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open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the largest state in the United States?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Alaska is the largest state in the United States, trailed by Texas in second place. Alaska has 665,400 square miles of land whereas Texas has 268,597 square miles of land. If Alaska were to be cut in half, Texas would be the third largest state.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the largest state in the United States? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "How to tell if someone told a good joke?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "You can tell if someone said a good joke if it makes a person laugh or giggle after it was communicated. You can also tell if a good joke was said by an audience reaction to the joke, if they cheer, or if they boo. Booing is a sign the joke was not so good, and cheering is a sign the joke was good. A reaction of silence to a joke means the joke was not understood. If you or an audience don't understand the context of joke make sure to ask for clarification so you can take part in cheering or booing depending on how you respond to it.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How to tell if someone told a good joke? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Boo-Boo Bear is a Hanna-Barbera cartoon character on The Yogi Bear Show. Boo-Boo is an anthropomorphic dwarf bear who wears a blue bowtie. Boo-Boo is Yogi Bear's constant companion (not his son, as sometimes believed), and often acts as his conscience. He tries (usually unsuccessfully) to keep Yogi from doing things he should not do, and also to keep Yogi from getting into trouble with Ranger Smith – often saying, \"Mr. Ranger isn't gonna like this, Yogi.\" It is not readily apparent whether Boo-Boo is a juvenile bear with a precocious intellect, or simply an adult bear who is short of stature. How old is Boo Boo Bear?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "It is unclear how old Boo Boo Bear is. He may be an adolescent or just a short adult.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Boo-Boo Bear is a Hanna-Barbera cartoon character on The Yogi Bear Show. Boo-Boo is an anthropomorphic dwarf bear who wears a blue bowtie. Boo-Boo is Yogi Bear's constant companion (not his son, as sometimes believed), and often acts as his conscience. He tries (usually unsuccessfully) to keep Yogi from doing things he should not do, and also to keep Yogi from getting into trouble with Ranger Smith – often saying, "Mr. Ranger isn't gonna like this, Yogi." It is not readily apparent whether Boo-Boo is a juvenile bear with a precocious intellect, or simply an adult bear who is short of stature. How old is Boo Boo Bear? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "The years following 2009 marked a shift in the structure of the \"Top Four\" with Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City both breaking into the top four places on a regular basis, turning the \"Top Four\" into the \"Big Six\". In the 2009–10 season, Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton five years prior. Criticism of the gap between an elite group of \"super clubs\" and the majority of the Premier League has continued, nevertheless, due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs. Manchester City won the title in the 2011–12 season, becoming the first club outside the \"Big Four\" to win since Blackburn Rovers in the 1994–95 season. That season also saw two of the \"Big Four\" (Chelsea and Liverpool) finish outside the top four places for the first time since that season.\n\nWith only four UEFA Champions League qualifying places available in the league, greater competition for qualification now exists, albeit from a narrow base of six clubs. In the five seasons following the 2011–12 campaign, Manchester United and Liverpool both found themselves outside of the top four three times, while Chelsea finished 10th in the 2015–16 season. Arsenal finished 5th in 2016–17, ending their record run of 20 consecutive top-four finishes.\n\nIn the 2015–16 season, the top four was breached by a non-Big Six side for the first time since Everton in 2005. Leicester City were the surprise winners of the league, qualifying for the Champions League as a result. Who are the big six in EPL?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Arsenal, Liverpool, Manchester United, Chelsea, Manchester City and Tottenham are known as the big six in the English Premier League.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The years following 2009 marked a shift in the structure of the "Top Four" with Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City both breaking into the top four places on a regular basis, turning the "Top Four" into the "Big Six". In the 2009–10 season, Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton five years prior. Criticism of the gap between an elite group of "super clubs" and the majority of the Premier League has continued, nevertheless, due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs. Manchester City won the title in the 2011–12 season, becoming the first club outside the "Big Four" to win since Blackburn Rovers in the 1994–95 season. That season also saw two of the "Big Four" (Chelsea and Liverpool) finish outside the top four places for the first time since that season.
With only four UEFA Champions League qualifying places available in the league, greater competition for qualification now exists, albeit from a narrow base of six clubs. In the five seasons following the 2011–12 campaign, Manchester United and Liverpool both found themselves outside of the top four three times, while Chelsea finished 10th in the 2015–16 season. Arsenal finished 5th in 2016–17, ending their record run of 20 consecutive top-four finishes.
In the 2015–16 season, the top four was breached by a non-Big Six side for the first time since Everton in 2005. Leicester City were the surprise winners of the league, qualifying for the Champions League as a result. Who are the big six in EPL? |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "What does your vacation rental have to offer?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Our cabin sits nestled in the beautiful Rocky Mountains near Gatlinburg, Tennessee. It offers breathtaking views across the mountains, and you can access several trails to get out and view the beauty yourself. Hiking not for you? Enjoy the view from the hot tub on the back deck for nature sightings.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What does your vacation rental have to offer? |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "Describe what your ideal pet cat would look like, and what you would name it.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "My ideal cat would be a long haired ginger Maine Coon, with a beautifully fluffy coat that would be super soft to pet and bright green eyes. I would name him Rory, because that is a name that means Red Haired King, and in my household we treat pets as royalty. He would be super cuddly but also love to play with cat toys, and I would buy him a cat tower to watch the birds from.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Describe what your ideal pet cat would look like, and what you would name it. |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Pre-colonial Africa possessed perhaps as many as 10,000 different states and polities characterized by many different sorts of political organization and rule. These included small family groups of hunter-gatherers such as the San people of southern Africa; larger, more structured groups such as the family clan groupings of the Bantu-speaking peoples of central, southern, and eastern Africa; heavily structured clan groups in the Horn of Africa; the large Sahelian kingdoms; and autonomous city-states and kingdoms such as those of the Akan; Edo, Yoruba, and Igbo people in West Africa; and the Swahili coastal trading towns of Southeast Africa. What types of political organizations did pre-colonial Africa have?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Pre-colonial Africa had many political organizations including: small family groups, larger family clan groupings, heavily structured clan groups, and autonomous city-states and kingdoms.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Pre-colonial Africa possessed perhaps as many as 10,000 different states and polities characterized by many different sorts of political organization and rule. These included small family groups of hunter-gatherers such as the San people of southern Africa; larger, more structured groups such as the family clan groupings of the Bantu-speaking peoples of central, southern, and eastern Africa; heavily structured clan groups in the Horn of Africa; the large Sahelian kingdoms; and autonomous city-states and kingdoms such as those of the Akan; Edo, Yoruba, and Igbo people in West Africa; and the Swahili coastal trading towns of Southeast Africa. What types of political organizations did pre-colonial Africa have? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "How to lose weight?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The general answer is eat less and exercise more. This really is a psychology question, not a knowledge question.\n\nTo lose weight, one needs to create a build a mental model that they can follow. For example, one pound of fat has 3500 calories, one needs to reduce the diet by that much to lose a pound of weight.\n\nAnother important factor is to get strong support from family and friends. The encourage from close people makes the process easier and more natural.\n\nControlling weight is one of the psychological challenge that many people face at some point. Create a plan to minimize the psychological challenge and follow the plan mentally.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How to lose weight? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What are the three biggest cities by population in Spain?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The three biggest cities by population in Spain are Madrid, Barcelona, and Valencia.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are the three biggest cities by population in Spain? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What TV show featured the Halliwell sisters that found they were witches that needed to battle demons and the forces of darkness?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The TV Show Charmed featured the Halliwell sisters as the Charmed ones that manifested their family witch powers to battle the source of Evil and the forces of darkness.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What TV show featured the Halliwell sisters that found they were witches that needed to battle demons and the forces of darkness? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Which country produces the most wine on an annual basis?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Italy",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Which country produces the most wine on an annual basis? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Identify which of the following airlines are now defunct: Eastern Air Lines, Alaska Airlines, Virgin America Airlines, Virgin Atlantic Airlines, Pan American World Airways, Tower Air, Braniff International Airways, jetBlue, Spirit Airlines, Flybe",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Eastern Air Lines, Virgin America Airlines, Pan American World Airways, Tower Air, Braniff International Airways, Flybe",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Identify which of the following airlines are now defunct: Eastern Air Lines, Alaska Airlines, Virgin America Airlines, Virgin Atlantic Airlines, Pan American World Airways, Tower Air, Braniff International Airways, jetBlue, Spirit Airlines, Flybe |
classification | [
{
"content": "Classify each of the following as a planet or a star: Neptune, Saturn, Pollux, Sun, Jupiter, Mercury",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Neptune: Planet\nSaturn: Planet\nPollux: Star\nSun: Star\nJupiter: Planet\nMercury: Planet",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Classify each of the following as a planet or a star: Neptune, Saturn, Pollux, Sun, Jupiter, Mercury |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Why is a pomegranate known as a hand grenade?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "When pomegranates become overripe, they will literally burst on the tree, like a grenade. In Spanish, they are known as granadas for this reason.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Why is a pomegranate known as a hand grenade? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "List the ten episode titles from the third season of \"Game of Thrones\" in broadcast order.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Valar Dohaeris, Dark Wings, Dark Words, Walk of Punishment, And Now His Watch Is Ended, Kiss by Fire, The Climb, The Bear and the Maiden Fair, Second Sons, The Rains of Castamere, Mhysa",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| List the ten episode titles from the third season of "Game of Thrones" in broadcast order. |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Give me a list of the five most recent NBA champions.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "1. Golden State Warriors (2022)\n2. Milwaukee Bucks (2021)\n3. Los Angeles Lakers (2020)\n4. Toronto Raptors (2019)\n5. Golden State Warriors (2018)",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Give me a list of the five most recent NBA champions. |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Give me a sample of three of Australian Animals.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Kangaroo, Koala and Emu are three well known Australian Animals.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Give me a sample of three of Australian Animals. |
classification | [
{
"content": "Tell me whether these are tree nuts: coconut, walnut, nutmeg, peanut, sesame, cashew, macadamia, almond.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Walnut, cashew, macadamia, and almond are classified as tree nuts. Nutmeg, peanut, and sesame are not. Coconut is recognized by some government and health organizations as a tree nut, however it is botanically classified as a fruit.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Tell me whether these are tree nuts: coconut, walnut, nutmeg, peanut, sesame, cashew, macadamia, almond. |
classification | [
{
