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general_qa	[ { "content": "Is the Cordyceps fungus from The Last of US real?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Yes, Cordyceps is a real fungus naturally occurring in nature. However, unlike its portrayal in the The Last of Us videogames and TV show adaptation by HBO it can not infect humans and is in fact often used in medicinal supplements and even eaten as food. The Cordyceps fungus does infect insects in real life, with ants and caterpillars being the most common hosts. The Cordyceps takes control of the motor functions of the host and eats the host from the inside.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Is the Cordyceps fungus from The Last of US real?
closed_qa	[ { "content": "Octavia Estelle Butler (June 22, 1947 – February 24, 2006) was an American science fiction author and a multiple recipient of the Hugo and Nebula awards. In 1995, Butler became the first science-fiction writer to receive a MacArthur Fellowship. Born in Pasadena, California, Butler was raised by her widowed mother. Extremely shy as a child, Butler found an outlet at the library reading fantasy, and in writing. She began writing science fiction as a teenager. She attended community college during the Black Power movement. While participating in a local writer's workshop, she was encouraged to attend the Clarion Workshop, then held in Pennsylvania, which focused on science fiction. What is significant about Octavia Butler?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "She was the first science fiction writer to receive a MacArthur Fellowship.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Octavia Estelle Butler (June 22, 1947 – February 24, 2006) was an American science fiction author and a multiple recipient of the Hugo and Nebula awards. In 1995, Butler became the first science-fiction writer to receive a MacArthur Fellowship. Born in Pasadena, California, Butler was raised by her widowed mother. Extremely shy as a child, Butler found an outlet at the library reading fantasy, and in writing. She began writing science fiction as a teenager. She attended community college during the Black Power movement. While participating in a local writer's workshop, she was encouraged to attend the Clarion Workshop, then held in Pennsylvania, which focused on science fiction. What is significant about Octavia Butler?
general_qa	[ { "content": "What is arithmetic", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Arithmetic is a branch of mathematics, also known as maths in the UK or math in the USA, which covers basic operations with numbers. These operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.", "role": "assistant" } ]	What is arithmetic
brainstorming	[ { "content": "Think of things to do in a place with cold winters. Provide answer as a bullet list.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "- Build a snowman\n- Have a snowball fight\n- Go sledding\n- Go skiing\n- Go skating\n- Go snowshoeing", "role": "assistant" } ]	Think of things to do in a place with cold winters. Provide answer as a bullet list.
open_qa	[ { "content": "What are the most powerful server CPUs?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "AMD EPYC and Intel Xeon are among the most powerful server CPUs these days.", "role": "assistant" } ]	What are the most powerful server CPUs?
closed_qa	[ { "content": "The ANT catalog (or TAO catalog) is a classified product catalog by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) of which the version written in 2008–2009 was published by German news magazine Der Spiegel in December 2013. Forty-nine catalog pages with pictures, diagrams and descriptions of espionage devices and spying software were published. The items are available to the Tailored Access Operations unit and are mostly targeted at products from US companies such as Apple, Cisco and Dell. The source is believed to be someone different than Edward Snowden, who is largely responsible for the global surveillance disclosures since 2013. Companies whose products could be compromised have denied any collaboration with the NSA in developing these capabilities. In 2014, a project was started to implement the capabilities from the ANT catalog as open-source hardware and software.\n\nBackground\nThe Tailored Access Operations unit has existed since the late 90s. Its mission is to collect intelligence on foreign targets of the United States by hacking into computers and telecommunication networks.\n\nIn 2012, Edward Snowden organized a CryptoParty together with Runa Sandvik, a former colleague of Jacob Appelbaum at The Tor Project. In June 2013, Snowden took internal NSA documents which he shared with Glenn Greenwald and Laura Poitras, resulting in the global surveillance disclosures. It has been speculated for years before that capabilities like those in the ANT catalog existed.\n\nPublication\nJacob Appelbaum co-authored the English publication in Der Spiegel with Christian Stöcker and Judith Horchert, which was publicized on 29 December 2013. The related English publication on the same day about the TAO by Der Spiegel was also authored by the same people, and including Laura Poitras, Marcel Rosenbach, Jörg Schindler and Holger Stark. On December 30, Appelbaum gave a lecture about \"the militarization of the Internet\" at the 30th Chaos Communication Congress in Hamburg, Germany. At the end of his talk, he encouraged NSA employees to leak more documents.\n\nApple denied the allegations that it collaborated on the development of DROPOUTJEEP in a statement to journalist Arik Hesseldahl from All Things Digital (part of the Wall Street Journal's Digital Network). The Verge questioned how the program developed in later years, since the document was composed in the early period of the iPhone and smartphones in general. Dell denied collaborating with any government in general, including the US government. John Stewart, senior vice president and chief security officer of Cisco stated that they were \"deeply concerned and will continue to pursue all avenues to determine if we need to address any new issues.\" Juniper stated that they were working actively to address any possible exploit paths. Huawei stated they would take appropriate audits to determine if any compromise had taken place and would communicate if that had taken place. NSA declined to comment on the publication by Der Spiegel.\n\nSource\nThe source who leaked the ANT catalog to the press is unknown as of 2023.\n\nAuthor James Bamford, who is specialized in the United States intelligence agencies, noted in a commentary article published by Reuters that Appelbaum has not identified the source who leaked the ANT catalog to him, which led people to mistakenly assume it was Edward Snowden. Bamford got unrestricted access to the documents cache from Edward Snowden and could not find any references to the ANT catalog using automated search tools, thereby concluding that the documents were not leaked by him. Security expert Bruce Schneier has stated on his blog that he also believes the ANT catalog did not come from Snowden, but from a second leaker. Officials at the NSA did not believe that the web crawler used by Snowden touched the ANT catalog and started looking for other people who could have leaked the catalog.\n\nContent\nThe published catalog pages were written between 2008 and 2009. The price of the items ranged from free up to $250,000.\n\nCapabilities in the ANT catalog \nPage\tCode name\tDescription\tUnit price in US$\nNSA CANDYGRAM.jpg\tCANDYGRAM\tTripwire device that emulates a GSM cellphone tower.\t40,000\nNSA COTTONMOUTH-I.jpg\tCOTTONMOUTH-I\tFamily of modified USB and Ethernet connectors that can be used to install Trojan horse software and work as wireless bridges, providing covert remote access to the target machine. COTTONMOUTH-I is a USB plug that uses TRINITY as digital core and HOWLERMONKEY as RF transceiver.\t20,300\nNSA COTTONMOUTH-II.jpg\tCOTTONMOUTH-II\tCan be deployed in a USB socket (rather than plug), and, but requires further integration in the target machine to turn into a deployed system.\t4,000\nNSA COTTONMOUTH-III.jpg\tCOTTONMOUTH-III\tStacked Ethernet and USB plug\t24,960\nNSA CROSSBEAM.jpg\tCROSSBEAM\tGSM communications module capable of collecting and compressing voice data\t4,000\nNSA CTX4000.jpg\tCTX4000\tContinuous wave radar device that can \"illuminate\" a target system for recovery of \"off net\" information.