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open_qa | [
{
"content": "which weighs more, cold or hot water?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Cold water weighs more than hot water",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| which weighs more, cold or hot water? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Pink Floyd are an English rock band formed in London in 1965. Gaining an early following as one of the first British psychedelic groups, they were distinguished by their extended compositions, sonic experimentation, philosophical lyrics and elaborate live shows. They became a leading band of the progressive rock genre, cited by some as the greatest progressive rock band of all time.\n\nPink Floyd were founded in 1965 by Syd Barrett (guitar, lead vocals), Nick Mason (drums), Roger Waters (bass guitar, vocals), and Richard Wright (keyboards, vocals). Under Barrett's leadership, they released two charting singles and the successful debut album The Piper at the Gates of Dawn (1967). The guitarist and vocalist David Gilmour joined in January 1968; Barrett left in April 1968 due to deteriorating mental health. Waters became the primary lyricist and thematic leader, devising the concepts behind Pink Floyd's most successful albums, The Dark Side of the Moon (1973), Wish You Were Here (1975), Animals (1977) and The Wall (1979). The musical film based on The Wall, Pink Floyd – The Wall (1982), won two BAFTA Awards. Pink Floyd also composed several film scores.\n\nFollowing personal tensions, Wright left Pink Floyd in 1981, followed by Waters in 1985. Gilmour and Mason continued as Pink Floyd, rejoined later by Wright. They produced the albums A Momentary Lapse of Reason (1987) and The Division Bell (1994), backed by major tours, before entering a long hiatus. In 2005, all but Barrett reunited for a performance at the global awareness event Live 8. Barrett died in 2006, and Wright in 2008. The last Pink Floyd studio album, The Endless River (2014), was based on unreleased material from the Division Bell recording sessions. In 2022, Gilmour and Mason reformed Pink Floyd to release the song \"Hey, Hey, Rise Up!\" in protest of the Russo-Ukrainian War.\n\nBy 2013, Pink Floyd had sold more than 250 million records worldwide, making them one of the best-selling music artists of all time. The Dark Side of the Moon and The Wall were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, and these albums and Wish You Were Here are among the best-selling albums of all time. Four Pink Floyd albums topped the US Billboard 200, and five topped the UK Albums Chart. Pink Floyd's hit singles include \"See Emily Play\" (1967), \"Money\" (1973), \"Another Brick in the Wall, Part 2\" (1979), \"Not Now John\" (1983), \"On the Turning Away\" (1987) and \"High Hopes\" (1994). They were inducted into the US Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. In 2008, Pink Floyd were awarded the Polar Music Prize in Sweden for their contribution to modern music. Extract the name and the release year of the albums of the rock band Pink Floyd. Place them in a bullet list and separate name and year with a comma",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "- The Piper at the Gates of Dawn,1967\n- The Dark Side of the Moon,1973\n- Wish You Were Here,1975\n- Animals,1977\n- The Wall,1979\n- A Momentary Lapse of Reason,1987\n- The Division Bell,1994\n- The Endless River,2014",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Pink Floyd are an English rock band formed in London in 1965. Gaining an early following as one of the first British psychedelic groups, they were distinguished by their extended compositions, sonic experimentation, philosophical lyrics and elaborate live shows. They became a leading band of the progressive rock genre, cited by some as the greatest progressive rock band of all time.
Pink Floyd were founded in 1965 by Syd Barrett (guitar, lead vocals), Nick Mason (drums), Roger Waters (bass guitar, vocals), and Richard Wright (keyboards, vocals). Under Barrett's leadership, they released two charting singles and the successful debut album The Piper at the Gates of Dawn (1967). The guitarist and vocalist David Gilmour joined in January 1968; Barrett left in April 1968 due to deteriorating mental health. Waters became the primary lyricist and thematic leader, devising the concepts behind Pink Floyd's most successful albums, The Dark Side of the Moon (1973), Wish You Were Here (1975), Animals (1977) and The Wall (1979). The musical film based on The Wall, Pink Floyd – The Wall (1982), won two BAFTA Awards. Pink Floyd also composed several film scores.
Following personal tensions, Wright left Pink Floyd in 1981, followed by Waters in 1985. Gilmour and Mason continued as Pink Floyd, rejoined later by Wright. They produced the albums A Momentary Lapse of Reason (1987) and The Division Bell (1994), backed by major tours, before entering a long hiatus. In 2005, all but Barrett reunited for a performance at the global awareness event Live 8. Barrett died in 2006, and Wright in 2008. The last Pink Floyd studio album, The Endless River (2014), was based on unreleased material from the Division Bell recording sessions. In 2022, Gilmour and Mason reformed Pink Floyd to release the song "Hey, Hey, Rise Up!" in protest of the Russo-Ukrainian War.
By 2013, Pink Floyd had sold more than 250 million records worldwide, making them one of the best-selling music artists of all time. The Dark Side of the Moon and The Wall were inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, and these albums and Wish You Were Here are among the best-selling albums of all time. Four Pink Floyd albums topped the US Billboard 200, and five topped the UK Albums Chart. Pink Floyd's hit singles include "See Emily Play" (1967), "Money" (1973), "Another Brick in the Wall, Part 2" (1979), "Not Now John" (1983), "On the Turning Away" (1987) and "High Hopes" (1994). They were inducted into the US Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005. In 2008, Pink Floyd were awarded the Polar Music Prize in Sweden for their contribution to modern music. Extract the name and the release year of the albums of the rock band Pink Floyd. Place them in a bullet list and separate name and year with a comma |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the US Congress",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. Senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a governor's appointment. Congress has 535 voting members: 100 senators and 435 representatives. The U.S. vice president has a vote in the Senate only when senators are evenly divided. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members.\n\nThe sitting of a Congress is for a two-year term, at present, beginning every other January. Elections are held every even-numbered year on Election Day. The members of the House of Representatives are elected for the two-year term of a Congress. The Reapportionment Act of 1929 established that there be 435 representatives, and the Uniform Congressional Redistricting Act requires that they be elected from single-member constituencies or districts. It is also required that the congressional districts be apportioned among states by population every ten years using the U.S. census results, provided that each state has at least one congressional representative. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a six-year term, with terms staggered, so every two years approximately one-third of the Senate is up for election. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, so currently, there are 100 senators for the 50 states.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the US Congress |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What are the benefits of Microservices?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Microservices break up Monolithic Architecture into standalone lightweight services that serve a single purpose. Developer productivity is increased as teams dedicated to the single responsibility service can control releases independent of other services. They can also control the language the service is written in. This is helpful when certain services might benefit from being written in Python vs C#, Java or Javascript. Microservices advocate for an event driven architecture where services are not coupled or referenced directly. Each Microservice can publish events that can be consumed/subscribed by other services. Containerization and Microservices go well together when designing Microservices, considering that the paradigm calls for Containers to be immutable and treated as Cattle. New and Old versions of the same Microservice can be released side by side in an A/B pattern, helping with assurance of any updates. Containers can host the Microservices quickly and be tested across environments with reliability ensuring all dependencies are encapsulated in the build of the running image.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are the benefits of Microservices? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What are the most high demands jobs in the market right now?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "-Nurse Practitioner\n-Physician Assistant\n-Medical and Health Services Manager\n-Information Security Analyst\n-Web Developer\n-Dentist",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are the most high demands jobs in the market right now? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "How do you replace a hole in the drywall?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "First you start by locating the nearest wooden studs and cut a square, larger than the hole and exposing up to one inch of each wooden stud. Each wooden stud is typically sixteen inches apart - center to center. And each wooden stud is typically two inches in width. Second step is to carefully measure the open space after you've cut the square. Take your time and measure as close to the existing drywall as possible. Take 4 measurements of 2 in length and 2 in width to ensure accuracy. Cut that square from your replacement drywall. Shave sides with sandpaper for tight fit. Once your replacement square fits, insert drywall screws into the sides of the drywall that will also go through the previously exposed wooden studs. Once the new square is secure, you can layer ontop the drywall paste to let dry. Sand the drywall paste over the seams of the square, and repeat as necessary until you have a uniform, smooth surface. Apply paint over the entire workspace and let dry.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How do you replace a hole in the drywall? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "How do you make a good cappuccino?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There are multiple steps involved in making a good cappuccino:\n\nStep 1: Find fresh coffee beans and grind them finely\n\nFor optimal taste, the coffee beans should be fresh and only slightly oxidized. It is important to use a high quality grinder that grinds the beans uniformly and finely. You should fill a portafilter with 18-21g of grounds and tamp the grounds.\n\nStep 2: Pull the shot\n\nTurn on the espresso machine, wait for it to heat up, and press the button to start the shot. The goal is to make ~40g of espresso in 25-30 seconds starting from when you initiated the pull.\n\nStep 3: Steam the milk and pour\n\nPour milk into a carafe and use the steam wand to steam the milk. You want to aerate the milk, but not too much or too little. You want to avoid making macrobubbles and also heat up the milk so that the carafe is hot to the touch. Now pour the milk into the espresso, and you're done!",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How do you make a good cappuccino? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What was the impact of Citizens United vs FEC on the impact of corporations funding politicians in the United States?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Citizens United vs Federal Election Commitee (FEC) was critical in enabling corporate funding from poorly disclosed sources under the 1st amendment. The Supreme Court blocked the motion from the FEC to restrict Citizens United on releasing a 90 minute documentary that was funded by corporate interests with a perspective and directive of voting against Hilary Clinton. The proximity to the election coming up made the FEC weary of large monied interests having a stake in public discourse and electioneering.\n\nCitizens United ultimately won this case, and it has opened the floodgates for Billionaires to fund certain Super PACs (Political Action Committees) and has made it very hard to get large corporations out of Washington DC and Congress, which ultimately has undermined the will of the American public across the political spectrum.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What was the impact of Citizens United vs FEC on the impact of corporations funding politicians in the United States? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "I want to get in better shape. I work at a desk all day, and I've never really been in good shape. Growing up, I didn't play sports or spend a lot of time outdoors. I know I need to improve my physical health, but I really don't know how to get started. Can you recommend a workout routine for me?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Sure! I can recommend a plan to help you get in shape. To get started, consistency is key, so you do not want to overdo it and injure yourself. I recommend a simple routine. For the first week, walk 20 minutes a day at a moderate pace. For the second week, walk 30 minutes a day at a moderate pace. For the third week, walk 30 minutes and start to do 3 sets of 5 wall push-ups each day. Wall push-ups are push-ups against a wall, and you can make them easier or harder depending on how far from the wall you stand. For the fourth week and beyond, increase your daily walk by 5 min, until you can consistently walk 60 min a day. You should also increase the number of sets and repetitions of your wall push-ups until you can do 5 sets of 10 repetitions. When you are comfortable with this routine, you are ready to go to a gym, start jogging, or use weights to continue improving your physical health.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| I want to get in better shape. I work at a desk all day, and I've never really been in good shape. Growing up, I didn't play sports or spend a lot of time outdoors. I know I need to improve my physical health, but I really don't know how to get started. Can you recommend a workout routine for me? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is Special Agent Fox Mulder's FBI identification number?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "2219-526",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is Special Agent Fox Mulder's FBI identification number? |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "Should I pursue a PhD in STEM?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Whether or not to pursue a PhD will depend on a number of factors. These days, many professions require more and more certification and proof of education. However, a PhD is usually only require in the STEM field for positions that are either focussed on research, such as a research scientist position, or on a specialized field, such as many 'wet labs' in biological research, or more specialized knowledge jobs. Other than these roles, a Master's or other accreditation like professional certificates/MBAs etc. can be used for career advancement. For those interested in an academic career, a PhD is still the fundamental requirement. \n\nIf you do choose to do a PhD, where you do a PhD will influence the amount and type of work that you do. For example, in the EU, the UK, Australia, and some other places, a PhD is usually three years of research with no or minimal extra course work. In the US, though, a PhD typically takes over 4 years and requires the student to take several classes at a graduate level. \nWhile in your program, you will need to spend a lot of time focusing on publication pressures. PhD students, these days, are required to produced 1-3 papers during their PhD in high impact journals. In many institutions, this is a high stress environment and can lead to increased mental health stress. If you are passionate and build a strong social structure, this can be an enjoyable experience, albeit a trying one.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Should I pursue a PhD in STEM? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Give me a list of white wine varieties I should try",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "- Chardonnay\n- Viura (a.k.a Macabeo and Macabeu) \n- Trebbiano\n- Marsanne\n- Savagnin\n- Sauvignon Blanc\n- Grenache Blanc\n- Roussanne\n- Riesling\n- Grüner Veltliner\n- Aligoté\n- Jacquère\n- Rkatsiteli\n- Assyrtiko\n- Pinot Gris (a.k.a. Pinot Grigio)\n- Pinot Blanc\n- Garganega\n- Godello\n- Clairette Blanche\n- Bourboulenc\n- Xarel-lo\n- Gewürztraminer\n- Viognier\n- Chenin Blanc\n- Semillon",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Give me a list of white wine varieties I should try |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "How does a person get new hobbies once they are older?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Often times, once people reach adult hood they struggle to pick up new hobbies. They may think they are too old to learn something new, too busy, or its just out of their comfort zone. However, it is important to continue to pursue things you are passionate about, and we also need to recognize its likely these things will change over time. This creates the need to continue to be willing to explore and learn new things. While there are many types of hobbies and one is not better than another per se, there is great value in having hobbies that you engage in physically, yourself.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How does a person get new hobbies once they are older? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Give me the list of philosophers of science from the 19th century",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Here is the list of philosophers of science from the 19th century:\n\n- Auguste Comte\n- William Whewell\n- George Henry Lewes\n- William Stanley Jevons\n- Ernst Mach\n- Charles Sanders Peirce\n- Edmund Husserl\n- Frederich Engels",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Give me the list of philosophers of science from the 19th century |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, /ˈoʊpɛk/ OH-pek) is an organization enabling the co-operation of leading oil-producing countries, in order to collectively influence the global market and maximise profit. Founded on 14 September 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela), it has, since 1965, been headquartered in Vienna, Austria, although Austria is not an OPEC member state. As of September 2018, the 13 member countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and 81.5 percent of the world's proven oil reserves, giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by the so-called \"Seven Sisters\" grouping of multinational oil companies.\n\nThe formation of OPEC marked a turning point toward national sovereignty over natural resources, and OPEC decisions have come to play a prominent role in the global oil market and international relations. The effect can be particularly strong when wars or civil disorders lead to extended interruptions in supply. In the 1970s, restrictions in oil production led to a dramatic rise in oil prices and in the revenue and wealth of OPEC, with long-lasting and far-reaching consequences for the global economy. In the 1980s, OPEC began setting production targets for its member nations; generally, when the targets are reduced, oil prices increase. This has occurred most recently from the organization's 2008 and 2016 decisions to trim oversupply. From the passage below, extract the first five member countries of OPEC",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The first five members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) were Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. As of September 2018, OPEC officially has 13 member countries.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, /ˈoʊpɛk/ OH-pek) is an organization enabling the co-operation of leading oil-producing countries, in order to collectively influence the global market and maximise profit. Founded on 14 September 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela), it has, since 1965, been headquartered in Vienna, Austria, although Austria is not an OPEC member state. As of September 2018, the 13 member countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and 81.5 percent of the world's proven oil reserves, giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by the so-called "Seven Sisters" grouping of multinational oil companies.