"content": "Tell me whether the following countries are located in Europe, North America, South America, Africa, or Asia: France, Mexico, Peru, India, Nepal, Rwanda, Egypt, Portugal, Kenya, Argentina, Canada",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "France: Europe\nMexico: North America\nPeru: South America\nIndia: Asia\nNepal: Asia\nRwanda: Africa\nEgypt: Africa\nPortugal: Europe\nKenya: Africa\nArgentina: South America\nCanada: North America",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Tell me whether the following countries are located in Europe, North America, South America, Africa, or Asia: France, Mexico, Peru, India, Nepal, Rwanda, Egypt, Portugal, Kenya, Argentina, Canada |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "How many vowels are in the word dinosaur?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The letters a, e, I, o and u are vowels. As such there are 4 vowels in dinosaur",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How many vowels are in the word dinosaur? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "How much money did George Lucas get for selling Lucasfilm to Disney?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "$4 billion",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How much money did George Lucas get for selling Lucasfilm to Disney? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "When did World War II begin?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "World War II began on September 1st, 1939 when Hitler invaded Poland.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| When did World War II begin? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is telnet?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Telnet is an application (e.g. client/server) that provides terminal access to servers, local area networks, or other computers on the same network. In the early days telnet was a service offering through the windows operating system. Telnet has two core components: the communication protocol and the application that offers the communication protocol service.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is telnet? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Classify these tasks by how easy they would be for a 10 year old to do (either easy or hard): drive a car, tie their shoes, throw a baseball, go to college, ride a bike, spell the word \"water\"",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "drive a car: hard, tie their shoes: easy, throw a baseball: easy, go to college: hard, ride a bike: easy, spell the word \"water\": easy",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Classify these tasks by how easy they would be for a 10 year old to do (either easy or hard): drive a car, tie their shoes, throw a baseball, go to college, ride a bike, spell the word "water" |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is positive cash flow?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Positive cash flow is when a business has more money coming in than going out. It is a measure of profitability and can be calculated by subtracting expenses from revenues.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is positive cash flow? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "In 1947, a tense diplomatic and military standoff began to unfold between the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union over the future of Germany. The Americans and Western European allies wanted to include the sectors of Germany which they controlled in the Marshall Plan, an economic plan to rebuild Europe after the devastation of the war. The Soviets perceived the Marshall Plan to be the foundation for an anti-Soviet alliance and pressured the Americans, British and French to back down. On 20 March 1948, the Soviet representative walked out of the meeting of the Allied Control Council, and on 31 March 1948, the United States Congress approved funding for the Marshall Plan. Soviet troops then began to block the corridor that brought supplies from the western zones of Germany to West Berlin. In response, an increased number of aircraft brought supplies by air from west Germany to Tempelhof airfield in the American sector and Gatow airfield in the British sector of Berlin. At the same time Soviet military aircraft began to violate airspace in West Berlin and harass (or what the military called \"buzz\") flights in and out of West Berlin. Despite the danger of flying in such conditions, civilian aircraft continued to fly in and out of Berlin. Extract all the airports listed in this reference paragraph",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Tempelhof, Gatow",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| In 1947, a tense diplomatic and military standoff began to unfold between the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union over the future of Germany. The Americans and Western European allies wanted to include the sectors of Germany which they controlled in the Marshall Plan, an economic plan to rebuild Europe after the devastation of the war. The Soviets perceived the Marshall Plan to be the foundation for an anti-Soviet alliance and pressured the Americans, British and French to back down. On 20 March 1948, the Soviet representative walked out of the meeting of the Allied Control Council, and on 31 March 1948, the United States Congress approved funding for the Marshall Plan. Soviet troops then began to block the corridor that brought supplies from the western zones of Germany to West Berlin. In response, an increased number of aircraft brought supplies by air from west Germany to Tempelhof airfield in the American sector and Gatow airfield in the British sector of Berlin. At the same time Soviet military aircraft began to violate airspace in West Berlin and harass (or what the military called "buzz") flights in and out of West Berlin. Despite the danger of flying in such conditions, civilian aircraft continued to fly in and out of Berlin. Extract all the airports listed in this reference paragraph |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Why is the 1980 gold medal match in hockey called the 'Miracle on Ice'?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The US Olympic hockey team was a heavy underdog against the Soviets in 1980, and their victory over the Soviets was a surprise to nearly everyone. As the game concluded, Al Michaels, the play-by-play announcer for the game, exclaimed \"Do you believe in miracles? Yes!', and because many people around the world watched the game on television, the game became known as the 'Miracle on Ice'.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Why is the 1980 gold medal match in hockey called the 'Miracle on Ice'? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the difference between a sitar and a tanpura?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Both the sitar and tanpura are string music instruments. The sitar has frets and is used for composing and playing complete melodies. Sitar players are like guitar players who perform solo or as part of an ensemble band. The tanpura on the other hand does not have any frets and is only an accompanying instrument. Its strings provide a continued background rhythm to a music performance. While the tanpura alone cannot be used for composing a melody, a music performance is incomplete without a tanpura.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the difference between a sitar and a tanpura? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Who is best Michael Schumacher or Hamilton",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Michael Schumacher is the best player in the world.The time he drove the car is more dangerous and was not regulated like the modern F1",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Who is best Michael Schumacher or Hamilton |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Clarence Richard Adams (born July 6, 1974) is an American former professional boxer. He has won a world title in the Super Bantamweight weight division.\n\nProfessional career\nAdams turned pro in 1990, at the age of 16. In 2000 defeated Néstor Garza for the WBA super bantamweight title by unanimous decision. In his first defense he beat Andres Fernandez by 6th-round TKO. The fight ended when the referee stopped the fight and the ringside physician, Armando Sanchez, determined that Fernandez could not continue due to cuts.\n\nAdams defended the title one more time before vacating to fight Paulie Ayala. He lost the bout by split decision in 2001, and also lost a rematch in 2002. Adams retired in 2003 after drawing with journeyman Manuel Sepeda, but returned to boxing in 2006. On June 12, 2009, Adams defeated veteran Alex \"Ali\" Baba in an 8th-round TKO.\n\nHis last match was in 2010, a fourth-round technical knockout loss to Edel Ruiz, which brought Adams’ record to 44-7-4 with 20 knockouts and 1 no contest.\n\nIn 2015, Adams was ordered to spend half a year behind bars after pleading guilty to being part of a group of people involved with drug trafficking, fraud and prostitution. Adams, who was a driver for the limousine company accused of the criminal activity, “admitted to playing a small role in the prostitution and drug dealing portions of the scheme.”\n\nAdams now owns Bones Adams Gym in Las Vegas, a boxing training center. He played a key role in helping Blair Cobbs becoming a professional boxer. As of September 2021, Adams is now training Amir Khan's first-ever signing and protege, Tal Singh, a former England amateur champion, who he is hoping to guide towards a historic world title triumph. Adams also trains Shane Mosley Jr. in his Las Vegas gym. Tell me about Clarence Adams",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Clarence Richard Adams (born July 6, 1974) is an American former professional boxer who has won a world title in the Super Bantamweight weight division. He turned pro in 1990 at the age of 16. In 2000, he unanimously defeated Néstor Garza for the WBA super bantamweight title. In his first defence, he beat Andres Fernandez by 6th-round TKO. He defended the title one more time before vacating to fight Paulie Ayala. He retired in 2003 after drawing with journeyman Manuel Sepeda but returned to boxing in 2006. In 2009, he defeated veteran Alex \"Ali\" Baba in an 8th-round TKO. His last match was in 2010, a fourth-round technical knockout loss to Edel Ruiz. In 2015, Adams was ordered to spend half a year behind bars after pleading guilty to being part of a group of people involved with drug trafficking, fraud and prostitution. He now owns Bones Adams Gym in Las Vegas and is currently training Amir Khan's first-ever signing and protege, Tal Singh.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Clarence Richard Adams (born July 6, 1974) is an American former professional boxer. He has won a world title in the Super Bantamweight weight division.
Professional career
Adams turned pro in 1990, at the age of 16. In 2000 defeated Néstor Garza for the WBA super bantamweight title by unanimous decision. In his first defense he beat Andres Fernandez by 6th-round TKO. The fight ended when the referee stopped the fight and the ringside physician, Armando Sanchez, determined that Fernandez could not continue due to cuts.
Adams defended the title one more time before vacating to fight Paulie Ayala. He lost the bout by split decision in 2001, and also lost a rematch in 2002. Adams retired in 2003 after drawing with journeyman Manuel Sepeda, but returned to boxing in 2006. On June 12, 2009, Adams defeated veteran Alex "Ali" Baba in an 8th-round TKO.
His last match was in 2010, a fourth-round technical knockout loss to Edel Ruiz, which brought Adams’ record to 44-7-4 with 20 knockouts and 1 no contest.
In 2015, Adams was ordered to spend half a year behind bars after pleading guilty to being part of a group of people involved with drug trafficking, fraud and prostitution. Adams, who was a driver for the limousine company accused of the criminal activity, “admitted to playing a small role in the prostitution and drug dealing portions of the scheme.”
Adams now owns Bones Adams Gym in Las Vegas, a boxing training center. He played a key role in helping Blair Cobbs becoming a professional boxer. As of September 2021, Adams is now training Amir Khan's first-ever signing and protege, Tal Singh, a former England amateur champion, who he is hoping to guide towards a historic world title triumph. Adams also trains Shane Mosley Jr. in his Las Vegas gym. Tell me about Clarence Adams |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Lake Baikal (/baɪˈkɑːl, -ˈkæl/, Russian: Oзеро Байкал, romanized: Ozero Baykal [ˈozʲɪrə bɐjˈkaɫ]) is a rift lake in Russia. It is situated in southern Siberia, between the federal subjects of Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Republic of Buryatia to the southeast. With 23,615.39 km3 (5,670 cu mi) of water, Lake Baikal is the world's largest freshwater lake by volume, containing 22–23% of the world's fresh surface water, more than all of the North American Great Lakes combined. It is also the world's deepest lake, with a maximum depth of 1,642 metres (5,387 feet; 898 fathoms), and the world's oldest lake, at 25–30 million years. At 31,722 km2 (12,248 sq mi)—slightly larger than Belgium—Lake Baikal is the world's seventh-largest lake by surface area. It is among the world's clearest lakes.\n\nBaikal's age is estimated at 25–30 million years, making it the most ancient lake in geological history. It is unique among large, high-latitude lakes, as its sediments have not been scoured by overriding continental ice sheets. Russian, U.S., and Japanese cooperative studies of deep-drilling core sediments in the 1990s provide a detailed record of climatic variation over the past 6.7 million years. What is the largest fresh water lake?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Lake Baikal, located in Russia in the southern region of Sibera is the largest and deepest fresh water lake, containing 20% of Earth's fresh surface water.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Lake Baikal (/baɪˈkɑːl, -ˈkæl/, Russian: Oзеро Байкал, romanized: Ozero Baykal [ˈozʲɪrə bɐjˈkaɫ]) is a rift lake in Russia. It is situated in southern Siberia, between the federal subjects of Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Republic of Buryatia to the southeast. With 23,615.39 km3 (5,670 cu mi) of water, Lake Baikal is the world's largest freshwater lake by volume, containing 22–23% of the world's fresh surface water, more than all of the North American Great Lakes combined. It is also the world's deepest lake, with a maximum depth of 1,642 metres (5,387 feet; 898 fathoms), and the world's oldest lake, at 25–30 million years. At 31,722 km2 (12,248 sq mi)—slightly larger than Belgium—Lake Baikal is the world's seventh-largest lake by surface area. It is among the world's clearest lakes.
