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open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is Apache Hive?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Apache Hive is a data warehouse software project built on top of Apache Hadoop for providing data query and analysis. Hive gives an SQL-like interface to query data stored in various databases and file systems that integrate with Hadoop.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is Apache Hive? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "The Seinäjoki City Hall is the main municipal administrative building in the city of Seinäjoki, Finland. It is notable for having been designed by the renowned Finnish architect Alvar Aalto. Where is Seinäjoki City Hall?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Seinäjoki City Hall, located in Seinäjoki, Finland is the city's main municipal administrative building. The building was designed by the renowned Finnish architect Alvar Aalto.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The Seinäjoki City Hall is the main municipal administrative building in the city of Seinäjoki, Finland. It is notable for having been designed by the renowned Finnish architect Alvar Aalto. Where is Seinäjoki City Hall? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Which US city is best known for its Mardi Gras celebrations?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "New Orleans in Louisiana",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Which US city is best known for its Mardi Gras celebrations? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Who are the most famous artists?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There are many famous artists throughout history and across many mediums such as painting, sculpture and photography. Some of the most famous artists known for their paintings are Leonardo Da Vinci, Vincent Van Gogh, Pablo Picasso, Claude Monet and Salvador Dali. Michelangelo is one of the most famous painter's and sculptor's in history. Ansel Adams is known as one of the most famous photographers of American Landscapes. Annie Leibovitz is also a famous photographer known for her celebrity portraits.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Who are the most famous artists? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Hyderabad (/ˈhaɪdərəbæd/ (listen) HY-dər-ə-bad; Telugu: [ˈɦaɪ̯daraːbaːd], Urdu: [ˈɦɛːdəɾaːbaːd]) is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana and the de jure capital of Andhra Pradesh.[A] It occupies 650 km2 (250 sq mi) on the Deccan Plateau along the banks of the Musi River, in the northern part of Southern India. With an average altitude of 542 m (1,778 ft), much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around artificial lakes, including the Hussain Sagar lake, predating the city's founding, in the north of the city centre. According to the 2011 Census of India, Hyderabad is the fourth-most populous city in India with a population of 6.9 million residents within the city limits, and has a population of 9.7 million residents in the metropolitan region, making it the sixth-most populous metropolitan area in India. With an output of US$74 billion, Hyderabad has the fifth-largest urban economy in India.\n\nMuhammad Quli Qutb Shah established Hyderabad in 1591 to extend the capital beyond the fortified Golconda. In 1687, the city was annexed by the Mughals. In 1724, Asaf Jah I, the Mughal viceroy, declared his sovereignty and founded the Asaf Jahi dynasty, also known as the Nizams. Hyderabad served as the imperial capital of the Asaf Jahi's from 1769 to 1948. As capital of the princely state of Hyderabad, the city housed the British Residency and cantonment until Indian independence in 1947. Hyderabad was annexed by the Indian Union in 1948 and continued as a capital of Hyderabad State from 1948 to 1956. After the introduction of the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, Hyderabad was made the capital of the newly formed Andhra Pradesh. In 2014, Andhra Pradesh was split to form the state of Telangana, and Hyderabad became the joint capital of the two states with a transitional arrangement scheduled to end in 2024. Since 1956, the city has housed the Rashtrapati Nilayam, the winter office of the president of India. Can you tell me about Hyderabad, India?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Hyderabad is the capital of Telangana, which is a southern state of India. Hyderabad is also known as Bhagyanagar which is well known for it's cuisine primarily the Hyderbadi Biryani and also known as Pearl city. Hyderabad was built about 450 years ago and keeps growing, currently it's spread 250 sq miles in Deccan Plateau. Hyderabad is house for many cultures and people from all over the world. Hyderabad has great scenic places like Charminar, Golconda Fort, Bhagyalaxmi Temple, Ramoji FilmCity and Birla Temple to name a few.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Hyderabad (/ˈhaɪdərəbæd/ (listen) HY-dər-ə-bad; Telugu: [ˈɦaɪ̯daraːbaːd], Urdu: [ˈɦɛːdəɾaːbaːd]) is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana and the de jure capital of Andhra Pradesh.[A] It occupies 650 km2 (250 sq mi) on the Deccan Plateau along the banks of the Musi River, in the northern part of Southern India. With an average altitude of 542 m (1,778 ft), much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around artificial lakes, including the Hussain Sagar lake, predating the city's founding, in the north of the city centre. According to the 2011 Census of India, Hyderabad is the fourth-most populous city in India with a population of 6.9 million residents within the city limits, and has a population of 9.7 million residents in the metropolitan region, making it the sixth-most populous metropolitan area in India. With an output of US$74 billion, Hyderabad has the fifth-largest urban economy in India.
Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah established Hyderabad in 1591 to extend the capital beyond the fortified Golconda. In 1687, the city was annexed by the Mughals. In 1724, Asaf Jah I, the Mughal viceroy, declared his sovereignty and founded the Asaf Jahi dynasty, also known as the Nizams. Hyderabad served as the imperial capital of the Asaf Jahi's from 1769 to 1948. As capital of the princely state of Hyderabad, the city housed the British Residency and cantonment until Indian independence in 1947. Hyderabad was annexed by the Indian Union in 1948 and continued as a capital of Hyderabad State from 1948 to 1956. After the introduction of the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, Hyderabad was made the capital of the newly formed Andhra Pradesh. In 2014, Andhra Pradesh was split to form the state of Telangana, and Hyderabad became the joint capital of the two states with a transitional arrangement scheduled to end in 2024. Since 1956, the city has housed the Rashtrapati Nilayam, the winter office of the president of India. Can you tell me about Hyderabad, India? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "American science fiction author and editor Lester del Rey wrote, \"Even the devoted aficionado or fan—has a hard time trying to explain what science fiction is,\" and the lack of a \"full satisfactory definition\" is because \"there are no easily delineated limits to science fiction.\" According to Isaac Asimov, \"Science fiction can be defined as that branch of literature which deals with the reaction of human beings to changes in science and technology.\" Robert A. Heinlein wrote that \"A handy short definition of almost all science fiction might read: realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method.\"\n\nPart of the reason that it is so difficult to pin down an agreed definition of science fiction is because there is a tendency among science fiction enthusiasts to act as their own arbiter in deciding what exactly constitutes science fiction. Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying \"science fiction is what we point to when we say it.\" David Seed says it may be more useful to talk around science fiction as the intersection of other, more concrete, genres and subgenres. Using given text, extract as many definitions of science fiction",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "According to Lester del Rey, \"Science fiction can be defined as that branch of literature which deals with the reaction of human beings to changes in science and technology\". According to Robert A. Heinlein, \"A handy short definition of almost all science fiction might read: realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method.\"",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| American science fiction author and editor Lester del Rey wrote, "Even the devoted aficionado or fan—has a hard time trying to explain what science fiction is," and the lack of a "full satisfactory definition" is because "there are no easily delineated limits to science fiction." According to Isaac Asimov, "Science fiction can be defined as that branch of literature which deals with the reaction of human beings to changes in science and technology." Robert A. Heinlein wrote that "A handy short definition of almost all science fiction might read: realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method."
Part of the reason that it is so difficult to pin down an agreed definition of science fiction is because there is a tendency among science fiction enthusiasts to act as their own arbiter in deciding what exactly constitutes science fiction. Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying "science fiction is what we point to when we say it." David Seed says it may be more useful to talk around science fiction as the intersection of other, more concrete, genres and subgenres. Using given text, extract as many definitions of science fiction |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Is Mining Engineering a good degree?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "A Mining Engineering degree is a very good general engineering degree that will expose you to all areas of engineering and science and allow you to apply this knowledge to a specific industry. All areas of engineering and science include such things as:\n\nChemical Engineering for mineral extracting and refining.\nCivil Engineering for Structures.\nMechanical Engineering for CAD, thermodynamics, and mine design\nProcess Engineering for all aspects of the mining operation\nElectrical Engineering for circuit design and electrical machines.\nGeological Engineering for understanding the earth and soil mechanics\nEnvironmental Engineering because we want to extract minerals safely and cleanly. all \nComputer Engineering to support all of the above \n\nDespite all the benefits of the above, many mines are located in remote locations and can also be dirty. This may the viewed as a positive and an adventure, but to others looking for a more urban lifestyle, mining engineering may not be for them. Even with this, the broad engineering skills you will learn in your mining engineering degree will be applicable to many roles and industries well beyond the mining industry.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Is Mining Engineering a good degree? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a 22-yard (20-metre) pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps. The batting side scores runs by striking the ball bowled at one of the wickets with the bat and then running between the wickets, while the bowling and fielding side tries to prevent this (by preventing the ball from leaving the field, and getting the ball to either wicket) and dismiss each batter (so they are \"out\"). Means of dismissal include being bowled, when the ball hits the stumps and dislodges the bails, and by the fielding side either catching the ball after it is hit by the bat, but before it hits the ground, or hitting a wicket with the ball before a batter can cross the crease in front of the wicket. When ten batters have been dismissed, the innings ends and the teams swap roles. The game is adjudicated by two umpires, aided by a third umpire and match referee in international matches. They communicate with two off-field scorers who record the match's statistical information.\n\nForms of cricket range from Twenty20, with each team batting for a single innings of 20 overs (each \"over\" being a set of 6 fair opportunities for the batting team to score) and the game generally lasting three hours, to Test matches played over five days. Traditionally cricketers play in all-white kit, but in limited overs cricket they wear club or team colours. In addition to the basic kit, some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball, which is a hard, solid spheroid made of compressed leather with a slightly raised sewn seam enclosing a cork core layered with tightly wound string. Based on the text below, please summarise in a few lines",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams with eleven players each. The game is played in a field with a pitch at the center with wickets at either end. There is a batting team and a bowling team. The game is adjudicated by two on-field umpires, a third umpire, and a referee. There are various forms of the game, starting from Twenty20, which generally lasts up to 3 hours to test cricket, played over 5 days.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a 22-yard (20-metre) pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps. The batting side scores runs by striking the ball bowled at one of the wickets with the bat and then running between the wickets, while the bowling and fielding side tries to prevent this (by preventing the ball from leaving the field, and getting the ball to either wicket) and dismiss each batter (so they are "out"). Means of dismissal include being bowled, when the ball hits the stumps and dislodges the bails, and by the fielding side either catching the ball after it is hit by the bat, but before it hits the ground, or hitting a wicket with the ball before a batter can cross the crease in front of the wicket. When ten batters have been dismissed, the innings ends and the teams swap roles. The game is adjudicated by two umpires, aided by a third umpire and match referee in international matches. They communicate with two off-field scorers who record the match's statistical information.
Forms of cricket range from Twenty20, with each team batting for a single innings of 20 overs (each "over" being a set of 6 fair opportunities for the batting team to score) and the game generally lasting three hours, to Test matches played over five days. Traditionally cricketers play in all-white kit, but in limited overs cricket they wear club or team colours. In addition to the basic kit, some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball, which is a hard, solid spheroid made of compressed leather with a slightly raised sewn seam enclosing a cork core layered with tightly wound string. Based on the text below, please summarise in a few lines |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is a crossbody bag",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "A crossbody bag is a purse or sport bag that straddles over one shoulder and crosses over the front and back of the torso, so the bag can hang by the hip.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is a crossbody bag |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Which types of fish contain the lowest levels of mercury?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The following types of fish contain low levels of mercury: salmon, flounder, Atlantic mackerel, anchovies, pollock, catfish, and shellfish (e.g., clams, scallops, mussels).",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Which types of fish contain the lowest levels of mercury? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Who is the lead singer of the band elbow?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Guy Garvey is the lead singer of elbow.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Who is the lead singer of the band elbow? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Why are weddings so expensive?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "In 2023, the wedding industry continues to raise its prices. There are many things to account for like the cost of food and beverage, as well as service and decorations. Flowers need to be cared for and require skill creating arrangements. Other costs to consider when planning a wedding are hair and makeup costs, ceremony music, transportation for your guests, reception music, a stage, a dance floor, lighting such as uplighting, table decor, and many other items. It all adds up. Plus, don't forget budgeting for tips.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Why are weddings so expensive? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "Nelson Mandela Boulevard (Persian: بلوار نلسون ماندلا) (old name: Jordan Street and Africa Boulevard) still known as Jordan is an affluent and upper-class district in northern Tehran, and some people draw similarities between Jordan District as being much alike Kensington District in London, UK as the area is a mixture of residential and commercial locale, filled with the homes and businesses of many politicians, diplomats, expatriates, and artists. Before the Iranian Revolution in 1979 it was called Jordan street, named after the American presbyterian missionary Samuel M. Jordan and used to be one of the most popular avenue in Tehran, Iran. Renamed Nelson Mandela Boulevard in recent years, it is amongst the most famous streets in north Tehran after Valiasr Street which is the longest conventional street in the Middle East, spanning a south–north axis. It is also famous for being one of the liveliest streets of Tehran, experiencing regular traffic jams even at 2:00A.M during Summer. What are some interesting facts about Nelson Mandel Boulevard described on this paragraph?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "It holds a mixture of residential and commercial locale from upper-class citizens, like politicians, diplomats, expatriates and artists. It used to be called Jordan street before the Iranian revolution. It's amongst the most famous streets of Tehran, experiencing regular traffic jams even at 2:00 AM during Summer.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Nelson Mandela Boulevard (Persian: بلوار نلسون ماندلا) (old name: Jordan Street and Africa Boulevard) still known as Jordan is an affluent and upper-class district in northern Tehran, and some people draw similarities between Jordan District as being much alike Kensington District in London, UK as the area is a mixture of residential and commercial locale, filled with the homes and businesses of many politicians, diplomats, expatriates, and artists. Before the Iranian Revolution in 1979 it was called Jordan street, named after the American presbyterian missionary Samuel M. Jordan and used to be one of the most popular avenue in Tehran, Iran. Renamed Nelson Mandela Boulevard in recent years, it is amongst the most famous streets in north Tehran after Valiasr Street which is the longest conventional street in the Middle East, spanning a south–north axis. It is also famous for being one of the liveliest streets of Tehran, experiencing regular traffic jams even at 2:00A.M during Summer. What are some interesting facts about Nelson Mandel Boulevard described on this paragraph? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "A poor but hardworking widow once lived in a small hut with her children. One summer day, a pine cone fell on the earthen floor of the hut and took root. The widow's children cared for the tree, excited at the prospect of having a Christmas tree by winter. The tree grew, but when Christmas Eve arrived, they could not afford to decorate it. The children sadly went to bed and fell asleep. Early the next morning, they woke up and saw the tree covered with cobwebs. When they opened the windows, the first rays of sunlight touched the webs and turned them into gold and silver. The widow and her children were overjoyed. From then on, they never lived in poverty again. Given this summarized version of the Legend of the Christmas Spider, what turned the spider webs into precious metals?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The first rays of sunlight, after touching the webs, turned them into gold and silver.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| A poor but hardworking widow once lived in a small hut with her children. One summer day, a pine cone fell on the earthen floor of the hut and took root. The widow's children cared for the tree, excited at the prospect of having a Christmas tree by winter. The tree grew, but when Christmas Eve arrived, they could not afford to decorate it. The children sadly went to bed and fell asleep. Early the next morning, they woke up and saw the tree covered with cobwebs. When they opened the windows, the first rays of sunlight touched the webs and turned them into gold and silver. The widow and her children were overjoyed. From then on, they never lived in poverty again. Given this summarized version of the Legend of the Christmas Spider, what turned the spider webs into precious metals? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Who won the 2022 Masters golf tournament?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Scotty Scheffler",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Who won the 2022 Masters golf tournament? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "How do I make a custom-shaped rug?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The easiest way is to buy a normal rug that you can cut down to size to fit your shape. Rugs made out of synthetic materials are easier to cut since they do not need special processing to stop them from getting unthreaded. You should draw an outline on the back on the rug and use a very sharp cutter to trace it. To prevent damage while cutting, you can put a regular kitchen cutting board under your work area. Finally, you can seal the edges either by singeing them, putting a bead of glue or buying adhesive rug edging tape.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How do I make a custom-shaped rug? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Why f1 drivers earn so much",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Because of the risk factor and popularity of this sport",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Why f1 drivers earn so much |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Who will win the women’s final four matchup between Iowa and South Carolina?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "While South Carolina is undefeated on the season, Iowa enters the game with newly crowned player of the year Caitlin Clark. South Carolina is favored, but if Clark and the Hawkeyes can stay hot from behind the arc they could pull off the upset.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Who will win the women’s final four matchup between Iowa and South Carolina? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Tell me whether each food is high in fat or low in fat: butter, mango, banana, rice, peanuts, cheese",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Butter: High in Fat\nMango: Low in Fat\nBanana: Low in Fat\nRice: Low in Fat\nPeanuts: High in Fat\nCheese: High in Fat",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Tell me whether each food is high in fat or low in fat: butter, mango, banana, rice, peanuts, cheese |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is Categorization and Sentiment Analysis",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Categorization and Sentiment Analysis is typically referred in the Customer Experience space where customer interaction data is analyzed to get insights into categories of topics and sentiment associated with those interactions. Some of the use cases that benefit from these insights include Customer Representative/Agent Performance and Training, Workload Management, Product Performance et al",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is Categorization and Sentiment Analysis |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Brendon Small (born February 15, 1975) is an American actor, stand-up comedian, animator, writer, director, producer, and musician known for co-creating the animated series Home Movies (1999–2004, with Loren Bouchard) and Metalocalypse (2006–13, with Tommy Blacha). He also writes the music, and is the main performer for the virtual melodic death metal band Dethklok, which began as the subject of Metalocalypse but has taken on a life of its own, with four albums and an occasional live touring band, headed by Small. Small has also released two albums under his own name, in a similar musical style to Dethklok.\n\nSmall was born in Illinois in 1975. He moved to California as a child. Small started learning guitar at the age of 14 after a kid in his neighborhood began teaching him about guitar and music. At his first public performance, his hands shook so wildly that he had trouble controlling the guitar. It would be another ten years before he was comfortable performing in public. He graduated from Palma High School in Salinas, California. He graduated from Berklee College of Music in 1997. During his music studies, he took several writing and comedy classes at Emerson College. After graduating, he felt that the rock music genre was fading in popularity, so decided to try his hand at stand-up comedy. Extract the age when Brendon Small began to learn how to play Guitar",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "14",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Brendon Small (born February 15, 1975) is an American actor, stand-up comedian, animator, writer, director, producer, and musician known for co-creating the animated series Home Movies (1999–2004, with Loren Bouchard) and Metalocalypse (2006–13, with Tommy Blacha). He also writes the music, and is the main performer for the virtual melodic death metal band Dethklok, which began as the subject of Metalocalypse but has taken on a life of its own, with four albums and an occasional live touring band, headed by Small. Small has also released two albums under his own name, in a similar musical style to Dethklok.
Small was born in Illinois in 1975. He moved to California as a child. Small started learning guitar at the age of 14 after a kid in his neighborhood began teaching him about guitar and music. At his first public performance, his hands shook so wildly that he had trouble controlling the guitar. It would be another ten years before he was comfortable performing in public. He graduated from Palma High School in Salinas, California. He graduated from Berklee College of Music in 1997. During his music studies, he took several writing and comedy classes at Emerson College. After graduating, he felt that the rock music genre was fading in popularity, so decided to try his hand at stand-up comedy. Extract the age when Brendon Small began to learn how to play Guitar |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What are some good US and Canada summer vacation ideas if I like mountains, lakes, and trees?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There are many great locations in the US and Canada. Here's a list restricted to places with mountains, lakes, and trees:\n1. Maine and Vermont\n2. Minnesota\n3. Yosemite and Lake Tahoe\n4. Northern California, Oregon, and Washington\n5. British Columbia\n6. Lake Louise",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are some good US and Canada summer vacation ideas if I like mountains, lakes, and trees? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "Founding and Half-Life (1996–2003)\n\nGabe Newell (foreground) and Doug Lombardi (background), 2007\nValve was founded as Valve, LLC, in 1996 by former Microsoft employees Gabe Newell and Mike Harrington. Newell had spent the prior 13 years at Microsoft developing Windows, including the Windows 95 port of Doom. Wanting to move onto a new venture using their shared wealth, Newell and Harrington founded Valve, L.L.C. in Kirkland, Washington (about five miles from the Microsoft campus in Redmond), on August 24, 1996, Newell's wedding day. Alternative names considered by Newell and Harrington include Fruitfly Ensemble and Rhino Scar.\n\nValve's first game was Half-Life, a first-person shooter (FPS) with elements of horror. The development was aided by access to the Quake engine by id Software; Valve modified this engine into their GoldSrc engine. After struggling to find a publisher, Valve eventually signed with Sierra On-Line. Half-Life was released in November 1998 and was a critical and commercial success. With its realism, scripted sequences and seamless narrative, it had a lasting influence; according to IGN in 2014, the history of the FPS genre \"breaks down pretty cleanly into pre-Half-Life and post-Half-Life eras\". Give me a history of Valve",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Founding and Half-Life (1996–2003): Valve was founded as Valve, LLC, in 1996 by former Microsoft employees Gabe Newell and Mike Harrington in Kirkland, Washington. Valve's first game is Half-Life, a first-person shooter (FPS) released in November 1998. It was developed using the modified Quake engine GoldSrc. After struggling to find a publisher, Valve eventually signed with Sierra On-Line.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Founding and Half-Life (1996–2003)
Gabe Newell (foreground) and Doug Lombardi (background), 2007
Valve was founded as Valve, LLC, in 1996 by former Microsoft employees Gabe Newell and Mike Harrington. Newell had spent the prior 13 years at Microsoft developing Windows, including the Windows 95 port of Doom. Wanting to move onto a new venture using their shared wealth, Newell and Harrington founded Valve, L.L.C. in Kirkland, Washington (about five miles from the Microsoft campus in Redmond), on August 24, 1996, Newell's wedding day. Alternative names considered by Newell and Harrington include Fruitfly Ensemble and Rhino Scar.
Valve's first game was Half-Life, a first-person shooter (FPS) with elements of horror. The development was aided by access to the Quake engine by id Software; Valve modified this engine into their GoldSrc engine. After struggling to find a publisher, Valve eventually signed with Sierra On-Line. Half-Life was released in November 1998 and was a critical and commercial success. With its realism, scripted sequences and seamless narrative, it had a lasting influence; according to IGN in 2014, the history of the FPS genre "breaks down pretty cleanly into pre-Half-Life and post-Half-Life eras". Give me a history of Valve |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Beavers (genus Castor) are large, semiaquatic rodents of the Northern Hemisphere. There are two existing species: the North American beaver (Castor canadensis) and the Eurasian beaver (C. fiber). Beavers are the second-largest living rodents, after capybaras, weighing up to 30 kilograms (66 lb). Beavers have stout bodies with large heads, long chisel-like incisors, brown or gray fur, hand-like front feet, webbed back feet, and tails that are flat and scaly. The two species differ in skull and tail shape and fur color. Beavers can be found in a number of freshwater habitats, such as rivers, streams, lakes and ponds. They are herbivorous, consuming tree bark, aquatic plants, grasses and sedges. Given this paragraph how much do Beavers weigh?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Up to 30 kilograms or 66 pounds",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Beavers (genus Castor) are large, semiaquatic rodents of the Northern Hemisphere. There are two existing species: the North American beaver (Castor canadensis) and the Eurasian beaver (C. fiber). Beavers are the second-largest living rodents, after capybaras, weighing up to 30 kilograms (66 lb). Beavers have stout bodies with large heads, long chisel-like incisors, brown or gray fur, hand-like front feet, webbed back feet, and tails that are flat and scaly. The two species differ in skull and tail shape and fur color. Beavers can be found in a number of freshwater habitats, such as rivers, streams, lakes and ponds. They are herbivorous, consuming tree bark, aquatic plants, grasses and sedges. Given this paragraph how much do Beavers weigh? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Should I charge my phone if the battery is low?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Yes, typically it would be a good idea to charge your battery in that case. If your battery runs of charge, you may miss an important text message or phone call!",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Should I charge my phone if the battery is low? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the best recipe for moonshine",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Take 5 gallons of water to 175 degree Fahrenheit, and once it reaches temperature turn off heat. Add seven and a half pounds of cracked corn or milled feed corn, and stir every 5 minutes until the temperature reaches 155 degrees. At that point add two and a half pounds of barley malt while stirring every 15 minutes. Wait until the temperature gets down to 75 degrees, and this may take a while, overnight in some cases. Once at or below 75 degrees add two tablespoons of brewers yeast and stir. Let sit for 3 weeks. Distill at this point and enjoy the results.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the best recipe for moonshine |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "On a golf course where are the holes?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The hole is on the green of a golf course",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| On a golf course where are the holes? |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "What state makes the best BBQ?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There is no one answer, but I believe Texas for beef and North Carolina for Pork.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What state makes the best BBQ? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What are some weird ways I can cut my grass?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "If you aren't using a lawnmower to cut your grass, here are some weird ideas to keep your grass trimmed:\n\n- Buy a goat and leave it in your yard\n- Spend all day cutting each blade with some craft scissors\n- Flamethrower\n- Dress up like the grim reaper and use a scythe",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are some weird ways I can cut my grass? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What percussion instruments are easy to learn?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Hand drums, tambourine and triangle are easy to learn percussion instruments.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What percussion instruments are easy to learn? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What type of toilets do RVs have?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There are three main types of toilets found in RVs, with some rarer options available. Most RVs work off a “tank” system, with sink and shower water going into the “gray” tank and toilet waste going into the “black” tank. These tanks then need to be emptied on a regular basis dependent on their capacity. Toilets that work with a tank system tend to work like residential toilets, but use less water and have a foot pedal for flushing. There are two other types of toilets found often in DIY conversion RVs or “off-grid” RVs. First, cassette toilets are essentially holding tanks for toilet waste that are then pulled out of the RV and manually emptied. The “cassette” portion of the toilet is often on wheels, and can be emptied at either a dump station or in a public toilet. Composting toilets are the final common toilet type found in RVs. Composting toilets are a “dry” toilet, where waste goes into a holding tank with a composting material and becomes compost. The compost mixture must be stirred occasionally, but composting toilets often need to be emptied less often. There are less common toilets in RVs, for example incineration toilets, but they are not currently prevalent.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What type of toilets do RVs have? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "what is one good example on a hackathon project for a middle school student for programming?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "After months of lockdowns and social distancing, schools finally reopened for in-person classes, and parents are thrilled to be able to attend their children's concerts and performances once again. Many parents had missed these events and were eager to show their support for their children's artistic pursuits. Parents are excited to attend her in-person concert, but many of them quickly realized that they didn't know much about classical music, which made it difficult for them to fully appreciate the performance.\n\nAs a kid who loves music, I always feel so proud and happy when my parents attend my concerts and performances. However, I often wonder if they are truly able to enjoy the music as much as I do, especially since they may not know much about the background and context of the pieces that are being played.\n\nI believe that knowing the background of the music can make a huge difference in how much someone enjoys it. When you understand the story and history behind a piece of music, it becomes more than just a series of notes and melodies; it becomes a powerful expression of emotion and meaning. Also knowing the background of the music can help us appreciate and connect with the music on a deeper level, allowing us to use it as a powerful tool for stress relief and relaxation. By actively listening and understanding the expressive qualities of the music, we can harness its potential to enhance our mood and promote emotional wellbeing.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| what is one good example on a hackathon project for a middle school student for programming? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "Controversy erupted in mid-winter 2001 when Seimon Glyn, Gwynedd Council's housing committee chairman and Plaid Cymru member, voiced frustration over \"English immigrants\" moving into traditionally Welsh speaking communities. Glyn was commenting on a report underscoring the dilemma of rocketing house prices outstripping what locals could pay, with the report warning that \"...traditional Welsh communities could die out...\" as a consequence.\n\nIn 2001 nearly a third of all purchases of properties in Gwynedd were by buyers from out of the county, with some communities reporting as many as a third of local homes used as holiday homes. Holiday home owners typically spend less than six months of the year in the local community.\n\nThe issue of locals being priced out of the local housing market is common to many rural communities throughout Britain, but in Wales the added dimension of language further complicates the issue, as many new residents do not learn the Welsh language.\n\nConcerned for the Welsh language under these pressures, Glyn said \"Once you have more than 50% of anybody living in a community that speaks a foreign language, then you lose your indigenous tongue almost immediately\". His comments attracted strong criticism of Plaid Cymru from other national parties.\n\nBy spring 2002 both the Snowdonia National Park (Welsh: Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri) and Pembrokeshire Coast National Park (Welsh: Parc Cenedlaethol Arfordir Penfro) authorities began limiting second home ownership within the parks, following the example set by Exmoor. According to planners in Snowdonia and Pembroke applicants for new homes must demonstrate a proven local need or the applicant must have strong links with the area. Without directly quoting from the text, give me a summary of the second home controversy in Gwynedd, Wales.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "By the end of 2001, as much as a third of the homes in the Gwynedd county was owned by owners not using these houses as a primary home. The local community was concerned that the use of the Welsh language was at risk because a growing amount of owners did only speak English, not Welsh. To combat this phenomenon, two national parks in the county started limiting second home ownership in the area, requiring proof of local need or strong ties in the area.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Controversy erupted in mid-winter 2001 when Seimon Glyn, Gwynedd Council's housing committee chairman and Plaid Cymru member, voiced frustration over "English immigrants" moving into traditionally Welsh speaking communities. Glyn was commenting on a report underscoring the dilemma of rocketing house prices outstripping what locals could pay, with the report warning that "...traditional Welsh communities could die out..." as a consequence.
In 2001 nearly a third of all purchases of properties in Gwynedd were by buyers from out of the county, with some communities reporting as many as a third of local homes used as holiday homes. Holiday home owners typically spend less than six months of the year in the local community.
The issue of locals being priced out of the local housing market is common to many rural communities throughout Britain, but in Wales the added dimension of language further complicates the issue, as many new residents do not learn the Welsh language.
Concerned for the Welsh language under these pressures, Glyn said "Once you have more than 50% of anybody living in a community that speaks a foreign language, then you lose your indigenous tongue almost immediately". His comments attracted strong criticism of Plaid Cymru from other national parties.
By spring 2002 both the Snowdonia National Park (Welsh: Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri) and Pembrokeshire Coast National Park (Welsh: Parc Cenedlaethol Arfordir Penfro) authorities began limiting second home ownership within the parks, following the example set by Exmoor. According to planners in Snowdonia and Pembroke applicants for new homes must demonstrate a proven local need or the applicant must have strong links with the area. Without directly quoting from the text, give me a summary of the second home controversy in Gwynedd, Wales. |
classification | [
{
"content": "Classify the following cricketers as batsman, bowlers, or all rounders.\nDavid Warner, Trent Boult, Rohit Sharma, Virat Kohli, Rashid Khan, Quinton de Kock",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "David Warner, Rohit Sharma, Virat Kohli, and Quinton de Kock are batsmen. Trent Boult is a bowler. Rashid Khan is an all rounder.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Classify the following cricketers as batsman, bowlers, or all rounders.
David Warner, Trent Boult, Rohit Sharma, Virat Kohli, Rashid Khan, Quinton de Kock |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the capital city of the United States?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Washington DC is the capital city of the United States",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the capital city of the United States? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Before Miley Cyrus recorded \"Wrecking Ball,\" it was offered to which singer?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Beyonce.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Before Miley Cyrus recorded "Wrecking Ball," it was offered to which singer? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "The Willie Mays World Series Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award is given to the Major League Baseball (MLB) player deemed to have the most impact on his team's performance in the World Series, which is the final round of the MLB postseason. The award was first presented in 1955 as the SPORT Magazine Award, but is now decided during the final game of the Series by a committee of reporters and officials present at the game. On September 29, 2017, it was renamed in honor of Willie Mays in remembrance of the 63rd anniversary of The Catch, which occurred the year prior to the award's debut; Mays never won the award himself. Given the numerous awards in Major League Baseball, what is the Willie Mays World Series Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Willie Mays World Series Most Valuable Player Award is given to the Major League Baseball player deemed to have the most impact on his team's performance in the World Series.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The Willie Mays World Series Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award is given to the Major League Baseball (MLB) player deemed to have the most impact on his team's performance in the World Series, which is the final round of the MLB postseason. The award was first presented in 1955 as the SPORT Magazine Award, but is now decided during the final game of the Series by a committee of reporters and officials present at the game. On September 29, 2017, it was renamed in honor of Willie Mays in remembrance of the 63rd anniversary of The Catch, which occurred the year prior to the award's debut; Mays never won the award himself. Given the numerous awards in Major League Baseball, what is the Willie Mays World Series Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Arctotherium, Eastern Lowland Gorilla",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Eastern Lowland Gorilla is alive, Arctotherium is extinct.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Arctotherium, Eastern Lowland Gorilla |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Renal compensation is a mechanism by which the kidneys can regulate the plasma pH. It is slower than respiratory compensation, but has a greater ability to restore normal values. Kidneys maintain the acid-base balance through two mechanisms,- the secretion of H+ ions and the reabsorption of bicarbonate HCO3 from urine which is then released into the blood. The regulation of H+ ions and bicarbonate HCO3 is determined by the concentration of the two released within the urine. These mechanisms of secretion and reabsorption balance the pH of the bloodstream. A restored acid-base balanced bloodstream thus leads to a restored acid-base balance throughout the entire body. What is renal compensation?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Renal compensation is the mechanism that the kidneys use to regulate plasma pH. It is a slower process than respiratory compensation, but increases the body's ability to restore normal values.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Renal compensation is a mechanism by which the kidneys can regulate the plasma pH. It is slower than respiratory compensation, but has a greater ability to restore normal values. Kidneys maintain the acid-base balance through two mechanisms,- the secretion of H+ ions and the reabsorption of bicarbonate HCO3 from urine which is then released into the blood. The regulation of H+ ions and bicarbonate HCO3 is determined by the concentration of the two released within the urine. These mechanisms of secretion and reabsorption balance the pH of the bloodstream. A restored acid-base balanced bloodstream thus leads to a restored acid-base balance throughout the entire body. What is renal compensation? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What are some common root vegetables for cooking?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Common root vegetables to use in cooking include potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams, carrots, parsnips, beets, turnips, and rutabagas.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are some common root vegetables for cooking? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "The name Mumbai (Marathi: मुंबई, Gujarati: મુંબઈ, Hindi: मुंबई) derived from Mumbā or Mahā-Ambā—the name of the patron goddess (kuladevata) Mumbadevi of the native Koli community—and ā'ī meaning \"mother\" in the Marathi language, which is the mother tongue of the Koli people and the official language of Maharashtra. The Koli people originated in Kathiawar and Central Gujarat, and according to some sources they brought their goddess Mumba with them from Kathiawar (Gujarat), where she is still worshipped. However, other sources disagree that Mumbai's name was derived from the goddess Mumba.\n\n\n\nThe oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja; these are sometimes still used. In 1508, Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name \"Bombaim\" in his Lendas da Índia (Legends of India). This name possibly originated as the Galician-Portuguese phrase bom baim, meaning \"good little bay\", and Bombaim is still commonly used in Portuguese. In 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu: Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi.\n\nOther variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include: Mombayn (1525), Bombay (1538), Bombain (1552), Bombaym (1552), Monbaym (1554), Mombaim (1563), Mombaym (1644), Bambaye (1666), Bombaiim (1666), Bombeye (1676), Boon Bay (1690), and Bon Bahia. After the English gained possession of the city in the 17th century, the Portuguese name was anglicised as Bombay. Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial dewan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i Ahmedi (1762) referred to the city as Manbai.\n\nThe French traveller Louis Rousselet, who visited in 1863 and 1868, states in his book L'Inde des Rajahs, which was first published in 1877: \"Etymologists have wrongly derived this name from the Portuguese Bôa Bahia, or (French: \"bonne bai\", English: \"good bay\"), not knowing that the tutelar goddess of this island has been, from remote antiquity, Bomba, or Mumba Devi, and that she still ... possesses a temple\".\n\nBy the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi, and as Bambai in Hindi. The Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995. This came at the insistence of the Marathi nationalist Shiv Sena party, which had just won the Maharashtra state elections, and mirrored similar name changes across the country and particularly in Maharashtra. According to Slate magazine, \"they argued that 'Bombay' was a corrupted English version of 'Mumbai' and an unwanted legacy of British colonial rule.\" Slate also said \"The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region.\" While Mumbai is still referred to as Bombay by some of its residents and by some Indians from other regions, mention of the city by a name other than Mumbai has been controversial. What are some former names for the city of Mumbai?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The city of Mumbai carries its official name since 1995, some former names of the city were: Mombayn (1525), Bombay (1538), Bombain (1552), Bombaym (1552), Monbaym (1554), Mombaim (1563), Mombaym (1644), Bambaye (1666), Bombaiim (1666), Bombeye (1676), Boon Bay (1690), Bon Bahia, Bombay, Manbai, Mambai, Bambai",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The name Mumbai (Marathi: मुंबई, Gujarati: મુંબઈ, Hindi: मुंबई) derived from Mumbā or Mahā-Ambā—the name of the patron goddess (kuladevata) Mumbadevi of the native Koli community—and ā'ī meaning "mother" in the Marathi language, which is the mother tongue of the Koli people and the official language of Maharashtra. The Koli people originated in Kathiawar and Central Gujarat, and according to some sources they brought their goddess Mumba with them from Kathiawar (Gujarat), where she is still worshipped. However, other sources disagree that Mumbai's name was derived from the goddess Mumba.
The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja; these are sometimes still used. In 1508, Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name "Bombaim" in his Lendas da Índia (Legends of India). This name possibly originated as the Galician-Portuguese phrase bom baim, meaning "good little bay", and Bombaim is still commonly used in Portuguese. In 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu: Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi.
Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include: Mombayn (1525), Bombay (1538), Bombain (1552), Bombaym (1552), Monbaym (1554), Mombaim (1563), Mombaym (1644), Bambaye (1666), Bombaiim (1666), Bombeye (1676), Boon Bay (1690), and Bon Bahia. After the English gained possession of the city in the 17th century, the Portuguese name was anglicised as Bombay. Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial dewan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i Ahmedi (1762) referred to the city as Manbai.
The French traveller Louis Rousselet, who visited in 1863 and 1868, states in his book L'Inde des Rajahs, which was first published in 1877: "Etymologists have wrongly derived this name from the Portuguese Bôa Bahia, or (French: "bonne bai", English: "good bay"), not knowing that the tutelar goddess of this island has been, from remote antiquity, Bomba, or Mumba Devi, and that she still ... possesses a temple".
By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi, and as Bambai in Hindi. The Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995. This came at the insistence of the Marathi nationalist Shiv Sena party, which had just won the Maharashtra state elections, and mirrored similar name changes across the country and particularly in Maharashtra. According to Slate magazine, "they argued that 'Bombay' was a corrupted English version of 'Mumbai' and an unwanted legacy of British colonial rule." Slate also said "The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region." While Mumbai is still referred to as Bombay by some of its residents and by some Indians from other regions, mention of the city by a name other than Mumbai has been controversial. What are some former names for the city of Mumbai? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the difference between baking soda and baking powder?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Baking soda is the common name for a chemical compound called sodium bicarbonate. It usually comes in the form of a white fine powder. It's a versatile product that can be used for baking and cleaning. On the other hand, baking powder is made of baking soda plus cream of tartar and cornstarch. It's typically used for baking and helps your goodies come out light and airy.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the difference between baking soda and baking powder? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Are the following items candy bars or gum: trident, Twix, hubba bubba, snickers, three musketeers, and wrigleys.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Three musketeers, Twix, and snickers are candy bars, and trident, hubba bubba, and wrigleys are gum.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Are the following items candy bars or gum: trident, Twix, hubba bubba, snickers, three musketeers, and wrigleys. |
summarization | [
{
"content": "Kendall Boiler and Tank Company Building is a one-story commercial edifice located on 275 Third Street in Kendall Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts. The brick building was formerly owned by the Kendall Boiler and Tank Company and is part of the Blake and Knowles Steam Pump Company National Register District, on the National Register of Historic Places. Give a list of proper nouns in the passage.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Kendall Boiler and Tank Company Building\nThird Street\nKendall Square\nCambridge\nMassachusetts\nKendall Boiler and Tank Company\nBlake and Knowles Steam Pump Company National Register District\nNational Register of Historic Places",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Kendall Boiler and Tank Company Building is a one-story commercial edifice located on 275 Third Street in Kendall Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts. The brick building was formerly owned by the Kendall Boiler and Tank Company and is part of the Blake and Knowles Steam Pump Company National Register District, on the National Register of Historic Places. Give a list of proper nouns in the passage. |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What is the best mirrorless camera in the world",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Sony A1",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the best mirrorless camera in the world |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Most classifications of Magic the Gathering decks begin from one of four major strategies: aggro, control, combo and midrange.\n\nAggro\nAggro (short for \"aggressive\") decks attempt to reduce their opponents from 20 life to 0 life as quickly as possible, rather than emphasize a long-term game plan. Aggro decks focus on converting their cards into damage; they prefer to engage in a race for tempo rather than a card advantage-based attrition war. Aggro generally relies upon creatures as its accumulative source of damage. Aggro decks can quickly overwhelm unprepared opponents and proceed to eke out the last bit of damage they need to end the game. Aggro decks also generally have access to disruptive elements, which can inhibit the opponent's attempts to respond.\n\nExample cards: Savannah Lions, Bitterblossom, Lightning Bolt, Rogue Elephant, Incinerate\nExample decks:\nWhite Weenie, which uses small, efficient creatures such as Savannah Lions, Icatian Javelineers, and Mother of Runes\nAffinity, which uses the affinity mechanic and large numbers of artifacts to quickly play spells such as Thoughtcast and Frogmite, while efficiently dealing damage using Disciple of the Vault and Arcbound Ravager.\nZoo, which uses low-cost, high power creatures such as Tarmogoyf and Wild Nacatl to kill the opponent quickly.\nSligh, which utilizes its mana as efficiently as possible to kill the opponent quickly, using low-cost cards such as Jackal Pup and Lightning Bolt.\nSuicide Black, which uses efficient but dangerous cards that cost life such as Thoughtseize, Dark Confidant, Grim Tutor, and Bitterblossom. Suicide Black epitomizes Black's philosophy—win at all costs—and treats even its life total as an expendable resource.\nControl\nControl decks avoid racing. They attempt to slow the game down by executing an attrition plan. As the game progresses, control decks are able to take advantage of their slower, more powerful, cards. The primary strength of control decks is their ability to devalue the opponent’s cards. They do this in four ways:\n\nAnswering threats at a reduced cost. Given the opportunity, Control decks can gain card advantage by answering multiple threats with one spell (\"clearing\"/\"wiping\" the board), stopping expensive threats with cheaper spells, and drawing multiple cards or forcing the opponent to discard multiple cards with one spell.\nNot playing threats to be answered. By playing few proactive spells of their own, control decks gain virtual card advantage by reducing the usefulness of opposing removal cards.\nDisrupting synergies. Even if control decks do not deal with every threat directly, they can leave out whichever ones stand poorly on their own; e.g., an enchantment which gives a bonus to creatures will never need attention if all enemy creatures are quickly neutralized.\nDragging the game out past opposing preparations. An opponent's faster, efficient cards will become less effective over time.\nExample cards: Force of Will, Duress, Wrath of God, Pernicious Deed, Void\nExample decks:\nTezzeret Control, which controls the game using counterspells such as Mana Drain, builds card advantage with cards such as Dark Confidant, and ends the game using Tezzeret the Seeker to find Time Vault and activate it for infinite turns.\nMono Blue Control, which uses a heavy suite of counterspells alongside card-drawing such as Thirst for Knowledge, removal such as Echoing Truth, and a win condition such as Tezzeret the Seeker. This class of deck is nicknamed \"Draw-Go,\" because most of its players' spells are instants designed to be played during his or her opponents' turns.\nBlue-White Control, which is similar to Mono-Blue Control, but features more board-control cards such as Wrath of God, and Pacifism.\nPsychatog, supplemented by card-drawing like Fact or Fiction and a number of disruptive spells.\nAstral Slide, which uses large numbers of cards with cycling, including those with added benefits such as Eternal Dragon and Slice and Dice, to power Astral Slide and Lightning Rift.\nMono-Black Control, which uses removal spells such as Innocent Blood and Barter in Blood to control the board, and Cabal Coffers to kill the opponent with spells such as Consume Spirit. It can also use cards like Underworld Dreams to put the opponent on a timer.\nThe Deck, which uses card drawing such as Fact or Fiction and deck searching cards such as Demonic Tutor to find powerful cards that are highly effective against particular strategies (such as The Abyss, Diabolic Edict, and Balance), alongside a Blue base of counterspells to control the game and obtain an insurmountable lead.\nCombo\nCombo decks use the interaction of two or more cards (a \"combination\") to create a powerful effect that either wins the game immediately or creates a situation that subsequently leads to a win. Combo decks value consistency, speed, and resilience: the deck should be reliable enough to produce the combo on a regular basis, the deck should be able to use the combo fast enough to win before the opponent, and the deck should be able to withstand disruption and still win.\n\nMany decks have smaller, combo-like interactions between their cards, which is better described as synergy.\n\nExample cards: Flash, Tendrils of Agony, Empty the Warrens, Aluren, Painter's Servant.\nExample decks:\nThe Perfect Storm, which utilizes Dark Ritual and artifact mana to draw cards and fuel a lethal Tendrils of Agony, all the while disrupting the opponent with Duress and Force of Will.\nPainter Combo, which uses Painter's Servant and chooses Blue to permit Red Elemental Blast to destroy any permanent or counter any spell, while also allowing Grindstone to put the opponent's entire library into their graveyard.\nWorldgorger Dragon Combo, which revolves around the infinite loop triggered when Worldgorger Dragon is animated from the graveyard using an enchantment such as Animate Dead. The loop generates mana and card drawing which is then used to end the game.\nBelcher Combo, which uses free and efficient mana acceleration to play and activate Goblin Charbelcher, preferably on the first turn. Because the deck has two or fewer lands, one activation of Goblin Charbelcher will almost always kill the opponent.\nHulk-Flash, which is dedicated to casting Flash and putting a Protean Hulk into play and then into the graveyard, allowing the player to find a combination of creatures which will kill the opponent instantly. Summoner's Pact and Merchant Scroll are used to find the combo pieces, while Force of Will and Pact of Negation protect the combo.\nSteel City Vault, which uses \"Draw 7\" spells such as Timetwister to rapidly assemble the Time Vault-Voltaic Key combo for infinite turns. The deck also uses several cards such as Force of Will and Ancient Grudge to efficiently deal with Null Rod, the most effective answer to the Vault-Key combo.\nHexmage Depths, which uses Vampire Hexmage to inexpensively remove the counters from Dark Depths and put a flying, indestructible 20/20 creature token into play as early as the first turn.\nMidrange\nA typical midrange deck has an early game plan of mana ramp and control, but begins to play threats once it reaches four to six mana. A midrange deck will often seek to play a reactive, attrition-based game against aggro decks and a more proactive, tempo-based game against control decks. Colloquially, this is referred to as \"going bigger\" than aggro and \"getting in under\" control.\n\nExample cards: Huntmaster of the Fells Thragtusk, Sakura-Tribe Elder\nExample decks:\nJund Midrange (BRG), a powerful and flexible deck with virtually zero bad matchups thanks to the access of the most powerful cards that each color can offer: black gives Liliana of the Veil and powerful discard cards like Thoughtseize and Inquisition of Kozilek, red a reliable removal in Lightning Bolt and the green some of the best creatures like Tarmogoyf and Scavenging Ooze.\nAbzan Midrange (WBG), which is similar to Jund, but trades speed for powerful white based cards like Path to Exile, Lingering Souls and Siege Rhino.\nJeskai Midrange (UWR), which has more control elements, using Sphinx's Revelation to draw into a very large number of cards and Assemble the Legion to end up swarming the board with tokens.\nTemur Emerge (GUR), which leverages the Emerge mechanic introduced in Eldritch Moon to efficiently use ramp creatures such as Pilgrim's Eye and Primal Druid for their land-smoothing abilities while sacrificing them to Emerge board-stalling threats such as Elder Deep-Fiend as early as turn 4, also filling the graveyard to make Emrakul, the Promised End playable on turn 7.\nTron, which tries to build the triplet of lands known as \"Urzatron\" (Urza's Tower, Urza's Mine and Urza's Power Plant) as quickly as possible and then uses the massive amount of mana to play powerful cards like Karn Liberated and Wurmcoil Engine as early as turn 3. Given a reference text about Magic the Gathering decks, please suggest cards I should consider in a Midrange deck.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "You should consider Huntmaster of the Fells Thragtusk and Sakura-Tribe Elder",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Most classifications of Magic the Gathering decks begin from one of four major strategies: aggro, control, combo and midrange.
Aggro
Aggro (short for "aggressive") decks attempt to reduce their opponents from 20 life to 0 life as quickly as possible, rather than emphasize a long-term game plan. Aggro decks focus on converting their cards into damage; they prefer to engage in a race for tempo rather than a card advantage-based attrition war. Aggro generally relies upon creatures as its accumulative source of damage. Aggro decks can quickly overwhelm unprepared opponents and proceed to eke out the last bit of damage they need to end the game. Aggro decks also generally have access to disruptive elements, which can inhibit the opponent's attempts to respond.
Example cards: Savannah Lions, Bitterblossom, Lightning Bolt, Rogue Elephant, Incinerate
Example decks:
White Weenie, which uses small, efficient creatures such as Savannah Lions, Icatian Javelineers, and Mother of Runes
Affinity, which uses the affinity mechanic and large numbers of artifacts to quickly play spells such as Thoughtcast and Frogmite, while efficiently dealing damage using Disciple of the Vault and Arcbound Ravager.
Zoo, which uses low-cost, high power creatures such as Tarmogoyf and Wild Nacatl to kill the opponent quickly.
Sligh, which utilizes its mana as efficiently as possible to kill the opponent quickly, using low-cost cards such as Jackal Pup and Lightning Bolt.
Suicide Black, which uses efficient but dangerous cards that cost life such as Thoughtseize, Dark Confidant, Grim Tutor, and Bitterblossom. Suicide Black epitomizes Black's philosophy—win at all costs—and treats even its life total as an expendable resource.
Control
Control decks avoid racing. They attempt to slow the game down by executing an attrition plan. As the game progresses, control decks are able to take advantage of their slower, more powerful, cards. The primary strength of control decks is their ability to devalue the opponent’s cards. They do this in four ways:
Answering threats at a reduced cost. Given the opportunity, Control decks can gain card advantage by answering multiple threats with one spell ("clearing"/"wiping" the board), stopping expensive threats with cheaper spells, and drawing multiple cards or forcing the opponent to discard multiple cards with one spell.
Not playing threats to be answered. By playing few proactive spells of their own, control decks gain virtual card advantage by reducing the usefulness of opposing removal cards.
Disrupting synergies. Even if control decks do not deal with every threat directly, they can leave out whichever ones stand poorly on their own; e.g., an enchantment which gives a bonus to creatures will never need attention if all enemy creatures are quickly neutralized.
Dragging the game out past opposing preparations. An opponent's faster, efficient cards will become less effective over time.
Example cards: Force of Will, Duress, Wrath of God, Pernicious Deed, Void
Example decks:
Tezzeret Control, which controls the game using counterspells such as Mana Drain, builds card advantage with cards such as Dark Confidant, and ends the game using Tezzeret the Seeker to find Time Vault and activate it for infinite turns.
Mono Blue Control, which uses a heavy suite of counterspells alongside card-drawing such as Thirst for Knowledge, removal such as Echoing Truth, and a win condition such as Tezzeret the Seeker. This class of deck is nicknamed "Draw-Go," because most of its players' spells are instants designed to be played during his or her opponents' turns.
Blue-White Control, which is similar to Mono-Blue Control, but features more board-control cards such as Wrath of God, and Pacifism.
Psychatog, supplemented by card-drawing like Fact or Fiction and a number of disruptive spells.
Astral Slide, which uses large numbers of cards with cycling, including those with added benefits such as Eternal Dragon and Slice and Dice, to power Astral Slide and Lightning Rift.
Mono-Black Control, which uses removal spells such as Innocent Blood and Barter in Blood to control the board, and Cabal Coffers to kill the opponent with spells such as Consume Spirit. It can also use cards like Underworld Dreams to put the opponent on a timer.
The Deck, which uses card drawing such as Fact or Fiction and deck searching cards such as Demonic Tutor to find powerful cards that are highly effective against particular strategies (such as The Abyss, Diabolic Edict, and Balance), alongside a Blue base of counterspells to control the game and obtain an insurmountable lead.
Combo
Combo decks use the interaction of two or more cards (a "combination") to create a powerful effect that either wins the game immediately or creates a situation that subsequently leads to a win. Combo decks value consistency, speed, and resilience: the deck should be reliable enough to produce the combo on a regular basis, the deck should be able to use the combo fast enough to win before the opponent, and the deck should be able to withstand disruption and still win.
Many decks have smaller, combo-like interactions between their cards, which is better described as synergy.
Example cards: Flash, Tendrils of Agony, Empty the Warrens, Aluren, Painter's Servant.
Example decks:
The Perfect Storm, which utilizes Dark Ritual and artifact mana to draw cards and fuel a lethal Tendrils of Agony, all the while disrupting the opponent with Duress and Force of Will.
Painter Combo, which uses Painter's Servant and chooses Blue to permit Red Elemental Blast to destroy any permanent or counter any spell, while also allowing Grindstone to put the opponent's entire library into their graveyard.
Worldgorger Dragon Combo, which revolves around the infinite loop triggered when Worldgorger Dragon is animated from the graveyard using an enchantment such as Animate Dead. The loop generates mana and card drawing which is then used to end the game.
Belcher Combo, which uses free and efficient mana acceleration to play and activate Goblin Charbelcher, preferably on the first turn. Because the deck has two or fewer lands, one activation of Goblin Charbelcher will almost always kill the opponent.
Hulk-Flash, which is dedicated to casting Flash and putting a Protean Hulk into play and then into the graveyard, allowing the player to find a combination of creatures which will kill the opponent instantly. Summoner's Pact and Merchant Scroll are used to find the combo pieces, while Force of Will and Pact of Negation protect the combo.
Steel City Vault, which uses "Draw 7" spells such as Timetwister to rapidly assemble the Time Vault-Voltaic Key combo for infinite turns. The deck also uses several cards such as Force of Will and Ancient Grudge to efficiently deal with Null Rod, the most effective answer to the Vault-Key combo.
Hexmage Depths, which uses Vampire Hexmage to inexpensively remove the counters from Dark Depths and put a flying, indestructible 20/20 creature token into play as early as the first turn.
Midrange
A typical midrange deck has an early game plan of mana ramp and control, but begins to play threats once it reaches four to six mana. A midrange deck will often seek to play a reactive, attrition-based game against aggro decks and a more proactive, tempo-based game against control decks. Colloquially, this is referred to as "going bigger" than aggro and "getting in under" control.
Example cards: Huntmaster of the Fells Thragtusk, Sakura-Tribe Elder
Example decks:
Jund Midrange (BRG), a powerful and flexible deck with virtually zero bad matchups thanks to the access of the most powerful cards that each color can offer: black gives Liliana of the Veil and powerful discard cards like Thoughtseize and Inquisition of Kozilek, red a reliable removal in Lightning Bolt and the green some of the best creatures like Tarmogoyf and Scavenging Ooze.
Abzan Midrange (WBG), which is similar to Jund, but trades speed for powerful white based cards like Path to Exile, Lingering Souls and Siege Rhino.
Jeskai Midrange (UWR), which has more control elements, using Sphinx's Revelation to draw into a very large number of cards and Assemble the Legion to end up swarming the board with tokens.
Temur Emerge (GUR), which leverages the Emerge mechanic introduced in Eldritch Moon to efficiently use ramp creatures such as Pilgrim's Eye and Primal Druid for their land-smoothing abilities while sacrificing them to Emerge board-stalling threats such as Elder Deep-Fiend as early as turn 4, also filling the graveyard to make Emrakul, the Promised End playable on turn 7.
Tron, which tries to build the triplet of lands known as "Urzatron" (Urza's Tower, Urza's Mine and Urza's Power Plant) as quickly as possible and then uses the massive amount of mana to play powerful cards like Karn Liberated and Wurmcoil Engine as early as turn 3. Given a reference text about Magic the Gathering decks, please suggest cards I should consider in a Midrange deck. |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Give me a list of different cat species that are good for people with allergies.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There are a few different breeds of cats who produce less of the common allergens. Some of these include the Hairless Sphynx, Siberian, Balinese, Bengal, Cornish Rex, Devon Rex, Russian Blue, Oriental Shorthair, LaPerm, and the Siamese breeds.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Give me a list of different cat species that are good for people with allergies. |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Redout is a science fiction racing video game developed and published by Italian studio 34BigThings, and co-published by Nicalis and 505 Games. It is inspired by racing games such as F-Zero, Wipeout, Rollcage, and POD as stated on the game page on Steam.\n\nThe game was released for Microsoft Windows in September 2016, while the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One released in August 2017. The Nintendo Switch port was originally slated for a Q2 2017 release, but got delayed and was released in May 2019. The game was released for Amazon Luna on October 20, 2020. From the text provided, find all the names of game consoles. Separate them with a comma.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Redout is a science fiction racing video game developed and published by Italian studio 34BigThings, and co-published by Nicalis and 505 Games. It is inspired by racing games such as F-Zero, Wipeout, Rollcage, and POD as stated on the game page on Steam.
The game was released for Microsoft Windows in September 2016, while the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One released in August 2017. The Nintendo Switch port was originally slated for a Q2 2017 release, but got delayed and was released in May 2019. The game was released for Amazon Luna on October 20, 2020. From the text provided, find all the names of game consoles. Separate them with a comma. |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "Write a consoling message to my friend who didn’t get the job they wanted",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Dear ____\n\nI’m so sorry you didn’t get the job, but some things aren’t meant to be and I strongly believe that everything happens for a reason. Your dream job might be just around the corner, and their loss is your next employers gain. I’m here if you ever need to talk.\n\nKind Regards,\n\n____",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Write a consoling message to my friend who didn’t get the job they wanted |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "How long does it take to golf 18 holes?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "It depends on the number of players in your group and course conditions. A solo round of 18 holes will take 2.5-3hrs, while it will take 3.5-4.5hrs for a group of four to complete their round under normal conditions.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How long does it take to golf 18 holes? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a 22-yard (20-metre) pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps. The batting side scores runs by striking the ball bowled at one of the wickets with the bat and then running between the wickets, while the bowling and fielding side tries to prevent this (by preventing the ball from leaving the field, and getting the ball to either wicket) and dismiss each batter (so they are \"out\"). Means of dismissal include being bowled, when the ball hits the stumps and dislodges the bails, and by the fielding side either catching the ball after it is hit by the bat, but before it hits the ground, or hitting a wicket with the ball before a batter can cross the crease in front of the wicket. When ten batters have been dismissed, the innings ends and the teams swap roles. The game is adjudicated by two umpires, aided by a third umpire and match referee in international matches. They communicate with two off-field scorers who record the match's statistical information.\n\nForms of cricket range from Twenty20, with each team batting for a single innings of 20 overs (each \"over\" being a set of 6 fair opportunities for the batting team to score) and the game generally lasting three hours, to Test matches played over five days. Traditionally cricketers play in all-white kit, but in limited overs cricket they wear club or team colours. In addition to the basic kit, some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball, which is a hard, solid spheroid made of compressed leather with a slightly raised sewn seam enclosing a cork core layered with tightly wound string. What is Cricket in sports?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Cricket is highly popular game that's originated in south-eastern counties of England and now prominent sport in a number of countries in particular south asian countries like India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.\nIt is in essence a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field. The batting side scores runs by striking the ball with the bat and then running between the wickets, while the bowling and fielding side tries to prevent this and dismiss each batter.\nForms of cricket range from Twenty20, one day to Test match lasting up to 5 days. The game originated as children's game is now a highly competitive professional sport followed by billions of people and in last decade commercialised at club level with the introduction of Indian Premier League (IPL).",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a 22-yard (20-metre) pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps. The batting side scores runs by striking the ball bowled at one of the wickets with the bat and then running between the wickets, while the bowling and fielding side tries to prevent this (by preventing the ball from leaving the field, and getting the ball to either wicket) and dismiss each batter (so they are "out"). Means of dismissal include being bowled, when the ball hits the stumps and dislodges the bails, and by the fielding side either catching the ball after it is hit by the bat, but before it hits the ground, or hitting a wicket with the ball before a batter can cross the crease in front of the wicket. When ten batters have been dismissed, the innings ends and the teams swap roles. The game is adjudicated by two umpires, aided by a third umpire and match referee in international matches. They communicate with two off-field scorers who record the match's statistical information.
Forms of cricket range from Twenty20, with each team batting for a single innings of 20 overs (each "over" being a set of 6 fair opportunities for the batting team to score) and the game generally lasting three hours, to Test matches played over five days. Traditionally cricketers play in all-white kit, but in limited overs cricket they wear club or team colours. In addition to the basic kit, some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball, which is a hard, solid spheroid made of compressed leather with a slightly raised sewn seam enclosing a cork core layered with tightly wound string. What is Cricket in sports? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the Big 10 conference?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Large universities in the United States have organized themselves into conferences primarily for playing each other in sports. One of the longest-standing conferences is called the \"Big 10\" because it originally included 10 midwestern universities. It has since grown to include several east coast universities and will soon welcome two schools from California, so that the Big 10 will actually be comprised of 16 universities. This supersized conference has secured huge television contracts that make it one of the two most powerful conferences in the nation.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the Big 10 conference? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Where is Tiger Woods from?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Cypress, California",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Where is Tiger Woods from? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Komorida was born in Kumamoto Prefecture on July 10, 1981. After graduating from high school, he joined the J1 League club Avispa Fukuoka in 2000. Although he debuted as a midfielder in 2001, he did not play much and the club was relegated to the J2 League at the end of the 2001 season. In 2002, he moved to the J2 club Oita Trinita. He became a regular player as a defensive midfielder and the club won the championship in 2002 and was promoted in 2003. He played many matches until 2005. In September 2005, he moved to the J2 club Montedio Yamagata. In 2006, he moved to the J2 club Vissel Kobe. Although he became a regular player as a defensive midfielder, his gradually was played less during the summer. In 2007, he moved to the Japan Football League club Rosso Kumamoto (later Roasso Kumamoto) based in his local region. He played as a regular player and the club was promoted to J2 in 2008. Although he did not play as much, he still played in many matches. In 2010, he moved to Indonesia and joined Persela Lamongan. In July 2010, he returned to Japan and joined the J2 club Giravanz Kitakyushu. He played often as a defensive midfielder and center back until 2012 when he retired. When was Tomoaki Komorida born?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Tomoaki Komorida was born on July 10,1981.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Komorida was born in Kumamoto Prefecture on July 10, 1981. After graduating from high school, he joined the J1 League club Avispa Fukuoka in 2000. Although he debuted as a midfielder in 2001, he did not play much and the club was relegated to the J2 League at the end of the 2001 season. In 2002, he moved to the J2 club Oita Trinita. He became a regular player as a defensive midfielder and the club won the championship in 2002 and was promoted in 2003. He played many matches until 2005. In September 2005, he moved to the J2 club Montedio Yamagata. In 2006, he moved to the J2 club Vissel Kobe. Although he became a regular player as a defensive midfielder, his gradually was played less during the summer. In 2007, he moved to the Japan Football League club Rosso Kumamoto (later Roasso Kumamoto) based in his local region. He played as a regular player and the club was promoted to J2 in 2008. Although he did not play as much, he still played in many matches. In 2010, he moved to Indonesia and joined Persela Lamongan. In July 2010, he returned to Japan and joined the J2 club Giravanz Kitakyushu. He played often as a defensive midfielder and center back until 2012 when he retired. When was Tomoaki Komorida born? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Naul (Irish: An Aill, meaning 'The Cliff', also known as \"The Naul\"), is a village, townland, and civil parish at the northern edge of Fingal and the traditional County Dublin in Ireland. The Delvin River to the north of the village marks the county boundary with County Meath. Naul civil parish is in the historic barony of Balrothery West.\n\nLocation and geography\nThe village sits on the crossroad of the R122 and R108 regional roads, the latter being the traditional route between Dublin and the port of Drogheda, while the R122 travels from Finglas in the south to Balbriggan.: 2 \n\nThe River Delvin passes through Naul at the north, through a deep valley known as 'The Roche' which is hemmed in by steep banks and rocky cliffs which rise to 20 metres at one point. In the valley, there is a natural waterfall known as 'Waterfall of The Roches'. Further downstream the river has been dammed, forming an artificial pond and cascade with a small private hydroelectric plant.: 2 \n\nNaul village and the surrounding townlands which comprise the area of Naul, sit on the Northern border of County Dublin and Fingal. However, the area locally known as Naul also extends north of the county border into county Meath. The area of north county Dublin comprises 2,627 acres and includes 15 townlands: Naul (An Aill), Hazardstown (Baile an Hasardaigh), Reynoldstown (Baile Raghnaill), Coolfores (An Chúil Fhuar), Doolagh (Dúlach), Fortyacres (Daichead Acra), Winnings (Uininn), Hynestown (Baile Héin), Cabin Hill (Cnoc an Chábáin), Flacketstown (Baile Fhlaicéid), Lecklinstown (Baile Leithghlinne) and Westown (An Baile Thiar). Given a reference text about Naul, tell me what country it's in and what river passes through it.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Naul is located in Ireland and the River Delvin passes through it.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Naul (Irish: An Aill, meaning 'The Cliff', also known as "The Naul"), is a village, townland, and civil parish at the northern edge of Fingal and the traditional County Dublin in Ireland. The Delvin River to the north of the village marks the county boundary with County Meath. Naul civil parish is in the historic barony of Balrothery West.
