронті. У 1959 році у складі колгоспу «Червона площа» (центр села Телеші). До 16 грудня 2009 року село Малинівка у складі Телешовської сільради. Населення Чисельність 2009 — 16 мешканців. Динаміка Примітки Література Гарады і вёскі Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя. Т.1, кн.1. Гомельская вобласць/С. В. Марцэлеў; Рэдкалегія: Г. П. Пашкоў (галоўны рэдактар) і інш. — Мн.: БелЭн, 2004. 632с.: іл. Тыраж 4000 экз. ISBN 985-11-0303-9 ISBN 985-11-0302-0 Населені пункти Гомельського району
200112	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96-%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0	Фудзі-Йосіда	Фудзі-Йосіда — місто в Японії, в префектурі Яманасі. Короткі відомості Розташоване в південно-східній частині префектури, біля північного підніжжя гори Фудзі. Виникло на основі середньовічного прихрамового містечка біля синтоїстського святилища Фудзі-Сенґен. В ранньому новому часі було постоялим поселенням. Засноване 20 березня 1951 року шляхом об'єднання містечок Фудзі-Камі-Йосіда, Акамі, Сімо-Йосіда. Основою економіки міста є сільське господарство, текстильна промисловість, комерція, туризм. Традиційне ремесло — виробництво кайського шовку. В місті розташований північний шлях для підйому на гору Фудзі, туристичні бази для огляду п'яти озер Фудзі. Станом на площа міста становила км². Станом на населення міста становило осіб. Міста-побратими Колорадо-Спрингс, США (1962) Шамоні, Франція (1978) Примітки Джерела та література Посилання Офіційна сторінка міста Фудзі-Йосіда Міста префектури Яманасі
521701	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand%20III	Ferdinand III	Ferdinand III may refer to: Ferdinand III of Castile (died 1252), the Saint (1199–1252, king from 1217) Ferdinand III of Naples, the Catholic (1452–1516, king from 1504) (Ferdinand V of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and of Sicily), husband of Isabella of Castile Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1608–1657, emperor from 1637) Ferdinand III of Sicily (1751–1825, king 1759–1816), (Ferdinand IV of Naples 1759–1799; 1799–1806; 1815–1816 and Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 1816–1825) Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1769–1824, grand-duke 1791–1799 and 1814–1824) Ferdinand III of Navarre (1784–1833), (Ferdinand VII of Castille) eo:Ferdinando (regantoj)#Ferdinando la 3-a
931809	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicatio%20idiomatum	Communicatio idiomatum	Communicatio idiomatum (Latin: communication of properties) is a Christological concept about the interaction of deity and humanity in the person of Jesus Christ. It maintains that in view of the unity of Christ's person, his human and divine attributes and experiences might properly be referred to his other nature so that the theologian may speak of "the suffering of God". The germ of the idea is first found in Ignatius of Antioch but the development of an adequate, agreed technical vocabulary only took place in the fifth century with the First Council of Ephesus in 431 and the Council of Chalcedon twenty years later and the approval of the doctrine of the hypostatic union of the two distinct natures of Christ. In the sixteenth century, the Reformed and Lutheran churches disagreed with each other on this question. The philosopher J. G. Hamann argued that the applies not just to Christ, but should be generalised to cover all human action: "This of divine and human is a fundamental law and the master-key of all our knowledge and of the whole visible economy." Developments in the Patristic period Ignatius of Antioch emphasised both the oneness of Christ and the reality of his twofold mode of existence: "There is one physician, composed of flesh and spirit, generate and ingenerate, God in man, authentic life from death, from Mary and from God, first passible then impassible, Jesus Christ our Lord", but he uses phrases like 'the blood of God', 'the suffering of my God' and 'God ... was conceived by Mary'; Tertullian stated that the saviour was composed of two 'substances' and the human substance was in every respect genuine. He was the first theologian to tackle the question of the relationship between them; each preserved its particular qualities but Christians observe "a twofold condition, not confused but conjoined, Jesus, in one Person at once God and man". On the whole he referred what the one person experienced to the appropriate substance, but at times uses phrases such as "God was truly crucified, truly died". thus anticipating the doctrine of . When the question as to how deity and humanity could be combined in the Saviour was investigated in depth, two schools of thought emerged: one associated with Alexandria and the other with Antioch. Alexandrian thought drew heavily on Platonism and was markedly dualist, while its biblical exegesis was mystical and allegorical. Its Christology has been labelled the Word-flesh model. It took no real account of a human soul in Christ, but viewed the incarnation as the union of the Word with human flesh, thus drawing on the Platonic concept of the human being as a soul which inhabited an essentially alien body. Antiochene thought was based far more on Aristotelian principles and its biblical exegesis tended to be literal and historical thus taking the genuine humanity of the Saviour very seriously. The traditional label for this second type of Christology is Word-man: the Word united himself with a complete humanity, i.e. soul plus body, which did justice to the genuinely human being described in the Gospels. The Antiochene-style Christology stresses the distinction of natures and therefore a more tightly regulated communication of properties; while the Alexandrian-type Christology underscores the unity of Jesus Christ and therefore a more complete communication of properties. Lutheran–Reformed debate Reformed and Lutheran Christians are divided on the . In Reformed doctrine, the divine nature and the human nature are united strictly in the person of Christ. According to his humanity, Jesus Christ remains in heaven as the bodily high priest, even while in his divine nature he is omnipresent. This coincides with the Calvinistic view of the Lord's Supper, the belief that Christ is truly present at the meal, though not substantially and particularly joined to the elements (pneumatic presence). Lutherans, on the other hand, describe a union in which the divine and the human natures share their predicates more fully. Lutheran scholastics of the 17th century called the Reformed doctrine that Christ's divine nature is outside or beyond his human nature the . They spoke of the , the view that Jesus Christ's human nature becomes "majestic", suffused with the qualities of the divine nature. Therefore, in the eucharist the human, bodily presence of Jesus Christ is "in, within, under" the elements (sacramental union). Notes References Christology Latin religious words and phrases
3688721	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%28%D1%85%D1%83%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80%29	Яблонський (хутір)	Яблонський (хутір) Яблонський — хутір у Іловлінському районі Волгоградської області Російської Федерації. Населення становить 63 особи. Входить до складу муніципального утворення Новогригор'євське сільське поселення. Історія Хутір розташований у межах українського історичного та культурного регіону Жовтий Клин. Від 1965 року належить до Іловлінського району. Населення Примітки Населені пункти Іловлінського району‎ Хутори Волгоградської області
15438658	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villefranche-de-Panat	Villefranche-de-Panat	Villefranche-de-Panat is a commune located in the Aveyron department in southern France. Population See also Communes of the Aveyron department References Communes of Aveyron Aveyron communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
21566955	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiscyllium	Hemiscyllium	Hemiscyllium is a genus of sharks in the family Hemiscylliidae. Overview Hemiscyllium sharks of the family Hemiscylliidae are also known as walking sharks and Epaulette sharks. These small, nocturnal, benthic dwelling swimmers have evolved to be able to 'walk', or use their fins to propel themselves over rocks, into pools, or into small crevices in their habitats. Research from the School of Biomedical Sciences at the University of Queensland in Australia has determined that this genus most recently split from the genus Chiloscyllium around 44 million years ago. This genus is confined to tropical waters off Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia, but an individual from this genus, possibly representing an undescribed species, has been photographed in the Seychelles. They have short snouts with nostrils placed almost at the tip, well-elevated eyes, and supraorbital ridges. The mouth is closer to the tip of the snout than the eyes and lacks the connecting dermal fold across the chin. The pectoral and pelvic fins are thick and heavily muscular. Either a black hood on the head or a large black spot on the sides of the body is present, though juveniles often are strongly marked with dark spots/bars. This shark family can survive around two hours out of water without any internal damage, can tolerate high levels of CO2, and are hypoxia and anoxia tolerant. Adaptations Epaulette sharks live in shallow waters near reefs, tidepools or islands and are currently only found in the Western South Pacific. Epaulette sharks use their fins to crawl inside small crevices or holes while hunting for small prey and escaping larger predators. Each species in this genus also possesses a distinct black 'eye' spot behind its pectoral fins to deter predators by giving the appearance of a very large eye. Neonate and juvenile epaulette sharks are born with lighter color markings and slightly different patterns, but their colors darken as they mature, with patterns shifting to mimic its environment. List of species Nine recognized species are in this genus: Hemiscyllium freycineti (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Indonesian speckled carpetshark) Hemiscyllium galei G. R. Allen & Erdmann, 2008 (Cenderwasih epaulette shark) Hemiscyllium hallstromi Whitley, 1967 (Papuan epaulette shark) Hemiscyllium halmahera G. R. Allen, Erdmann & Dudgeon, 2013 (Halmahera epaulette shark) Hemiscyllium henryi G. R. Allen & Erdmann, 2008 (Henry's epaulette shark) Hemiscyllium michaeli G. R. Allen & Dudgeon, 2010 (Milne Bay epaulette shark) Hemiscyllium ocellatum (Bonnaterre, 1788) (epaulette shark) Hemiscyllium strahani Whitley, 1967 (hooded carpetshark) Hemiscyllium trispeculare J. Richardson, 1843 (speckled carpetshark) Hemiscyllium sp. Not yet described (Seychelles carpetshark) References Shark genera Taxa named by Johannes Peter Müller Taxa named by Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle Walking fish
422684	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%28%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%29	Тарган (річка)	Тарган (річка) Тарган (Тарганка) — річка в Україні, в межах Ставищенського та Володарського районів Київської області. Права притока Росі (басейн Дніпра). Опис Довжина 38 км, площа водозбірного басейну 247 км². Похил річки 1,9 м/км. Долина завширшки до 2 км, завглибшки до 20 м. Заплава двостороння, завширшки до 300 м. Річище звивисте, завширшки 6—10 м, завглибшки 0,4—1,0 м. У нижній течії річище замулене, є ставки. Використовується на господарські потреби. Розташування Тарган бере початок біля східної околиці села Кривець. Тече спершу на північ (місцями на північний схід), від села Любча — на північний захід/захід. Впадає до Росі за 246 км від її гирла біля південної частини села Логвин. Притоки Виногрудка - права притока у селі Винарівка Галерея Джерела «Каталог річок України» — Видавництво АН УРСР, Київ, 1957. Гідроекологічний стан басейну річки Рось / За ред. В.К. Хільчевського. - К.: Ніка-Центр, 2009. - 116 с. ISBN 978-966-521-507-3 Словник гідронімів України — К.: Наукова думка, 1979. — С. 554 (Тарган № 2) Малі річки України Річки Київської області Рось Річки Володарського району Річки Ставищенського району Статті про річки Київської області без зображення в картці
5099770	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%20%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8F%20%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97%20%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%97	Міомбові рідколісся Центральної Замбезії	Міомбові рідколісся Центральної Замбезії (ідентифікатор WWF: AT0704) — афротропічний екорегіон тропічних та субтропічних луків, саван і чагарників, розташований на півдні Центральної Африки. Географія Екорегіон міомбових рідколісь Центральної Замбезії є одним з найбільших за площею екорегіонів Африки. Він охоплює значні території на півночі та в центрі Замбії, регіон Катанга на південному сході Демократичної Республіки Конго, північ та захід Малаві, захід Танзанії, більшу частину Бурунді та східні райони Анголи. На сході екорегіон переходить у більш сухі східні міомбові рідколісся, а на північному сході — у південні акацієво-комміфорові чагарники та хащі. На південь від екорегіону поширені мопанові рідколісся Замбезії та південні міомбові рідколісся, на захід — ангольські міомбові рідколісся, а на північний захід — у південноконголезьку лісосавану. Більша частина екорегіону розташована на плоскогір'ях, на висоті від 800 до 1200 м над рівнем моря. Рельєф регіону представлений рівнинами, по яким розкидані пагорби, скельні виступи та інзельберги. Подекуди в регіоні трапляються гірські плато, такі як Кунделунгу, які можуть досягати висоти 1700 м над рівнем моря. Північна частина екорегіону належить до басейну Конго, а південна — до басейну Замбезі. На сході екорегіону розташовані великі озера Вікторія, Танганьїка та Ньяса. По всьому регіону зустрічаються дрібні озера та мілководні, порослі травою та осокою водно-болотні угіддя , які можуть займати до 30 % його площі. Деякі з цих водно-болотних угідь виділяють у окремий екорегіон затоплюваних луків Замбезії. З геологічної точки зору основу екорегіону складають докембрійські вулканічні породи, граніти, серпентиніти та пісковики. Ґрунти, як правило, добре дреновані, сильно вилуговані та бідні на поживні речовини, мають тенденцію до окислення. У більш вологих районах переважають , а в посушливих районах на півдні і сході регіону — червоноземи. Клімат На більшій частині екорегіону переважає вологий субтропічний клімат (Cwa за класифікацією кліматів Кеппена), на півночі — саванний клімат (Aw за класифікацією Кеппена), а на гірських плато — високогірний субтропічний клімат (Cwb за класифікацією Кеппена). Середня максимальна температура зазвичай становить близько 27 °C, на низьких висотах — 30 °C, а в горах — 24 °C. Мінімальна температура коливається від 9 до 18 °C. Середньорічна кількість опадів коливається від 1000 до 1200 мм, і подекуди досягає 1400 мм. Більшість опадів випадає під час сезону дощів, який триває влітку, з листопада по березень-квітень. Після сезону дощів розпочинається зимова посуха, яка може тривати до семи місяців. Флора Основними рослинними угрупованнями екорегіону є міомбові рідколісся, які перемежовуються едафічними луками та водно-болотними угіддями, а також ділянками вічнозелених лісів, які зустрічаються там, де ґрунтові води залягають близько до поверхні. Міомбові рідколісся екорегіону є частиною великого міомбового поясу, поширеного на значних територіях Замбезії, на південь від гвінейсько-конголезьких лісів і лісосаван та від . Вони відрізняються від інших саван, рідколісь та лісів Африки домінуванням в них дерев з підродини цезальпінієвих (Caesalpinioideae), зокрема різних видів (Brachystegia spp.), (Julbernardia spp.) та (Isoberlinia spp.), які рідко зустрічаються поза межами міомбо. Ці дерева зазвичай мають висоту 15-20 м. Більшість з них скидає листя під час тривалого сухого сезону, однак у центральнозамбезійських міомбових рідколіссях близько 25 % дерев є вічнозеленими, що набагато більше, ніж у східних міомбових рідколіссях, де такі дерева становлять лише 9 % від загальної кількості. В підліску міомбових рідколісь переважають чагарники і трави. Серед дерев, що становлять основу міомбо, слід відзначити (Brachystegia floribunda), (Brachystegia glaberrima), (Brachystegia taxifolia), (Brachystegia wangermeeana), (Marquesia macroura), (Julbernardia globiflora), (Julbernardia paniculata) та (Isoberlinia angolensis). Важливим екологічним фактором, який впливає на міомбові рідколісся, є пожежі. Значна сезонність опадів призводить до того, що дерева залишаються сухими протягом кількох місяців у році, а грози на початку сезону дощів можуть легко запалити рослинність. Крім того, що савани регіону від природи вразливі до пожеж, протягом тисячоліть люди навмисно підпалювали їх з метою полювання, розчистки землі під поля та пасовища, або згідно з традиційними віруваннями, пов'язаними з викликанням дощу. Там, де це відбувалося регулярно, рідколісся перетворилися на більш відкриті савани, по яким розкидані вогнетривкі дерева. Флористичне різноманіття екорегіону є відносно високим, порівяно з іншими міомбовими екорегіонами. Тут зустрічається понад 3000 видів квіткових рослин, з яких кілька сотень видів є ендеміками. Екорегіон є центром ендемізму для (Crotalaria spp.) та індигофер (Indigofera spp.), а також для (Brachystegia spp.). В Замбії зустрічається 17 з 35 видів, що належать до цього роду. Фауна Екорегіон міомбових рідколісь Центральної Замбезії, як і інші міомбові регіони, підтримує низьку щільність великих ссавців, хоча через велику площу регіону його загальне значення для таких видів дуже велике. Низька щільність великих ссавців пояснюється суворим сухим сезоном, тривалими посухами та бідними ґрунтами, на яких росте переважно бідна на поживні речовини рослинність. Ці умови обмежують чисельність і біомасу великих травоїдних тварин, а також зміщують їх видовий склад у бік більших видів, таких як саванні слони (Loxodonta africana), чорні носороги (Diceros bicornis) та африканські буйволи (Syncerus caffer caffer), які можуть харчуватися низькокалорійною їжею, споживаючи її у великій кількості. Також в регіоні поширені великі антилопи, зокрема чорні шаблероги (Hippotragus niger), кінські антилопи (Hippotragus equinus), (Alcelaphus buselaphus lichtensteinii), великі редунки (Redunca arundinum), звичайні канни (Taurotragus oryx) та великі куду (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), які спеціалізуються на поїданні калорійних пагонів високої трави та часто зустрічаються в не пов'язаних з міомбо природних середовищах. Багато копитних тварин регіону пасуться на узліссях або на відкритих, порослих травою ділянках в заплавах та на болотах, розкиданих по регіону. Такі антилопи, як лехве (Kobus leche), пуку (Kobus vardonii), топі (Damaliscus lunatus) та сітатунги (Tragelaphus spekii), віддають перевагу відкритим сезонно затоплюваним або заболочуваним лукам. Смагляві коби (Kobus ellipsiprymnus), південні бушбоки (Tragelaphus sylvaticus), блакитні дуїкери (Philantomba monticola) та імпали (Aepyceros melampus) здебільшого зустрічаються у лісах поблизу постійних водойм. Серед інших великих копитних ссавців, поширених в регіоні, слід відзначити південну жирафу (Giraffa giraffa), бурчеллову зебру (Equus quagga) та блакитного гну (Connochaetes taurinus), а також звичайного бегемота (Hippopotamus amphibius), який часто зустрічається на берегах водойм. Серед великих хижих ссавців, поширених в регіоні, слід відзначити лева (Panthera leo), африканського леопарда (Panthera pardus pardus), (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus), смугастого шакала (Lupulella adusta), смугасту гієну (Hyaena hyaena), плямисту гієну (Crocuta crocuta) та рідкісну гієнову собаку (Lycaon pictus). Серед дрібних хижаків слід відзначити степового кота (Felis lybica), сервала (Leptailurus serval), звичайного каракала (Caracal caracal) та ангольську генету (Genetta angolensis), яка мешкає лише у міомбових рідколіссях. Завдяки своїй близькості до поясу вологих тропічних лісів, поширених в ДР Конго та Уганді, екорегіон підтримує значну кількість приматів, які переважно зустрічаються на півночі регіону. Серед поширених в екорегіоні мавп слід відзначити (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii), угандійських колобусів (Procolobus tephrosceles), ангольських колобусів (Colobus angolensis), рудохвостих мавп (Cercopithecus ascanius) та блакитних мартишек (Cercopithecus mitis). Верветки (Chlorocebus pygerythrus), малбруки (Chlorocebus cynosuros) та бабуїни (Papio cynocephalus) є більш поширеними видами, які зустрічаються в міомбо. Серед інших поширених в екорегіоні ссавців слід відзначити африканського бородавочника (Phacochoerus africanus), чагарникову свиню (Potamochoerus larvatus), саванового зайця (Lepus microtis) та південноафриканського їжатця (Hystrix africaeaustralis). Ендеміками екорегіону є (Graphiurus monardi), (Lemniscomys roseveari), (Crocidura ansellorum) та (Crocidura zimmeri). Орнітофауна екорегіону вирізняється високим різноманіттям. Серед птахів, поширених в міомбових рідколіссях Центральної Замбезії, слід відзначити замбійську синицю (Melaniparus griseiventris), рудочереву синицю (Melaniparus rufiventris), замбійську ластівку (Hirundo nigrorufa), міомбового магалі (Plocepasser rufoscapulatus), міомбового сорокопуда (Lanius souzae), ангольського скеляра (Monticola angolensis), міомбового мерла (Lamprotornis elisabeth), рудоголового кромбека (Sylvietta ruficapilla), краплистоволу мухоловку (Muscicapa boehmi), міомбову альзаколу (Cercotrichas barbata), міомбову зебринку (Calamonastes undosus) та чорносмугу жовтобрюшку (Eremomela atricollis). На водно-болотних угіддях регіону зустрічаються білошиї журавлі (Grus carunculata), ботсванійські чепури (Egretta vinaceigula) та лучні деркачі (Crex crex). Серед майже ендемічних птахів, поширених в регіоні, слід відзначити ангольського ткачика (Ploceus angolensis) та (Agapornis lilianae). Ендеміками екорегіону є мочарні ткачики (Ploceus ruweti) та маскові астрильди (Estrilda nigriloris), які зустрічаються лише на півдні ДР Конго. Герпетофауна екорегіону вирізняється високим різноманіттям та рівнем ендемізму. Серед поширених в регіоні амфібій слід відзначити гладеньку шпоркову жабу (Xenopus laevis), (Hoplobatrachus occipitalis), (Schismaderma carens), (Leptopelis cynnamomeus) та ендемічну (Sclerophrys fuliginata), а серед плазунів — нільського крокодила (Crocodylus niloticus). Загалом близько 20 видів плазунів та 13 видів амфібій є ендеміками регіону. Збереження Більша частина екорегіону, за винятком територій Малаві, Бурунді та , розташованого в Замбії та на півдні ДР Конго, є слабозаселеною. Причиною цього є бідність ґрунтів, які обмежують сільськогосподарський потенціал, та широка присутність мухи цеце (Glossina). Серед факторів, які загрожують природі екорегіону, слід відзначити полювання на диких тварин, браконьєрство, спричинені людьми пожежі з метою розчистки землі або отримання деревного вугілля, а також забруднення навколишнього середовища внаслідок видобування корисних копалин. Близько 26,5 % площі екорегіону є заповідними територіями. Природоохоронні території включають: в Анголі, та в Бурунді, , та в ДР Конго, , , та в Малаві, Національний парк Гомбе-Стрім, Національний парк Катаві, Національний парк гір Магалі, Національний парк Руаха та Національний парк острова Рубондо в Танзанії, а також Національний парк Кафуе, Національний парк Ісангано, Національний парк Лавуші-Манда, Національний парк Касанка, , , Національний парк Нсумбу, , Національний парк Північної Луангви, Національний парк Південної Луангви та в Замбії. Примітки Посилання «Central Zambezian miombo woodlands». The Encyclopedia of Earth. «Central Zambezian Wet Miombo Woodlands» — One Earth. Екорегіони Анголи Екорегіони Демократичної Республіки Конго Екорегіони Замбії Екорегіони Малаві Екорегіони Танзанії Екорегіони Бурунді
21841441	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolki	Rolki	Rolki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Biała Piska, within Pisz County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Biała Piska, east of Pisz, and east of the regional capital Olsztyn. References Rolki
3968465	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegon%20Classic%202015	Aegon Classic 2015	Aegon Classic 2015 AEGON Classic 2015 — жіночий тенісний турнір, що проходив на відкритих кортах з трав'яним покриттям. Це був 34-й за ліком турнір. Належав до категорії Premier у рамках Туру WTA 2015. Відбувся в Edgbaston Priory Club у Бірмінгемі (Англія). Тривав з 15 до 21 червня 2015 року. Сабіне Лісіцкі встановила новий рекорд туру WTA за кількістю ейсів у матчі одиночного розряду серед жінок. У матчі другого кола проти Белінди Бенчич 17 червня 2015 вона перемогла, зробивши 27 ейсів. Очки і призові гроші Розподіл очок Розподіл призових грошей Учасниці основної сітки в одиночному розряді Сіяні 1 Рейтинг подано станом на 8 червня 2015. Інші учасниці Нижче наведено учасниць, які отримали вайлд-кард на участь в основній сітці: Ежені Бушар Наомі Броді Єлена Янкович Джоанна Конта Кейті Свон Учасниця, що потрапила в основну сітку завдяки захищеному рентингові: Петра Цетковська Нижче наведено гравчинь, які пробились в основну сітку через стадію кваліфікації: Тімеа Бабош Катерина Бондаренко Місакі Дой Марина Еракович Клара Коукалова Александра Крунич Мішель Ларшер де Бріту Татьяна Марія Як щасливий лузер в основну сітку потрапили такі гравчині: Чжен Сайсай Знялись з турніру До початку турніру Тімеа Бачинскі →її замінила Тереза Сміткова Мона Бартель →її замінила Айла Томлянович Медісон Бренгл →її замінила Моніка Нікулеску Домініка Цібулкова →її замінила Міряна Лучич-Бароні Каміла Джорджі (травма правого стегна) →її замінила Чжен Сайсай Медісон Кіз →її замінила Катерина Сінякова Пен Шуай →її замінила Лорен Девіс Луціє Шафарова →її замінила Крістіна Макгейл Ярослава Шведова →її замінила Бояна Йовановські Під час турніру Вікторія Азаренко (травма лівої ступні) Учасниці основної сітки в парному розряді Сіяні 1 Рейтинг подано станом на 8 червня 2015. Інші учасниці Нижче наведено пари, які отримали вайлдкард на участь в основній сітці: Ежені Бушар / Світлана Кузнецова Сімона Халеп / Гезер Вотсон Джоселін Рей / Анна Сміт Відмовились від участі Під час турніру Сімона Халеп (травма правої руки) Крістіна Младенович (травма поперекового відділу хребта) фінал Одиночний розряд Анджелік Кербер — Кароліна Плішкова, 6–7(5–7), 6–3, 7–6(7–4) Парний розряд Гарбінє Мугуруса / Карла Суарес Наварро — Андреа Главачкова / Луціє Градецька, 6–4, 6–4 Примітки Посилання Official website http://www.lta.org.uk/major-events/aegon-classic-birmingham/aegon-classic-news/ Тур WTA 2015 2015 2015 в англійському спорті