Baikal's age is estimated at 25–30 million years, making it the most ancient lake in geological history. It is unique among large, high-latitude lakes, as its sediments have not been scoured by overriding continental ice sheets. Russian, U.S., and Japanese cooperative studies of deep-drilling core sediments in the 1990s provide a detailed record of climatic variation over the past 6.7 million years. What is the largest fresh water lake? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Give me the top 5 golf equipment company names.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Titleist, Taylormade, Callaway, Ping, Cobra",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Give me the top 5 golf equipment company names. |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What are some examples of a woodwind instrument?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Some examples of woodwind instruments include flute, clarinet, and oboe.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are some examples of a woodwind instrument? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Tell me whether these Pokemon are fairy or poison type: Clefable, Jigglypuff, Rapidash, Arbok, Nidorino, Zubat",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Clefable: Fairy\nJigglypuff: Fairy\nRapidash: Fairy\nArbok: Poison\nNidorino: Poison\nZubat: Poison",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Tell me whether these Pokemon are fairy or poison type: Clefable, Jigglypuff, Rapidash, Arbok, Nidorino, Zubat |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Make arguments for and against Majora's Mask being a better game than Ocarina of Time.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Majora's Mask is one of the most atmospheric games in the entire Legend of Zelda franchise, covering themes of grief, loss, denial and the limits of heroism. The re-use of its predecessor's sprites in different contexts adds to the sense of unease and uncertainty. Clocktown, with all its subplots throughout the 3-day cycle, feels considerably more alive than Ocarina's Hyrule Town. On the other hand, Ocarina of Time has more dungeons, focuses more on the classic characters of Zelda & Ganondorf and presented the template for 3D Zelda adventures. Although its story is much more standard, Ocarina of Time does cover mature themes such as lost childhood.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Make arguments for and against Majora's Mask being a better game than Ocarina of Time. |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Think of some family rules to promote a healthy family relationship",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Use Kind words\nBe grateful\nThink of others before yourself\nWork hard\nBe Honest\nBe thankful\nKeep your promises\nChoose to be happy\nAlways say 'I Love You'\nBe kind\nEncourage each other",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Think of some family rules to promote a healthy family relationship |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What style of English did Shakespeare use?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The language in which Shakespeare wrote is referred to as Early Modern English, a linguistic period that lasted from approximately 1500 to 1750. The language spoken during this period is often referred to as Elizabethan English or Shakespearian English.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What style of English did Shakespeare use? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "There have been minor changes to the uniform design throughout the years, such as changing the silver stripe patterns on the jersey sleeves, and changing the colors of the jersey numbers. \"TV numbers\", which are auxiliary uniform numbers to help TV broadcasters identify players from the line of scrimmage, were added to the jersey sleeves in 1956. White trim was added to the logo in 1970, with outlines (white on the blue jersey, silver on the white jersey) added to the numbers in 1972; the color arrangement on the numbers on the blue jerseys was reversed in 1982. The silver facemasks became blue in 1984. In 1998, the team wore blue pants with their white jerseys along with grey socks but dropped that combination after the season. In 1999, the \"TV numbers\" on the sleeves were moved to the shoulders. Provide bulleted list of the years mentioned and what happened in that year in the format {Year}--{What happened}",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "* 1956--\"TV numbers\", auxiliary uniform numbers to help TV broadcasters identify players from the line of scrimmage, were added to the jersey sleeves\n* 1970--White trim was added to the logo\n* 1972--Outlines (white on the blue jersey, silver on the white jersey) were added to the numbers\n* 1982--The color arrangement of the numbers on the blue jerseys was reversed\n* 1984--The silver facemasks were changed to blue\n* 1998--The team wore blue pants with their white jerseys along with grey socks but dropped that combination after the season\n* 1999--The \"TV numbers\" on the sleeves were moved to the shoulders",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| There have been minor changes to the uniform design throughout the years, such as changing the silver stripe patterns on the jersey sleeves, and changing the colors of the jersey numbers. "TV numbers", which are auxiliary uniform numbers to help TV broadcasters identify players from the line of scrimmage, were added to the jersey sleeves in 1956. White trim was added to the logo in 1970, with outlines (white on the blue jersey, silver on the white jersey) added to the numbers in 1972; the color arrangement on the numbers on the blue jerseys was reversed in 1982. The silver facemasks became blue in 1984. In 1998, the team wore blue pants with their white jerseys along with grey socks but dropped that combination after the season. In 1999, the "TV numbers" on the sleeves were moved to the shoulders. Provide bulleted list of the years mentioned and what happened in that year in the format {Year}--{What happened} |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Stanley Franklin Browne, DFC & Bar (29 October 1919 – 13 January 2011) was a New Zealand flying ace of the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) during the Second World War. He was officially credited with at least five aerial victories.\n\nBorn in Wellington, Browne was a university student when he joined the RNZAF in March 1941. Once his flight training in New Zealand was completed, he proceeded to the United Kingdom to serve with the Royal Air Force. He was posted to No. 485 Squadron in early 1942 but was shot down later in the year over Germany-occupied France. With the help of the French Resistance he avoided the Germans and made his way to the south of France. He was caught when crossing the border into Vichy France and was interned for several weeks. He escaped captivity and eventually back to the United Kingdom. He was transferred to the Middle East where he ferried aircraft before being posted to No. 93 Squadron. He flew Supermarine Spitfires in the Tunisian campaign and in the Allied invasion of Sicily, shooting down a number of German aircraft before being rested in December 1943. After a spell on instructing duties he returned to operational flying with No. 485 Squadron during the final stages of the war in Europe. He briefly commanded the squadron before it was disbanded in August 1945.\n\nReturning to civilian life after the war, he returned to his university studies, becoming a chemist. He briefly served in the New Zealand Territorial Air Force and later became a farmer and then a teacher. He died in 2011, aged 91, at Tauranga. Given a reference text about Stanley Franklin Browne, how many aerial victories during World War II did he have and what did he do when he returned from the war.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Stanley Franklin Browne was credited with five aerial victories during World War II. After the war, he returned to university and became a chemist.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Stanley Franklin Browne, DFC & Bar (29 October 1919 – 13 January 2011) was a New Zealand flying ace of the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) during the Second World War. He was officially credited with at least five aerial victories.
Born in Wellington, Browne was a university student when he joined the RNZAF in March 1941. Once his flight training in New Zealand was completed, he proceeded to the United Kingdom to serve with the Royal Air Force. He was posted to No. 485 Squadron in early 1942 but was shot down later in the year over Germany-occupied France. With the help of the French Resistance he avoided the Germans and made his way to the south of France. He was caught when crossing the border into Vichy France and was interned for several weeks. He escaped captivity and eventually back to the United Kingdom. He was transferred to the Middle East where he ferried aircraft before being posted to No. 93 Squadron. He flew Supermarine Spitfires in the Tunisian campaign and in the Allied invasion of Sicily, shooting down a number of German aircraft before being rested in December 1943. After a spell on instructing duties he returned to operational flying with No. 485 Squadron during the final stages of the war in Europe. He briefly commanded the squadron before it was disbanded in August 1945.