\tN/A\nNSA CYCLONE Hx9.jpg\tCYCLONE-HX9\tGSM Base Station Router as a Network-In-a-Box\t70,000\nNSA DEITYBOUNCE.jpg\tDEITYBOUNCE\tTechnology that installs a backdoor software implant on Dell PowerEdge servers via the motherboard BIOS and RAID controller(s).\t0\nNSA DROPOUTJEEP.jpg\tDROPOUTJEEP\t\"A software implant for the Apple iPhone that utilizes modular mission applications to provide specific SIGINT functionality. This functionality includes the ability to remotely push/pull files from the device. SMS retrieval, contact list retrieval, voicemail, geolocation, hot mic, camera capture, cell tower location, etc. Command, control and data exfiltration can occur over SMS messaging or a GPRS data connection. All communications with the implant will be covert and encrypted.\"\t0\nNSA EBSR.jpg\tEBSR\tTri-band active GSM base station with internal 802.11/GPS/handset capability\t40,000\nNSA ENTOURAGE.jpg\tENTOURAGE\tDirection finding application for GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000 and FRS signals\t70,000\nNSA FEEDTROUGH.jpg\tFEEDTROUGH\tSoftware that can penetrate Juniper Networks firewalls allowing other NSA-deployed software to be installed on mainframe computers.\tN/A\nNSA FIREWALK.jpg\tFIREWALK\tDevice that looks identical to a standard RJ45 socket that allows data to be injected, or monitored and transmitted via radio technology. using the HOWLERMONKEY RF transceiver. It can for instance create a VPN to the target computer.\t10,740\nNSA GENESIS.jpg\tGENESIS\tGSM handset with added software-defined radio features to record the radio frequency spectrum\t15,000\nNSA GODSURGE.jpg\tGODSURGE\tSoftware implant for a JTAG bus device named FLUXBABBITT which is added to Dell PowerEdge servers during interdiction. GODSURGE installs an implant upon system boot-up using the FLUXBABBITT JTAG interface to the Xeon series CPU.\t500\nNSA GINSU.jpg\tGINSU\tTechnology that uses a PCI bus device in a computer, and can reinstall itself upon system boot-up.\t0\nNSA GOPHERSET.jpg\tGOPHERSET\tGSM software that uses a phone's SIM card's API (SIM Toolkit or STK) to control the phone through remotely sent commands.\t0\nNSA GOURMETTROUGH.jpg\tGOURMETTROUGH\tUser-configurable persistence implant for certain Juniper Networks firewalls.\t0\nNSA HALLUXWATER.jpg\tHALLUXWATER\tBack door exploit for Huawei Eudemon firewalls.\tN/A\nNSA HEADWATER.jpg\tHEADWATER\tPersistent backdoor technology that can install spyware using a quantum insert capable of infecting spyware at a packet level on Huawei routers.\tN/A\nNSA HOWLERMONKEY.jpg\tHOWLERMONKEY\tA RF transceiver that makes it possible (in conjunction with digital processors and various implanting methods) to extract data from systems or allow them to be controlled remotely.\t750\nNSA IRATEMONK.jpg\tIRATEMONK\tTechnology that can infiltrate the firmware of hard drives manufactured by Maxtor, Samsung, Seagate, and Western Digital.\t0\nNSA IRONCHEF.jpg\tIRONCHEF\tTechnology that can \"infect\" networks by installing itself in a computer I/O BIOS. IRONCHEF includes also \"Straitbizarre\" and \"Unitedrake\" which have been linked to the spy software REGIN.\t0\nNSA JUNIORMINT.jpg\tJUNIORMINT\tImplant based on an ARM9 core and an FPGA.\tN/A\nNSA JETPLOW.jpg\tJETPLOW\tFirmware that can be implanted to create a permanent backdoor in a Cisco PIX series and ASA firewalls.\t0\nNSA LOUDAUTO.jpg\tLOUDAUTO\tAudio-based RF retro-reflector listening device.\t30\nNSA MAESTRO-II.jpg\tMAESTRO-II\tMulti-chip module approximately the size of a dime that serves as the hardware core of several other products. The module contains a 66 MHz ARM7 processor, 4 MB of flash, 8 MB of RAM, and a FPGA with 500,000 gates. It replaces the previous generation modules which were based on the HC12 microcontroller.\t3,000\nNSA MONKEYCALENDAR.jpg\tMONKEYCALENDAR\tSoftware that transmits a mobile phone's location by hidden text message.\t0\nNSA NEBULA.jpg\tNEBULA\tMulti-protocol network-in-a-box system.\t250,000\nNSA NIGHTSTAND.jpg\tNIGHTSTAND\tPortable system that installs Microsoft Windows exploits from a distance of up to eight miles over a wireless connection.\tN/A\nNSA NIGHTWATCH.jpg\tNIGHTWATCH\tPortable computer used to reconstruct and display video data from VAGRANT signals; used in conjunction with a radar source like the CTX4000 to illuminate the target in order to receive data from it.\tN/A\nNSA PICASSO.jpg\tPICASSO\tSoftware that can collect mobile phone location data, call metadata, access the phone's microphone to eavesdrop on nearby conversations.\t2,000\nNSA PHOTOANGLO.jpg\tPHOTOANGLO\tA joint NSA/GCHQ project to develop a radar system to replace CTX4000.\t40,000\nNSA RAGEMASTER.jpg\tRAGEMASTER\tA concealed device that taps the video signal from a target's computer's VGA signal output so the NSA can see what is on a targeted desktop monitor. It is powered by a remote radar and responds by modulating the VGA red signal (which is also sent out most DVI ports) into the RF signal it re-radiates; this method of transmission is codenamed VAGRANT. RAGEMASTER is usually installed/concealed in the ferrite choke of the target cable. The original documents are dated 2008-07-24. Several receiver/demodulating devices are available, e.g. NIGHTWATCH.\t30\nNSA SCHOOLMONTANA.jpg\tSCHOOLMONTANA\tSoftware that makes DNT implants persistent on JUNOS-based (FreeBSD-variant) J-series routers/firewalls.\tN/A\nNSA SIERRAMONTANA.jpg\tSIERRAMONTANA\tSoftware that makes DNT implants persistent on JUNOS-based M-series routers/firewalls.\tN/A\nNSA STUCCOMONTANA.jpg\tSTUCCOMONTANA\tSoftware that makes DNT implants persistent on JUNOS-based T-series routers/firewalls.\tN/A\nNSA SOMBERKNAVE.jpg\tSOMBERKNAVE\tSoftware that can be implanted on a Windows XP system allowing it to be remotely controlled from NSA headquarters.\t50,000\nNSA SOUFFLETROUGH.jpg\tSOUFFLETROUGH\tBIOS injection software that can compromise Juniper Networks SSG300 and SSG500 series firewalls.\t0\nNSA SPARROW II.jpg\tSPARROW II\tA small computer intended to be used for WLAN collection, including from UAVs. Hardware: IBM Power PC 405GPR processor, 64 MB SDRAM, 16 MB of built-inflash, 4 mini PCI slots, CompactFlash slot, and 802.11 B/G hardware. Running Linux 2.4 and the BLINDDATE software suite. Unit price (2008): $6K.\t6,000\nNSA SURLYSPAWN.jpg\tSURLYSPAWN\tKeystroke monitor technology that can be used on remote computers that are not internet connected.\t30\nNSA SWAP.jpg\tSWAP\tTechnology that can reflash the BIOS of multiprocessor systems that run FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris, or Windows.\t0\nNSA TAWDRYYARD.jpg\tTAWDRYYARD\tRadio frequency retroreflector to provide location information.\t30\nNSA TOTECHASER.jpg\tTOTECHASER\tWindows CE implant for extracting call logs, contact lists and other information.\tN/A\nNSA TOTEGHOSTLY.jpg\tTOTEGHOSTLY\tSoftware that can be implanted on a Windows mobile phone allowing full remote control.\t0\nNSA TRINITY.jpg\tTRINITY\tMulti-chip module using a 180 MHz ARM9 processor, 4 MB of flash, 96 MB of SDRAM, and a FPGA with 1 million gates. Smaller than a penny.\t6,250\nNSA TYPHON HX.jpg\tTYPHON HX\tNetwork-in-a-box for a GSM network with signaling and call control.\tN/A\nNSA WATERWITCH.jpg\tWATERWITCH\tA portable \"finishing tool\" that allows the operator to find the precise location of a nearby mobile phone.\tN/A\nNSA WISTFULTOLL.jpg\tWISTFULTOLL\tPlugin for collecting information from targets using Windows Management Instrumentation\t0\nFollow-up developments\nSecurity expert Matt Suiche noted that the software exploits leaked by the Shadow Brokers could be seen as genuine because it matched with names from the ANT catalog. John Bumgarner has stated to IEEE Spectrum that US government suspicion of Huawei is based on its own ability to add backdoors as shown in the ANT catalog.\n\nNSA Playset\nThe NSA Playset is an open-source project inspired by the NSA ANT catalog to create more accessible and easy to use tools for security researchers. Most of the surveillance tools can be recreated with off-the-shelf or open-source hardware and software. Thus far, the NSA Playset consists of fourteen items, for which the code and instructions can be found online on the project's homepage. After the initial leak, Michael Ossman, the founder of Great Scott Gadgets, gave a shout out to other security researchers to start working on the tools mentioned in the catalog and to recreate them. The name NSA Playset came originally from Dean Pierce, who is also a contributor (TWILIGHTVEGETABLE(GSM)) to the NSA Playset. Anyone is invited to join and contribute their own device. The requisites for an addition to the NSA Playset is a similar or already existing NSA ANT project, ease of use and a silly name (based on the original tool's name if possible). The silly name requisite is a rule that Michael Ossman himself came up with and an example is given on the project's website: \"For example, if your project is similar to FOXACID, maybe you could call it COYOTEMETH.