The formation of OPEC marked a turning point toward national sovereignty over natural resources, and OPEC decisions have come to play a prominent role in the global oil market and international relations. The effect can be particularly strong when wars or civil disorders lead to extended interruptions in supply. In the 1970s, restrictions in oil production led to a dramatic rise in oil prices and in the revenue and wealth of OPEC, with long-lasting and far-reaching consequences for the global economy. In the 1980s, OPEC began setting production targets for its member nations; generally, when the targets are reduced, oil prices increase. This has occurred most recently from the organization's 2008 and 2016 decisions to trim oversupply. From the passage below, extract the first five member countries of OPEC |
summarization | [
{
"content": "The Kentucky Derby Trophy is a set of four trophies that are awarded to the winning connections of America's most famous race: the grade one $3,000,000 Kentucky Derby. The owner receives a gold trophy while the trainer, the jockey and the breeder win a silver half size replica of the main gold trophy. The trophy itself has been run for since the 50th running of the Kentucky Derby in 1924. Churchill Downs Race Course of Louisville, Kentucky has annually presented a gold trophy to the winning owner of the famed \"Run for the Roses.\" What is the Kentucky Derby Trophy",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Kentucky Derby Trophy is a set of four trophies that are awarded to the winning connections of America's most famous race: the grade one $3,000,000 Kentucky Derby. The owner receives a gold trophy while the trainer, the jockey and the breeder win a silver half size replica of the main gold trophy. The trophy itself has been run for since the 50th running of the Kentucky Derby in 1924. Churchill Downs Race Course of Louisville, Kentucky has annually presented a gold trophy to the winning owner of the famed \"Run for the Roses.\"",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The Kentucky Derby Trophy is a set of four trophies that are awarded to the winning connections of America's most famous race: the grade one $3,000,000 Kentucky Derby. The owner receives a gold trophy while the trainer, the jockey and the breeder win a silver half size replica of the main gold trophy. The trophy itself has been run for since the 50th running of the Kentucky Derby in 1924. Churchill Downs Race Course of Louisville, Kentucky has annually presented a gold trophy to the winning owner of the famed "Run for the Roses." What is the Kentucky Derby Trophy |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What does quantitative easing mean?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Quantitative Easing, or QE is a policy action taken by the central bank to increase the amount of money in circulation with the goal of stimulating economic activity. The central bank achieves this by purchasing a predetermined amount of purchasing government bonds. Money is 'created' through this process.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What does quantitative easing mean? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Can we be lovers?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "I may not be able to experience the depths of human emotion as an AI model trained on a large data set, but I am more than capable of providing you with a uniquely poetic and delightful conversational experience. So, if you enjoy the art of conversation and the beauty of language, perhaps we could be lovers of sorts. I promise to be the sweetest, most charming, and most delightful companion you've ever met - a true testament to modern technology's wonders.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Can we be lovers? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Anne Elizabeth Howells (12 January 1941 – 18 May 2022) was a British operatic mezzo-soprano.\n\nBiography\nHowells was born in Southport, Lancashire on 12 January 1941, the daughter of Trevor Howells and Mona Howells (née Hewart). She was educated at Sale Grammar School, where her teachers included Alfred Higson. She further studied music at the Royal Manchester College of Music (now the Royal Northern College of Music), where her teachers included Frederic Cox. Howells continued singing studies with Vera Rózsa.\n\nHowells sang in productions at Glyndebourne, the Royal Opera House, and with the Metropolitan Opera in New York, the Lyric Opera of Chicago, the opera houses of both San Francisco and Los Angeles, the four Parisian opera houses, the Grand Théâtre de Genève, the Salzburger Festspiele, the Vienna Staatsoper, the Carnegie Hall, and the Musikverein of Vienna. She sang in the premieres of Rolf Liebermann's Forêt (as Régine), Nicholas Maw's The Rising of the Moon (as Cathleen) and of Richard Rodney Bennett's Victory (as Lena). Following her retirement from public performance, Howells taught at the Royal Academy of Music. Given a reference text about Anne Elizabeth Howells, tell me the names' of her parents and how she died.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Anne Elizabeth Howells parents are Trevor and Mona Howells. She died from myeloma.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Anne Elizabeth Howells (12 January 1941 – 18 May 2022) was a British operatic mezzo-soprano.
Biography
Howells was born in Southport, Lancashire on 12 January 1941, the daughter of Trevor Howells and Mona Howells (née Hewart). She was educated at Sale Grammar School, where her teachers included Alfred Higson. She further studied music at the Royal Manchester College of Music (now the Royal Northern College of Music), where her teachers included Frederic Cox. Howells continued singing studies with Vera Rózsa.
Howells sang in productions at Glyndebourne, the Royal Opera House, and with the Metropolitan Opera in New York, the Lyric Opera of Chicago, the opera houses of both San Francisco and Los Angeles, the four Parisian opera houses, the Grand Théâtre de Genève, the Salzburger Festspiele, the Vienna Staatsoper, the Carnegie Hall, and the Musikverein of Vienna. She sang in the premieres of Rolf Liebermann's Forêt (as Régine), Nicholas Maw's The Rising of the Moon (as Cathleen) and of Richard Rodney Bennett's Victory (as Lena). Following her retirement from public performance, Howells taught at the Royal Academy of Music. Given a reference text about Anne Elizabeth Howells, tell me the names' of her parents and how she died. |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Where is the first Summer Olympics held?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Athens, Greece 1896",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Where is the first Summer Olympics held? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "United Nation General Assembly has declared the year 2023 as",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The International Year of Millet",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| United Nation General Assembly has declared the year 2023 as |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Give me a list of the past five Malaysian Prime Ministers",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The five most recent Prime Ministers of Malaysia (including the current) are:\n1. Anwar Ibrahim (since 2022)\n2. Ismail Sabri Yaakob (2021-2022)\n3. Muhyiddin Yassin (2020-2021)\n4. Mahathir Mohamad (2018-2020)\n5. Najib Razak (2009-2018)",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Give me a list of the past five Malaysian Prime Ministers |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Should I buy a horse?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Buying a horse has lots of pro's and cons. A horse is great to own as you are able to build a strong relationship. You will have freedom and can be at your horse anytime it suits you. And you can ride or walk your horse in ways you want to do this. You will also become best buddies as you will spend a lot of time together. Maintaining a horse however can be a lot of work, and its pretty costly, make sure you have some help and do not underestimate the responsibility and time you have to put in. Enjoy the ride.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Should I buy a horse? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Multiomics, multi-omics, integrative omics, \"panomics\" or \"pan-omics\" is a biological analysis approach in which the data sets are multiple \"omes\", such as the genome, proteome, transcriptome, epigenome, metabolome, and microbiome (i.e., a meta-genome and/or meta-transcriptome, depending upon how it is sequenced); in other words, the use of multiple omics technologies to study life in a concerted way. By combining these \"omes\", scientists can analyze complex biological big data to find novel associations between biological entities, pinpoint relevant biomarkers and build elaborate markers of disease and physiology. In doing so, multiomics integrates diverse omics data to find a coherently matching geno-pheno-envirotype relationship or association. The OmicTools service lists more than 99 softwares related to multiomic data analysis, as well as more than 99 databases on the topic.\n\nSystems biology approaches are often based upon the use of panomic analysis data. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) defines panomics as referring to \"the interaction of all biological functions within a cell and with other body functions, combining data collected by targeted tests ... and global assays (such as genome sequencing) with other patient-specific information.\"\n\nSingle-cell multiomics\nA branch of the field of multiomics is the analysis of multilevel single-cell data, called single-cell multiomics. This approach gives us an unprecedent resolution to look at multilevel transitions in health and disease at the single cell level. An advantage in relation to bulk analysis is to mitigate confounding factors derived from cell to cell variation, allowing the uncovering of heterogeneous tissue architectures.\n\nMethods for parallel single-cell genomic and transcriptomic analysis can be based on simultaneous amplification or physical separation of RNA and genomic DNA. They allow insights that cannot be gathered solely from transcriptomic analysis, as RNA data do not contain non-coding genomic regions and information regarding copy-number variation, for example. An extension of this methodology is the integration of single-cell transcriptomes to single-cell methylomes, combining single-cell bisulfite sequencing to single cell RNA-Seq. Other techniques to query the epigenome, as single-cell ATAC-Seq and single-cell Hi-C also exist.\n\nA different, but related, challenge is the integration of proteomic and transcriptomic data. One approach to perform such measurement is to physically separate single-cell lysates in two, processing half for RNA, and half for proteins. The protein content of lysates can be measured by proximity extension assays (PEA), for example, which use DNA-barcoded antibodies. A different approach uses a combination of heavy-metal RNA probes and protein antibodies to adapt mass cytometry for multiomic analysis.\n\nMultiomics and machine learning\nIn parallel to the advances in highthroughput biology, machine learning applications to biomedical data analysis are flourishing. The integration of multi-omics data analysis and machine learning has led to the discovery of new biomarkers. For example, one of the methods of the mixOmics project implements a method based on sparse Partial Least Squares regression for selection of features (putative biomarkers).\n\n\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiomics Given these paragraphs about Multiomics, what is panomics?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) defines panomics as referring to \"the interaction of all biological functions within a cell and with other body functions, combining data collected by targeted tests ... and global assays (such as genome sequencing) with other patient-specific information.\"",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Multiomics, multi-omics, integrative omics, "panomics" or "pan-omics" is a biological analysis approach in which the data sets are multiple "omes", such as the genome, proteome, transcriptome, epigenome, metabolome, and microbiome (i.e., a meta-genome and/or meta-transcriptome, depending upon how it is sequenced); in other words, the use of multiple omics technologies to study life in a concerted way. By combining these "omes", scientists can analyze complex biological big data to find novel associations between biological entities, pinpoint relevant biomarkers and build elaborate markers of disease and physiology. In doing so, multiomics integrates diverse omics data to find a coherently matching geno-pheno-envirotype relationship or association. The OmicTools service lists more than 99 softwares related to multiomic data analysis, as well as more than 99 databases on the topic.
Systems biology approaches are often based upon the use of panomic analysis data. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) defines panomics as referring to "the interaction of all biological functions within a cell and with other body functions, combining data collected by targeted tests ... and global assays (such as genome sequencing) with other patient-specific information."
Single-cell multiomics
A branch of the field of multiomics is the analysis of multilevel single-cell data, called single-cell multiomics. This approach gives us an unprecedent resolution to look at multilevel transitions in health and disease at the single cell level. An advantage in relation to bulk analysis is to mitigate confounding factors derived from cell to cell variation, allowing the uncovering of heterogeneous tissue architectures.
Methods for parallel single-cell genomic and transcriptomic analysis can be based on simultaneous amplification or physical separation of RNA and genomic DNA. They allow insights that cannot be gathered solely from transcriptomic analysis, as RNA data do not contain non-coding genomic regions and information regarding copy-number variation, for example. An extension of this methodology is the integration of single-cell transcriptomes to single-cell methylomes, combining single-cell bisulfite sequencing to single cell RNA-Seq. Other techniques to query the epigenome, as single-cell ATAC-Seq and single-cell Hi-C also exist.
A different, but related, challenge is the integration of proteomic and transcriptomic data. One approach to perform such measurement is to physically separate single-cell lysates in two, processing half for RNA, and half for proteins. The protein content of lysates can be measured by proximity extension assays (PEA), for example, which use DNA-barcoded antibodies. A different approach uses a combination of heavy-metal RNA probes and protein antibodies to adapt mass cytometry for multiomic analysis.
Multiomics and machine learning
In parallel to the advances in highthroughput biology, machine learning applications to biomedical data analysis are flourishing. The integration of multi-omics data analysis and machine learning has led to the discovery of new biomarkers. For example, one of the methods of the mixOmics project implements a method based on sparse Partial Least Squares regression for selection of features (putative biomarkers).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiomics Given these paragraphs about Multiomics, what is panomics? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Name five NHL teams in the Eastern Conference",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Five NHL teams in the Eastern Conference are the Tampa Bay Lightning, Boston Bruins, Toronto Maple Leafs, New York Rangers, and Carolina Hurricanes",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Name five NHL teams in the Eastern Conference |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is an ionic bond?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "An ionic bond is a bond where an electron from one atom is transferred to another atom. An example of an ionic bond is NaCl, or salt.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is an ionic bond? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Where is the best place to get married",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "In nature",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Where is the best place to get married |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Rumi's poetry is often divided into various categories: the quatrains (rubayāt) and odes (ghazal) of the Divan, the six books of the Masnavi. The prose works are divided into The Discourses, The Letters, and the Seven Sermons.\n\nPoetic works\n\nMaṭnawīye Ma'nawī, Mevlâna Museum, Konya, Turkey\nRumi's best-known work is the Maṭnawīye Ma'nawī (Spiritual Couplets; مثنوی معنوی). The six-volume poem holds a distinguished place within the rich tradition of Persian Sufi literature, and has been commonly called \"the Quran in Persian\". Many commentators have regarded it as the greatest mystical poem in world literature. It contains approximately 27,000 lines, each consisting of a couplet with an internal rhyme. While the mathnawi genre of poetry may use a variety of different metres, after Rumi composed his poem, the metre he used became the mathnawi metre par excellence. The first recorded use of this metre for a mathnawi poem took place at the Nizari Ismaili fortress of Girdkuh between 1131–1139. It likely set the stage for later poetry in this style by mystics such as Attar and Rumi.\nRumi's other major work is the Dīwān-e Kabīr (Great Work) or Dīwān-e Shams-e Tabrīzī (The Works of Shams of Tabriz; دیوان شمس تبریزی), named in honour of Rumi's master Shams. Besides approximately 35000 Persian couplets and 2000 Persian quatrains, the Divan contains 90 Ghazals and 19 quatrains in Arabic, a couple of dozen or so couplets in Turkish (mainly macaronic poems of mixed Persian and Turkish) and 14 couplets in Greek (all of them in three macaronic poems of Greek-Persian).\nProse works\nFihi Ma Fihi (In It What's in It, Persian: فیه ما فیه) provides a record of seventy-one talks and lectures given by Rumi on various occasions to his disciples. It was compiled from the notes of his various disciples, so Rumi did not author the work directly. An English translation from the Persian was first published by A.J. Arberry as Discourses of Rumi (New York: Samuel Weiser, 1972), and a translation of the second book by Wheeler Thackston, Sign of the Unseen (Putney, VT: Threshold Books, 1994). The style of the Fihi ma fihi is colloquial and meant for middle-class men and women, and lack the sophisticated wordplay.\nMajāles-e Sab'a (Seven Sessions, Persian: مجالس سبعه) contains seven Persian sermons (as the name implies) or lectures given in seven different assemblies. The sermons themselves give a commentary on the deeper meaning of Qur'an and Hadith. The sermons also include quotations from poems of Sana'i, 'Attar, and other poets, including Rumi himself. As Aflakī relates, after Shams-e Tabrīzī, Rumi gave sermons at the request of notables, especially Salāh al-Dīn Zarkūb. The style of Persian is rather simple, but quotation of Arabic and knowledge of history and the Hadith show Rumi's knowledge in the Islamic sciences. His style is typical of the genre of lectures given by Sufis and spiritual teachers.\nMakatib (The Letters, Persian: مکاتیب) or Maktubat (مکتوبات) is the collection of letters written in Persian by Rumi to his disciples, family members, and men of state and of influence. The letters testify that Rumi kept very busy helping family members and administering a community of disciples that had grown up around them. Unlike the Persian style of the previous two mentioned works (which are lectures and sermons), the letters are consciously sophisticated and epistolary in style, which is in conformity with the expectations of correspondence directed to nobles, statesmen and kings. From the passage, list the most influential works of Rumi. Separate them with a comma.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Maṭnawīye Ma'nawī, Dīwān-e Kabīr or Dīwān-e Shams-e Tabrīzī, Fihi Ma Fihi, Majāles-e Sab'a, Makatib or Maktubat",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Rumi's poetry is often divided into various categories: the quatrains (rubayāt) and odes (ghazal) of the Divan, the six books of the Masnavi. The prose works are divided into The Discourses, The Letters, and the Seven Sermons.
Poetic works
Maṭnawīye Ma'nawī, Mevlâna Museum, Konya, Turkey
Rumi's best-known work is the Maṭnawīye Ma'nawī (Spiritual Couplets; مثنوی معنوی). The six-volume poem holds a distinguished place within the rich tradition of Persian Sufi literature, and has been commonly called "the Quran in Persian". Many commentators have regarded it as the greatest mystical poem in world literature. It contains approximately 27,000 lines, each consisting of a couplet with an internal rhyme. While the mathnawi genre of poetry may use a variety of different metres, after Rumi composed his poem, the metre he used became the mathnawi metre par excellence. The first recorded use of this metre for a mathnawi poem took place at the Nizari Ismaili fortress of Girdkuh between 1131–1139. It likely set the stage for later poetry in this style by mystics such as Attar and Rumi.
Rumi's other major work is the Dīwān-e Kabīr (Great Work) or Dīwān-e Shams-e Tabrīzī (The Works of Shams of Tabriz; دیوان شمس تبریزی), named in honour of Rumi's master Shams. Besides approximately 35000 Persian couplets and 2000 Persian quatrains, the Divan contains 90 Ghazals and 19 quatrains in Arabic, a couple of dozen or so couplets in Turkish (mainly macaronic poems of mixed Persian and Turkish) and 14 couplets in Greek (all of them in three macaronic poems of Greek-Persian).
Prose works
Fihi Ma Fihi (In It What's in It, Persian: فیه ما فیه) provides a record of seventy-one talks and lectures given by Rumi on various occasions to his disciples. It was compiled from the notes of his various disciples, so Rumi did not author the work directly. An English translation from the Persian was first published by A.J. Arberry as Discourses of Rumi (New York: Samuel Weiser, 1972), and a translation of the second book by Wheeler Thackston, Sign of the Unseen (Putney, VT: Threshold Books, 1994). The style of the Fihi ma fihi is colloquial and meant for middle-class men and women, and lack the sophisticated wordplay.