Returning to civilian life after the war, he returned to his university studies, becoming a chemist. He briefly served in the New Zealand Territorial Air Force and later became a farmer and then a teacher. He died in 2011, aged 91, at Tauranga. Given a reference text about Stanley Franklin Browne, how many aerial victories during World War II did he have and what did he do when he returned from the war. |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "During one iteration of the loop, Phil reports on the Groundhog Day festivities with such eloquence that other news crews stop working to listen to his speech, amazing Rita. Phil continues his day helping the people of Punxsutawney. That night, Rita witnesses Phil's expert piano-playing skills as the adoring townsfolk regale her with stories of his good deeds. Impressed by his apparent overnight transformation, Rita successfully bids for him at a charity bachelor auction. Phil carves an ice sculpture in Rita's image and tells her that no matter what happens, even if he is trapped in the loop forever, he is finally happy because he loves her. They share a kiss and retire to Phil's room. He wakes the next morning to \"I Got You Babe\" but finds Rita is still in bed with him and the radio banter has changed; it is now February 3. Phil tells Rita that he wants to live in Punxsutawney with her.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundhog_Day_(film) Given this paragraph describing the conclusion of the movie Groundhog Day, how did Phil manage to break the cycle and wake up on February 3 instead of back once again on February 2?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "This paragraph summarizing the conclusion of Groundhog Day explains what was happening when Phil wakes up on February 3 but does not explain why he is able to escape the loop.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| During one iteration of the loop, Phil reports on the Groundhog Day festivities with such eloquence that other news crews stop working to listen to his speech, amazing Rita. Phil continues his day helping the people of Punxsutawney. That night, Rita witnesses Phil's expert piano-playing skills as the adoring townsfolk regale her with stories of his good deeds. Impressed by his apparent overnight transformation, Rita successfully bids for him at a charity bachelor auction. Phil carves an ice sculpture in Rita's image and tells her that no matter what happens, even if he is trapped in the loop forever, he is finally happy because he loves her. They share a kiss and retire to Phil's room. He wakes the next morning to "I Got You Babe" but finds Rita is still in bed with him and the radio banter has changed; it is now February 3. Phil tells Rita that he wants to live in Punxsutawney with her.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundhog_Day_(film) Given this paragraph describing the conclusion of the movie Groundhog Day, how did Phil manage to break the cycle and wake up on February 3 instead of back once again on February 2? |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "Who is the Denver Broncos best player in franchise history?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "John Elway is widely considered the best player for the Denver Broncos. In addition to leading the team to five Super Bowls, and winning three, he is also a holder of numerous franchise and NFL records. He became a fan favorite for his toughness. His most memorable moment was the \"helicopter play\" in Super Bowl XXXII, a key moment in the game. Other notable players include Steve Atwater, Shannon Sharpe, Randy Gradishar, Terrell Davis, Rod Smith, Peyton Manning, Jake Plummer, and Tom Jackson.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Who is the Denver Broncos best player in franchise history? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Tell me which of these US Presidents was Republican or Democrat: Dwight Eisenhower, John Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Dwight Eisenhower - Republican\nJohn Kennedy - Democrat\nLyndon Johnson - Democrat\nRichard Nixon - Republican\nGerald Ford - Republican\nJimmy Carter - Democrat",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Tell me which of these US Presidents was Republican or Democrat: Dwight Eisenhower, John Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "What's the differences of the Wing Chun kongfu and the traditional Shaolin Kongfu?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Wing chun was invented by a Buddhist nun who watched a snake and crane fighting. She adopted principles from both styles. She equated that to yin vs yang in terms of fighting style. \nIt's all about economy of movement, small quick strikes and close quarters combat. \nIt's meant to be effective for people of all ages and sizes and does not emphasize force. The crane stood there motionless and waded off the snakes quick strikes. It wasn't phased by the attacks. The posture and mindset of the crane and the quick strikes of the snake. \n\nShaolin was developed to ward off invaders. Usually enemies riding horses so they do a lot of high jumping kicks which were used to kick people off horses. \nIt's usually associated with tiger or dragon styles which can operate at more distance and use power. It's also very flashy and usedin demonstrations and many king fu movies .\nIt's actually counterintuitive to many martial arts where you strike hard or from a distance and move around a lot ducking blocking etc. Wing chun is just small subtle blocks to divert attacks off center and then you strike back concurrently",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What's the differences of the Wing Chun kongfu and the traditional Shaolin Kongfu? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is a baby cat called?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "A baby cat is called a kitten",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is a baby cat called? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Telangana (/ˌtɛlənˈɡɑːnə/ (listen); Telugu: [ˈtelaŋɡaːɳa], Urdu: [ˈtɪləŋɡɑːna] (listen)) is a state in India situated on the south-central stretch of the Indian peninsula on the high Deccan Plateau. It is the eleventh-largest state and the twelfth-most populated state in India with a geographical area of 112,077 km2 (43,273 sq mi) and 35,193,978 residents as per 2011 census. On 2 June 2014, the area was separated from the northwestern part of Andhra Pradesh as the newly formed state of Telangana, with Hyderabad as its capital. Its other major cities include Warangal, Nizamabad, Khammam, Karimnagar and Ramagundam. Telangana is bordered by the states of Maharashtra to the north, Chhattisgarh to the northeast, Karnataka to the west, and Andhra Pradesh to the east and south. The terrain of Telangana consists mostly of the Deccan Plateau with dense forests covering an area of 27,292 km2 (10,538 sq mi). As of 2019, the state of Telangana is divided into 33 districts. What is the capital of Telangana?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Hyderabad",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Telangana (/ˌtɛlənˈɡɑːnə/ (listen); Telugu: [ˈtelaŋɡaːɳa], Urdu: [ˈtɪləŋɡɑːna] (listen)) is a state in India situated on the south-central stretch of the Indian peninsula on the high Deccan Plateau. It is the eleventh-largest state and the twelfth-most populated state in India with a geographical area of 112,077 km2 (43,273 sq mi) and 35,193,978 residents as per 2011 census. On 2 June 2014, the area was separated from the northwestern part of Andhra Pradesh as the newly formed state of Telangana, with Hyderabad as its capital. Its other major cities include Warangal, Nizamabad, Khammam, Karimnagar and Ramagundam. Telangana is bordered by the states of Maharashtra to the north, Chhattisgarh to the northeast, Karnataka to the west, and Andhra Pradesh to the east and south. The terrain of Telangana consists mostly of the Deccan Plateau with dense forests covering an area of 27,292 km2 (10,538 sq mi). As of 2019, the state of Telangana is divided into 33 districts. What is the capital of Telangana? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "How do you play soccer?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "A standard soccer team has 11 players. Each team has 1 goalkeeper and 10 field players. Only the goalkeeper is allowed to use their hands while on the field and only in the penalty box area. The goal of the game is to move the soccer ball past the opposing team and put the ball into the opposing goal. If a player touches the ball out the sideline, the opposing team gets a thrown in from that spot. If a defending player plays the ball out the backline, the offensive team gets a corner kick. If the offensive player plays the ball out the backline, the defensive team gets a goal kick. Typically the game is played outside on a grass field. A regulation game is 90 minutes with a half time break. One main referee and two sideline referees officiate the game. Players are required to wear shin guards for protection. Outside of the United States the game is commonly known as football.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How do you play soccer? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is Passover?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Passover is a major Jewish holiday that celebrates the Biblical story of the Israelites' escape from slavery in Egypt.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is Passover? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "Since the conclusion of the War of 1812, historians have long debated the relative weight of the multiple reasons underlying its origins.\n\nDuring the nineteenth century, historians generally concluded that war was declared largely over national honour, neutral maritime rights and the British seizure of neutral ships and their cargoes on the high seas. This theme was the basis of President James Madison's war message to Congress on June 1, 1812. At the turn of the 20th century, much of the contemporary scholarship re-evaluated this explanation and began to focus more on non-maritime factors as significant contributing causes as well. However, historian Warren H. Goodman warns that too much focus on these ideas can be equally misleading.\n\nIn disagreeing with those interpretations that have simply stressed expansionism and minimized maritime causation, historians have ignored deep-seated American fears for national security, dreams of a continent completely controlled by the republican United States, and the evidence that many Americans believed that the War of 1812 would be the occasion for the United States to achieve the long-desired annexation of Canada. [...] Thomas Jefferson well summarized American majority opinion about the war [...] to say \"that the cession of Canada [...] must be a sine qua non at a treaty of peace.\" - Horsman\n\nHistorian Richard Maass argues that the expansionist theme is a myth that goes against the \"relative consensus among experts that the primary American objective was the repeal of British maritime restrictions\". He says that scholars agree that the United States went to war \"because six years of economic sanctions had failed to bring Britain to the negotiating table, and threatening the Royal Navy's Canadian supply base was their last hope\". Maass agrees that expansionism might have tempted Americans on a theoretical level, but he finds that \"leaders feared the domestic political consequences of doing so\", particularly because such expansion \"focused on sparsely populated western lands rather than the more populous eastern settlements\". To what extent that American leaders considered the question of pursuing territory in Canada, those questions \"arose as a result of the war rather than as a driving cause.\" However, Maass accepts that many historians continue to believe that expansionism was a cause.\n\nReginald Horsman sees expansionism as a secondary cause after maritime issues, noting that many historians have mistakenly rejected expansionism as a cause for the war. He notes that it was considered key to maintaining sectional balance between free and slave states thrown off by American settlement of the Louisiana Territory and widely supported by dozens of War Hawk congressmen such as Henry Clay, Felix Grundy, John Adams Harper and Richard Mentor Johnson, who voted for war with expansion as a key aim. However, Horsman states that in his view \"the desire for Canada did not cause the War of 1812\" and that \"The United States did not declare war because it wanted to obtain Canada, but the acquisition of Canada was viewed as a major collateral benefit of the conflict\".\n\nHowever, other historians believe that a desire to permanently annex Canada was a direct cause of the war.[full citation needed] Carl Benn notes that the War Hawks' desire to annex the Canadas was similar to the enthusiasm for the annexation of Spanish Florida by inhabitants of the American South as both expected war to facilitate expansion into long-desired lands and end support for hostile tribes (Tecumseh's Confederacy in the North and the Creek in the South).\n\nAlan Taylor says that many Democratic-Republican congressmen such as John Adams Harper, Richard Mentor Johnson and Peter Buell Porter \"longed to oust the British from the continent and to annex Canada\". A few Southerners opposed this, fearing an imbalance of free and slave states if Canada was annexed. Anti-Catholicism also caused many to oppose annexing the mainly Catholic Lower Canada, believing its French-speaking inhabitants unfit \"for republican citizenship\".\n\nEven major figures such as Henry Clay and James Monroe expected to keep at least Upper Canada in an easy conquest. Notable American generals such as William Hull issued proclamations to Canadians during the war promising republican liberation through incorporation into the United States. General Alexander Smyth similarly declared to his troops when they invaded Canada that \"you will enter a country that is to become one of the United States. You will arrive among a people who are to become your fellow-citizens\". However, a lack of clarity about American intentions undercut these appeals.\n\nDavid and Jeanne Heidler argue that \"most historians agree that the War of 1812 was not caused by expansionism but instead reflected a real concern of American patriots to defend United States' neutral rights from the overbearing tyranny of the British Navy. That is not to say that expansionist aims would not potentially result from the war\". However, they also argue otherwise, saying that \"acquiring Canada would satisfy America's expansionist desires\", also describing it as a key goal of western expansionists who, they argue, believed that \"eliminating the British presence in Canada would best accomplish\" their goal of halting British support for tribal raids. They argue that the \"enduring debate\" is over the relative importance of expansionism as a factor, and whether \"expansionism played a greater role in causing the War of 1812 than American concern about protecting neutral maritime rights\".\n\nIn the 1960s, the work of Norman K. Risjord, Reginald Horsman, Bradford Perkins and Roger Brown established a new eastern maritime consensus. While these authors approached the origins of the war from many perspectives, they all conceded that British maritime policy was the principal cause of the war. Provide a short, bulleted summary of what historians consider the cause of the War of 1812",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Different historians believe the war of 1812 was caused by: \n1. National honor, neutral maritime rights, and naval ship seizures\n2. Desire by the United States to permanently annex Canada\n3. British maritime policy and its perceived threat on the United States",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Since the conclusion of the War of 1812, historians have long debated the relative weight of the multiple reasons underlying its origins.
During the nineteenth century, historians generally concluded that war was declared largely over national honour, neutral maritime rights and the British seizure of neutral ships and their cargoes on the high seas. This theme was the basis of President James Madison's war message to Congress on June 1, 1812. At the turn of the 20th century, much of the contemporary scholarship re-evaluated this explanation and began to focus more on non-maritime factors as significant contributing causes as well. However, historian Warren H. Goodman warns that too much focus on these ideas can be equally misleading.