\" The ease of use part stems also from the NSA Playset's motto: \"If a 10 year old can't do it, it doesn't count!\"\n\nName\tDescription\nTWILIGHTVEGETABLE\ta boot image for GSM communication monitoring.\nLEVITICUS\ta hand held GSM frequency analyzer disguised as a Motorola phone; named after GENESIS.\nDRIZZLECHAIR\ta hard drive with all the needed tools to crack A5/1 including the rainbow tables.\nPORCUPINEMASQUERADE\ta passive Wi-Fi reconnaissance drone.\nKEYSWEEPER\ta keylogger in form of a USB wall charger, that wirelessly and passively sniffs, decrypts, logs and reports back (over GSM).\nSLOTSCREAMER\ta PCI hardware implant, which can access memory and IO.\nADAPTERNOODLE\ta USB exploitation device.\nCHUKWAGON\tuses a pin on a computer's VGA port to attack via the I²C bus accessing the computer's operating system.\nTURNIPSCHOOL\ta hardware implant concealed in a USB cable which provides short range radio frequency communication capability to software running on the host computer.\nBLINKERCOUGH\ta hardware implant that is embedded in a VGA cable which allows data exfiltration.\nSAVIORBURST\ta hardware implant exploiting the JTAG interface for software application persistence; named after GODSURGE. FLUXBABBIT is replaced by SOLDERPEEK.\nCACTUSTUTU\tPortable system that enables wireless installation of Microsoft Windows exploits; covers NIGHTSTAND.\nTINYALAMO\tsoftware that targets BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) and allows keystroke surveillance (keylogger) and injection.\nCONGAFLOCK\tRadio frequency retroreflector intended for experimentation. Intended use would be the implantation into a cable and data exfiltration based on radio reflectivity of the device.(FLAMENCOFLOCK (PS/2), TANGOFLOCK (USB), SALSAFLOCK (VGA) are retroreflectors with specific interfaces to test data exfiltration.)\nSee also\nCyberwarfare in the United States\nEquation Group\nMiniPanzer and MegaPanzer\nStuxnet\nWARRIOR PRIDE\nExplanatory notes\n Whether ANT stands for Advanced Network Technology or Access Network Technology is not known.\n The article from Der Spiegel notes that it is a \"50-page document\" and that \"nearly 50 pages\" are published. The gallery contains 49 pages. Der Spiegel also noted that the document is likely far from complete.\n If the price is listed in bulk, a calculation is made to get the unit price\n For two months\n Including installation costs\n When ordering 25 units, the price per item is US$1000\n Up to 4,000\n Varies from platform to platform\n Data Network Technologies, a division of the Tailored Access Operations\n 100 units for 625,000 Given this article about the NSA's ANT Catalog, which hacking tools can be used to monitor a target's key strokes?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "SURLYSPAWN, KEYSWEEPER, and TINYALAMO are monitoring technologies that can be used to monitor target's key strokes.\nSURLYSPAWN is a keystroke monitor technology that can be used on remote computers that are not internet connected.\nKEYSWEEPER is a keylogger in form of a USB wall charger, that wirelessly and passively sniffs, decrypts, logs and reports back (over GSM).\nTINYALAMO is software that targets BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) and allows keystroke surveillance (keylogger) and injection.", "role": "assistant" } ]	The ANT catalog (or TAO catalog) is a classified product catalog by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) of which the version written in 2008–2009 was published by German news magazine Der Spiegel in December 2013. Forty-nine catalog pages with pictures, diagrams and descriptions of espionage devices and spying software were published. The items are available to the Tailored Access Operations unit and are mostly targeted at products from US companies such as Apple, Cisco and Dell. The source is believed to be someone different than Edward Snowden, who is largely responsible for the global surveillance disclosures since 2013. Companies whose products could be compromised have denied any collaboration with the NSA in developing these capabilities. In 2014, a project was started to implement the capabilities from the ANT catalog as open-source hardware and software. Background The Tailored Access Operations unit has existed since the late 90s. Its mission is to collect intelligence on foreign targets of the United States by hacking into computers and telecommunication networks. In 2012, Edward Snowden organized a CryptoParty together with Runa Sandvik, a former colleague of Jacob Appelbaum at The Tor Project. In June 2013, Snowden took internal NSA documents which he shared with Glenn Greenwald and Laura Poitras, resulting in the global surveillance disclosures. It has been speculated for years before that capabilities like those in the ANT catalog existed. Publication Jacob Appelbaum co-authored the English publication in Der Spiegel with Christian Stöcker and Judith Horchert, which was publicized on 29 December 2013. The related English publication on the same day about the TAO by Der Spiegel was also authored by the same people, and including Laura Poitras, Marcel Rosenbach, Jörg Schindler and Holger Stark. On December 30, Appelbaum gave a lecture about "the militarization of the Internet" at the 30th Chaos Communication Congress in Hamburg, Germany. At the end of his talk, he encouraged NSA employees to leak more documents. Apple denied the allegations that it collaborated on the development of DROPOUTJEEP in a statement to journalist Arik Hesseldahl from All Things Digital (part of the Wall Street Journal's Digital Network). The Verge questioned how the program developed in later years, since the document was composed in the early period of the iPhone and smartphones in general. Dell denied collaborating with any government in general, including the US government. John Stewart, senior vice president and chief security officer of Cisco stated that they were "deeply concerned and will continue to pursue all avenues to determine if we need to address any new issues." Juniper stated that they were working actively to address any possible exploit paths. Huawei stated they would take appropriate audits to determine if any compromise had taken place and would communicate if that had taken place. NSA declined to comment on the publication by Der Spiegel. Source The source who leaked the ANT catalog to the press is unknown as of 2023. Author James Bamford, who is specialized in the United States intelligence agencies, noted in a commentary article published by Reuters that Appelbaum has not identified the source who leaked the ANT catalog to him, which led people to mistakenly assume it was Edward Snowden. Bamford got unrestricted access to the documents cache from Edward Snowden and could not find any references to the ANT catalog using automated search tools, thereby concluding that the documents were not leaked by him. Security expert Bruce Schneier has stated on his blog that he also believes the ANT catalog did not come from Snowden, but from a second leaker. Officials at the NSA did not believe that the web crawler used by Snowden touched the ANT catalog and started looking for other people who could have leaked the catalog. Content The published catalog pages were written between 2008 and 2009. The price of the items ranged from free up to $250,000. Capabilities in the ANT catalog Page Code name Description Unit price in US$ NSA CANDYGRAM.jpg CANDYGRAM Tripwire device that emulates a GSM cellphone tower. 40,000 NSA COTTONMOUTH-I.jpg COTTONMOUTH-I Family of modified USB and Ethernet connectors that can be used to install Trojan horse software and work as wireless bridges, providing covert remote access to the target machine. COTTONMOUTH-I is a USB plug that uses TRINITY as digital core and HOWLERMONKEY as RF transceiver. 20,300 NSA COTTONMOUTH-II.jpg COTTONMOUTH-II Can be deployed in a USB socket (rather than plug), and, but requires further integration in the target machine to turn into a deployed system. 