991577	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murshidabad	Murshidabad	Murshidabad (or ) }} is a historical city in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is located on the eastern bank of the Bhagirathi River, a distributary of the Ganges. It forms part of the Murshidabad district. During the 18th century, Murshidabad was a prosperous city. It was the capital of the Bengal Subah for seventy years, with a jurisdiction covering modern-day Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. It was the seat of the hereditary Nawab of Bengal and the state's treasury, revenue office and judiciary. Murshidabad was a cosmopolitan city. Its population peaked at 100,000 in the 1750s. It was home to wealthy banking and merchant families from different parts of the Indian subcontinent and wider Eurasia, including the Jagat Seth and Armenians. European companies, including the British East India Company, the French East India Company, the Dutch East India Company and the Danish East India Company, conducted business and operated factories around the city. Silk was a major product of Murshidabad. The city was also a center of art and culture, including ivory sculptors, Hindustani classical music and the Murshidabad style of Mughal painting. The city's decline began with the defeat of the last independent Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-Daulah at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. The Nawab was demoted to the status of a zamindar known as the Nawab of Murshidabad. The British shifted the treasury, courts and revenue office to Calcutta. In the 19th century, the population was estimated to be 46,000. Murshidabad became a district headquarters of the Bengal Presidency. It was declared as a municipality in 1869. Etymology Murshidabad was named after its founder, Nawab Murshid Quli Khan. Murshid is an Arabic term for a teacher or guide with integrity, sensibility, and maturity. The suffix -abad is derived from the Persian word abad, which referred to a cultivated place. Geography Location Murshidabad is located at . Hazarduari Palace and its associated sites in the Kila Nizamat area (forming the central area in the map alongside) is the centre of attraction in Murshidabad. Just a little away are Katra Masjid, Fauti Mosque, Jama Masjid and the Motijhil area. There is a group of attractions in the northern part of the town (as can be seen in the map alongside). Some attractions such as Khushbagh, Rosnaiganj, Baranagar, Kiriteswari Temple, Karnasuvarna and others are on the other side of the river and there are attractions in the neighbouring Berhampore area also (not shown in the map). Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in Murshidabad city. Most of the places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. A few, without pages yet, remain unmarked. The map has a scale. It will help viewers to find out the distances. History The area was part of the Gauda Kingdom and Vanga Kingdom in ancient Bengal. The Riyaz-us-Salatin credited the initial development of the town to a merchant named Makhsus Khan. The merchant's role is also mentioned in the Ain-i-Akbari. During the 17th-century, the area was well known for sericulture. In 1621, English agents reported that large quantities of silk were available in the area. During the 1660s, it became a pargana of the Mughal administration, with jurisdiction over European companies in Cossimbazar. In the early 18th-century, Murshid Quli Khan, the prime minister of Bengal Subah, had a bitter rivalry with Prince Azim-ush-Shan, the viceroy of Bengal. The latter even attempted to have Khan killed. The Mughal court in Delhi was also rapidly losing authority in much of the subcontinent. Amid the decline of the central government, the Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar promoted Khan to the status of a princely Nawab. As Nawab, Khan was given the opportunity to create a princely dynasty as part of the Mughal aristocracy. Murshid Quli Khan shifted the capital of Bengal from Dhaka, which lost its strategic importance after the expulsion of the Arakanese and Portuguese from Chittagong. He founded the city of Murshidabad and named the city after himself. It became the center of political, economic and cultural life in Bengal. The jurisdiction of the Nawab included not only Bengal, but also Bihar and Orissa. Murshidabad was also located centrally in the expanded jurisdiction of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. The presence of the princely court, the Mughal Army, artisans and multiethnic merchants increased the wealth of Murshidabad. Wealthy families and companies established their head offices in the city. The Murshidabad mint became the largest in Bengal, with a value amounting to two percent of the minted currency. The city witnessed the construction of administrative buildings, gardens, palaces, mosques, temples and mansions. European companies operated factories in the city's outskirts. The city was full of brokers, workers, peons, naibs, wakils, and ordinary traders. Murshid Quli Khan transformed Murshidabad into a capital city with an efficient administrative machinery for his successors. He built a palace and a caravanserai with a grand mosque, known as the Katra Masjid. The main military base was located near the mosque and formed the city's eastern gateway. The third Nawab Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan patronized the construction of another palace and military base, a new gateway, the revenue office, a public audience hall (durbar), a private chamber, the treasury and a mosque in an extensive compound called Farrabagh (Garden of Joy) which included canals, fountains, flowers, and fruit trees. Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah established a palace near the Motijhil (Pearl Lake). The Nizamat Imambara was built for Shia Muslims. The palace complex was fortified and known as the Nizamat Fort. The main entrances of the Nizamat Fort had musicians' galleries. The gates were high, imposing and tall enough for an elephant to pass through. The Khoshbagh garden was the burial place of the Nawabs. The city had a Bengali majority population, including Bengali Muslims and Bengali Hindus. There was an influential Jain community involved in trade and commerce. An Armenian community also settled and became financiers for the Nawab. The Jagat Seth were one of the prominent banking families of Murshidabad. They controlled money lending activities and served as financiers for administrators, merchants, traders, the Nawabs, the Zamindars, as well as the British, French, Armenians and Dutch. The merchants built many mansions, including the Azimganj Rajbati, Kathgola house and Nashipur house. The Nawabs of Bengal entered into agreements with numerous European trading companies allowing them to establish bases in the region. The French East India Company operated factories in Murshidabad and Dhaka. The British East India Company was based in Fort William. Murshidabad was a part of the Dutch Bengal Department. The Ostend Company of Austria established a base near Murshidabad. The Danish East India Company also set up trading posts in the Bengal Subah. The last independent Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah was overthrown in 1757. Despite receiving assurances of French support, the Nawab was betrayed by his commander Mir Jafar. The British installed Mir Jafar's family as a puppet dynasty and eventually reduced the Nawab to the status of a landlord (zamindar). The British continued to collect revenue from the area's factories. The merchant families continued to prosper under company rule in India. In 1858, the British government gained direct control of India's administration. Murshidabad was very badly affected by the Bengal Famine of 1770. Murshidabad was a district city of the Bengal Presidency. Warren Hastings removed the supreme civil and criminal courts to Calcutta in 1772, but in 1775 the latter courts were brought back to Murshidabad again. In 1790, under Lord Cornwallis, the entire revenue and judicial staffs were moved to Calcutta. The city was still the residence of the Nawab, who ranked as the first nobleman of the province with the style of Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad, instead of Nawab Nazim of Bengal. The Hazarduari Palace was built in 1837 as a residence for both the Nawab and British civil servants. Murshidabad became a municipality in 1869. The population in 1901 was 15,168. The silk industry was revived with assistance from the government. The area also became notable for mango and litchi production. See also - Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad Economy The city today is a center for agriculture, handicrafts and sericulture. The famous Murshidabad silk, much in demand for making saris and scarves, is produced here. Demographics As of 2011 Indian Census, Murshidabad had a total population of 44,019, of which 22,177 were males and 21,842 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 4,414. The total number of literates in Murshidabad was 32,451, which constituted 73.7% of the population with male literacy of 77.3% and female literacy of 70.1%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Murshidabad was 81.9%, of which male literacy rate was 86.0% and female literacy rate was 77.9%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 13,762 and 302 respectively. Murshidabad had 9829 households in 2011.According to 2011 census the religious make-up of Murshidabd city was: Hindus (75.09%), Muslims (23.86%) and others(1.05%) Educational institutes Schools Sargachi Ramakrishna Mission High School Srikantabati P.S.S. Sikshaniketan Colleges Subhas Chandra Bose Centenary College Dumkal Institute of Engineering & Technology Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology, Berhampore Jakir Hossain Institute of Polytechnic, Hafania, Suti II Kandi Raj College Krishnath College Management Development Institute Murshidabad Murshidabad College of Engineering & Technology Murshidabad Institute of Technology Sripat Singh College Berhampore College Rani Dhanya Kumari College Berhampore Girls' College Bimal Chandra College of Law Murshidabad University Jangipur College Dukhulal Nibaran Chandra College Prof. Syed Nurul Hasan College Nur Mohammad Smriti Mahavidyalaya Medical schools Murshidabad Medical College and Hospital Universities Murshidabad University, Berhampore Aligarh Muslim University Murshidabad Centre Murshidabad Heritage Festival The Murshidabad Heritage Festival aims at reviving the tangible and intangible heritage of Murshidabad along with those nearby heritage tows of Azimganj, Jiaganj and Cossimbazar. The festival aims at preserving the past and integrating it with the present and to bring Murshidabad back in the tourism, cultural and heritage map of India. It is an initiative of Murshidabad Heritage Development Society (MHDS). The festival began in 2011 and has been celebrated ever since. There are no fixed days for the festival but it is celebrated during the winter season, especially during January or February. The festival is complete with cultural performances, heritage walks, cruise along the Bagirati River and exotic food. The Food served during the festival is purely vegetarian, with special emphasis on Sheherwali cuisine. Notable residents Notes References External links District website Cities and towns in Murshidabad district Former capital cities in India Capitals of Bengal Cities in West Bengal
24551238	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostap%20Vyshnya	Ostap Vyshnya	Ostap Vyshnya Pavlo Mykhailovych Hubenko (– 28 September 1956), better known by the literary pseudonym of Ostap Vyshnia, was a Ukrainian writer, humourist, satirist, and medical official (feldsher). Nicknamed by critics as the Ukrainian Mark Twain and the Ukrainian Printing King; His fame was said to have competed in early Soviet Ukraine with only Taras Shevchenko and Vladimir Lenin. Early life Pavlo Hubenko was born in a large peasant family of 17 children on 13 November 1889 in the khutir (farmstead) Chechva near the small town of Hrun, in Zinkiv uyezd, at the time in the Poltava Governorate of the Russian Empire. Today his place is in Sumy Oblast while Zinkiv is a city in Poltava Oblast, both in Ukraine. He studied in elementary school in Zinkiv, later enrolling into the Kyiv military-nursing school which he finished in 1907. He worked as a nurse in the Army and then at the surgical department of the South-Western Railways hospital. He finally managed to take the tests to enroll into the Kyiv University in 1917, but later (1919) dropped out of it and was fully overtaken by journalism and literary works. In 1919 he was captured by Bolsheviks while being in the Ukrainian Army and heavily sick of typhus. Remarkable is the fact that he also served as the chief of the medical-sanitary directorate of Ukrainian Ministry of Railways (Transport). Until 1921 he spent time in Kharkiv's prison till the complete end of the Civil War. During the times of Directorate of Ukraine he became known for his phrase: Inside the wagon - Directory, under the wagon - territory. In 1933, he was sentenced to ten years in a forced labour camp. Vyshnia was one of the few representatives of the Renaissance group who survived the execution. Career and repression Hubenko's first published work, Denikin's Democratic Reforms, appeared on 2 November 1919 in the newspaper Narodna Volia under the pen name P. Hrunsky. Several satirical articles were also printed in this same newspaper by the young writer. His period of regular publication began in April 1921, when he became a journalist with the government newspaper News of the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee. The pen name Ostap Vyshnia first appeared in The Peasant Truth on 22 July 1921, in the feuilleton Odd Fellow, Really!. In 1933 he was sent to the labour camps for ten years, and he was able to return to his literary career only in 1943. He was rehabilitated in 1955. Death Ostap Vyshnya died on 28 September 1956 in Kyiv. His funeral reportedly filled Khreshchatyk street. He is buried at the Baikove Cemetery. Works Hard Times (translation into English of best humour & satire spanning his whole career), published 1981, transl. by Yuri Tkacz, Bayda Books, Australia See also List of Ukrainian-language writers List of Ukrainian literature translated into English References External links Yurkova, O.V. Ostap Vyshnia (ВИШНЯ Остап). Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine. Koshelivets, I. ''Vyshnia, Ostap. Encyclopedia of Ukraine. 1889 births 1956 deaths Kiev Military Medical School alumni Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv alumni Soviet writers People from Sumy Oblast People from Poltava Governorate Ukrainian people of the Ukrainian–Soviet War Gulag detainees Ukrainian male writers Burials at Baikove Cemetery 20th-century male writers Executed Renaissance
1810879	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%20%28%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%29	Ричфілд (Міннесота)	Ричфілд (Міннесота) Ричфілд — місто в окрузі Ганнепін, штат Міннесота, США. Населення — осіб (2010). Географія Ричфілд розташований за координатами (44.874460, -93.282529). За даними Бюро перепису населення США 2010 року місто мало площу 18,15 км², з яких 17,78 км² — суходіл та 0,37 км² — водні об'єкти. Демографія Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у місті мешкало осіб у домогосподарствах у складі родин. Густота населення становила 1941 особа/км². Було 15735 помешкань (867/км²). Расовий склад населення: До двох чи більше рас належало 3,5 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 18,3 % від усіх жителів. За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 21,3 % — особи молодші 18 років, 64,5 % — особи віком 18—64 років, 14,2 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 36,2 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі в місті припадало 96,7 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 93,5 чоловіків також старших 18 років. Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив доларів США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — доларів . Медіана доходів становила доларів для чоловіків та долари для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 12,9 % осіб, у тому числі 18,2 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 7,3 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших. Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 22,8 %, науковці, спеціалісти, менеджери — 14,3 %, мистецтво, розваги та відпочинок — 12,9 %, роздрібна торгівля — 11,7 %. Примітки Джерела Посилання Richfield Public Schools Richfield Historical Society Minnesota Richfield // Worldcat [пошук] Міста Міннесоти Населені пункти округу Ганнепін (Міннесота) Населені пункти США, засновані 1908
462159	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truganini	Truganini	Truganini (c.1812 – 8 May 1876), also known as Lalla Rookh and Lydgugee, was a woman famous for being widely described as the last "full-blooded" Aboriginal Tasmanian to survive British colonisation. Although she was one of the last speakers of the Indigenous Tasmanian languages, Truganini was not the last Aboriginal Tasmanian. She lived through the devastation of invasion and the Black War in which most of her relatives died, avoiding death herself by being assigned as a guide in expeditions organised to capture and forcibly exile all the remaining Indigenous Tasmanians. Truganini was later taken to the Port Phillip District where she engaged in armed resistance against the colonists. She herself was then exiled, first to the Wybalenna Aboriginal Establishment on Flinders Island and then to Oyster Cove in southern Tasmania. Truganini died at Hobart in 1876, her skeleton later being placed on public display at the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery until 1948. Her remains were finally cremated and laid to rest in 1976. In being mythologised as "the last of her people", Truganini became the tragic and triumphal symbol of the conquest of British colonists over an "inferior race". In modern times, Truganini's life has become representative of both the dispossession and destruction that was exacted upon Indigenous Australians and also their determination to survive the colonial genocidal policies that were enforced against them. Name and spelling Other spellings of her name include Trukanini, Trugernanner, Trugernena, Truganina, Trugannini, Trucanini, Trucaminni, and Trucaninny. Truganini was widely known by the nickname Lalla(h) Rookh, and also called Lydgugee. In the Indigenous Bruny Island language, truganina was the name of the grey saltbush, Atriplex cinerea. Early life Truganini was born around 1812 at Recherche Bay (Lyleatea) in southern Tasmania. Her father was Manganerer, a senior figure of the Nuenonne people whose country extended from Recherche Bay across the D'Entrecasteaux Channel to Bruny Island (Lunawanna-alonnah). Truganini's mother was probably a Ninine woman from the area around Port Davey. At the time of Truganini's birth, the British had already begun colonising the region around Nuenonne country, severely disrupting the ability of her people to live and practise their traditional culture. The violence directed at the Nuenonne, who were regarded as helpful to the colonists, was sustained and horrific. Around 1816, a group of British sailors raided the camp of Truganini's family, stabbing her mother to death. In 1826, Truganini's older sisters Lowhenune and Magerleede were abducted by a sealer and eventually sold to other sealers on Kangaroo Island, while in 1829 her step-mother was abducted by mutinous convicts and taken to New Zealand. There is also an account that around 1828 Truganini's uncle was shot by a soldier, and that she was abducted and raped by timber-cutters. The timber-cutters also brutally murdered and drowned two Nuenonne men, one of which was Truganini's fiancé, by throwing them out of a boat and cutting off their hands with an axe as they tried to clamber back in. By 1828 the British had established three whaling stations on Bruny Island. A relationship existed between the whalers and Nuenonne females, where flour, sugar and tea were exchanged for sex. Truganini participated in this trade. She also was an exceptional swimmer and provided further food for her people by diving for abalone and other shellfish. Association with George Augustus Robinson In 1828, the Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemen's Land, Colonel George Arthur, ordered the creation of an Aboriginal ration station on Bruny Island, which in 1829 was placed under the authority of an English builder and evangelical Christian named George Augustus Robinson. On arriving at Bruny Island, Robinson was immediately impressed by Truganini's intelligence and decided to form a close association with her to facilitate other Nuenonne to come to the Aboriginal station which he established at Missionary Bay on the west side of the island. With the assistance of Truganini, Robinson initially had some success in attracting Nuenonne and Ninine people to his establishment. He even took Truganini and her cousin Dray to Hobart dressed in fine European dresses to display them to the Lieutenant-Governor as being examples of his ability to "civilise the natives". However, colonial violence and European diseases rapidly killed off most of the Indigenous people who visited the establishment, including Truganini's father Manganerer. By October 1829, only a handful of Nuenonne and Ninine had survived, and to strengthen his father-like bonds with the survivors, Robinson oversaw the partnering of the young Truganini with an important surviving Nuenonne man named Wurati. Guide for the "friendly mission" Realising that the Aboriginal station at Bruny Island was doomed, Robinson formulated a scheme to use Truganini, Wurati and a few other captured Aboriginal people such as Kikatapula, to guide him to the clans residing in the uncolonised western parts of Van Diemen's Land. Once contacted, Robinson would "conciliate" these clans to accept the British invasion and avoid conflict. Lieutenant-Governor Arthur approved Robinson's plan and employed him to conduct this venture which was named the "friendly mission". The mission left Bruny Island in early 1830 with Truganini playing a very important role not only as an linguistic interpreter on local Aboriginal language and culture, but also by providing much of the seafood for the group. None of the men in the expedition could swim, so Truganini also did most of the work pushing the other group members on small rafts across the various rivers they encountered. As they made their way up the west coast past Bathurst Harbour and Macquarie Harbour, the "friendly mission" made brief contacts with Ninine and Lowreenne clans. When Truganini and Wurati were sent to obtain rations at the Macquarie Harbour Penal Station on Sarah Island, Robinson was abandoned by his other guides. Alone, starving and debilitated by skin and eye infections, Robinson was saved from death by being located by Truganini and Wurati on their return from the penal colony. By June 1830, the group had reached the north west tip of Van Diemen's Land known as Cape Grim. Here they found that the Van Diemen's Land Company had appropriated a massive area of land for farmland; displacing and massacring the local Tarkiner, Pennemukeer, Pairelehoinner, Peternidic and Peerapper clans in the process. Sealers on nearby Robbins Island were also found with women kidnapped from both local clans and elsewhere in Tasmania. On meeting Truganini, the kidnapped women cried with joy as Robinson negotiated their release. However, Robinson being informed that the government were offering a £5 bounty for every native captured, now sort financial gain from his "friendly mission". He duplicitously used a Pairelehoinner youth named Tunnerminnerwait to gather some of the local people, who he shipped to Launceston to claim the bounty. Joseph Fossey, the superintendent for the Van Diemen's Land Company, meanwhile took an interest in Truganini and wanted her as an "evening companion". The expedition made its way east to Launceston where the settler population was preparing for the climax of the Black War. Called the Black Line, it was a 2,200 man strong chain of armed colonists and soldiers to sweep the settled areas looking to kill or trap any Aboriginal people they found. Robinson, Truganini and the other guides were allowed to continue their mission to the north-east, away from the direction of the Black Line. They arrived at Cape Portland in October 1830 having rescued several Indigenous women from the slavery of the local sealers, and been joined by the respected warrior Mannalargenna and his small remnant clan. They were informed of the failure of the Black Line to capture or kill many Aboriginal people and it was decided by the government to use the nearby Bass Strait Islands as a place of enforced exile for those Indigenous Tasmanians collected by Robinson. Flinders Island In 1835, Truganini and most other surviving Aboriginal Tasmanians were relocated to Flinders Island in the Bass Strait, where the colonial British government had built the Wybalenna Aboriginal Establishment. This internment camp proved unsuccessful, and disastrous for the exiled Aboriginal Tasmanian people. The stated aim of isolation was to save them, but many of the group died from influenza and other diseases. Port Phillip District In 1839, Truganini, among sixteen Aboriginal Tasmanians, accompanied Robinson to the Port Phillip District in present-day Victoria. Oral histories of Truganini report that after arriving in the new settlement of Melbourne and disengaging with Robinson, she had a child named Louisa Esmai with John Shugnow or Strugnell at Point Nepean in Victoria, but anthropologist Diane Barwick stated that historians working on a legal case for the Victorian Aboriginal Legal Service disproved those claims in 1974. Louisa was grandmother to Ellen Atkinson. After about two years of living in and around Melbourne, she joined Tunnerminnerwait and three other Tasmanian Aboriginal people. The group became outlaws, robbing and shooting at settlers around Dandenong and triggering a long pursuit by the authorities. The outlaws moved on to Bass River and then Cape Paterson. There, members of the group murdered two whalers at Watson's hut. The group was captured and sent for trial for murder at Port Phillip. A gunshot wound to Truganini's head was treated by Dr Hugh Anderson of Bass River. The two men of the group were found guilty and hanged on 20 January 1842. Oyster Cove Truganini and most of the other Tasmanian Aboriginal people were returned to Flinders Island several months later. In 1847, the few surviving Tasmanian Aboriginal people at the Flinders Island settlement, including Truganini (not all Tasmanian Aboriginal people on the island as some suggest) were moved to a settlement at Oyster Cove, south of Hobart. According to The Times newspaper, quoting a report issued by the Colonial Office, by 1861 the number of survivors at Oyster Cove was only fourteen: ...14 persons, all adults, aboriginals of Tasmania, who are the sole surviving remnant of ten tribes. Nine of these persons are women and five are men. There are among them four married couples, and four of the men and five of the women are under 45 years of age, but no children have been born to them for years. It is considered difficult to account for this... Besides these 14 persons there is a native woman who is married to a white man, and who has a son, a fine healthy-looking child...The article, headed "Decay of Race", adds that although the survivors enjoyed generally good health and still made hunting trips to the bush during the season, after first asking "leave to go", they were now "fed, housed and clothed at public expense" and "much addicted to drinking". According to a report in The Times she later married a Tasmanian Aboriginal person, William Lanne (known as "King Billy") who died in March 1869. By 1873, Truganini was the sole survivor of the Oyster Cove group, and was again moved to Hobart. Death She died in May 1876 and was buried at the former Female Factory at Cascades, a suburb of Hobart. Before her death, Truganini had pleaded to colonial authorities for a respectful burial, and requested that her ashes be scattered in the D'Entrecasteaux Channel. She feared that her body would be mutilated for perverse scientific purposes as William Lanne's had been. Despite her wishes, within two years, her skeleton was exhumed by the Royal Society of Tasmania. It was placed on public display in the Tasmanian Museum in 1904 where it remained until 1947. Only in April 1976, approaching the centenary of her death, were Truganini's remains finally cremated and scattered according to her wishes. In 2002, some of her hair and skin were found in the collection of the Royal College of Surgeons of England and returned to Tasmania for burial. Legacy Truganini is often incorrectly referred to as the last speaker of a Tasmanian language. However, The Companion to Tasmanian History details three full-blood Tasmanian Aboriginal women, Sal, Suke and Betty, who lived on Kangaroo Island in South Australia in the late 1870s and "all three outlived Truganini". There were also Tasmanian Aboriginal people living on Flinders and Lady Barron Islands. Fanny Cochrane Smith (1834–1905) outlived Truganini by 30 years and in 1889 was officially recognised as the last Tasmanian Aboriginal person, though there was speculation that she was actually mixed-race, later refuted. Smith recorded songs in her native language, the only audio recordings that exist of an indigenous Tasmanian language. According to historian Cassandra Pybus's 2020 biography, Truganini's mythical status as the "last of her people" has overshadowed the significant roles she played in Tasmanian and Victorian history during her lifetime. Pybus states that "for nearly seven decades she lived through a psychological and cultural shift more extreme than most human imaginations could conjure; she is a hugely significant figure in Australian history". Truganini Place in the Canberra suburb of Chisholm is named in her honour. The suburb of Truganina in Melbourne's outer western suburbs is believed to be named after her, as she had visited the area for a short time. Cultural depictions Visual art In 1835 and 1836, settler Benjamin Law created a pair of busts depicting Truganini and Woorrady in Hobart Town that have come under recent controversy. In 2009, members of the Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre protested an auction of these works by Sotheby's in Melbourne, arguing that the sculptures were racist, perpetuated false myths of Aboriginal extinction, and erased the experiences of Tasmania's remaining indigenous populations. Representatives called for the busts to be returned to Tasmania and given to the Aboriginal community, and were ultimately successful in stopping the auction. Artist Edmund Joel Dicks also created a plaster bust of Truganini, which is in the collection of the National Museum of Australia. In 1997, the Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter, England, returned Truganini's necklace and bracelet to Tasmania. Music and literature "Truganini's Dreaming" is the title of a song written by Bunna Lawrie, the founding member, sole songwriter and lead singer of the Australian Aboriginal band Coloured Stone. It appeared on their 1986 album, Human Love, which won the Best Indigenous Release at the ARIA Music Awards of 1987. Truganinni, a play about her life by Melbourne writer Bill Reid, had its premiere at the Union Theatre, University of Melbourne on 21 April 1970, directed by George Whaley and starring Jan Hamilton as Truganinni. "Truganini" is the name of a song by Midnight Oil, from their 1993 album Earth and Sun and Moon; this song spoke partly of Truganini herself but also of what Midnight Oil saw as Australia's environmental and social problems. In Mudrooroo's roman à clef Doctor Wooreddy's Prescription for Enduring the Ending of the World, one of the main characters is Trugernanna, a somewhat fictional portrayal of Truganini. A steamer called Truganini sailed in the South Seas in 1886, visiting Papua New Guinea. A racehorse named "Truganini" ran in Britain in the early 20th century and another named "Trucanini" started racing aged 2 in the 2012 season. Truganini receives explicit mention in Yuval Harari's Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. Truganani is the name of a song by Troy Kingi, from his 2019 album Holy Colony Burning Acres. See also Black War Doctor Wooreddy's Prescription for Enduring the Ending of the World Tunnerminnerwait, leader and resistance fighter List of Indigenous Australian historical figures Notes Citations Sources External links The Last of the Tasmanians on Wikisource Truganini (1812–1876) National Library of Australia, NLA Trove, People and Organisation record for Truganini Images of Truganini in State Library of Tasmania collection Alexander, Alison Truganini at Companion to Tasmanian History, University of Tasmania Russell, John (Essay) The Representation of Trucanini 1999. at fotoworkz freelance photographic (Article) Truganini's Funeral (Radio Feature) Truganini – Bushranger (Article) Truganini (1812?–1876) A life reflecting the tragic history of the first Tasmanians. 1810s births 1876 deaths 19th-century Australian women History of Indigenous Australians History of Tasmania Indigenous Tasmanian people Last known speakers of an Australian Aboriginal language
3223944	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Petraeus	David Petraeus	David Petraeus David Howell Petraeus (born November 7, 1952) is a retired United States Army general and public official. He served as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency from September 6, 2011, until his resignation on November 9, 2012. Prior to his assuming the directorship of the CIA, Petraeus served 37 years in the United States Army. His last assignments in the Army were as commander of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and commander, U.S. Forces – Afghanistan (USFOR-A) from July 4, 2010, to July 18, 2011. His other four-star assignments include serving as the 10th commander, U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM) from October 13, 2008, to June 30, 2010, and as commanding general, Multi-National Force – Iraq (MNF-I) from February 10, 2007, to September 16, 2008. As commander of MNF-I, Petraeus oversaw all coalition forces in Iraq. Petraeus was the General George C. Marshall Award winner as the top graduate of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College class of 1983. He later served as assistant professor of international relations at the United States Military Academy and also completed a fellowship at Georgetown University. Since 2022, he has taught courses in international relations at Yale University as a Kissinger Senior Fellow of the university's Jackson Institute for Global Affairs. Petraeus has repeatedly stated that he has no plans to run for elected political office. On June 23, 2010, President Barack Obama nominated Petraeus to succeed General Stanley McChrystal as commanding general of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan, technically a step down from his position as Commander of United States Central Command, which oversees the military efforts in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Central Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, and Egypt. On June 30, 2011, Petraeus was unanimously confirmed as the Director of the CIA by the U.S. Senate 94–0. Petraeus relinquished command of U.S. and NATO forces in Afghanistan on July 18, 2011, and retired from the U.S. Army on August 31, 2011. On November 9, 2012, he resigned from his position as director of the CIA, citing his extramarital affair with his biographer Paula Broadwell, which was reportedly discovered in the course of an FBI investigation. In January 2015, officials reported the FBI and Justice Department prosecutors had recommended bringing felony charges against Petraeus for allegedly providing classified information to Broadwell while serving as director of the CIA. Eventually, Petraeus pleaded guilty to one misdemeanor charge of mishandling classified information. He was later sentenced to two years of probation and fined $100,000 for the unauthorized removal and retention of classified material he gave to Broadwell. Early life and family Petraeus was born in Cornwall-on-Hudson, New York, the son of Miriam Sweet (née Howell; 1912–1991), a librarian, and Sixtus Petraeus (1915–2008), a sea captain. His father was a Dutch merchant mariner who emigrated to the United States at the start of World War II, from Franeker, the Netherlands, and his mother was American, a resident of Brooklyn, New York. They met at the Seamen's Church Institute of New York and New Jersey and married. Sixtus Petraeus commanded a Liberty ship for the U.S. for the duration of World War II. The family moved after the war, settling in Cornwall-on-Hudson, where David Petraeus grew up and graduated from Cornwall Central High School in 1970. Petraeus went on to the United States Military Academy at West Point. Petraeus was on the intercollegiate soccer and ski teams, was a cadet captain on the brigade staff, and was a "distinguished cadet" academically, graduating in the top 5% of the Class of 1974 (ranked 40th overall). In the class yearbook, Petraeus was remembered as "always going for it in sports, academics, leadership, and even his social life." While a cadet, Petraeus started dating the daughter of Army General William A. Knowlton (the West Point superintendent at the time), Holly. Two months after Petraeus graduated, they married. Holly, who is multi-lingual, was a National Merit Scholar in high school, and graduated summa cum laude from Dickinson College. They have a daughter and son, Anne and Stephen. Petraeus administered the oath of office at his son's 2009 commissioning into the Army after his son's graduation from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His son went on to serve as an officer in Afghanistan as a member of 3rd Platoon, Alpha Company, 1st Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment, 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team. Petraeus's official residence in the United States is a small property in the small town of Springfield, New Hampshire, which his wife inherited from her family. Petraeus once told a friend that he was a Rockefeller Republican. Education and academia Petraeus graduated from West Point in 1974, receiving a B.S. degree in Military Science. He earned the General George C. Marshall Award as the top graduate of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Class of 1983 at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. He subsequently earned an M.P.A. degree in 1985 and a Ph.D. in international relations in 1987 from Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, where he was mentored by Richard H. Ullman. At that time, he also served as an assistant professor of international relations at the U.S. Military Academy from 1985 to 1987. His doctoral dissertation was titled "The American Military and the Lessons of Vietnam: A Study of Military Influence and the Use of Force in the Post-Vietnam Era". He completed a military fellowship at Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service in 1994–1995, although he was called away early to serve in Haiti as the Chief of Operations for NATO there in early 1995. From late 2005 through February 2007, Petraeus served as commanding general of Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and the U.S. Army Combined Arms Center (CAC) located there. As commander of CAC, Petraeus was responsible for oversight of the Command and General Staff College and seventeen other schools, centers, and training programs as well as for developing the Army's doctrinal manuals, training the Army's officers, and supervising the Army's center for the collection and dissemination of lessons learned. During his time at CAC, Petraeus and Marine Lt. Gen. James F. Amos jointly oversaw the publication of Field Manual 3–24, Counterinsurgency, the body of which was written by an extraordinarily diverse group of military officers, academics, human rights advocates, and journalists who had been assembled by Petraeus and Amos. At both Fort Leavenworth and throughout the military's schools and training programs, Petraeus integrated the study of counterinsurgency into lesson plans and training exercises. In recognition of the fact that soldiers in Iraq often performed duties far different from those for which they trained, Petraeus stressed the importance of teaching soldiers how to think and how to fight, and the need to foster flexibility and adaptability in leaders. Petraeus called this change the most significant part of The Surge, saying in 2016, "the surge that mattered most was the surge of ideas. It was the change of strategy, and in many respects, this represented quite a significant change to what it was we were doing before the surge." Petraeus has been called "the world's leading expert in counter-insurgency warfare". Later, having refined his ideas on counterinsurgency based on the implementation of the new counterinsurgency doctrine in Iraq, he published both in Iraq as well as in the Sep/Oct 2008 edition of Military Review his "Commander's Counterinsurgency Guidance" to help guide leaders and units in the Multi-National Force-Iraq. Military operations 1970s Upon his graduation from West Point in 1974, Petraeus was commissioned an infantry officer. After completing Ranger School (Distinguished Honor Graduate and other honors), Petraeus was assigned to the 509th Airborne Battalion Combat Team, a light infantry unit stationed in Vicenza, Italy. Ever since, light infantry has been at the core of his career, punctuated by assignments to mechanized units, unit commands, staff assignments, and educational institutions. After leaving the 509th as a first lieutenant, Petraeus began a brief association with mechanized units when he became assistant operations officer on the staff of the 2nd Brigade, 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized), at Fort Stewart, Georgia. In 1979, he assumed command of a company in the same division: A Company, 2nd Battalion, 19th Infantry Regiment (Mechanized), and then served as that battalion's operations officer, a major's position that he held as a junior captain. 1980s In 1981, Petraeus became aide-de-camp to General John Galvin, then commanding general of the 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized). He spent the next few years furthering his military and civilian education, including spending 1982–83 at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, attending the Command and General Staff College. At graduation in 1983, he was the General George C. Marshall Award winner as the top graduate of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. From 1983 to 1985, he was at Princeton; and 1985–87 at West Point. After earning his Ph.D. and teaching at West Point, Petraeus continued up the rungs of the command ladder, serving as military assistant to Gen. John Galvin, the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. From there, he moved to the 3rd Infantry Division (Mechanized). During 1988–1989, he served as operations officer to the 3rd Infantry Division (Mechanized)'s 30th Infantry Regiment. He was then posted as an aide and assistant executive officer to the U.S. Army Chief of Staff, General Carl Vuono, in Washington, D.C. 1990s Upon promotion to lieutenant colonel, Petraeus moved from the office of the chief of staff to Fort Campbell, Kentucky, where he commanded the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault)'s 3rd Battalion 187th Infantry Regiment, known as the "Iron Rakkasans", from 1991 to 1993. During this period, he suffered one of the more dramatic incidents in his career; in 1991 he was accidentally shot in the chest with an M-16 rifle during a live-fire exercise when a soldier tripped and his rifle discharged. He was taken to Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, where he was operated on by future U.S. Senator Bill Frist. The hospital released him early after he did fifty push-ups without resting, just a few days after the accident. During 1993–94, Petraeus continued his long association with the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) as the division's assistant chief of staff, G-3 (plans, operations, and training) and installation director of plans, training, and mobilization (DPTM). In 1995, he was assigned to the United Nations Mission in Haiti Military Staff as its chief operations officer during Operation Uphold Democracy. His next command, from 1995 to 1997, was the 1st Brigade, 82nd Airborne Division, centered on the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment. At that post, his brigade's training cycle at Fort Polk's Joint Readiness Training Center for low-intensity warfare was chronicled by novelist and military enthusiast Tom Clancy in his book Airborne. From 1997 to 1999, Petraeus served in the Pentagon as executive assistant to the director of the Joint Staff and then to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, Gen. Henry Shelton, who described Petraeus as "a high-energy individual who likes to lead from the front, in any field, he is going into." In 1999, as a brigadier general, Petraeus returned to the 82nd, serving as the assistant division commander for operations and then, briefly, as acting commanding general. During his time with the 82nd, he deployed to Kuwait as part of Operation Desert Spring, the continuous rotation of combat forces through Kuwait during the decade after the Gulf War. 2000s From the 82nd, he moved on to serve as chief of staff of XVIII Airborne Corps at Fort Bragg during 2000–2001. In 2000, Petraeus suffered his second major injury, when, during a civilian skydiving jump, his parachute collapsed at low altitude due to a hook turn, resulting in a hard landing that broke his pelvis. He was selected for promotion to major general in 2001. During 2001–2002, as a brigadier general, Petraeus served a ten-month tour in Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of Operation Joint Forge. In Bosnia, he was the NATO Stabilization Force assistant chief of staff for operations as well as the deputy commander of the U.S. Joint Interagency Counter-Terrorism Task Force, a command created after the September 11 attacks to add counterterrorism capability to the U.S. forces attached to the NATO command in Bosnia. In 2004, he was promoted to lieutenant general. In 2007, he was promoted to General. On April 23, 2008, Secretary of Defense Gates announced that President Bush was nominating General Petraeus to command U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM), headquartered in Tampa, Florida. In 2010, Petraeus was nominated to command the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan, which required Senate confirmation. He was confirmed on June 30, 2010, and took over command from temporary commander Lieutenant-General Sir Nick Parker on July 4, 2010. Involvement in the Iraq War 101st Airborne Division In 2003, Petraeus, then a major general, saw combat for the first time when he commanded the 101st Airborne Division during V Corps's drive to Baghdad. In a campaign chronicled in detail by Pulitzer Prize-winning author Rick Atkinson of The Washington Post in the book In the Company of Soldiers, Petraeus led his division through fierce fighting south of Baghdad, in Karbala, Hilla and Najaf. Following the fall of Baghdad, the division conducted the longest heliborne assault on record in order to reach Nineveh Governorate, where it would spend much of 2003. The 1st Brigade was responsible for the area south of Mosul, the 2nd Brigade for the city itself, and the 3rd Brigade for the region stretching toward the Syrian border. An often-repeated story of Petraeus's time with the 101st is his asking of embedded The Washington Post reporter Rick Atkinson to "Tell me how this ends", an anecdote he and other journalists have used to portray Petraeus as an early recognizer of the difficulties that would follow the fall of Baghdad. In Mosul, a city of nearly two million people, Petraeus and the 101st employed classic counterinsurgency methods to build security and stability, including conducting targeted kinetic operations and using force judiciously, jump-starting the economy, building local security forces, staging elections for the city council within weeks of their arrival, overseeing a program of public works, reinvigorating the political process, and launching 4,500 reconstruction projects in Iraq. This approach can be attributed to Petraeus, who had been steeped in nation-building during his previous tours in nations such as Bosnia and Haiti and thus approached nation-building as a central military mission and who was "prepared to act while the civilian authority in Baghdad was still getting organized", according to Michael Gordon of The New York Times. Some Iraqis gave Petraeus the nickname 'King David', which was later adopted by some of his colleagues. In 2004, Newsweek stated that "It's widely accepted that no force worked harder to win Iraqi hearts and minds than the 101st Airborne Division led by Petraeus." One of the General's major public works was the restoration and re-opening of the University of Mosul. Petraeus strongly supported the use of commanders' discretionary funds for public works, telling Coalition Provisional Authority director L. Paul Bremer "Money is ammunition" during the director's first visit to Mosul. Petraeus's often repeated catchphrase was later incorporated into official military briefings and was also eventually incorporated into the U.S. Army Counterinsurgency Field Manual drafted with Petraeus's oversight. In February 2004, the 101st was replaced in Mosul by a portion of I Corps headquarters, but operational forces consisted solely of a unit roughly one quarter its size—a Stryker brigade. The following summer, the governor of Nineveh Province, Osama Youssef Kashmoula, was assassinated, and most of the Sunni Arab Provincial Council members walked out in the ensuing selection of the new governor, leaving Kurdish members in charge of a predominantly Sunni Arab province. Later that year, the local police commander defected to the Kurdish Minister of Interior in Irbil after repeated assassination attempts against him, attacks on his house, and the kidnapping of his sister. The largely Sunni Arab police collapsed under insurgent attacks launched at the same time Coalition Forces attacked Fallujah in November 2004. There are differing explanations for the apparent collapse of the police force in Mosul. The Guardian quoted an anonymous U.S. diplomat saying, "Mosul basically collapsed after he [Petraeus] left." Former diplomat Peter Galbraith criticized Petraeus's command of the 101st, saying his achievements had been exaggerated and his reputation inflated. He wrote for The New York Review of Books that "Petraeus ignored warnings from America's Kurdish allies that he was appointing the wrong people to key positions in Mosul's local government and police." On the other hand, in the