In disagreeing with those interpretations that have simply stressed expansionism and minimized maritime causation, historians have ignored deep-seated American fears for national security, dreams of a continent completely controlled by the republican United States, and the evidence that many Americans believed that the War of 1812 would be the occasion for the United States to achieve the long-desired annexation of Canada. [...] Thomas Jefferson well summarized American majority opinion about the war [...] to say "that the cession of Canada [...] must be a sine qua non at a treaty of peace." - Horsman
Historian Richard Maass argues that the expansionist theme is a myth that goes against the "relative consensus among experts that the primary American objective was the repeal of British maritime restrictions". He says that scholars agree that the United States went to war "because six years of economic sanctions had failed to bring Britain to the negotiating table, and threatening the Royal Navy's Canadian supply base was their last hope". Maass agrees that expansionism might have tempted Americans on a theoretical level, but he finds that "leaders feared the domestic political consequences of doing so", particularly because such expansion "focused on sparsely populated western lands rather than the more populous eastern settlements". To what extent that American leaders considered the question of pursuing territory in Canada, those questions "arose as a result of the war rather than as a driving cause." However, Maass accepts that many historians continue to believe that expansionism was a cause.
Reginald Horsman sees expansionism as a secondary cause after maritime issues, noting that many historians have mistakenly rejected expansionism as a cause for the war. He notes that it was considered key to maintaining sectional balance between free and slave states thrown off by American settlement of the Louisiana Territory and widely supported by dozens of War Hawk congressmen such as Henry Clay, Felix Grundy, John Adams Harper and Richard Mentor Johnson, who voted for war with expansion as a key aim. However, Horsman states that in his view "the desire for Canada did not cause the War of 1812" and that "The United States did not declare war because it wanted to obtain Canada, but the acquisition of Canada was viewed as a major collateral benefit of the conflict".
However, other historians believe that a desire to permanently annex Canada was a direct cause of the war.[full citation needed] Carl Benn notes that the War Hawks' desire to annex the Canadas was similar to the enthusiasm for the annexation of Spanish Florida by inhabitants of the American South as both expected war to facilitate expansion into long-desired lands and end support for hostile tribes (Tecumseh's Confederacy in the North and the Creek in the South).
Alan Taylor says that many Democratic-Republican congressmen such as John Adams Harper, Richard Mentor Johnson and Peter Buell Porter "longed to oust the British from the continent and to annex Canada". A few Southerners opposed this, fearing an imbalance of free and slave states if Canada was annexed. Anti-Catholicism also caused many to oppose annexing the mainly Catholic Lower Canada, believing its French-speaking inhabitants unfit "for republican citizenship".
Even major figures such as Henry Clay and James Monroe expected to keep at least Upper Canada in an easy conquest. Notable American generals such as William Hull issued proclamations to Canadians during the war promising republican liberation through incorporation into the United States. General Alexander Smyth similarly declared to his troops when they invaded Canada that "you will enter a country that is to become one of the United States. You will arrive among a people who are to become your fellow-citizens". However, a lack of clarity about American intentions undercut these appeals.
David and Jeanne Heidler argue that "most historians agree that the War of 1812 was not caused by expansionism but instead reflected a real concern of American patriots to defend United States' neutral rights from the overbearing tyranny of the British Navy. That is not to say that expansionist aims would not potentially result from the war". However, they also argue otherwise, saying that "acquiring Canada would satisfy America's expansionist desires", also describing it as a key goal of western expansionists who, they argue, believed that "eliminating the British presence in Canada would best accomplish" their goal of halting British support for tribal raids. They argue that the "enduring debate" is over the relative importance of expansionism as a factor, and whether "expansionism played a greater role in causing the War of 1812 than American concern about protecting neutral maritime rights".
In the 1960s, the work of Norman K. Risjord, Reginald Horsman, Bradford Perkins and Roger Brown established a new eastern maritime consensus. While these authors approached the origins of the war from many perspectives, they all conceded that British maritime policy was the principal cause of the war. Provide a short, bulleted summary of what historians consider the cause of the War of 1812 |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. The World Bank is the collective name for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and International Development Association (IDA), two of five international organizations owned by the World Bank Group. It was established along with the International Monetary Fund at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference. After a slow start, its first loan was to France in 1947. In the 1970s, it focused on loans to developing world countries, shifting away from that mission in the 1980s. For the last 30 years, it has included NGOs and environmental groups in its loan portfolio. Its loan strategy is influenced by the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, as well as environmental and social safeguards.\n\nAs of 2022, the World Bank is run by a president and 25 executive directors, as well as 29 various vice presidents. IBRD and IDA have 189 and 174 member countries, respectively. The U.S., Japan, China, Germany and the U.K. have the most voting power. The bank aims loans at developing countries to help reduce poverty. The bank is engaged in several global partnerships and initiatives, and takes a role in working toward addressing climate change. The World Bank operates a number of training wings and it works with the Clean Air Initiative and the UN Development Business. It works within the Open Data Initiative and hosts an Open Knowledge Repository.\n\nThe World Bank has been criticized as promoting inflation and harming economic development, causing protests in 1988 and 2000. There has also been criticism of the bank's governance and response to the COVID-19 pandemic. From the passage note down the name of the countries which have most voting power. List the results in comma separated format.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "U.S., Japan, China, Germany, U.K.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. The World Bank is the collective name for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and International Development Association (IDA), two of five international organizations owned by the World Bank Group. It was established along with the International Monetary Fund at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference. After a slow start, its first loan was to France in 1947. In the 1970s, it focused on loans to developing world countries, shifting away from that mission in the 1980s. For the last 30 years, it has included NGOs and environmental groups in its loan portfolio. Its loan strategy is influenced by the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, as well as environmental and social safeguards.
As of 2022, the World Bank is run by a president and 25 executive directors, as well as 29 various vice presidents. IBRD and IDA have 189 and 174 member countries, respectively. The U.S., Japan, China, Germany and the U.K. have the most voting power. The bank aims loans at developing countries to help reduce poverty. The bank is engaged in several global partnerships and initiatives, and takes a role in working toward addressing climate change. The World Bank operates a number of training wings and it works with the Clean Air Initiative and the UN Development Business. It works within the Open Data Initiative and hosts an Open Knowledge Repository.
The World Bank has been criticized as promoting inflation and harming economic development, causing protests in 1988 and 2000. There has also been criticism of the bank's governance and response to the COVID-19 pandemic. From the passage note down the name of the countries which have most voting power. List the results in comma separated format. |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "If you were to compete in the Olympics, which sport would you pick?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "If I were to compete in the Olympics, I would compete in water polo. Water polo is a really fun sport to play, that is dynamic and fast paced to both watch and play. I don't like long breaks, so I like how fast water polo is. I also love swimming, and I like that water polo is rooted in California culture, which is where I am from.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| If you were to compete in the Olympics, which sport would you pick? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "The French Bulldog, French: Bouledogue Français, is a French breed of companion dog or toy dog. It appeared in Paris in the mid-nineteenth century, apparently the result of cross-breeding of Toy Bulldogs imported from England and local Parisian ratters.\n\nIt is commonly kept as a pet, and is among the most frequently registered dogs in a number of countries including Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Based on this paragraph about dogs, what is a French Bulldog?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The French Bulldog is a French breed of companion dog or toy dog. It is is among the most frequently registered dogs in a number of countries including Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The French Bulldog, French: Bouledogue Français, is a French breed of companion dog or toy dog. It appeared in Paris in the mid-nineteenth century, apparently the result of cross-breeding of Toy Bulldogs imported from England and local Parisian ratters.
It is commonly kept as a pet, and is among the most frequently registered dogs in a number of countries including Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Based on this paragraph about dogs, what is a French Bulldog? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Give me some reasons to work for a tech company",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Working for a tech company has many advantages, here are some of them:\n* You will be working on cutting edge technologies\n* You'll have the opportunity to help people and organisations solve everyday problems with technology\n* You will be rewarded for your creativity and sense of initiative\n* The salaries in tech companies are high compared to average\n* There is high demand for tech workers so you can easily find new opportunities",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Give me some reasons to work for a tech company |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "Who are your 3 favorite Star Wars characters and why?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There are so many great Star Wars characters, but if I have to narrow it down to 3, I'd have to say Chewy, Rey, and Grogu. Chewy is a classic Star Wars character who has always been on the 'good' side (the Rebellion). His communication mode is so adorable, he is extremely loyal, and he wears his emotions on his (hairy) sleeve. While Princess Leia was an inspriational character, I think Rey is the most impressive of the two strong female protagonists. Rey is mentally and physically strong, passionate about her beliefs, and I hope she will continue to show up in Star Wars movies. Grogu is from the The Mandalorian series, on Disney Plus. Lots of people call him Baby Yoda because he looks like a tiny version of the famous and wise Yoda character. Grogu appeals to women because he makes baby-like sounds and has huge inquisitive eyes. His curiosity gets him into trouble, but he doesn't know any better yet. He has impressive super powers for such a tiny creature, and I hope that we will get to watch Grogu grow up as the series continues.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Who are your 3 favorite Star Wars characters and why? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is a sonnet?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "In the English language, a sonnet is a poem comprised of 14 lines. The most commonly known sonnets written by William Shakespeare contain 12 lines of iambic pentameter followed by a couplet. The couplet usually rhymes.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is a sonnet? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Classify the below persons based on whether they are kids of Shah Rukh Khan or Sanjay Dutt.\nSuhana, Aryan, AbRam, Trishala, Iqra, Shahraan",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Shah Rukh Khan’s kids - Suhana, Aryan, AbRam\nPSanjay Dutt’s kids - Trishala, Iqra, Shahraan",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Classify the below persons based on whether they are kids of Shah Rukh Khan or Sanjay Dutt.
Suhana, Aryan, AbRam, Trishala, Iqra, Shahraan |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What are six of the most picturesque national parks in the Unites States?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Zion National Park, Yellowstone National Park, Grand Canyon National Park, Yosemite National Park, Glacier National Park, Great Smoky Mountains National Park",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are six of the most picturesque national parks in the Unites States? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Classify each of the following as a liquid or solid: water, mailbox, soda, coffee, bush, grass, milk",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Water: Liquid\nMailbox: Solid\nSoda: Liquid\nCoffee: Liquid\nBush: Solid\nGrass: Solid\nMilk: Liquid",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Classify each of the following as a liquid or solid: water, mailbox, soda, coffee, bush, grass, milk |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Give me a list of fruit that are yellow color",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Lemon, banana, mango, pineapple, yellow dragonfruit, yellow watermelon, golden kiwi",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Give me a list of fruit that are yellow color |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Who were Jaehaerys I Targaryen's children?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Prince Aegon, Princess Daenerys, Prince Aemon, Prince Baelon, Princess Alyssa, Septa Maegelle, Archmaester Vaegon, Princess Daella, Princess Saera, Princess Viserra, Prince Gaemon, Prince Valerion, Princess Gael",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Who were Jaehaerys I Targaryen's children? |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "Can you write me a page long essay on whether capitalism needs to be reexamined and amended? Is such a reexamination one of incremental or transformational change? If so, why? If not, why not?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "How can I fully participate in a capitalistic society without examining it in the first place? That is \nthe necessary first step to then “re-examine” capitalism, which I unequivocally support. Blindly \nfollowing a belief, even an economic one, without critically assessing it can run the danger of \nmaking me complicit in contributing to the consequences of that belief even without any intent.\nI can only fully speak from my experience, so that is the lens through which I approach this \nclass; on the larger scale, however, a re-examination is also called for to discern whether \ncapitalism is the best course of action in the long term. \nUpon this re-examination, I conclude that capitalism is not broken: it is functioning as intended, \nto create economic value for the majority groups who popularized it.\n\nCapitalism in the United States has achieved such fast-paced progress because Black slaves, minority immigrants, and unpaid domestic laborers have assumed the lion’s share of building the \nsystem, and the legacies of these systems result in the inequities of race, class, and gender as \ndiscussed in class. Such inequities are not only shameful, but plainly unnecessary to continue making such strides in industry, health, longevity, and sharing of ideas. Therefore, capitalism should be amended so that workers more equitably reap the fruits of their labor. Exorbitant CEO pay and the \ndistribution of the majority of profits towards shareholders; global factories which exploit \nchildren while imposing unclean and unsafe working conditions on many; unfettered \nproduction decimating the planet – should all be amended. Capitalism has grown automation, \ntechnology, and AI as well as the development and sharing of thought to remarkable levels. Such progress can be leveraged to address these issues and more. This isn’t idealistic or wishful thinking; though economic situations can seem like “given”\ncircumstances, they are not to be taken for granted; capitalism is a human institution which \nrequires human participation to uphold them. Therefore, capitalism also can be amended. \nIntroducing another consideration is not a limitation on profits; rather, considering additional \nparameters inspires innovation, as embraced by many leading organizations. \nBut at what pace shall capitalism be amended? The modern United States has necessary checks \nand balances in the legal systems to uphold the laws and enforce the regulations, which makes \nme believe that change should be incremental as to learn from our past and carefully curate a \nnew future. It takes time to engage the partners vital to change – academics, politicians, social \nleaders, business leaders – and transformative change may leave some key stakeholders \nbehind. Over time, incremental change is transformative and can achieve the changes imagined above.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Can you write me a page long essay on whether capitalism needs to be reexamined and amended? Is such a reexamination one of incremental or transformational change? If so, why? If not, why not? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is SSO?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Single sign-on (SSO) is an authentication scheme that allows a user to log in with a single ID to any of several related, yet independent, software systems. True single sign-on allows the user to log in once and access services without re-entering authentication factors.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is SSO? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Kepyak, Koto",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Koto is string, Kepyak is percussion.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Kepyak, Koto |
classification | [
{
"content": "Arrange these weapons from oldest to newest, based on the date they were first invented.\n\nSword\nNuclear Bomb\nHand Axe\nGatling Gun\nRifle",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The correct order is handaxe, sword, rifle, gatling gun, nuclear bomb.\n\nThe handaxe is a Stone Age weapon that has existed for more than one million years and long predates homo sapiens. The earliest swords were invented around 3,300 BC in Europe during the beginning of the Bronze Age. The first rifles were likely developed during the 15th century, although their exact origins are unknown. The Gatling gun was invented in 1862 and was first used in battle during the US civil war. The nuclear bomb was invented in 1945 as part of the Manhattan Project.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Arrange these weapons from oldest to newest, based on the date they were first invented.
Sword
Nuclear Bomb
Hand Axe
Gatling Gun
Rifle |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the meaning of life?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Although it is a deep question that has challenged philosophers for all time, Douglas Adams in his book \"The Hitchhicker's Guide to the Universe\" humorously states that the answer is \"42\".",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the meaning of life? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "James A. Garfield, the 20th president of the United States, was shot at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C., at 9:30 am on Saturday, July 2, 1881. He died in Elberon, New Jersey, 79 days later on September 19, 1881. The shooting occurred less than four months into his term as president. Garfield's assassin was Charles J. Guiteau, whose motive was revenge against Garfield for an imagined political debt, and getting Chester A. Arthur elevated to president. Guiteau was convicted of Garfield's murder and executed by hanging one year after the shooting.\n\nPart of Guiteau's preserved brain is on display at the Mütter Museum at the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Guiteau's bones and more of his brain, along with Garfield's backbone and a few ribs, are kept at the National Museum of Health and Medicine, at the Army's Forest Glen Annex in Silver Spring, Maryland. Garfield's assassination was instrumental to the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act on January 16, 1883. Garfield himself had called for civil service reform in his inaugural address and supported it as president in the belief that it would make government more efficient. It was passed as something of a memorial to the fallen President. Arthur lost the Republican nomination in 1884 to Blaine, who went on to lose a close election to Democrat Grover Cleveland. Given that preserving human brains for more than a century is fairly uncommon, what do you think was the motivation for preserving Guiteau's brain?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "One reason for preserving the brain may have been to study structural abnormalities that could have explained Guiteau's violent behavior. Alternatively, because Guiteau was well-known and infamous, his brain may have been preserved for use as a memento or as a warning to discourage presidential assassinations in the future.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| James A. Garfield, the 20th president of the United States, was shot at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C., at 9:30 am on Saturday, July 2, 1881. He died in Elberon, New Jersey, 79 days later on September 19, 1881. The shooting occurred less than four months into his term as president. Garfield's assassin was Charles J. Guiteau, whose motive was revenge against Garfield for an imagined political debt, and getting Chester A. Arthur elevated to president. Guiteau was convicted of Garfield's murder and executed by hanging one year after the shooting.
Part of Guiteau's preserved brain is on display at the Mütter Museum at the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Guiteau's bones and more of his brain, along with Garfield's backbone and a few ribs, are kept at the National Museum of Health and Medicine, at the Army's Forest Glen Annex in Silver Spring, Maryland. Garfield's assassination was instrumental to the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act on January 16, 1883. Garfield himself had called for civil service reform in his inaugural address and supported it as president in the belief that it would make government more efficient. It was passed as something of a memorial to the fallen President. Arthur lost the Republican nomination in 1884 to Blaine, who went on to lose a close election to Democrat Grover Cleveland. Given that preserving human brains for more than a century is fairly uncommon, what do you think was the motivation for preserving Guiteau's brain? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "what is love?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Love comes in many forms. Love can be between persons, love can be for an animal, or love can be for something that is fun or enjoyable like reading or writing. The feeling associated with love are often happiness, joy, fun and excitement. Love between persons can be done by showing affection, thoughtfully communicating, or doing a shared activity together. Love for an animal can be done by taking them for a walk or petting them. Love for something that is fun can be done by doing that activity over and over again. The opposite of love is hate and is associated more with feelings of despair.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| what is love? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Who is the best soccer player ?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "This is a question that is often debated during dinners. To remain as factual as possible, it would certainly be appropriate to mention the name of the current Golden Ball: Karim Benzema.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Who is the best soccer player ? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Identify which car manufacturer is German or American: Tesla, Elektron Motors",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Tesla is American, Elektron Motors is German",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Identify which car manufacturer is German or American: Tesla, Elektron Motors |
classification | [
{
"content": "What are some contributions of women in computing?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The first algorithm intended to be executed by a computer was designed by Ada Lovelace who was a pioneer in the field. Grace Hopper was the first person to design a compiler for a programming language. Throughout the 19th and early 20th century, and up to World War II, programming was predominantly done by women; significant examples include the Harvard Computers, codebreaking at Bletchley Park and engineering at NASA.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are some contributions of women in computing? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Which is an imperial or a metric measurement: pint, millilitres",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "pint is imperial, millilitres is metric",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Which is an imperial or a metric measurement: pint, millilitres |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "Discuss at least two risks associated with scraping data from websites. Describe steps an analyst could take to mitigate those risks.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "No clear Terms-of-service for scrapping the B2B partnership data \n\nThe companies like Hubspot (https://legal.hubspot.com/website-terms-of-use) and Salesforce do not have a clear Terms of Service (TOS) when using partnership data. The TOS is subject to interpretation. \n\nAutomation is highly fragile \n\nWeb-scrapping the B2B partnership data with an automated scrapping tool or a programming language like Python- BeautifulSoup is a highly fragile process. The website layout, which can be dynamically changing, can break the automated scraping. Even with automatic scrapping, there will be many manual activities to normalize the data. \n\nAn analyst could list the top companies for B2B partnerships and request the companies for the B2B data. The analyst can start approaching the smaller companies and build the business model to illustrate the value of sharing B2B data, creating a flywheel where more companies will be willing to share the data.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Discuss at least two risks associated with scraping data from websites. Describe steps an analyst could take to mitigate those risks. |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "How to detect that a number is odd or even?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "You can detect that by checking if the number is divisible by 2 without a reminder, for example 4/2 = 2, so 4 is an even number, however 5/2 is 2 with 1 as a reminder, so 5 is an odd number",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How to detect that a number is odd or even? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Classify each of the following as either a deciduous or evergreen tree: Oak, Pine, Spruce, Maple, Fir, Elm",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Deciduous trees include Oak, Maple, and Elm. Evergreen trees include Pine, Spruce, and Fir.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Classify each of the following as either a deciduous or evergreen tree: Oak, Pine, Spruce, Maple, Fir, Elm |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What are the northern lights?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The northern lights are a common term referring to the aurora borealis. The aurora borealis is a natural phenomenon seen in the northern hemisphere near the arctic circle. Auroras are caused by disturbances in the magnetosphere caused by solar winds which result in emissions of light of varying colours and complexities.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are the northern lights? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What are places that should be on everyone's bucket list?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Everyone's bucket list should include Acadia National Park in Maine, Arches National Park in Utah, Venice (Italy), Petra (Jordan), Santorini (Greece), Rothenburn ob der Tauber (Germany), New York City, Sydney (Australia), Hong Kong, Califoria's Big Sur coastline, London, Paris, Rome, Florence and the Amalfi Coast.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are places that should be on everyone's bucket list? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "How would you categorize the following sports into two groups; football, rugby, cricket and baseball",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "If I were to categorize these sports into 2 groups I would split them up into striking and invasion-based games. Football and Rugby are both invasion games, meaning two teams must attack their opposition's territory in order to score points. Baseball and cricket both involve two teams in set positions who must strike a ball in order to score points.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How would you categorize the following sports into two groups; football, rugby, cricket and baseball |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "give me a list of ways to cool down",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "- drink a slushy \n- take a cold shower\n- dip in glacier water\n- take your clothes off\n- participate in a polar bear plunge\n- stand very still\n- take shelter under shade\n- sit in front of a fan\n- roll down the windows in a moving car",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| give me a list of ways to cool down |
summarization | [
{
"content": "Grimsthorpe is a hamlet in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated on the A151 road, and 3 miles (5 km) north-west from Bourne. Grimsthorpe falls within the civil parish of Edenham, which is governed by Edenham Grimsthorpe Elsthorpe & Scottlethorpe Parish Council.\n\nGrimsthorpe Castle is 500 yards (460 m) to the west.\n\nJohn Marius Wilson's 1870 Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described Grimsthorpe as: a hamlet in Edenham parish, Lincoln; on the river Glen, 1½ mile W of Edenham village. Pop., 135. Grimsthorpe Park was the seat once of the Duke of Ancaster, afterwards of Lord Gwyder; is now the seat of Lord Willoughby d'Eresby; was built partly in the time of Henry III., but principally by the Duke of Suffolk, to entertain Henry VIII.; is a large, irregular, but magnificent structure; and stands in an ornate park, about 16 miles in circuit. A Cistertian abbey, founded about 1451, by the Earl of Albemarle, and called Vallis Dei, or, vulgarly, Vaudy, formerly stood in the park, about a mile from the castle. What is Grimsthorpe?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Grimsthorpe is a hamlet in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated on the A151 road, and 3 miles (5 km) north-west from Bourne. Grimsthorpe falls within the civil parish of Edenham, which is governed by Edenham Grimsthorpe Elsthorpe & Scottlethorpe Parish Council.\n\nGrimsthorpe Castle is 500 yards (460 m) to the west.\n\nJohn Marius Wilson's 1870 Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described Grimsthorpe as:\n\na hamlet in Edenham parish, Lincoln; on the river Glen, 1½ mile W of Edenham village. Pop., 135. Grimsthorpe Park was the seat once of the Duke of Ancaster, afterwards of Lord Gwyder; is now the seat of Lord Willoughby d'Eresby; was built partly in the time of Henry III., but principally by the Duke of Suffolk, to entertain Henry VIII.; is a large, irregular, but magnificent structure; and stands in an ornate park, about 16 miles in circuit. A Cistertian abbey, founded about 1451, by the Earl of Albemarle, and called Vallis Dei, or, vulgarly, Vaudy, formerly stood in the park, about a mile from the castle.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Grimsthorpe is a hamlet in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated on the A151 road, and 3 miles (5 km) north-west from Bourne. Grimsthorpe falls within the civil parish of Edenham, which is governed by Edenham Grimsthorpe Elsthorpe & Scottlethorpe Parish Council.