4,000 NSA COTTONMOUTH-III.jpg COTTONMOUTH-III Stacked Ethernet and USB plug 24,960 NSA CROSSBEAM.jpg CROSSBEAM GSM communications module capable of collecting and compressing voice data 4,000 NSA CTX4000.jpg CTX4000 Continuous wave radar device that can "illuminate" a target system for recovery of "off net" information. N/A NSA CYCLONE Hx9.jpg CYCLONE-HX9 GSM Base Station Router as a Network-In-a-Box 70,000 NSA DEITYBOUNCE.jpg DEITYBOUNCE Technology that installs a backdoor software implant on Dell PowerEdge servers via the motherboard BIOS and RAID controller(s). 0 NSA DROPOUTJEEP.jpg DROPOUTJEEP "A software implant for the Apple iPhone that utilizes modular mission applications to provide specific SIGINT functionality. This functionality includes the ability to remotely push/pull files from the device. SMS retrieval, contact list retrieval, voicemail, geolocation, hot mic, camera capture, cell tower location, etc. Command, control and data exfiltration can occur over SMS messaging or a GPRS data connection. All communications with the implant will be covert and encrypted." 0 NSA EBSR.jpg EBSR Tri-band active GSM base station with internal 802.11/GPS/handset capability 40,000 NSA ENTOURAGE.jpg ENTOURAGE Direction finding application for GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000 and FRS signals 70,000 NSA FEEDTROUGH.jpg FEEDTROUGH Software that can penetrate Juniper Networks firewalls allowing other NSA-deployed software to be installed on mainframe computers. N/A NSA FIREWALK.jpg FIREWALK Device that looks identical to a standard RJ45 socket that allows data to be injected, or monitored and transmitted via radio technology. using the HOWLERMONKEY RF transceiver. It can for instance create a VPN to the target computer. 10,740 NSA GENESIS.jpg GENESIS GSM handset with added software-defined radio features to record the radio frequency spectrum 15,000 NSA GODSURGE.jpg GODSURGE Software implant for a JTAG bus device named FLUXBABBITT which is added to Dell PowerEdge servers during interdiction. GODSURGE installs an implant upon system boot-up using the FLUXBABBITT JTAG interface to the Xeon series CPU. 500 NSA GINSU.jpg GINSU Technology that uses a PCI bus device in a computer, and can reinstall itself upon system boot-up. 0 NSA GOPHERSET.jpg GOPHERSET GSM software that uses a phone's SIM card's API (SIM Toolkit or STK) to control the phone through remotely sent commands. 0 NSA GOURMETTROUGH.jpg GOURMETTROUGH User-configurable persistence implant for certain Juniper Networks firewalls. 0 NSA HALLUXWATER.jpg HALLUXWATER Back door exploit for Huawei Eudemon firewalls. N/A NSA HEADWATER.jpg HEADWATER Persistent backdoor technology that can install spyware using a quantum insert capable of infecting spyware at a packet level on Huawei routers. N/A NSA HOWLERMONKEY.jpg HOWLERMONKEY A RF transceiver that makes it possible (in conjunction with digital processors and various implanting methods) to extract data from systems or allow them to be controlled remotely. 750 NSA IRATEMONK.jpg IRATEMONK Technology that can infiltrate the firmware of hard drives manufactured by Maxtor, Samsung, Seagate, and Western Digital. 0 NSA IRONCHEF.jpg IRONCHEF Technology that can "infect" networks by installing itself in a computer I/O BIOS. IRONCHEF includes also "Straitbizarre" and "Unitedrake" which have been linked to the spy software REGIN. 0 NSA JUNIORMINT.jpg JUNIORMINT Implant based on an ARM9 core and an FPGA. N/A NSA JETPLOW.jpg JETPLOW Firmware that can be implanted to create a permanent backdoor in a Cisco PIX series and ASA firewalls. 0 NSA LOUDAUTO.jpg LOUDAUTO Audio-based RF retro-reflector listening device. 30 NSA MAESTRO-II.jpg MAESTRO-II Multi-chip module approximately the size of a dime that serves as the hardware core of several other products. The module contains a 66 MHz ARM7 processor, 4 MB of flash, 8 MB of RAM, and a FPGA with 500,000 gates. It replaces the previous generation modules which were based on the HC12 microcontroller. 3,000 NSA MONKEYCALENDAR.jpg MONKEYCALENDAR Software that transmits a mobile phone's location by hidden text message. 0 NSA NEBULA.jpg NEBULA Multi-protocol network-in-a-box system. 250,000 NSA NIGHTSTAND.jpg NIGHTSTAND Portable system that installs Microsoft Windows exploits from a distance of up to eight miles over a wireless connection. N/A NSA NIGHTWATCH.jpg NIGHTWATCH Portable computer used to reconstruct and display video data from VAGRANT signals; used in conjunction with a radar source like the CTX4000 to illuminate the target in order to receive data from it. N/A NSA PICASSO.jpg PICASSO Software that can collect mobile phone location data, call metadata, access the phone's microphone to eavesdrop on nearby conversations. 2,000 NSA PHOTOANGLO.jpg PHOTOANGLO A joint NSA/GCHQ project to develop a radar system to replace CTX4000. 40,000 NSA RAGEMASTER.jpg RAGEMASTER A concealed device that taps the video signal from a target's computer's VGA signal output so the NSA can see what is on a targeted desktop monitor. It is powered by a remote radar and responds by modulating the VGA red signal (which is also sent out most DVI ports) into the RF signal it re-radiates; this method of transmission is codenamed VAGRANT. RAGEMASTER is usually installed/concealed in the ferrite choke of the target cable. The original documents are dated 2008-07-24. Several receiver/demodulating devices are available, e.g. NIGHTWATCH. 30 NSA SCHOOLMONTANA.jpg SCHOOLMONTANA Software that makes DNT implants persistent on JUNOS-based (FreeBSD-variant) J-series routers/firewalls. N/A NSA SIERRAMONTANA.jpg SIERRAMONTANA Software that makes DNT implants persistent on JUNOS-based M-series routers/firewalls. N/A NSA STUCCOMONTANA.jpg STUCCOMONTANA Software that makes DNT implants persistent on JUNOS-based T-series routers/firewalls. N/A NSA SOMBERKNAVE.jpg SOMBERKNAVE Software that can be implanted on a Windows XP system allowing it to be remotely controlled from NSA headquarters. 50,000 NSA SOUFFLETROUGH.jpg SOUFFLETROUGH BIOS injection software that can compromise Juniper Networks SSG300 and SSG500 series firewalls. 0 NSA SPARROW II.jpg SPARROW II A small computer intended to be used for WLAN collection, including from UAVs. Hardware: IBM Power PC 405GPR processor, 64 MB SDRAM, 16 MB of built-inflash, 4 mini PCI slots, CompactFlash slot, and 802.11 B/G hardware. Running Linux 2.4 and the BLINDDATE software suite. Unit price (2008): $6K. 6,000 NSA SURLYSPAWN.jpg SURLYSPAWN Keystroke monitor technology that can be used on remote computers that are not internet connected. 30 NSA SWAP.jpg SWAP Technology that can reflash the BIOS of multiprocessor systems that run FreeBSD, Linux, Solaris, or Windows. 0 NSA TAWDRYYARD.jpg TAWDRYYARD Radio frequency retroreflector to provide location information. 30 NSA TOTECHASER.jpg TOTECHASER Windows CE implant for extracting call logs, contact lists and other information. N/A NSA TOTEGHOSTLY.jpg TOTEGHOSTLY Software that can be implanted on a Windows mobile phone allowing full remote control. 0 NSA TRINITY.jpg TRINITY Multi-chip module using a 180 MHz ARM9 processor, 4 MB of flash, 96 MB of SDRAM, and a FPGA with 1 million gates. Smaller than a penny. 6,250 NSA TYPHON HX.jpg TYPHON HX Network-in-a-box for a GSM network with signaling and call control. N/A NSA WATERWITCH.jpg WATERWITCH A portable "finishing tool" that allows the operator to find the precise location of a nearby mobile phone. N/A NSA WISTFULTOLL.jpg WISTFULTOLL Plugin for collecting information from targets using Windows Management Instrumentation 0 Follow-up developments Security expert Matt Suiche noted that the software exploits leaked by the Shadow Brokers could be seen as genuine because it matched with names from the ANT catalog. John Bumgarner has stated to IEEE Spectrum that US government suspicion of Huawei is based on its own ability to add backdoors as shown in the ANT catalog. NSA Playset The NSA Playset is an open-source project inspired by the NSA ANT catalog to create more accessible and easy to use tools for security researchers. Most of the surveillance tools can be recreated with off-the-shelf or open-source hardware and software. Thus far, the NSA Playset consists of fourteen items, for which the code and instructions can be found online on the project's homepage. After the initial leak, Michael Ossman, the founder of Great Scott Gadgets, gave a shout out to other security researchers to start working on the tools mentioned in the catalog and to recreate them. The name NSA Playset came originally from Dean Pierce, who is also a contributor (TWILIGHTVEGETABLE(GSM)) to the NSA Playset. Anyone is invited to join and contribute their own device. The requisites for an addition to the NSA Playset is a similar or already existing NSA ANT project, ease of use