Location and geography
The village sits on the crossroad of the R122 and R108 regional roads, the latter being the traditional route between Dublin and the port of Drogheda, while the R122 travels from Finglas in the south to Balbriggan.: 2
The River Delvin passes through Naul at the north, through a deep valley known as 'The Roche' which is hemmed in by steep banks and rocky cliffs which rise to 20 metres at one point. In the valley, there is a natural waterfall known as 'Waterfall of The Roches'. Further downstream the river has been dammed, forming an artificial pond and cascade with a small private hydroelectric plant.: 2
Naul village and the surrounding townlands which comprise the area of Naul, sit on the Northern border of County Dublin and Fingal. However, the area locally known as Naul also extends north of the county border into county Meath. The area of north county Dublin comprises 2,627 acres and includes 15 townlands: Naul (An Aill), Hazardstown (Baile an Hasardaigh), Reynoldstown (Baile Raghnaill), Coolfores (An Chúil Fhuar), Doolagh (Dúlach), Fortyacres (Daichead Acra), Winnings (Uininn), Hynestown (Baile Héin), Cabin Hill (Cnoc an Chábáin), Flacketstown (Baile Fhlaicéid), Lecklinstown (Baile Leithghlinne) and Westown (An Baile Thiar). Given a reference text about Naul, tell me what country it's in and what river passes through it. |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "List the names of several laundry detergent brands",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Tide, Oxy, Kirkland, Persil, Gain, Downy, 7th Generation, and Arm & Hammer",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| List the names of several laundry detergent brands |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Endpoints are important aspects of interacting with server-side web APIs, as they specify where resources lie that can be accessed by third party software. Usually the access is via a URI to which HTTP requests are posted, and from which the response is thus expected. Web APIs may be public or private, the latter of which requires an access token.\n\nEndpoints need to be static, otherwise the correct functioning of software that interacts with it cannot be guaranteed. If the location of a resource changes (and with it the endpoint) then previously written software will break, as the required resource can no longer be found at the same place. As API providers still want to update their web APIs, many have introduced a versioning system in the URI that points to an endpoint. What is an API endpoint?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Endpoints specify where resources lie that can be accessed by third party software. Clients use endpoints to interact with server-side web APIs.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Endpoints are important aspects of interacting with server-side web APIs, as they specify where resources lie that can be accessed by third party software. Usually the access is via a URI to which HTTP requests are posted, and from which the response is thus expected. Web APIs may be public or private, the latter of which requires an access token.
Endpoints need to be static, otherwise the correct functioning of software that interacts with it cannot be guaranteed. If the location of a resource changes (and with it the endpoint) then previously written software will break, as the required resource can no longer be found at the same place. As API providers still want to update their web APIs, many have introduced a versioning system in the URI that points to an endpoint. What is an API endpoint? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Aaron Fenster is a medical physicist at the University of Western Ontario Robarts Research Institute in London, Ontario, Canada. He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2013 for his contributions to medical imaging and three-dimensional ultrasound-guided interventions. He is also a fellow of the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences and co-program director of the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research Imaging Program. He holds Ph.D. from the University of Toronto and received further training at the Ontario Cancer Institute. Give me a bulleted list of Aaron Fenster's accomplishments.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "- Medical physicist at the University of Western Ontario Robarts Research Institute.\n- Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).\n- Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences. \n- Co-program director of the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research Imaging Program. \n- Completed a Ph.D. from the University of Toronto.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Aaron Fenster is a medical physicist at the University of Western Ontario Robarts Research Institute in London, Ontario, Canada. He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2013 for his contributions to medical imaging and three-dimensional ultrasound-guided interventions. He is also a fellow of the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences and co-program director of the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research Imaging Program. He holds Ph.D. from the University of Toronto and received further training at the Ontario Cancer Institute. Give me a bulleted list of Aaron Fenster's accomplishments. |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What are some good date ideas?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Tour an animal rescue, dine at a local vegan restaurant, visit the art museum, explore a botanical garden, plant-based picnic in the park, volunteer at a humane society to walk the dogs or play with the cats, hike at a local state or national park",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are some good date ideas? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Make a list of some popular Japanese animations, I haven't watched yet.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Here are a list of some popular Japanese animations: Death Note, Pokémon, Re:Zero -Starting Life in Another World-, JoJo’s Bizarre Adventure, Neon Genesis Evangelion, Fullmetal Alchemist, One Piece, Clannad, Naruto, and Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Make a list of some popular Japanese animations, I haven't watched yet. |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "Is a vegan diet health for the average person?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Vegan diets can be very healthy depending on food choices as compared to the common American diet. It helps to choose organic foods as part of your dietary choices. It is quite easy to include good proteins and low glycemic carbs to power one's activities and brain functions. As long as you try and stay away from sugar-filled choices, most people feel better and loose weight on a well-planned vegan diet. This also keeps people off of high fat and high sugar fast foods, not healthy for anyone.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Is a vegan diet health for the average person? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Write a short story about Batman, Superman and Spiderman",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Batman, Superman and Spiderman were all out patrolling the streets when they came across a mysterious figure in a long black cape and a mask. They quickly realized it was none other than The Joker. The Joker had been planning a grand scheme to take over the city and they needed to stop him before it was too late. \n\nBatman quickly devised a plan. He would disguise himself as a clown, while Superman would disguise himself as a giant robot and Spiderman would disguise himself as a spider. The Joker was fooled and was easily captured. The city was saved and the Joker was taken away to prison.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Write a short story about Batman, Superman and Spiderman |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is an anemone?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Anemone can be a small plant on land with pink, blue or white flowers \nor a soft sea creature living on the rocks under the water and resembling a flower.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is an anemone? |
classification | [
{
"content": "What is the name of the season that begins in the fall and ends in the spring?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Winter",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the name of the season that begins in the fall and ends in the spring? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What do you think of chewing gums?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Chewing gums mostly is personal choices. There are both benefits and risks of doing so and it depends on individuals' opinions or preferences. Some of the benefits are improving oral health. Chewing gums help to promote saliva production and wash away bacteria and food particles. Saliva also contains enzymes that help to break down food and protect teeth from decay. Chewing gums can also help reduce stress and relieve anxiety. Chewing gums help fresh breath too which is the primary reason people do it. Some of the risks of chewing gums are putting excessive strains on the jaw which can be problem to some people. Chewing gums containing sugar also can contribute to tooth decay.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What do you think of chewing gums? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Where do eggs come from?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Eggs come from female chicken in their reproductive track. Humans eat these eggs as a source of protein in meals. Eggs are normally eaten the most at breakfast time but they are also used in many desserts like cakes and cookies. Chickens can lay eggs every 26 - 24 hours. This process can also be speed up by giving female chicken more calcium, more room to roam, reduced stress environment, and free flowing water.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Where do eggs come from? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Level 42 is an English jazz-funk band formed on the Isle of Wight in 1979. They had a number of UK and worldwide hits during the 1980s and 1990s.\n\nTheir highest-charting single in the UK was \"Lessons in Love\", which reached number three on the UK Singles Chart, and number 12 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, upon its release in 1986. An earlier single, \"Something About You\", was their most successful chart-wise in the United States, reaching number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.\n\nAfter much success as a live and studio band in the 1980s, Level 42's commercial profile diminished during the early 1990s following a series of personnel changes and musical shifts. Disbanding in 1994, the band reformed in 2001. What is the timeline for the band Level 42?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Level 42 formed on 1979. They enjoyed success throughout the 1980s but had disbanded by 1994. The band reformed in 2001.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Level 42 is an English jazz-funk band formed on the Isle of Wight in 1979. They had a number of UK and worldwide hits during the 1980s and 1990s.
Their highest-charting single in the UK was "Lessons in Love", which reached number three on the UK Singles Chart, and number 12 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, upon its release in 1986. An earlier single, "Something About You", was their most successful chart-wise in the United States, reaching number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.
After much success as a live and studio band in the 1980s, Level 42's commercial profile diminished during the early 1990s following a series of personnel changes and musical shifts. Disbanding in 1994, the band reformed in 2001. What is the timeline for the band Level 42? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Tell me what league each of the following teams play in:\nAnaheim Ducks\nBaltimore Ravens\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nAtlanta Falcons\nToronto Raptors\nNew Orleans Pelicans\nArizona Cardinals\nAtlanta Hawks\nBaltimore Orioles\nSeattle Seahawks\nPittsburgh Penguins\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nToronto Blue Jays",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Here are the leagues the teams you mentioned play in:\nAnaheim Ducks - NHL\nBaltimore Ravens - NFL\nSt. Louis Cardinals - MLB\nAtlanta Falcons - NFL\nToronto Raptors - NBA\nNew Orleans Pelicans - NBA\nArizona Cardinals - NFL\nAtlanta Hawks - NBA\nBaltimore Orioles - MLB\nSeattle Seahawks - NFL\nPittsburgh Penguins - NHL\nPhiladelphia Eagles - NFL\nToronto Blue Jays - MLB",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Tell me what league each of the following teams play in:
Anaheim Ducks
Baltimore Ravens
St. Louis Cardinals
Atlanta Falcons
Toronto Raptors
New Orleans Pelicans
Arizona Cardinals
Atlanta Hawks
Baltimore Orioles
Seattle Seahawks
Pittsburgh Penguins
Philadelphia Eagles
Toronto Blue Jays |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Side A\n1. \"H2O Gate Blues\" – 7:58 (about the Watergate break-in and cover-up) (from Winter in America)\n2. \"We Beg Your Pardon (Pardon our Analysis)\" – 7:52 (about the pardon of Richard Nixon) (from The First Minute of a New Day)\n3. \"The New Deal\" – 3:10\nSide B\n4. \"Jose Campos Torres\" – 2:36 (about Jose Campos Torres, a U.S. Army veteran who was arrested and then murdered and tossed into a bayou by two police officers in Houston in 1978, spurring the Moody Park Riot)\n5. \"The Ghetto Code (Dot Dot Dit Dit Dot Dot Dash)\" – 12:57\n6. \"Bicentennial Blues\" – 8:39 (from It's Your World) What are the titles of the songs on Side B for this album?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "\"Jose Campos Torres\"\n\"The Ghetto Code (Dot Dot Dit Dit Dot Dot Dash)\"\n\"Bicentennial Blues\"",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Side A
1. "H2O Gate Blues" – 7:58 (about the Watergate break-in and cover-up) (from Winter in America)
2. "We Beg Your Pardon (Pardon our Analysis)" – 7:52 (about the pardon of Richard Nixon) (from The First Minute of a New Day)
3. "The New Deal" – 3:10
Side B
4. "Jose Campos Torres" – 2:36 (about Jose Campos Torres, a U.S. Army veteran who was arrested and then murdered and tossed into a bayou by two police officers in Houston in 1978, spurring the Moody Park Riot)
5. "The Ghetto Code (Dot Dot Dit Dit Dot Dot Dash)" – 12:57
6. "Bicentennial Blues" – 8:39 (from It's Your World) What are the titles of the songs on Side B for this album? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Give me a list of ten Mayan ruins to visit in Central America.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "- Chichen Itza in Mexico\n- Tikal in Guatemala\n- Caracol in Belize\n- Copan in Honduras\n- Palenque in Mexico\n- Tulum in Mexico\n- Uxmal in Mexico\n- Monte Alban in Mexico\n- Calakmul in Mexico\n- Ek Balam in Mexico",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Give me a list of ten Mayan ruins to visit in Central America. |
classification | [
{
"content": "Tell me which of these foods is spicy: jalapeño, apple, five-alarm chili, marshmallow, tabasco, wasabi",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Jalapeño: spicy\nApple: not spicy\nFive-alarm chili: spicy\nMarshmallow: not spicy\nTabasco: spicy\nWasabi: spicy",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Tell me which of these foods is spicy: jalapeño, apple, five-alarm chili, marshmallow, tabasco, wasabi |
classification | [
{
"content": "Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Boomwhacker, Ukelin",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Boomwhacker is percussion, Ukelin is string.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Boomwhacker, Ukelin |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "A red letter day (sometimes hyphenated as red-letter day) is any day of special significance or opportunity. Its roots are in classical antiquity; for instance, important days are indicated in red in a calendar dating from the Roman Republic (509–27 BC).\n\nIn medieval manuscripts, initial capitals and highlighted words (known as rubrics) were written in red ink. The practice was continued after the invention of the printing press, including in Catholic liturgical books. Many calendars still indicate special dates, festivals and holidays in red instead of black.\n\nIn the universities of the UK, scarlet days are when doctors may wear their scarlet 'festal' or full dress gowns instead of their undress ('black') gown.\n\nIn Norway, Sweden, Hong Kong, South Korea, Indonesia and some Latin American countries, a public holiday is sometimes referred to as \"red day\" (rød dag, röd dag, 빨간 날, 紅日, tanggal merah), as it is printed in red in calendars Given a reference text about a red letter day, provide an explanation of what it means.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "A red letter day is any day of special significance or opportunity such as holidays and festivals.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| A red letter day (sometimes hyphenated as red-letter day) is any day of special significance or opportunity. Its roots are in classical antiquity; for instance, important days are indicated in red in a calendar dating from the Roman Republic (509–27 BC).
In medieval manuscripts, initial capitals and highlighted words (known as rubrics) were written in red ink. The practice was continued after the invention of the printing press, including in Catholic liturgical books. Many calendars still indicate special dates, festivals and holidays in red instead of black.
In the universities of the UK, scarlet days are when doctors may wear their scarlet 'festal' or full dress gowns instead of their undress ('black') gown.
In Norway, Sweden, Hong Kong, South Korea, Indonesia and some Latin American countries, a public holiday is sometimes referred to as "red day" (rød dag, röd dag, 빨간 날, 紅日, tanggal merah), as it is printed in red in calendars Given a reference text about a red letter day, provide an explanation of what it means. |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What is Football?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The term 'football' describes various forms of a team game which mostly involves kicking a ball. Players use a round-shaped football ball in the English Premier League game. That's one reason why we call it football in the United Kingdom (and soccer in America).\n\nNote: Beginners can avoid getting left back in the dressing room with the top 10 rules for football game. The simple guide explains the most important regulations in English soccer.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is Football? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Tell me which of the following are breeds or types of cats: Maine Coon, corgi, golden retriever, Siamese, domestic short hair, Chihuahua, Samoyed, Sphynx, tabby",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Maine Coon, Siamese, domestic short hair, Sphynx, tabby",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Tell me which of the following are breeds or types of cats: Maine Coon, corgi, golden retriever, Siamese, domestic short hair, Chihuahua, Samoyed, Sphynx, tabby |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Provide few tips and techniques for Partner Ecosystem Enablement",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Partner enablement involves providing your business partners with the tools, training, and resources they need to effectively sell and promote your products or services. Here are some ideas for partner enablement:\n\nProduct training: Provide your partners with training on your products or services, including features and benefits, use cases, and value propositions. This can help them better understand your offerings and communicate their value to potential customers.\n\nSales training: Offer sales training to help partners develop their selling skills and techniques, such as objection handling, solution selling, and consultative selling. This can help them better engage with customers and close more deals.\n\nMarketing collateral: Provide partners with marketing collateral, such as brochures, case studies, and white papers, that they can use to promote your products or services to their customers. Make sure the materials are customized to their needs and aligned with their messaging.\n\nCo-marketing opportunities: Work with partners to develop co-marketing campaigns, such as webinars, events, or joint advertising efforts, that can help generate leads and raise awareness of your products or services.\n\nTechnical support: Offer technical support to partners, such as documentation, training, and access to your technical team, to help them better integrate and use your products or services in their solutions.\n\nIncentives and rewards: Provide partners with incentives and rewards, such as discounts, rebates, or sales incentives, to motivate them to sell and promote your products or services.\n\nPartner portals: Create a partner portal that provides partners with access to resources, training materials, and other information they need to effectively sell and promote your products or services.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Provide few tips and techniques for Partner Ecosystem Enablement |
summarization | [
{
"content": "State Route 49 (SR 49) is a 122.8-mile-long (197.6 km) state highway that travels southwest-to-northeast through portions of Terrell, Sumter, Macon, Peach, Houston, Bibb, Jones, and Baldwin counties, mainly in the central part of the U.S. state of Georgia. The highway connects SR 45 north of Dawson to SR 22/SR 24 in Milledgeville.\n\nThe segment from Fort Valley to Byron is part of the Fall Line Freeway, a highway that connects Columbia to Augusta. It may also be incorporated into the proposed eastern extension of Interstate 14 (I-14), which is currently entirely in Central Texas, and may be extended into Augusta. How long is the Georgia State Route 49",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Georgia State Route 49 (SR 49) is a 122.8-mile-long (197.6 km) state highway that travels southwest-to-northeast through portions of Terrell, Sumter, Macon, Peach, Houston, Bibb, Jones, and Baldwin counties, mainly in the central part of the U.S. state of Georgia. The highway connects SR 45 north of Dawson to SR 22/SR 24 in Milledgeville.\n\nThe segment from Fort Valley to Byron is part of the Fall Line Freeway, a highway that connects Columbia to Augusta. It may also be incorporated into the proposed eastern extension of Interstate 14 (I-14), which is currently entirely in Central Texas, and may be extended into Augusta.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| State Route 49 (SR 49) is a 122.8-mile-long (197.6 km) state highway that travels southwest-to-northeast through portions of Terrell, Sumter, Macon, Peach, Houston, Bibb, Jones, and Baldwin counties, mainly in the central part of the U.S. state of Georgia. The highway connects SR 45 north of Dawson to SR 22/SR 24 in Milledgeville.
The segment from Fort Valley to Byron is part of the Fall Line Freeway, a highway that connects Columbia to Augusta. It may also be incorporated into the proposed eastern extension of Interstate 14 (I-14), which is currently entirely in Central Texas, and may be extended into Augusta. How long is the Georgia State Route 49 |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "How many syllables are in the word smarter?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There are two syllables in the word smarter: smart-er.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How many syllables are in the word smarter? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Shivaji I (Shivaji Bhonsle; Marathi pronunciation: c.19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680), also referred to as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, was an Indian ruler and a member of the Bhonsle Maratha clan. Eventually, Shivaji carved out his own independent kingdom from the declining Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapur which formed the genesis of the Maratha Empire. In 1674, he was formally crowned the Chhatrapati of his realm at Raigad Fort.\n\nOver the course of his life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with the Mughal Empire, the Sultanate of Golkonda, Sultanate of Bijapur and the European colonial powers. Shivaji's military forces expanded the Maratha sphere of influence, capturing and building forts, and forming a Maratha navy. Shivaji established a competent and progressive civil rule with well-structured administrative organisations. He revived ancient Hindu political traditions, court conventions and promoted the usage of the Marathi and Sanskrit languages, replacing Persian in court and administration.\n\nShivaji's legacy was to vary by observer and time, but nearly two centuries after his death, he began to take on increased importance with the emergence of the Indian independence movement, as many Indian nationalists elevated him as a proto-nationalist and hero of the Hindus. Given a reference text about Shivaji, tell me when they were born, when they died, what their most notable accomplishment and what people called them post-death.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Shivaji was born on 19th February 1630 and died on 3rd April 1680. Shivaji accomplished to out his own independent kingdom from the declining Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapur which formed the genesis of the Maratha Empire. He is called as proto-nationalist and hero of the Hindus.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Shivaji I (Shivaji Bhonsle; Marathi pronunciation: c.19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680), also referred to as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, was an Indian ruler and a member of the Bhonsle Maratha clan. Eventually, Shivaji carved out his own independent kingdom from the declining Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapur which formed the genesis of the Maratha Empire. In 1674, he was formally crowned the Chhatrapati of his realm at Raigad Fort.
Over the course of his life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with the Mughal Empire, the Sultanate of Golkonda, Sultanate of Bijapur and the European colonial powers. Shivaji's military forces expanded the Maratha sphere of influence, capturing and building forts, and forming a Maratha navy. Shivaji established a competent and progressive civil rule with well-structured administrative organisations. He revived ancient Hindu political traditions, court conventions and promoted the usage of the Marathi and Sanskrit languages, replacing Persian in court and administration.
Shivaji's legacy was to vary by observer and time, but nearly two centuries after his death, he began to take on increased importance with the emergence of the Indian independence movement, as many Indian nationalists elevated him as a proto-nationalist and hero of the Hindus. Given a reference text about Shivaji, tell me when they were born, when they died, what their most notable accomplishment and what people called them post-death. |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "While there are a large number of sorting algorithms, in practical implementations a few algorithms predominate. Insertion sort is widely used for small data sets, while for large data sets an asymptotically efficient sort is used, primarily heapsort, merge sort, or quicksort. Efficient implementations generally use a hybrid algorithm, combining an asymptotically efficient algorithm for the overall sort with insertion sort for small lists at the bottom of a recursion. Highly tuned implementations use more sophisticated variants, such as Timsort (merge sort, insertion sort, and additional logic), used in Android, Java, and Python, and introsort (quicksort and heapsort), used (in variant forms) in some C++ sort implementations and in .NET.\n\nFor more restricted data, such as numbers in a fixed interval, distribution sorts such as counting sort or radix sort are widely used. Bubble sort and variants are rarely used in practice, but are commonly found in teaching and theoretical discussions.\n\nWhen physically sorting objects (such as alphabetizing papers, tests or books) people intuitively generally use insertion sorts for small sets. For larger sets, people often first bucket, such as by initial letter, and multiple bucketing allows practical sorting of very large sets. Often space is relatively cheap, such as by spreading objects out on the floor or over a large area, but operations are expensive, particularly moving an object a large distance – locality of reference is important. Merge sorts are also practical for physical objects, particularly as two hands can be used, one for each list to merge, while other algorithms, such as heapsort or quicksort, are poorly suited for human use. Other algorithms, such as library sort, a variant of insertion sort that leaves spaces, are also practical for physical use. Extract the sorting algorithms mentioned in the following paragraph.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Insertion sort, heap sort, merge sort, quick sort, timsort, radix sort, bubble sort, bucket sort, library sort, and hybrid algorithms combining multiple sort algorithms.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| While there are a large number of sorting algorithms, in practical implementations a few algorithms predominate. Insertion sort is widely used for small data sets, while for large data sets an asymptotically efficient sort is used, primarily heapsort, merge sort, or quicksort. Efficient implementations generally use a hybrid algorithm, combining an asymptotically efficient algorithm for the overall sort with insertion sort for small lists at the bottom of a recursion. Highly tuned implementations use more sophisticated variants, such as Timsort (merge sort, insertion sort, and additional logic), used in Android, Java, and Python, and introsort (quicksort and heapsort), used (in variant forms) in some C++ sort implementations and in .NET.
For more restricted data, such as numbers in a fixed interval, distribution sorts such as counting sort or radix sort are widely used. Bubble sort and variants are rarely used in practice, but are commonly found in teaching and theoretical discussions.
When physically sorting objects (such as alphabetizing papers, tests or books) people intuitively generally use insertion sorts for small sets. For larger sets, people often first bucket, such as by initial letter, and multiple bucketing allows practical sorting of very large sets. Often space is relatively cheap, such as by spreading objects out on the floor or over a large area, but operations are expensive, particularly moving an object a large distance – locality of reference is important. Merge sorts are also practical for physical objects, particularly as two hands can be used, one for each list to merge, while other algorithms, such as heapsort or quicksort, are poorly suited for human use. Other algorithms, such as library sort, a variant of insertion sort that leaves spaces, are also practical for physical use. Extract the sorting algorithms mentioned in the following paragraph. |
classification | [
{
"content": "Which of the following are weather events: rain, snow, sleet, sunshine, hail, tornadoes, hurricanes, trees, lightening, rocks?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Rain, snow, sleet, sunshine, hail, tornadoes, hurricanes, and lightening are weather events. Trees and rocks are not weather events.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Which of the following are weather events: rain, snow, sleet, sunshine, hail, tornadoes, hurricanes, trees, lightening, rocks? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Why are over partitioned tables poor data layout strategy",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Over-partitioning creates physical boundaries beyond which the file compaction and z-ordering aren’t effective and you’re still left with the small files problems. With Delta, a better strategy is to use combination of partitioning and z-ordering to allow for better file layouts. \n\nWould be helpful to understand the business requirements & design details behind these highly partitioned tables you have in parquet today",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Why are over partitioned tables poor data layout strategy |
classification | [
{
"content": "I’m walking to work and I’d like to carry helpful things in my backpack for a big presentation. Which of these should I pack: rotary telephone, eighty inch monitor, laptop, notepad, beer keg, pen.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The laptop, notepad, and pen might be helpful in order to retrieve and share content or take notes during the presentation. The eighty inch monitor won’t fit in a backpack, although it might be helpful if they have one at your presentation. The beer keg and rotary telephone probably won’t be necessary for a presentation.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| I’m walking to work and I’d like to carry helpful things in my backpack for a big presentation. Which of these should I pack: rotary telephone, eighty inch monitor, laptop, notepad, beer keg, pen. |
classification | [
{
"content": "Which of the following is a type of fruit: cucumber, broccoli, orange, or apple?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Among the options listed, orange and apple are both fruits. Cucumber and broccoli are vegetables.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Which of the following is a type of fruit: cucumber, broccoli, orange, or apple? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Name five NFL teams in the AFC.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Five NFL teams in the AFC are the Buffalo Bills, New York Jets, Tennessee Titans, Houston Texans, and Las Vegas Raiders.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Name five NFL teams in the AFC. |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the difference between mean, mode, and median?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Mean, mode, and median are different types of averages. The mode is the most commonly occuring element in a sample. The median is the element occuring at the 50th percentile, or halfway through an ordered sample, and is therefore resistant to outliers. Mean is found by summing all of the values in a sample and dividing that total by the count of the items in the sample. Mean is perhaps the most common colloquial meaning of the word \"average\", but is less resistant to outliers than both mode and median.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the difference between mean, mode, and median? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "India with the world's highest TB burden, introduced the BCG mass immunisation in which year?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "1948",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| India with the world's highest TB burden, introduced the BCG mass immunisation in which year? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What is a chord in guitar music?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "A chord is composed of 3 or more tones, typically. The interval between each tone determines the type of chord. For instance, a major chord is composed of 1, 3, and 5 (tones on the scale of the root, or 1, tone). A minor chord, on the other hand, is composed of 1, flatted 3, and 5. The C major chord is comprised of C, E, and G tones whereas the C minor chord is comprised of C, E minor and G tones.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is a chord in guitar music? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "José Francisco Miguel António de Mendonça, or rather, Mendoça (Lisbon, October 2, 1725 - Lisbon, February 11, 1808), was the fifth Patriarch of Lisbon under the name of D. José II.\n\nBiography\nHe was the son of Nuno Manuel de Mendoça, 4th Count of Vale de Reis, and his wife, D. Leonor Maria Antónia de Noronha. He was the younger brother of the 5th Count and 1st Count of Azambuja, and of D. João Rafael de Mendonça, Bishop of Porto.\n\nHe graduated in canon law, having been canon of the Patriarchal See of Lisbon, Monsignor and still principal of the same church.\n\nJosé Mendonca succeeded D. Francisco de Lemos as rector of the University of Coimbra from 1780 to 1785. During his tenure he attempted introduce a number of reforms.\n\nIn 1786, he was appointed Patriarch of Lisbon. By 1792 he was still trying to get permission from the Real Mesa Censória (Royal Censorial Court) to publish two pastoral letters. A law passed on April 5, 1768 reaffirmed the right of \"temporal sovereignty\" over the prohibition of \"pernicious books and papers\" in the interest of political defense. As the Mesa had jurisdiction over all printed materials, this included pastoral letters.\n\nPope Pius VI made him a cardinal in 1788. He died in 1808 and his body is buried in the Convent of Grace. Given a reference text about José Francisco Miguel António de Mendonça, tell me when he was appointed patriarch and when he died.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "José Francisco Miguel António de Mendonça was appointed Patriarch of Lisbon in 1786 and died in 1808.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| José Francisco Miguel António de Mendonça, or rather, Mendoça (Lisbon, October 2, 1725 - Lisbon, February 11, 1808), was the fifth Patriarch of Lisbon under the name of D. José II.
Biography
He was the son of Nuno Manuel de Mendoça, 4th Count of Vale de Reis, and his wife, D. Leonor Maria Antónia de Noronha. He was the younger brother of the 5th Count and 1st Count of Azambuja, and of D. João Rafael de Mendonça, Bishop of Porto.
He graduated in canon law, having been canon of the Patriarchal See of Lisbon, Monsignor and still principal of the same church.
José Mendonca succeeded D. Francisco de Lemos as rector of the University of Coimbra from 1780 to 1785. During his tenure he attempted introduce a number of reforms.
In 1786, he was appointed Patriarch of Lisbon. By 1792 he was still trying to get permission from the Real Mesa Censória (Royal Censorial Court) to publish two pastoral letters. A law passed on April 5, 1768 reaffirmed the right of "temporal sovereignty" over the prohibition of "pernicious books and papers" in the interest of political defense. As the Mesa had jurisdiction over all printed materials, this included pastoral letters.
Pope Pius VI made him a cardinal in 1788. He died in 1808 and his body is buried in the Convent of Grace. Given a reference text about José Francisco Miguel António de Mendonça, tell me when he was appointed patriarch and when he died. |
classification | [
{
"content": "Which is a species of fish? Bleak or Weary",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Bleak",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Which is a species of fish? Bleak or Weary |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What does it mean for something to be compostable?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "An item that is compostable will \"decompose\" over a short duration of time, back into natural materials such as compost. This is in contrast to materials like plastic or aluminum that require thousands or even millions of years to degrade and transform into something found naturally. The benefit of compostable materials is that they do not generate any trash to take up space in landfills, and use more naturally-derived inputs in production processes (in contrast to fossil fuels).",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What does it mean for something to be compostable? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "NBA achievements\nNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2009\n6× NBA champion: 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998\n5× NBA Most Valuable Player: 1987–88, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1995–96, 1997–98\n6× NBA Finals Most Valuable Player: 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998\n10× Scoring leader: 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98\nNBA Defensive Player of the Year: 1987-88\nNBA Rookie of the Year: 1984-85\n14× NBA All-Star: 1985, 1986 (selected but injured), 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2003\n3× NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player: 1988, 1996, 1998\n2× NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion: 1987, 1988\nRunner-up in 1985\n3× Steals leader: 1987–88, 1989–90, 1992–93\n2× Minutes leader: 1987–88, 1988–89\n2× IBM Award winner: 1985, 1989\n11× All-NBA selection:\nFirst Team: 1987–93, 1996–98\nSecond Team: 1985\n9× All-Defensive selection:\nFirst Team: 1988–93, 1996–98\nNBA All-Rookie selection:\nFirst Team: 1985\n7× The Sporting News Most Valuable Player: 1987–88, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98\nThe Sporting News Rookie of the Year: 1985\nSports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year: 1991\nRanked #1 by SLAM Magazine's Top 50 Players of All-time\nRanked #1 by ESPN SportsCentury's Top North American Athletes of the 20th Century\nSelected in 1996 as one of the \"50 Greatest Players in NBA History\"\nSelected in 1996 as member of two of the \"Top 10 Teams in NBA History\"\n1991–92 Chicago Bulls (67–15; .817)\n1995–96 Chicago Bulls (72–10; .878)\n25 NBA Player of the Week 16 NBA Player of the Month Please provide a list of Michael Jordan's accomplishments in the 1987-1988 NBA basketball season.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "In the 1987-1988 NBA Season, Michael Jordan had several achievements, including:\n-NBA Most Valuable Player\n-NBA Scoring Leader\n-NBA Defensive Player of the Year\n-NBA Slam Dunk Contest Champion\n-NBA Steals Leader\n-NBA Minutes Leader\n-All-NBA First Team\n-NBA All-Defensive Team\n-The Sporting News Most Valuable Player",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| NBA achievements
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2009
6× NBA champion: 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998
5× NBA Most Valuable Player: 1987–88, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1995–96, 1997–98
6× NBA Finals Most Valuable Player: 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998
10× Scoring leader: 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98
NBA Defensive Player of the Year: 1987-88
NBA Rookie of the Year: 1984-85
14× NBA All-Star: 1985, 1986 (selected but injured), 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2003
3× NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player: 1988, 1996, 1998
2× NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion: 1987, 1988
Runner-up in 1985
3× Steals leader: 1987–88, 1989–90, 1992–93
2× Minutes leader: 1987–88, 1988–89
2× IBM Award winner: 1985, 1989
11× All-NBA selection:
First Team: 1987–93, 1996–98
Second Team: 1985
9× All-Defensive selection:
First Team: 1988–93, 1996–98
NBA All-Rookie selection:
First Team: 1985
7× The Sporting News Most Valuable Player: 1987–88, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98
The Sporting News Rookie of the Year: 1985
Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year: 1991
Ranked #1 by SLAM Magazine's Top 50 Players of All-time
Ranked #1 by ESPN SportsCentury's Top North American Athletes of the 20th Century
Selected in 1996 as one of the "50 Greatest Players in NBA History"
Selected in 1996 as member of two of the "Top 10 Teams in NBA History"
1991–92 Chicago Bulls (67–15; .817)
1995–96 Chicago Bulls (72–10; .878)
25 NBA Player of the Week 16 NBA Player of the Month Please provide a list of Michael Jordan's accomplishments in the 1987-1988 NBA basketball season. |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "Write a description detailing why Soccer is better than Basketball.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Soccer is a better sport than Basketball because it is a sport with a minimal ruleset making it easier to teach and reach a greater audience. Soccer also does not require a well built out infrastructure in order to play it, all you need is a ball, field, and something to act as goals.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Write a description detailing why Soccer is better than Basketball. |
classification | [
{
"content": "Tell me whether these are flowers or trees: lily, oak, rose, pine, marigold, hickory, dahlia, spruce",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Flowers: Lily, rose, marigold, dahlia\nTrees: Oak, pine, hickory, spruce",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Tell me whether these are flowers or trees: lily, oak, rose, pine, marigold, hickory, dahlia, spruce |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "List some common citrus-based beverages.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Some common citrus-based beverages include orange juice, grapefruit juice, lemonade, Mountain Dew, mimosas",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| List some common citrus-based beverages. |
summarization | [
{
"content": "The Battle of Raab or Battle of Győr (Hungarian: győri csata) was fought on 14 June 1809 during the Napoleonic Wars, between Franco-Italian forces and Habsburg forces. The battle was fought near Győr (Raab), Kingdom of Hungary, and ended in a Franco-Italian victory. The victory prevented Archduke John of Austria from bringing any significant force to the Battle of Wagram, while Prince Eugène de Beauharnais's force was able to link up with Emperor Napoleon at Vienna in time to fight at Wagram. Napoleon referred to the battle as \"a granddaughter of Marengo and Friedland\", as it fell on the anniversary of those two battles Tell me about the Battle of Rabb",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Battle of Raab was a battle fought during the Napoleonic Wars. It was fought near Raab which is the Kingdom of Hungary.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The Battle of Raab or Battle of Győr (Hungarian: győri csata) was fought on 14 June 1809 during the Napoleonic Wars, between Franco-Italian forces and Habsburg forces. The battle was fought near Győr (Raab), Kingdom of Hungary, and ended in a Franco-Italian victory. The victory prevented Archduke John of Austria from bringing any significant force to the Battle of Wagram, while Prince Eugène de Beauharnais's force was able to link up with Emperor Napoleon at Vienna in time to fight at Wagram. Napoleon referred to the battle as "a granddaughter of Marengo and Friedland", as it fell on the anniversary of those two battles Tell me about the Battle of Rabb |
classification | [
{
"content": "Which one of these do not belong to the group: Tomato, Carrot, Ginger, Potato, Turmeric",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "All except Tomato grow underground.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Which one of these do not belong to the group: Tomato, Carrot, Ginger, Potato, Turmeric |
classification | [
{
"content": "What type of movie is Nope?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Nope is a science-fiction horror movie released in 2022.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What type of movie is Nope? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Nicholas Theodore is an American neurosurgeon and researcher at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. He is known for his work in spinal trauma, minimally invasive surgery, robotics, and personalized medicine. He is Director of the Neurosurgical Spine Program at Johns Hopkins and Co-Director of the Carnegie Center for Surgical Innovation at Johns Hopkins.\n\nDr. Theodore graduated from Cornell University, where he was the recipient of a Cornell Tradition Academic Fellowship. He attended medical school at Georgetown University, where he graduated with honors. After completing his internship at Bethesda Naval Hospital, Dr. Theodore served as a Senior General Medical Officer with the United States Marine Corps in Okinawa, Japan.\n\nDr. Theodore completed his neurosurgical residency and a fellowship in spinal surgery at the Barrow Neurological Institute. After completing his residency in 2001, he served as Chief of the Division of Neurosurgery at Naval Medical Center San Diego, overseeing the largest neurosurgery complement in the Navy.\n\nIn 2003, Dr. Theodore joined the faculty at the Barrow Neurological Institute, and assumed the position of Director of Neurotrauma. In 2004 he was appointed Associate Director of the Neurosurgery Residency Program at Barrow. The Neurosurgery Residency Program at Barrow is the largest in the United States, training four residents per academic year, for a total of 28 residents. In 2009 he became the Chief of the Spine Section at the Barrow Neurological Institute and was appointed the Volker K.H. Sonntag Chair in 2015. In 2016 he became the second Donlin M. Long Professor of Neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Dr. Theodore also holds professorships in Orthopedics and Biomedical Engineering at Johns Hopkins. He is also actively involved in the area of preventative medicine within neurosurgery. He has been associated with the ThinkFirst Foundation for several years, having served as the foundation’s Medical Director and President. In 2017, Dr. Theodore was appointed to the National Football League’s Head, Neck and Spine Committee, of which he became Chairman in 2018. In 2020, Michael J. Fox revealed in his memoir that Dr. Theodore performed a risky but successful surgery on him to remove an ependymoma in Fox’s spinal cord. Given a reference text about Nicholas Theodore, tell me where he went to medical school and what he is known for.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Nicholas Theodore went to medical school at Georgetown University and is known for his work in spinal trauma, robotics, minimally invasive surgery, and personalized medicine.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Nicholas Theodore is an American neurosurgeon and researcher at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. He is known for his work in spinal trauma, minimally invasive surgery, robotics, and personalized medicine. He is Director of the Neurosurgical Spine Program at Johns Hopkins and Co-Director of the Carnegie Center for Surgical Innovation at Johns Hopkins.
Dr. Theodore graduated from Cornell University, where he was the recipient of a Cornell Tradition Academic Fellowship. He attended medical school at Georgetown University, where he graduated with honors. After completing his internship at Bethesda Naval Hospital, Dr. Theodore served as a Senior General Medical Officer with the United States Marine Corps in Okinawa, Japan.
Dr. Theodore completed his neurosurgical residency and a fellowship in spinal surgery at the Barrow Neurological Institute. After completing his residency in 2001, he served as Chief of the Division of Neurosurgery at Naval Medical Center San Diego, overseeing the largest neurosurgery complement in the Navy.
In 2003, Dr. Theodore joined the faculty at the Barrow Neurological Institute, and assumed the position of Director of Neurotrauma. In 2004 he was appointed Associate Director of the Neurosurgery Residency Program at Barrow. The Neurosurgery Residency Program at Barrow is the largest in the United States, training four residents per academic year, for a total of 28 residents. In 2009 he became the Chief of the Spine Section at the Barrow Neurological Institute and was appointed the Volker K.H. Sonntag Chair in 2015. In 2016 he became the second Donlin M. Long Professor of Neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Dr. Theodore also holds professorships in Orthopedics and Biomedical Engineering at Johns Hopkins. He is also actively involved in the area of preventative medicine within neurosurgery. He has been associated with the ThinkFirst Foundation for several years, having served as the foundation’s Medical Director and President. In 2017, Dr. Theodore was appointed to the National Football League’s Head, Neck and Spine Committee, of which he became Chairman in 2018. In 2020, Michael J. Fox revealed in his memoir that Dr. Theodore performed a risky but successful surgery on him to remove an ependymoma in Fox’s spinal cord. Given a reference text about Nicholas Theodore, tell me where he went to medical school and what he is known for. |
classification | [
{
"content": "Which of these flowers are annuals vs perennials: Petunias, Verbena, Alyssum, Zinnias, Digitalis Dalmatian, Amsonia, Clementine, Peonies.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Petunias, Verbena, Alyssum, and Zinnias are annual flowers, they bloom one season and then die. \n\nDigitalis Dalmatian, Amsonia, Clementine, and Peonies are perennials. They can bloom for many season.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Which of these flowers are annuals vs perennials: Petunias, Verbena, Alyssum, Zinnias, Digitalis Dalmatian, Amsonia, Clementine, Peonies. |
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