Grimsthorpe Castle is 500 yards (460 m) to the west.
John Marius Wilson's 1870 Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described Grimsthorpe as: a hamlet in Edenham parish, Lincoln; on the river Glen, 1½ mile W of Edenham village. Pop., 135. Grimsthorpe Park was the seat once of the Duke of Ancaster, afterwards of Lord Gwyder; is now the seat of Lord Willoughby d'Eresby; was built partly in the time of Henry III., but principally by the Duke of Suffolk, to entertain Henry VIII.; is a large, irregular, but magnificent structure; and stands in an ornate park, about 16 miles in circuit. A Cistertian abbey, founded about 1451, by the Earl of Albemarle, and called Vallis Dei, or, vulgarly, Vaudy, formerly stood in the park, about a mile from the castle. What is Grimsthorpe? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Which is a species of fish? Sea bream or Sea shell",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Sea bream",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Which is a species of fish? Sea bream or Sea shell |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "How long is a chukker in Polo?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "A chukker is 7.5 minutes",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How long is a chukker in Polo? |
classification | [
{
"content": "You've bought a condominium in the city, your first home, with more rooms than your previous apartments. It doesn't have a garage or any yard. Which of the following items would be handy? A lawnmower, a bus pass, a security system, more bathroom towels, wall art, gardening tools, a washer and dryer set, a car",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "You would want to get a bus pass so that you can get around the city, since you don't have a car. Though a lot might be walkable, there is always something that is far enough away.\nYou would want to buy a home security system; your condominium has fewer inherent security features than a large apartment complex, so it would be helpful to have a bit more peace of mind.\nYou would want to buy more bathroom towels since your condominium is larger and likely has more bathrooms that need towels.\nYou would want a washer and dryer set if you don't already have one. You need a way to wash your clothes at home now that you aren't in an apartment, and it would be hard to carry your laundry on the bus.\nYou might want some wall art; now that you own your own home, you can hang things on the wall without worrying about your lease agreement.\nYou don't need gardening tools or a lawnmower, since you don't have a yard.\nYou don't need a car, since you don't have a garage, and you live in the city.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| You've bought a condominium in the city, your first home, with more rooms than your previous apartments. It doesn't have a garage or any yard. Which of the following items would be handy? A lawnmower, a bus pass, a security system, more bathroom towels, wall art, gardening tools, a washer and dryer set, a car |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the difference between a guitar and a bass",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "A guitar is a musical instrument that generally houses six strings, while a bass usually has four much thicker strings. A bass guitar outputs lower frequency notes, while a regular guitar can play a wider variety of tones.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the difference between a guitar and a bass |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is Indian national anthem?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Indian national anthem is Jana Gana Mana, composed by Rabindranath Tagore on 11 December 1911. The parent song, 'Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata' is a Brahmo hymn which has five verses and only the first verse has been adopted as National Anthem.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is Indian national anthem? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "The Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) was an intermittent conflict between the Habsburg Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of England. It was never formally declared. The war included much English privateering against Spanish ships, and several widely separated battles. It began with England's military expedition in 1585 to what was then the Spanish Netherlands under the command of the Earl of Leicester, in support of the Dutch rebellion against Spanish Habsburg rule.\n\nThe English enjoyed a victory at Cádiz in 1587, and repelled the Spanish Armada in 1588, but then suffered heavy setbacks: the English Armada (1589), the Drake–Hawkins expedition (1595), and the Essex–Raleigh expedition (1597). Three further Spanish armadas were sent against England and Ireland in 1596, 1597, and 1601, but these likewise ended in failure for Spain, mainly because of adverse weather.\n\nThe war became deadlocked around the turn of the 17th century during campaigns in the Netherlands, France, and Ireland. It was brought to an end with the Treaty of London (1604), negotiated between Philip III of Spain and the new king of England, James I. In the treaty, England and Spain agreed to cease their military interventions in the Spanish Netherlands and Ireland, respectively, and the English ended their high seas privateering. Given a reference text about the Anglo-Spanish War, tell me what treaty marked the end of the war.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Treaty of London marked the end of the Anglo-Spanish War.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) was an intermittent conflict between the Habsburg Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of England. It was never formally declared. The war included much English privateering against Spanish ships, and several widely separated battles. It began with England's military expedition in 1585 to what was then the Spanish Netherlands under the command of the Earl of Leicester, in support of the Dutch rebellion against Spanish Habsburg rule.
The English enjoyed a victory at Cádiz in 1587, and repelled the Spanish Armada in 1588, but then suffered heavy setbacks: the English Armada (1589), the Drake–Hawkins expedition (1595), and the Essex–Raleigh expedition (1597). Three further Spanish armadas were sent against England and Ireland in 1596, 1597, and 1601, but these likewise ended in failure for Spain, mainly because of adverse weather.
The war became deadlocked around the turn of the 17th century during campaigns in the Netherlands, France, and Ireland. It was brought to an end with the Treaty of London (1604), negotiated between Philip III of Spain and the new king of England, James I. In the treaty, England and Spain agreed to cease their military interventions in the Spanish Netherlands and Ireland, respectively, and the English ended their high seas privateering. Given a reference text about the Anglo-Spanish War, tell me what treaty marked the end of the war. |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What are some Australian craft beer brands that I should try?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Australia has many craft breweries that produce a variety of ales and lagers. You could try Balter beer, Black Hops or Green Beacon",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are some Australian craft beer brands that I should try? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Why do hindus worship idols?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Religion is man made. History teaches us that Religion was invented to separate humans and create a fear. Religion and Faith are different. Hinduism is not a religion but on the contrary it is a way of life. There is no one leader or master in hinduism like in christianity or islam and it is totally inclusive. Anyone can call themselves a hindu and no one will balk at them. The qualities we admire in humans that we wish to pursue cannot be easily manifested. Thus an idol sometimes takes it's place. As an example the monkey god is known for courage. So anytime you need to stand up you pray to the monkey god. The elephant god is for good beginnings. So start your day with a prayer to elephant god. Thus you have 1000's of idols each representing a specific character in humans.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Why do hindus worship idols? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Classify each of the following as fluffy or hard: lamb, sheep, poodle, cement, stuffed animal, golf ball",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Lamb: Fluffy\nSheep: Fluffy\nPoodle: Fluffy\nCement: Hard\nStuffed Animal: Fluffy\nGolf Ball: Hard",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Classify each of the following as fluffy or hard: lamb, sheep, poodle, cement, stuffed animal, golf ball |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Seattle SuperSonics won the NBA championship in 1979. The franchise won Western Conference titles in 1978, 1979 and 1996; and six divisional titles—their last being in 2005—five in the Pacific Division and one in the Northwest Division. The franchise attained a 1,745–1,585 (.524) regular season win–loss record, as well as a 107–110 (.493) playoff win–loss record during its time in Seattle.[citation needed] Both marks would rank in the top half of the NBA's all-time standings. Settlement terms of a lawsuit between the city of Seattle and Clay Bennett's ownership group stipulated SuperSonics' banners, trophies and retired jerseys remain in Seattle; the nickname, logo and color scheme are available to any subsequent NBA team that plays at KeyArena subject to NBA approval. The SuperSonics' franchise history, however, would be shared with Thunder. In which year did the Seattle SuperSonics win the NBA championship?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "1979",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Seattle SuperSonics won the NBA championship in 1979. The franchise won Western Conference titles in 1978, 1979 and 1996; and six divisional titles—their last being in 2005—five in the Pacific Division and one in the Northwest Division. The franchise attained a 1,745–1,585 (.524) regular season win–loss record, as well as a 107–110 (.493) playoff win–loss record during its time in Seattle.[citation needed] Both marks would rank in the top half of the NBA's all-time standings. Settlement terms of a lawsuit between the city of Seattle and Clay Bennett's ownership group stipulated SuperSonics' banners, trophies and retired jerseys remain in Seattle; the nickname, logo and color scheme are available to any subsequent NBA team that plays at KeyArena subject to NBA approval. The SuperSonics' franchise history, however, would be shared with Thunder. In which year did the Seattle SuperSonics win the NBA championship? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Tell which of these musicians is a guitarist or a bassist: Eddie Van Halen, Nikki Sixx, Steve Harris, Billy Sheehan, Steve Vai, Joe Satriani, Matthias Jabs, Jimmy Bain, Mick Mars, Vivian Campbell, Angus Young",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Eddie Van Halen - Guitarist\nNikki Sixx - Bassist\nSteve Harris - Bassist\nBilly Sheehan - Bassist\nSteve Vai - Guitarist\nJoe Satriani - Guitarist\nMatthias Jabs - Guitarist\nJimmy Bain - Bassist\nMick Mars - Guitarist\nVivian Campbell - Guitarist\nAngus Young - Guitarist",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Tell which of these musicians is a guitarist or a bassist: Eddie Van Halen, Nikki Sixx, Steve Harris, Billy Sheehan, Steve Vai, Joe Satriani, Matthias Jabs, Jimmy Bain, Mick Mars, Vivian Campbell, Angus Young |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "How many episodes of the first season of Game of Thrones did Alan Taylor direct?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Alan Taylor directed the last two episodes of the first season of Game of Thrones: Baelor and Fire and Blood.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How many episodes of the first season of Game of Thrones did Alan Taylor direct? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Classify each of the following as either a lepton or a hadron: electron, proton, neutron, pi meson, electron neutrino, muon neutrino, tau neutrino.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Protons, neutrons and pi mesons are members of the hadron family of particles. Hadrons are particles that interact through the strong force.\n\nElectrons, electron neutrinos, muon neutrinos and tau neutrinos are members of the lepton family. Leptons interact through the weak force, and if charged, the electromagnetic force.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Classify each of the following as either a lepton or a hadron: electron, proton, neutron, pi meson, electron neutrino, muon neutrino, tau neutrino. |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is Jenkins?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Jenkins is an open source automation server. It helps automate the parts of software development related to building, testing, and deploying, facilitating continuous integration and continuous delivery.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is Jenkins? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What are three upper body exercises you can do without any weights?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "1. A muscle up could be done. Assuming have the necessary upper body strength. 2. For better biceps you could do chin ups. 3. For strengthening the back, you could do pull ups",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are three upper body exercises you can do without any weights? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Give me a list of funny American sitcoms that had their first season in the 2000s",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Some funny American sitcoms from the 2000s are The Office, Parks and Rec, Community and Arrested Development",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Give me a list of funny American sitcoms that had their first season in the 2000s |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "The official language of Tunisia is Modern Standard Arabic. The vast majority of Tunisia's population is Arab and Muslim. Vernacular Tunisian Arabic is the most spoken, and French also serves as an administrative and educational language in some contexts, but it has no official status.\n\nTunisia is well integrated into the international community. It is a member of the United Nations, La Francophonie, the Arab League, the OIC, the African Union, the COMESA, the Non-Aligned Movement, the International Criminal Court, and the Group of 77, among others. It maintains close economic and political relations with some European countries, particularly with France, and Italy, due to their geographical proximity. Tunisia also has an association agreement with the European Union and has attained the status of a major non-NATO ally of the United States. What languages are spoken in Tunisia?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The official language of Tunisia is Modern Standard Arabic, though vernacular Tunisian Arabic is the most spoken. French also serves as an administrative and educational language in some contexts, but it has no official status.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The official language of Tunisia is Modern Standard Arabic. The vast majority of Tunisia's population is Arab and Muslim. Vernacular Tunisian Arabic is the most spoken, and French also serves as an administrative and educational language in some contexts, but it has no official status.
Tunisia is well integrated into the international community. It is a member of the United Nations, La Francophonie, the Arab League, the OIC, the African Union, the COMESA, the Non-Aligned Movement, the International Criminal Court, and the Group of 77, among others. It maintains close economic and political relations with some European countries, particularly with France, and Italy, due to their geographical proximity. Tunisia also has an association agreement with the European Union and has attained the status of a major non-NATO ally of the United States. What languages are spoken in Tunisia? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Kirtland's warbler (Setophaga kirtlandii), also known in Michigan by the common name jack pine bird, or the jack pine warbler, is a small songbird of the New World warbler family (Parulidae), named after Jared Potter Kirtland, an Ohio doctor and amateur naturalist. Nearly extinct just 50 years ago, populations have recovered due to conservation efforts. It requires large areas, greater than 160 acres (65 hectares), of dense young jack pine for its breeding habitat. This habitat was historically created by wildfire, but today is created through the harvest of mature jack pine, and planting of jack pine seedlings.\n\nThe population of the species spends the spring and summer in their breeding range in Ontario, Wisconsin or Michigan, especially the northeastern Lower Peninsula of Michigan, and winters in The Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola and the Turks and Caicos Islands. Extract the location that the Kirtland's warbler lives in the winter.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Kirtland's warbler is a small songbird that spends its winters in The Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, and the Turks and Caicos Islands.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Kirtland's warbler (Setophaga kirtlandii), also known in Michigan by the common name jack pine bird, or the jack pine warbler, is a small songbird of the New World warbler family (Parulidae), named after Jared Potter Kirtland, an Ohio doctor and amateur naturalist. Nearly extinct just 50 years ago, populations have recovered due to conservation efforts. It requires large areas, greater than 160 acres (65 hectares), of dense young jack pine for its breeding habitat. This habitat was historically created by wildfire, but today is created through the harvest of mature jack pine, and planting of jack pine seedlings.
The population of the species spends the spring and summer in their breeding range in Ontario, Wisconsin or Michigan, especially the northeastern Lower Peninsula of Michigan, and winters in The Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola and the Turks and Caicos Islands. Extract the location that the Kirtland's warbler lives in the winter. |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Caulerpa ellistoniae is a species of seaweed in the family Caulerpaceae. Does Caulerpa ellistoniae grow on land?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "No, it grows in the sea because it is a species of seaweed.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Caulerpa ellistoniae is a species of seaweed in the family Caulerpaceae. Does Caulerpa ellistoniae grow on land? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "The United States Bill of Rights comprises the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed following the often bitter 1787–88 debate over the ratification of the Constitution and written to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists, the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically granted to the federal government by the Constitution are reserved to the states or the people. The concepts codified in these amendments are built upon those in earlier documents, especially the Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776), as well as the Northwest Ordinance (1787), the English Bill of Rights (1689), and Magna Carta (1215).\n\nLargely because of the efforts of Representative James Madison, who studied the deficiencies of the Constitution pointed out by anti-federalists and then crafted a series of corrective proposals, Congress approved twelve articles of amendment on September 25, 1789, and submitted them to the states for ratification. Contrary to Madison's proposal that the proposed amendments be incorporated into the main body of the Constitution (at the relevant articles and sections of the document), they were proposed as supplemental additions (codicils) to it. Articles Three through Twelve were ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15, 1791, and became Amendments One through Ten of the Constitution. Article Two became part of the Constitution on May 5, 1992, as the Twenty-seventh Amendment. Article One is still pending before the states.\n\nAlthough Madison's proposed amendments included a provision to extend the protection of some of the Bill of Rights to the states, the amendments that were finally submitted for ratification applied only to the federal government. The door for their application upon state governments was opened in the 1860s, following ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment. Since the early 20th century both federal and state courts have used the Fourteenth Amendment to apply portions of the Bill of Rights to state and local governments. The process is known as incorporation.\n\nThere are several original engrossed copies of the Bill of Rights still in existence. One of these is on permanent public display at the National Archives in Washington, D.C. What is the United States Bill of Rights?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The United States Bill of Rights comprises the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed following the often bitter 1787–88 debate over the ratification of the Constitution and written to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists, the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically granted to the federal government by the Constitution are reserved to the states or the people. The concepts codified in these amendments are built upon those in earlier documents, especially the Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776), as well as the Northwest Ordinance (1787), the English Bill of Rights (1689), and the Magna Carta (1215).",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The United States Bill of Rights comprises the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed following the often bitter 1787–88 debate over the ratification of the Constitution and written to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists, the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically granted to the federal government by the Constitution are reserved to the states or the people. The concepts codified in these amendments are built upon those in earlier documents, especially the Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776), as well as the Northwest Ordinance (1787), the English Bill of Rights (1689), and Magna Carta (1215).
Largely because of the efforts of Representative James Madison, who studied the deficiencies of the Constitution pointed out by anti-federalists and then crafted a series of corrective proposals, Congress approved twelve articles of amendment on September 25, 1789, and submitted them to the states for ratification. Contrary to Madison's proposal that the proposed amendments be incorporated into the main body of the Constitution (at the relevant articles and sections of the document), they were proposed as supplemental additions (codicils) to it. Articles Three through Twelve were ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15, 1791, and became Amendments One through Ten of the Constitution. Article Two became part of the Constitution on May 5, 1992, as the Twenty-seventh Amendment. Article One is still pending before the states.
Although Madison's proposed amendments included a provision to extend the protection of some of the Bill of Rights to the states, the amendments that were finally submitted for ratification applied only to the federal government. The door for their application upon state governments was opened in the 1860s, following ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment. Since the early 20th century both federal and state courts have used the Fourteenth Amendment to apply portions of the Bill of Rights to state and local governments. The process is known as incorporation.
There are several original engrossed copies of the Bill of Rights still in existence. One of these is on permanent public display at the National Archives in Washington, D.C. What is the United States Bill of Rights? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What are some things you could do over the Easter break?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "- Go camping\n- Visit friends\n- Go out to lunch\n- Relax\n- Clean the house\n- Sleep in every day\n- Spend time with family\n- Go to church\n- Go shopping\n- Play sport\n- Go to the gym\n- Sightsee\n- Take up a new hobby",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are some things you could do over the Easter break? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Classify the below numbers based on whether they are perfect square or not.\n64, 9, 81, 100, 57, 16",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Perfect square - 64, 9, 81, 16\nNot perfect square - 100, 57",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Classify the below numbers based on whether they are perfect square or not.
64, 9, 81, 100, 57, 16 |
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