and a silly name (based on the original tool's name if possible). The silly name requisite is a rule that Michael Ossman himself came up with and an example is given on the project's website: "For example, if your project is similar to FOXACID, maybe you could call it COYOTEMETH." The ease of use part stems also from the NSA Playset's motto: "If a 10 year old can't do it, it doesn't count!" Name Description TWILIGHTVEGETABLE a boot image for GSM communication monitoring. LEVITICUS a hand held GSM frequency analyzer disguised as a Motorola phone; named after GENESIS. DRIZZLECHAIR a hard drive with all the needed tools to crack A5/1 including the rainbow tables. PORCUPINEMASQUERADE a passive Wi-Fi reconnaissance drone. KEYSWEEPER a keylogger in form of a USB wall charger, that wirelessly and passively sniffs, decrypts, logs and reports back (over GSM). SLOTSCREAMER a PCI hardware implant, which can access memory and IO. ADAPTERNOODLE a USB exploitation device. CHUKWAGON uses a pin on a computer's VGA port to attack via the I²C bus accessing the computer's operating system. TURNIPSCHOOL a hardware implant concealed in a USB cable which provides short range radio frequency communication capability to software running on the host computer. BLINKERCOUGH a hardware implant that is embedded in a VGA cable which allows data exfiltration. SAVIORBURST a hardware implant exploiting the JTAG interface for software application persistence; named after GODSURGE. FLUXBABBIT is replaced by SOLDERPEEK. CACTUSTUTU Portable system that enables wireless installation of Microsoft Windows exploits; covers NIGHTSTAND. TINYALAMO software that targets BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) and allows keystroke surveillance (keylogger) and injection. CONGAFLOCK Radio frequency retroreflector intended for experimentation. Intended use would be the implantation into a cable and data exfiltration based on radio reflectivity of the device.(FLAMENCOFLOCK (PS/2), TANGOFLOCK (USB), SALSAFLOCK (VGA) are retroreflectors with specific interfaces to test data exfiltration.) See also Cyberwarfare in the United States Equation Group MiniPanzer and MegaPanzer Stuxnet WARRIOR PRIDE Explanatory notes Whether ANT stands for Advanced Network Technology or Access Network Technology is not known. The article from Der Spiegel notes that it is a "50-page document" and that "nearly 50 pages" are published. The gallery contains 49 pages. Der Spiegel also noted that the document is likely far from complete. If the price is listed in bulk, a calculation is made to get the unit price For two months Including installation costs When ordering 25 units, the price per item is US$1000 Up to 4,000 Varies from platform to platform Data Network Technologies, a division of the Tailored Access Operations 100 units for 625,000 Given this article about the NSA's ANT Catalog, which hacking tools can be used to monitor a target's key strokes?
classification	[ { "content": "Identify which animal is domesticated or wild: Chicken, Mandarin duck, Egyptian goose", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Chicken is domesticated, Mandarin duck and Egyptian goose are wild", "role": "assistant" } ]	Identify which animal is domesticated or wild: Chicken, Mandarin duck, Egyptian goose
closed_qa	[ { "content": "The E.S. Hoyt House is a historic house in Red Wing, Minnesota, United States, designed by the firm of Purcell & Elmslie and built in 1913. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is also a contributing property to the Red Wing Residential Historic District.\n\nDescription and history\nThe house is one of their more elaborate designs because its owner had a budget that allowed for lavish decoration. The result is comparable to the William Gray Purcell House and the Edward L. Powers House, both in Minneapolis. The horizontal lines of the Prairie School are more pronounced in this house; they are expressed in the bands of art glass windows on both levels and the cantilevered second story. Its owner, E.S. Hoyt, was the president of the Red Wing Stoneware Company.\n\nThe exterior is clad with brick on the first floor and red stucco on the second floor. The house has ten rooms and about 3,600 square feet (330 m2) of floor space. It has 99 diamond-paned art glass windows and a considerable amount of quarter sawn white oak wood ornamentation. The second story of the house is cantilevered over the first story. The entrance opens into a hallway that leads to a library on the left and a living room on the right. The living room, dining room, and an enclosed porch are all stretched across the front of the house and provide plenty of light through the art glass windows. Several of these windows provide panoramic views of the Mississippi River. The kitchen is located behind the dining room, although it has been remodeled since its original design. The second floor of the house has four bedrooms and two bathrooms, several of which have corner windows that expand the sense of space. The maid's room, over the kitchen, had a separate staircase.[ Given a reference text about the E.S. Hoyt House, tell me how big the inside of the house is and how many rooms it has.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The E.S. Hoyt House is about 3,600 square feet and has ten rooms.", "role": "assistant" } ]	The E.S. Hoyt House is a historic house in Red Wing, Minnesota, United States, designed by the firm of Purcell & Elmslie and built in 1913. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is also a contributing property to the Red Wing Residential Historic District. Description and history The house is one of their more elaborate designs because its owner had a budget that allowed for lavish decoration. The result is comparable to the William Gray Purcell House and the Edward L. Powers House, both in Minneapolis. The horizontal lines of the Prairie School are more pronounced in this house; they are expressed in the bands of art glass windows on both levels and the cantilevered second story. Its owner, E.S. Hoyt, was the president of the Red Wing Stoneware Company. The exterior is clad with brick on the first floor and red stucco on the second floor. The house has ten rooms and about 3,600 square feet (330 m2) of floor space. It has 99 diamond-paned art glass windows and a considerable amount of quarter sawn white oak wood ornamentation. The second story of the house is cantilevered over the first story. The entrance opens into a hallway that leads to a library on the left and a living room on the right. The living room, dining room, and an enclosed porch are all stretched across the front of the house and provide plenty of light through the art glass windows. Several of these windows provide panoramic views of the Mississippi River. The kitchen is located behind the dining room, although it has been remodeled since its original design. The second floor of the house has four bedrooms and two bathrooms, several of which have corner windows that expand the sense of space. The maid's room, over the kitchen, had a separate staircase.[ Given a reference text about the E.S. Hoyt House, tell me how big the inside of the house is and how many rooms it has.
classification	[ { "content": "Which of the following are perfect square roots? Classify them as 'perfect' and 'not perfect' - 1, 23, 4, 6, 9, 10, 42, 112, 81, 100, 55, 16, 32, 25.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "'perfect', 'not perfect', 'perfect', 'not perfect', 'perfect', 'not perfect', 'not perfect', 'not perfect', 'perfect', 'perfect', 'not perfect', 'perfect', 'not perfect', 'perfect'.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Which of the following are perfect square roots? Classify them as 'perfect' and 'not perfect' - 1, 23, 4, 6, 9, 10, 42, 112, 81, 100, 55, 16, 32, 25.
creative_writing	[ { "content": "Write a letter to my boss that convinces them that I deserve a raise.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Hey boss, its me. We have worked hard over these past few periods, and while I look back fondly on our memories, I have an ask of you. You see, given how much I have sacrificed to deliver the results you have demanded over the past fiscal cycle, and we surpassed our goals, I was thinking perhaps you could show your appreciation with an reasonable increase in salary? \nThank you for your consideration, and I look forward to surpassing our goals together in the future.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Write a letter to my boss that convinces them that I deserve a raise.