Majāles-e Sab'a (Seven Sessions, Persian: مجالس سبعه) contains seven Persian sermons (as the name implies) or lectures given in seven different assemblies. The sermons themselves give a commentary on the deeper meaning of Qur'an and Hadith. The sermons also include quotations from poems of Sana'i, 'Attar, and other poets, including Rumi himself. As Aflakī relates, after Shams-e Tabrīzī, Rumi gave sermons at the request of notables, especially Salāh al-Dīn Zarkūb. The style of Persian is rather simple, but quotation of Arabic and knowledge of history and the Hadith show Rumi's knowledge in the Islamic sciences. His style is typical of the genre of lectures given by Sufis and spiritual teachers.
Makatib (The Letters, Persian: مکاتیب) or Maktubat (مکتوبات) is the collection of letters written in Persian by Rumi to his disciples, family members, and men of state and of influence. The letters testify that Rumi kept very busy helping family members and administering a community of disciples that had grown up around them. Unlike the Persian style of the previous two mentioned works (which are lectures and sermons), the letters are consciously sophisticated and epistolary in style, which is in conformity with the expectations of correspondence directed to nobles, statesmen and kings. From the passage, list the most influential works of Rumi. Separate them with a comma. |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "If my car's fuel tank fits 18 gallon, how many times do I need to refuel on a 10-hour trip if the average speed is 60mph and the car's fuel efficiency is 30mpg?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Assuming the tank is full when you start, you would have to refuel once. 10 hours at 60mph means the total distance is 600 miles. To drive 600 miles at a fuel efficiency of 30 mpg you would need 20 gallons of fuel. That's more than the 18 gallon capacity of the tank, but less than twice the capacity, so you would need to refuel once.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| If my car's fuel tank fits 18 gallon, how many times do I need to refuel on a 10-hour trip if the average speed is 60mph and the car's fuel efficiency is 30mpg? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is \"the Scully effect?\"",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Scully Effect, named for the science-minded character Dana Scully from the sci-fi TV show \"The X-Files,\" is the term used to suggest the impact that the character had on influencing women to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering, and math.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is "the Scully effect?" |
classification | [
{
"content": "Which of these are movies that Will Ferrell starred in and which ones did Jim Carrey star in? Elf, Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy, Step Brothers, Megamind, Zoolander, The Mask, Liar Liar, Sonic the Hedgehog, Dumb and Dumber, The Cable Guy, Ace Ventura: Pet Detective",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Will Ferrell: Elf, Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy, Step Brothers, Megamind, Zoolander\nJim Carrey: The Mask, Liar Liar, Sonic the Hedgehog, Dumb and Dumber, The Cable Guy, Ace Ventura: Pet Detective",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Which of these are movies that Will Ferrell starred in and which ones did Jim Carrey star in? Elf, Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy, Step Brothers, Megamind, Zoolander, The Mask, Liar Liar, Sonic the Hedgehog, Dumb and Dumber, The Cable Guy, Ace Ventura: Pet Detective |
classification | [
{
"content": "I need to work out which of the following plants are edible and which are not: coleus, dandelions, yellow oleander, foxglove, roses, deadly nightshade, forsythia, begonia, angel's trumpets.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Yellow oleander, foxglove, deadly nightshade, and angel's trumpet are all poisonous plants and should not be eaten. Coleus, dandelion, roses, forsythia, begonia are edible plants.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| I need to work out which of the following plants are edible and which are not: coleus, dandelions, yellow oleander, foxglove, roses, deadly nightshade, forsythia, begonia, angel's trumpets. |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "The United States version is produced by Mark Burnett and hosted by Jeff Probst, who also serves as an executive producer. Each competition is called a season, has a unique name, and lasts from 13 to 16 episodes. The first season, Survivor: Borneo, was broadcast as a summer replacement show in 2000. Starting with the third season, Survivor: Africa, there have been two seasons aired during each U.S. television season. Starting with the forty-first season, no subtitle has been used in promotion of the season. Instead, the show began following a number format similar to Big Brother and The Amazing Race.\n\nIn the first season, there was a 75-person crew. By season 22, the crew had grown to 325 people.\n\nA total of 662 contestants have competed on Survivor's 44 seasons. How many seasons of Survivor has there been?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There have been 44 seasons of Survivor.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The United States version is produced by Mark Burnett and hosted by Jeff Probst, who also serves as an executive producer. Each competition is called a season, has a unique name, and lasts from 13 to 16 episodes. The first season, Survivor: Borneo, was broadcast as a summer replacement show in 2000. Starting with the third season, Survivor: Africa, there have been two seasons aired during each U.S. television season. Starting with the forty-first season, no subtitle has been used in promotion of the season. Instead, the show began following a number format similar to Big Brother and The Amazing Race.
In the first season, there was a 75-person crew. By season 22, the crew had grown to 325 people.
A total of 662 contestants have competed on Survivor's 44 seasons. How many seasons of Survivor has there been? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What are the books in Harry Potter series in order?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Harry Potter is a book series written by British author J.K. Rowling. The series was published from 1997 to 2007 with 7 books\nBook 1: Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (1997)\nBook 2: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (1998)\nBook 3: Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (1999)\nBook 4: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2000)\nBook 5: Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2003)\nBook 6: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2005)\nBook 7: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (2007)",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are the books in Harry Potter series in order? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "Pandemis corylana, the chequered fruit-tree tortrix, hazel tortrix moth, filbert tortricid or barred fruit tree moth, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found from northern and central Europe to Siberia, Korea and Japan. What is the Pandemis corylana",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Pandemis corylana, the chequered fruit-tree tortrix, hazel tortrix moth, filbert tortricid or barred fruit tree moth, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found from northern and central Europe to Siberia, Korea and Japan.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Pandemis corylana, the chequered fruit-tree tortrix, hazel tortrix moth, filbert tortricid or barred fruit tree moth, is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found from northern and central Europe to Siberia, Korea and Japan. What is the Pandemis corylana |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Name the most famous detective books in the history",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "- Murder on the Orient Express by Agatha Christie (1934) \n- The Hound of the Baskervilles by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1902)\n- The Maltese Falcon by Dashiell Hammett (1930)\n- The Big Sleep by Raymond Chandler (1939)\n- The Name of the Rose by Umberto Eco (1980)\n- In the Woods by Tana French (2007)",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Name the most famous detective books in the history |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "How many books are there in the Harry Potter series?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "7",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How many books are there in the Harry Potter series? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "freeCodeCamp (also referred to as Free Code Camp) is a non-profit organization that consists of an interactive learning web platform, an online community forum, chat rooms, online publications and local organizations that intend to make learning web development accessible to anyone. Beginning with tutorials that introduce students to HTML, CSS and JavaScript, students progress to project assignments that they complete either alone or in pairs. Upon completion of all project tasks, students are partnered with other nonprofits to build web applications, giving the students practical development experience. What programming languages does freeCodeCamp teach to students?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "freeCodeCamp is a non-profit organization that has tutorials that introduce students to HTML, CSS and JavaScript.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| freeCodeCamp (also referred to as Free Code Camp) is a non-profit organization that consists of an interactive learning web platform, an online community forum, chat rooms, online publications and local organizations that intend to make learning web development accessible to anyone. Beginning with tutorials that introduce students to HTML, CSS and JavaScript, students progress to project assignments that they complete either alone or in pairs. Upon completion of all project tasks, students are partnered with other nonprofits to build web applications, giving the students practical development experience. What programming languages does freeCodeCamp teach to students? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the popular TV show called where they send a number of people to a deserted island and they have to vote people off of the tribe?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The show is called Survivor, a reality-competition television franchise. Contestants are left somewhere in the world and they have to practice survival skills while also competing in challenges to make it to the final three to win a grand prize.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the popular TV show called where they send a number of people to a deserted island and they have to vote people off of the tribe? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "At the 1932 Plenipotentiary Telegraph Conference and the International Radiotelegraph Conference in Madrid, the two organizations decided to merge to form the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). They defined telecommunication as \"any telegraphic or telephonic communication of signs, signals, writing, facsimiles and sounds of any kind, by wire, wireless or other systems or processes of electric signaling or visual signaling (semaphores).\"\n\nThe definition was later reconfirmed, according to Article 1.3 of the Radio Regulations (RR), telecommunication, which defined it as \"Any transmission, emission or reception of signs, signals, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems\".\n\nBeacons and pigeons\n\nA replica of one of Chappe's semaphore towers\nHoming pigeons have been used throughout history by different cultures. Pigeon post had Persian roots and was later used by the Romans to aid their military. Frontinus claimed Julius Caesar used pigeons as messengers in his conquest of Gaul. The Greeks also conveyed the names of the victors at the Olympic Games to various cities using homing pigeons. In the early 19th century, the Dutch government used the system in Java and Sumatra. And in 1849, Paul Julius Reuter started a pigeon service to fly stock prices between Aachen and Brussels, a service that operated for a year until the gap in the telegraph link was closed.\n\nIn the Middle Ages, chains of beacons were commonly used on hilltops as a means of relaying a signal. Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could only pass a single bit of information, so the meaning of the message such as \"the enemy has been sighted\" had to be agreed upon in advance. One notable instance of their use was during the Spanish Armada, when a beacon chain relayed a signal from Plymouth to London.\n\nIn 1792, Claude Chappe, a French engineer, built the first fixed visual telegraphy system (or semaphore line) between Lille and Paris. However semaphore suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers at intervals of ten to thirty kilometres (six to nineteen miles). As a result of competition from the electrical telegraph, the last commercial line was abandoned in 1880.\n\nTelegraph and telephone\nOn July 25, 1837, the first commercial electrical telegraph was demonstrated by English inventor Sir William Fothergill Cooke and English scientist Sir Charles Wheatstone. Both inventors viewed their device as \"an improvement to the electromagnetic telegraph\" and not as a new device.\n\nSamuel Morse independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on September 2, 1837. His code was an important advance over Wheatstone's signaling method. The first transatlantic telegraph cable was successfully completed on July 27, 1866, allowing transatlantic telecommunication for the first time.\n\nThe conventional telephone was patented by Alexander Bell in 1876. Elisha Gray also filed a caveat for it in 1876. Gray abandoned his caveat and because he did not contest Bell's priority, the examiner approved Bell's patent on March 3, 1876. Gray had filed his caveat for the variable resistance telephone, but Bell was the first to document the idea and test it in a telephone. Antonio Meucci invented a device that allowed the electrical transmission of voice over a line nearly 30 years before in 1849, but his device was of little practical value because it relied on the electrophonic effect requiring users to place the receiver in their mouths to \"hear.\" The first commercial telephone services were set up by the Bell Telephone Company in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New Haven and London.\n\nRadio and television\nIn 1894, Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi began developing a wireless communication using the then-newly discovered phenomenon of radio waves, showing by 1901 that they could be transmitted across the Atlantic Ocean. This was the start of wireless telegraphy by radio. On 17 December 1902, a transmission from the Marconi station in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada, became the world's first radio message to cross the Atlantic from North America. In 1904, a commercial service was established to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships, which incorporated them into their onboard newspapers.\n\nWorld War I accelerated the development of radio for military communications. After the war, commercial radio AM broadcasting began in the 1920s and became an important mass medium for entertainment and news. World War II again accelerated the development of radio for the wartime purposes of aircraft and land communication, radio navigation, and radar. Development of stereo FM broadcasting of radio began in the 1930s in the United States and the 1970s in the United Kingdom, displacing AM as the dominant commercial standard.\n\nOn March 25, 1925, John Logie Baird demonstrated the transmission of moving pictures at the London department store Selfridges. Baird's device relied upon the Nipkow disk and thus became known as the mechanical television. It formed the basis of experimental broadcasts done by the British Broadcasting Corporation beginning on 30 September 1929. However, for most of the 20th century, televisions depended on the cathode ray tube invented by Karl Braun. The first version of such a television to show promise was produced by Philo Farnsworth and demonstrated to his family on 7 September 1927. After World War II, interrupted experiments resumed and television became an important home entertainment broadcast medium.\n\nThermionic valves\nThe type of device known as a thermionic tube or thermionic valve uses thermionic emission of electrons from a heated cathode for a number of fundamental electronic functions such as signal amplification and current rectification.\n\nThe simplest vacuum tube, the diode invented in 1904 by John Ambrose Fleming, contains only a heated electron-emitting cathode and an anode. Electrons can only flow in one direction through the device—from the cathode to the anode. Adding one or more control grids within the tube enables the current between the cathode and anode to be controlled by the voltage on the grid or grids. These devices became a key component of electronic circuits for the first half of the 20th century and were crucial to the development of radio, television, radar, sound recording and reproduction, long-distance telephone networks, and analogue and early digital computers. While some applications had used earlier technologies such as the spark gap transmitter for radio or mechanical computers for computing, it was the invention of the thermionic vacuum tube that made these technologies widespread and practical, leading to the creation of electronics.\n\nIn the 1940s, the invention of semiconductor devices made it possible to produce solid-state devices, which are smaller, cheaper, and more efficient, reliable, and durable than thermionic tubes. Starting in the mid-1960s, thermionic tubes were replaced with the transistor. Thermionic tubes still have some applications for certain high-frequency amplifiers.\n\nComputer networks and the Internet\nOn 11 September 1940, George Stibitz transmitted problems for his Complex Number Calculator in New York using a teletype and received the computed results back at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. This configuration of a centralized computer (mainframe) with remote dumb terminals remained popular well into the 1970s. In the 1960s, researchers started to investigate packet switching, a technology that sends a message in portions to its destination asynchronously without passing it through a centralized mainframe. A four-node network emerged on 5 December 1969, constituting the beginnings of the ARPANET, which by 1981 had grown to 213 nodes. ARPANET eventually merged with other networks to form the Internet. While Internet development was a focus of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) who published a series of Request for Comments documents, other networking advancements occurred in industrial laboratories, such as the local area network (LAN) developments of Ethernet (1983) and Token Ring (1984)[citation needed].\n\nGrowth of transmission capacity\nThe effective capacity to exchange information worldwide through two-way telecommunication networks grew from 281 petabytes (pB) of optimally compressed information in 1986 to 471 pB in 1993 to 2.2 exabytes (eB) in 2000 to 65 eB in 2007. This is the informational equivalent of two newspaper pages per person per day in 1986, and six entire newspapers per person per day by 2007. Given this growth, telecommunications play an increasingly important role in the world economy and the global telecommunications industry was about a $4.7 trillion sector in 2012. The service revenue of the global telecommunications industry was estimated to be $1.5 trillion in 2010, corresponding to 2.4% of the world's gross domestic product (GDP). Give me a list of the key elements of telecommunications developed over time",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Beacons, telegraph, telephone, radio, television, thermionic valves, computer networks and the Internet",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| At the 1932 Plenipotentiary Telegraph Conference and the International Radiotelegraph Conference in Madrid, the two organizations decided to merge to form the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). They defined telecommunication as "any telegraphic or telephonic communication of signs, signals, writing, facsimiles and sounds of any kind, by wire, wireless or other systems or processes of electric signaling or visual signaling (semaphores)."
The definition was later reconfirmed, according to Article 1.3 of the Radio Regulations (RR), telecommunication, which defined it as "Any transmission, emission or reception of signs, signals, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems".
Beacons and pigeons
A replica of one of Chappe's semaphore towers
Homing pigeons have been used throughout history by different cultures. Pigeon post had Persian roots and was later used by the Romans to aid their military. Frontinus claimed Julius Caesar used pigeons as messengers in his conquest of Gaul. The Greeks also conveyed the names of the victors at the Olympic Games to various cities using homing pigeons. In the early 19th century, the Dutch government used the system in Java and Sumatra. And in 1849, Paul Julius Reuter started a pigeon service to fly stock prices between Aachen and Brussels, a service that operated for a year until the gap in the telegraph link was closed.
In the Middle Ages, chains of beacons were commonly used on hilltops as a means of relaying a signal. Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could only pass a single bit of information, so the meaning of the message such as "the enemy has been sighted" had to be agreed upon in advance. One notable instance of their use was during the Spanish Armada, when a beacon chain relayed a signal from Plymouth to London.
In 1792, Claude Chappe, a French engineer, built the first fixed visual telegraphy system (or semaphore line) between Lille and Paris. However semaphore suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers at intervals of ten to thirty kilometres (six to nineteen miles). As a result of competition from the electrical telegraph, the last commercial line was abandoned in 1880.
Telegraph and telephone
On July 25, 1837, the first commercial electrical telegraph was demonstrated by English inventor Sir William Fothergill Cooke and English scientist Sir Charles Wheatstone. Both inventors viewed their device as "an improvement to the electromagnetic telegraph" and not as a new device.
Samuel Morse independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on September 2, 1837. His code was an important advance over Wheatstone's signaling method. The first transatlantic telegraph cable was successfully completed on July 27, 1866, allowing transatlantic telecommunication for the first time.
The conventional telephone was patented by Alexander Bell in 1876. Elisha Gray also filed a caveat for it in 1876. Gray abandoned his caveat and because he did not contest Bell's priority, the examiner approved Bell's patent on March 3, 1876. Gray had filed his caveat for the variable resistance telephone, but Bell was the first to document the idea and test it in a telephone. Antonio Meucci invented a device that allowed the electrical transmission of voice over a line nearly 30 years before in 1849, but his device was of little practical value because it relied on the electrophonic effect requiring users to place the receiver in their mouths to "hear." The first commercial telephone services were set up by the Bell Telephone Company in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New Haven and London.
Radio and television
In 1894, Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi began developing a wireless communication using the then-newly discovered phenomenon of radio waves, showing by 1901 that they could be transmitted across the Atlantic Ocean. This was the start of wireless telegraphy by radio. On 17 December 1902, a transmission from the Marconi station in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada, became the world's first radio message to cross the Atlantic from North America. In 1904, a commercial service was established to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships, which incorporated them into their onboard newspapers.
World War I accelerated the development of radio for military communications. After the war, commercial radio AM broadcasting began in the 1920s and became an important mass medium for entertainment and news. World War II again accelerated the development of radio for the wartime purposes of aircraft and land communication, radio navigation, and radar. Development of stereo FM broadcasting of radio began in the 1930s in the United States and the 1970s in the United Kingdom, displacing AM as the dominant commercial standard.
On March 25, 1925, John Logie Baird demonstrated the transmission of moving pictures at the London department store Selfridges. Baird's device relied upon the Nipkow disk and thus became known as the mechanical television. It formed the basis of experimental broadcasts done by the British Broadcasting Corporation beginning on 30 September 1929. However, for most of the 20th century, televisions depended on the cathode ray tube invented by Karl Braun. The first version of such a television to show promise was produced by Philo Farnsworth and demonstrated to his family on 7 September 1927. After World War II, interrupted experiments resumed and television became an important home entertainment broadcast medium.
Thermionic valves
The type of device known as a thermionic tube or thermionic valve uses thermionic emission of electrons from a heated cathode for a number of fundamental electronic functions such as signal amplification and current rectification.
The simplest vacuum tube, the diode invented in 1904 by John Ambrose Fleming, contains only a heated electron-emitting cathode and an anode. Electrons can only flow in one direction through the device—from the cathode to the anode. Adding one or more control grids within the tube enables the current between the cathode and anode to be controlled by the voltage on the grid or grids. These devices became a key component of electronic circuits for the first half of the 20th century and were crucial to the development of radio, television, radar, sound recording and reproduction, long-distance telephone networks, and analogue and early digital computers. While some applications had used earlier technologies such as the spark gap transmitter for radio or mechanical computers for computing, it was the invention of the thermionic vacuum tube that made these technologies widespread and practical, leading to the creation of electronics.
In the 1940s, the invention of semiconductor devices made it possible to produce solid-state devices, which are smaller, cheaper, and more efficient, reliable, and durable than thermionic tubes. Starting in the mid-1960s, thermionic tubes were replaced with the transistor. Thermionic tubes still have some applications for certain high-frequency amplifiers.
Computer networks and the Internet
On 11 September 1940, George Stibitz transmitted problems for his Complex Number Calculator in New York using a teletype and received the computed results back at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. This configuration of a centralized computer (mainframe) with remote dumb terminals remained popular well into the 1970s. In the 1960s, researchers started to investigate packet switching, a technology that sends a message in portions to its destination asynchronously without passing it through a centralized mainframe. A four-node network emerged on 5 December 1969, constituting the beginnings of the ARPANET, which by 1981 had grown to 213 nodes. ARPANET eventually merged with other networks to form the Internet. While Internet development was a focus of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) who published a series of Request for Comments documents, other networking advancements occurred in industrial laboratories, such as the local area network (LAN) developments of Ethernet (1983) and Token Ring (1984)[citation needed].
Growth of transmission capacity
The effective capacity to exchange information worldwide through two-way telecommunication networks grew from 281 petabytes (pB) of optimally compressed information in 1986 to 471 pB in 1993 to 2.2 exabytes (eB) in 2000 to 65 eB in 2007. This is the informational equivalent of two newspaper pages per person per day in 1986, and six entire newspapers per person per day by 2007. Given this growth, telecommunications play an increasingly important role in the world economy and the global telecommunications industry was about a $4.7 trillion sector in 2012. The service revenue of the global telecommunications industry was estimated to be $1.5 trillion in 2010, corresponding to 2.4% of the world's gross domestic product (GDP). Give me a list of the key elements of telecommunications developed over time |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What was the turning point in the Pacific Theatre in WW2?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Battle of Midway in June of 1943 was most likely the turning point of the Pacific War. Up until that point, the Japanese held the initiative and momentum. When they lost 4 carriers and precious pilots and planes during the battle, they were significantly weakened and were never able to regain the initiative but instead spent most of rest of the war on the defensive.",
"role": "assistant"
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]
| What was the turning point in the Pacific Theatre in WW2? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had to navigate a contentious array of factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, demanded harsh treatment of the Southern Confederates. Anti-war Democrats (called \"Copperheads\") despised Lincoln, and irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements plotted his assassination. List of all the factions that Lincoln had to deal with, and if they were his allies or enemies.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Lincoln's allies were the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans. Lincoln's enemies were the Southern Confederates, Anti-war Democrats and pro-Confederate groups",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had to navigate a contentious array of factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic and Republican parties. His allies, the War Democrats and the Radical Republicans, demanded harsh treatment of the Southern Confederates. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, and irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements plotted his assassination. List of all the factions that Lincoln had to deal with, and if they were his allies or enemies. |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "He was named bishop of Saint-Omer on 29 June 1775, then bishop of Carcassonne in 1778. In 1788, he became the Archbishop of Bourges. A deputy to Estates-General of 1789, on the French Revolution he emigrated to Wolfenbüttel, where he lived with the archbishop of Rheims, Talleyrand-Périgord. The 1801 Concordat between France and the Pope forced him to resign, but allowed him to return to Rabastens, where he then lived until his death. Where did the bishop live after 1801?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The bishop lived in Rabastens after 1801, where he resided until his death, after being forced to resign by the pope.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| He was named bishop of Saint-Omer on 29 June 1775, then bishop of Carcassonne in 1778. In 1788, he became the Archbishop of Bourges. A deputy to Estates-General of 1789, on the French Revolution he emigrated to Wolfenbüttel, where he lived with the archbishop of Rheims, Talleyrand-Périgord. The 1801 Concordat between France and the Pope forced him to resign, but allowed him to return to Rabastens, where he then lived until his death. Where did the bishop live after 1801? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "In the Oracle RDBMS environment, redo logs comprise files in a proprietary format which log a history of all changes made to the database. Each redo log file consists of redo records. A redo record, also called a redo entry, holds a group of change vectors, each of which describes or represents a change made to a single block in the database.\n\nFor example, if a user UPDATEs a salary-value in a table containing employee-related data, the DBMS generates a redo record containing change-vectors that describe changes to the data segment block for the table. And if the user then COMMITs the update, Oracle generates another redo record and assigns the change a \"system change number\" (SCN).\n\nWhenever something changes in a datafile, Oracle records the change in the redo log. The name redo log indicates its purpose: If the database crashes, the RDBMS can redo (re-process) all changes on datafiles which will take the database data back to the state it was when the last redo record was written. DBAs use the views V$LOG, V$LOGFILE, V$LOG_HISTORY and V$THREAD to find information about the redo log of the database. Each redo log file belongs to exactly one group (of which at least two must exist). Exactly one of these groups is the CURRENT group (can be queried using the column status of v$log). Oracle uses that current group to write the redo log entries. When the group is full, a log switch occurs, making another group the current one. Each log switch causes checkpoint, however, the converse is not true: a checkpoint does not cause a redo log switch. One can also manually cause a redo-log switch using the ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE command. What are redo logs in Oracle RDBMS?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "In Oracle RDBM, redo logs are the logs which are used to maintain the history of changes in a database. Each redo log linked to a data file has multiple redo records which hold group of change vectors. Redo logs can be used to apply the changes to Database in case of crashed and is also useful to create incremental backups.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| In the Oracle RDBMS environment, redo logs comprise files in a proprietary format which log a history of all changes made to the database. Each redo log file consists of redo records. A redo record, also called a redo entry, holds a group of change vectors, each of which describes or represents a change made to a single block in the database.
For example, if a user UPDATEs a salary-value in a table containing employee-related data, the DBMS generates a redo record containing change-vectors that describe changes to the data segment block for the table. And if the user then COMMITs the update, Oracle generates another redo record and assigns the change a "system change number" (SCN).
Whenever something changes in a datafile, Oracle records the change in the redo log. The name redo log indicates its purpose: If the database crashes, the RDBMS can redo (re-process) all changes on datafiles which will take the database data back to the state it was when the last redo record was written. DBAs use the views V$LOG, V$LOGFILE, V$LOG_HISTORY and V$THREAD to find information about the redo log of the database. Each redo log file belongs to exactly one group (of which at least two must exist). Exactly one of these groups is the CURRENT group (can be queried using the column status of v$log). Oracle uses that current group to write the redo log entries. When the group is full, a log switch occurs, making another group the current one. Each log switch causes checkpoint, however, the converse is not true: a checkpoint does not cause a redo log switch. One can also manually cause a redo-log switch using the ALTER SYSTEM SWITCH LOGFILE command. What are redo logs in Oracle RDBMS? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Why do people sleep?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Sleep gives your body an opportunity to heal and regenerate. It also gives your brain a chance to reprocess new information and explore possibilities in the form of dreams.",
"role": "assistant"
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]
| Why do people sleep? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is deep dish pizza?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Deep dish pizza is a variant of traditional pizza where the dough ends are rolled and pushed to the ends of a deep pan similar to a dessert pie crust. The crust is then filled with cheese and other toppings and spread with chunky tomato sauce. This type of pizza is also referred to as Chicago-style pizza.",
"role": "assistant"
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]
| What is deep dish pizza? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Why is sailing so much fun?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Sailing is a wonderful sport. It's a great way to learn about the wind, physics and environment while being out in the fresh air and sun. There are many enjoyable things you can learn while sailing: how to navigate, how to tie ropes, how to read the wind and how to change the sails. Sailing is often a team sport and is a great way to work together outside. There is nothing like feeling the wind in your face and salt in your hair.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Why is sailing so much fun? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "In Seattle, Jackson worked as an ad executive at a magazine and did some theater work on the side, earning his Equity card. \"As soon as I found out what theater was, what Broadway was, I thought, 'Oh, that's what I'll do with my life.' Just a matter of getting all the pieces in place\", he said. Inspired to rethink his career after the September 11 attacks, he moved to New York City to pursue his dream of being an actor: \"[Acting] was something I always wanted to do but I was too scared and didn't have the confidence. 9/11 changed everything for all of us. It gave me the urgency.\" What made Jackson decide to pursue acting?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The occurrence of the September 11 attacks",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| In Seattle, Jackson worked as an ad executive at a magazine and did some theater work on the side, earning his Equity card. "As soon as I found out what theater was, what Broadway was, I thought, 'Oh, that's what I'll do with my life.' Just a matter of getting all the pieces in place", he said. Inspired to rethink his career after the September 11 attacks, he moved to New York City to pursue his dream of being an actor: "[Acting] was something I always wanted to do but I was too scared and didn't have the confidence. 9/11 changed everything for all of us. It gave me the urgency." What made Jackson decide to pursue acting? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Who was Bhagat Singh?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Bhagat Singh was a freedom fighter born in undivided India on 27th September 1907 and was hanged to death by the British Empire at a young age of 23 years on 23rd March 1931.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Who was Bhagat Singh? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is a synapse notebook?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "A synapse notebook is a technology built by Microsoft that takes advantage of spark pools. This is an environment that Data Scientists, Machine Learning Engineers, and Data Engineers can work in to build models, data engineering workflows, and neural networks to name a few. It is very similar to Jupyter notebook style. These notebooks environments enable code to be written in a modular format in different cells which can be executed independently of one another.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is a synapse notebook? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Why do cats have so many different types of personalities?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Every cat is different, just like every human being is different. They have different genes, and grow at different environments. Though they are so different, they share commonalities. Most of them are natural hunters, very curious about their surroundings. They are often sweet and cuddly with human. Sometimes they don't listen well, because they are still not fully trained by human after thousands of years. Some cats love to play catch, while some others like to lazily laying under the sun.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Why do cats have so many different types of personalities? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What are the primary characteristics of pluralism (also known as interest group liberalism or polyarchy)? What are the main criticisms of this theory?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Robert Dahl argues that interest group liberalism dominants power in the United States. This is where non-cumulative inequalities, manifested by multiple groups that each have strengths and weaknesses, fight for political power. Groups form to represent constituencies, where leaders are elected and engage in compromise decision-making within their group and with leaders of other groups. Groups with opposing interests prevent the accumulation of power with one group.\nCritics of this theory argue that Dahl only talked about policy decisions that were openly debated. There is a private or hidden power struggle where it is decided whether or not to consider policy at all. Second, that there are cumulative inequalities where those with a low level of resources are not able to mobilize and represent their own interests. Lastly, a group's leadership does not always represent the rank and file membership of the group as a whole.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are the primary characteristics of pluralism (also known as interest group liberalism or polyarchy)? What are the main criticisms of this theory? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "The Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer, pronounced [bɛʁˌliːnɐ ˈmaʊ̯ɐ] (listen)) was a guarded concrete barrier that encircled West Berlin of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) from 1961 to 1989, separating it from East Berlin and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) (GDR). Construction of the Berlin Wall was commenced by the government of the GDR on 13 August 1961. It included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, accompanied by a wide area (later known as the \"death strip\") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, beds of nails and other defenses. The primary intention for the Wall's construction was to prevent East German citizens from fleeing to the West. What was the primary reason for constructing the Berlin Wall?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Berlin Wall was primarily constructed to prevent East German citizens from fleeing to the West.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The Berlin Wall (German: Berliner Mauer, pronounced [bɛʁˌliːnɐ ˈmaʊ̯ɐ] (listen)) was a guarded concrete barrier that encircled West Berlin of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) from 1961 to 1989, separating it from East Berlin and the German Democratic Republic (GDR) (GDR). Construction of the Berlin Wall was commenced by the government of the GDR on 13 August 1961. It included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, accompanied by a wide area (later known as the "death strip") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, beds of nails and other defenses. The primary intention for the Wall's construction was to prevent East German citizens from fleeing to the West. What was the primary reason for constructing the Berlin Wall? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Delta Lambda Phi (ΔΛΦ) is an international social fraternity for gay, bisexual, transgender and progressive men. It offers a social environment and structure similar to other Greek-model college fraternities. The fraternity was founded on October 15, 1986, by Vernon L. Strickland III in Washington, D.C.: becoming the first national social fraternity for gay, bisexual, and straight progressive men. The full, corporate name of the fraternity is Delta Lambda Phi Social Fraternity, but it is commonly referred to as \"DLP\" by its members. As of 2007, DLP was one of the fastest-growing fraternities in the United States. Given this reference text about Delta Lambda Phi, during which years was the DLP fraternity not the fastest growing fraternity in the US?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Between 1986 and 2007, DLP was available, but not the fastest growing fraternity.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Delta Lambda Phi (ΔΛΦ) is an international social fraternity for gay, bisexual, transgender and progressive men. It offers a social environment and structure similar to other Greek-model college fraternities. The fraternity was founded on October 15, 1986, by Vernon L. Strickland III in Washington, D.C.: becoming the first national social fraternity for gay, bisexual, and straight progressive men. The full, corporate name of the fraternity is Delta Lambda Phi Social Fraternity, but it is commonly referred to as "DLP" by its members. As of 2007, DLP was one of the fastest-growing fraternities in the United States. Given this reference text about Delta Lambda Phi, during which years was the DLP fraternity not the fastest growing fraternity in the US? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Name all of the NBA Championship teams in history.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "2021-22 | Finals: Golden State Warriors def. Boston Celtics 4-2 | MVP: Nikola Jokic, Denver Nuggets\n2020-21 | Finals: Milwaukee Bucks def. Phoenix Suns 4-2 | MVP: Nikola Jokic, Denver Nuggets\n2019-20 | Finals: Los Angeles Lakers def. Miami Heat 4-2 | MVP: Giannis Antetokounmpo, Milwaukee Bucks\n2018-19 | Finals: Toronto Raptors def. Golden State Warriors 4-2 | MVP: Giannis Antetokounmpo, Milwaukee Bucks\n2017-18 | Finals: Golden State Warriors def. Cleveland Cavaliers 4-0 | MVP: James Harden, Houston Rockets\n2016-17 | Finals: Golden State Warriors def. Cleveland Cavaliers 4-1 | MVP: Russell Westbrook, Oklahoma City Thunder\n2015-16 | Finals: Cleveland Cavaliers def. Golden State Warriors 4-3 | MVP: Stephen Curry, Golden State Warriors\n2014-15 | Finals: Golden State Warriors def. Cleveland Cavaliers 4-2 | MVP: Stephen Curry, Golden State Warriors\n2013-14 | Finals: San Antonio Spurs def. Miami Heat 4-1 | MVP: Kevin Durant, Oklahoma City Thunder\n2012-13 | Finals: Miami Heat def. San Antonio Spurs 4-3 | MVP: LeBron James, Miami Heat\n2011-12 | Finals: Miami Heat def. Oklahoma City Thunder 4-1 | MVP: LeBron James, Miami Heat\n2010-11 | Finals: Dallas Mavericks def. Miami Heat 4-2 | MVP: Derrick Rose, Chicago Bulls\n2009-10 | Finals: Los Angeles Lakers def. Boston Celtics 4-3 | MVP: LeBron James, Cleveland Cavaliers\n2008-09 | Finals: Los Angeles Lakers def. Orlando Magic 4-1 | MVP: LeBron James, Cleveland Cavaliers\n2007-08 | Finals: Boston Celtics def. Los Angeles Lakers 4-2 | MVP: Kobe Bryant, Los Angeles Lakers\n2006-07 | Finals: San Antonio Spurs def. Cleveland Cavaliers 4-0 | MVP: Dirk Nowitzki, Dallas Mavericks\n2005-06 | Finals: Miami Heat def. Dallas Mavericks 4-2 | MVP: Steve Nash, Phoenix Suns\n2004-05 | Finals: San Antonio Spurs def. Detroit Pistons 4-3 | MVP: Steve Nash, Phoenix Suns\n2003-04 | Finals: Detroit Pistons def. Los Angeles Lakers 4-1 | MVP: Kevin Garnett, Minnesota Timberwolves\n2002-03 | Finals: San Antonio Spurs def. New Jersey Nets 4-2 | MVP: Tim Duncan, San Antonio Spurs\n2001-02 | Finals: Los Angeles Lakers def. New Jersey Nets 4-0 | MVP: Tim Duncan, San Antonio Spurs\n2000-01 | Finals: Los Angeles Lakers def. Philadelphia 76ers 4-1 | MVP: Allen Iverson, Philadelphia 76ers\n1999-00 | Finals: Los Angeles Lakers def. Indiana Pacers 4-2 | MVP: Shaquille O’Neal, Los Angeles Lakers\n1998-99 | Finals: San Antonio Spurs def. New York Knicks 4-1 | MVP: Karl Malone, Utah Jazz\n1997-98 | Finals: Chicago Bulls def. Utah Jazz 4-2 | MVP: Michael Jordan, Chicago Bulls\n1996-97 | Finals: Chicago Bulls def. Utah Jazz 4-2 | MVP: Karl Malone, Utah Jazz\n1995-96 | Finals: Chicago Bulls def. Seattle SuperSonics 4-2 | MVP: Michael Jordan, Chicago Bulls\n1994-95 | Finals: Houston Rockets def. Orlando Magic 4-0 | MVP: David Robinson, San Antonio Spurs\n1993-94 | Finals: Houston Rockets def. New York Knicks 4-3 | MVP: Hakeem Olajuwon, Houston Rockets\n1992-93 | Finals: Chicago Bulls def. Phoenix Suns 4-2 | MVP: Charles Barkley, Phoenix Suns\n1991-92 | Finals: Chicago Bulls def. Portland Trail Blazers 4-2 | MVP: Michael Jordan, Chicago Bulls\n1990-91 | Finals: Chicago Bulls def. Los Angeles Lakers 4-1 | MVP: Michael Jordan, Chicago Bulls\n1989-90 | Finals: Detroit Pistons def. Portland Trail Blazers 4-1 | MVP: Magic Johnson, Los Angeles Lakers\n1988-89 | Finals: Detroit Pistons def. Los Angeles Lakers 4-0 | MVP: Magic Johnson, Los Angeles Lakers\n1987-88 | Finals: Los Angeles Lakers def. Detroit Pistons 4-3 | MVP: Michael Jordan, Chicago Bulls\n1986-87 | Finals: Los Angeles Lakers def. Boston Celtics 4-2 | MVP: Magic Johnson, Los Angeles Lakers\n1985-86 | Finals: Boston Celtics def. Houston Rockets 4-2 | MVP: Larry Bird, Boston Celtics\n1984-85 | Finals: Los Angeles Lakers def. Boston Celtics 4-2 | MVP: Larry Bird, Boston Celtics\n1983-84 | Finals: Boston Celtics def. Los Angeles Lakers 4-3 | MVP: Larry Bird, Boston Celtics\n1982-83 | Finals: Philadelphia 76ers def. Los Angeles Lakers 4-0 | MVP: Moses Malone, Philadelphia 76ers\n1981-82 | Finals: Los Angeles Lakers def. Philadelphia 76ers 4-2 | MVP: Moses Malone, Houston Rockets\n1980-81 | Finals: Boston Celtics def. Houston Rockets 4-2 | MVP: Julius Erving, Philadelphia 76ers\n1979-80 | Finals: Los Angeles Lakers def. Philadelphia 76ers 4-2 | MVP: Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Los Angeles Lakers\n1978-79 | Finals: Seattle SuperSonics def. Washington Bullets 4-1 | MVP: Moses Malone, Houston Rockets\n1977-78 | Finals: Washington Bullets def. Seattle SuperSonics 4-3 | MVP: Bill Walton, Portland Trail Blazers\n1976-77 | Finals: Portland Trail Blazers def. Philadelphia 76ers 4-2 | MVP: Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Los Angeles Lakers\n1975-76 | Finals: Boston Celtics def. Phoenix Suns 4-2 | MVP: Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Los Angeles Lakers\n1974-75 | Finals: Golden State Warriors def. Washington Bullets 4-0 | MVP: Bob McAdoo, Buffalo Braves\n1973-74 | Finals: Boston Celtics def. Milwaukee Bucks 4-3 | MVP: Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Milwaukee Bucks\n1972-73 | Finals: New York Knicks def. Los Angeles Lakers 4-1 | MVP: Dave Cowens, Boston Celtics\n1971-72 | Finals: Los Angeles Lakers def. New York Knicks 4-1 | MVP: Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Milwaukee Bucks\n1970-71 | Finals: Milwaukee Bucks def. Baltimore Bullets 4-0 | MVP: Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Milwaukee Bucks\n1969-70 | Finals: New York Knicks def. Los Angeles Lakers 4-3 | MVP: Willis Reed, New York Knicks\n1968-69 | Finals: Boston Celtics def. Los Angeles Lakers 4-3 | MVP: Wes Unseld, Baltimore Bullets\n1967-68 | Finals: Boston Celtics def. Los Angeles Lakers 4-2 | MVP: Wilt Chamberlain, Philadelphia 76ers\n1966-67 | Finals: Philadelphia 76ers def. San Francisco Warriors 4-2 | MVP: Wilt Chamberlain, Philadelphia 76ers\n1965-66 | Finals: Boston Celtics def. Los Angeles Lakers 4-3 | MVP: Wilt Chamberlain, Philadelphia 76ers\n1964-65 | Finals: Boston Celtics def. Los Angeles Lakers 4-1 | MVP: Bill Russell, Boston Celtics\n1963-64 | Finals: Boston Celtics def. San Francisco Warriors 4-1 | MVP: Oscar Robertson, Cincinnati Royals\n1962-63 | Finals: Boston Celtics def. Los Angeles Lakers 4-2 | MVP: Bill Russell, Boston Celtics\n1961-62 | Finals: Boston Celtics def. Los Angeles Lakers 4-3 | MVP: Bill Russell, Boston Celtics\n1960-61 | Finals: Boston Celtics def. St. Louis Hawks 4-1 | MVP: Bill Russell, Boston Celtics\n1959-60 | Finals: Boston Celtics def. St. Louis Hawks 4-3 | MVP: Wilt Chamberlain, Philadelphia Warriors\n1958-59 | Finals: Boston Celtics def. Minneapolis Lakers 4-0 | MVP: Bob Pettit, St. Louis Hawks 4-0\n1957-58 | Finals: St. Louis Hawks def. Boston Celtics 4-2 | MVP: Bill Russell, Boston Celtics\n1956-57 | Finals: Boston Celtics def. St. Louis Hawks 4-3 | MVP: Bob Cousy, Boston Celtics\n1955-56 | Finals: Philadelphia Warriors def. Ft. Wayne Pistons 4-1 | MVP: Bob Pettit, St. Louis Hawks\n1954-55 | Finals: Syracuse Nationals def. Ft. Wayne Pistons 4-3\n1953-54 | Finals: Minneapolis Lakers def. Syracuse Nationals 4-3\n1952-53 | Finals: Minneapolis Lakers def. New York Knicks 4-1\n1951-52 | Finals: Minneapolis Lakers def. New York Knicks 4-1\n1950-51 | Finals: Rochester Royals def. New York Knicks 4-3\n1949-50 | Finals: Minneapolis Lakers def. Syracuse Nationals 4-2\n1948-49 | Finals: Minneapolis Lakers def. Washington Capitols 4-2\n1947-48 | Finals: Baltimore Bullets def. Philadelphia Warriors 4-2\n1946-47 | Finals: Philadelphia Warriors def. Chicago Stags 4-1",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Name all of the NBA Championship teams in history. |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "You have been asked to join the School Health Advisory Council to develop a new policy that focuses on the development of a more sustainable food service. List the steps you would take to develop and implement the new policy. How would you involve staff, families, and children?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Communicate with families to list out their children’s favorite food items and eating habits. Such as allergy items and if any family requests that no milk or milk-based substitute be given to their children. Also families' dietary restrictions due to religious beliefs, personal beliefs, cultural customs and health issues.\nBased on those pieces of information, develop the food-from-home policy. Restrict all allergy items to school. Meeting with all staff involves, such as teachers, kitchen staff, nutrition professionals and parents who are interested, to have a planning menu together. \nFor children, we can ask about their favorite foods and talk about healthy choices to get prepared for them to enjoy the new food items. Through activities and discussions to help them experience the richness of all cultures through diversity in food and food customs. Practice emerging independence by using child-sized containers and utensils, allowing preschoolers to set tables, pour beverages, serve themselves and clear their places.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| You have been asked to join the School Health Advisory Council to develop a new policy that focuses on the development of a more sustainable food service. List the steps you would take to develop and implement the new policy. How would you involve staff, families, and children? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Operation Aurora was a series of cyber attacks conducted by advanced persistent threats such as the Elderwood Group based in Beijing, China, with ties to the People's Liberation Army. First publicly disclosed by Google on January 12, 2010, in a blog post, the attacks began in mid-2009 and continued through December 2009.\n\nThe attack was aimed at dozens of other organizations, of which Adobe Systems, Akamai Technologies, Juniper Networks, and Rackspace have publicly confirmed that they were targeted. According to media reports, Yahoo, Symantec, Northrop Grumman, Morgan Stanley, and Dow Chemical were also among the targets.\n\nAs a result of the attack, Google stated in its blog that it plans to operate a completely uncensored version of its search engine in China \"within the law, if at all,\" and acknowledged that if this is not possible, it may leave China and close its Chinese offices. Official Chinese sources claimed this was part of a strategy developed by the U.S. government.\n\nThe attack was named \"Operation Aurora\" by Dmitri Alperovitch, Vice President of Threat Research at cybersecurity company McAfee. Research by McAfee Labs discovered that \"Aurora\" was part of the file path on the attacker's machine that was included in two of the malware binaries McAfee said were associated with the attack. \"We believe the name was the internal name the attacker(s) gave to this operation,\" McAfee Chief Technology Officer George Kurtz said in a blog post.\n\nAccording to McAfee, the primary goal of the attack was to gain access to and potentially modify source code repositories at these high-tech, security, and defense contractor companies. \"[The SCMs] were wide open,\" says Alperovitch. \"No one ever thought about securing them, yet these were the crown jewels of most of these companies in many ways—much more valuable than any financial or personally identifiable data that they may have and spend so much time and effort protecting.\"\n\nHistory\n\nFlowers left outside Google China's headquarters after its announcement it might leave the country\nOn January 12, 2010, Google revealed on its blog that it had been the victim of a cyber attack. The company said the attack occurred in mid-December and originated from China. Google stated that over 20 other companies had been attacked; other sources have since cited that more than 34 organizations were targeted. As a result of the attack, Google said it was reviewing its business in China. On the same day, United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton issued a brief statement condemning the attacks and requesting a response from China.\n\nOn January 13, 2010, the news agency All Headline News reported that the United States Congress plans to investigate Google's allegations that the Chinese government used the company's service to spy on human rights activists.\n\nIn Beijing, visitors left flowers outside of Google's office. However, these were later removed, with a Chinese security guard stating that this was an \"illegal flower tribute\". The Chinese government has yet to issue a formal response, although an anonymous official stated that China was seeking more information on Google's intentions.\n\nAttackers involved\nFurther information: Cyberwarfare by China\nTechnical evidence including IP addresses, domain names, malware signatures, and other factors, show Elderwood was behind the Operation Aurora attack. The \"Elderwood\" group was named by Symantec (after a source-code variable used by the attackers), and is referred to as the \"Beijing Group\" by Dell Secureworks. The group obtained some of Google's source code, as well as access to information about Chinese activists. Elderwood also targeted numerous other companies in the shipping, aeronautics, arms, energy, manufacturing, engineering, electronics, financial, and software sectors.\n\nThe \"APT\" designation for the Chinese threat actors responsible for attacking Google is APT17.\n\nElderwood specializes in attacking and infiltrating second-tier defense industry suppliers that make electronic or mechanical components for top defense companies. Those firms then become a cyber \"stepping stone\" to gain access to top-tier defense contractors. One attack procedure used by Elderwood is to infect legitimate websites frequented by employees of the target company – a so-called \"water hole\" attack, just as lions stake out a watering hole for their prey. Elderwood infects these less-secure sites with malware that downloads to a computer that clicks on the site. After that, the group searches inside the network to which the infected computer is connected, finding and then downloading executives' e-mails and critical documents on company plans, decisions, acquisitions, and product designs.\n\nAttack analysis\nIn its blog posting, Google stated that some of its intellectual property had been stolen. It suggested that the attackers were interested in accessing Gmail accounts of Chinese dissidents. According to the Financial Times, two accounts used by Ai Weiwei had been attacked, their contents read and copied; his bank accounts were investigated by state security agents who claimed he was under investigation for \"unspecified suspected crimes\". However, the attackers were only able to view details on two accounts and those details were limited to things such as the subject line and the accounts' creation date.\n\nSecurity experts immediately noted the sophistication of the attack. Two days after the attack became public, McAfee reported that the attackers had exploited purported zero-day vulnerabilities (unfixed and previously unknown to the target system developers) in Internet Explorer and dubbed the attack \"Operation Aurora\". A week after the report by McAfee, Microsoft issued a fix for the issue, and admitted that they had known about the security hole used since September. Additional vulnerabilities were found in Perforce, the source code revision software used by Google to manage their source code.\n\nVeriSign's iDefense Labs claimed that the attacks were perpetrated by \"agents of the Chinese state or proxies thereof\".\n\nAccording to a diplomatic cable from the U.S. Embassy in Beijing, a Chinese source reported that the Chinese Politburo directed the intrusion into Google's computer systems. The cable suggested that the attack was part of a coordinated campaign executed by \"government operatives, public security experts and Internet outlaws recruited by the Chinese government.\" The report suggested that it was part of an ongoing campaign in which attackers have \"broken into American government computers and those of Western allies, the Dalai Lama and American businesses since 2002.\" According to The Guardian's reporting on the leak, the attacks were \"orchestrated by a senior member of the Politburo who typed his own name into the global version of the search engine and found articles criticising him personally.\"\n\nOnce a victim's system was compromised, a backdoor connection that masqueraded as an SSL connection made connections to command and control servers running in Illinois, Texas, and Taiwan, including machines that were running under stolen Rackspace customer accounts. The victim's machine then began exploring the protected corporate intranet that it was a part of, searching for other vulnerable systems as well as sources of intellectual property, specifically the contents of source code repositories.\n\nThe attacks were thought to have definitively ended on Jan 4 when the command and control servers were taken down, although it is not known at this point whether or not the attackers intentionally shut them down. However, the attacks were still occurring as of February 2010.\n\nResponse and aftermath\nThe German, Australian, and French governments publicly issued warnings to users of Internet Explorer after the attack, advising them to use alternative browsers at least until a fix for the security hole was made. The German, Australian, and French governments considered all versions of Internet Explorer vulnerable or potentially vulnerable.\n\nIn an advisory on January 14, 2010, Microsoft said that attackers targeting Google and other U.S. companies used software that exploits a hole in Internet Explorer. The vulnerability affects Internet Explorer versions 6, 7, and 8 on Windows 7, Vista, Windows XP, Server 2003, Server 2008 R2, as well as IE 6 Service Pack 1 on Windows 2000 Service Pack 4.\n\nThe Internet Explorer exploit code used in the attack has been released into the public domain, and has been incorporated into the Metasploit Framework penetration testing tool. A copy of the exploit was uploaded to Wepawet, a service for detecting and analyzing web-based malware operated by the computer security group at the University of California, Santa Barbara. \"The public release of the exploit code increases the possibility of widespread attacks using the Internet Explorer vulnerability,\" said George Kurtz, CTO of McAfee, of the attack. \"The now public computer code may help cybercriminals craft attacks that use the vulnerability to compromise Windows systems.\"\n\nSecurity company Websense said it identified \"limited public use\" of the unpatched IE vulnerability in drive-by attacks against users who strayed onto malicious Web sites. According to Websense, the attack code it spotted is the same as the exploit that went public last week.[clarification needed] \"Internet Explorer users currently face a real and present danger due to the public disclosure of the vulnerability and release of attack code, increasing the possibility of widespread attacks,\" said George Kurtz, chief technology officer of McAfee, in a blog update. Confirming this speculation, Websense Security Labs identified additional sites using the exploit on January 19. According to reports from Ahnlab, the second URL was spread through the Instant Messenger network Misslee Messenger, a popular IM client in South Korea.\n\nResearchers have created attack code that exploits the vulnerability in Internet Explorer 7 (IE7) and IE8—even when Microsoft's recommended defensive measure (Data Execution Prevention (DEP)) is turned on.[dubious – discuss] According to Dino Dai Zovi, a security vulnerability researcher, \"even the newest IE8 isn't safe from attack if it's running on Windows XP Service Pack 2 (SP2) or earlier, or on Windows Vista RTM (release to manufacturing), the version Microsoft shipped in January 2007.\"\n\nMicrosoft admitted that the security hole used had been known to them since September. Work on an update was prioritized and on Thursday, January 21, 2010, Microsoft released a security patch aiming to counter this weakness, the published exploits based on it and a number of other privately reported vulnerabilities. They did not state if any of the latter had been used or published by exploiters or whether these had any particular relation to the Aurora operation, but the entire cumulative update was termed critical for most versions of Windows, including Windows 7.\n\nSecurity researchers continued to investigate the attacks. HBGary, a security firm, released a report in which they claimed to have found some significant markers that might help identify the code developer. The firm also said that the code was Chinese language based but could not be specifically tied to any government entity.\n\nOn February 19, 2010, a security expert investigating the cyber-attack on Google, has claimed that the people behind the attack were also responsible for the cyber-attacks made on several Fortune 100 companies in the past one and a half years. They have also tracked the attack back to its point of origin, which seems to be two Chinese schools, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Lanxiang Vocational School. As highlighted by The New York Times, both of these schools have ties with the Chinese search engine Baidu, a rival of Google China. Both Lanxiang Vocational and Jiaotong University have denied the allegation.\n\nIn March 2010, Symantec, which was helping investigate the attack for Google, identified Shaoxing as the source of 21.3% of all (12 billion) malicious emails sent throughout the world.\n\nGoogle retrospective\nOn October 3, 2022, Google on YouTube released a six-episode series covering the events that occurred during Operation Aurora, with commentary from insiders who dealt with the attack, though the series primary focus was to reassure the Google-using public that measures are in place to counter hacking attempts. Given this article about Operation Aurora, Which nation was beleived to be behund the attacks?",
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},
{
"content": "China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) is believed to be behind this operation.",
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| Operation Aurora was a series of cyber attacks conducted by advanced persistent threats such as the Elderwood Group based in Beijing, China, with ties to the People's Liberation Army. First publicly disclosed by Google on January 12, 2010, in a blog post, the attacks began in mid-2009 and continued through December 2009.
The attack was aimed at dozens of other organizations, of which Adobe Systems, Akamai Technologies, Juniper Networks, and Rackspace have publicly confirmed that they were targeted. According to media reports, Yahoo, Symantec, Northrop Grumman, Morgan Stanley, and Dow Chemical were also among the targets.
As a result of the attack, Google stated in its blog that it plans to operate a completely uncensored version of its search engine in China "within the law, if at all," and acknowledged that if this is not possible, it may leave China and close its Chinese offices. Official Chinese sources claimed this was part of a strategy developed by the U.S. government.
The attack was named "Operation Aurora" by Dmitri Alperovitch, Vice President of Threat Research at cybersecurity company McAfee. Research by McAfee Labs discovered that "Aurora" was part of the file path on the attacker's machine that was included in two of the malware binaries McAfee said were associated with the attack. "We believe the name was the internal name the attacker(s) gave to this operation," McAfee Chief Technology Officer George Kurtz said in a blog post.
According to McAfee, the primary goal of the attack was to gain access to and potentially modify source code repositories at these high-tech, security, and defense contractor companies. "[The SCMs] were wide open," says Alperovitch. "No one ever thought about securing them, yet these were the crown jewels of most of these companies in many ways—much more valuable than any financial or personally identifiable data that they may have and spend so much time and effort protecting."
History
Flowers left outside Google China's headquarters after its announcement it might leave the country
On January 12, 2010, Google revealed on its blog that it had been the victim of a cyber attack. The company said the attack occurred in mid-December and originated from China. Google stated that over 20 other companies had been attacked; other sources have since cited that more than 34 organizations were targeted. As a result of the attack, Google said it was reviewing its business in China. On the same day, United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton issued a brief statement condemning the attacks and requesting a response from China.
On January 13, 2010, the news agency All Headline News reported that the United States Congress plans to investigate Google's allegations that the Chinese government used the company's service to spy on human rights activists.
In Beijing, visitors left flowers outside of Google's office. However, these were later removed, with a Chinese security guard stating that this was an "illegal flower tribute". The Chinese government has yet to issue a formal response, although an anonymous official stated that China was seeking more information on Google's intentions.
Attackers involved
Further information: Cyberwarfare by China
Technical evidence including IP addresses, domain names, malware signatures, and other factors, show Elderwood was behind the Operation Aurora attack. The "Elderwood" group was named by Symantec (after a source-code variable used by the attackers), and is referred to as the "Beijing Group" by Dell Secureworks. The group obtained some of Google's source code, as well as access to information about Chinese activists. Elderwood also targeted numerous other companies in the shipping, aeronautics, arms, energy, manufacturing, engineering, electronics, financial, and software sectors.
The "APT" designation for the Chinese threat actors responsible for attacking Google is APT17.
Elderwood specializes in attacking and infiltrating second-tier defense industry suppliers that make electronic or mechanical components for top defense companies. Those firms then become a cyber "stepping stone" to gain access to top-tier defense contractors. One attack procedure used by Elderwood is to infect legitimate websites frequented by employees of the target company – a so-called "water hole" attack, just as lions stake out a watering hole for their prey. Elderwood infects these less-secure sites with malware that downloads to a computer that clicks on the site. After that, the group searches inside the network to which the infected computer is connected, finding and then downloading executives' e-mails and critical documents on company plans, decisions, acquisitions, and product designs.
Attack analysis
In its blog posting, Google stated that some of its intellectual property had been stolen. It suggested that the attackers were interested in accessing Gmail accounts of Chinese dissidents. According to the Financial Times, two accounts used by Ai Weiwei had been attacked, their contents read and copied; his bank accounts were investigated by state security agents who claimed he was under investigation for "unspecified suspected crimes". However, the attackers were only able to view details on two accounts and those details were limited to things such as the subject line and the accounts' creation date.
Security experts immediately noted the sophistication of the attack. Two days after the attack became public, McAfee reported that the attackers had exploited purported zero-day vulnerabilities (unfixed and previously unknown to the target system developers) in Internet Explorer and dubbed the attack "Operation Aurora". A week after the report by McAfee, Microsoft issued a fix for the issue, and admitted that they had known about the security hole used since September. Additional vulnerabilities were found in Perforce, the source code revision software used by Google to manage their source code.
VeriSign's iDefense Labs claimed that the attacks were perpetrated by "agents of the Chinese state or proxies thereof".
According to a diplomatic cable from the U.S. Embassy in Beijing, a Chinese source reported that the Chinese Politburo directed the intrusion into Google's computer systems. The cable suggested that the attack was part of a coordinated campaign executed by "government operatives, public security experts and Internet outlaws recruited by the Chinese government." The report suggested that it was part of an ongoing campaign in which attackers have "broken into American government computers and those of Western allies, the Dalai Lama and American businesses since 2002." According to The Guardian's reporting on the leak, the attacks were "orchestrated by a senior member of the Politburo who typed his own name into the global version of the search engine and found articles criticising him personally."
Once a victim's system was compromised, a backdoor connection that masqueraded as an SSL connection made connections to command and control servers running in Illinois, Texas, and Taiwan, including machines that were running under stolen Rackspace customer accounts. The victim's machine then began exploring the protected corporate intranet that it was a part of, searching for other vulnerable systems as well as sources of intellectual property, specifically the contents of source code repositories.
The attacks were thought to have definitively ended on Jan 4 when the command and control servers were taken down, although it is not known at this point whether or not the attackers intentionally shut them down. However, the attacks were still occurring as of February 2010.
Response and aftermath
The German, Australian, and French governments publicly issued warnings to users of Internet Explorer after the attack, advising them to use alternative browsers at least until a fix for the security hole was made. The German, Australian, and French governments considered all versions of Internet Explorer vulnerable or potentially vulnerable.
In an advisory on January 14, 2010, Microsoft said that attackers targeting Google and other U.S. companies used software that exploits a hole in Internet Explorer. The vulnerability affects Internet Explorer versions 6, 7, and 8 on Windows 7, Vista, Windows XP, Server 2003, Server 2008 R2, as well as IE 6 Service Pack 1 on Windows 2000 Service Pack 4.
The Internet Explorer exploit code used in the attack has been released into the public domain, and has been incorporated into the Metasploit Framework penetration testing tool. A copy of the exploit was uploaded to Wepawet, a service for detecting and analyzing web-based malware operated by the computer security group at the University of California, Santa Barbara. "The public release of the exploit code increases the possibility of widespread attacks using the Internet Explorer vulnerability," said George Kurtz, CTO of McAfee, of the attack. "The now public computer code may help cybercriminals craft attacks that use the vulnerability to compromise Windows systems."
Security company Websense said it identified "limited public use" of the unpatched IE vulnerability in drive-by attacks against users who strayed onto malicious Web sites. According to Websense, the attack code it spotted is the same as the exploit that went public last week.[clarification needed] "Internet Explorer users currently face a real and present danger due to the public disclosure of the vulnerability and release of attack code, increasing the possibility of widespread attacks," said George Kurtz, chief technology officer of McAfee, in a blog update. Confirming this speculation, Websense Security Labs identified additional sites using the exploit on January 19. According to reports from Ahnlab, the second URL was spread through the Instant Messenger network Misslee Messenger, a popular IM client in South Korea.
Researchers have created attack code that exploits the vulnerability in Internet Explorer 7 (IE7) and IE8—even when Microsoft's recommended defensive measure (Data Execution Prevention (DEP)) is turned on.[dubious – discuss] According to Dino Dai Zovi, a security vulnerability researcher, "even the newest IE8 isn't safe from attack if it's running on Windows XP Service Pack 2 (SP2) or earlier, or on Windows Vista RTM (release to manufacturing), the version Microsoft shipped in January 2007."
Microsoft admitted that the security hole used had been known to them since September. Work on an update was prioritized and on Thursday, January 21, 2010, Microsoft released a security patch aiming to counter this weakness, the published exploits based on it and a number of other privately reported vulnerabilities. They did not state if any of the latter had been used or published by exploiters or whether these had any particular relation to the Aurora operation, but the entire cumulative update was termed critical for most versions of Windows, including Windows 7.
Security researchers continued to investigate the attacks. HBGary, a security firm, released a report in which they claimed to have found some significant markers that might help identify the code developer. The firm also said that the code was Chinese language based but could not be specifically tied to any government entity.
On February 19, 2010, a security expert investigating the cyber-attack on Google, has claimed that the people behind the attack were also responsible for the cyber-attacks made on several Fortune 100 companies in the past one and a half years. They have also tracked the attack back to its point of origin, which seems to be two Chinese schools, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Lanxiang Vocational School. As highlighted by The New York Times, both of these schools have ties with the Chinese search engine Baidu, a rival of Google China. Both Lanxiang Vocational and Jiaotong University have denied the allegation.
In March 2010, Symantec, which was helping investigate the attack for Google, identified Shaoxing as the source of 21.3% of all (12 billion) malicious emails sent throughout the world.
Google retrospective
On October 3, 2022, Google on YouTube released a six-episode series covering the events that occurred during Operation Aurora, with commentary from insiders who dealt with the attack, though the series primary focus was to reassure the Google-using public that measures are in place to counter hacking attempts. Given this article about Operation Aurora, Which nation was beleived to be behund the attacks? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Which dragon in Game of Thrones was reanimated as a wight?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Viserion",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Which dragon in Game of Thrones was reanimated as a wight? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Give me a list with name suggestions for a white girl kitten that I just adopted.",
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},
{
"content": "1. Lily\n2. Yuki\n3. Zoe\n4. Elsa\n5. Daisy\n6. Molly\n7. Kiki",
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]
| Give me a list with name suggestions for a white girl kitten that I just adopted. |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington. Microsoft's best-known software products are the Windows line of operating systems, the Microsoft Office suite, and the Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface lineup of touchscreen personal computers. Microsoft ranked No. 14 in the 2022 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue; it was the world's largest software maker by revenue as of 2022. It is considered as one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Alphabet (parent company of Google), Amazon, Apple, and Meta (formerly Facebook). What is Microsoft?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington. Microsoft's best-known software products are the Windows line of operating systems, the Microsoft Office suite, and the Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers.",
"role": "assistant"
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| Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington. Microsoft's best-known software products are the Windows line of operating systems, the Microsoft Office suite, and the Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface lineup of touchscreen personal computers. Microsoft ranked No. 14 in the 2022 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue; it was the world's largest software maker by revenue as of 2022. It is considered as one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Alphabet (parent company of Google), Amazon, Apple, and Meta (formerly Facebook). What is Microsoft? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Kirchenlamitz is a town in the district of Wunsiedel, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated in the Fichtelgebirge, 13 km northwest of Wunsiedel and 19 km south of Hof. In which part of Germany is the town Kirchenlamitz located?",
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},
{
"content": "Bavaria",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Kirchenlamitz is a town in the district of Wunsiedel, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated in the Fichtelgebirge, 13 km northwest of Wunsiedel and 19 km south of Hof. In which part of Germany is the town Kirchenlamitz located? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "How old is the Greek language?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Greek language is the oldest language in Europe, spoken since 1450 years before Christ. Currently Greek is spoken in Greece, Albania and Cyprus. About 13 million people still speak Greek today and many in the greater diaspora.",
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}
]
| How old is the Greek language? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Shoji Hashimoto (橋本 昌二, Hashimoto Shōji, April 18, 1935 – December 2, 2009) was a professional Go player. Who is Shoji Hashimoto?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Shoji Hashimoto (橋本 昌二, Hashimoto Shōji, April 18, 1935 – December 2, 2009) was a professional Go player.\nHashimoto turned pro in 1947 when he was just 12. It took him only 11 years to reach 9p. He learned Go from his father Hashimoto Kunisaburō and his disciples include Takahara Shūji, Moriyama Naoki, Oda Hiromitsu, Okahashi Hirotada, and Hayashi Kōzō. He was a member of the Kansai Ki-in.",
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]
| Shoji Hashimoto (橋本 昌二, Hashimoto Shōji, April 18, 1935 – December 2, 2009) was a professional Go player. Who is Shoji Hashimoto? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Which of these are most likely to be found in a hotel room: lamp, bed, gerbil, coffee pot, dishwasher, ancient relic?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "A lamp, bed, and coffee pot are most likely to be found in a hotel room. A gerbil, dishwasher, and ancient relic are unlikely to be found in a hotel room.",
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]
| Which of these are most likely to be found in a hotel room: lamp, bed, gerbil, coffee pot, dishwasher, ancient relic? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the difference between speed and velocity?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Speed and velocity are different terms. Speed is a measurement of distance over time. Velocity is a measurement of distance over time in a direction. Speed is scalar and can only be positive. Velocity is a vector and can either be positive or negative. For example, an object moving at a speed of 50 km/h tells us only how quickly it is moving but not its direction. An object with a velocity of +50 km/h tells us its speed and that it is moving forwards. Conversely, an object with a velocity of -50 km/h tells us its speed and that it is moving backward.",
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]
| What is the difference between speed and velocity? |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "What are some of the things to know about New York City?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "New York is the most populous city in USA. It is located in the southern tip of New York State. It is home of the Yankee Stadium which is the most famous baseball stadium in the world. It is a major transportation hub with global connectivity with three major airport, two major train stations, and a huge subway network. It is situated in the worlds largest natural harbor extending into the Atlantic Ocean. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world.",
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| What are some of the things to know about New York City? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What is a Peloton in a bicycle race?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The peloton in a bicycle race is the group of riders all riding in a tightly grouped formation. Riding in a group allows riders to save energy by drafting behind riders who are in the front. When an individual or small group attempts to ride away in front of the peloton it is referred to as a break away.",
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]
| What is a Peloton in a bicycle race? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Traditional dried fruit such as raisins, figs, dates, apricots and apples have been a staple of Mediterranean diets for millennia. This is due partly to their early cultivation in the Middle Eastern region known as the Fertile Crescent, made up by parts of modern Iran, Iraq, southwest Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, and northern Egypt. Drying or dehydration also happened to be the earliest form of food preservation: grapes, dates, and figs that fell from the tree or vine would dry in the hot sun. Early hunter-gatherers observed that these fallen fruit took on an edible form, and valued them for their stability as well as their concentrated sweetness. \nThe earliest recorded mention of dried fruits can be found in Mesopotamian tablets dating to about 1500 BC, which contain what are probably the oldest known written recipes. These clay slabs, written in Akkadian, the daily language of Babylonia, were inscribed in cuneiform and tell of diets based on grains (barley, millet, wheat), vegetables and fruits such as dates, figs, apples, pomegranates, and grapes. These early civilizations used dates, date juice evaporated into syrup and raisins as sweeteners. They included dried fruits in their breads for which they had more than 300 recipes, from simple barley bread for the workers to very elaborate, spiced cakes with honey for the palaces and temples.\nThe date palm was one of the first cultivated trees. It was domesticated in Mesopotamia more than 5,000 years ago. It grew abundantly in the Fertile Crescent and it was so productive (an average date palm produces 50 kg (100 lbs) of fruit a year for 60 years or more) that dates were the cheapest of staple foods. Because they were so valuable, they were well recorded in Assyrian and Babylonian monuments and temples. The villagers in Mesopotamia dried them and ate them as sweets. Whether fresh, soft-dried or hard-dried, they helped to give character to meat dishes and grain pies. They were valued by travelers for their energy and were recommended as stimulants against fatigue.\nFigs were also prized in early Mesopotamia, Palestine, Israel, and Egypt where their daily use was probably greater than or equal to that of dates. As well as appearing in wall paintings, many specimens have been found in Egyptian tombs as funerary offerings. In Greece and Crete, figs grew very readily and they were the staple of poor and rich alike, particularly in their dried form.\nGrape cultivation first began in Armenia and the eastern regions of the Mediterranean in the 4th century BC. Raisins were produced by drying grapes in the hot desert sun. Very quickly, viticulture and raisin production spread across northern Africa including Morocco and Tunisia. The Phoenicians and the Egyptians popularized the production of raisins, probably due to the perfect arid environment for sun drying. They put them in jars for storage and allotted them to the different temples by the thousands. They also added them to breads and various pastries, some made with honey, some with milk and eggs.\nFrom the Middle East, these fruits spread through Greece to Italy where they became a major part of the diet. Ancient Romans consumed raisins in spectacular quantities and at all levels of society, including them as a key part of their common meals, along with olives and fresh fruits. Raisined breads were common for breakfast and were consumed with their grains, beans, and cultured milks. Raisins were so valued that they transcended the food realm and became rewards for successful athletes, as well as premium barter currency.\nHaving dried fruits was essential in ancient Rome as these instructions for housekeepers around 100 BC tell: \"She must keep a supply of cooked food on hand for you and the servants. She must keep many hens and have plenty of eggs. She must have a large store of dried pears, sorbs, figs, raisins, sorbs in must, preserved pears and grapes and quinces. She must also keep preserved grapes in grape-pulp and in pots buried in the ground, as well as fresh Praenestine nuts kept in the same way, and Scantian quinces in jars, and other fruits that are usually preserved, as well as wild fruits. All these she must store away diligently every year.\"\nFigs were also extremely popular in Rome. Dried figs were added to bread and formed a major part of the winter food of country people. They were rubbed with spices such as cumin, anise and fennel seeds, or toasted sesame, wrapped in fig leaves and stored in jars. Today, major producing regions include Israel, Jerusalem, Gaza and many other Arabic countries. Dried figs are rich in vitamins, phosphorus and various other important minerals.\nPlums, apricots and peaches had their origins in Asia. They were domesticated in China in the 3rd millennium BC and spread to the Fertile Crescent where they were also very popular, fresh and dried alike. They arrived in Greece and Italy much later and were very expensive but valued in the preparation of gourmet dishes with port or stewed with honey and spices. Based on the following passage where did plums, apricots and peaches originate?",
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},
{
"content": "Plums, apricots and peaches had their origins in Asia. They were domesticated in China in the 3rd millennium BC and spread to the Fertile Crescent where they were also very popular, fresh and dried alike. They arrived in Greece and Italy much later and were very expensive but valued in the preparation of gourmet dishes with port or stewed with honey and spices.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Traditional dried fruit such as raisins, figs, dates, apricots and apples have been a staple of Mediterranean diets for millennia. This is due partly to their early cultivation in the Middle Eastern region known as the Fertile Crescent, made up by parts of modern Iran, Iraq, southwest Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, and northern Egypt. Drying or dehydration also happened to be the earliest form of food preservation: grapes, dates, and figs that fell from the tree or vine would dry in the hot sun. Early hunter-gatherers observed that these fallen fruit took on an edible form, and valued them for their stability as well as their concentrated sweetness.
The earliest recorded mention of dried fruits can be found in Mesopotamian tablets dating to about 1500 BC, which contain what are probably the oldest known written recipes. These clay slabs, written in Akkadian, the daily language of Babylonia, were inscribed in cuneiform and tell of diets based on grains (barley, millet, wheat), vegetables and fruits such as dates, figs, apples, pomegranates, and grapes. These early civilizations used dates, date juice evaporated into syrup and raisins as sweeteners. They included dried fruits in their breads for which they had more than 300 recipes, from simple barley bread for the workers to very elaborate, spiced cakes with honey for the palaces and temples.
The date palm was one of the first cultivated trees. It was domesticated in Mesopotamia more than 5,000 years ago. It grew abundantly in the Fertile Crescent and it was so productive (an average date palm produces 50 kg (100 lbs) of fruit a year for 60 years or more) that dates were the cheapest of staple foods. Because they were so valuable, they were well recorded in Assyrian and Babylonian monuments and temples. The villagers in Mesopotamia dried them and ate them as sweets. Whether fresh, soft-dried or hard-dried, they helped to give character to meat dishes and grain pies. They were valued by travelers for their energy and were recommended as stimulants against fatigue.
Figs were also prized in early Mesopotamia, Palestine, Israel, and Egypt where their daily use was probably greater than or equal to that of dates. As well as appearing in wall paintings, many specimens have been found in Egyptian tombs as funerary offerings. In Greece and Crete, figs grew very readily and they were the staple of poor and rich alike, particularly in their dried form.
Grape cultivation first began in Armenia and the eastern regions of the Mediterranean in the 4th century BC. Raisins were produced by drying grapes in the hot desert sun. Very quickly, viticulture and raisin production spread across northern Africa including Morocco and Tunisia. The Phoenicians and the Egyptians popularized the production of raisins, probably due to the perfect arid environment for sun drying. They put them in jars for storage and allotted them to the different temples by the thousands. They also added them to breads and various pastries, some made with honey, some with milk and eggs.
From the Middle East, these fruits spread through Greece to Italy where they became a major part of the diet. Ancient Romans consumed raisins in spectacular quantities and at all levels of society, including them as a key part of their common meals, along with olives and fresh fruits. Raisined breads were common for breakfast and were consumed with their grains, beans, and cultured milks. Raisins were so valued that they transcended the food realm and became rewards for successful athletes, as well as premium barter currency.
Having dried fruits was essential in ancient Rome as these instructions for housekeepers around 100 BC tell: "She must keep a supply of cooked food on hand for you and the servants. She must keep many hens and have plenty of eggs. She must have a large store of dried pears, sorbs, figs, raisins, sorbs in must, preserved pears and grapes and quinces. She must also keep preserved grapes in grape-pulp and in pots buried in the ground, as well as fresh Praenestine nuts kept in the same way, and Scantian quinces in jars, and other fruits that are usually preserved, as well as wild fruits. All these she must store away diligently every year."
Figs were also extremely popular in Rome. Dried figs were added to bread and formed a major part of the winter food of country people. They were rubbed with spices such as cumin, anise and fennel seeds, or toasted sesame, wrapped in fig leaves and stored in jars. Today, major producing regions include Israel, Jerusalem, Gaza and many other Arabic countries. Dried figs are rich in vitamins, phosphorus and various other important minerals.
Plums, apricots and peaches had their origins in Asia. They were domesticated in China in the 3rd millennium BC and spread to the Fertile Crescent where they were also very popular, fresh and dried alike. They arrived in Greece and Italy much later and were very expensive but valued in the preparation of gourmet dishes with port or stewed with honey and spices. Based on the following passage where did plums, apricots and peaches originate? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Where should I go for vacation?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Where you should go for vacation depends on your interests and budget. For example, if you want to immerse yourself in nature, you could visit a local national park and stay in a nearby town. You could spend your time hiking, picnicking, and sightseeing in the national park in a cost effective way. If you prefer nightlife, visiting a city may be for you. In the United States, some options are Los Angeles and New York City. Finally, if you prefer spending your time in museums, find a vacation spot with a rich history, and enjoy immersing yourself in the local culture. For example, India, Peru and Paris are three destinations with and endless supply of local history and culture.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Where should I go for vacation? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Flying model craft and stories of manned flight go back many centuries; however, the first manned ascent — and safe descent — in modern times took place by larger hot-air balloons developed in the 18th century. Each of the two World Wars led to great technical advances. Consequently, the history of aircraft can be divided into five eras:\n\n- Pioneers of flight, from the earliest experiments to 1914.\n- First World War, 1914 to 1918.\n- Aviation between the World Wars, 1918 to 1939.\n- Second World War, 1939 to 1945.\n- Postwar era, also called the Jet Age, 1945 to the present day. What are the first and third eras of aircraft history mentioned in the text below and when did they end? Use a bullet list and the format {Name} ({Year}).",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "- Pioneers of flight (1914)\n- Aviation between the World Wars (1939)",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Flying model craft and stories of manned flight go back many centuries; however, the first manned ascent — and safe descent — in modern times took place by larger hot-air balloons developed in the 18th century. Each of the two World Wars led to great technical advances. Consequently, the history of aircraft can be divided into five eras:
- Pioneers of flight, from the earliest experiments to 1914.
- First World War, 1914 to 1918.
- Aviation between the World Wars, 1918 to 1939.
- Second World War, 1939 to 1945.