book Fiasco, The Washington Post reporter Tom Ricks wrote that "Mosul was quiet while he (Petraeus) was there, and likely would have remained so had his successor had as many troops as he had—and as much understanding of counterinsurgency techniques." Ricks went on to say that "the population-oriented approach Petraeus took in Mosul in 2003 would be the one the entire U.S. Army in Iraq was trying to adopt in 2006." Time columnist Joe Klein largely agreed with Ricks, writing that the Stryker brigade that replaced the 101st "didn't do any of the local governance that Petraeus had done." Moving away from counterinsurgency principles, "they were occupiers, not builders". The New York Times reporter Michael Gordon and retired General Bernard Trainor echoed Ricks and Klein, including in their book Cobra II a quote that Petraeus "did it right and won over Mosul." Multi-National Security Transition Command – Iraq In June 2004, less than six months after the 101st returned to the U.S., Petraeus was promoted to lieutenant general and became the first commander of the Multi-National Security Transition Command - Iraq. This newly created command had responsibility for training, equipping, and mentoring Iraq's growing army, police, and other security forces, as well as developing Iraq's security institutions and building associated infrastructure, such as training bases, police stations, and border forts. During Petraeus's fifteen months at the helm of MNSTC-I, he stood up a three-star command virtually from scratch and in the midst of serious fighting in places like Fallujah, Mosul, and Najaf. By the end of his command, some 100,000 Iraqi Security Forces had been trained; Iraqi Army and Police were being employed in combat; countless reconstruction projects had been executed; and hundreds of thousands of weapons, body armor, and other equipment had been distributed in what was described as the "largest military procurement and distribution effort since World War II", at a cost of over $11 billion. In September 2004, Petraeus wrote an article for The Washington Post in which he described the tangible progress being made in building Iraq's security forces from the ground up while also noting the many challenges associated with doing so. "Although there have been reverses – not to mention horrific terrorist attacks," Petraeus wrote, "there has been progress in the effort to enable Iraqis to shoulder more of the load for their own security, something they are keen to do." Some of the challenges involved in building security forces had to do with accomplishing this task in the midst of a tough insurgency—or, as Petraeus wrote, "making the mission akin to repairing an aircraft while in flight—and while being shot at." Other challenges included allegations of corruption as well as efforts to improve Iraq's supply accountability procedures. For example, according to former Interim Iraq Governing Council member Ali A. Allawi in The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace, "under the very noses of the security transition command, officials both inside and outside the ministry of defense were planning to embezzle most, if not all, of the procurement budget of the army." The Washington Post stated in August 2007 that the Pentagon had lost track of approximately 30% of weapons supplied to the Iraqi security forces. The General Accounting Office said that the weapons distribution was haphazard, rushed, and did not follow established procedures—particularly from 2004 to 2005, when security training was led by Petraeus and Iraq's security forces began to see combat in places like Najaf and Samarra. Over a hundred thousand AK-47 assault rifles and pistols were delivered to Iraqi forces without full documentation, and some of the missing weapons may have been abducted by Iraqi insurgents. Thousands of body armour pieces have also been lost. The Independent has stated that the military believed "the situation on the ground was so urgent, and the agency responsible for recording the transfers of arms so short-staffed, that field commanders had little choice in the matter." The Pentagon conducted its own investigation, and accountability was subsequently regained for many of the weapons. Following his second tour in Iraq, Petraeus authored a widely read article in Military Review, listing fourteen observations he had made during two tours in Iraq, including: do not do too much with your own hands, money is ammunition, increasing the number of stakeholders is critical to success, success in a counterinsurgency requires more than just military operations, ultimate success depends on local leaders, there is no substitute for flexible and adaptable leaders, and, finally, a leader's most important task is to set the right tone. Multi-National Force – Iraq (spring 2007) The intervening time between the Iraq commands was spent at Fort Leavenworth, where Petraeus further developed his military doctrine and pursued an important White House contact in Meghan O'Sullivan who was the principal adviser to the president on the war. In January 2007, as part of his overhauled Iraq strategy, President George W. Bush announced that Petraeus would succeed Gen. George Casey as commanding general of MNF-I to lead all U.S. troops in Iraq. In his memoirs, President Bush likened his selection of Petraeus to the elevations of other great generals of American history, writing, "Lincoln discovered Generals Grant and Sherman. Roosevelt had Eisenhower and Bradley. I found David Petraeus and Ray Odierno." On January 23, the Senate Armed Services Committee held Petraeus's nomination hearing, during which he testified on his ideas for Iraq, particularly the strategy underpinning the "surge" of forces. During his opening statement, Petraeus stated that "security of the population, especially in Baghdad, and in partnership with the Iraqi Security Forces, will be the focus of the military effort." He went on to state that security would require establishing a persistent presence, especially in Iraq's most threatened neighborhoods. He also noted the critical importance of helping Iraq increase its governmental capacity, develop employment programs, and improve daily life for its citizens. Throughout Petraeus's tenure in Iraq, Multi-National Force-Iraq endeavored to work with the Government of Iraq to carry out this strategy that focused on securing the population. Doing so required establishing—and maintaining—persistent presence by living among the population, separating reconcilable Iraqis from irreconcilable enemies, relentlessly pursuing the enemy, taking back sanctuaries and then holding areas that had been cleared, and continuing to develop Iraq's security forces and to support local security forces, often called Sons of Iraq, and integrate them into the Iraqi Army and Police and other employment programs. The strategy underpinning the "surge" of forces, as well as the ideas Petraeus included in U.S. Army Field Manual 3–24, Counterinsurgency, have been referred to by some journalists and politicians as the "Petraeus Doctrine", although the surge itself was proposed a few months before Petraeus took command. Despite the misgivings of most Democratic and a few Republican senators over the proposed implementation of the "Petraeus Doctrine" in Iraq, specifically regarding the troop surge, Petraeus was unanimously confirmed as a four-star general and MNF-I commander on January 27. Before leaving for Iraq, Petraeus recruited a number of highly educated military officers, nicknamed "Petraeus guys" or "designated thinkers", to advise him as commander, including Col. Mike Meese, head of the Social Sciences Department at West Point and Col. H.R. McMaster, famous for his leadership at the Battle of 73 Easting in the Gulf War and in the pacification of Tal Afar more recently, as well as for his doctoral dissertation on Vietnam-era civil-military relations titled Dereliction of Duty. While most of Petraeus's closest advisers were American military officers, he also hired Lt. Col. David Kilcullen of the Australian Army, who was working for the U.S. State Department. Kilcullen upon his return from Iraq published The Accidental Guerrilla, and has discussed the central front of the war and lessons learned in Iraq in The Washington Post. After taking command of MNF-I on February 10, 2007, Petraeus inspected U.S. and Iraqi units all over Iraq, visiting outposts in greater Baghdad, Tikrit, Baquba, Ramadi, Mosul, Kirkuk, Bayji, Samarra, Basrah and as far west as al-Hit and Al Qaim. In April 2007, Petraeus made his first visit to Washington as MNF-I Commander, reporting to President Bush and Congress on the progress of the "surge" and the overall situation in Iraq. During this visit he met privately with members of Congress and reportedly argued against setting a timetable for U.S. troop withdrawal from Iraq. By late May 2007, Congress had not imposed any timetables in war funding legislation for troop withdrawal. The enacted legislation did mandate that Petraeus and the U.S. Ambassador to Iraq, Ryan Crocker, deliver a report to Congress by September 15, 2007, detailing their assessment of the military, economic and political situation of Iraq. In June 2007, Petraeus stated in an interview that there were "astonishing signs of normalcy" in Baghdad, and this comment drew criticism from Senate majority leader Harry Reid. In the same interview, however, Petraeus stated that "many problems remain" and he noted the need to help the Iraqis "stitch back together the fabric of society that was torn during the height of sectarian violence" in late 2006. Petraeus also warned that he expected that the situation in Iraq would require the continued deployment of the elevated troop level of more than 150,000 beyond September 2007; he also stated that U.S. involvement in Iraq could last years afterward. These statements are representative of the fact that throughout their time in Iraq, Petraeus and Crocker remained circumspect and refused to classify themselves as optimists or pessimists, noting, instead, that they were realists and that the reality in Iraq was very hard. They also repeatedly emphasized the importance of forthright reports and an unvarnished approach. Indeed, Petraeus's realistic approach and assessments were lauded during the McLaughlin Group's 2008 Year-End Awards, when Monica Crowley nominated Petraeus for the most honest person of the year, stating, "[H]e spoke about the great successes of the surge in Iraq, but he always tempered it, never sugar-coated it." Multi-National Force – Iraq (summer and fall 2007) In July 2007, the White House submitted to Congress the interim report on Iraq, which stated that coalition forces had made satisfactory progress on 6 of 18 benchmarks set by Congress. On September 7, 2007, in a letter addressed to the troops he was commanding, Petraeus wrote that much military progress had been made, but that the national-level political progress that was hoped for had not been achieved. Petraeus's Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq was delivered to Congress on September 10, 2007. On August 15, 2007, the Los Angeles Times had stated that, according to unnamed administration officials, the report "would actually be written by the White House, with inputs from officials throughout the government." However, Petraeus declared in his testimony to Congress that "I wrote this testimony myself." He further elaborated that his testimony to Congress "has not been cleared by, nor shared with, anyone in the Pentagon, the White House, or Congress." In his September Congressional testimony, Petraeus stated, "As a bottom line up front, the military objectives of the surge are, in large measure, being met." He cited numerous factors for this progress, to include the fact that Coalition and Iraqi Forces had dealt significant blows to Al-Qaeda Iraq and had disrupted Shia militias, that ethno-sectarian violence had been reduced, and that the tribal rejection of Al-Qaeda had spread from Anbar Province to numerous other locations across Iraq. Based on this progress and additional progress expected to be achieved, Petraeus recommended drawing down the surge forces from Iraq and gradually transitioning increased responsibilities to Iraqi Forces, as their capabilities and conditions on the ground permitted. Democratic Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid of Nevada argued Petraeus's "plan is just more of the same" and "is neither a drawdown or a change in mission that we need." Democratic Representative Robert Wexler of Florida accused Petraeus of "cherry-picking statistics" and "massaging information". Chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee Tom Lantos of California called Petraeus and U.S. Ambassador to Iraq Ryan Crocker "two of our nation's most capable public servants" and said Democrats feel "esteem for their professionalism." But he also said that "We can no longer take their assertions on Iraq at face value"; concluding, "We need to get out of Iraq, for that country's sake as well as our own." Republican Presidential candidate Duncan Hunter called the report "a candid, independent assessment given with integrity." Republican senator Jon Kyl of Arizona stated, "I commend General Petraeus for his honest and forthright assessment of the situation in Iraq." Anti-war Republican senator Chuck Hagel of Nebraska criticized the report while praising Petraeus, saying "It's not your fault, general. ... It's not Ambassador Crocker's fault. It's this administration's fault." A USA Today/Gallup poll taken after Petraeus's report to Congress showed virtually no change in negative public opinion toward the war. A Pew Research Center survey, however, found that most Americans who had heard about the report approved of Petraeus's recommendations. On September 20, the Senate passed an amendment by Republican John Cornyn III of Texas designed to "strongly condemn personal attacks on the honor and integrity of General Petraeus." Cornyn drafted the amendment in response to a controversial full-page ad by the liberal group Moveon.org in the September 10, 2007, edition of The New York Times. All forty-nine Republican senators and twenty-two Democratic senators voted in support. The House passed a similar resolution by a 341–79 vote on September 26. In December 2007, The Washington Post "Fact Checker" stated that "While some of Petraeus's statistics are open to challenge, his claims about a general reduction in violence have been borne out over subsequent months. It now looks as if Petraeus was broadly right on this issue at least." Based on the conditions on the ground, in October 2007, Petraeus and U.S. Ambassador to Iraq Ryan Crocker revised their campaign plan for Iraq. In recognition of the progress made against Al Qaeda Iraq, one of the major points would be "shifting the U.S. military effort to focus more on countering Shiite militias." Multi-National Force – Iraq (spring 2008) On February 18, 2008, USA Today stated that "the U.S. effort has shown more success" and that, after the number of troops reached its peak in fall 2007, "U.S. deaths were at their lowest levels since the 2003 invasion, civilian casualties were down, and street life was resuming in Baghdad." In light of the significant reduction in violence and as the surge brigades began to redeploy without replacement, Petraeus characterized the progress as tenuous, fragile, and reversible and repeatedly reminded all involved that much work remained to be done. During an early February trip to Iraq, Defense Secretary Robert Gates endorsed the idea of a period of consolidation and evaluation upon completion of the withdrawal of surge brigades from Iraq. Petraeus and Crocker continued these themes at their two full days of testimony before Congress on April 8 and 9. During his opening statement, Petraeus stated that "there has been significant but uneven security progress in Iraq", while also noting that "the situation in certain areas is still unsatisfactory and that innumerable challenges remain" and that "the progress made since last spring is fragile and reversible." He also recommended a continuation of the drawdown of surge forces as well as a 45-day period of consolidation and evaluation after the final surge brigade had redeployed in late July. Analysts for USA Today and The New York Times stated that the hearings "lacked the suspense of last September's debate," but they did include sharp questioning as well as both skepticism and praise from various Congressional leaders. In late May 2008, the Senate Armed Services Committee held nomination hearings for Petraeus and Lieutenant General Ray Odierno to lead United States Central Command and Multi-National Force-Iraq, respectively. During the hearings, Committee Chairman Carl Levin praised these two men, stating that "we owe Gen. Petraeus and Gen. Odierno a debt of gratitude for the commitment, determination and strength that they brought to their areas of responsibility. And regardless of how long the administration may choose to remain engaged in the strife in that country, our troops are better off with the leadership these two distinguished soldiers provide." During his opening statement, Petraeus discussed four principles that would guide his efforts if confirmed as CENTCOM Commander: seeking to strengthen international partnerships; taking a "whole of government" approach; pursuing comprehensive efforts and solutions; and, finally, both supporting efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan and ensuring readiness for possible contingency operations in the future. Petraeus also noted that during the week before his testimony, the number of security incidents in Iraq was the lowest in over four years. After Petraeus's return to Baghdad, and despite the continued drawdown of surge forces as well as recent Iraqi-led operations in places like Basrah, Mosul, and Baghdad, the number of security incidents in Iraq remained at their lowest level in over four years. Multi-National Force – Iraq (summer and fall 2008) In September 2008, Petraeus gave an interview to BBC News stating that he did not think using the term "victory" in describing the Iraq war was appropriate, saying "This is not the sort of struggle where you take a hill, plant the flag and go home to a victory parade ... it's not war with a simple slogan." Petraeus had discussed the term 'victory' before in March 2008, saying to NPR News that "an Iraq that is at peace with itself, at peace with its neighbors, that has a government that is representative of—and responsive to—its citizenry and is a contributing member of the global community" could arguably be called 'victory'. On the eve of his change of command, in September 2008, Petraeus stated that "I don't use terms like victory or defeat ... I'm a realist, not an optimist or a pessimist. And the reality is that there has been significant progress but there are still serious challenges." Change of command On September 16, 2008, Petraeus formally gave over his command in Iraq to General Raymond T. Odierno in a government ceremony presided by Defense Secretary Robert Gates. During the ceremony, Gates stated that Petraeus "played a historic role" and created the "translation of a great strategy into a great success in very difficult circumstances." Gates also told Petraeus he believed "history will regard you as one of our nation's greatest battle captains." He presented Petraeus with the Defense Distinguished Service Medal. At the event, Petraeus mentioned the difficulty in getting the Sons of Iraq absorbed into the central Government of Iraq and warned about future consequences if the effort stalled. When speaking of these and other challenges, Petraeus noted that "the gains [achieved in Iraq] are tenuous and unlikely to survive without an American effort that outlasts his tenure." Even so, as Petraeus departed Iraq, it appeared to many that he was leaving a much different Iraq than the one that existed when he took command in February 2007. As described by Dexter Filkins, "violence has plummeted from its apocalyptic peaks, Iraqi leaders are asserting themselves, and streets that once seemed dead are flourishing with life." The January 3, 2009, Iraq Trends (a chart produced weekly by the MNF-I) seemed to illustrate an increase in incidents followed by the sharp decline described by Dexter Filkens and others. Petraeus' command of coalition forces during the Surge in Iraq was lauded by a number of observers. In his book The Savior Generals historian Victor Davis Hanson wrote, "that without David Petraeus, the American effort in Iraq—along with the reputation of the U.S. military in the Middle East—would have been lost long ago." In her introduction of Petraeus at the Baccalaureate ceremony for the Class of 2009 at Princeton University, President Shirley Tilghman described his accomplishments. While acknowledging that much remained to be accomplished in Iraq, Tilghman paid tribute to Petraeus's "leadership in rethinking American military strategy through his principles of counterinsurgency," which are, she said, "eliminating 'simplistic definitions of victory and defeat in favor of incremental and nuanced progress.'" U.S. Central Command (fall 2008 to summer 2010) On October 31, 2008, Petraeus assumed command of the United States Central Command (USCENTCOM) headquartered in Tampa, Florida. Petraeus was responsible for U.S. operations in 20 countries spreading from Egypt to Pakistan—including Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. During his time at CENTCOM, Petraeus advocated that countering the terrorist threats in the CENTCOM region required more than just counter-terrorism forces, demanding instead whole-of-government, comprehensive approaches akin to those of counterinsurgency. One of his closest colleagues said that Petraeus knew that defeating an insurgency required living among the people, convincing them that we were better than the insurgents. "[Y]ou can't kill 'em all ... [Y]ou can't kill your way out of an insurgency. ... You have to find other kinds of ammunition, and it's not always a bullet." Petraeus reiterated this view in a 2009 interview published in Parade magazine. In an interview for Newsweek magazine's "Interview Issue: The View From People Who Make a Difference," Petraeus expressed his support for President Obama's announced Afghanistan strategy and discussed his view that reconciliation efforts in Afghanistan should for the time being occur "at the lower and midlevels." In mid-August 2009, Petraeus established the Afghanistan-Pakistan Center of Excellence within the USCENTCOM Directorate of Intelligence to provide leadership to coordinate, integrate and focus analysis efforts in support of operations in Afghanistan and Pakistan. During a February 2010 World Affairs Council event in Philadelphia, General Petraeus discussed the ways in which diplomacy, history, and culture impact overall military strategy, then explained how these issues informed the U.S. approach to counterinsurgencies in Iraq and Afghanistan. On March 16, 2010, in testimony to the Senate Armed Services Committee, Petraeus described the continuing Israeli–Palestinian conflict as a challenge to U.S. interests in the region. According to the testimony, the conflict was "fomenting anti-American sentiment" due to "a perception of U.S. favoritism for Israel." This was widely commented on in the media. When questioned by journalist Philip Klein, Petraeus said the original reporter "picked apart" and "spun" his speech. He said he believed there were many important factors standing in the way of peace, including "a whole bunch of extremist organizations, some of which by the way deny Israel's right to exist. There's a country that has a nuclear program who denies that the Holocaust took place. So again we have all these factors in there. This [Israel] is just one." In March 2010, Petraeus visited the New Hampshire Institute of Politics at Saint Anselm College to speak about Iraq and Afghanistan. Petraeus spoke a few days after the seventh anniversary of the U.S. invasion of Iraq, noting the successful changes in Iraq since the U.S. troop surge. The visit to Saint Anselm created rumors that Petraeus was contemplating a run for the presidency; however, he denied the speculation, saying that he was not aware that the college had been the site of numerous presidential debates. Toward the close of his tenure as CENTCOM Commander, including in his interview published in Vanity Fair, Petraeus discussed the effort to determine and send to Afghanistan the right "inputs" for success there; these inputs included several structures and organizations that proved important in Iraq, including "an engagement cell to support reconciliation ... a finance cell to go after financing of the enemy ... [a] really robust detainee-operations task force, a rule-of-law task force, an energy-fusion cell—all these other sort of nonstandard missions that are very important." On May 5, 2010, The New York Times published an article suggesting there was mounting evidence of a Taliban role in the Times Square bombing plot. On May 7, 2010, Petraeus announced that Times Square bombing suspect Faisal Shahzad was a "lone wolf" terrorist who did not work with others. On May 10, 2010, Attorney General Eric Holder said that the evidence showed the Pakistani Taliban directed this plot. Health General Petraeus was diagnosed with early-stage prostate cancer in February 2009 and underwent two months of successful radiation treatment at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. The diagnosis and treatment were not publicly disclosed until October 2009 because Petraeus and his family regarded his illness as a personal matter that did not interfere with the performance of his duties. On June 15, 2010, Petraeus momentarily fainted while being questioned by the Senate Armed Services Committee. He quickly recovered and was able to walk and exit the room without assistance. He attributed the episode to possible dehydration. Commander of U.S. and ISAF forces in Afghanistan (2010-2011) On June 23, 2010, President Obama announced that he would nominate Petraeus to succeed General Stanley A. McChrystal as the commander of U.S. Forces in Afghanistan. The change of command was prompted by McChrystal's comments about the Obama administration and its policies in Afghanistan during an interview with Rolling Stone magazine. The nomination was technically a positional step down from his position as commander of Central Command; however, the President said that he believed that he was the best man for the job. After being confirmed by the Senate on June 30, Petraeus formally assumed command on July 4. During the assumption-of-command remarks, Petraeus provided his vision and goals to NATO, the members of his command, and his Afghan partners. As he was known to do while the commander in Iraq, Petraeus delivered his first Letter to the Troops on the same day he assumed command. In December, 2009, then President Obama announced that there would be a 30,000 troop surge in Afghanistan, but that in 18 months there would be a troop drawdown to take these forces out of the country again. Petraeus later shared his surprise at this decision, noting that he didn't agree with the choice to announce a drawdown given that it limited bargaining power with the enemy. On August 1, 2010, shortly after the disclosure of the Afghan war logs on WikiLeaks, which included reports of high civilian deaths and increased Taliban attacks, Petraeus issued his updated Tactical Directive for the prevention of civilian casualties, providing guidance and intent for the use of force by the U.S. military units operating in Afghanistan (replacing the July 1, 2009, version). This directive reinforced the concept of "disciplined use of force in partnership with Afghan Security Forces" in the fight against insurgent forces. In the October 2010 issue of Army Magazine, Petraeus discussed changes that had taken place over the previous 18 months, including sections discussing "setting the conditions for progress," "capitalizing on the conditions for progress," "improving security," "supporting governance expansion," "promoting economic development," "reducing corruption," and "our troopers: carrying out a difficult mission." Sources interviewed by Steve Coll were critical of aspects of Petraeus's tenure as ISAF commander. Some described Petraeus as being physically exhausted from his previous tours abroad (as well as his recovery from prostate cancer), having a proclivity to see Afghanistan through the prism of his experience in Iraq—to the point of occasionally referring to Afghanistan as "Iraq"—and being slow to react to "green-on-blue" or "insider attacks" by Afghan soldiers against their American partners. Petraeus sought to recreate the "Sunni Awakening" in Iraq by offering financial inducements to former Taliban insurgents to integrate into Hamid Karzai's government, but the results were not impressive. As commander in Afghanistan, Petraeus joined President Obama as a primary target for Osama bin Laden. After his death, documents recovered from bin Laden's compound unveiled a plot to assassinate the two men as they traveled by plane. Bin Laden's communications with a top deputy stated, "The reason for concentrating on them is that Obama is the head of infidelity and killing him automatically will make [Vice President] Biden take over the presidency. Biden is totally unprepared for that post, which will lead the U.S. into a crisis. As for Petraeus, he is the man of the hour ... and killing him would alter the war's path" in Afghanistan. In early March 2011, Petraeus made a "rare apology" following a NATO helicopter airstrike under his command that resulted in the deaths of nine Afghan boys and the wounding of a 10th, as they gathered firewood in Eastern Afghanistan. In a statement, Petraeus apologized to the members of the Afghan government, the people of Afghanistan, and the surviving family members, and said, "These deaths should have never happened." Several journalists and observers noted the humanitarian candor in Petraeus's open regrets. Petraeus relinquished command of U.S. and NATO forces in Afghanistan on July 18, 2011. He received the Defense Distinguished Service Medal and the NATO Meritorious Service Medal for his service. Retirement from the U.S. Army (August 2011) Petraeus retired from the U.S. Army on August 31, 2011. His retirement ceremony was held at Joint Base Myer–Henderson Hall. During this ceremony, he was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal by Deputy Secretary of Defense William J. Lynn. During the ceremony, Lynn noted that Petraeus had played an important role as both a combat leader and strategist in the post-9/11 world. Lynn also cited General Petraeus's efforts in current counter insurgency strategy. Admiral Michael Mullen, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in his remarks compared General Petraeus to Ulysses S. Grant, John J. Pershing, George Marshall and Dwight D. Eisenhower as one of the great battle captains of American history. With his four-star rank, Petraeus receives an annual pension of about $220,000. Dates of rank CIA Director (September 2011 – November 2012) On April 28, 2011, President Barack Obama announced that he had nominated Petraeus to become the new Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. The nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate 94–0 on June 30, 2011. Petraeus was sworn in at the White House on September 6 and then ceremonially sworn in by Vice President Joe Biden at CIA Headquarters in Langley, Virginia on October 11, 2011. Petraeus's tenure at the CIA was more low profile than that of his predecessor, Leon Panetta, declining to give media interviews while director and speaking to Congress in closed sessions. He also differed from Panetta in management style, as an article in The New York Times published just days before his resignation said; Panetta "wooed the work force and often did not question operational details, [while] Petraeus is a demanding boss who does not hesitate to order substandard work redone or details of plans adjusted". Petraeus's philosophy on leadership at the time was summarized in a twelve-point article published by Newsweek on November 5, 2012. Although Petraeus was given good marks by most observers for his work heading the CIA, during October 2012 some critics took issue with the availability of accurate information from the CIA concerning an attack in Benghazi, Libya, the month prior. On September 11 four Americans had been killed, including the ambassador, and more than thirty evacuated. Only seven of those evacuated did not work for the CIA. According to a Wall Street Journal story, other government agencies complained about being left "largely in the dark about the CIA's role," with Secretary of State Hillary Clinton telephoning Petraeus directly the night of the attacks seeking assistance. Although the "State Department believed it had a formal agreement with the CIA to provide backup security," "the CIA didn't have the same understanding about its security responsibilities," reported The Wall Street Journal. Extramarital affair, resignation and criticism Petraeus reportedly began an affair with Paula Broadwell, principal author of his biography, All In: The Education of General David Petraeus, after Petraeus left his ISAF command on July 18, 2011, to become CIA director. Petraeus reportedly ended the affair in the summer of 2012, around the time that he learned that Broadwell had been sending harassing emails to a longstanding family friend of the Petraeuses, Jill Kelley. Kelley, a Florida socialite who frequently entertained senior military personnel at her and her husband's Tampa mansion, had approached an acquaintance who worked for the FBI Tampa Field Office in the late spring with regard to anonymous emails she considered threatening. The Bureau traced the emails to Broadwell, and noted that Broadwell appeared to be exchanging intimate messages with an email account belonging to Petraeus, which instigated an investigation into whether that account had been hacked into or was someone posing as Petraeus. According to an Associated Press report, rather than transmit emails to each other's inbox, which would have left a more obvious email trail, Petraeus and Broadwell left messages in a draft folder and the draft messages were then read by the other person when they logged into the same account. Although U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder was aware that the FBI had discovered the affair, it was not until November 6, 2012, that Petraeus's nominal superior, Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper, was advised. That same evening Clapper called Petraeus and urged him to resign. Clapper notified the White House the next day, November 7. After being briefed on November 8, President Obama summoned Petraeus to the White House where Petraeus offered his resignation. Obama accepted his resignation on November 9, and Petraeus cited his affair when announcing that same day that he would resign as CIA Director. Eventually, Petraeus pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge of mishandling the classified information that he provided to his mistress and biographer. Criticism after 2012 scandal On November 13, 2012, Reagan administration Assistant Secretary of Defense Lawrence Korb, CIA analyst and Veteran Intelligence Professionals for Sanity co-founder Ray McGovern, and investigative journalist Gareth Porter appeared on Al Jazeera English. Together they assessed the general's extensive military-media strategy, linking his writings on counterguerrilla operations and subsequent military media efforts to his downfall with his female biographer. Critics said that the Petraeus media strategy would prove damaging for American policy in the future because of omissions and distorted interpretations that Washington policymakers, other experts, and the American public accepted from Petraeus's media contacts. Military historians have noted the absence of field records for the Iraq and Afghanistan military campaigns, but have not been personally critical of the commanders in theater. One additional aspect of Petraeus's career that has come under increased scrutiny since his affair came to light has been his lack of a direct combat record in relation to the many awards he received. In particular, his Bronze Star Medal with Valor device has been mentioned in several media reports and questioned by several former Army officers. The citation for Petraeus's Bronze Star with "V" device also notes his "leadership under fire", as does award of the Combat Action Badge, but neither provides a detailed account of his actions. Criminal charges and probation In January 2015, The New York Times reported that the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Justice Department had recommended bringing felony charges against Petraeus for providing classified information to Broadwell. Petraeus denied the allegations and was reported to have had no interest in a plea deal. However, on Tuesday, March 3, 2015, the U.S. Justice Department announced that Petraeus agreed to plead guilty in federal court in Charlotte, North Carolina to a charge of unauthorized removal and retention of classified information. In the 15-page statement of facts filed by the government along with the plea agreement, the government stated that Petraeus had provided Broadwell access to documents containing Top Secret Sensitive Compartmented Information, had later moved those documents to his personal residence and stored them in an unsecured drawer, and had deliberately and intentionally lied to Federal investigators about both providing Broadwell access to the documents and their improper storage. These facts were acknowledged to be true by Petraeus as part of his plea agreement. On April 23, 2015, a federal judge sentenced Petraeus to two years' probation plus a fine of $100,000. The fine was more than double the amount the Justice Department had requested. Press accounts in January 2016 indicated that Department of Defense staff were reviewing Department of Justice documents from the Petraeus prosecution and considering whether to recommend to the Secretary of Defense that Petraeus be demoted on the Army's retired list. Laws and regulations indicate that members of the military are retired at the last rank in which they are deemed to have served successfully; Petraeus's admission of an extramarital affair and guilty plea with regard to removing and retaining classified information while serving in the grade of general could be grounds for reduction in rank to lieutenant general. The matter was reviewed by then-Secretary of the Army John M. McHugh before he left office in October 2015; he recommended no further action. On January 29, press accounts indicated that Stephen C. Hedger, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Legislative Affairs, had written to the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee. In his letter, Hedger informed the committee that Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter had concurred with the Army's recommendation, and would not impose any further punishment on Petraeus. Activities in retirement In March 2013, Petraeus accepted the role of honorary chairman of the OSS Society. Petraeus was named a visiting professor at Macaulay Honors College at the City University of New York in July 2013. According to a statement from Petraeus, "I look forward to leading a seminar at Macaulay that examines the developments that could position the United States—and our North American partners—to lead the world out of the current global economic slowdown." After his anticipated $200,000 salary for the academic year drew fire from critics, Petraeus agreed to take on the teaching position for just $1 in order to keep the focus on the students and away from any monetary controversy. In September 2013 Petraeus was harassed by students at CUNY while walking on campus. On May 1, 2013, the University of Southern California named David Petraeus as a Judge Widney Professor, "a title reserved for eminent individuals from the arts, sciences, professions, business and community and national leadership". The president of the Currahee board of trustees announced May 6, 2013, that Petraeus agreed to serve on the board of trustees that preserves Camp Toccoa. During WWII, four of the main parachute infantry regiments of the Army trained at Camp Toccoa prior to their deployment. Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. L.P., a New York investment firm, hired Petraeus as chairman of the firm's newly created KKR Global Institute in May 2013. Part of his work would support KKR's investment teams and portfolio companies when studying new investments, especially in new locations. In December 2014, Petraeus was named a partner at KKR and remains chairman of the KKR Global Institute. Petraeus joined the board of advisers of Team Rubicon on June 18, 2013. Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) named Petraeus as a senior vice president of the organization in August 2013. According to RUSI, "The honorary role was created by RUSI's trustees and advisory council in recognition of General Petraeus's long association with the Institute and his distinguished contribution to the study and development of defence and international security concepts, as well as his implementation of those concepts in operations in the Balkans, Iraq, and Afghanistan." In October 2013, Petraeus joined Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government as a non-resident senior fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. According to the school, Petraeus joined to lead a new project focusing on the technological, scientific and economic dynamics that are spurring renewed North American competitiveness. "The Coming North America Decades" project would analyze how potential policy choices could effect this ongoing transformation. In 2016, the center announced a new project involving Petraeus and focusing on strategic leadership. On February 10, 2014, the University of Exeter in England named Petraeus as an honorary visiting professor of the Strategy and Security Institute. Alongside the other honorary faculty, the appointment would help inform the institute's key objectives of exploring policymaking, strategy, and security. General Petraeus was one of the "11 legendary generals" profiled in the 2014 National Geographic Channel feature "American War Generals". In 2015, Petraeus suggested the U.S. should arm members of the terror group Al-Nusra Front (an offshoot of Al-Qaeda) in Syria to fight ISIS. On June 10, 2016, Petraeus and Mark Kelly, a retired NASA astronaut and later senator from Arizona, announced the creation of the now defunct gun control group Veterans Coalition for Common Sense. Petraeus delivered the inaugural lecture in a series dedicated to his mentor and the former dean of The Fletcher School at Tufts University, General Jack Galvin. He also delivered the inaugural lecture in a series dedicated to Admiral Stansfield Turner at the U.S. Naval War College on August 7, 2018. The lecture series honors the achievements of Turner, who served as the college's president from 1972 to 1974. As a member of a panel discussion in October 2018 concerning a film documenting the Stars and Stripes newspaper, Petraeus shared his personal experiences with the newspaper with the audience. On June 12, 2019, Petraeus accepted the invitation of a three-year honorary professorship in the Institute of Conflict, Cooperation and Security (ICSS) at the University of Birmingham in England. The university's announcement of the appointment stated that Petraeus "will share insights from his career with students and researchers through a variety of interactions in Birmingham and virtually." General Petraeus was the guest speaker at the 500th Night celebration for the U.S. Military Academy's Class of 2020 at West Point, held on January 26, 2019. Secretary of State consideration On November 18, 2016, an article by The Guardian cited "diplomatic sources" as having said that Petraeus had entered the race for U.S. Secretary of State in the Trump administration. Petraeus confirmed his interest in the position during a BBC Radio 4 interview, stating that he would serve if asked. Petraeus met with then President-elect Donald Trump at Trump Tower on November 28 to discuss the position and world affairs. Both Petraeus and Trump expressed favorable views of the meeting, with Trump taking to Twitter to announce, "Just met with General Petraeus—was very impressed!" Petraeus joined a short list of potential candidates for the position, including Mitt Romney and Rudy Giuliani. There was public speculation that his nomination could hurt Trump's administration, but Republican senators John McCain and Lindsey Graham advocated for Petraeus, calling him "an extraordinary pick". Petraeus also received support from Democratic senator Dianne Feinstein, suggesting that Democrats would keep an open mind concerning his confirmation. On December 13, 2016, Trump officially selected Rex Tillerson for the role of Secretary of State. Petraeus expressed his gratitude for Trump's consideration and deferred to former secretary of defense Robert Gates' endorsement when asked his opinion of Tillerson. Reaction to the decision to withdraw U.S. forces from Afghanistan On April 14, 2021, President Joe Biden announced that all U.S. troops in Afghanistan would be withdrawn from the country by September 11, 2021, against the advice of many of his top generals and many diplomats. Petraeus has been an outspoken opponent of the U.S.'s strategy for withdrawal from Afghanistan, and the agreements made with the Taliban in preparation thereof. In a Fox News interview on August 17, 2021, Petraeus called former President Donald Trump's decision to release 5,000 detainees of the Taliban held by the Afghanistan government in 2020 flawed and disastrous, with a tragic outcome. In another interview with the Wall Street Journal on August 20, 2021, he noted that the U.S. negotiated with the Taliban expecting to get something in return for withdrawing, which, he said, "didn't work out". During an interview with Fox News on May 12, 2021, Petraeus discussed his opposition to the withdrawal of U.S. forces in Afghanistan, stating, "I fear that we will come to regret this decision." He warned of the possible psychological effects on Afghan forces following removal of U.S. support, the erosion of Afghan Air Force maintenance, and the risk of a "brutal civil war". Following a military blitz by the Taliban that ended in the group capturing the country's capital, Kabul, Petraeus again questioned the poor planning of troop withdrawal from the region and reiterated the dangers the world would face from the potential establishment of Al Qaeda or the Islamic State in the Hindu Kush. In an email interview with Die Weltwoche, Petraeus stated "I do not believe that either terrorist group will pose a near-term threat to the U.S. homeland or our NATO allies. The longer-term threat will depend on our ability to identify, disrupt, and degrade any such sanctuaries." Petraeus suggested that the removal of 18,000 contractors who maintained aircraft contributed to the surrender of Afghan government forces who ended up lacking air support against the Taliban. In an interview with Brian Kilmeade Petraeus drew parallels between the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan, the Dunkirk evacuation, and the Fall of Saigon. He advised that American forces, drones, and close air support be used to secure Kabul Airport while the U.S. communicates with the Taliban to prevent them from impeding the movement of individuals that are trying to evacuate. During a discussion with CNN's Peter Bergen, Petraeus predicted that the Taliban would struggle to fund their new government following the withdrawal of U.S. and other donor nation financial support. He suggested that the resultant degradation of basic services and salaries for Afghan workers could ultimately force the Taliban to change their approach with the international community, but that it was too early to tell if the Taliban were reformed. Discussing the topic with NBC's Lester Holt, he expressed his belief that the Taliban's actions on the ground showed that they were "the same old Taliban", and that he was fairly confident that Al-Qaeda and the Islamic State would be able to re-establish sanctuaries in the region with the Taliban in power. He expressed doubt that the U.S. would become involved in the country while the Taliban was in power, outside of military and intelligence actions to protect U.S. interests, and suggested that even the establishment of an embassy for diplomatic relations would not happen "any time soon". Views on the Russian invasion of Ukraine Petraeus has been vocally critical of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, joining three other retired military generals to form the Strategic Advisory Council for the Defense of Ukraine in July 2022 to provide strategic expertise and operational assistance to Ukrainian forces. Early in 2022, as tensions mounted between Russia and Ukraine, Petraeus attended a tabletop panel with Admiral Michael Mullen, Michèle Flournoy, and Thomas Donilon to discuss economic sanctions, cyber defenses, and anti-Russian insurgency in Ukraine. In public appearances and interviews, Petraeus has criticized not only Russia's motives for the invasion, but also the tactics and standards of the country's military effort. In the weeks following the invasion of Ukraine, Petraeus spoke with Jake Tapper and Anderson Cooper, examining Russia's strategy in attempts to seize Kyiv. On March 12, 2022, Petraeus spoke on One Nation with Brian Kilmeade, criticizing the Russian military's failed attempt to achieve a combined arms effect, which, according to Petraeus, wasn't up to the normal standards anticipated by the United States or other NATO countries' militaries. In May 2022, Petraeus commented that, in an attempt to create a stronger Russia, President Putin had instead strengthened the alliance between NATO countries. In a later interview, Petraeus said that the Russian military was nowhere near as good as NATO had thought it would be. He described the Russian military's preferred tactic as that of overwhelming artillery strikes, leading to the question of whether Russia's military valued volume over accuracy. In October 2022, he called Russia's military mobilization in Ukraine "irreversible and disastrous." In addition to criticisms of Russia's war effort, Petraeus also discussed the negative implications that Russian sanctions have for worldwide financial markets, food supplies, and other commodities, and he commended the Ukrainian military for its impressive counter-attacks, specifically a raid on Russian tanks, the killing of five Russian generals, and the destruction of the Russian warship, Saratov. In mid- to late 2022, Petraeus spoke further on the Western response to Russia's aggression and the impacts U.S. involvement had on Ukraine's defense. In an interview with CNN's Jim Sciutto regarding Russia's plans to annex more regions in Ukraine, he said that US- and UK-supplied high-mobility artillery rocket systems had prompted Russian forces to relocate their headquarters and fuel supplies, which had significantly slowed Russia's advances in Ukraine. In another interview, he said that Western support had improved counteroffensive strategies, resulting in retaking Crimea and Donbas territories from Russia. Petraeus has been a strong proponent of continued aid to Ukraine and increased NATO readiness for potential escalations by Russia and its allies. He spoke of the need for the United States to prioritize military readiness to counter China and to increase aid for Ukraine in the annual defense policy bill. He also discussed the importance of deploying Patriot missile systems in Ukraine as an anti-ballistic missile system and discussed measures that the US and NATO would employ if Russia were to carry out a nuclear attack in Ukraine. In an Atlantic Council discussion concerning additional aid to Ukraine he emphasized the need for the deployment of Western aircraft and support staff, a stronger defense guarantee, and diplomatic and economic pressures on Russia to hasten peace talks. Petraeus expressed the belief that President Putin would eventually realize that the war is not sustainable on the battlefield and would agree to a negotiated resolution with Ukraine. In an article published by Foreign Policy magazine, Petraeus joined other experts to derive lessons from the Russian-Ukraine war that would prevent, deter, and combat forthcoming world conflicts. During a trip to Kyiv, Petraeus joined a group from the Atlantic Council in presenting the council's Global Citizen Award to Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, recognizing his exceptional leadership in defending Ukraine against Russian aggression. While in Kyiv, Petraeus visited the American University of Kyiv, discussing his confidence in well-equipped Ukrainian troops and the challenges faced by Russian forces. He emphasized the effectiveness of Ukraine's newly formed brigades equipped with Western tanks and fighting vehicles, offering valuable insights and support to Ukraine's efforts in countering the Russian forces. In an interview with CNN, Petraeus shared his view that alleged Ukrainian drone attacks on Russian soil were a way to not only attack valid military targets but also to acquaint the Russian people with the fact that a war was happening. He also described a shift in the Ukrainian strategy in their summer offensive as "starve, stretch and strike," a tactic used to create greater opportunity for success later in the conflict. Speaking with CNN's Christiane Amanpour in response to the slow pace of Ukraine's counteroffensive in the summer of 2023, Petraeus noted that while the Russian military hadn't distinguished itself in many ways, the depth of their defenses in territory seized in Ukraine had proven formidable. In the same interview, he stated his opinion that Ukraine's forces had adapted well to Russian entrenchment, taking their time to pick through mine fields without the aid of air support. Petraeus once again argued for more military aid for Ukraine, and increased sanctions against Russia, in an effort to force a diplomatic resolution to the conflict. In another conversation with Amanpour, he warned that if Putin succeeds in achieving his substantial objectives in Ukraine, then Moldova or one of the Baltic states could be invaded next. Petraeus expressed his strong agreement with Henry Kissinger’s statement that “NATO’s defense now begins at the border between Ukraine and Russia." Personal life According to Petraeus, he does not vote in elections, having stopped following his promotion to major general in 2002 as part of a desire to be seen as apolitical. He has confirmed that he did not vote in the 2016 election. Organizational memberships Co-chairman, Task Force on North America, Council on Foreign Relations (June 2013 – December 2015) Member, board of directors, Atlantic Council (April 2016 – present) Washington Speakers Bureau (June 2013 – present) Member, board of advisors, Team Rubicon (April 2013 – present) Member, board of directors, Optiv Inc (March 2017 – present) Co-chairman, global advisory council, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (August 2015 – present) Member, advisory council, Veterans Coalition for Common Sense (June 2016 – present) Member, conservation council, Panthera (February 2016 – present) Senior vice president, Royal United Services Institute (June 2013 – present) Member, board of directors, Institute for the Study of War (November 2013 – present) Member, advisory council, American Corporate Partners (April 2013 – present) Faculty advisor, USC Student Veterans Association (September 2013 – August 2019) Chairman, KKR Vets at Work (May 2014 – present) Member, board of directors, Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America (IAVA) (October 2015 – present) Member, Concordia Leadership Council, The Concordia Summit (September 2015 – present) Member, board of trustees, The McCain Institute for International Leadership (December 2015 – present) Member, academic advisory board, Warrior-Scholar Project (February 2016 – present) Advisor, Global War on Terror Memorial Foundation (February 2016 – June 2019) Member, national security advisory council, U.S. Global Leadership Coalition (April 2016 – present) Trustee, Arthur F. Burns Fellowship (April 2016 – present) Member, board of directors, Fort Campbell Historical Foundation (September 2015 – present) Member, board of advisors, The Alexander Hamilton Society (October 2016 – present) Member, board of advisors, Partnership for a Secure America (March 2017 – present) Churchill Fellow of Westminster College, Westminster College (Fulton, MO) (April 2017 – present) Member, council of advisors, Army Heritage Center Foundation (June 2017 – present) Member, Golden Plate Award Council, Academy of Achievement (October 2012 – present) Advisory trustee, The Camp Tocca At Currahee (June 2013 – present) Honorary chairman, The OSS Society (January 2013 – present) Honorary fellow, Ivy Club, Princeton University (May 2012 – present) Member, board of advisors, National Council on U.S. – Arab Relations (October 2016 – Present) Advisor to the board, United States-India Strategic Partnership Forum (January 2018 – present) Member, network experts (August 2018 – present) Member, board of advisors, Third Option Foundation (March 2019 – present) Member, The Trilateral Commission (August 2019 – present) Recognitions and honors Decorations and badges Petraeus's decorations and badges include the following: Honorary degrees Eckerd College, May 23, 2010, honorary doctorate in laws University of Pennsylvania, May 14, 2012, honorary doctorate of laws Dickinson College, May 20, 2012, honorary doctorate of public service American University of Afghanistan, June 17, 2019, honorary doctorate of humane letters Civilian awards and honors Petraeus's civilian awards and honors include: 2007–2010 2007: 100 Most Influential Leaders and Revolutionaries of the Year, Time magazine 2007: Second Most Influential American Conservative, The Daily Telegraph 2007: Person of the Year 2007 runner-up, Time magazine 2007: Man of the Year, The Daily Telegraph 2008: Leader of the Year, GQ 2008: One of World's Top 100 Public Intellectuals, Foreign Policy and Prospect magazines 2008: 16th Most Powerful Person in the World, Newsweek 2009: George F. Kennan Award, National Committee on American Foreign Policy 2009: Distinguished Service Medal, The American Legion 2009: Military Leadership Award, The Atlantic Council 2009: Abraham Lincoln Award, Union League of Philadelphia 2009: Father of the Year Award, National Father's Day Committee 2009: Eisenhower Award, National Defense Industrial Association 2009: William Donovan Award, Office of Strategic Services 2009: Freedom Award, No Greater Sacrifice 2009: Distinguished Citizen Award, Congressional Medal of Honor Society 2009: Sam Gibbons Lifetime Achievement Award, The World Trade Center Tampa Bay 2010: James Madison Medal, The Woodrow Wilson School 2010: Leader of Principle Award, The Citadel at Baker School of Business 2010: Irving Kristol Award, American Enterprise Institute 2010: Intrepid Freedom Award, Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum 2010: Named No. 12 of 50 People Who Mattered in 2010, New Statesman 2010: Top 100 Global Thinkers, Foreign Policy 2010: Dwight D. Eisenhower Award, Veterans of Foreign Wars 2010: Dedicated Room, Thayer Hotel 2011–2020 2011: 100 Most Influential People in the World, Time magazine 2012: Golden Plate Award, American Academy of Achievement 2012: Golden Eagle Award, Society of American Military Engineers 2013: 35th Chesney Gold Metal, Royal United Services Institute 2013: History Makers Award, New-York Historical Society 2013: Gold Medal for Distinguished Achievement, The Holland Society of New York 2015: Luminary Award, WashingtonExec Leadership Council 2016: C3 Global Solutions Award, C3 US-Arab Business and Healthcare 2016: American Spirit Award, The Common Good 2017: Winston S Churchill National Leadership Award, The International Churchill Society 2018: Soldier Citizen Award, American College of Financial Services 2019: Recanati-Kaplan Award for Civic Excellence and Cultural Engagement, 92nd Street Y 2020: Currahee Crest Award, 506th Infantry Regiment 2021–present 2021: Leadership Award, The Voices Center for Resilience 2021: Top Voices in the Military Community, LinkedIn 2022: Decoration Commemorating 200 Years of Diplomatic Relations Between the Republic of Colombia and USA Grade of Grand Cross, The Embassy of Colombia-US 2022: American History Award, The Union League Club of New York 2022: Sanctioned by Russia for support of Ukraine, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation 2022: Veteran Leadership Award, Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America 2023: Kissinger Senior Fellow, Yale Jackson School of Global Affairs 2023: The 21 Greatest Generals in American History 2023: C3 Global Valor Award 2023: Dickinson College President’s Award 2023: U.S.-Arab Bridge Building Award 2024: Ticonderoga Award for a Continental Vision Additional recognition In 2005, Petraeus was identified as one of America's top leaders by U.S. News & World Report. In 2007, Time named Petraeus one of the 100 most influential leaders and revolutionaries of the year as well as one of its four runners up for Time Person of the Year. He was also named the second most influential American conservative by The Daily Telegraph as well as The Daily Telegraph 2007 Man of the Year. His Ph.D. dissertation, The American Military and the Lessons of Vietnam: A Study of Military Influence and the Use of Force in the Post-Vietnam Era, published by Princeton University in 1987, was number two on the list of best-selling dissertations in 2007. In 2008, a poll conducted by Foreign Policy and Prospect magazines selected Petraeus as one of the world's top 100 public intellectuals. Also in 2008, the Static Line Association named Petraeus as its 2008 Airborne Man of the Year, and Der Spiegel named him "America's most respected soldier". As 2008 came to a close, Newsweek named him the 16th most powerful person in the world in its December 20, 2008, edition, and Prospect magazine named him the "Public Intellectual of the Year". He was also named as one of the "75 Best People in the World" in the October 2009 issue of Esquire. On March 7, 2009, Petraeus received the Distinguished Citizen Award from the Congressional Medal of Honor Society at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. Gen. David H. Petraeus, the top U.S. commander in the war against terrorism in the Middle East and Central Asia, was the spring commencement convocation speaker at Texas A&M University on May 13, a relatively new practice at Texas A & M. On December 9, 2010, Barbara Walters picked Petraeus for the Most Fascinating Person of 2010. Walters called the top commander in Afghanistan "an American hero". Petraeus was chosen as "one of Time magazine's 50 "People Who Mattered" in December 2010. The same year he was named number 12 of 50 people who mattered in 2010 by the New Statesmen magazine, and Petraeus was listed as number 8 of 100 Foreign Policy Top 100 Global Thinkers for 2011. The New Statesman annual survey presents the most influential people from pop stars and dissident activists to tech gurus and heads of state, the people doing most to shape our world keep changing. September 26, 2011, Petraeus was listed as number 2 of the 50 for 2011. The Association of Special Operations Professionals named Petraeus as its 2011 Man of the Year for 2011, and was presented the award at Ft. Bragg on November 2, 2011, at its annual Special Operations Exposition. In January 2012, Petraeus was named one of "The 50 Most Powerful People in Washington" by GQ magazine. Petraeus was inducted January 29, 2012, into the Reserve Officers Association's (ROA) Minuteman Hall of Fame as the 2011 Inductee during the 2012 ROA National Security Symposium. The German Order of Merit was presented to Petraeus February 14, by the German Secretary of Defense Thomas de Maizière. According to de Maizière, he is an "outstanding strategist and a true friend of the German people". On March 16, 2012, the Dutch Minister of Defense Hans Hillen knighted Petraeus at the Hague with the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau with swords. The Minister thanked Petraeus in his speech for his, "unconditional support to the Dutch troops and for being a driving force behind a successful mission. Through his personal efforts for cooperation between the Netherlands and America, the Netherlands could achieve significant operational successes with the Task Force Uruzgan." In 2012, Petraeus received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. The following year, in 2013, the New-York Historical Society established the Petraeus-Hertog Lecture Leadership Library series. Petraeus was featured alongside 18 other graduates of the United States Military Academy in West Point Leadership: Profiles of Courage, a collection of leadership biographies published in 2013." Captured correspondence from Osama bin Laden "Letters from Abbottabad" revealed that in May 2010, Bin Laden wanted to target President Barack Obama and General Petraeus. Bin Laden wrote: "The reason for concentrating on them is that Obama is the head of infidelity and killing him automatically will make Biden take over the presidency for the remainder of the term, as it is the norm over there. Biden is totally unprepared for that post, which will lead the U.S. into a crisis." It further went on to say, "As for Petraeus, he is the man of the hour in this last year of the war, and killing him would alter the war's path." Petraeus and Dr. Henry Kissinger were the inaugural recipients of the Recanati-Kaplan Award for Civic Excellence and Cultural Engagement, presented by the 92nd Street Y on May 19, 2019. 92Y later established an Online Master Class in Leadership featuring a library series of lectures by Petraeus. On November 19, 2020, General Petraeus became the first American military professional to deliver the annual Lee Knowles Lecture at Cambridge University's Trinity College. On December 7, 2020, the Institute for the Study of War launched "The General David H. Petraeus Center for Emerging Leaders" to offer new educational and professional development programs to its students. Petraeus has been on the board of ISW since November 2013. Works by David Petraeus Speeches, public remarks, interviews, and op-eds National Committee on American Foreign Policy George F. Kennan Award Acceptance Remarks. American Foreign Policy Interests, 31(4) July/August 2009. "The Foreign Policy Interview with Gen. David H. Petraeus", Foreign Policy January/February 2009. "The Surge: The Whole Story 2009. "Institutionalizing Change: Transformation in the US Army, 2005–2007", at the May 2010 American Enterprise Institute annual dinner. "Small Wars Journal Interview with General David H. Petraeus", Small Wars Journal (September 2013) "Fletcher Security Review Sits Down with Former ISAF Commander and CIA Director", May 2014. "Report Launch of the CFR-Sponsored Independent Task Force on North America", October 2, 2014 "Petraeus and Zoellick urge U.S. to pay attention to North America", October 22, 2014 "Petraeus: The Islamic State isn't our biggest problem in Iraq", The Washington Post (March 20, 2015) "Q & A David Petraeus GS '85 GS '87", The Daily Princetonian (June 2015) "Petraeus explains how jihadists could be peeled away to fight ISIS – and Assad" Jake Tapper of CNN; September 1, 2015 "A Grand Strategy for 'Greater' Asia", the Lowy Lecture (September 2015) Academic and other works Petraeus, David H. (1983). "What is Wrong with a Nuclear Freeze", Military Review v.63:49–64, November 1983. Petraeus, David H. (1984). "Light Infantry in Europe: Strategic Flexibility and Conventional Deterrence", Military Review v.64:33–55, December 1984. Petraeus, David H. (1986), "Lessons of history and lessons of Vietnam", Parameters (Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College) 16(3): 43–53, Autumn 1986. Petraeus on Vietnam's Legacy, Rachel Dry, The Washington Post, January 14, 2007, excerpts from Petraeus's doctoral dissertation, "The American Military and the Lessons of Vietnam". Clark, Asa A., Kaufman, Daniel J., and Petraeus, David H. (1987). "Why an Army?" Army Magazine v38(2)26–34, February 1987. Petraeus, David H. (1987). "El Salvador and the Vietnam Analogy", Armed Force Journal International, February 1987. Golden, James R.; Kaufman, Daniel J.; Clark, Asa A.; Petraeus, David H. (Eds) (1989), NATO at Forty: Change Continuity, & Prospects. Westview Press , (2006) "Learning Counterinsurgency: Observations from Soldiering in Iraq", Military Review (2007) The U.S. Army/Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual (Foreword) "FM-3-24" (2007) "Beyond the Cloister", The American Interest Magazine Petraeus, David H. (2010) "Shoulder to shoulder in Afghanistan", Policy Options, April 2010. Published book "Conflict" was #13 on The New York Times best seller list for the week of November 5, 2023, and #12 on USA Today's best seller list the week of October 25, 2023. It was named Aspects of History's Book of the Year in 2023 and appeared on Publishers Weekly's best seller list on November 3, 2023. It was included in The National Business Review’s annual selection of summer reading on December 24, 2023. It was listed under “Best Reads Of 2023” by: The Cipher Brief \| December 17 Foreign Policy Research Institute \| December 26 Modern War Institute \| December 29 Petraeus appeared at the 2024 New Orleans Book Festival and spoke with ex-Mayor Mitch Landrieu about Conflict and the evolution of warfare. See also Hood event Iraq War troop surge of 2007 List of American federal politicians convicted of crimes MoveOn.org ad controversy Notes and references Further reading Robinson, Linda (2008). Tell Me How This Ends: General David Petraeus and the Search for a Way Out of Iraq. PublicAffairs. . plus Book Lecture at the Pritzker Military Library on November 22, 2008 External links FBI file on David Petraeus at the Internet Archive \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- \|- 1952 births American people of Dutch descent American people of Frisian descent Atlantic Council Commandants of the United States Army Command and General Staff College Commanders of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland Commanders of the Legion of Honour Counterinsurgency theorists Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency Honorary Officers of the Order of Australia Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau Living people Military leaders of the Iraq War Military personnel from New York (state) Order of National Security Merit members People from Cornwall, New York Petraeus scandal Princeton School of Public and International Affairs alumni Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army) Recipients of the Humanitarian Service Medal Recipients of the Legion of Merit Recipients of the Meritorious Service Decoration Recipients of the NATO Meritorious Service Medal Recipients of the Polish Army Medal United States Army generals United States Army personnel of the Iraq War United States Army personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) United States Military Academy alumni Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni United States Army personnel of the Gulf War
75328361	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv%20National%20Philharmonic	Lviv National Philharmonic	Lviv National Philharmonic named after Myroslav Skoryk is a philharmonic located in Lviv, Ukraine. The philharmonic received the status of a national one in 2017. History The Lviv Philharmonic began its work in 1902 on the premises of the former Scarbeck Theater (now the Maria Zankovetska National Academic Ukrainian Drama Theater). In 1933, Adam Soltys founded the Academic Symphony Orchestra of the Lviv Philharmonic. In 1939, the Philharmonic was granted state status. Since 1944, the philharmonic's symphony orchestra has been performing regularly. The Philharmonic is home to the Academic Symphony Orchestra, the Lviv Virtuosos Academic Chamber Orchestra, High Castle Academic Instrumental Ensemble, the bandura quartet "Lvivianky", and the ensemble "19th Class". On August 18, 2017, the Verkhovna Rada approved the draft Decree of the President of Ukraine "On Granting the Lviv Regional Philharmonic the Status of a National Institution." On September 29, 2020, the Lviv Regional Council named the Philharmonic after Myroslav Skoryk. Building In 1905, architect Władysław Halytskyi, commissioned by the Halychyna Musical Society, designed the society's building in the Neo-Baroque style. It was planned to house a conservatory and a concert hall, and part of the building was to be used as a revenue house. Construction began in 1905, but the following year it was continued in the Vienna Secession style by architect Władysław Sadłowski. The sculptural decoration of the building's facades, including reliefs depicting musical instruments and two metal sculptures of swans in the attic, was made by sculptor Piotr Witalis Harasimowicz, and the interior of the two-tiered concert hall was decorated with busts of composers by sculptor Luna Drexlerówna. The project of the building was exhibited in 1910 at an exhibition of Polish architects in Lviv. In the postwar period, the building housed the concert hall of the Lysenko Conservatory and since the 1940s it has been home to the Lviv Regional Philharmonic. The Philharmonic building is listed in the Register of Architectural Monuments of Local Significance under protection number 374-m. Performances Classical music Solomiya Krushelnytska, Oleksandr Myshuga, Richard Strauss, Gustav Mahler, Bela Bartok, Anton Rubinstein, Ferruccio Busoni, Marguerite Long, Wanda Landowska, Pablo Casals, Sviatoslav Richter, Rudolf Kerer, Leonid Kogan, David Oistrakh, Liana Isakadze, Bella Rudenko, Vira Hornostaieva, Natalia Gutman, and Yuri Bashmet have performed on the stage of the Lviv Philharmonic. Dmitri Shostakovich, Borys Liatoshynsky, Aram Khachaturian, Alfred Schnittke, Arvo Pärt, Krzysztof Penderecki, Pawel Albinsky, Michael Striharz, Valentyn Silvestrov, Myroslav Skoryk, and Yevhen Stankovych gave recitals at the Philharmonic. Competitions and festivals Since 1981, the Philharmonic has been holding the music festival "Virtuosos of the Country", which in 1990 received international status and the name "Virtuosos". April 1–3, 2011 – Kvitka Tsysyk International Ukrainian Romance Competition was held. June 29 – July 1, 2017 – "W LIVE. Quiet Days of Love and Music of Peace" the first in Ukraine open International Music Marathon in memory of opera singer, Hero of Ukraine, Vasyl Slipak. On December 15–20, 2017 – International Competition of Young Vocalists named after Vasyl Slipak. Lviv Regional Philharmonic is a co-founder and organizer of the competition. See also Academic Symphony Orchestra of the Lviv Philharmonic References Sources Bevz, M., Biryulov, Y., Bohdanova, Y., Didyk, V., Ivanochko, U., Klymenyuk, T., et al. (2008). "Архітектура Львова: Час і стилі. XIII—XXI ст." Lviv: Center of Europe. Herbylskyi, H., et al. (1949). "Львов: справочник" Lviv: Vilna Ukraina. "Львівська обласна філармонія." In Ukrainian Musical Encyclopedia, Vol. 3: [Л – М], edited by H. Skrypnyk, 212–214. Kyiv: IMFE NANU, 2011. External links Lviv National Philharmonic official website 3D tour of the Lviv Philharmonic Theatres in Lviv Theatres completed in 1902
169255	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%20%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%97%D1%81%20%D0%9E%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%83	Мануел Луїс Озоріу	Мануел Луїс Озоріу, маркіз Ервал (10 травня 1808 — 4 жовтня 1879) — бразильський військовик та політик, командувач бразильських військ та герой Війни Потрійного альянсу. Був покровителем кавалерії (роду військ та той час) бразильської армії. На честь Осоріу названі бразильські основні бойові танки. Бразильські військовики
559878	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%20%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%20%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0	Сурикова Алла Іллівна	Сурикова Алла Іллівна Алла Іллівна Сурикова (при народженні — Алла Ісааківна Заславська) (6 листопада 1940, Київ, УРСР) — радянський і російський кінорежисер, сценарист, педагог. Народна артистка Росії (2001). Заслужений діяч мистецтв Російської Федерації (2009). Лауреат Премії Уряду Російської Федерації (2009). Член Спілки кінематографістів РФ. Біографічні відомості Народившиеся 6 листопада 1940 в Київ. Закінчила філологічний факультет Київського університету (1965), за спеціальністю російська мова та література. Закінчила Вищі курси сценаристів і режисерів у Москві (1972). Автор ідеї дитячого гумористичного кіножурналу «Єралаш» (1972). Фільмографія «Маленький шкільний оркестр» (1968, асистент режисера) «Чи вмієте ви жити?» (1970, асистент режисера) «Пізня дитина» (1970, асистент режисера у співавт.) Поставила на Київській кіностудії ім. О. П. Довженка картини: «Джинка» (1974, к/м, авт. сцен.) «Брехлинка або Маленька брехня» (1974, к/м, авт. сцен.) «Припустимо — ти капітан...» (1976) На «Мосфільмі»: «Суєта суєт» (1978) «Будьте моїм чоловіком» (1981) «Шукайте жінку>» (1982) «Людина з бульвару Капуцинів» (1987) «Дві стріли. Детектив кам'яного століття » (1989) «Божевільні» (1991) «Московські канікули» (1995) «Діти понеділка» (1997) «Хочу у в'язницю» (1998) «Ви не залишите мене...» (2006) «Людина з бульвару Капуцинок» (2009) «Повний вперед!» (2014) «Любов і Сакс» (2016) та ін. Нагороди Лауреат премії «Золотий Остап» (2005). Примітки Література Кино: Энциклопедический словарь. М., 1987. — С.534; Всемирный биографический Энциклопедический словарь. М., 1998. — С.731; Кинословарь. Т. З. СПб., 2001. — С.141—142. Посилання Персоналії за алфавітом Радянські кінорежисери Російські кінорежисери Кінорежисерки Народні артисти Росії Кінорежисери XX століття Кінорежисери XXI століття Члени Спілки кінематографістів Росії Заслужені діячі мистецтв Росії Лауреати премії Уряду Росії Випускники філологічного факультету Київського університету Персоналії:Мосфільм Лауреати премії «Золотий Остап»
124768	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Springs%2C%20Missouri	Blue Springs, Missouri	Blue Springs, Missouri Blue Springs is a city in Jackson County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. Blue Springs is located east of Kansas City. It is the 8th largest city in the Kansas City metropolitan area and 10th largest city in the state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 58,604. History The city's history is tied to the migration of settlers seeking their fortunes out west during the age of manifest destiny. Pioneers found the area to be an ideal stopover due to the abundance of clean water from the local spring. The presence of water and a need for supplies led to the construction of a grist mill and a permanent settlement; now the site, on NW Woods Chapel Road, of Burrus Old Mill Park. An early settler, Franklin Smith, arrived in Blue Springs from Virginia in 1838 and became a leading figure in the community's development. He established the first post office in 1845, naming it after the well-known springs. The settlement continued to grow near the springs until March 1878, when the Chicago and Alton Railroad announced plans to build a station about one mile east of the original settlement. To take advantage of the commerce the railroad would bring, the town moved its center to the site of the new station and continued its development as a rural trading center. The Chicago & Alton Hotel built in 1878 is the oldest business in the city. The Jackson County Court granted the incorporation of Blue Springs on September 7, 1880, making it the fourth settlement in the county to be incorporated. Geography Blue Springs is located at (39.017778, -94.274444). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. Demographics 2020 census The 2020 United States census counted 58,603 people, 20,344 households, and 15,319 families in Blue Springs. The population density was 2,609.2 per square mile (1,007.4/km). There were 21,195 housing units at an average density of 943.7 per square mile (364.4/km). The racial makeup was 78.48% (45,989) white, 7.79% (4,567) black or African-American, 0.54% (315) Native American, 1.5% (880) Asian, 0.2% (117) Pacific Islander, 2.02% (1,184) from other races, and 9.47% (5,551) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 6.5% (3,596) of the population. Of the 20,344 households, 35.7% had children under the age of 18; 57.2% were married couples living together; 24.5% had a female householder with no husband present. Of all households, 20.3% consisted of individuals and 7.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.7 and the average family size was 3.1. 26.7% of the population was under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 24.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.8 years. For every 100 females, the population had 92.8 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 88.2 males. The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey estimates show that the median household income was $72,846 (with a margin of error of +/- $3,765) and the median family income was $83,058 (+/- $4,396). Males had a median income of $50,007 (+/- $2,780) versus $34,538 (+/- $2,432) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $41,436 (+/- $1,423). Approximately, 4.2% of families and 4.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.7% of those under the age of 18 and 6.3% of those ages 65 or over. 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 52,575 people, 19,522 households, and 14,468 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 20,643 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 87.6% White, 6.2% African American, 0.5% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 1.3% from other races, and 3.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.0% of the population. There were 19,522 households, of which 40.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.3% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 25.9% were non-families. 20.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.09. The median age in the city was 34.7 years. 27.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.8% were from 25 to 44; 26.4% were from 45 to 64; and 9.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.5% male and 51.5% female. 2000 census , there were 48,080 people, 17,286 households, and 13,362 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 17,733 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 93.18% White, 2.93% African American, 0.43% Native American, 0.97% Asian, 0.11% Pacific Islander, 0.83% from other races, and 1.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.76% of the population. There were 17,286 households, out of which 42.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.1% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.7% were non-families. 18.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.16. In the city the population was spread out, with 29.5% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 7.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $55,402, and the median income for a family was $61,008. Males had a median income of $41,373 versus $29,688 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,444. About 3.9% of families and 4.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.0% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over. Economy Top employers According to the town's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are: Government The City of Blue Springs has a Mayor-Council-Administrator form of government as set forth in the Home Rule City Charter. The City Council is the governing body of the city, elected by the public. The City Administrator is appointed by the City Council and is responsible for the implementation of policies and decisions made by the mayor and city council. The elected governing body is composed of a mayor and six councilpersons. The City of Blue Springs has a Municipal Police Department. There are two Fire Districts providing fire and ambulance services to resident's Blue Springs. Blue Springs Law Enforcement duties are performed by the Blue Springs Police Department. B.S.P.D. was formed by the City of Blue Springs in 1966 and started with just three employees. Today (BSPD) has grown to 138 employees, 101 sworn law enforcement personnel and 38 civilian support personnel. (BSPD) is located at 1100 SW Smith Street. Fire and ambulance service for most of Blue Springs is performed by Central Jackson County Fire Protection District(CJCFPD). CJC was formed in 1961 and is an Accredited Fire Agency by the Commission on Fire Accreditation International. It is 1 of only 4 agencies in the state of Missouri to be accredited. CJCFPD has 5 fire stations that serve the community. CJCFPD Headquarters is located at 805 NE Jefferson St. Fire and ambulance service for the very southern portion of Blue Springs, roughly south of Liggett Road, is served by Southern Jackson County Fire Protection District (SJCFPD) which has history from 1954. SJCFPD has 3 fire station to serve the community's of Blue Springs and Lake Lotawana. The Blue Springs School District Department of Public Safety (BSSD DPS) has 14 commissioned officers and an administrative assistant which serves as the departments dispatcher, records keeper, and public face of the department to the customers. The commissioned officers service the schools as School Resource Officers (SRO), providing public safety classes to students and staff members, and conduct residency/truancy investigations. BSSD DPS is located at the Paul Consiglio Education Center at 1501 NW Jefferson Street in Blue Springs. Mid-Continent Public Library operates two library branches in Blue Springs. Transportation The Kansas City Area Transportation Authority, KCATA provides public bus services to Blue Springs. Interstate 70 - Major east–west interstate highway, connecting Blue Springs to Kansas City, Columbia, and St. Louis US 40 -Connects Kansas City to Independence and then enters Blue Springs at Bolin Road to the west, then east of Adams Dairy Parkway enters Grain Valley. Route 7 - Links U.S. 24 Hwy with Blue Springs by first traveling through Independence entering Blue Springs at Pink Hill Road and is the main north/south Highway through Blue Springs, leaving Blue Springs at Colbern Road and entering Lake Lotawana then Pleasant Hill and Harrisonville. Adams Dairy Parkway is an important trafficway that runs from the north to south through Blue Springs. Parks and recreation Fleming Park is home to Blue Springs Lake and Lake Jacomo. The park is operated by Jackson County. Fleming Park offers many recreational features. Fleming Park's total land area is of which is water. Centennial Pool Plex (Demolished; 2022) Vesper Hall Blue Springs Field House The Blue Springs Field House won the Kansas City Business Journals, 2016 Capstone Award. It was featured in the Athletic Business Journal as one of the nation’s most State of the Art Facilities. Points of interest Chicago & Alton Hotel Museum Chicago & Alton Depot Museum Missouri Town 1855 Fort Osage National Historic Landmark Dillingham-Lewis House Museum Lone Jack Civil War Museum Media The Examiner, Eastern Jackson County Daily Newspaper. Also known as the Blue Springs Examiner The Kansas City Star The Blue Springs Magazine Education Blue Springs is served by three public schools districts and three private schools. Blue Springs R-IV School District Lee's Summit R-VII School District Grain Valley R-V School District Timothy Lutheran Schools, K-8, North Campus St. John Lalande Catholic School, K-8 Plaza Heights Christian Academy, PreK-12 Climate Blue Springs experiences a colder variation of a four-season humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with mild days and cold nights during the winter, and hot days and muggy nights during the summer. Notable people Doug Terry - Former NFL player for the Kansas City Chiefs Ladell Betts - Former NFL player for the Washington Redskins and the New Orleans Saints Khristian Boyd, NFL defensive tackle for the New Orleans Saints Donald Stephenson - Former NFL player for the Kansas City Chiefs, Denver Broncos, and the Cleveland Browns Jimmy Redmond - Former NFL player for the Jacksonville Jaguars Brandon Lloyd - NFL player for San Francisco 49ers Khalil Davis - NFL player for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers Carlos Davis - NFL player for the Pittsburgh Steelers Darrius Shepherd - NFL player for the Green Bay Packers Elijah Lee - NFL player for the Detroit Lions Deiondre' Hall - NFL player for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers Jim Eisenreich - Former MLB player for Twins, Royals, Phillies, and Marlins and 1997 World Series champion Nick Tepesch - MLB player for the Texas Rangers, Los Angeles Dodgers, Minnesota Twins, and Toronto Blue Jays. Terry Gautreaux - Taekwondo, bronze medalist in 1992 Summer Olympics Steve Harris - NBA player and University of Tulsa basketball standout Jon Sundvold - NBA player and University of Missouri basketball standout Jeff Mittie - women's basketball head coach, Kansas State Ivana Hong - alternate Olympic gymnast, Beijing 2008 Terin Humphrey - Olympic gymnast, Athens 2004 Tonya Knight - IFBB professional bodybuilder Courtney McCool - Olympic gymnast, Athens 2004 Josh Watson - NFL Player for the Carolina Panthers Justin Pitts - Professional Basketball player for HLA Alicante of the Spanish LEB Plata. Kendall Blanton - NFL Player for the Los Angeles Rams David Cook - winner of American Idol Season 7 References External links City of Blue Springs Official City Website Historic maps of Blue Springs in the Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection at the University of Missouri Cities in Jackson County, Missouri Cities in Kansas City metropolitan area Populated places established in 1880 1880 establishments in Missouri Cities in Missouri
1171870	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0-%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F	Гара-Чилібія	Гара-Чилібія — село у повіті Бузеу в Румунії. Входить до складу комуни Чилібія. Село розташоване на відстані 99 км на північний схід від Бухареста, 19 км на південний схід від Бузеу, 89 км на південний захід від Галаца, 129 км на південний схід від Брашова. Населення За даними перепису населення 2002 року у селі проживали осіб, усі — румуни. Усі жителі села рідною мовою назвали румунську. Примітки Села повіту Бузеу
1027282	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%20%28%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%2C%20%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%29	Гендрі (округ, Флорида)	Гендрі (округ, Флорида) Округ Гендрі — округ (графство) у штаті Флорида, США. Ідентифікатор округу 12051. Історія Округ утворений 1923 року. Демографія За даними перепису 2000 року загальне населення округу становило 36210 осіб, зокрема міського населення було 22883, а сільського — 13327. Серед мешканців округу чоловіків було 20120, а жінок — 16090. В окрузі було 10850 домогосподарств, 8141 родин, які мешкали в 12294 будинках. Середній розмір родини становив 3,44. Віковий розподіл населення поданий у таблиці: Суміжні округи Глейдс — північ Мартін — північний схід Окічобі — північний схід Палм-Біч — схід Бровард — південний схід Колльєр — південь Лі — захід Шарлотт — захід Див. також Список округів штату Флорида Примітки
5014202	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20Hospitality%20%28%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F%29	Southern Hospitality (пісня)	Southern Hospitality (пісня) Southern Hospitality — другий сингл американського репера Ludacris з альбому Back for the First Time, випущений 2 січня 2001 року. Спродюсували пісню The Neptunes. Пісня дебютувала на 86 місці Billboard Hot 100, а потім досягнула 23 місця. Комерційний успіх «Southern Hospitality» досяг 5-го місця в реп-чарті Billboard і 6-го в R&B/хіп-хоп-чарті. У Billboard Hot 100 він дубютував на 86 місці, а через кілька місяців досяг 23 місця. Музичне відео Відеокліп на пісню зняв Джеремі Ралл. У відео присутні камео Lil Jon, Jazze Pha, Scarface і Too Short. Музичне відео починається з килимка з написом «Welcome to Atlanta», через який Ludacris та його друзі виходять з дому. Потім вони сідають у машини і починають роз'їжджати вулицями де бачать жінок. Щойно Лудакріс із компанією під'їжджають усі навколо починають танцювати. Чарти Щотижневі чарти Річні чарти Примітки Сингли Def Jam Recordings Сингли 2001 Пісні 2000 Пісні Лудакріса
1181384	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8C	Мелічешть	Мелічешть, Мелічешті — село у повіті Прахова в Румунії. Входить до складу комуни Телега. Село розташоване на відстані 83 км на північ від Бухареста, 30 км на північний захід від Плоєшті, 57 км на південь від Брашова. Населення За даними перепису населення 2002 року у селі проживали особи, усі — румуни. Усі жителі села рідною мовою назвали румунську. Примітки Села повіту Прахова
3457352	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F%20%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8%20%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%20%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%20%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%E2%80%94%20%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%202020%20%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83	Національна премія України імені Тараса Шевченка — лауреати 2020 року	Національна премія України імені Тараса Шевченка — лауреати 2020 року Список лауреатів (лавреатів) Національної премії України імені Тараса Шевченка за 2020 рік Рішення Комітету з Національної премії України імені Тараса Шевченка стало відомо наприкінці лютого та було затверджене Указом Президента України 9 березня 2020 р. Премії у номінації «Кіномистецтво» цього року не присуджені. У церемонії вручення премії лавреатам 9 березня 2020 року, що відбулася у Національній опері України, взяв участь Президент України Володимир Зеленський. На 2020 рік розмір Національної премії України імені Тараса Шевченка встановлений у розмірі 200 тисяч гривень кожна. Критика 9 березня 2020 було опубліковано відкритий лист лавреатів Шевченківської премії минулих років, в якому вказувалось на систематичні порушення Положення про Національну премію України нинішнім комітетом, і вказано на такі факти: подовження терміну подання творів відбулося вже після того, як збіг оголошений раніше термін, що порушує рівність прав учасників творчого змагання; окремі члени комітету у своїх публічних висловлюваваннях показали упереджене ставлення до номінантів (Тамара Гундорова, Ірина Славінська); Ірина Славінська, Євгеній Стасіневич та Любов Морозова є підлеглими голови комітету Юрія Макарова за основним місцем роботи; два тури були проведені в один день (17.01.2020 р.), що ставить під сумнів якісну і доброчесну роботу членів комітету; прийняття нової концепції Національної премії України, нової символіки відбулося без жодного громадського обговорення. Деякі українські медіа, навпаки, висловилися про «декомунізацію» та «перезавантаження» цієї нагороди. Див. також Список лауреатів Шевченківської премії Примітки Джерела Інформація щодо поданих творів на здобуття Національної премії 2020 року (лауреати) на сайті Комітету з національної премії України імені Тараса Шевченка Книга «Бабин Яр. Голосами». Маріанна Кіяновська Книга «Так, але…». Тарас Прохасько Книга «Дівчата зрізають коси». Євгенія Подобна Музичний альбом «Шлях» гурту «DaxaBraxa». М.Галаневич, Н.Гаренецька, О.Цибульська, І.Коваленко Опера-реквієм «ЙОВ» («IYOV»). В.Троїцький, Р.Григорів, І.Разумейко Мистецький проект «Карусель». Олександр Глядєлов 2020
2895266	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%20%28%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%29	Наславиці (Свентокшиське воєводство)	Наславиці (Свентокшиське воєводство) Наславиці — село в Польщі, у гміні Клімонтув Сандомирського повіту Свентокшиського воєводства. Населення — (2011). У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Тарнобжезького воєводства. Демографія Демографічна структура на день 31 березня 2011 року: Примітки . Села Сандомирського повіту
2515393	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IL34	IL34	IL34 – білок, який кодується однойменним геном, розташованим у людей на короткому плечі 16-ї хромосоми. Довжина поліпептидного ланцюга білка становить 242 амінокислот, а молекулярна маса — 27 482. Кодований геном білок за функціями належить до цитокінів, факторів росту. Задіяний у таких біологічних процесах, як імунітет, вроджений імунітет, запальна відповідь, альтернативний сплайсинг. Секретований назовні. Література Примітки Див. також Хромосома 16 Інтерлейкіни
2538214	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRTAP17-1	KRTAP17-1	KRTAP17-1 – білок, який кодується однойменним геном, розташованим у людей на 17-й хромосомі. Довжина поліпептидного ланцюга білка становить 105 амінокислот, а молекулярна маса — 9 504. Література Примітки Див. також Хромосома 17 Некатегоризовані білки
3462073	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D0%90%D1%8F%D1%82%20%28%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%29	Арчагли-Аят (селище)	Арчагли-Аят (селище) Арчагли-Аят — селище у Варненському районі Челябінської області Російської Федерації. Входить до складу муніципального утворення Аятське сільське поселення. Населення становить 1231 особу (2010). Історія Від 27 лютого 1927 року належить до Варненського району, спочатку у складі Троїцького округу Уральської області, а відтак — Челябінської області. Згідно із законом від 9 липня 2004 року органом місцевого самоврядування є Аятське сільське поселення. Населення Примітки Селища Челябінської області Населені пункти Варненського району
4515450	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monjiviricetes	Monjiviricetes	Monjiviricetes — клас вірусів відділу Negarnaviricota. Це негативно спрямовані РНК-віруси. Різні види вражають гриби, рослини, безхребетних і хребетних. Класифікація порядок Jingchuvirales родина Chuviridae порядок Mononegavirales родина Artoviridae родина Bornaviridae родина Filoviridae родина Lispiviridae родина Mymonaviridae родина Nyamiviridae родина Paramyxoviridae родина Pneumoviridae родина Rhabdoviridae родина Sunviridae родина Xinmoviridae Примітки Класи вірусів Riboviria
2553005	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD	Барнін	Барнін — громада в Німеччині, розташована в землі Мекленбург-Передня Померанія. Входить до складу району Людвігслуст-Пархім. Складова частина об'єднання громад Кріфіц. Площа — 16,96 км2. Населення становить ос. (станом на ). Галерея Примітки Посилання [ Офіційний сайт] Громади Мекленбургу-Передньої Померанії
3123293	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzierzgo%C5%84	Dzierzgoń	Dzierzgoń (formerly also: Kiszpork) is a town in the Pomeranian Voivodeship in northern Poland. It is located in Sztum County east of Malbork and south of Elbląg on the river Dzierzgoń. Dzierzgoń has a population of 5,242, while the town and its environs have a combined population of about 10,000. History The town was originally a settlement of Old Prussian tribe of Pomesanians. Settlement dates back to the Early Middle Ages. The oldest name is Sirgune, from which the historic Polish name Dzierzgoń comes from. In 1247, a castle known as Neu Christburg (German for "New Castle of Christ") was founded overlooking the Dzierzgoń river, a few kilometers away from an older fortress known as Alt Christburg (Stary Dzierzgoń) by Teutonic Knights brought to Poland by Konrad I of Masovia. In 1249 a peace treaty was signed at the new castle between the victorious Teutonic Order and defeated local Old Prussians, in presence of papal legate, future Pope Urban IV. In 1254, the town which had developed near the castle was first referred to as Christburg (in Polish known as Kiszpork). Within the Monastic State of the Teutonic Order, Christburg was an administrative seat for the regional Komtur. Both Polish and German settlement began around 1280. By 1288 the settlement was granted town rights. Following the victorious Battle of Grunwald, in 1410, Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło stayed in the castle, after it was abandoned by the Teutonic Knights. In the castle, the king received delegations from the city of Elbląg, which then pledged allegiance to him and recognized his authority. In 1411, the Poles left the castle, and the Teutonic Knights retook it. The castle was captured by Poles again in 1414. In 1454, upon the request of the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation, the town was incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland by King Casimir IV Jagiellon, and the castle was handed over to Poland. The town sided with Poland in the subsequent Thirteen Years' War, after which in the 1466 peace treaty the Teutonic Knights renounced any claims to the town. It was officially named Dzierzgoń in the documents, and administratively it was located in the Malbork Voivodeship in the Polish province of Royal Prussia in the Greater Poland Province. The castle became the seat of local starosts (local administrators). From 1508 the town was renamed to Kiszpork. Guilds developed under Polish rule, and trade flourished in the town. Local starosts granted privileges to the guilds of shoemakers, bakers, tailors, butchers, and wheelwrights. In 1622, the Polish Sejm merged the functions of the Kiszpork/Dzierzgoń starost and the Malbork voivode. Sejmiks (local parliaments) of the local nobility were held in the castle. A battle between Poland and Sweden was fought in Kiszpork in 1627, during the Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629). In 1647 a privilege was granted, allowing the trade in wine. In 1772 it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia during the First Partition of Poland and was incorporated into the new province of West Prussia. During the Napoleonic Wars, the town was captured by France in 1807. In October–December 1831, various interned Polish cavalry and infantry units and honor guards of the November Uprising stopped in the town on the way to their internment places. Christburg became part of the German Empire upon its foundation in 1871 during the unification of Germany. Around 1900 Christburg had two Catholic churches, a Protestant church, a synagogue, a county court, a brewery and a dairy. Until 1919 Christburg belonged to the administrative district of Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder in the German Province of West Prussia. In 1920, after World War I and the reestablishment of independent Poland, a plebiscite was held to determine whether the region would be part of Germany or Poland. In the town 2,571 inhabitants voted to remain in Weimar German East Prussia, 13 votes supported Poland, thus the town remained part of Germany. Over the time span 1919–39 Christburg belonged to the administrative district of Regierungsbezirk Westpreußen in the Province of East Prussia, and from 26 October 1939 until 1945 to Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder in the new province of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. During World War II, within today's town limits, the Germans established and operated a forced labour subcamp of the German military prison in Grudziądz in German-occupied Poland. In the final stages of the war the town's populace was evacuated by the Germans on January 21–22, and on January 24, 1945 the German administration left the town, which then fell to the Soviets. The first local Polish official was appointed in April 1945. Several months later the town was handed over to Poland, and was renamed Dzierzgoń, based on an Old Prussian Zirgūni name. At the turn of 1945 and 1946, the Polish resistance movement carried out successful attacks against communists and Soviets, acquiring weapons, uniforms and money. The town was resettled by Poles from Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union and Ukrainians expelled from southeast Poland in 1947. The former Roman Catholic Cloister is now a Ukrainian Eastern Rite Catholic Church. Demographics Number of inhabitants by year Note that the above table is based on primary, possibly biased sources: Sports The local football team is . It competes in the lower leagues. Notable residents Ernst Schirlitz (1893–1978) a German vice admiral in the navy Oberleutnant Franz Schleiff (1896-??) a World War I flying ace International relations Dzierzgoń is twinned with: References External links Municipal website Jewish community of Dzierzgoń on Virtual Shtetl Cities and towns in Pomeranian Voivodeship Sztum County
559450	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8C	Ла-Шапель-Текль	Ла-Шапель-Текль — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Бургундія-Франш-Конте, департамент Сона і Луара. Населення — . Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 330 км на південний схід від Парижа, 90 км на південь від Діжона, 36 км на північний схід від Макона. Демографія Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006): Економіка У 2010 році в муніципалітеті числилось 228 оподаткованих домогосподарств, у яких проживали 498,0 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача Сусідні муніципалітети Посилання Офіційний сайт Ла-Шапель-Текль Ла-Шапель-Текль на сайті французького Національного інституту географії Див. також Список муніципалітетів департаменту Сона і Луара Примітки Муніципалітети департаменту Сона і Луара
4666644	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1-25	С-25	С-25 (ЗРК) С-25 (НАР)
699771	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6-%D0%B4%D0%B5-%D0%AE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%94%D1%80	Сен-Жорж-де-Юртьєр	Сен-Жорж-де-Юртьєр — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Овернь-Рона-Альпи, департамент Савоя. Населення — . Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 480 км на південний схід від Парижа, 120 км на схід від Ліона, 31 км на схід від Шамбері. Історія До 2015 року муніципалітет перебував у складі регіону Рона-Альпи. Від 1 січня 2016 року належить до нового об'єднаного регіону Овернь-Рона-Альпи. Демографія Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006): Економіка У 2010 році в муніципалітеті числилось 141 оподатковане домогосподарство, у яких проживали 306,0 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача Сусідні муніципалітети Посилання Сен-Жорж-де-Юртьєр на сайті французького Національного інституту географії Див. також Список муніципалітетів департаменту Савоя Примітки Муніципалітети департаменту Савоя
2647430	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB	Оуквелл	Оуквелл «Оуквелл Стедіум» — багатофункціональний стадіон у Барнслі, Англія, домашня арена ФК «Барнслі». Стадіон побудований 1887 року та відкритий у 1888 році. Протягом 1992—1999 років був реконструйований. До 2003 року був у власності ФК «Барнслі», однак у 2002 році муніципалітет Барнслі придбав його у клубу задля його фінансової підтримки. Посилання Про стадіон на офіційному сайті ФК «Барнслі» Oakwell на footballtripper.com Oakwell Stadium на stadiumguide.com Барнслі Спортивні споруди Південного Йоркширу Споруди, збудовані 1887
48920209	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad%20Rowe%20%28tennis%29	Brad Rowe (tennis)	Brad Rowe (tennis) Bradley Rowe (born November 20, 1955) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. Biography Rowe played on the Grand Prix tennis circuit between 1977 and 1979, predominantly featuring in doubles tournaments. He was runner-up in three Grand Prix events with San Jose State University teammate Hank Pfister, in San Jose and Hong Kong in 1978, then San Jose once more in 1979. He qualified for the main singles draw of a Grand Slam tournament for the only time at the 1979 French Open. In the first round he defeated Paul Kronk, before being eliminated in the second round by eventual semi-finalist Vitas Gerulaitis. Presently, Rowe is working as a tennis coach in California's Conejo Valley. Grand Prix career finals Doubles: 3 (0–3) References External links 1955 births Living people American male tennis players Tennis players from California San Jose State Spartans men's tennis players
9809021	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen%C5%91%20Buz%C3%A1nszky	Jenő Buzánszky	Jenő Buzánszky (4 May 1925 – 11 January 2015) was a Hungarian football player and coach. He played as a right back for Hungary and during the 1950s he was a member of the legendary squad known as the Golden Team. Other members of the team included Ferenc Puskás, Zoltán Czibor, Sándor Kocsis, József Bozsik and Nándor Hidegkuti. He was the only member of the team not to play for either Honvéd or MTK Hungária FC. After 274 league games he retired as a player and became a coach. In 1996, he became a deputy chairman of the Hungarian Football Federation. Buzánszky made his debut for Hungary on 12 November 1950 in a 1–1 draw with Bulgaria. He subsequently played 48 times for Hungary and as one of the legendary Mighty Magyars, he helped Hungary become Olympic Champions in 1952 and become Central European Champions in 1953. He also played in the Hungary team that defeated England twice. During the 1954 World Cup he played for Hungary in all five games. He died after a long illness on 11 January 2015, aged 89. He was the last surviving member of the Mighty Magyars team. Honours Hungary Olympic Champions 1952 Central European Champions 1953 World Cup Runner-up: 1954 References External links Hungary stats 1925 births 2015 deaths People from Dombóvár Hungarian men's footballers Men's association football defenders Hungary men's international footballers Footballers at the 1952 Summer Olympics Olympic footballers for Hungary Olympic gold medalists for Hungary 1954 FIFA World Cup players Pécsi Vasutas SK footballers Dorogi FC footballers Hungarian football managers Olympic medalists in football Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics Footballers from Tolna County
4785555	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%20%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87	Тітков Микола Дмитрович	Тітков Микола Дмитрович Микола Дмитрович Тітков (18 серпня 2000, Рязань, Росія) — російський футболіст, атакувальний півзахисник клубу «Локомотив» (Москва). На правіах оренди виступає за клуб «Оренбург». Ігрова кар'єра Уродженець Рязані Микола Тітков є вихованцем футбольної академії московського «Локомотива», куди він приєднався у 2018 році. З 2019 року футболіст почав виступати за дублюючий склад «Локомотива» клуб «Казанка» у Другому дивізіоні. У вересні 2019 року у матчі на Кубок країни Микола Тітков дебютував у першій команді «Локомотива». У матчах чемпіонату РПЛ футболіст вперше вийшов в основі у грудні 2020 року. Зігравши у складі «Локомотива» лише чотири гри, надалі для набору ігрової практики Тітков на правах оренди відправився у клуб «Оренбург», у складі якого і дебютував у ФНЛ. В сезоні 2021/22 разом з «Оренбургом» Тітков став бронзовим призером ФНЛ і в еперходних іграх виборов право на підвищення в класі. Титули Локомотив (Москва) Переможець Кубка Росії: 2020/21 Оренбург Бронзовий призер ФНЛ: 2021/22 Примітки Посилання Микола Тітков на сайті «Локомотива» Микола Тітков на soccer365.com.ua уродженці Рязані російські футболісти футболісти «Локомотива» (Москва) футболісти «Оренбурга» Спортсмени Рязані
4203414	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%20%D0%A7%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD	Хати Чірпан	Хати Чірпан (1890, Анкара, Анкара, Османська імперія — 21 березня 1956, Анкара, Туреччина), також відома як Сати Кадін — турецький політик, одна з перших жінок-членів великих національних зборів Туреччини, обрана на загальних виборах 1935 року. Біографія Хати Чірпан народилася 1890 року. 16 липня 1934 року, за місяць перед Другим мовним конгресом, що відбувався з 18 по 23 серпня 1934 року, президент Мустафа Кемаль Ататюрк виїхав з Анкари на екскурсію в село Казан (на той час входило до складу району Кизилджахамам провінції Анкара), в 50 кілометрах від столиці Анкари. Під час цієї екскурсії Ататюрк був представлений Сати Кадін, яка була сільським старостою Казана. Вона була селянкою з Центральної Анатолії, яка воювала протягом чотирьох років під час турецької Війни за незалежність. Ататюрк поговорив з нею, після чого він, як повідомлялося, перейнявся симпатією до її діяльності та інтелекту. За словами Афету Інану, Ататюрк сказав після зустрічі з нею: «це та жінка, яка може досягти успіху як член парламенту». Сати Кадін підтримував у її успішній передвиборчій кампанії сам Ататюрком, надаючи тако і кошти. Згодом вона змінила своє перше ім'я на Хати за порадою Ататюрка, який на той час цікавився цивілізацією хаттів, і тому що її колишнє ім'я Сати означало «продаж» або «купівля» турецькою. Вона прийняла прізвище Чірпан після того, як закон про прізвища 1934 року вимагав, аби всі турецькі громадяни мали прізвище. Примітки Турецькі жінки-політики Члени Республіканської народної партії (Туреччина) Персоналії:Анкара Померли 1956 Народились 1890 Померли в Анкарі Померли 21 березня Уродженці Анкари
3431510	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%20%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%20%D1%83%20%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%27%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96%20%28Lushenfa%29	Установка виробництва олефінів у Дун'їні (Lushenfa)	Установка виробництва олефінів у Дун'їні (Lushenfa) — виробництво нафтохімічної промисловості у приморській провінції Шаньдун, створене компанією Lushenfa Chemical У 2010-х роках в Китаї почала розвиватись індустрія синтезу олефінів з метанолу, причому якщо на півночі країни її представляли переважно інтегровані вуглехімічні комплекси, то у приморських районах такі виробництва передусім розраховувались на споживання придбаної на відкритому ринку сировини. Зокрема, на початку 2015 року стала до ладу така установка в Дун'їні, розрахована на випуск 200 тисяч тонн пропілену та лише 27 тисяч тонн етилену на рік. Завдяки такому співвідношенню продукованих олефінів вона зазвичай характеризується як установка з випуску пропілену (MTP, methanol-to-propylene). В процесі роботи планувалось витрачати три тони метанолу на одну тону цільового продукту. У випадку несприятливого співвідношення цін на метанол та олефіни такі виробництва можуть ставати нерентабельними. Зокрема, установка Lushenfa Chemical станом на середину 2017 року вважалася поставленою на консервацію. Можливо також відзначити, що майже одночасно з виробництвом Lushenfa Chemical в тому самому Дун'їні запустила свою установку на основі метанолу компанія Huabin Chemical. Примітки Дун Дун 2015 у Китаї Дун'їн
3556617	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Quinn%20%28ice%20hockey%29	Dan Quinn (ice hockey)	Dan Quinn (ice hockey) Daniel Peter Quinn (born June 1, 1965) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player and former professional golfer. Quinn played 14 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). Quinn was born in Ottawa, Ontario, but grew up in Brockville, Ontario. Calgary Flames Quinn was drafted 13th overall by the Calgary Flames in the 1983 NHL Entry Draft, while he was playing for the Belleville Bulls of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). Quinn made his debut with Calgary halfway through the next season, scoring 52 points in 54 games. When he was called up he had been leading the OHL in scoring with 59 points. During his third season with the Flames, he scored 30-goals and 72-points and then added 15 more points in 18 playoff games as he advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals where his Flames were defeated by the Montreal Canadiens. The next season, on November 12, 1986, Quinn was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins for Mike Bullard. Pittsburgh Penguins In Pittsburgh, Quinn had the most success, scoring a career high 40 goals in 1987–88, and a career-high 94 points the next season. He was unable to duplicate the success the next year and after struggling with just 29 points in the first 41 games of the 1989-90 season he was on the move again. Vancouver Canucks Quinn was traded to the Vancouver Canucks in 1990 in a six-player swap and he scored at nearly a point-a-game clip after the deal. The following year his production slipped and by the trade deadline he was on the move again as the Canucks shipped him to St. Louis in a seven-player blockbuster trade. St. Louis Blues Quinn finished the year putting up 11-points in 14-games then added 11 more in 13 playoff games for the Blues but it wasn't enough to secure him a spot in the lineup. After the season, the Blues lost veteran defenseman Harold Snespts to retirement and then lost their captain and top blue liner Scott Stevens as compensation for a free agent signing leaving a big hole on their defence. In an effort to fix this Quinn was packaged up with young forward Rod Brind'Amour and dealt to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for tough defenseman Murray Baron and centre Ron Sutter. Philadelphia Flyers While Brind'Amour was an immediate success in Philadelphia, leading the team in scoring, Quinn struggled to find the net and managed just 37 points in 67 games. This marked the worst production of his career and spelled the end for his time with the Flyers. Quinn failed to find a new club over the summer before finally signing a deal on the eve of the 1992-93 season with the Minnesota North Stars. Minnesota North Stars Quinn got off to a slow start with the North Stars with no-goals and just four assists in his first eleven games before his season - and is career - got derailed. Quinn was alleged to have raped a 19-year-old woman in a hotel room in Minnesota after a game with the Pittsburgh Penguins. Quinn maintained that he and the woman had sex, but that it was consensual. The police did not press charges, but the team released him from his contract saying that he violated the team curfew on the night of the incident. Unable to find an NHL team willing to take a chance on him, Quinn signed in Switzerland for the 1993-94 and finished just two points shy of leading the team in scoring despite playing eleven less games than the team leader. This production was enough to attract NHL attention once again. Ottawa Senators On March 15, 1994, with the season winding down, Quinn's hometown Ottawa Senators inked him to a free agent deal and he paid immediate dividends scoring 7 goals in 13-games with the club to finish the season. Los Angeles Kings Quinn signed a free agent deal with the Los Angeles Kings though an NHL lockout that delayed the start of the year allowed him to return to Switzerland for seven games before the NHL started up. With the Kings Quinn scored 31 points in 44 games good for third on the team in scoring. After the year, he was a free agent once again and once again inked a deal with his hometown club. Ottawa Senators second stint Quinn once again was productive with the Senators producing at close to a point per game for Ottawa. The Senators usual first line centre Alexei Yashin was holding out for a new contract pushing Quinn into a primary role where he delivered for the club. Quinn set a then-team record with a six-point game versus the Tampa Bay Lightning but despite all this, the Senators traded him to Philadelphia after just 28 games where he produced 24 points. Philadelphia Flyers second stint Quinn's production dipped in Philadelphia with 22 points in 35 games despite the fact he was slotted in, briefly, on the Flyers top line with John LeClair and Eric Lindros. Quinn left the Flyers after the season as a free agent. Pittsburgh Penguins second stint Quinn signed a one-year deal to return to the scene of his high scoring seasons in Pittsburgh but he was unable to replicate his success. After 16 games where Quinn posted no goals and just three assists the Penguins released him and he announced his retirement from hockey in November of 1996. Golf Quinn embarked on a career in golf after his NHL career, and was one of the top players on the Celebrity Tour. In 2000, he caddied for John Daly at the U.S. Open. Quinn also caddies part-time for Ernie Els. At the end of April 2014, Quinn became caddie for golfer Joost Luiten from the Netherlands, ranked number 43 at the Official World Golf Ranking. Quinn has competed at the American Century Celebrity Golf Classic, an annual competition to determine the best golfers among American sports and entertainment celebrities. He won the tournament in 1992, 2001, 2002, 2004 and 2012, and has a total of eighteen top-10 finishes. The tournament, televised by NBC in July, is played at Edgewood Tahoe Golf Course in Lake Tahoe, Nevada. Quinn has also played in four Web.com Tour events, but never made the 36-hole cut. Personal Quinn currently resides in Florida with his wife and their two daughters and a son. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs International References External links Hockey Draft Central 1965 births Living people Belleville Bulls players Caddies Calgary Flames draft picks Calgary Flames players Canadian ice hockey centres Canadian people of Irish descent Detroit Vipers players EV Zug players Ice hockey people from Ottawa Los Angeles Kings players Minnesota North Stars players NHL first-round draft picks Ottawa Senators players Philadelphia Flyers players Pittsburgh Penguins players SC Bern players Ice hockey people from Brockville St. Louis Blues players Vancouver Canucks captains Vancouver Canucks players Golfing people from Ontario Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
2052344	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%88%20%28%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%29	Кіш (Азербайджан)	Кіш (Азербайджан) Кіш — село в Азербайджані, розташоване на лівому березі річки Кури біля підніжжя Малого Кавказького Хребта, приблизно в 5 км на північ від міста Шекі в однойменному районі. Населення становить 6,244 осіб. Походження та перші згадки Назва Кіш є одним із найдавніших топомінів і доволі часто також зустрічається в Афганістані та Іраці. Перською мовою «Кіш» означає «місце поклоніння». Вірменський історик Мовсес Каганкатваці в своїй праці «Історія країни Агванк», згадує, що в 1-му столітті нашої ери Святий Єліше, учень апостола Тадея Едеського, прибув на місце, зване Гіс, де він побудував першу в Кавказькій Албанії та на Кавказі церкву, у якій сам читав літургію. Церква стала «духовним центром і місцем освіти людей Сходу». По дорозі з Гісу святий Єліше був убитий біля язичницького жертовника в невеликій долині Зергуні невідомими людьми. В записах Бакінської єпархії Вірменської Православної Церкви, описаний Мовсесом Каганкатцвалі Гіс, ототожнюється з сучасним Кішем. Історія За історіографією Грузії в 10-му столітті, удінське населення Кіш перейшло до Грузинської Православної Церкви. В XII столітті місцеву церкву реконструювали і село перетворилося на резиденцію грузинського єпископа, яка функціонувала до 17-го століття. В 1720-х роках населення Кіша перейняло іслам. Однак, коли згодом ці землі відійшли Росії, деякі жителі повернулися до християнської віри. Тим не менше, більшість з них залишилася вірною ісламським цінностям. У 1836 році, Албанська церква разом з усіма активними церквами в цьому регіоні, була включена до Вірменської Апостольської Церкви. В 1860 році до них приєдналася також церква Кіш, яка стала місцем паломництва шанувальників Святого Єліше. Згідно історичних джерел у XIV—XVI стт. в селі Кіш був розташований комплекс з чотирьох веж, який мав оборонний характер. Ці вежі виявилися настільки міцними, що ні Тамерлану ні Надір-Шаху так і не вдалося їх захопити. Вважається, що від веж до ханського замку йшов підземний тунель. Замок мав рідкісну архітектурну структуру. Побудований на вершині скелі, він до цих пір зберіг свої стіни. Тут також знаходиться найстаріша церква Південного Кавказу. Вона була заснована в 1 столітті н. е. учнем Апостола Тадея на колишньому поганському капищі. Під час розкопок в церкві було знайдено декілька могил людей надзвичайно високого зросту. Цей факт ліг в основу теорії відомого норвезького мандрівника Тура Хейердала, згідно якої Батьківщиною етнічних норвежців є Кавказ. За цю неординарну ідею жителі села поставили Хейердалу пам'ятник. З 2003 року церква функціонує як музей. Примітки Шекінський район
61877824	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrovka%2C%20Suyetsky%20District%2C%20Altai%20Krai	Alexandrovka, Suyetsky District, Altai Krai	Alexandrovka, Suyetsky District, Altai Krai Alexandrovka is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Aleksandrovsky Selsoviet, Suyetsky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 502 as of 2013. There are 5 streets. Geography Alexandrovka is located 16 km southeast of Verkh-Suyetka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Ukrainsky is the nearest rural locality. References Rural localities in Suyetsky District
53708280	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krnica%2C%20Mar%C4%8Dana	Krnica, Marčana	Krnica, Marčana Krnica is a village in southeastern Istria, Croatia. Geography It is located about 17 km (10.5 mi) northeast of the largest city in Istria County, Pula. Krnica is situated 195 meters (639 feet) above sea level. Just 2.3 km (1.4 mi) southeast from Krnica there is a port named Krnički porat which is still one of the protected Istrian areas with very few houses and beautiful nature all around it. Krnica and the other villages around it are very popular places for tourists because they are very close to the sea and are perfect for biking, swimming, diving, boat rides. Krnica is a very peaceful village and even during the summers, there are no traffic jams. Sv. Roko (Rokova) is a cultural event which is organised once a year, on August 16, and attracts usually around 500 people. The village has a post office, a store, and a pizza restaurant. The church and its bell tower are located in the middle of the village. Demographics According to the 2021 census, its population was 275. The population was 286 (as of the 2011 census). References Populated coastal places in Croatia Populated places in Istria County
5629572	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/580%20%28disambiguation%29	580 (disambiguation)	580 (disambiguation) 580 most commonly refers to: 580 (number), a number 580 AD, a Gregorian calendar year 580 BC, a Gregorian calendar year 580 may also refer to: Communications 580 AM, an AM radio frequency Area code 580, an area code in Oklahoma, United States Electronics Dell Inspiron 580, a desktop computer Macintosh LC 580, a personal computer Sony Alpha 580, a midrange-level digital single-lens reflex camera Places 580 California Street, a high-rise office building in San Francisco, California, United States 580 Selene, a minor planet orbiting the Sun Transportation Aircraft and spacecraft Arado E.580, a German World War II jet fighter design Caudron C.580, a French advanced trainer aircraft Convair CV-580, an American airliner Kosmos 580, a Soviet satellite Lycoming IO-580, an American horizontally opposed, six-cylinder aircraft engine Lycoming GSO-580, an American family of eight-cylinder horizontally opposed, supercharged, carburetor-equipped aircraft engines Land vehicles Dongfeng Fengguang 580, a 2016–present Chinese compact SUV IVECO 580, an Italian suburban single-decker bus TR-580, a Romanian main battle tank Watercraft USS Barbel (SS-580), the lead ship of the Barbel-class submarines in the United States Navy USS Shada (SP-580), a patrol vessel in the United States Navy Roads and routes Interstate 580 (disambiguation), multiple freeways in the United States List of highways numbered 580 Rail Hong Lok Road stop, Hong Kong; digital code Other uses Minuscule 580, a Greek minuscule manuscript Remington Model 580, an American bolt-action rifle
6930397	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Casares%20Partido	Carlos Casares Partido	Carlos Casares Partido is a partido of Buenos Aires Province in Argentina. The provincial subdivision has a population of about 21,000 inhabitants in an area of . Its capital city is Carlos Casares, which is around from Buenos Aires. Settlements Carlos Casares Algarrobos, Buenos Aires Centenario Arias Mauricio Hirsch External links Portal de Carlos Casares Spanish Wikipedia entry for Carlos Casares Partido 1907 establishments in Argentina Partidos of Buenos Aires Province Populated places established in 1907
4378442	https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0	Оршинка	Оршинка (Аршинка) — річка в Україні у Обухівському районі Київської області. Права притока річки Стугни (басейн Дніпра). Розташування Оскільки річка не підписана на картах, встановити її точне місце розташування наразі складно. У різних історичних письмових джерелах вказується дві версії. У книзі «Волости и важнейшие селения Европейской России…»зазначено, що річка тече через село Гудимова Слобода або Гудимовка (сучасне Перше Травня та мішаний ліс і на південно-східній околиці села Березове впадає в річку Стугну. Згідно Словника географічного Королівства Польського та книги Л. Похилевича «Сказания о населенных местностях Киевской губернии…» річка протікає через с. Нещерів: село розташоване між глибоких ярів, між якими течуть до стугни струмки Шпиль та Аршинка. Примітки Джерела Словник гідронімів України — К.: Наукова думка, 1979. — С. 402 Маштаков П. Л. Список рек Днепровского бассейна. — : Тип. Имп. Академии наук, 1913. — С. 148. Малі річки України Річки Київської області Річки Обухівського району

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