information_extraction	[ { "content": "In July 1905, Lord Curzon, the Viceroy and Governor-General (1899–1905), ordered the partition of the province of Bengal. The stated aim was to improve administration. However, this was seen as an attempt to quench nationalistic sentiment through divide and rule. The Bengali Hindu intelligentsia exerted considerable influence on local and national politics. The partition outraged Bengalis. Widespread agitation ensued in the streets and in the press, and the Congress advocated boycotting British products under the banner of swadeshi, or indigenous industries. A growing movement emerged, focussing on indigenous Indian industries, finance, and education, which saw the founding of National Council of Education, the birth of Indian financial institutions and banks, as well as an interest in Indian culture and achievements in science and literature. Hindus showed unity by tying Rakhi on each other's wrists and observing Arandhan (not cooking any food). During this time, Bengali Hindu nationalists like Sri Aurobindo, Bhupendranath Datta, and Bipin Chandra Pal began writing virulent newspaper articles challenging the legitimacy of British rule in India in publications such as Jugantar and Sandhya, and were charged with sedition.\n\nThe Partition also precipitated increasing activity from the then still Nascent militant nationalist revolutionary movement, which was particularly gaining strength in Bengal and Maharashtra from the last decade of the 1800s. In Bengal, Anushilan Samiti, led by brothers Aurobindo and Barin Ghosh organised a number of attacks of figureheads of the Raj, culminating in the attempt on the life of a British judge in Muzaffarpur. This precipitated the Alipore bomb case, whilst a number of revolutionaries were killed, or captured and put on trial. Revolutionaries like Khudiram Bose, Prafulla Chaki, Kanailal Dutt who were either killed or hanged became household names. Extract the names of the freedom fighters of Bengal, India from the text. Separate them with a comma.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Sri Aurobindo, Bhupendranath Datta, Bipin Chandra Pal, Khudiram Bose, Prafulla Chaki, Kanailal Dutt", "role": "assistant" } ]	In July 1905, Lord Curzon, the Viceroy and Governor-General (1899–1905), ordered the partition of the province of Bengal. The stated aim was to improve administration. However, this was seen as an attempt to quench nationalistic sentiment through divide and rule. The Bengali Hindu intelligentsia exerted considerable influence on local and national politics. The partition outraged Bengalis. Widespread agitation ensued in the streets and in the press, and the Congress advocated boycotting British products under the banner of swadeshi, or indigenous industries. A growing movement emerged, focussing on indigenous Indian industries, finance, and education, which saw the founding of National Council of Education, the birth of Indian financial institutions and banks, as well as an interest in Indian culture and achievements in science and literature. Hindus showed unity by tying Rakhi on each other's wrists and observing Arandhan (not cooking any food). During this time, Bengali Hindu nationalists like Sri Aurobindo, Bhupendranath Datta, and Bipin Chandra Pal began writing virulent newspaper articles challenging the legitimacy of British rule in India in publications such as Jugantar and Sandhya, and were charged with sedition. The Partition also precipitated increasing activity from the then still Nascent militant nationalist revolutionary movement, which was particularly gaining strength in Bengal and Maharashtra from the last decade of the 1800s. In Bengal, Anushilan Samiti, led by brothers Aurobindo and Barin Ghosh organised a number of attacks of figureheads of the Raj, culminating in the attempt on the life of a British judge in Muzaffarpur. This precipitated the Alipore bomb case, whilst a number of revolutionaries were killed, or captured and put on trial. Revolutionaries like Khudiram Bose, Prafulla Chaki, Kanailal Dutt who were either killed or hanged became household names. Extract the names of the freedom fighters of Bengal, India from the text. Separate them with a comma.
general_qa	[ { "content": "Why are people scared of snakes?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Snakes tend to scare people for a number of reasons. For starters, many of them have poisonous venom. Snakes are also very stealthy and oftentimes you may not even be aware of their presence. Some people are also frightened by the fact that snakes slither, and do not have any legs. Encountering a snake in the wild can send chills down your spine.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Why are people scared of snakes?
creative_writing	[ { "content": "Why is Santa Fe New Mexico such a great place to live?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Santa Fe New Mexico has many wonderful qualities. The cost of living is low relative to high-density urban areas. The area is surrounded by mountains yet the city itself is easy to get to. Santa Fe has a world-class opera house and a strong local culture of artisans and creative types. The weather is dry, with occasional thunderstorms in the summer and snow in the winter. The sunsets can be so beautiful that words fail to describe them. Finally, and perhaps most important, the city has a strong history dating back to Pre-Columbian times, and hosts many cultures in relative harmony in a beautiful high-desert western settings.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Why is Santa Fe New Mexico such a great place to live?
open_qa	[ { "content": "Increased money supply (i.e. money printing)", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Demand-pull inflation.\nCost-push inflation.\nIncreased money supply (i.e. money printing)\nCurrency devaluation.\nGovernment policies and regulations.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Increased money supply (i.e. money printing)
summarization	[ { "content": "The Teiko Middle School basketball team dominated basketball teams within Japan, winning the middle school Nationals for three consecutive years. The star players of the team became known as the \"Generation of Miracles\". After graduating from middle school, the five star players went to different high schools with top basketball teams. However, there was a rumor that there was another player in the \"Generation of Miracles\": a phantom sixth man. This mysterious player is now a freshman at Seirin High, a new school with a powerful, if little-known, team. Now, Tetsuya Kuroko – the sixth member of the \"Generation of Miracles\", and Taiga Kagami – a naturally talented player who spent most of his youth in the US, aim to bring Seirin to the top of Japan by taking on Kuroko's former teammates one by one. The series chronicles Seirin's rise to become Japan's number one high school team. The Generation of Miracles include Ryota Kise, Shintaro Midorima, Daiki Aomine, Atsushi Murasakibara, and Seijuro Akashi. What is the plot of Kuroko's Basketball?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Kuroko's Basketball is an anime about basketball. The story starts with Teiko Middle School where 6 talented players are known as the Generation of Miracles and they went undefeated for 3 years. However, all of the players split off for high school. The protagonist, Tetsuya, is the mysterious sixth man who comes to Seirin high school and meets Taiga Kagami, who is a naturally talented American player. The show focuses on this duo beating the rest of the Generation of Miracles to become the top Japanese high school basketball team.", "role": "assistant" } ]	The Teiko Middle School basketball team dominated basketball teams within Japan, winning the middle school Nationals for three consecutive years. The star players of the team became known as the "Generation of Miracles". After graduating from middle school, the five star players went to different high schools with top basketball teams. However, there was a rumor that there was another player in the "Generation of Miracles": a phantom sixth man. This mysterious player is now a freshman at Seirin High, a new school with a powerful, if little-known, team. Now, Tetsuya Kuroko – the sixth member of the "Generation of Miracles", and Taiga Kagami – a naturally talented player who spent most of his youth in the US, aim to bring Seirin to the top of Japan by taking on Kuroko's former teammates one by one. The series chronicles Seirin's rise to become Japan's number one high school team. The Generation of Miracles include Ryota Kise, Shintaro Midorima, Daiki Aomine, Atsushi Murasakibara, and Seijuro Akashi. What is the plot of Kuroko's Basketball?
summarization	[ { "content": "Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration, can later be released to fuel the organism's activities. Some of this chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars and starches, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek phōs (φῶς), \"light\", and synthesis (σύνθεσις), \"putting together\". Most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called Photoautotroph. Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth's atmosphere, and supplies most of the energy necessary for life on Earth. What is Photosynthesis", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Photosynthesis is performed differently by different species but the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centers that contain green chlorophyll (and other colored) pigments/chromophores. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. The hydrogen freed by the splitting of water is used in the creation of two further compounds that serve as short-term stores of energy, enabling its transfer to drive other reactions: these compounds are reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the \"energy currency\" of cells.\n\nIn plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are synthesized by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose. In other bacteria, different mechanisms such as the reverse Krebs cycle are used to achieve the same end.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration, can later be released to fuel the organism's activities. Some of this chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars and starches, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek phōs (φῶς), "light", and synthesis (σύνθεσις), "putting together". Most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called Photoautotroph. Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the Earth's atmosphere, and supplies most of the energy necessary for life on Earth. What is Photosynthesis
open_qa	[ { "content": "What type of weather is typically associated with the desert?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The desert is known for being very hot and very dry", "role": "assistant" } ]	What type of weather is typically associated with the desert?
classification	[ { "content": "Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Jew's Harp, Bass Stick", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Bass Stick is string, Jew's Harp is percussion.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Jew's Harp, Bass Stick
closed_qa	[ { "content": "The River Thames (/tɛmz/ (listen) TEMZ), known alternatively in parts as the River Isis, is a river that flows through southern England including London. At 215 miles (346 km), it is the longest river entirely in England and the second-longest in the United Kingdom, after the River Severn. The river rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire and flows into the North Sea near Tilbury, Essex and Gravesend, Kent, via the Thames Estuary. From the west it flows through Oxford (where it is sometimes called the Isis), Reading, Henley-on-Thames and Windsor. The Thames also drains the whole of Greater London. Given this paragraph, in what part of England does the River Thames flow, and what is its length in kilometres?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The River Thames flows through Southern England and it is 346 kilometres long.", "role": "assistant" } ]	The River Thames (/tɛmz/ (listen) TEMZ), known alternatively in parts as the River Isis, is a river that flows through southern England including London. At 215 miles (346 km), it is the longest river entirely in England and the second-longest in the United Kingdom, after the River Severn. The river rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire and flows into the North Sea near Tilbury, Essex and Gravesend, Kent, via the Thames Estuary. From the west it flows through Oxford (where it is sometimes called the Isis), Reading, Henley-on-Thames and Windsor. The Thames also drains the whole of Greater London. Given this paragraph, in what part of England does the River Thames flow, and what is its length in kilometres?