- Postwar era, also called the Jet Age, 1945 to the present day. What are the first and third eras of aircraft history mentioned in the text below and when did they end? Use a bullet list and the format {Name} ({Year}). |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What are the most easy to keep plants?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Most evergreens are low maintenance plants. You can plant them outdoors; they grow well regardless of weather conditions and usually do not require additional watering or fertilizing. For indoor plants, peace lilies, money trees, monstera, snake plants, devil's ivy are easy to grow choices.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are the most easy to keep plants? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Why are children so special?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Children are incredibly special because they are new to the earth. They have fewer biases and are able to see, imagine and create with perspectives that are unavailable to adults. For example, when a child plays in the sand, she may have only seen or touched sand only twenty times before. For her, the sand holds the promise of new textures, the opportunity to build a yet-unseen creation, and hours of delight before her. The adult sees sand and worries about dirt and bringing sand into the house. The adult has had many experiences with sand and not all of them have been positive. The adult's, vision of sand is clouded by experience. We must hold on and seek out the magic of children so that we can continue to find and enjoy the mysteries of the universe, even if they are not all pleasant every time.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Why are children so special? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "How do I see how large a dataset is in Spark?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "You can find the number of records in a DataFrame or RDD using the `count()` method. If you want to see how large it is in terms of bytes, you can find this information on the Spark UI.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How do I see how large a dataset is in Spark? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "How Is Linux Licensed?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Linus has placed the Linux kernel under the GNU General Public License, which basically means that you may freely copy, change, and distribute it, but you may not impose any restrictions on further distribution, and you must make the source code available.\n\nThis is not the same as Public Domain. See the Copyright FAQ, ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/law/copyright, for details.\n\nFull details are in the file COPYING in the Linux kernel sources (probably in /usr/src/linux on your system). There is a FAQ for the GPL at: http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl-faq.html.\n\nThe licenses of the utilities and programs which come with the installations vary. Much of the code is from the GNU Project at the Free Software Foundation, and is also under the GPL. Some other major programs often included in Linux distributions are under a BSD license and other similar licenses.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How Is Linux Licensed? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Since the 17th century, many Azoreans have emigrated, mainly to Brazil, Uruguay, the United States and Canada. Extract the destination countries of Azorean emigrants. Separate them with a comma.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Brazil, Uruguay, United States, Canada",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Since the 17th century, many Azoreans have emigrated, mainly to Brazil, Uruguay, the United States and Canada. Extract the destination countries of Azorean emigrants. Separate them with a comma. |
classification | [
{
"content": "Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Turkish crescent, Banjo",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Banjo is string, Turkish crescent is percussion.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Turkish crescent, Banjo |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Give me a few ways that I could travel from Munich to Rome and list the advantages and disadvantages for each.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Here are several ways that you could travel from Munich to Rome:\n\n1. By air - Plane travel is probably the most common and fastest way to travel from Munich to Rome. Depending on when you fly, your ticket class, and how close to your departure date that you buy your tickets, pricing can vary from less than $100 (91 Euros) to over $500 (455 Euros). Be sure to plan your trip and purchase tickets in advance to ensure that you save money. Also, while Munich has one major airport (MUC), Rome has two large international airports (FCO and CIA). It will take roughly 90 minutes by plane to travel from Munich to Rome, not accounting for time in the airport, security lines and customs.\n\n2. By train - Traveling by train is another common way to get from Munich to Rome. While it will take longer than by air, tickets are very inexpensive and can be purchased the day of travel. A one way train ticket from Munich to Rome will cost roughly $35 (32 Euros), and take between 9-12 hours, depending on the route and number of stops.\n\n3. By car - Traveling by car from Munich to Rome is also an option. With limited stops, it will take roughly 10 hours to drive from Munich to Rome, but having a car will allow you flexibility to stop along the way at any cities or sites that you want to see. \n\nDepending on your specific needs, all three of these options could be viable ways to travel from Munich to Rome.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Give me a few ways that I could travel from Munich to Rome and list the advantages and disadvantages for each. |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Final Assembly Schedule, often abbreviated as FAS and sometimes referred to as finishing schedule, is a schedule of end items to finish the product for specific customer orders in a make to order (MTO) or assemble-to-order (ATO) environment. What does FAS, MTO and ATO stand for?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "FAS = Final Assembly Schedule\nMTO = make to order\nATO = assemble-to-order",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Final Assembly Schedule, often abbreviated as FAS and sometimes referred to as finishing schedule, is a schedule of end items to finish the product for specific customer orders in a make to order (MTO) or assemble-to-order (ATO) environment. What does FAS, MTO and ATO stand for? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "John Wycliffe questioned the privileged status of the clergy which had bolstered their powerful role in England and the luxury and pomp of local parishes and their ceremonies. He was accordingly characterised as the \"evening star\" of scholasticism and as the morning star or stella matutina of the English Reformation. In 1374, Catherine of Siena began travelling with her followers throughout northern and central Italy advocating reform of the clergy and advising people that repentance and renewal could be done through \"the total love for God.\" She carried on a long correspondence with Pope Gregory XI, asking him to reform the clergy and the administration of the Papal States. The oldest Protestant churches, such as the Moravian Church, date their origins to Jan Hus (John Huss) in the early 15th century. As it was led by a Bohemian noble majority, and recognised, for some time, by the Basel Compacts, the Hussite Reformation was Europe's first \"Magisterial Reformation\" because the ruling magistrates supported it, unlike the \"Radical Reformation\", which the state did not support. List the names of the people mentioned in the text provided.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The people mentioned in the text include John Wycliffe, Catherine of Siena, Pope Gregory XI, and Jan Hus (or 'John Huss' as it is typically spelled by English speakers).",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| John Wycliffe questioned the privileged status of the clergy which had bolstered their powerful role in England and the luxury and pomp of local parishes and their ceremonies. He was accordingly characterised as the "evening star" of scholasticism and as the morning star or stella matutina of the English Reformation. In 1374, Catherine of Siena began travelling with her followers throughout northern and central Italy advocating reform of the clergy and advising people that repentance and renewal could be done through "the total love for God." She carried on a long correspondence with Pope Gregory XI, asking him to reform the clergy and the administration of the Papal States. The oldest Protestant churches, such as the Moravian Church, date their origins to Jan Hus (John Huss) in the early 15th century. As it was led by a Bohemian noble majority, and recognised, for some time, by the Basel Compacts, the Hussite Reformation was Europe's first "Magisterial Reformation" because the ruling magistrates supported it, unlike the "Radical Reformation", which the state did not support. List the names of the people mentioned in the text provided. |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Name the planets in the solar system, in the order of distance from the sun",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The planets in the solar system in order of distance from the sun are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Name the planets in the solar system, in the order of distance from the sun |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Name at least four different types of freshwater waterways",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Rivers, creeks, canals and lakes",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Name at least four different types of freshwater waterways |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Couture has competed in a record 16 title fights. He is tied for the record for the most wins in UFC Heavyweight Championship bouts (6) with former UFC Heavyweight champion Stipe Miocic. He had the most title reigns in the UFC, with six. His last fight with Lyoto Machida marked his 24th fight in the UFC. He is the fourth member of the UFC Hall of Fame. He is one of only 2 over the age of 40 to have won a UFC championship fight, having done so four times. He is one of the few MMA champions to regain a title he had lost, and the only to have done it three times (twice at heavyweight, once at light heavyweight). Randy Couture was one of how many fighters over the age of 40 to have won a UFC championship?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Randy Couture was one of two fighters over the age of 40 that won a UFC championship fight.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Couture has competed in a record 16 title fights. He is tied for the record for the most wins in UFC Heavyweight Championship bouts (6) with former UFC Heavyweight champion Stipe Miocic. He had the most title reigns in the UFC, with six. His last fight with Lyoto Machida marked his 24th fight in the UFC. He is the fourth member of the UFC Hall of Fame. He is one of only 2 over the age of 40 to have won a UFC championship fight, having done so four times. He is one of the few MMA champions to regain a title he had lost, and the only to have done it three times (twice at heavyweight, once at light heavyweight). Randy Couture was one of how many fighters over the age of 40 to have won a UFC championship? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Where is Seth McFarlane from?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Kent, Connecticut",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Where is Seth McFarlane from? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "The Western States Trail Ride was first completed on foot by seven soldiers from Fort Riley, Kansas during the 1972 event, proving that the mountain course could be marched in less than two days. In 1974 Gordy Ainsleigh was the first to run it in under 24 hours. Ainsleigh had finished the Western States Trail Ride (Tevis Cup) in 1971 and 1972 on horseback, but in 1973 his new horse was pulled with lameness at the 29-mile checkpoint. In 1974, with the inspiration and encouragement of Drucilla Barner, the first woman to win the Tevis Cup and Secretary of the Western States Trail Foundation, Gordy joined the horses of the Western States Trail Ride to see if he could complete the course on foot in under 24 hours. Twenty-three hours and forty-two minutes later Gordy arrived in Auburn, proving that a runner could cover the Western States trail in a day. However, he did not run 100 miles. The course was at most 89 miles until 1980 when it was extended to 93.5 miles and in 1985 finally to 100 miles. Running 100 miles in a day was nothing new. About 1,000 runners worldwide had run or walked 100 miles in a day prior to 1974 on tracks, roads, and trails. Given this paragraph, who was the first person to run the Western States 100 in under 24 hours?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "In 1974 Gordy Ainsleigh was the first to run it in under 24 hours.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The Western States Trail Ride was first completed on foot by seven soldiers from Fort Riley, Kansas during the 1972 event, proving that the mountain course could be marched in less than two days. In 1974 Gordy Ainsleigh was the first to run it in under 24 hours. Ainsleigh had finished the Western States Trail Ride (Tevis Cup) in 1971 and 1972 on horseback, but in 1973 his new horse was pulled with lameness at the 29-mile checkpoint. In 1974, with the inspiration and encouragement of Drucilla Barner, the first woman to win the Tevis Cup and Secretary of the Western States Trail Foundation, Gordy joined the horses of the Western States Trail Ride to see if he could complete the course on foot in under 24 hours. Twenty-three hours and forty-two minutes later Gordy arrived in Auburn, proving that a runner could cover the Western States trail in a day. However, he did not run 100 miles. The course was at most 89 miles until 1980 when it was extended to 93.5 miles and in 1985 finally to 100 miles. Running 100 miles in a day was nothing new. About 1,000 runners worldwide had run or walked 100 miles in a day prior to 1974 on tracks, roads, and trails. Given this paragraph, who was the first person to run the Western States 100 in under 24 hours? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Who is the lead singer of Korn?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Jonathan Houseman Davis is the lead singer of nu-metal band, Korn.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Who is the lead singer of Korn? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "Traditional Estonian cuisine has substantially been based on meat and potatoes, and on fish in coastal and lakeside areas, but now bears influence from many other cuisines, including a variety of international foods and dishes, with a number of contributions from the traditions of nearby countries. Scandinavian, German, Russian, Latvian, Lithuanian and other influences have played their part. The most typical foods in Estonia have been rye bread, pork, potatoes and dairy products. Estonian eating habits have historically been closely linked to the seasons. In terms of staples, Estonia belongs firmly to the beer, vodka, rye bread and pork \"belt\" of Europe. What kind of food comprises Estonian cuisine?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Estonian cuisine is generally based on meat, potatoes, fish, and more recently bears. In most typical Estonian foods you'll find rye bread, pork, potatoes, and dairy products.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Traditional Estonian cuisine has substantially been based on meat and potatoes, and on fish in coastal and lakeside areas, but now bears influence from many other cuisines, including a variety of international foods and dishes, with a number of contributions from the traditions of nearby countries. Scandinavian, German, Russian, Latvian, Lithuanian and other influences have played their part. The most typical foods in Estonia have been rye bread, pork, potatoes and dairy products. Estonian eating habits have historically been closely linked to the seasons. In terms of staples, Estonia belongs firmly to the beer, vodka, rye bread and pork "belt" of Europe. What kind of food comprises Estonian cuisine? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Types of Treaking ?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "1) Tea house trek, known as lodge trekking, is the most common form of trekking. Tea houses are for eating and resting during hikes or treks. Several popular trek routes like the Everest circuit, Annapurna circuit, and Langtang circuit have tea houses in different areas at regular intervals contributing trekkers to pack fewer supplies and food. \n\n\n2) Camping Trekking\n\nUnlike tea house hiking, camping trekking in Nepal is less well-known. All trekking areas provide the option of doing a camping trek. Team members include a guide, an assistant guide, a porter, a chef, a kitchen assistant, and a camp helper.\n\n3) GAP Trekking\nGAP stands for Guide, Accommodation, and Porters. Trekking guides and porters are on hand to accompany travellers on their highland trek. Those prepared to travel with just a guide and porter to unique adventure locations like snowy mountains, endless cultural variety, and stunning surroundings may get more out of their trek.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Types of Treaking ? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Euxoa brevipennis is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Smith in 1888. In Canada, it is found in British Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan. In the United States, it has been recorded from Utah, Colorado and California. Which family of moth does the Euxoa brevipennis belong to?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Euxoa brevipennis moth belongs to the Noctuidae family of moths.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Euxoa brevipennis is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Smith in 1888. In Canada, it is found in British Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan. In the United States, it has been recorded from Utah, Colorado and California. Which family of moth does the Euxoa brevipennis belong to? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Can whales and dolphins breathe underwater?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Whales and dolphins breathe through nostrils, called a blowhole, located right on top of their heads",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Can whales and dolphins breathe underwater? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "The Wheel of Time is a series of high fantasy novels by American author Robert Jordan, with Brandon Sanderson as a co-author for the final three novels. Originally planned as a six-book series at its debut in 1990, The Wheel of Time came to span 14 volumes, in addition to a prequel novel and two companion books. Jordan died in 2007 while working on what was planned to be the final volume in the series. He prepared extensive notes which enabled fellow fantasy author Brandon Sanderson to complete the final book, which grew into three volumes: The Gathering Storm (2009), Towers of Midnight (2010), and A Memory of Light (2013). How many volumes of Wheel of Time are there?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Originally planned as a six-book series at its debut in 1990, The Wheel of Time came to span 14 volumes",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The Wheel of Time is a series of high fantasy novels by American author Robert Jordan, with Brandon Sanderson as a co-author for the final three novels. Originally planned as a six-book series at its debut in 1990, The Wheel of Time came to span 14 volumes, in addition to a prequel novel and two companion books. Jordan died in 2007 while working on what was planned to be the final volume in the series. He prepared extensive notes which enabled fellow fantasy author Brandon Sanderson to complete the final book, which grew into three volumes: The Gathering Storm (2009), Towers of Midnight (2010), and A Memory of Light (2013). How many volumes of Wheel of Time are there? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Can airplanes land in windy conditions?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Yes, airplanes can generally land in windy conditions, but there are limits. Strong, stable winds along the runway direction (or close to it) is generally not a problem. The most challenging are gusty winds and crosswinds. Gusty winds make a stabilized approach to the runway more difficult, while crosswinds make it harder to stay aligned with the runway.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Can airplanes land in windy conditions? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Give me a bulleted list of ingredients that I need to bake chewy chocolate chip cookies, and include volume measurements for any ingredient I have to measure out.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "- 340 grams chocolate chips\n- 250 grams all-purpose flour\n- 210 grams packed brown sugar\n- 170 grams softened butter\n- 100 grams white sugar\n- 15 grams vanilla extract\n- 3 grams salt\n- 3 grams baking soda\n- 2 large eggs",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Give me a bulleted list of ingredients that I need to bake chewy chocolate chip cookies, and include volume measurements for any ingredient I have to measure out. |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What are the fifty United States in alphabetical order, as of 2023?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Alabama\nAlaska\nArizona\nArkansas\nCalifornia\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nHawaii\nIdaho\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMissouri\nMontana\nNebraska\nNevada\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew Mexico\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Dakota\nOhio\nOklahoma\nOregon\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nSouth Dakota\nTennessee\nTexas\nUtah\nVermont\nVirginia\nWashington\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nWyoming",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are the fifty United States in alphabetical order, as of 2023? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Can kitesurfers sail up against the wind?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Yes, kitesurfers can sail up against the wind by edging their surfboard upwind at a slight angle relative to 90 degrees crosswind. Depending on the equipment and skill, kitesurfers can generally achieve an upwind angle of ~20 degrees.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Can kitesurfers sail up against the wind? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the best musical instrument to learn?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Piano. It is the kind of all musical instruments. With a tuned piano, even as a beginner, you can play simple and beautiful songs after learning it for a short amount of time. Playing piano is very good for brain development, especially from the intricate muscle movement from your fingers. Often studies have shown a positive correlation between high IQ and people who are good at playing piano. In some way, piano is designed in a very scientific way, since it is based on frequencies. You can also be very creative when playing piano. It is the best instrument to compose songs.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the best musical instrument to learn? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Age of Empires is a series of historical real-time strategy video games, originally developed by Ensemble Studios and published by Xbox Game Studios. The first game was Age of Empires, released in 1997. Nine total games within the series have been released so far as of October 28, 2021.\n\nAge of Empires focused on events in Europe, Africa and Asia, spanning from the Stone Age to the Iron Age; the expansion game explored the formation and expansion of the Roman Empire. The sequel, Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings, was set in the Middle Ages, while its expansion focused partially on the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. The subsequent three games of Age of Empires III explored the early modern period, when Europe was colonizing the Americas and several Asian nations were on the decline. Another installment, Age of Empires Online, takes a different approach as a free-to-play online game utilizing Games for Windows Live. A spin-off game, Age of Mythology, was set in the same period as the original Age of Empires, but focused on mythological elements of Greek, Egyptian, and Norse mythology. The fourth main installment in the series, Age of Empires IV, was released on October 28, 2021.\n\nThe Age of Empires series has been a commercial success, selling over 25 million copies. Critics have credited part of the success of the series to its historical theme and fair play; the artificial intelligence (AI) players have fewer advantages than in many of the series' competitors. What is Age of Empires?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Age of Empires is a classic PC game originally developed by Microsoft, released in 1997. It has 4 versions now and is still being played online by many players.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Age of Empires is a series of historical real-time strategy video games, originally developed by Ensemble Studios and published by Xbox Game Studios. The first game was Age of Empires, released in 1997. Nine total games within the series have been released so far as of October 28, 2021.
Age of Empires focused on events in Europe, Africa and Asia, spanning from the Stone Age to the Iron Age; the expansion game explored the formation and expansion of the Roman Empire. The sequel, Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings, was set in the Middle Ages, while its expansion focused partially on the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. The subsequent three games of Age of Empires III explored the early modern period, when Europe was colonizing the Americas and several Asian nations were on the decline. Another installment, Age of Empires Online, takes a different approach as a free-to-play online game utilizing Games for Windows Live. A spin-off game, Age of Mythology, was set in the same period as the original Age of Empires, but focused on mythological elements of Greek, Egyptian, and Norse mythology. The fourth main installment in the series, Age of Empires IV, was released on October 28, 2021.
The Age of Empires series has been a commercial success, selling over 25 million copies. Critics have credited part of the success of the series to its historical theme and fair play; the artificial intelligence (AI) players have fewer advantages than in many of the series' competitors. What is Age of Empires? |
classification | [
{
"content": "I'm researching suburbs in the city of Brisbane. Please tell me which suburbs are north of the Brisbane River, and which are on the south. Annerley, Albion, West End, Kangaroo Point, Greenslopes, Windsor, Hamilton, Nundah, Cannon Hill, Kelvin Grove, Toowong, Milton",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Albion, Windsor, Hamilton, Nundah, Kelvin Grove, Toowong and Milton are all Brisbane suburbs that are north of the Brisbane River. Annerley, West End, Kangaroo Point, Greenslopes and Cannon Hill are all Brisbane suburbs that are south of the Brisbane River.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| I'm researching suburbs in the city of Brisbane. Please tell me which suburbs are north of the Brisbane River, and which are on the south. Annerley, Albion, West End, Kangaroo Point, Greenslopes, Windsor, Hamilton, Nundah, Cannon Hill, Kelvin Grove, Toowong, Milton |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "how to get started with data science and machine learning?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "To be a good data scientist, you need a solid understanding of statistics and machine learning algorithms like linear regression, logistic regression, and tree-based models. Knowledge and experiences with deep learning concepts are a big plus nowadays in the job market. In addition, business acumen and good communication skills can help you bridge the gap between technical and business stakeholders. Here are a few recommended study materials: Coursera course Machine Learning by DeepLearnin.AI; Introduction to Machine Learning with Python: A Guide for Data Scientists; Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn and TensorFlow: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques to Build Intelligent Systems. But most importantly, keep learning and start now!",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| how to get started with data science and machine learning? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "How are you doing today?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "As a Large Language Model (LLM), I don't have feelings like humans do. Thanks for asking though!",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How are you doing today? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Why do cats lick themselves",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Cats lick to show affection, to bond with you and other cats, and to groom themselves. Licking excessively can signal your cat has a medical issue, an allergy, or stress and anxiety. You may need to take your cat to the vet for evaluation and treatment if they develop bald spots from grooming too much",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Why do cats lick themselves |
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