open_qa	[ { "content": "Name five states in the USA that don't touch the ocean.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Five states in the USA that don't touch the ocean are Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Utah.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Name five states in the USA that don't touch the ocean.
classification	[ { "content": "Which characters belong to DC or Marvel Universe? Wasp, Bumblebee", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Wasp is Marvel, Bumblebee is DC", "role": "assistant" } ]	Which characters belong to DC or Marvel Universe? Wasp, Bumblebee
summarization	[ { "content": "On August 29, 2019, Blumhouse Productions acquired the rights to make a Merrily We Roll Along film, with Richard Linklater directing the film and producing along with Ginger Sledge, Jason Blum, and Jonathan Marc Sherman. Ben Platt, Beanie Feldstein and Blake Jenner were cast to star in the film. Production on the film was announced to commence every couple of years to reflect the characters age over 20 years, similar to how Boyhood (also written and directed by Linklater) was shot over 12 years. The film is based on the latest version of Furth's book, which was adapted by Linklater into the film's screenplay.\n\nJenner exited the film in 2019 (following the filming of the \"Our Time\" sequence) following allegations of domestic abuse made by his ex-wife Melissa Benoist. Paul Mescal took over the role of Franklin Shepard proceeding forward, and the sequence was reshot. How is the film Merrily We Roll Along being filed?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Director Richard Linklater plans to shoot the film Merrily We Roll Along over 20 years, shooting a few scenes each year to accurately capture the actors as they age. This is similar to how Linklater filmed his previous film, Boyhood, which was shot with the same actors over 12 years.", "role": "assistant" } ]	On August 29, 2019, Blumhouse Productions acquired the rights to make a Merrily We Roll Along film, with Richard Linklater directing the film and producing along with Ginger Sledge, Jason Blum, and Jonathan Marc Sherman. Ben Platt, Beanie Feldstein and Blake Jenner were cast to star in the film. Production on the film was announced to commence every couple of years to reflect the characters age over 20 years, similar to how Boyhood (also written and directed by Linklater) was shot over 12 years. The film is based on the latest version of Furth's book, which was adapted by Linklater into the film's screenplay. Jenner exited the film in 2019 (following the filming of the "Our Time" sequence) following allegations of domestic abuse made by his ex-wife Melissa Benoist. Paul Mescal took over the role of Franklin Shepard proceeding forward, and the sequence was reshot. How is the film Merrily We Roll Along being filed?
open_qa	[ { "content": "List some of the television gameshows that Bob Stewart created, co-created, and/or produced.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The Price is Right, Password, To Tell the Truth, Pyramid shows (such as the $10,000 Pyramid, the $25,000 Pyramid, and so on), Jackpot!, Winning Streak", "role": "assistant" } ]	List some of the television gameshows that Bob Stewart created, co-created, and/or produced.
open_qa	[ { "content": "What does ROYGBIV stand for?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "ROYGBIV stands for the colors of the rainbow: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet", "role": "assistant" } ]	What does ROYGBIV stand for?
brainstorming	[ { "content": "Let me know some different ways that someone can get healthier.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Healthy habits are incremental, so making small changes every day can make a difference over time. Some ideas in which to be healthier include drinking more water each day, as most people do not consume enough water. You could also try to increase your activity and maybe schedule 30 minutes of cardiovascular exercise each day. Try to eat more whole-foods that include fruit and vegetables and avoid processed foods and of course, at least 7 hours of sleep each night is important for full recovery.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Let me know some different ways that someone can get healthier.
general_qa	[ { "content": "How do I get to Juneau, Alaska?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "You really only have two options, by boat or by plane. No roads lead directly to Juneau, Alaska, due to the surrounding geography. Many cruise ships visit Juneau during summer, which is how it receives most of its visitors.", "role": "assistant" } ]	How do I get to Juneau, Alaska?
general_qa	[ { "content": "What happens if I put Mentos into a bottle of Coke?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Almost certainly, you will experience a sugary geyser. The cause is from carbon dioxide being released from the soda. The Mentos have tiny pits on their surface, which causes the bubbles to cling to the candy and then rise to the top of the bottle.", "role": "assistant" } ]	What happens if I put Mentos into a bottle of Coke?
summarization	[ { "content": "Both before and after his accession to the throne Catharine of Bourbon was on several occasions proposed as a bride for Edward IV of England. The marriage negotiations came to nothing, and Edward went on to astonish his own people, and the Courts of Europe, by marrying for love Elizabeth Woodville, the daughter of an obscure knight.\n\nOn 28 December 1463 in Bruges, she married Adolf II, Duke of Guelders, who succeeded his father Arnold as Duke of Guelders in 1465. Catharine and Adolf had twin children Can you summarize Catharine of Bourbon’s marriage-related history?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Of course! Catherine of Bourbon was intended to be wed to Edward IV of England, but it never worked out. In 1463 she married Adolf II, Duke of Guelders and had two children.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Both before and after his accession to the throne Catharine of Bourbon was on several occasions proposed as a bride for Edward IV of England. The marriage negotiations came to nothing, and Edward went on to astonish his own people, and the Courts of Europe, by marrying for love Elizabeth Woodville, the daughter of an obscure knight. On 28 December 1463 in Bruges, she married Adolf II, Duke of Guelders, who succeeded his father Arnold as Duke of Guelders in 1465. Catharine and Adolf had twin children Can you summarize Catharine of Bourbon’s marriage-related history?
general_qa	[ { "content": "What is veganism?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Veganism is a lifestyle that abstains from using animal products and other commodities derived from animals. The Vegan Society defines veganism as \"a philosophy and way of living which seeks to exclude—as far as is possible and practicable—all forms of exploitation of, and cruelty to, animals for food, clothing or any other purpose.\" This means that vegans may still use animal products for critical purposes, such as required medicine and vaccines. \n\nVeganism differentiates from the term \"plant-based,\" which typically is used to describe someone who follows a vegan lifestyle only in the form of diet.", "role": "assistant" } ]	What is veganism?
summarization	[ { "content": "A red envelope or red packet (simplified Chinese: 红包; traditional Chinese: 紅包; pinyin: hóngbāo; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: âng-pau) is a monetary gift given during holidays or for special occasions such as a wedding, a graduation, or the birth of a baby. What is a Chinese red envalope?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "A red envelope is usually for celebrations like weddings, birthdays, or graduations. Receiving a red pouch is a sign of good luck and to ward off evil spirits. Usually it contains money and people give them during the holidays. People usually put in even amount of money including 9 because it is a homophonous to the word long. 4 should never be given or using 4 in any of the digits because the pronunciation of 4 is similar to death.", "role": "assistant" } ]	A red envelope or red packet (simplified Chinese: 红包; traditional Chinese: 紅包; pinyin: hóngbāo; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: âng-pau) is a monetary gift given during holidays or for special occasions such as a wedding, a graduation, or the birth of a baby. What is a Chinese red envalope?
open_qa	[ { "content": "What is the stock market?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The stock market is the aggregation of buyers and sellers of stocks. Stock markets could include stocks on both public and private exchanges.", "role": "assistant" } ]	What is the stock market?
creative_writing	[ { "content": "Describe ways to deal with naughty kids as a parent", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Well, there is no 1 exact rule that applies to all, there are many things which impact how a kid behaves. But one of the main things to remember is kids learn more by observation than when it's told to them. As a parent, an important thing to remember would be to practice what you preach. Usually, we put restrictions on screen time for kids, but remember even we are answerable to them when we spend too much time on gadgets than with people around us. We expect kids to respect us, so the same holds good for us, try to behave with them the way you to see them behave with you. Try to dedicate a few hours to spend time with them, remember it's the quality and not the quantity that matters here. Try not to correct them for everything they do, and try to set a boundary on things you can let go of. It's not a kid's job to deal with kids after all so you need to have some patience to understand them and then try to be understood.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Describe ways to deal with naughty kids as a parent
classification	[ { "content": "Classify each item as being at a playground or a gym: slide, swing, dumbbell, squat rack, seesaw", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Slide: Playground\nSwing: Playground\nDumbbell: Gym\nSquat Rack: Gym\nSeesaw: Playground", "role": "assistant" } ]	Classify each item as being at a playground or a gym: slide, swing, dumbbell, squat rack, seesaw
brainstorming	[ { "content": "Give me five things to look for in a hot sauce.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "1. Heat: spice is an important factor in hot sauce\n2. Saltiness: many hot sauces are fermented with salt, causing the sauce to taste spicy \n3. Sweetness: due to the pepper or additives like sugar, some sauces will be sweeter than others\n4. Fruitiness: some pepper coming from tropical climates may taste like mango or pineapple\n5. Other additives: outside of the pepper, additives such as salt, sugar, vinegar or fermentation will affect the flavor of the pepper", "role": "assistant" } ]	Give me five things to look for in a hot sauce.
information_extraction	[ { "content": "The genre has existed since the early years of silent cinema, when Georges Melies' A Trip to the Moon (1902) employed trick photography effects. The next major example (first in feature length in the genre) was the film Metropolis (1927). From the 1930s to the 1950s, the genre consisted mainly of low-budget B movies. After Stanley Kubrick's landmark 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), the science fiction film genre was taken more seriously. In the late 1970s, big-budget science fiction films filled with special effects became popular with audiences after the success of Star Wars (1977) and paved the way for the blockbuster hits of subsequent decades. Extract all the movies from this passage and the year they were released out. Write each movie as a separate sentence", "role": "user" }, { "content": "A Trip to the Moon was released in 1902. Metropolis came out in 1927. 2001: A Space Odyssey was released in 1968. Star Wars came out in 1977.", "role": "assistant" } ]	The genre has existed since the early years of silent cinema, when Georges Melies' A Trip to the Moon (1902) employed trick photography effects. The next major example (first in feature length in the genre) was the film Metropolis (1927). From the 1930s to the 1950s, the genre consisted mainly of low-budget B movies. After Stanley Kubrick's landmark 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), the science fiction film genre was taken more seriously. In the late 1970s, big-budget science fiction films filled with special effects became popular with audiences after the success of Star Wars (1977) and paved the way for the blockbuster hits of subsequent decades. Extract all the movies from this passage and the year they were released out. Write each movie as a separate sentence
open_qa	[ { "content": "I'm a vegan and traveling to new york city next month, can you suggest some vegan restaurants that i can eat at during my trip?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "There are a lot of vegan restaurant options in Manhattan! Some highly rated suggestions for you:\n1. Jajaja Mexicana for some good vegan mexican food\n2. Planta Queen - for vegan food options\n3. AbcV - vegan spot for seasonal plates and cocktails\n4. Ras plant based - for plant based ethiopian cuisine\n5. Bar Verde - for vegan mexican options\n6. May Kaidee - for vegan thai options\n7. Lady Bird - for creative vegan small plates and cocktails", "role": "assistant" } ]	I'm a vegan and traveling to new york city next month, can you suggest some vegan restaurants that i can eat at during my trip?
open_qa	[ { "content": "What are the symptoms of Monkeypox?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Headache, fever, backache, muscle aches, chills, swollen lymph and rash on the skin", "role": "assistant" } ]	What are the symptoms of Monkeypox?
information_extraction	[ { "content": "Persea americana, or the avocado, possibly originated in the Tehuacan Valley in the state of Puebla, Mexico, although fossil evidence suggests similar species were much more widespread millions of years ago. However, there is evidence for three possible separate domestications of the avocado, resulting in the currently recognized Mexican (aoacatl), Guatemalan (quilaoacatl), and West Indian (tlacacolaocatl) landraces. The Mexican and Guatemalan landraces originated in the highlands of those countries, while the West Indian landrace is a lowland variety that ranges from Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador to Peru, achieving a wide range through human agency before the arrival of the Europeans. The three separate landraces were most likely to have already intermingled in pre-Columbian America and were described in the Florentine Codex.\n\nThe earliest residents of northern coastal Peru were living in temporary camps in an ancient wetland and eating avocados, along with chilies, mollusks, sharks, birds, and sea lions. The oldest discovery of an avocado pit comes from Coxcatlan Cave, dating from around 9,000 to 10,000 years ago. Other caves in the Tehuacan Valley from around the same time period also show early evidence for the presence and consumption of avocado. There is evidence for avocado use at Norte Chico civilization sites in Peru by at least 3,200 years ago and at Caballo Muerto in Peru from around 3,800 to 4,500 years ago. Create a comma separated list of the countries involved in the early cultivation of avocados", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Mexico, Guatemala, West Indies, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru", "role": "assistant" } ]	Persea americana, or the avocado, possibly originated in the Tehuacan Valley in the state of Puebla, Mexico, although fossil evidence suggests similar species were much more widespread millions of years ago. However, there is evidence for three possible separate domestications of the avocado, resulting in the currently recognized Mexican (aoacatl), Guatemalan (quilaoacatl), and West Indian (tlacacolaocatl) landraces. The Mexican and Guatemalan landraces originated in the highlands of those countries, while the West Indian landrace is a lowland variety that ranges from Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador to Peru, achieving a wide range through human agency before the arrival of the Europeans. The three separate landraces were most likely to have already intermingled in pre-Columbian America and were described in the Florentine Codex. The earliest residents of northern coastal Peru were living in temporary camps in an ancient wetland and eating avocados, along with chilies, mollusks, sharks, birds, and sea lions. The oldest discovery of an avocado pit comes from Coxcatlan Cave, dating from around 9,000 to 10,000 years ago. Other caves in the Tehuacan Valley from around the same time period also show early evidence for the presence and consumption of avocado. There is evidence for avocado use at Norte Chico civilization sites in Peru by at least 3,200 years ago and at Caballo Muerto in Peru from around 3,800 to 4,500 years ago. Create a comma separated list of the countries involved in the early cultivation of avocados
information_extraction	[ { "content": "When the kids fight over a coin for ice cream, J. Field Mouse tells his grandchildren the story of a mouse whose greed and dishonesty became his undoing. Feigning blindness and playing the fiddle, he collects enough money to live an opulent lifestyle. His home, marked by a shabby exterior, turns out to be a mansion where he lives it up with his riches. All the fiddler's luxury is in jeopardy when the tax assessor knocks on the door. The fiddler hurriedly presses a series of buttons to hide his opulence and make his home look like a hovel. He succeeds in confusing the tax assessor to the point that he flees in frustration, but an eavesdropping cat plays on the fiddler's greed and lures him into his jaws by placing a gold coin there. And that, says J. Field Mouse to his grandchildren, was the end of the greedy mouse. One of the grandchildren asked if the greedy mouse got eaten. The grandfather said, \"Yes, he ate him all up,\". But one of his grandchildren notices a gold (cat's?) tooth hanging on display and realizes that things weren't quite what they seem. What happened to the tax assessor and his dog?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The tax assessor leaves after being confused by the fiddler, who changes his home into a hovel. There is no dog in this story, however, but it does mention a mouse and a cat.", "role": "assistant" } ]	When the kids fight over a coin for ice cream, J. Field Mouse tells his grandchildren the story of a mouse whose greed and dishonesty became his undoing. Feigning blindness and playing the fiddle, he collects enough money to live an opulent lifestyle. His home, marked by a shabby exterior, turns out to be a mansion where he lives it up with his riches. All the fiddler's luxury is in jeopardy when the tax assessor knocks on the door. The fiddler hurriedly presses a series of buttons to hide his opulence and make his home look like a hovel. He succeeds in confusing the tax assessor to the point that he flees in frustration, but an eavesdropping cat plays on the fiddler's greed and lures him into his jaws by placing a gold coin there. And that, says J. Field Mouse to his grandchildren, was the end of the greedy mouse. One of the grandchildren asked if the greedy mouse got eaten. The grandfather said, "Yes, he ate him all up,". But one of his grandchildren notices a gold (cat's?) tooth hanging on display and realizes that things weren't quite what they seem. What happened to the tax assessor and his dog?
brainstorming	[ { "content": "Who are the main cast of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The main cast of the TV show It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia are Charlie Day, Rob McElhenney, Glenn Howerton, Kaitlin Olson, Danny DeVito, and Mary Elizabeth Ellis.", "role": "assistant" } ]	Who are the main cast of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia?