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"War and Peace" | Which battle is a profound event in the Tolstoy novel "War and Peace"? | Battle of Austerlitz | false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
0
] | [
"The Battle of Austerlitz is a major event in Leo Tolstoy's novel \"War and Peace\".",
"As the battle is about to start, Prince Andrei, one of the main characters, thinks that the approaching \"day be his Toulon, or his Arcola,\" references to Napoleon's early victories.",
"Andrei hopes for glory, even thinking to himself, \"I shall march forward and sweep everything before me.\"",
"Later in the battle, however, Andrei falls into enemy hands and even meets his hero, Napoleon.",
"But the previous enthusiasm has been shattered; he no longer thinks much of Napoleon, \"so petty did his hero with his paltry vanity and delight in victory appear, compared to that lofty, righteous and kindly sky which he had seen and comprehended.\"",
"Tolstoy, who is known for his hatred of Napoléon, portrays Austerlitz as an early test for Russia, one which ended badly because the soldiers fought for irrelevant things like glory or renown rather than the higher virtues which would produce, according to Tolstoy, a victory at Borodino during the 1812 invasion."
] | [] |
Legal controls | When is a profession regulated? | Medicine | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
6
] | [
"In most countries, it is a legal requirement for a medical doctor to be licensed or registered.",
"In general, this entails a medical degree from a university and accreditation by a medical board or an equivalent national organization, which may ask the applicant to pass exams.",
"This restricts the considerable legal authority of the medical profession to physicians that are trained and qualified by national standards.",
"It is also intended as an assurance to patients and as a safeguard against charlatans that practice inadequate medicine for personal gain.",
"While the laws generally require medical doctors to be trained in \"evidence based\", Western, or Hippocratic Medicine, they are not intended to discourage different paradigms of health.",
"In the European Union, the profession of doctor of medicine is regulated.",
"A profession is said to be regulated when access and exercise is subject to the possession of a specific professional qualification.",
"The regulated professions database contains a list of regulated professions for doctor of medicine in the EU member states, EEA countries and Switzerland.",
"This list is covered by the Directive 2005/36/EC .",
"Doctors who are negligent or intentionally harmful in their care of patients can face charges of medical malpractice and be subject to civil, criminal, or professional sanctions."
] | [
2
] |
Aquarium hobby | When is CO2 used by plants? | Yeast | false | 8SCIENCE
| [
7
] | [
"Yeast is often used by aquarium hobbyists to generate carbon dioxide (CO2) to nourish plants in planted aquaria.",
"A homemade setup is widely used as a cheap and simple alternative to pressurized CO2 systems.",
"While not as effective as these, the homemade setup is considerably cheaper for less-demanding hobbyists.",
"Several recipes for homemade CO2 are available, but they are variations of the basic recipe: Baker's yeast, with sugar, baking soda, and water, are added to a plastic bottle.",
"A few drops of vegetable oil at the start reduces surface tension and speeds the release of CO2.",
"This will produce CO2 for about two or three weeks; the use of a bubble counter determines production.",
"The CO2 is injected in the aquarium through a narrow hose and released through a diffuser that helps dissolve the gas in the water.",
"The CO2 is used by plants in the photosynthesis process."
] | [
2
] |
In popular culture | When did Andy Worol make the scream? | The Scream | false | 3ART
| [
2
] | [
"In the late twentieth century, \"The Scream\" was imitated, parodied, and outright copies have been made following its copyright expiration, which led to it acquiring an iconic status in popular culture.",
"It was used on the cover of some editions of Arthur Janov's book \"The Primal Scream\".",
"In 1983–1984, pop artist Andy Warhol made a series of silk prints copying works by Munch, including \"The Scream\".",
"His stated intention was to desacralize the painting by making it into a mass-reproducible object.",
"Munch had already begun that process, however, by making a lithograph of the work for reproduction.",
"Erró's ironic and irreverent treatment of Munch's masterpiece in his acrylic paintings \"The Second Scream\" (1967) and \"Ding Dong\" (1979) is considered a characteristic of post-modern art.",
"Cartoonist Gary Larson included a \"tribute\" to \"The Scream\" (entitled \"The Whine\") in his \"Wiener Dog Art\" painting and cartoon compilation, in which the central figure is replaced by a howling dachshund.",
"\"The Scream\" has been used in advertising, in cartoons, such as \"The Simpsons\", films, and on television.",
"The principal alien antagonists depicted in the 2011 BBC series of \"Doctor Who\", named \"The Silence\", have an appearance partially based on \"The Scream\".",
"The Ghostface mask worn by the primary antagonists of the \"Scream\" series of horror movies is based on the painting, and was created by Fun World employee, Brigitte Sleiertin, as a Halloween costume, prior to being discovered by Marianne Maddalena and Wes Craven for the film.",
"In 2013, The Scream was one of four paintings that the Norwegian postal service chose for a series of stamps marking the 150th anniversary of Edvard Munch’s birth.",
"A patient resource group for trigeminal neuralgia (which has been described as the most painful condition in existence) have also adopted the image as a symbol of the condition."
] | [
2
] |
Abstract | Who plays the unpredictable wife of Christian Bale's character? | American Hustle | false | 6MOVIES
| [
2
] | [
"American Hustle is a 2013 American crime comedy-drama film directed by David O. Russell, from a screenplay written by Eric Warren Singer and Russell, loosely based on the FBI ABSCAM operation of the late 1970s and early 1980s.",
"It stars Christian Bale and Amy Adams as two con artists who are forced by an FBI agent (Bradley Cooper) to set up an elaborate sting operation on corrupt politicians, including the mayor of Camden, New Jersey, (Jeremy Renner).",
"Jennifer Lawrence plays the unpredictable wife of Bale's character.",
"Principal photography on \"American Hustle\" began on March 8, 2013 in Boston and Worcester, Massachusetts, and New York City.",
"The film had its nationwide release in the United States on December 20, 2013, and has since grossed more than a quarter of a billion dollars worldwide.",
"As well as being a box office success, the film received widespread critical acclaim.",
"It received ten Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Writing (Original Screenplay), but did not win in any category.",
"It became the second film since 1981, and the 15th overall, to be nominated in the four acting categories, the first being \"Silver Linings Playbook\", also directed by Russell and also starring Cooper and Lawrence.",
"\"American Hustle\" won three Golden Globe Awards, the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture and three BAFTA Awards, among other achievements."
] | [
3
] |
Music industry | How did Billboard change its ranking methodology in response to Gangam Style? | Gangnam Style | true | 0MUSIC
| [
5,
6
] | [
"Record executives in the music industry believe that music charts will increasingly be filled with YouTube-driven globalised acts from foreign countries.",
"Sean Carey, a research fellow in the School of Social Sciences at the University of Roehampton, wrote that the flow of popular music will no longer be a single traffic route from North America and Europe to other parts of the globe, but will also move the other way as well.",
"According to Adam Sherwin from \"The Independent\", the global web demand for Gangnam Style had short-circuited the \"traditional reluctance\" of radio stations to play foreign-language songs.",
"The song is also underlining a shift in how money is being made in the music business.",
"Although Psy earned more than US$60,000 from music sales of \"Gangnam Style\" in South Korea alone, he and his music label YG Entertainment have raked in almost US$1 million from advertisements which appear on YouTube videos identified for using \"Gangnam Style\" in its content.",
"The \"Harvard Business Review\" published an article written by Kevin Evers, who explained how \"Gangnam Style\" had changed Billboard's ranking methodology of its music charts.",
"Instead of relying solely on radio plays and paid purchases, Billboard started to place a heavier emphasis on digital sales and YouTube views.",
"As a result of the change, Gangnam Style moved up to the top position of Billboard's Hot Rap Songs music chart.",
"According to the British Phonographic Industry's report based on Official Charts Company sales data, thanks to Psy's song and Carly Rae Jepsen’s \"Call Me Maybe,\" pop became the UK’s favourite musical genre of the year, taking the lion’s share of the singles market (38.5%) in 2012."
] | [
5
] |
First use: commercial pier and entertainment | What was Chicago's Navy Pier named after? | Navy Pier | true | 2TRAVEL
| [
4
] | [
"Even as Chicago Municipal Pier was being built, mass-produced automobiles and trucks were beginning to wreak havoc on the package freight and passenger steamboat industries of Lake Michigan.",
"The Pier proved to be much more successful as a public gathering place.",
"In the 1920s, the Pier expanded to have its own streetcar line, a theater, and an emergency room.",
"It gained wide recognition in 1922 by hosting the \"Pageant of Progress.\"",
"In 1927 the Pier was officially named Navy Pier in honor of the Naval personnel that served there during WWI.",
"In this period, the Pier was described as a summer playground, with recreational facilities that included picnicking areas, dining pavilions, a dance hall, auditorium, and children's playground.",
"A radio station.",
"WCFL, operated from the north tower of the auditorium.",
"During the 1920s, it is estimated that an average of 3.2 million visitors frequented the Pier annually.",
"This decade is sometimes called the Pier's \"Golden Age\".",
"The advent of the Great Depression in the early 1930s, as well as the increased use of trucks and automobiles, resulted in the decline of freight and passenger ship activity; however, cultural and recreational use of the Pier continued.",
"In 1933, the Century of Progress Exposition (World's Fair) on the lakefront also drew many conventions and visitors to the Pier.",
"During the 1930s, the Pier also housed various New Deal agencies."
] | [
0
] |
Luddites | When did the first attacks of the Luddite movement begin? | Industrial Revolution | false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
5
] | [
"The rapid industrialisation of the English economy cost many craft workers their jobs.",
"The movement started first with lace and hosiery workers near Nottingham and spread to other areas of the textile industry owing to early industrialisation.",
"Many weavers also found themselves suddenly unemployed since they could no longer compete with machines which only required relatively limited (and unskilled) labour to produce more cloth than a single weaver.",
"Many such unemployed workers, weavers and others, turned their animosity towards the machines that had taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery.",
"These attackers became known as Luddites, supposedly followers of Ned Ludd, a folklore figure.",
"The first attacks of the Luddite movement began in 1811.",
"The Luddites rapidly gained popularity, and the British government took drastic measures, using the militia or army to protect industry.",
"Those rioters who were caught were tried and hanged, or transported for life.",
"Unrest continued in other sectors as they industrialised as well, such as with agricultural labourers in the 1830s when large parts of southern Britain were affected by the Captain Swing disturbances.",
"Threshing machines were a particular target, and hayrick burning was a popular activity.",
"However, the riots led to the first formation of trade unions, and further pressure for reform."
] | [
2
] |
Canadian side | When was the Whirlpool Aero Car built? | Niagara Falls | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
4
] | [
"On the Canadian side, Queen Victoria Park features manicured gardens, platforms offering spectacular views of both the American and Horseshoe Falls, and underground walkways leading into observation rooms that yield the illusion of being within the falling waters.",
"The observation deck of the nearby Skylon Tower offers the highest overhead view of the falls, and in the opposite direction gives views as far as distant Toronto.",
"Along with the Minolta Tower (formerly the Seagrams Tower and the Konica Minolta Tower, now called the Tower Hotel), it is one of two towers in Canada with a view of the falls.",
"Along the Niagara River, the Niagara River Recreational Trail runs the 35 miles (56 km) from Fort Erie to Fort George, and includes many historical sites from the War of 1812.",
"The Whirlpool Aero Car, built in 1916 from a design by Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres y Quevedo, is a cable car that takes passengers over the Niagara Whirlpool on the Canadian side.",
"The \"Journey Behind the Falls\"—accessible by elevators from the street level entrance—consists of an observation platform and series of tunnels near the bottom of the Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side.",
"There are two casinos on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls, the Niagara Fallsview Casino Resort and Casino Niagara.",
"The former is situated in the Fallsview Tourist Area, alongside many of the area's hotels, whilst the latter is adjacent to Clifton Hill, on Falls Avenue, a major tourist promenade."
] | [
2
] |
Versions | who made "persistence of memory"? | The Persistence of Memory | true | 3ART
| [
2
] | [
"Dalí returned to the theme of this painting with the variation \"The Disintegration of the Persistence of Memory\" (1954), showing his earlier famous work systematically fragmenting into smaller component elements, and a series of rectangular blocks which reveal further imagery through the gaps between them, implying something beneath the surface of the original work; this work is now in the Dalí Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida, while the original \"Persistence of Memory\" remains at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.",
"Dalí also produced various lithographs and sculptures on the theme of soft watches late in his career.",
"Some of these sculptures are the \"Persistence of Memory\", the \"Nobility of Time\", the \"Profile of Time\" and the \"Three Dancing Watches\"."
] | [
3
] |
Garden | Where do they play Garden Croquet? | Croquet | true | 4SPORT
| [
0
] | [
"Garden croquet is widely played in the UK.",
"The rules are easy to learn and the game can be played on lawns of almost any size but usually around by .",
"The rules are similar to those described above for Association Croquet with three major differences:",
" The starting point for all balls is a spot three feet in from the boundary directly in front of hoop1.",
" If a strikers ball goes off, there is no penalty, it comes back on three feet and the turn continues.",
" In a croquet stroke the croqueted ball does not have to move when the strikers ball is struck.",
"This version of the game is easy for beginners to learn.",
"The main Garden Croquet Club in the UK is the Bygrave Croquet Club which is a private club with five lawns.",
"Other clubs also use garden croquet as an introduction to the game, notably the Hampstead Heath Croquet Club and the Watford Croquet Club."
] | [
4
] |
Food and nutrition | What is the amount of new compounds that were discovered in maple syrup? | Maple syrup | true | 9FOOD
| [
11
] | [
"The basic ingredient in maple syrup is the sap from the xylem of sugar maple or various other species of maple trees.",
"It consists primarily of sucrose and water, with small amounts of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose from the invert sugar created in the boiling process.",
"Organic acids, the most notable one being malic acid, make the syrup slightly acidic.",
"Maple syrup has a relatively low mineral content, consisting largely of potassium and calcium, but also contains nutritionally significant amounts of zinc and manganese.",
"Maple syrup also contains trace amounts of amino acids, which may contribute to the \"buddy\" flavour of syrup produced late in the season, as the amino acid content of sap increases at this time.",
"Additionally, maple syrup contains a wide variety of volatile organic compounds, including vanillin, hydroxybutanone, and propionaldehyde.",
"It is not yet known exactly what compounds are responsible for maple syrup's distinctive flavour, however its primary flavour contributing compounds are maple furanone, strawberry furanone, and maltol.",
"Maple syrup is similar to sugar with respect to calorie content, but is a source of manganese, with 13 grams containing about 0.44 milligrams, or 22 percent of the US Food and Drug Administration Daily Value (DV%) of 2 milligrams.",
"It is also a source of zinc with 13 grams containing 0.55 milligrams or 3.7 percent of the DV% of 15 milligrams.",
"Compared to honey, maple syrup has 15 times more calcium and 1/10 as much sodium.",
"Scientists have found that maple syrup's natural phenols – potentially beneficial antioxidant compounds – inhibit two carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes that are relevant to type 2 diabetes.",
"In the study, 34 new compounds were discovered in pure maple syrup, five of which have never before been seen in nature.",
"Among the five new compounds is quebecol, a phenolic compound created when the maple sap is boiled to create syrup.",
"British culinary expert Delia Smith described maple syrup as \"a unique ingredient, smooth- and silky-textured, with a sweet, distinctive flavour – hints of caramel with overtones of toffee will not do – and a rare colour, amber set alight.",
"Maple flavour is, well, maple flavour, uniquely different from any other.\"",
"Agriculture Canada has developed a \"flavour wheel\" that details 91 unique flavours that can be present in maple syrup.",
"These flavours are divided into 13 families: vanilla, empyreumatic (burnt), milky, fruity, floral, spicy, foreign deterioration or environment, maple, confectionery, plants forest-humus-cereals, herbaceous, or ligneous.",
"These flavours are evaluated using a procedure similar to wine tasting.",
"Other culinary experts praise its unique flavour.",
"Maple syrup and its various artificial imitations are widely used as toppings for pancakes, waffles, and French toast in North America.",
"They can also be used to flavour a variety of foods, including fritters, ice cream, hot cereal, fresh fruit, and sausages.",
"It is also used as sweetener for granola, applesauce, baked beans, candied sweet potatoes, winter squash, cakes, pies, breads, tea, coffee, and hot toddies.",
"Maple syrup can also be used as a replacement for honey in wine (mead)."
] | [
0
] |
Period | At what time can the harvest begin for cereal plants? | Cereal | true | 9FOOD
| [
2,
3
] | [
"Once the cereal plants have grown their seeds, they have completed their life cycle.",
"The plants die and become brown and dry.",
"As soon as the parent plants and their seed kernels are reasonably dry, harvest can begin.",
"In developed countries, cereal crops are universally machine-harvested, typically using a combine harvester, which cuts, threshes, and winnows the grain during a single pass across the field.",
"In developing countries, a variety of harvesting methods are in use, depending on the cost of labor, from combines to hand tools such as the scythe or cradle.",
"If a crop is harvested during wet weather, the grain may not dry adequately in the field to prevent spoilage during its storage.",
"In this case, the grain is sent to a dehydrating facility, where artificial heat dries it.",
"In North America, farmers commonly deliver their newly harvested grain to a grain elevator, a large storage facility that consolidates the crops of many farmers.",
"The farmer may sell the grain at the time of delivery or maintain ownership of a share of grain in the pool for later sale.",
"Storage facilities should be protected from small grain pests, rodents and birds."
] | [
0
] |
Moseley's 1913 experiment | What was the name of the scientist who invested a great deal of research in chemistry in 1913? | Atomic number | false | 8SCIENCE
| [
0
] | [
"The experimental position improved dramatically after research by Henry Moseley in 1913.",
"Moseley, after discussions with Bohr who was at the same lab (and who had used Van den Broek's hypothesis in his Bohr model of the atom), decided to test Van den Broek's and Bohr's hypothesis directly, by seeing if spectral lines emitted from excited atoms fitted the Bohr theory's postulation that the frequency of the spectral lines be proportional to the square of \"Z\".",
"To do this, Moseley measured the wavelengths of the innermost photon transitions (K and L lines) produced by the elements from aluminum (\"Z\" = 13) to gold (\"Z\" = 79) used as a series of movable anodic targets inside an x-ray tube.",
"The square root of the frequency of these photons (x-rays) increased from one target to the next in an arithmetic progression.",
"This led to the conclusion (Moseley's law) that the atomic number does closely correspond (with an offset of one unit for K-lines, in Moseley's work) to the calculated electric charge of the nucleus, i.e.",
"the element number \"Z\".",
"Among other things, Moseley demonstrated that the lanthanide series (from lanthanum to lutetium inclusive) must have 15 members—no fewer and no more—which was far from obvious from the chemistry at that time."
] | [
0,
3
] |
Player rosters | How many pitchers constitute the team's pitching rotation or starting rotation? | Baseball | false | 4SPORT
| [
5
] | [
"Player rosters.",
"Roster, or squad, sizes differ between different leagues and different levels of organized play.",
"Major League Baseball teams maintain 25-player active rosters.",
"A typical 25-man roster in a league without the DH rule, such as MLB's National League, features:",
"eight position players—catcher, four infielders, three outfielders—who play on a regular basis",
"five starting pitchers who constitute the team's pitching rotation or starting rotation",
"six relief pitchers, including one specialist closer, who constitute the team's bullpen (named for the off-field area where pitchers warm up)",
"one backup, or substitute, catcher",
"two backup infielders",
"two backup outfielders",
"one specialist pinch hitter, or a second backup catcher, or a seventh reliever"
] | [
5
] |
Vegetable salad | Can only vegetables be added to salad? | Salad | false | 9FOOD
| [
2
] | [
"Vegetables other than greens may be used in a salad.",
"Common raw vegetables used in a salad include cucumbers, peppers, tomatoes, onions, spring onions, red onions, carrots, celery, and radishes.",
"Other ingredients, such as mushrooms, avocado, olives, hard boiled egg, artichoke hearts, heart of palm, roasted red bell peppers, green beans, croutons, cheeses, meat (e.g.",
"bacon, chicken), or seafood (e.g.",
"tuna, shrimp), are sometimes added to salads."
] | [] |
Critical response | Which publication said "Murphey and the writers will have to do a lot of heavy lifting for "Body of Proof"? | Body of Proof | false | 1TV
| [
9
] | [
"Critical response.",
"The show was met with mixed reviews: Metacritic summarizes the opinions of 21 critics in giving the show's first season a score of 56 out of 100.",
"\"Entertainment Weekly\" included the show in the 10 TV events to look forward to in 2011.",
"Critic David Hinckley from the New York \"Daily News\" gave the show a positive review, noting it \"would be interesting enough if it were just \"Quincy\" with better legs.",
"Add the other elements and you have something worth checking out at 10 o'clock\".",
"Other reviews were more negative, commenting on the clichéd plot and character development.",
"\"Las Vegas Weekly\" critic Josh Bell commented that \"The problem is that Megan’s personal issues are as clichéd and clumsily presented as her boilerplate murder cases, and the show makes strained connections between the two that don’t really hold together.\"",
"\"The Detroit News\" called it \"Saggy, predictable and preachy, the series debut was delayed for months and still doesn't have what it takes to impress viewers.",
"What a poor replacement for \"Detroit 1-8-7\" (\"Detroit 1–8–7\" was canceled and \"Body of Proof\" was renewed).\"",
"The \"Los Angeles Times\" said \"Murphey and the writers will have to do a lot of heavy lifting for \"Body of Proof\" to transcend its immediate predictability.",
"There's only so much Delany can do with a cardboard show.",
"God may be in the details, but the walls still have to hold.\""
] | [] |
Governing body | Where is the primary office of the Fédération Internationale d'Escrime currently located? | Fencing | true | 4SPORT
| [
3
] | [
"Competitive fencing.",
"Governing body.",
"Fencing is governed by Fédération Internationale d'Escrime or FIE.",
"Today, its head office is in Lausanne, Switzerland.",
"The FIE is composed of 145 national federations, each of which is recognized by its country's Olympic Committee as the sole representative of Olympic-style fencing in that country."
] | [
4
] |
Foreign relations and military | What is included in the unified Canadian Forces? | Canada | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
1
] | [
"Canada currently employs a professional, volunteer military force of 68,250 active personnel and approximately 47,081 reserve personnel.",
"The unified Canadian Forces (CF) comprise the Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, and Royal Canadian Air Force.",
"In 2011, Canada's military expenditure totalled approximately C$24.5 billion.",
"Canada and the United States share the world's longest undefended border, co-operate on military campaigns and exercises, and are each other's largest trading partner.",
"Canada nevertheless has an independent foreign policy, most notably maintaining full relations with Cuba and declining to officially participate in the 2003 invasion of Iraq.",
"Canada also maintains historic ties to the United Kingdom and France and to other former British and French colonies through Canada's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and the Francophonie.",
"Canada is noted for having a positive relationship with the Netherlands, owing, in part, to its contribution to the Dutch liberation during World War II.",
"Canada's strong attachment to the British Empire and Commonwealth led to major participation in British military efforts in the Second Boer War, World War I and World War II.",
"Since then, Canada has been an advocate for multilateralism, making efforts to resolve global issues in collaboration with other nations.",
"Canada was a founding member of the United Nations in 1945 and of NATO in 1949.",
"During the Cold War, Canada was a major contributor to UN forces in the Korean War and founded the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in co-operation with the United States to defend against potential aerial attacks from the Soviet Union.",
"During the Suez Crisis of 1956, future Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson eased tensions by proposing the inception of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force, for which he was awarded the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize.",
"As this was the first UN peacekeeping mission, Pearson is often credited as the inventor of the concept.",
"Canada has since served in 50 peacekeeping missions, including every UN peacekeeping effort until 1989, and has since maintained forces in international missions in Rwanda, the former Yugoslavia, and elsewhere; Canada has sometimes faced controversy over its involvement in foreign countries, notably in the 1993 Somalia Affair.",
"Canada joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990 and hosted the OAS General Assembly in Windsor, Ontario, in June 2000 and the third Summit of the Americas in Quebec City in April 2001.",
"Canada seeks to expand its ties to Pacific Rim economies through membership in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum (APEC).",
"In 2001, Canada deployed troops to Afghanistan as part of the US stabilization force and the UN-authorized, NATO-led International Security Assistance Force.",
"In all, Canada lost 158 soldiers, one diplomat, two aid workers, and one journalist during the ten year mission, which cost approximately C$11.3 billion.",
"In February 2007, Canada, Italy, the United Kingdom, Norway, and Russia announced their joint commitment to a $1.5-billion project to help develop vaccines for developing nations, and called on other countries to join them.",
"In August 2007, Canada's territorial claims in the Arctic were challenged after a Russian underwater expedition to the North Pole; Canada has considered that area to be sovereign territory since 1925.",
"Between March and October 2011, Canadian forces participated in a UN-mandated NATO intervention into the 2011 Libyan civil war."
] | [
0
] |
Significant changes to Utzon's design | Why were Utzon's designs in the Sydney Opera House changed? | Sydney Opera House | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
6,
7
] | [
" The major hall, which was originally to be a multipurpose opera/concert hall, became solely a concert hall, called the Concert Hall.",
"The minor hall, originally for stage productions only, incorporated opera and ballet functions and was called the Opera Theatre, later renamed the Joan Sutherland Theatre.",
"As a result, the Joan Sutherland Theatre is inadequate to stage large-scale opera and ballet.",
"A theatre, a cinema and a library were also added.",
"These were later changed to two live drama theatres and a smaller theatre \"in the round\".",
"These now comprise the Drama Theatre, the Playhouse, and the Studio, respectively.",
"These changes were primarily because of inadequacies in the original competition brief, which did not make it adequately clear how the Opera House was to be used.",
"The layout of the interiors was changed, and the stage machinery, already designed and fitted inside the major hall, was pulled out and largely thrown away, as detailed in the 1968 BBC TV documentary \"Autopsy on a Dream\", which \"chronicles the full spectrum of controversy surrounding the construction of the Sydney Opera House\".",
" Externally, the cladding to the podium and the paving (the podium was originally not to be clad down to the water, but to be left open).",
" The construction of the glass walls (Utzon was planning to use a system of prefabricated plywood mullions, but a different system was designed to deal with the glass).",
" Utzon's plywood corridor designs, and his acoustic and seating designs for the interior of both major halls, were scrapped completely.",
"His design for the Concert Hall was rejected as it only seated 2000, which was considered insufficient.",
"Utzon employed the acoustic consultant Lothar Cremer, and his designs for the major halls were later modelled and found to be very good.",
"The subsequent Todd, Hall and Littlemore versions of both major halls have some problems with acoustics, particularly for the performing musicians.",
"The orchestra pit in the Joan Sutherland Theatre is cramped and dangerous to musicians' hearing.",
"The Concert Hall has a very high roof, leading to a lack of early reflections onstage—perspex rings (the \"acoustic clouds\") hanging over the stage were added shortly before opening in an (unsuccessful) attempt to address this problem."
] | [
1
] |
Plants | Do north-facing slopes receive a different amount of sunlight than other slopes? | Grand Canyon | true | 2TRAVEL
| [
11
] | [
"Biology and ecology.",
"There are approximately 1,737 known species of vascular plants, 167 species of fungi, 64 species of moss and 195 species of lichen found in Grand Canyon National Park.",
"This variety is largely due to the 8,000 foot elevation change from the Colorado River up to the highest point on the North Rim.",
"Grand Canyon boasts a dozen endemic plants (known only within the Park's boundaries) while only ten percent of the Park's flora is exotic.",
"Sixty-three plants found here have been given special status by the U.S.",
"Fish and Wildlife Service.",
"The Mojave Desert influences the western sections of the canyon, Sonoran Desert vegetation covers the eastern sections, and ponderosa and pinyon pine forests grow on both rims.",
"Natural seeps and springs percolating out of the canyon walls are home to 11% of all the plant species found in the Grand Canyon.",
"The Canyon itself can act as a connection between the east and the west by providing corridors of appropriate habitat along its length.",
"The canyon can also be a genetic barrier to some species, like the Tassel-eared squirrel.",
"The aspect, or direction a slope faces, also plays a major role in adding diversity to the Grand Canyon.",
"North-facing slopes receive about one-third the normal amount of sunlight, so plants growing there are similar to plants found at higher elevations, or in more northern latitudes.",
"The south-facing slopes receive the full amount of sunlight and are covered in vegetation typical of the Sonoran Desert."
] | [] |
Themes | What kind of characteristic is "elf"? | The Lord of the Rings | true | 6MOVIES
| [
2
] | [
"Although \"The Lord of the Rings\" was published in the 1950s, Tolkien insisted that the One Ring was not an allegory for the Atomic Bomb, nor were his works a strict allegory of any kind, but were open to interpretation as the reader saw fit.",
"A few critics have found what they consider to be racial elements in the story, generally based upon their views of how Tolkien's imagery depicts good and evil, characters' race (e.g.",
"Elf, Dwarf, Hobbit, Southron, Númenórean, Orc); and that the character's race is seen as determining their behaviour.",
"Counter-arguments note that race-focused critiques often omit relevant textual evidence to the contrary, cite imagery from adaptations rather than the work itself; ignore the absence of evidence of racist attitudes or events in the author's personal life and claim that the perception of racism is itself a marginal view.",
"Critics have also seen social class rather than race as being the determinant factor for the portrayal of good and evil.",
"Commentators such as science fiction author David Brin have interpreted the work to hold unquestioning devotion to a traditional elitist social structure.",
"In his essay \"Epic Pooh\", science fiction and fantasy author Michael Moorcock critiques the world-view displayed by the book as deeply conservative, in both the 'paternalism' of the narrative voice and the power-structures in the narrative.",
"Tom Shippey cites the origin of this portrayal of evil as a reflection of the prejudices of European middle-classes during the inter-war years towards the industrial working class.",
"Other observers have cited Christian and Catholic themes in \"The Lord of the Rings\".",
"The book has been read as fitting the model of Joseph Campbell's \"monomyth\"."
] | [
0
] |
In popular culture | What instrument is Will Ferrell able to play? | Free Bird | true | 0MUSIC
| [
5
] | [
"The song is included on the rhythm game \"Rock Band 3\" as the hardest song for Guitar and one of the hardest songs for Band.",
"It was previously featured as the final song of \"Guitar Hero II\" and again in '.",
"It is also featured in ' on the radio station K-DST.",
"An all-star band performed the song to conclude the final episode of \"The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien\".",
"Will Ferrell sang lead vocals, backed by Beck, ZZ Top's Billy Gibbons, Ben Harper, and O'Brien himself on guitar, drummer Max Weinberg and the rest of the shows house band.",
"Ferrell also played Cowbell.",
"Some commentators found the lyrics especially resonant due to Conan's decision to leave the show rather than allow it to be aired in a later time slot.",
"The song is featured in the movie \"Forrest Gump\", in the scene where Jenny contemplates suicide, and in the climax of the movie \"Duets\", before Reggie sacrifices his life.",
"It is also prominently featured in the finale of Rob Zombie's second film, \"The Devil's Rejects\" and in the film \"Cars\".",
"The song is played by a band called Ruckus (mainly members of My Morning Jacket) in the movie \"Elizabethtown\".",
"The song is featured in \"That 70's Show\" Season 1 Episode 19 \"Prom Night\", \"Freaks and Geeks\" episode 12: \"The Garage Door\", and\"Six Feet Under\" Season 2 Episode 8 \"It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year\"The song is played throughout My Name is Earl Season 2 Episode 20 \"Two Balls, Two Strikes\"The song is referenced in The Band Perry's song \"Double Heart\" off of their self-titled debut album.",
"Pop group \"Will to Power\" included the song on their 1988 hit, \"Baby, I Love Your Way/Freebird Medley\" which went to #1 on Billboard's Hot 100 chart.",
"The song is used in the \"King of the Hill\" episode \"Tankin' It to the Streets,\" when a distraught, inebriated Bill steals an Army tank.",
"He sings part of the song while in the tank, moments before Hank, Dale, and Boomhauer go into the tank to talk him into taking the tank back to the army base.",
"He also hums the same part at the end.",
"The song is referenced in the \"Gilmore Girls\" episode \"A Deep-Fried Korean Thanksgiving\", season 3 episode 9.",
"Lorelai suggests the song to the piano player at her parents' Thanksgiving party.",
"A segment of the Blue Man Group theatrical show requires a member of the audience to shout out for a request of this song."
] | [
0
] |
Works modeled on, or inspired by, the Colosseum | Who designed the summer Olympics Games medals from 1928 to 2000? | Colosseum | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
1
] | [
"The \"Kongresshalle\", or \"Congress Hall\", (1935, unfinished) at the Nazi Party Rally grounds, Nuremberg, Germany",
"The Summer Olympic Games medal from 1928 to 2000, designed by Giuseppe Cassioli, features a depiction of the Colosseum.",
"At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens the Colosseum was replaced by a depiction of the Panathinaiko Stadium",
"The exterior of the Vancouver Public Library resembles the current state of the Colosseum.",
"It was designed by Moshe Safdie.",
"The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum entrance was inspired by the Colosseum.",
"The Palazzo della Civilta Italiana was very closely modelled on the Colosseum.",
"It was built for Mussolini for the Universal Exhibition of 1942 but the exhibition never happened due to the outbreak of World War II.",
"The architects were Giovanni Guerrini, Ernesto Bruno La Padula, and Mario Romano."
] | [
3
] |
Religion | Which state in the United States is primarily Mormon? | United States | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
14
] | [
"The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment.",
"Christianity is by far the most common religion practiced in the U.S., but other religions are followed, too.",
"In a 2013 survey, 56% of Americans said that religion played a \"very important role in their lives\", a far higher figure than that of any other wealthy nation.",
"In a 2009 Gallup poll 42% of Americans said that they attended church weekly or almost weekly; the figures ranged from a low of 23% in Vermont to a high of 63% in Mississippi.",
"According to a 2012 survey, 73% of adults identified themselves as Christian, down from 86.4% in 1990.",
"Protestant denominations accounted for 48%, while Roman Catholicism, at 22%, was the largest individual denomination.",
"The total reporting non-Christian religions in 2012 was 6%, up from 4% in 2007.",
"Other religions include Judaism (1.7%), Buddhism (0.7%), Islam (0.6%), Hinduism (0.4%), and Unitarian Universalism (0.3%).",
"The survey also reported that 19.6% of Americans described themselves as agnostic, atheist or simply having no religion, up from 8.2% in 1990.",
"There are also Baha'i, Sikh, Jain, Shinto, Confucian, Taoist, Druid, Native American, Wiccan, humanist and deist communities.",
"Protestantism is the largest group of religions in the United States, with Baptists being the largest Protestant sect, and the Southern Baptist Convention being the largest Protestant denomination in the U.S. Roman Catholicism in the U.S. has its origin in the Spanish and French colonization of the Americas, and later grew due to Irish, Italian, Polish, German and Hispanic immigration.",
"Rhode Island is the only state where the majority of the population is Catholic.",
"Lutheranism in the U.S. has its origin in immigration from Northern Europe.",
"North and South Dakota are the only states in which a plurality of the population is Lutheran.",
"Utah is the only state where Mormonism is the religion of the majority of the population.",
"Mormonism is also relatively common in parts of Idaho, Nevada and Wyoming.",
"The Bible Belt is an informal term for a region in the Southern United States in which socially conservative evangelical Protestantism is a significant part of the culture and Christian church attendance across the denominations is generally higher than the nation's average.",
"By contrast, religion plays the least important role in New England and in the Western United States.",
"As with other Western countries, the U.S. is becoming less religious.",
"Irreligion is growing rapidly among Americans under 30.",
"Polls show that overall American confidence in organized religion is declining, and that younger Americans in particular are becoming increasingly irreligious."
] | [] |
Soundtrack | Which set includes songs performed by series regulars Pauley Perrette and Cote de Pablo? | NCIS (TV series) | false | 1TV
| [
1,
2,
3
] | [
"CBS Records released the show's first soundtrack on February 10, 2009.",
"\"The Official TV Soundtrack\" is a two-disc, 22-track set that includes brand new songs from top artists featured prominently in upcoming episodes of the series as well as the show’s original theme by Numeriklab (available commercially for the first time) and a remix of the theme by Ministry.",
"The set also includes songs performed by series regulars Pauley Perrette and Cote de Pablo.",
"A sequel to the soundtrack was released on November 3, 2009.",
"\"NCIS: The Official TV Soundtrack; Vol.",
"2\" is a single disc, 12 track set that covers songs (many previously unreleased) featured throughout the seventh season of the show, including one recording titled \"Bitter and Blue\" by Weatherly, as well as two songs used in previous seasons."
] | [] |
Technical | Who are the engineers that worked on the movie Sound City? | Sound City (film) | false | 6MOVIES
| [
2,
6,
7
] | [
" Sami Ansari – photography",
" Matt Bissonette – composer",
" James Brown – engineer, mixing",
" Joe LaPorta – mastering",
" Emily Lazar – mastering",
" Chris Lord-Alge – mixing",
" John Lousteau – engineer",
" Jim Scott – engineer",
" Chris Shiflett – composer",
" Derek Silverman – engineering support",
" Butch Vig – producer"
] | [
3
] |
Abstract | Who was the producer of Cabin in the Woods? | The Cabin in the Woods | true | 6MOVIES
| [
0
] | [
"The Cabin in the Woods is a 2012 American satirical horror film directed by Drew Goddard in his directorial debut, produced by Joss Whedon, and written by Whedon and Goddard.",
"The film stars Kristen Connolly, Chris Hemsworth, Anna Hutchison, Fran Kranz, and Jesse Williams.",
"Goddard and Whedon, having worked together previously on \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" and \"Angel\", wrote the screenplay in three days, describing it as an attempt to \"revitalize\" the slasher film genre and as a critical satire on torture porn.",
"\"The A.V.",
"Club\", elaborating on this description, wrote, \"Where \"Scream\" put a postmodern twist on slasher films, \"The Cabin In The Woods\" takes on the whole genre and twists even harder...",
"The script brings to the fore Whedon’s love of subverting clichés while embracing them and teasing out their deeper meaning.",
"\"Filming took place in Vancouver, British Columbia, from March to May 2009 on an estimated budget of $30 million.",
"Scheduled to be released on February 5, 2010, the release was delayed until January 14, 2011 so that the film could be converted into 3D.",
"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's financial troubles then delayed the release indefinitely.",
"The distribution rights were bought by Lionsgate in April 2011, who cancelled the planned 3D conversion.",
"The film then premiered on March 9, 2012 at the South by Southwest film festival in Austin, Texas and was released in the United States on April 13, 2012.",
"The film was both a critical and financial success receiving positive reviews, featuring on Metacritic's best films of 2012 list and grossing over $65 million worldwide."
] | [
3
] |
Japanese declaration of war | When did Japanese newspapers print a declaration of war on the United States? | Attack on Pearl Harbor | true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
7
] | [
"The attack took place before any formal declaration of war was made by Japan, but this was not Admiral Yamamoto's intention.",
"He originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after Japan had informed the United States that peace negotiations were at an end.",
"The Japanese tried to uphold the conventions of war while still achieving surprise, but the attack began before the notice could be delivered.",
"Tokyo transmitted the 5,000-word notification (commonly called the \"14-Part Message\") in two blocks to the Japanese Embassy in Washington, but transcribing the message took too long for the Japanese ambassador to deliver it in time.",
"(In fact, U.S. code breakers had already deciphered and translated most of the message hours before he was scheduled to deliver it.)",
"The final part of the \"14 Part Message\" is sometimes described as a declaration of war.",
"While it neither declared war nor severed diplomatic relations, it was viewed by a number of senior U.S government and military officials as a very strong indicator that negotiations were likely to be terminated and that war might break out at any moment.",
"A declaration of war was printed on the front page of Japan's newspapers in the evening edition of December 8, but not delivered to the U.S. government until the day after the attack.",
"For decades, conventional wisdom held that Japan attacked without any official warning of a break in relations only because of accidents and bumbling that delayed the delivery of a document hinting at war to Washington.",
"In 1999, however, Takeo Iguchi, a professor of law and international relations at International Christian University in Tokyo, discovered documents that pointed to a vigorous debate inside the government over how, and indeed whether, to notify Washington of Japan's intention to break off negotiations and start a war, including a December 7 entry in the war diary saying, \"our deceptive diplomacy is steadily proceeding toward success.\"",
"Of this, Iguchi said, \"The diary shows that the army and navy did not want to give any proper declaration of war, or indeed prior notice even of the termination of negotiations ... and they clearly prevailed.\""
] | [
2
] |
Popping mechanism | What happens after the foam cools in popcorn? | Popcorn | true | 9FOOD
| [
6
] | [
"Each kernel of popcorn contains a certain amount of moisture and oil.",
"Unlike most other grains, the outer hull of the popcorn kernel is both strong and impervious to moisture and the starch inside consists almost entirely of a hard, dense type.",
"As the oil and the water around the kernel are heated, they turn the moisture in the kernel, which has a moisture-proof hull, into a superheated pressurized steam.",
"Under these conditions, the starch inside the kernel gelatinizes, softens, and becomes pliable.",
"The pressure continues to increase until the breaking point of the hull is reached: a pressure of about and a temperature of .",
"The hull ruptures rapidly, causing a sudden drop in pressure inside the kernel and a corresponding rapid expansion of the steam, which expands the starch and proteins of the endosperm into airy foam.",
"As the foam rapidly cools, the starch and protein polymers set into the familiar crispy puff.",
"Special varieties are grown to give improved popping yield.",
"Some wild types will pop, but the cultivated strain is \"Zea mays everta\", which is a special kind of flint corn."
] | [
0
] |
Series synopsis | Where does Max go to school? | 2 Broke Girls | false | 1TV
| [
9
] | [
"The series chronicles the lives of two waitresses in their mid twenties—Max Black (Kat Dennings), who comes from a poor working-class family, and Caroline Channing (Beth Behrs), who was born rich but is now disgraced and penniless due to her father, Martin Channing, getting caught operating a Bernard Madoff-esque Ponzi scheme—working together at a Brooklyn restaurant.",
"The two become friends and build toward their dream of one day opening a cupcake shop.",
"Among those working with them at the restaurant are their Korean boss, Han Lee (Matthew Moy); Oleg (Jonathan Kite), an upbeat but perverted Ukrainian cook; and Earl (Garrett Morris), a 75-year-old black cashier.",
"Also featured starting late in the first season is their neighbor and part-time boss Sophie (Jennifer Coolidge), a Polish immigrant who runs the housecleaning company Sophie's Choice.",
"During most of the first season Max is also a part-time nanny for the twin babies of Peach Landis (Brooke Lyons), who during the season adopts Caroline's horse Chestnut.",
"At the end of each episode a tally shows how much they have made toward their goal of $25,000 needed to open their business (it was original stated in the pilot to be the more realistic amount of $250,000).",
"Early in the second season, Sophie lends the girls $20,000, which is enough for them to start their business.",
"However, the business fails, and in the 18th episode they are forced to give up the lease of their cupcake shop with just enough money to pay off Sophie's loan, resetting the end of episode tally to $1.00.",
"During the third season, the girls reopen the business in the back room of the diner, using the window as a walk up window.",
"Max also enrolls in, and Caroline goes to work for, the Manhattan School of Pastry."
] | [
4
] |
Team | How many skiers are in the Nordic event? | Nordic combined | true | 4SPORT
| [
0
] | [
"The team event consists of four skiers starting from the ski jump with one jump each, then moving onward to cross-country skiing in a 4 x 5 km relay.",
"The Gundersen point total for this as of 2008 has been 1 point equals 1.33 seconds or 45 points per minute.",
"It is a pursuit start similar to the individual events.",
"When the event debuted in the 1980s, the event was a 3 x 10 km team event, but that changed following Japan's successes at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1993 in Falun and the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer where the country won by almost four minutes and almost five minutes respectively.",
"The event became a 4 x 5 km team at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1995 in Thunder Bay, Ontario where it remained; however, in the 2012-13 season, a 2 x 7.5 km team event has been introduced, in which 2-man teams complete one jump each and then a series of 1.5 km legs of cross-country skiing are run: thus far, it has led to some close finishes."
] | [
5
] |
Abstract | Who were the authors of the song "Counting Stars"? | Counting Stars | true | 0MUSIC
| [
1
] | [
"\"Counting Stars\" is a song by American pop rock band OneRepublic from their third studio album, \"Native\" (2013).",
"The song was written by lead singer Ryan Tedder, and produced by Tedder and Noel Zancanella.",
"Musically, it is a pop song with strong elements of folk music.",
"It was released as the album's third single on June 14, 2013 in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland.",
"The song has been one of the band's most successful singles, reaching No.",
"1 in many countries including Canada and the United Kingdom, No.",
"2 in the United States, and top ten in 20 countries.",
"The song's accompanying music video, directed by James Lees, features the band performing in a basement beneath an ongoing church congregation."
] | [
3
] |
Player rosters | What is the number of players on a MLB team's active roster? | Baseball | false | 4SPORT
| [
2
] | [
"Player rosters.",
"Roster, or squad, sizes differ between different leagues and different levels of organized play.",
"Major League Baseball teams maintain 25-player active rosters.",
"A typical 25-man roster in a league without the DH rule, such as MLB's National League, features:",
"eight position players—catcher, four infielders, three outfielders—who play on a regular basis",
"five starting pitchers who constitute the team's pitching rotation or starting rotation",
"six relief pitchers, including one specialist closer, who constitute the team's bullpen (named for the off-field area where pitchers warm up)",
"one backup, or substitute, catcher",
"two backup infielders",
"two backup outfielders",
"one specialist pinch hitter, or a second backup catcher, or a seventh reliever"
] | [
0
] |
Casting | How did Cranston prepare for the roll of Walter White? | Breaking Bad | false | 1TV
| [
10,
11
] | [
"",
"\"Breaking Bad\" creator Vince Gilligan cast Bryan Cranston for the role of Walter White based on having worked with him in an episode of the science fiction television series \"The X-Files\", on which Gilligan worked as a writer.",
"Cranston played an anti-Semite with a terminal illness who took series co-protagonist Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) hostage.",
"Gilligan said the character had to be simultaneously loathsome and sympathetic, and that \"Bryan alone was the only actor who could do that, who could pull off that trick.",
"And it is a trick.",
"I have no idea how he does it.\"",
"AMC officials, who were initially reluctant with the casting choice, having known Cranston only as the over-the-top character Hal on the comedy series \"Malcolm in the Middle\", approached actors John Cusack and Matthew Broderick about the role.",
"When both actors declined, the executives were persuaded to cast Cranston after seeing his \"X-Files\" episode.",
"Cranston contributed a great deal to the Walter White persona.",
"When Gilligan left much of Walter's past unexplained during the development of the series, the actor wrote his own backstory for the character.",
"At the start of the show, Cranston gained 10 pounds to reflect the character's personal decline and had the natural red highlights of his hair dyed a regular brown.",
"He collaborated with costume designer Kathleen Detoro on a wardrobe of mostly neutral green and brown colors to make the character bland and unremarkable, and worked with makeup artist Frieda Valenzuela to create a mustache he described as \"impotent\" and like a \"dead caterpillar\".",
"Cranston repeatedly identified elements within certain scripts where he disagreed with how the character was handled, and went so far as to call Gilligan directly when he could not work out disagreements with the episode's screenwriters.",
"Cranston has said he was inspired partially by his elderly father for how Walter carries himself physically, which he described as \"a little hunched over, never erect, if the weight of the world is on this man's shoulders\".",
"In contrast to his character, Cranston has been described as extremely playful on set, with Aaron Paul describing him as \"a kid trapped in a man's body\".",
"Gilligan originally intended for Aaron Paul's character, Jesse Pinkman, to be killed at the end of \"Breaking Bad\" 's first season in a botched drug deal as a plot device to plague Walter White with guilt.",
"However, Gilligan said by the second episode of the season, he was so impressed with Paul's performance that \"it became pretty clear early on that would be a huge, colossal mistake, to kill off Jesse\"."
] | [
5
] |
Anatomy | What year did da Vinci collaborate with Marcantonio della Torre? | Leonardo da Vinci | false | 3ART
| [
3
] | [
"Leonardo's formal training in the anatomy of the human body began with his apprenticeship to Andrea del Verrocchio, who insisted that all his pupils learn anatomy.",
"As an artist, he quickly became master of \"topographic anatomy\", drawing many studies of muscles, tendons and other visible anatomical features.",
"As a successful artist, he was given permission to dissect human corpses at the Hospital of Santa Maria Nuova in Florence and later at hospitals in Milan and Rome.",
"From 1510 to 1511 he collaborated in his studies with the doctor Marcantonio della Torre.",
"Leonardo made over 240 detailed drawings and wrote about 13,000 words towards a treatise on anatomy.",
"These papers were left to his heir, Francesco Melzi, for publication, a task of overwhelming difficulty because of its scope and Leonardo's idiosyncratic writing.",
"It was left incomplete at the time of Melzi's death more than fifty years later, with only a small amount of the material on anatomy included in Leonardo's \"Treatise on painting\", published in France in 1632.",
"During the time that Melzi was ordering the material into chapters for publication, they were examined by a number of anatomists and artists, including Vasari, Cellini and Albrecht Dürer who made a number of drawings from them.",
"Leonardo's anatomical drawings include many studies of the human skeleton and its parts, and studies muscles and sinews.",
"He studied the mechanical functions of the skeleton and the muscular forces that are applied to it in a manner that prefigured the modern science of biomechanics.",
"He drew the heart and vascular system, the sex organs and other internal organs, making one of the first scientific drawings of a fetus \"in utero\".",
"The drawings and notation are far ahead of their time, and if published, would undoubtedly have made a major contribution to medical science.",
"As an artist, Leonardo also closely observed and recorded the effects of age and of human emotion on the physiology, studying in particular the effects of rage.",
"He also drew many figures who had significant facial deformities or signs of illness.",
"Leonardo also studied and drew the anatomy of many animals, dissecting cows, birds, monkeys, bears, and frogs, and comparing in his drawings their anatomical structure with that of humans.",
"He also made a number of studies of horses."
] | [
0
] |
History | What did IWF rules say about an athlete's knees and elbows? | Olympic weightlifting | false | 4SPORT
| [
24
] | [
"Competition among people concerning who can lift the heaviest weight has been recorded in diverse and ancient civilizations as early as the earliest known recordings of such human events, including those found in Egypt, China and in ancient Greece.",
"Today, the modern sport of weightlifting traces its origins to the European competitions of the 19th century.",
"The first male world champion was crowned in 1891.",
"Women's competition did not exist, and the weightlifters were not categorised by height or weight.",
"The first Olympic Games of 1896 included weightlifting in the Field event of the predecessor to today's Track and Field or Athletics event.",
"During the 1900 Olympic Games, there was no weightlifting event.",
"Weightlifting resumed as an event, again in Athletics, in 1904 but was omitted from the Games of 1908 and 1912.",
"These were the last Games until after the First World War.",
"In these early Games, a distinction was drawn between lifting with 'one hand' only and lifting with 'two hands'.",
"The winner of the 'one hand' competition in 1896 was Launceston Elliot, while the winner of the 'two hands' event was Viggo Jensen of Denmark.",
"In 1920, weightlifting returned to the Olympics and, for the first time, as an event in its own right.",
"At these Games, which took place in Antwerp, Belgium, fourteen nations competed.",
"The competition lifts were the 'one hand' snatch, the 'one hand' clean and jerk and the 'two hands' clean and jerk.",
"At the next Olympic Games, in Paris, France, in 1924, the 'two hands' press and the 'two hands' snatch were added to the programme, making a total of five lifts.",
"In the Olympic Games after 1920, instead of requiring all competitors to compete against each other regardless of size, weight classes were introduced and, by the 1932 Olympic Games, weightlifting was divided into five weight divisions.",
"In 1928, the sport dropped the 'one hand' exercises altogether leaving only the three remaining exercises: the clean and press, the snatch and the clean and jerk.",
"By 1972, the clean and press was discontinued because athletes started to push with legs and bend backwards instead of strictly pressing the weight overhead, and this left the sole elements of what is today's modern Olympic weightlifting programme – the snatch and the clean and jerk.",
"The snatch entails pulling with a very wide grip the barbell overhead without pressing out with the arms.",
"It is a very precise lift that can be nullified by a lack of balance of the athlete.",
"The clean and jerk is more forgiving using a narrower grip pull the bar to the shoulders and then using the strength of the legs push until arms reach full extension without a press out.",
"A competition for women was introduced at the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia.",
"As early as 1987, there were official world championships awarded to women weightlifters such as Karyn Marshall and Judy Glenney.",
"In 2011 the International Weightlifting Federation ruled that athletes could wear a full-body \"unitard\" under the customary weightlifting uniform.",
"Kulsoom Abdullah became the first woman to do so at the U.S. National Championships that year, and athletes are allowed to do so at the Olympics.",
"IWF rules previously stated that an athlete's knees and elbows must be visible so officials can determine if a lift is correctly executed."
] | [
0
] |
Abstract | Where to free protons originate? | Proton | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
17
] | [
"The proton is a subatomic particle with the symbol or and a positive electric charge of 1 elementary charge.",
"One or more protons are present in the nucleus of each atom.",
"Protons and neutrons are collectively referred to as \"nucleons\".",
"The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as its atomic number.",
"Since each element has a unique number of protons, each element has its own unique atomic number.",
"The name \"proton\" was given to the hydrogen nucleus by Ernest Rutherford in 1920, because in previous years he had discovered that the hydrogen nucleus (known to be the lightest nucleus) could be extracted from the nuclei of nitrogen by collision, and was thus a candidate to be a fundamental particle and building block of nitrogen, and all other heavier atomic nuclei.",
"In the modern Standard Model of particle physics, the proton is a hadron, and like the neutron, the other nucleon (particle present in atomic nuclei), is composed of three quarks.",
"Prior to that model becoming a consensus in the physics community, the proton was considered a fundamental particle.",
"In the modern view, a proton is composed of three valence quarks: two up quarks and one down quark.",
"The rest masses of the quarks are thought to contribute only about 1% of the proton's mass.",
"The remainder of the proton mass is due to the kinetic energy of the quarks and to the energy of the gluon fields that bind the quarks together.",
"Because the proton is not a fundamental particle, it possesses a physical size—although this is not perfectly well-defined since the \"surface\" of a proton is somewhat fuzzy, due to being defined by the influence of forces that do not come to an abrupt end.",
"The proton is about 1.6–1.7 fm in diameter.",
"The free proton (a proton not bound to nucleons or electrons) is a stable particle that has not been observed to break down spontaneously to other particles.",
"Free protons are found naturally in a number of situations in which energies or temperatures are high enough to separate them from electrons, for which they have some affinity.",
"Free protons exist in plasmas in which temperatures are too high to allow them to combine with electrons.",
"Free protons of high energy and velocity make up 90% of cosmic rays, which propagate in vacuum for interstellar distances.",
"Free protons are emitted directly from atomic nuclei in some rare types of radioactive decay.",
"Protons also result (along with electrons and antineutrinos) from the radioactive decay of free neutrons, which are unstable.",
"At sufficiently low temperatures, free protons will bind to electrons.",
"However, the character of such bound protons does not change, and they remain protons.",
"A fast proton moving through matter will slow by interactions with electrons and nuclei, until it is captured by the electron cloud of an atom.",
"The result is a protonated atom, which is a chemical compound of hydrogen.",
"In vacuum, when free electrons are present, a sufficiently slow proton may pick up a single free electron, becoming a neutral hydrogen atom, which is chemically a free radical.",
"Such \"free hydrogen atoms\" tend to react chemically with many other types of atoms at sufficiently low energies.",
"When free hydrogen atoms react with each other, they form neutral hydrogen molecules (H2), which are the most common molecular component of molecular clouds in interstellar space.",
"Such molecules of hydrogen on Earth may then serve (among many other uses) as a convenient source of protons for accelerators (as used in proton therapy) and other hadron particle physics experiments that require protons to accelerate, with the most powerful and noted example being the Large Hadron Collider."
] | [
4
] |
Major conurbations | In England, what is the number of settlements that have been given the status of city? | England | true | 5COUNTRY
| [
3
] | [
"The Greater London Urban Area is by far the largest urban area in England and one of the busiest cities in the world.",
"It is considered a global city and has a population larger than other countries in the United Kingdom besides England itself.",
"Other urban areas of considerable size and influence tend to be in northern England or the English Midlands.",
"There are fifty settlements which have been designated city status in England, while the wider United Kingdom has sixty-six.",
"While many cities in England are quite large in size, such as Birmingham, Sheffield, Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Newcastle, Bradford, Nottingham and others, a large population is not necessarily a prerequisite for a settlement to be afforded city status.",
"Traditionally the status was afforded to towns with diocesan cathedrals and so there are smaller cities like Wells, Ely, Ripon, Truro and Chichester.",
"According to the Office for National Statistics the ten largest, continuous built-up urban areas are:"
] | [
0
] |
Vault | What factors determine how far a gymnast will start from the vault? | Gymnastics | true | 4SPORT
| [
2
] | [
"Artistic events for women.",
"In the vaulting events gymnasts sprint down a runway, jump onto or perform a roundoff entry onto a springboard (run/ take-off segment), land momentarily, inverted on the hands on the vaulting horse, or vaulting table (pre flight segment), then sprint off of this platform to a two footed landing (post flight segment).",
"Every gymnast starts at a different point on the vault runway depending on their height and strength.",
"The post flight segment may include one or more multiple saltos or somersaults, and/or twisting movements.",
"Round-off entry vaults are the most common vaults in elite level gymnastics.",
"In vaults with roundoff entries, gymnasts \"round-off\" so hands are on the runway while the feet land on the springboard (beatboard).",
"From the roundoff position the gymnast travels backwards as in a backhandspring so that the hands land on the vaulting platform (horse).",
"She then blocks off the vaulting platform into various twisting and/or somersaulting combinations.",
"The post flight segment brings the gymnast to her feet.",
"In 2001, the traditional vaulting horse was replaced with a new apparatus, sometimes known as a tongue or vaulting table.",
"The new apparatus is more stable, wider, and longer than the older vaulting horse—approximately 1m in length and 1m in width—giving gymnasts a larger blocking surface, and is therefore considered safer than the vaulting horse used in the past.",
"With the addition of this new, safer vaulting table, gymnasts are attempting more difficult and dangerous vaults."
] | [
0,
5
] |
Restaurants and shops | Where can I dine with characters in The Animal Kingdom? | Disney's Animal Kingdom | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
4
] | [
"The park contains three table service restaurants:",
"Rainforest Cafe, a themed restaurant chain operated by Landry's, located just outside the main entrance (also accessible from inside the park);",
"Yak & Yeti, an Asian-themed restaurant located in the park's Asia section (operated by Landry's Restaurants) that opened on November 14, 2007; and",
"Tusker House, located in Africa and one of the park's original quick-service restaurants, was converted into a buffet restaurant and re-opened on November 17, 2007.",
"Tusker House hosts \"Donald's Safari Breakfast\" and \"Donald's Dining Safari Lunch,\" a character-dining event where guests enjoy a buffet while meeting Donald Duck and other Disney characters.",
"There are five quick-service restaurants located throughout the park:",
"Flame Tree Barbecue, on Discovery Island near DinoLand USA;",
"Pizzafari, also on Discovery Island, near Camp Minnie-Mickey;",
"Restaurantosaurus, in DinoLand USA;",
"Tamu Tamu Refreshments, in Africa; and,",
"Yak & Yeti Local Foods Café, located next to the larger Yak & Yeti table-service facility.",
"As with other Walt Disney World theme parks, Disney's Animal Kingdom has other locations and carts that offer snacks and beverages."
] | [
4
] |
Project Apollo (1961–72) | Name the first manned spacecraft to orbit another body? | NASA | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
19
] | [
"Project Apollo (1961–72).",
"The U.S public's perception of the Soviet lead in putting the first man in space, motivated President John F. Kennedy to ask the Congress on May 25, 1961 to commit the federal government to a program to land a man on the Moon by the end of the 1960s, which effectively launched the Apollo program.",
"Apollo was one of the most expensive American scientific programs ever.",
"It is estimated to have cost $ in present-day US dollars.",
"(In comparison, the Manhattan Project cost roughly $, accounting for inflation.",
")It used the Saturn rockets as launch vehicles, which were far bigger than the rockets built for previous projects.",
"The spacecraft was also bigger; it had two main parts, the combined command and service module (CSM) and the lunar landing module (LM).",
"The LM was to be left on the Moon and only the command module (CM) containing the three astronauts would eventually return to Earth.",
"The second manned mission, Apollo 8, brought astronauts for the first time in a flight around the Moon in December 1968.",
"Shortly before, the Soviets had sent an unmanned spacecraft around the Moon.",
"On the next two missions docking maneuvers that were needed for the Moon landing were practiced and then finally the Moon landing was made on the Apollo 11 mission in July 1969.",
"The first person to stand on the Moon was Neil Armstrong, who was followed by Buzz Aldrin, while Michael Collins orbited above.",
"Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon, the last in December 1972.",
"Throughout these six Apollo spaceflights, twelve men walked on the Moon.",
"These missions returned a wealth of scientific data and of lunar samples.",
"Topics covered by experiments performed included soil mechanics, meteoroids, seismology, heat flow, lunar ranging, magnetic fields, and solar wind.",
"The Moon landing marked the end of the space race and as a gesture, Armstrong mentioned mankind when he stepped down on the Moon.",
"Apollo set major milestones in human spaceflight.",
"It stands alone in sending manned missions beyond low Earth orbit, and landing humans on another celestial body.",
"Apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body, while Apollo 17 marked the last moonwalk and the last manned mission beyond low Earth orbit.",
"The program spurred advances in many areas of technology peripheral to rocketry and manned spaceflight, including avionics, telecommunications, and computers.",
"Apollo sparked interest in many fields of engineering and left many physical facilities and machines developed for the program as landmarks.",
"Many objects and artifacts from the program are on display at various locations throughout the world, notably at the Smithsonian's Air and Space Museums."
] | [] |
Cézanne and Cubism | What is the first Cubist picture? | Les Demoiselles d'Avignon | true | 3ART
| [
3
] | [
"Both Paul Gauguin (1848–1903) and Paul Cézanne (1839–1906) were accorded major posthumous retrospective exhibitions at the Salon d'Automne in Paris between 1903 and 1907, and both were important influences on Picasso and instrumental to his creation of \"Les Demoiselles.\"",
"According to the English art historian, collector and author of \"The Cubist Epoch\", Douglas Cooper, both of those artists were particularly influential to the formation of Cubism and especially important to the paintings of Picasso during 1906 and 1907. Cooper goes on to say however \"Les Demoiselles\" is often erroneously referred to as the first cubist painting.",
"He explains, ",
"The \"Demoiselles\" is generally referred to as the first Cubist picture.",
"This is an exaggeration, for although it was a major first step towards Cubism it is not yet Cubist.",
"The disruptive, expressionist element in it is even contrary to the spirit of Cubism, which looked at the world in a detached, realistic spirit.",
"Nevertheless, the \"Demoiselles\" is the logical picture to take as the starting point for Cubism, because it marks the birth of a new pictorial idiom, because in it Picasso violently overturned established conventions and because all that followed grew out of it.",
"Although not well known to the general public prior to 1906, Cézanne's reputation was highly regarded in avant-garde circles, as evidenced by Ambroise Vollard's interest in showing and collecting his work, and by Leo Stein's interest.",
"Picasso was familiar with much of Cézanne's work that he saw at Vollard's gallery and at the Stein's.",
"After Cézanne died in 1906, his paintings were exhibited in Paris in a large scale museum-like retrospective in September 1907.",
"The 1907 Cézanne retrospective at the Salon d'Automne greatly impacted the direction that the avant-garde in Paris took, lending credence to his position as one of the most influential artists of the 19th century and to the advent of Cubism.",
"The 1907 Cézanne exhibition was enormously influential in establishing Cézanne as an important painter whose ideas were particularly resonant especially to young artists in Paris.",
"Both Picasso and Braque found the inspiration for their proto-Cubist works in Paul Cézanne, who said to observe and learn to see and treat nature as if it were composed of basic shapes like \"cubes, spheres, cylinders, and cones.\"",
"Cézanne's explorations of geometric simplification and optical phenomena inspired Picasso, Braque, Metzinger, Gleizes, Delaunay, Le Fauconnier, Gris and others to experiment with ever more complex multiple views of the same subject, and, eventually to the fracturing of form.",
"Cézanne thus sparked one of the most revolutionary areas of artistic enquiry of the 20th century, one which was to affect profoundly the development of modern art.",
"Picasso drew each of the figures in \"Les Demoiselles\" differently.",
"The woman pulling the curtain on the far right is rendered with heavy paint.",
"Composed of sharp geometric shapes, her head is the most strictly cubist of all five.",
"The heads of the crouching figure underwent at least two revisions from an Iberian figure to its current state.",
"Much of the critical debate that has taken place over the years centers on attempting to account for this multiplicity of styles within the work.",
"The dominant understanding for over five decades, espoused most notably by Alfred Barr, the first director of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City and organizer of major career retrospectives for the artist, has been that it can be interpreted as evidence of a transitional period in Picasso's art, an effort to connect his earlier work to Cubism, the style he would help invent and develop over the next five or six years."
] | [
0
] |
Marketing | David Fincher's filming for Fight Club wrapped in what year? | Fight Club | true | 6MOVIES
| [
0
] | [
"Filming concluded in December 1998, and David Fincher edited the footage in early 1999 to prepare \"Fight Club\" for a screening with senior executives.",
"They did not receive the film positively and were concerned that there would not be an audience for the film.",
"Executive producer Art Linson, who supported the film, recalled the response: \"So many incidences of \"Fight Club\" were alarming, no group of executives could narrow them down.\"",
"Nevertheless, \"Fight Club\" was originally slated to be released in July 1999 but was later changed to August 6, 1999.",
"The studio further delayed the film's release, this time to autumn, citing a crowded summer schedule and a hurried post-production process.",
"Outsiders attributed the delays to the Columbine High School massacre earlier in the year.",
"Marketing executives at 20th Century Fox faced difficulties in marketing \"Fight Club\" and at one point considered marketing it as an art film.",
"They considered that the film was primarily geared toward male audiences because of its violence and believed that not even Brad Pitt would attract female filmgoers.",
"Research testing showed that the film appealed to teenagers.",
"Fincher refused to let the posters and trailers focus on Pitt and encouraged the studio to hire the advertising firm Wieden+Kennedy to devise a marketing plan.",
"The firm proposed a bar of pink soap with the title \"Fight Club\" embossed on it as the film's main marketing image; the proposal was considered \"a bad joke\" by Fox executives.",
"Fincher also released two early trailers in the form of fake public service announcements presented by Pitt and Norton; the studio did not think the trailers marketed the film appropriately.",
"Instead, the studio financed a $20 million large-scale campaign to provide a press junket, posters, billboards, and trailers for TV that highlighted the film's fight scenes.",
"The studio advertised \"Fight Club\" on cable during World Wrestling Federation broadcasts, which Fincher protested, believing that the placement created the wrong context for the film.",
"Linson believed that the \"ill-conceived one-dimensional\" marketing by marketing executive Robert Harper largely contributed to \"Fight Club\"s lukewarm box office performance in the United States."
] | [
0
] |
Radiation from other sources | Why do we need to understand gravitational waves to understand mass? | Gravitational wave | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
6
] | [
"Although the waves from the Earth-Sun system are minuscule, astronomers can point to other sources for which the radiation should be substantial.",
"One important example is the Hulse-Taylor binary — a pair of stars, one of which is a pulsar.",
"The characteristics of their orbit can be deduced from the Doppler shifting of radio signals given off by the pulsar.",
"Each of the stars has a mass about 1.4 times that of the Sun and the size of their orbit is about 1/75 of the Earth-Sun orbit.",
"This means the distance between the two stars is just a few times larger than the diameter of our own Sun.",
"The combination of greater masses and smaller separation means that the energy given off by the Hulse-Taylor binary will be far greater than the energy given off by the Earth-Sun system — roughly 1022 times as much.",
"The information about the orbit can be used to predict just how much energy (and angular momentum) should be given off in the form of gravitational waves.",
"As the energy is carried off, the stars should draw closer to each other.",
"This effect is called an inspiral, and it can be observed in the pulsar's signals.",
"The measurements on the Hulse-Taylor system have been carried out over more than 30 years.",
"It has been shown that the gravitational radiation predicted by general relativity allows these observations to be matched within 0.2 percent.",
"In 1993, Russell Hulse and Joe Taylor were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this work, which was the first indirect evidence for gravitational waves.",
"Unfortunately, the orbital lifetime of this binary system before merger is about 1.84 billion years.",
"This is a substantial fraction of the age of the universe.",
"Inspirals are very important sources of gravitational waves.",
"Any time two compact objects (white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes) are in close orbits, they send out intense gravitational waves.",
"As they spiral closer to each other, these waves become more intense.",
"At some point they should become so intense that direct detection by their effect on objects on Earth or in space is possible.",
"This direct detection is the goal of several large scale experiments.",
"The only difficulty is that most systems like the Hulse-Taylor binary are so far away.",
"The amplitude of waves given off by the Hulse-Taylor binary as seen on Earth would be roughly \"h\" ≈ 10−26.",
"There are some sources, however, that astrophysicists expect to find with much larger amplitudes of \"h\" ≈ 10−20.",
"At least eight other binary pulsars have been discovered."
] | [
1
] |
Final years | Salvador Dalí suffered from what disease like symptoms? | Salvador Dalí | false | 3ART
| [
1
] | [
"In 1980 at age 76, Dalí's health took a catastrophic turn.",
"His right hand trembled terribly, with Parkinson-like symptoms.",
"His near-senile wife, Gala Dalí, allegedly had been dosing him with a dangerous cocktail of unprescribed medicine that damaged his nervous system, thus causing an untimely end to his artistic capacity.",
"In 1982, King Juan Carlos bestowed on Dalí the title of \"Marqués de Dalí de Púbol\" (\"Marquis of Dalí de Púbol\") in the nobility of Spain, hereby referring to Púbol, the place where he lived.",
"The title was in first instance hereditary, but on request of Dalí changed to life only in 1983.",
"To show his gratitude for this, Dalí later gave the king a drawing (\"Head of Europa\", which would turn out to be Dalí's final drawing) after the king visited him on his deathbed.",
"Gala died on June 10, 1982, at the age of 87.",
"After Gala's death, Dalí lost much of his will to live.",
"He deliberately dehydrated himself, possibly as a suicide attempt, with claims stating he had tried to put himself into a state of suspended animation as he had read that some microorganisms could do.",
"He moved from Figueres to the castle in Púbol, which he had bought for Gala and had been the site of her death.",
"In 1984, a fire broke out in his bedroom under unclear circumstances.",
"It was possibly a suicide attempt by Dalí, or possibly simple negligence by his staff.",
"Dalí was rescued by friend and collaborator Robert Descharnes and returned to Figueres, where a group of his friends, patrons, and fellow artists saw to it that he was comfortable living in his Theater-Museum in his final years.",
"There have been allegations that Dalí was forced by his guardians to sign blank canvases that would later, even after his death, be used in forgeries and sold as originals.",
"As a result, art dealers tend to be wary of late works attributed to Dalí.",
"In November 1988, Dalí entered the hospital with heart failure; a pacemaker had already been implanted previously.",
"On December 5, 1988, he was visited by King Juan Carlos, who confessed that he had always been a serious devotee of Dalí.",
"On January 23, 1989, while his favorite record of \"Tristan and Isolde\" played, he died of heart failure at Figueres at the age of 84.",
"He is buried in the crypt of his Teatro Museo in Figueres.",
"The location is across the street from the church of \"Sant Pere\", where he had his baptism, first communion, and funeral, and is only three blocks from the house where he was born.",
"The Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation currently serves as his official estate.",
"The US copyright representative for the Gala-Salvador Dalí Foundation is the Artists Rights Society.",
"In 2002, the Society made the news when they asked Google to remove a customized version of its logo put up to commemorate Dalí, alleging that portions of specific artworks under their protection had been used without permission.",
"Google complied with the request, but denied that there was any copyright violation."
] | [
0
] |
Condition | What are some of the causes that may make the wall to disappear in the next 20 years? | Great Wall of China | true | 2TRAVEL
| [
3,
4
] | [
"While some portions north of Beijing and near tourist centers have been preserved and even extensively renovated, in many locations the Wall is in disrepair.",
"Those parts might serve as a village playground or a source of stones to rebuild houses and roads.",
"Sections of the Wall are also prone to graffiti and vandalism.",
"Parts have been destroyed because the Wall is in the way of construction.",
"More than of the wall in Gansu province may disappear in the next 20 years, due to erosion from sandstorms.",
"In places, the height of the wall has been reduced from more than to less than .",
"The square lookout towers that characterize the most famous images of the wall have disappeared completely.",
"Many western sections of the wall are constructed from mud, rather than brick and stone, and thus are more susceptible to erosion.",
"In August 2012, a section of the wall in north China's Hebei province collapsed after days of continuous heavy rains."
] | [
0
] |
Mendeleev's table | When did Meyer make an extended version of his table | Periodic table | false | 8SCIENCE
| [
1
] | [
"Russian chemistry professor Dmitri Mendeleev and German chemist Julius Lothar Meyer independently published their periodic tables in 1869 and 1870, respectively.",
"Mendeleev's table was his first published version; that of Meyer was an expanded version of his (Meyer's) table of 1864.",
"They both constructed their tables by listing the elements in rows or columns in order of atomic weight and starting a new row or column when the characteristics of the elements began to repeat.",
"The recognition and acceptance afforded to Mendeleev's table came from two decisions he made.",
"The first was to leave gaps in the table when it seemed that the corresponding element had not yet been discovered.",
"Mendeleev was not the first chemist to do so, but he was the first to be recognized as using the trends in his periodic table to predict the properties of those missing elements, such as gallium and germanium.",
"The second decision was to occasionally ignore the order suggested by the atomic weights and switch adjacent elements, such as tellurium and iodine, to better classify them into chemical families.",
"With the development of theories of atomic structure, it became apparent that Mendeleev had unintentionally listed the elements in order of increasing atomic number or nuclear charge.",
"The significance of atomic numbers to the organization of the periodic table was not appreciated until the existence and properties of protons and neutrons became understood.",
"Mendeleev's periodic tables used atomic weight instead of atomic number to organize the elements, information determinable to fair precision in his time.",
"Atomic weight worked well enough in most cases to (as noted) give a presentation that was able to predict the properties of missing elements more accurately than any other method then known.",
"Substitution of atomic numbers, once understood, gave a definitive, integer-based sequence for the elements, still used today even as new synthetic elements are being produced and studied."
] | [
2
] |
Background | When was Fun signed on? | Some Nights | false | 0MUSIC
| [
0
] | [
"Fun signed to Fueled by Ramen in late 2010.",
"Lead vocalist Nate Ruess, who had apprehensions about joining a major label in the past, recalled the switch being \"very, very easy\" for the group, stating that both parties approached it as if they \"knew what were getting into with each other.\"",
"The transition was in the works with the label for almost nine months, when the head of the label reached out to the band.",
"Ruess was flattered that employed workers for the label would buy their own tickets to Fun.",
"shows and \"talk about us with the passion you'd generally reserve for an artist you're working with.\"",
"After lengthy discussions within the band, the band decided to give the label a try.",
"Ruess recalls that he was listening to \"so much hip-hop\" during the production that it became a big influence for him.",
"The band felt inspired and gradually began working on new songs, each carrying an obvious hip-hop influence.",
"Consciously, the band began working in the hip-hop factor and realized they wanted a hip-hop producer.",
"After scanning the liner notes of his other hip-hop records, Ruess noticed that Jeff Bhasker was one of the most common names.",
"Bhasker was preoccupied at the time working with Beyoncé but Ruess was persistent in meeting with him."
] | [
2
] |
German plan | How was the German minority in Poland expected to assist in the German invasion of Poland? | Invasion of Poland | false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
18
] | [
"Details of the campaign.",
"German plan.",
"The September Campaign was devised by General Franz Halder, chief of the general staff, and directed by General Walther von Brauchitsch, the commander in chief of the upcoming campaign.",
"It called for the start of hostilities before a declaration of war, and pursued a doctrine of mass encirclement and destruction of enemy forces.",
"The infantry—far from completely mechanized but fitted with fast moving artillery and logistic support—was to be supported by \"Panzers\" and small numbers of truck-mounted infantry (the \"Schützen\" regiments, forerunners of the \"panzergrenadiers\") to assist the rapid movement of troops and concentrate on localized parts of the enemy front, eventually isolating segments of the enemy, surrounding, and destroying them.",
"The pre-war \"armored idea\" (which an American journalist in 1939 dubbed \"Blitzkrieg\")—which was advocated by some generals, including Heinz Guderian—would have had the armor punching holes in the enemy's front and ranging deep into rear areas; in actuality, the campaign in Poland would be fought along more traditional lines.",
"This stemmed from conservatism on the part of the German high command, who mainly restricted the role of armor and mechanized forces to supporting the conventional infantry divisions.",
"Poland's terrain was well suited for mobile operations when the weather cooperated; the country had flat plains with long frontiers totalling almost , Poland's long border with Germany on the west and north—facing East Prussia—extended .",
"Those had been lengthened by another on the southern side in the aftermath of the Munich Agreement of 1938.",
"The German incorporation of Bohemia and Moravia and creation of the German puppet state of Slovakia meant that Poland's southern flank was exposed.",
"Hitler demanded that Poland be conquered in six weeks, but German planners thought that it would require three months.",
"They intended to fully exploit their long border with the great enveloping manoeuver of \"Fall Weiss\".",
"German units were to invade Poland from three directions:",
"A main attack over the western Polish border.",
"This was to be carried out by Army Group South commanded by General Gerd von Rundstedt, attacking from German Silesia and from the Moravian and Slovak border: General Johannes Blaskowitz's 8th Army was to drive eastward against Łódź; General Wilhelm List's 14th Army was to push on toward Kraków and to turn the Poles' Carpathian flank; and General Walter von Reichenau's 10th Army, in the centre with Army Group South's armor, was to deliver the decisive blow with a northeastward thrust into the heart of Poland.",
"A second route of attack from northern Prussia.",
"General Fedor von Bock commanded Army Group North, comprising General Georg von Küchler's 3rd Army, which was to strike southward from East Prussia, and General Günther von Kluge's 4th Army, which was to attack eastward across the base of the Polish Corridor.",
"A tertiary attack by part of Army Group South's allied Slovak units from Slovakia.",
"From within Poland, the German minority would assist by engaging in diversion and sabotage operations through \"Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz\" units prepared before the war.",
"All three assaults were to converge on Warsaw, while the main Polish army was to be encircled and destroyed west of the Vistula.",
"\"Fall Weiss\" was initiated on 1 September 1939, and was the first operation of Second World War in Europe."
] | [
5
] |
Musical structure | In what chord does the opening melody of "ill tell you" | I Want to Hold Your Hand | false | 0MUSIC
| [
0
] | [
"The song is in the key of G and opens on \"I'll tell you\" with a D-B, B-D melody note drop and rise over a I (G) chord.",
"Controversy exists over the landmark chord that Lennon stated McCartney hit on the piano while they were composing the song.",
"Marshall considers it is the minor vi (Em) chord (the third chord in the I-V7-vi (G-D7-Em) progression).",
"Everett is of the same opinion.",
"Pedler claims, however, that more surprising is the melody note drop from B to F# against a III7 (B7) chord on \"understand\".",
"Music theorists are divided over whether this chord is a iii (Bm), a B major, or a B7 or even a B5 power chord with no major or minor defining third."
] | [
0
] |
Geography | What is the climate like in british columbia? | Canada | true | 5COUNTRY
| [
21
] | [
"Canada occupies a major northern portion of North America, sharing land borders with the contiguous United States to the south (the longest border between two countries in the world) and the US state of Alaska to the northwest.",
"Canada stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; to the north lies the Arctic Ocean.",
"Greenland is to the northeast, while Saint Pierre and Miquelon is south of Newfoundland.",
"By total area (including its waters), Canada is the second-largest country in the world, after Russia.",
"By land area alone, Canada ranks fourth.",
"The country lies between latitudes 41° and 84°N, and longitudes 52° and 141°W.",
"Since 1925, Canada has claimed the portion of the Arctic between 60° and 141°W longitude, but this claim is not universally recognized.",
"Canada is home to the world's northernmost settlement, Canadian Forces Station Alert, on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island – latitude 82.5°N – which lies from the North Pole.",
"Much of the Canadian Arctic is covered by ice and permafrost.",
"Canada has the longest coastline in the world, with a total length of ; additionally, its border with the United States is the world's longest land border, stretching .",
"Since the end of the last glacial period, Canada has consisted of eight distinct forest regions, including extensive boreal forest on the Canadian Shield.",
"Canada has around 31,700 large lakes, more than any other country, containing much of the world's fresh water.",
"There are also fresh-water glaciers in the Canadian Rockies and the Coast Mountains.",
"Canada is geologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, notably Mount Meager, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley, and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.",
"The volcanic eruption of the Tseax Cone in 1775 was among Canada's worst natural disasters, killing 2,000 Nisga'a people and destroying their village in the Nass River valley of northern British Columbia.",
"The eruption produced a lava flow, and, according to Nisga'a legend, blocked the flow of the Nass River.",
"Canada's population density, at , is among the lowest in the world.",
"The most densely populated part of the country is the Quebec City – Windsor Corridor, situated in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.",
"Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary from region to region.",
"Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near −15 °C (5 °F), but can drop below with severe wind chills.",
"In noncoastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round.",
"Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter.",
"On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from , with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding ."
] | [
0
] |
Planetary nebulae | What will happen to most hydrogen in HII regions? | Nebula | false | 8SCIENCE
| [
2
] | [
"Planetary nebulae form from the gaseous shells that are ejected from low-mass asymptotic giant branch stars when they transform into white dwarfs.",
"They are emission nebulae with spectra similar to those of emission nebulae found in star formation regions.",
"Technically they are HII regions, because most hydrogen will be ionized, but they are denser and more compact than the nebulae in star formation regions.",
"Planetary nebulae were given their name by the first astronomical observers who became able to distinguish them from planets, who tended to confuse them with planets, of more interest to them.",
"Our Sun is expected to spawn a planetary nebula about 12 billion years after its formation."
] | [
0
] |
Abstract | When did the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center open? | National Air and Space Museum | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
4
] | [
"The National Air and Space Museum (NASM) of the Smithsonian Institution holds the largest collection of historic aircraft and spacecraft in the world in of exhibition floor space.",
"It was established in 1946, as the National Air Museum and opened its main building in 1976.",
"Located in Washington, D.C., United States, it is a center for research into the history and science of aviation and spaceflight, as well as planetary science and terrestrial geology and geophysics.",
"Almost all space and aircraft on display are originals or backups to the originals.",
"It operates an annex, the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, at Dulles International Airport, which opened in 2003 and itself encompasses .",
"The museum currently conducts restoration of its collection at the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility in Suitland, Maryland."
] | [
2
] |
Impact of the dissolution of the USSR on historical research | How was it possible to re-examine the October Revolution? | October Revolution | true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
1
] | [
"The dissolution of the USSR had an impact on historical interpretations of the October Revolution.",
"Since 1991, increasing access to large amounts of Soviet archival materials made it possible to re‑examine the October Revolution.",
"Though both Western and Russian historians now have access to many of these archives, the impact of the dissolution of the USSR can be seen most clearly in the work of historians in the former USSR.",
"While the disintegration essentially helped solidify the Western and Revisionist views, post-USSR Russian historians largely repudiated the former Soviet historical interpretation of the Revolution.",
"In other words, the established Soviet view of the October Revolution has been challenged, and consequently “Russian historians’ outlook has come closer to that of their Western conferes.” As Stephen Kotkin argues, 1991 prompted “a return to political history and the apparent resurrection of totalitarianism, the interpretive view that, in different ways…revisionists sought to bury”.",
"In other words, after 1991, there has been the revival among some historians of the “continuity thesis”, the idea that there was an uncomplicated, natural evolution from the October Revolution’s organizational structure to Stalin’s Gulags."
] | [
5
] |
Modern competitive archery | What is the most popular form of competitive archery worldwide? | Archery | false | 4SPORT
| [
1
] | [
"Competitive archery involves shooting arrows at a target for accuracy from a set distance or distances.",
"This is the most popular form of competitive archery worldwide and is called target archery.",
"A form particularly popular in Europe and America is field archery, shot at targets generally set at various distances in a wooded setting.",
"Para-Archery is an adaptation of archery for athletes with a disability.",
"It is governed by the World Archery Federation (WA), and is one of the sports in the Summer Paralympic Games.",
"There are also several other lesser-known and historical forms of archery, as well as archery novelty games and flight archery, where the aim is to shoot the greatest distance."
] | [
0
] |
Criticism of FBI | What year did the House Select Committee on Assassinations review the murder of John F. Kennedy? | Assassination of John F. Kennedy | true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
0
] | [
"The FBI's murder investigation was reviewed by the House Select Committee on Assassinations in 1979.",
"The congressional Committee concluded:",
" The Federal Bureau of Investigation adequately investigated Lee Harvey Oswald prior to the assassination and properly evaluated the evidence it possessed to assess his potential to endanger the public safety in a national emergency.",
" The Federal Bureau of Investigation conducted a thorough and professional investigation into the responsibility of Lee Harvey Oswald for the assassination.",
" The Federal Bureau of Investigation failed to investigate adequately the possibility of a conspiracy to assassinate the President.",
" The Federal Bureau of Investigation was deficient in its sharing of information with other agencies and departments."
] | [
0
] |
Geography | Which country is the largest in the world? | Russia | true | 5COUNTRY
| [
0
] | [
"Russia is the largest country in the world; its total area is .",
"There are 23 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Russia, 40 UNESCO biosphere reserves, 41 national parks and 101 nature reserves.",
"It lies between latitudes 41° and 82° N, and longitudes 19° E and 169° W. Russia has a wide natural resource base, including major deposits of timber, petroleum, natural gas, coal, ores and other mineral resources."
] | [] |
Abstract | Each team had how many stones? | Curling | true | 4SPORT
| [
3
] | [
"Curling is a sport in which players slide stones on a sheet of ice towards a target area which is segmented into four concentric rings.",
"It is related to bowls, boules and shuffleboard.",
"Two teams, each of four players, take turns sliding heavy, polished granite stones, also called \"rocks\", across the ice \"curling sheet\" towards the \"house\", a circular target marked on the ice.",
"Each team has eight stones.",
"The purpose is to accumulate the highest score for a \"game\"; points are scored for the stones resting closest to the centre of the house at the conclusion of each \"end\", which is completed when both teams have thrown all of their stones.",
"A game may consist of ten or eight ends.",
"The curler can induce a curved path by causing the stone to slowly turn as it slides, and the path of the rock may be further influenced by two sweepers with brooms who accompany it as it slides down the sheet, using the brooms to alter the state of the ice in front of the stone.",
"A great deal of strategy and teamwork go into choosing the ideal path and placement of a stone for each situation, and the skills of the curlers determine how close to the desired result the stone will achieve.",
"This gives curling its nickname of \"chess on ice\"."
] | [
5
] |
2008–09: "Lights" and "The Listening" | Which record label did Lights sign with in 2008? | Lights (musician) | true | 0MUSIC
| [
2
] | [
"Starting in early 2008, Lights toured cities in the Great Lakes region, in both Canada and the United States.",
"In late 2008, she toured the United States.",
"In August 2008, Lights signed a record deal with Toronto based label Underground Operations.",
"She also signed an American partnership deal with Warner Bros. along with Doghouse Records.",
"Around the same time, her song \"Drive My Soul\" got to No.18 in the Canadian Hot 100.",
"After signing with them, her EP was released in stores on September 16.",
"Her second single, \"February Air,\" sold 12,000 copies.",
"In early 2008, \"February Air\" was in a commercial for Old Navy.",
"It was later released in December 2008.",
"In Ten Second Epic's song \"Every Day\" from their album Hometown, Lights contributed vocals and appeared in their music video.",
"The song appeared on the \"Big Shiny Tunes 14\" compilation album and the music video was nominated for Best Independent Music Video at the 2010 MuchMusic Video Awards.",
"She is also featured on the soundtrack (songs \"Ben\" and \"Climbing\") for the 2008 Canadian film \"One Week\", starring Joshua Jackson.",
"She was a guest vocalist on the album \"A Shipwreck in the Sand\", released in 2009 by post-hardcore band Silverstein from Burlington, Ontario.",
"In 2009, Lights released her third single to Canadian radio stations called \"Ice\" with a homemade video released on her MySpace.",
"She also released a second video for \"Ice\" in Canada on November 10, 2009.",
"It was released in the United States on November 11, 2009.",
"On August 10, 2009, her music video for \"Saviour\" was released.",
"In an interview for the musical website Hall-Musique, Lights announced she was hoping to release her debut album in Europe by early 2010.",
"In March, Lights was named on the American music website Shred News's 10 \"Artists to Watch in 2010.",
"\"While touring in the summer of 2009 on the 2009 Vans Warped Tour, Lights's single \"Saviour\" premiered on Canadian radio stations on July 6, 2009.",
"The song is from her first full-length album, \"The Listening\", which was released on September 22 in Canada.",
"It was released on October 6 in the United States after she left Underground Operations, for her own record label, Lights Music Inc.",
"The cover for the album was also released.",
"According to Lights, the entire artwork was inspired by \"Watchmen\", \"28 Days Later\", and \"Sailor Moon\".",
"In September 2009, Lights toured with the British band Keane on their Canadian/Pacific Northwest tour.",
"In late 2009, Lights toured all around the United States and Canada with Stars of Track and Field."
] | [] |
Media | Who did interviews include in the multimedia project? | Korean War | false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
6
] | [
" The Korean War You Never Knew & Life in the Korean War – slideshows by \"Life magazine\"",
" QuickTime sequence of 27 maps adapted from the West Point Atlas of American Wars",
" Animation for operations in 1950",
" Animation for operations in 1951",
" US Army Korea Media Center official Korean War online image archive",
" Rare pictures of the Korean War from the U.S. Library of Congress and National Archives",
" \"Land of the Morning Calm Canadians in Korea\" – multimedia project including veteran interviews",
" Pathé Online newsreel archive featuring films on the war",
" CBC Digital Archives—Forgotten Heroes: Canada and the Korean War"
] | [
3
] |
Earth | What is the largest and desest of the inner planets? | Solar System | false | 8SCIENCE
| [
0
] | [
" Earth (1 AU from the Sun) is the largest and densest of the inner planets, the only one known to have current geological activity, and the only place where life is known to exist.",
"Its liquid hydrosphere is unique among the terrestrial planets, and it is the only planet where plate tectonics has been observed.",
"Earth's atmosphere is radically different from those of the other planets, having been altered by the presence of life to contain 21% free oxygen.",
"It has one natural satellite, the Moon, the only large satellite of a terrestrial planet in the Solar System."
] | [
0
] |
Cardio dance DVDs | What dvd features the jive, the quickstep, and swing? | Dancing with the Stars (U.S. TV series) | false | 1TV
| [
6
] | [
"Cardio dance DVDs.",
"A DVD titled \"Dancing With The Stars: Cardio Dance\" was released on April 3, 2007 featuring Kym Johnson, Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Ashly DelGrosso.",
"The program contains cardiovascular workouts adapted from Cha-cha, paso doble, samba, and jive dance routines.",
"A second DVD \"Dancing with the Stars: Latin Cardio Dance\" was released on September 13, 2008 featuring Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Cheryl Burke.",
"The program contains cardiovascular workouts adapted from Cha-cha, Merengue, Samba and Mambo dance routines.",
"A third and fourth DVD was released featuring Kym Johnson, Dmitry Chaplin, and Lacey Schwimmer.",
"One DVD is called \"Dance off the Pounds\" and features three dances: the jive, the quickstep, and swing.",
"The other is \"Dance Body Tone\" and features a Latin dance mix, the tango, and freestyle dance mix.",
"Julianne Hough, two time \"DWTS\" winner, has also released her own workout DVD called \"Dance with Julianne: Cardio Ballroom\".",
"It includes the Paso Doble, the Cha-Cha, and the Jive.",
"It was released on December 15, 2009.",
"Julianne Hough, released her second workout DVD called \"Dance With Julianne: Just Dance\".",
"It includes Jazz, Hip Hop, Box Step, Three Step and Dance Classics.",
"It was released on November 9, 2010."
] | [
0
] |
Critical reception | In what categories was "Hey Jude" nominated for grammy in 1969? | Hey Jude | false | 0MUSIC
| [
7
] | [
"Upon the release of the \"Hey Jude\" single, \"Time\" contrasted it with its B-side \"Revolution.\"",
"\"Time\" wrote, \"The other side of the new disk urges activism of a different sort\" due to McCartney \"liltingly exhorta friend to overcome his fears and commit himself in love.\"",
"Robert Christgau of \"The Village Voice\" called it \"one of his truest and most forthright love songs\" and was critical of its omission from \"The Beatles\".",
"Music analyst Alan Pollack praised \"Hey Jude,\" saying, \"it's such a good illustration of two compositional lessons—how to fill a large canvas with simple means, and how to use diverse elements such as harmony, bassline, and orchestration to articulate form and contrast.\"",
"He also said it is unusual for a long song because it uses a \"binary form that combines a fully developed, hymn-like song together with an extended, mantra-like jam on a simple chord progression.\"",
"Pollack described the song's long coda and fadeout as \"an astonishingly transcendental effect,\" while Unterberger observed, \"What could have very easily been boring is instead hypnotic\".",
"John Lennon said \"Hey Jude\" was \"one of his [Paul's masterpieces.",
"\"\"Hey Jude\" was nominated for the Grammy Awards of 1969 in the Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal categories but failed to win any of them.",
"It did win the 1968 Ivor Novello Award for \"A-Side With the Highest Sales\".",
"In the 1968 \"NME\" Readers' Poll, \"Hey Jude\" was named the best single of the year.",
"In 2001, \"Hey Jude\" was inducted into the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Grammy Hall of Fame.",
"In 2004 and later in 2010, \"Rolling Stone\" ranked the song at number eight on \"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time,\" making it the highest ranked Beatles song on the list.",
"Also in 2010, \"Rolling Stone\" ranked the song at number seven on the Beatles' 100 Greatest Songs.",
"It came in third on Channel 4's list of 100 Greatest Singles.",
"The Amusement & Music Operators Association ranked \"Hey Jude\" the 11th-best jukebox single of all time.",
"It was also voted the greatest song of all time by \"Mojo\" readers."
] | [
0
] |
Boards | How can I configure a board that lets me use either stance? | Wakeboarding | true | 4SPORT
| [
6
] | [
"Boards are buoyant with the core usually made up of foam, honeycomb or wood mixed with resin and coated with fiberglass.",
"Metal screws are inserted to attach bindings and fins.",
"The configuration and positioning of the fins and bindings vary according to rider preference and are adjusted for a variety of reasons.",
"A wakeboarder will change the type of fins used for different types of tricks.",
"For example, shallow fins (which do not protrude into the water very far) are better for surface tricks, such as flat spins.",
"Many newer board models contain small moulded fins on the board, allowing the rider to use smaller centre fins and also to create less drag.",
"Board hardware is often set up to allow a rider to ride \"Switch\" or \"Fakie,\" with either foot forward.",
"Such setups are usually symmetrical in layout.",
"New riders normally set up their boards to be comfortable to ride with their \"natural\" foot forward, which does not allow for riding Switch without modifications.",
"For best results and easy wakeboarding, this sport is normally done in lakes, though the intercoastal waterways are also becoming popular."
] | [
5
] |
Rivers, lakes and reservoirs | How long after the Chernobyl disaster was the Kiev water supply adjusted? | Chernobyl disaster | true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
6
] | [
"Residual radioactivity in the environment.",
"Rivers, lakes and reservoirs.",
"The Chernobyl nuclear power plant is located next to the Pripyat River, which feeds into the Dnieper reservoir system, one of the largest surface water systems in Europe, which at the time supplied water to Kiev's 2.4 million residents, and was still in spring flood when the accident occurred.",
"The radioactive contamination of aquatic systems therefore became a major problem in the immediate aftermath of the accident.",
"In the most affected areas of Ukraine, levels of radioactivity (particularly from radionuclides 131I, 137Cs and 90Sr) in drinking water caused concern during the weeks and months after the accident, though officially it was stated that all contaminants had settled to the bottom \"in an insoluble phase\" and would not dissolve for 800–1,000 years.",
"Guidelines for levels of radioiodine in drinking water were temporarily raised to 3,700 Bq/L, allowing most water to be reported as safe, and a year after the accident it was announced that even the water of the Chernobyl plant's cooling pond was within acceptable norms.",
"Despite this, two months after the disaster the Kiev water supply was abruptly switched from the Dnieper to the Desna River.",
"Meanwhile, massive silt traps were constructed, along with an enormous 30m-deep underground barrier to prevent groundwater from the destroyed reactor entering the Pripyat River.",
"Bio-accumulation of radioactivity in fish resulted in concentrations (both in western Europe and in the former Soviet Union) that in many cases were significantly above guideline maximum levels for consumption.",
"Guideline maximum levels for radiocaesium in fish vary from country to country but are approximately 1,000 Bq/kg in the European Union.",
"In the Kiev Reservoir in Ukraine, concentrations in fish were several thousand Bq/kg during the years after the accident.",
"In small \"closed\" lakes in Belarus and the Bryansk region of Russia, concentrations in a number of fish species varied from 100 to 60,000 Bq/kg during the period 1990–92.",
"The contamination of fish caused short-term concern in parts of the UK and Germany and in the long term (years rather than months) in the affected areas of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia as well as in parts of Scandinavia."
] | [
5
] |
Grad Bash and Gradventure | Describe and explain Grad Bash. | Universal Studios Florida | true | 2TRAVEL
| [
2
] | [
"",
"\"Grad Bash\" and \"Gradventure\" are two separate events held in April and May at the park.",
"Grad Bash is an event for graduating high school senior classes who can gather for an exclusive, all-night party at the Universal Orlando Resort featuring all of the best park attractions, live performances by some of the most popular musicians, dance parties with DJs, and pre-parties live at The Universal Music Plaza Stage in the Production Central area.",
"After Disney's retirement of Grad Nite, Grad Bash will be held for five nights in 2012.",
"Gradventure is similar, but is designed for junior high/middle school graduating students."
] | [] |
South Africa | What is normally served with a vetkoek? | Doughnut | true | 9FOOD
| [
5,
6
] | [
"Regional variations.",
"South Africa.",
"In South Africa, an Afrikaans variation known as the \"koeksister\" is popular.",
"Another variation, similar in name, is the Cape Malay \"koesister\" being soaked in a spiced syrup and coated in coconut.",
"It has a texture similar to more traditional doughnuts as opposed to the Afrikaans variety.",
"A further variation is the \"vetkoek\", which is also dough deep fried in oil.",
"It is served with mince, syrup, honey or jam."
] | [
0
] |
1900–1960 | How did moses secure funds? | Central Park | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
19
] | [
"Following completion, the park quickly slipped into decline.",
"One of the main reasons for this was the lack of interest of the Tammany Hall political machine, which was the largest political force in New York at the time.",
"Around the turn of the 20th century, the park faced several new challenges.",
"Cars were becoming commonplace, bringing with them their burden of pollution, and people's attitudes were beginning to change.",
"No longer were parks to be used only for walks and picnics in an idyllic environment, but now also for sports, and similar recreation.",
"Following the dissolution of the Central Park Commission in 1870 and Andrew Green's departure from the project, and the death of Vaux in 1895, the maintenance effort gradually declined, and there were few, if any, attempts to replace dead trees, bushes and plants, or worn-out lawn.",
"For several decades, authorities did little or nothing to prevent vandalism and the littering of the park.",
"All of this changed in 1934, when Republican Fiorello La Guardia was elected mayor of New York City and unified the five park-related departments then in existence.",
"Robert Moses was given the task of cleaning up the park.",
"Moses, about to become one of the mightiest men in New York City, took over what was essentially a relic, a leftover from a bygone era.",
"According to historian Robert Caro in his 1974 book \"The Power Broker\":",
"\"Lawns, unseeded, were expanses of bare earth, decorated with scraggly patches of grass and weeds, that became dust holes in dry weather and mud holes in wet….",
"The once beautiful Mall looked like a scene of a wild party the morning after.",
"Benches lay on their backs, their legs jabbing at the sky...\"",
"In a single year, Moses managed to clean up Central Park and other parks in New York City.",
"Lawns and flowers were replanted, dead trees and bushes were replaced, walls were sandblasted, and bridges repaired.",
"Another dramatic change was Moses's removal of the \"Hoover Valley\" shantytown, whose site was transformed into the Great Lawn.",
"Major redesigning and construction also was carried out: for instance, the Croton Lower Reservoir was filled in so the Great Lawn could be created.",
"The Greensward Plan's purpose of creating an idyllic landscape was combined with Moses' vision of a park to be used for recreational purposes—19 playgrounds, 12 ball fields, and handball courts were constructed.",
"Moses also managed to secure funds from the New Deal program, as well as donations from the public."
] | [
5
] |
Chinese Civil War and SEATO | Did the war against Japan hurt the Republicans? | Cold War | true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
1,
2
] | [
"In 1949, Mao Zedong's People's Liberation Army defeated Chiang Kai-shek's United States-backed Kuomintang (KMT) Nationalist Government in China, and the Soviet Union promptly created an alliance with the newly formed People's Republic of China.",
"According to Norwegian historian Odd Arne Westad, the Communists won the Civil War because they made fewer military mistakes than Chiang Kai-Shek, and because in his search for a powerful centralized government, Chiang antagonized too many interest groups in China.",
"Moreover, his party was weakened in the war against Japanese.",
"Meanwhile the Communists told different groups, such as peasants, exactly what they wanted to hear, and cloaked themselves in the cover of Chinese nationalism.",
"Chiang and his KMT government retreated to the island of Taiwan.",
"Confronted with the communist revolution in China and the end of the American atomic monopoly in 1949, the Truman administration quickly moved to escalate and expand the containment policy.",
"In NSC-68, a secret 1950 document, the National Security Council proposed to reinforce pro-Western alliance systems and quadruple spending on defense.",
"United States officials moved thereafter to expand containment into Asia, Africa, and Latin America, in order to counter revolutionary nationalist movements, often led by communist parties financed by the USSR, fighting against the restoration of Europe's colonial empires in South-East Asia and elsewhere.",
"In the early 1950s (a period sometimes known as the \"Pactomania\"), the US formalized a series of alliances with Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand and the Philippines (notably ANZUS in 1951 and SEATO in 1954), thereby guaranteeing the United States a number of long-term military bases."
] | [] |
Regulatory RNAs | What kind of RNA is found in animals? | RNA | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
5
] | [
"Several types of RNA can downregulate gene expression by being complementary to a part of an mRNA or a gene's DNA.",
"MicroRNAs (miRNA; 21-22 nt) are found in eukaryotes and act through RNA interference (RNAi), where an effector complex of miRNA and enzymes can cleave complementary mRNA, block the mRNA from being translated, or accelerate its degradation.",
"While small interfering RNAs (siRNA; 20-25 nt) are often produced by breakdown of viral RNA, there are also endogenous sources of siRNAs.",
"siRNAs act through RNA interference in a fashion similar to miRNAs.",
"Some miRNAs and siRNAs can cause genes they target to be methylated, thereby decreasing or increasing transcription of those genes.",
"Animals have Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNA; 29-30 nt) that are active in germline cells and are thought to be a defense against transposons and play a role in gametogenesis.",
"Many prokaryotes have CRISPR RNAs, a regulatory system similar to RNA interference.",
"Antisense RNAs are widespread; most downregulate a gene, but a few are activators of transcription.",
"One way antisense RNA can act is by binding to an mRNA, forming double-stranded RNA that is enzymatically degraded.",
"There are many long noncoding RNAs that regulate genes in eukaryotes, one such RNA is Xist, which coats one X chromosome in female mammals and inactivates it.",
"An mRNA may contain regulatory elements itself, such as riboswitches, in the 5' untranslated region or 3' untranslated region; these cis-regulatory elements regulate the activity of that mRNA.",
"The untranslated regions can also contain elements that regulate other genes."
] | [
0
] |
Restaurants and shops | What restaurant can I meet the characters in The Animal Kingdom? | Disney's Animal Kingdom | true | 2TRAVEL
| [
4
] | [
"The park contains three table service restaurants:",
"Rainforest Cafe, a themed restaurant chain operated by Landry's, located just outside the main entrance (also accessible from inside the park);",
"Yak & Yeti, an Asian-themed restaurant located in the park's Asia section (operated by Landry's Restaurants) that opened on November 14, 2007; and",
"Tusker House, located in Africa and one of the park's original quick-service restaurants, was converted into a buffet restaurant and re-opened on November 17, 2007.",
"Tusker House hosts \"Donald's Safari Breakfast\" and \"Donald's Dining Safari Lunch,\" a character-dining event where guests enjoy a buffet while meeting Donald Duck and other Disney characters.",
"There are five quick-service restaurants located throughout the park:",
"Flame Tree Barbecue, on Discovery Island near DinoLand USA;",
"Pizzafari, also on Discovery Island, near Camp Minnie-Mickey;",
"Restaurantosaurus, in DinoLand USA;",
"Tamu Tamu Refreshments, in Africa; and,",
"Yak & Yeti Local Foods Café, located next to the larger Yak & Yeti table-service facility.",
"As with other Walt Disney World theme parks, Disney's Animal Kingdom has other locations and carts that offer snacks and beverages."
] | [
0
] |
Florence, 1499-1505 | During which year doed Michelangelo return to Florence? | Michelangelo | true | 3ART
| [
0
] | [
"Michelangelo returned to Florence in 1499.",
"The republic was changing after the fall of anti-Renaissance Priest and leader of Florence, Girolamo Savonarola, (executed in 1498) and the rise of the \"gonfaloniere\" Piero Soderini.",
"He was asked by the consuls of the Guild of Wool to complete an unfinished project begun 40 years earlier by Agostino di Duccio: a colossal statue of Carrara marble portraying David as a symbol of Florentine freedom, to be placed on the gable of Florence Cathedral.",
"Michelangelo responded by completing his most famous work, the Statue of David, in 1504.",
"The masterwork definitively established his prominence as a sculptor of extraordinary technical skill and strength of symbolic imagination.",
"A team of consultants, including Botticelli and Leonardo da Vinci, was called together to decide upon its placement, ultimately the Piazza della Signoria, in front of the Palazzo Vecchio.",
"It now stands in the Academia while a replica occupies its place in the square.",
"With the completion of the David came another commission.",
"In early 1504 Leonardo da Vinci had been commissioned in the council chamber of the Palazzo Vecchio depicting the \"Battle of Angiari\" between the forces of Florence and Milan in 1434.",
"Michelangelo was then commissioned to paint the \"Battle of Cascina\".",
"The two paintings are very different, Leonardo's depicting soldiers fighting on horseback, and Michelangelo's showing soldiers being ambushed as they bathe in the river.",
"Neither work was completed and both were lost when the chamber was refurbished.",
"Both works were much admired and copies remain of them, Leonardo's work having been copied by Rubens and Michelangelo's by Bastiano da Sangallo.",
"Also during this period, Michelangelo was commissioned by Angelo Doni to paint a \"Holy Family\" as a present for his wife, Maddalena Strozzi.",
"It is known as the \"Doni Tondo\" and hangs in the Uffizi Gallery in its original magnificent frame which Michelangelo may have designed.",
"He also may have painted the Madonna and Child with John the Baptist, known as the \"Manchester Madonna\" and now in the National Gallery, London, United Kingdom."
] | [] |
Track listing | What song is 3 minuts and 5 seconds long on the album "How to Save a Life"? | How to Save a Life | false | 0MUSIC
| [
1
] | [
"In later editions, an extra track was added:",
"<li value=13>\"Unsaid\" – 3:05",
"Bonus CD:",
"<li value=14>\"Over My Head (Cable Car)\" (Live at the Gothic (05.20.2005))",
"\"How to Save a Life\" (Live for MTV.com & VH1.com (07.14.2005))",
"\"Look After You\" (Live at Red Rocks (08.12.2005))",
"\"Heaven Forbid\" (Live at Red Rocks (08.12.2005))",
"Bonus DVD:",
"How to Save a Life (The Story)",
"On The Road 2006 (Documentary)",
"\"Over My Head (Cable Car)\" (Music Video)",
"\"Over My Head (Cable Car)\" (Making the video)"
] | [
0,
5
] |
New York | The indoor roller coaster at Univeral Studios Florida was opened when? | Universal Studios Florida | true | 2TRAVEL
| [
3
] | [
"This section of the park is aptly named.",
"Within its boundaries can be found architectural styles and sets that resemble the New York from the past and present.",
"New York's flagship attraction is Revenge of the Mummy: The Ride.",
"Opening in May 2004, this indoor roller coaster was inspired by \"The Mummy film franchise\".",
"Outside the ride guests can purchase merchandise items from \"Sahara Traders\".",
"Twister... Ride it Out is a live-action attraction that uses special effects to simulate a tornado.",
"It was inspired by the 1996 film \"Twister\".",
"The attraction opened in 1998 and features a merchandise shop entitled \"Aftermath\" nearby.",
"A walkthrough attraction named Delancey Street Preview Center allows visitors to preview upcoming films or television shows created by Universal Studios.",
"This allows the company to receive feedback from a wide range of sources.",
"The Preview Center opened in 2006.",
"In the streets of New York, The Blues Brothers perform a variety of classic rock and soul songs multiple times per day in The Blues Brothers Live.",
"New York features several dining outlets: \"Finnegan's Bar and Grill\" and \"Louie's Italian Restaurant\" which were designed for the park as well as \"Starbucks Coffee\" and \"Ben & Jerry's\" which are commercial franchises.",
"Within New York exist three merchandise shops: \"Sahara Traders\", \"Aftermath\" and \"Rosie's Irish Shop\".",
"The first two feature merchandise related to attractions within this area.",
"As Nickelodeon was headquartered in the park at the time, the opening credits for \"Roundhouse\" and \"All That\" (two of its shows) were filmed around this area of the park."
] | [
2
] |
Transportation | How developed is the road based transportation system in Mongolia? | Mongolia | true | 5COUNTRY
| [
9,
10,
11
] | [
"The Trans-Mongolian Railway is the main rail link between Mongolia and its neighbors.",
"It begins at the Trans-Siberian Railway in Russia at the town of Ulan-Ude, crosses into Mongolia, runs through Ulaanbaatar, then passes into China at Erenhot where it joins the Chinese railway system.",
"A separate railroad link connects the eastern city of Choibalsan with the Trans-Siberian Railway.",
"However, that link is closed to passengers after the Mongolian town of Chuluunkhoroot.",
"Mongolia has a number of domestic airports with some of them having international status.",
"However, the main international airport is Chinggis Khaan International Airport, located approximately from downtown Ulaanbaatar.",
"Direct flight connections exist between Mongolia and South Korea, China, Thailand, Hong Kong, Japan, Russia, Germany, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkey.",
"MIAT Mongolian Airlines is Mongolia's national air carrier operating international flights, while other domestic air carriers such as Eznis Airways, AeroMongolia and Hunnu Airlines are serving both domestic and regional routes.",
"Many overland roads in Mongolia are only gravel roads or simple cross-country tracks.",
"There are paved roads from Ulaanbaatar to the Russian and Chinese border, from Ulaanbaatar east- and westward (the so-called Millenium Road), and from Darkhan to Bulgan.",
"A number of road construction projects are currently underway.",
"Mongolia has 4,800 km of paved roads, with 1,800 km of that total completed in 2013 alone."
] | [
5
] |
Water polo equipment | Are mouthguards required in water polo? | Water polo | true | 4SPORT
| [
11
] | [
" equipment.",
"Little player equipment is needed to play water polo.",
"Items required in water polo include:",
"Ball: A water polo ball is constructed of waterproof material to allow it to float on the water.",
"The cover is textured to give players additional grip.",
"The size of the ball is different for men's, women's and junior games.",
"Caps: A water polo cap is used to protect the players' heads and ears, and to make them identifiable from afar.",
"Home team field players wear numbered white caps; Visiting team field players wear numbered dark-colored or black caps.",
"Both starting goalkeepers wear red caps (sometimes quartered), numbered \"1\" (substitute goalies' caps are numbered either \"13\" for FINA international play or \"15\" for NCAA play) Caps are fitted with ear protectors.",
"Goals: Two goals are needed in order to play water polo.",
"These can either be put on the side of the pool, or in the pool using floaters.",
"Mouthguard: A mouthguard is not mandatory in most tournaments, but is recommended.",
"Swimwear: Male water polo players wear either swim briefs or jammers (thigh-length trunks).",
"Female players must wear a one-piece swimsuit.",
"Suit-grabbing fouls are common, so players often wear tight-fitting suits, and may layer on several suits at a time for additional security.",
"Many swimwear labels also sell specialized water polo suits that feature reinforced stitching and tougher fabric.",
"Female water polo suits are generally one-piece outfits which do not have open backs, but zip securely up the back so as to not have straps that can be easily grabbed."
] | [] |
Abstract | In American Gothic painting who where the people modeled after? | American Gothic | false | 3ART
| [
2
] | [
"American Gothic is a painting by Grant Wood in the collection of the Art Institute of Chicago.",
"Wood's inspiration came from what is now known as the American Gothic House, and his decision to paint the house along with \"the kind of people I fancied should live in that house.\"",
"The painting shows a farmer standing beside his spinster daughter.",
"The figures were modeled by the artist's sister and their dentist.",
"The woman is dressed in a colonial print apron evoking 19th-century Americana, and the couple are in the traditional roles of men and women, the man's pitchfork symbolizing hard labor, and the flowers over the woman's right shoulder suggesting domesticity.",
"It is one of the most familiar images in 20th-century American art, and has been widely parodied in American popular culture."
] | [
4,
3
] |
Destruction | Who painted the "Man at the Crossroads" mural? | Man at the Crossroads | true | 3ART
| [
1
] | [
"On 24 April 1933 the \"New York World-Telegram\" newspaper published an article attacking the mural as anti-capitalist propaganda.",
"A few days later Rivera added the portrait of Lenin to the work.",
"This precipitated a major controversy by May.",
"The bad publicity greatly upset Rockefeller.",
"Rivera was asked to remove the picture of Lenin, but refused, instead offering to add Abraham Lincoln to the work as way of a compromise.",
"Rockefeller then left the decision about the future of the mural to Todd-Robertson-Todd.",
"Rivera was fully paid the promised amount for his work, but the mural was covered in drapery and left incomplete.",
"Despite protests from art lovers and attempts to get it to moved to the Museum of Modern Art, it remained covered until the early weeks of 1934, when it was destroyed by workmen.",
"The destruction caused widespread controversy.",
"Ralph Stackpole and Bernard Zakheim (who headed a group of artists commissioned by the WPA to paint murals at the Coit Tower in San Francisco) protested, and also included references to the incident in the form of headlines in newspapers held by figures in their paintings.",
"The Rockefeller Center commissioned a mural by Jose Maria Sert entitled \"American Progress\" to replace Rivera's work.",
"It used Abraham Lincoln as its focal point."
] | [
3
] |
Nucleosides and nucleotides | What do DNA and RNA have in common? | Biomolecule | false | 8SCIENCE
| [
3
] | [
"Nucleosides are molecules formed by attaching a nucleobase to a ribose or deoxyribose ring.",
"Examples of these include cytidine (C), uridine (U), adenosine (A), guanosine (G), thymidine (T) and inosine (I).",
"Nucleosides can be phosphorylated by specific kinases in the cell, producing nucleotides.",
"Both DNA and RNA are polymers, consisting of long, linear molecules assembled by polymerase enzymes from repeating structural units, or monomers, of mononucleotides.",
"DNA uses the deoxynucleotides C, G, A, and T, while RNA uses the ribomucleotides (which have an extra hydroxyl(OH) group on the pentose ring) C, G, A, and U.",
"Modified bases are fairly common (such as with methyl groups on the base ring), as found in ribosomal RNA or transfer RNAs or for discriminating the new from old strands of DNA after replication.",
"Each nucleotide is made of an acyclic nitrogenous base, a pentose and one to three phosphate groups.",
"They contain carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and phosphorus.",
"They serve as sources of chemical energy (adenosine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate), participate in cellular signaling (cyclic guanosine monophosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate), and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions (coenzyme A, flavin adenine dinucleotide, flavin mononucleotide, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)."
] | [
0
] |
Property boom and bust | What was Spain's unemployment rate in May of 2009? | Spain | true | 5COUNTRY
| [
5
] | [
"The adoption of the Euro saw a marked reduction in interest rates to historic lows.",
"The growth in the Spanish property market, which had begun in 1997, accelerated and within a few years had developed into a property bubble, financed largely by the cajas (regional savings banks under the oversight of the regional governments) and fed by the historically low interest rates and a massive growth of immigration.",
"The Spanish economy was credited for having avoided the virtual zero growth rate of some of its largest partners in the EU.",
"The country's economy created more than half of all the new jobs in the European Union over the five years ending 2005.",
"The bubble imploded in 2008, causing the collapse of Spain's large property related and construction sectors, causing mass layoffs, and a collapsing domestic demand for goods and services.",
"By the end of May 2009, unemployment reached 18.7% (37% for youths).",
"At first, Spain's banks and financial services avoided the early crisis of their counterparts in the US and UK.",
"This was particularly the case with Spain's international banks, Banco Santander and BBVA, that had diversified, international portfolios and had actively limited their exposure to housing mortgage risk.",
"Banco Santander was able to profit from the global financial crisis by taking over distressed British banking firms.",
"However, as the recession deepened and property prices slid, the growing bad debts of the smaller regional savings banks, the cajas, forced the intervention of Spain's central bank and government through a stabilisation and consolidation program, taking over or consolidating regional cajas and finally receiving a bank bailout from the European Central Bank in 2012."
] | [
0
] |
The flights | What year did Wilbur die in? | Wright Brothers flights of 1909 | false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
24
] | [
"Another acclaimed aviator, Glenn Curtiss, had agreed to participate.",
"Curtiss had recently set the world flight speed record in France, and the Wrights had just filed suit against him for patent infringement of their control systems.",
"The public's anticipation was fueled by news of the patent disputes.",
"These flights would be a showdown between the two fliers.",
"They were both scheduled to make a series of flights from Governors Island in New York harbor.",
"On September 29, Wilbur took off at 9:15 AM in windy conditions.",
"Curtiss felt his airplane could not handle the winds and he declined to fly.",
"When Curtiss admitted defeat to the wind, Wilbur is supposed to have said to him, 'It looks pretty good.",
"I think I will take a little spin in a few minutes.'",
"He flew for about two miles, which took a little longer than seven minutes.",
"Later that day Wilbur took off again, at 10:18 AM.",
"He flew over the ocean-liner RMS Lusitania and a flotilla of other watercraft on hand for the Hudson-Fulton celebration, many blowing their horns and tooting their whistles when the Flyer appeared overhead.",
"As Wilbur flew toward the Statue of Liberty, many onlookers feared he would crash into it, but he skillfully circled the statue as planned.",
"This flight caused a sensation in the press and became an iconic event, despite lasting less than five minutes.",
"Still unable to fly in the gusty weather, Curtiss had to depart for St. Louis due to a prior agreement.",
"He was supposed to have flown up the Hudson River for several miles and returned to Governors Island.",
"On Monday, October 4, Wilbur took off at 9:53 AM.",
"He flew north over the Hudson along the west shore of Manhattan, passing Grant's Tomb, then returned by the same route, finishing the 21 mile, 33-minute flight with a safe landing on Governor's Island.",
"As many as a million people witnessed the flight.",
"This was the exact flight that Curtiss had been unable to make.",
"Before the flight, Wilbur attached a red canoe to the bottom of the airplane as a safety precaution in case of an emergency landing in the water.",
"He reasoned that he could use the canoe to float himself to safety.",
"A blown engine cylinder that afternoon prevented any more flights.",
"This series of flights marked Wilbur's last flying before a public audience.",
"After Wilbur's death in 1912, Orville put the canoe in Hawthorn Hill, his estate in Oakwood, Ohio, as a memento.",
"This first airborne canoe was later moved to Carillon Historical Park in Ohio and exhibited in a room adjacent to the Wright Flyer III in Wright Hall.",
"The flight around the Statue of Liberty was duplicated on May 26, 2003 by the Dayton 'Wright B Flyer, Inc.' group, with a replica of the Wright airplane as a part of the celebrations of the anniversary of the Wright brothers' first flight."
] | [
0
] |
Architecture | What were heated floors in ancient buildings called? | South Korea | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
2
] | [
"Because of South Korea's tumultuous history, construction and destruction has been repeated endlessly, resulting in an interesting melange of architectural styles and designs.",
"Korean traditional architecture is characterized by its harmony with nature.",
"Ancient architects adopted the bracket system characterized by thatched roofs and heated floors called \"ondol\".",
"People of the upper classes built bigger houses with elegantly curved tiled roofs with lifting eaves.",
"Traditional architecture can be seen in the palaces and temples, preserved old houses called \"hanok\", and special sites like Hahoe Folk Village, Yangdong Village of Gyeongju and Korean Folk Village.",
"Traditional architecture may also be seen at the nine UNESCO World Heritage Sites in South Korea.",
"Western architecture was first introduced to Korea at the end of the 19th century.",
"Churches, offices for foreign legislation, schools and university buildings were built in new styles.",
"With the annexation of Korea by Japan in 1910 the colonial regime intervened in Korea's architectural heritage, and Japanese-style modern architecture was imposed.",
"The anti-Japanese sentiment, and the Korean War, led to the destruction of most buildings constructed during that time.",
"Korean architecture entered a new phase of development during the post-Korean War reconstruction, incorporating modern architectural trends and styles.",
"Stimulated by the economic growth in the 1970s and 1980s, active redevelopment saw new horizons in architectural design.",
"In the aftermath of the 1988 Seoul Olympics, South Korea has witnessed a wide variation of styles in its architectural landscape due, in large part, to the opening up of the market to foreign architects.",
"Contemporary architectural efforts have been constantly trying to balance the traditional philosophy of \"harmony with nature\" and the fast-paced urbanization that the country has been going through in recent years."
] | [
0
] |
Armoured reserves | How many army groups did von Rundstedt command? | Invasion of Normandy | false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
1
] | [
"Rommel's defensive measures were also frustrated by a dispute over armoured doctrine.",
"In addition to his two army groups, von Rundstedt also commanded the headquarters of \"Panzer Group West\" under General Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg (usually referred to as \"von Geyr\").",
"This formation was nominally an administrative HQ for von Rundstedt's armoured and mobile formations, but it was later to be renamed Fifth Panzer Army and brought into the line in Normandy.",
"Von Geyr and Rommel disagreed over the deployment and use of the vital Panzer divisions.",
"Rommel recognised that the Allies would possess air superiority and would be able to harass his movements from the air.",
"He therefore proposed that the armoured formations be deployed close to the invasion beaches.",
"In his words, it was better to have one Panzer division facing the invaders on the first day, than three Panzer divisions three days later when the Allies would already have established a firm beachhead.",
"Von Geyr argued for the standard doctrine that the Panzer formations should be concentrated in a central position around Paris and Rouen, and deployed \"en masse\" against the main Allied beachhead when this had been identified.",
"The argument was eventually brought before Hitler for arbitration.",
"He characteristically imposed an unworkable compromise solution.",
"Only three Panzer divisions were given to Rommel, too few to cover all the threatened sectors.",
"The remainder, nominally under Von Geyr's control, were actually designated as being in \"OKW Reserve\".",
"Only three of these were deployed close enough to intervene immediately against any invasion of Northern France; the other four were dispersed in southern France and the Netherlands.",
"Hitler reserved to himself the authority to move the divisions in OKW Reserve, or commit them to action.",
"On 6 June many Panzer division commanders were unable to move because Hitler had not given the necessary authorisation, and his staff refused to wake him upon news of the invasion."
] | [
5
] |
Pacific (1942–43) | What was the date of the first retreat by the Commonwealth back to India in WWII | World War II | false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
17
] | [
"Pacific (1942–43).",
"By the end of April 1942, Japan and its ally Thailand had almost fully conquered Burma, Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, Singapore, and Rabaul, inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners.",
"Despite stubborn resistance at Corregidor, the US possession of the Philippines was eventually captured in May 1942, forcing its government into exile.",
"On 16 April, in Burma 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division.",
"Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the South China Sea, Java Sea and Indian Ocean, and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin, Australia.",
"The only real Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha in early January 1942.",
"These easy victories over unprepared opponents left Japan overconfident, as well as overextended.",
"In early May 1942, Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia.",
"The Allies, however, prevented the invasion by intercepting and defeating the Japanese naval forces in the Battle of the Coral Sea.",
"Japan's next plan, motivated by the earlier Doolittle Raid, was to seize Midway Atoll and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated; as a diversion, Japan would also send forces to occupy the Aleutian Islands in Alaska.",
"In early June, Japan put its operations into action but the Americans, having broken Japanese naval codes in late May, were fully aware of the plans and force dispositions and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy.",
"With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle, Japan chose to focus on a belated attempt to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua.",
"The Americans planned a counter-attack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands, primarily Guadalcanal, as a first step towards capturing Rabaul, the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia.",
"Both plans started in July, but by mid-September, the Battle for Guadalcanal took priority for the Japanese, and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the northern part of the island, where they faced Australian and United States troops in the Battle of Buna-Gona.",
"Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal.",
"By the start of 1943, the Japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops.",
"In Burma, Commonwealth forces mounted two operations.",
"The first, an offensive into the Arakan region in late 1942, went disastrously, forcing a retreat back to India by May 1943.",
"The second was the insertion of irregular forces behind Japanese front-lines in February which, by the end of April, had achieved mixed results."
] | [
0
] |
Apology and condolences by the Prime Minister and Emperor of Japan | What did the author of "The Rape of Nanking", criticize Murayama for failing to do. | Nanking Massacre | true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
5
] | [
"On August 15, 1995, the fiftieth anniversary of the Surrender of Japan, the Japanese prime minister Tomiichi Murayama gave the first clear and formal apology for Japanese actions during the war.",
"He apologized for Japan's wrongful aggression and the great suffering that it inflicted in Asia.",
"He offered his heartfelt apology to all survivors and to the relatives and friends of the victims.",
"That day, the prime minister and the Japanese Emperor Akihito pronounced statements of mourning at Tokyo's Nippon Budokan.",
"The emperor offered his condolences and expressed the hope that such atrocities would never be repeated.",
"Iris Chang, author of \"The Rape of Nanking\", criticized Murayama for not providing the written apology that had been expected.",
"She said that the people of China \"don't believe that an... unequivocal and sincere apology has ever been made by Japan to China\" and that a written apology from Japan would send a better message to the international community."
] | [
0
] |
Foreign relations | How many troops did Italy send to Operation Enduring Freedom in February 2003? | Italy | true | 5COUNTRY
| [
6
] | [
"Italy is a founding member of the European Community, now the European Union (EU), and of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).",
"Italy was admitted to the United Nations in 1955, and it is a member and strong supporter of a wide number of international organizations, such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Council of Europe, and the Central European Initiative.",
"Its recent turns in the rotating presidency of international organisations include the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE), the forerunner of the OSCE, in 1994; G8; and the EU in 2009 and from July to December 2003.",
"Italy strongly supports multilateral international politics, endorsing the United Nations and its international security activities.",
"As of 2013, Italy was deploying 5,296 troops abroad, engaged in 33 UN and NATO missions in 25 countries of the world.",
"Italy deployed troops in support of UN peacekeeping missions in Somalia, Mozambique, and East Timor and provides support for NATO and UN operations in Bosnia, Kosovo and Albania.",
"Italy deployed over 2,000 troops in Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) from February 2003.",
"Italy still supports international efforts to reconstruct and stabilize Iraq, but it had withdrawn its military contingent of some 3,200 troops by November 2006, maintaining only humanitarian operators and other civilian personnel.",
"In August 2006 Italy deployed about 2,450 troops in Lebanon for the United Nations' peacekeeping mission UNIFIL.",
"Italy is one of the largest financiers of the Palestinian National Authority, contributing € 60 million in 2013 alone."
] | [
5
] |
Events | How large was the audience in 1920 for the reenactment of the October Revolution? | October Revolution | true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
18
] | [
"On , the Bolsheviks' Central Committee voted 10-2 for a resolution saying that \"an armed uprising is inevitable, and that the time for it is fully ripe\".",
"On , Bolshevik leader Jaan Anvelt led his leftist revolutionaries in an uprising in Tallinn, the capital of the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia.",
"Two days later, Bolsheviks led their forces in the uprising in Petrograd (modern day Saint Petersburg), the capital of Russia, against the Kerensky Provisional Government.",
"For the most part, the revolt in Petrograd was bloodless, with the Red Guards led by Bolsheviks taking over major government facilities with little opposition before finally launching an assault on the poorly defended Winter Palace.",
"The official Soviet version of events follows: An assault led by Vladimir Lenin was launched at 9:45 p.m. signaled by a blank shot from the cruiser \"Aurora\".",
"(The \"Aurora\" was placed in Petrograd and still stands there now.)",
"The Winter Palace was guarded by Cossacks, cadets (military students), and a Women's Battalion.",
"It was taken at about 2 a.m.",
"The earlier date was made the official date of the Revolution, when all offices except the Winter Palace had been taken.",
"More contemporary research with access to government archives significantly corrects accepted Soviet edited and embellished history.",
"The archival version shows that parties of Bolshevik operatives sent out from the Smolny by Lenin took over all critical centers of power in Petrograd in the early hours of the night without a shot being fired.",
"In fact the effectively unoccupied Winter Palace also was taken bloodlessly by a small group which broke in, got lost in the cavernous interior, and accidentally happened upon the remnants of Kerensky's provisional government in the imperial family's breakfast room.",
"The illiterate revolutionaries then compelled those arrested to write up their own arrest papers.",
"The stories of the \"defense of the Winter Palace\" and the heroic \"Storming of the Winter Palace\" came later as the creative propaganda product of Bolshevik publicists.",
"Grandiose paintings depicting the \"Women's Battalion\" and photo stills taken from Sergei Eisenstein's staged film depicting the \"politically correct\" version of the October events in Petrograd came to be taken as truth.",
"Later official accounts of the revolution from the Soviet Union would depict the events in October as being far more dramatic than they actually had been.",
"(See firsthand account by British General Knox.)",
"This was helped by the historical reenactment, entitled \"The Storming of the Winter Palace\", which was staged in 1920.",
"This reenactment, watched by 100,000 spectators, provided the model for official films made much later, which showed a huge storming of the Winter Palace and fierce fighting (See Sergei Eisenstein's \"\").",
"In reality the Bolshevik insurgents faced little or no opposition.",
"The insurrection was timed and organized to hand state power to the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, which began on 25 October.",
"After a single day of revolution eighteen people had been arrested and two had been killed."
] | [
5
] |
Debris removal | During which construction project did 250,000 workers reach their lifetime radiation limits? | Chernobyl disaster | true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
3
] | [
"The worst of the radioactive debris was collected inside what was left of the reactor, much of it shoveled in by liquidators wearing heavy protective gear (dubbed \"bio-robots\" by the military); these workers could only spend a maximum of 40 seconds at a time working on the rooftops of the surrounding buildings because of the extremely high doses of radiation given off by the blocks of graphite and other debris.",
"The reactor itself was covered with bags of sand, lead and boric acid dropped from helicopters: some 5,000 metric tons of material were dropped during the week that followed the accident.",
"At the time there was still fear that the reactor could re-enter a self-sustaining nuclear chain-reaction and explode again, and a new containment structure was planned to prevent rain entering and triggering such an explosion, and to prevent further release of radioactive material.",
"This was the largest civil engineering task in history, involving a quarter of a million construction workers who all reached their official lifetime limits of radiation.",
"By December 1986, a large concrete sarcophagus had been erected to seal off the reactor and its contents.",
"A unique \"clean up\" medal was given to the workers.",
"Many of the vehicles used by the \"liquidators\" remain parked in a field in the Chernobyl area.",
"During the construction of the sarcophagus, a scientific team re-entered the reactor as part of an investigation dubbed \"Complex Expedition\", to locate and contain nuclear fuel in a way that could not lead to another explosion.",
"These scientists manually collected cold fuel rods, but great heat was still emanating from the core.",
"Rates of radiation in different parts of the building were monitored by drilling holes into the reactor and inserting long metal detector tubes.",
"The scientists were exposed to high levels of radiation and radioactive dust.",
"After six months of investigation, in December 1986, they discovered with the help of a remote camera an intensely radioactive mass in the basement of Unit Four, more than two metres wide and weighing hundreds of tons, which they called \"the elephant's foot\" for its wrinkled appearance.",
"The mass was composed of sand, glass and a large amount of nuclear fuel that had escaped from the reactor.",
"The concrete beneath the reactor was steaming hot, and was breached by solidified lava and spectacular unknown crystalline forms termed chernobylite.",
"It was concluded that there was no further risk of explosion."
] | [] |
Risks | In preparation of a Winter Olympics competition, how many athletes have died? | Luge | true | 4SPORT
| [
4
] | [
"As with many extreme sports, luging has risks.",
"Though most injuries involve bumps, bruises, broken bones and concussions, fatalities do occasionally occur.",
"Georgian luger Nodar Kumaritashvili suffered a fatal crash during his final practice run for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Whistler, British Columbia, Canada.",
"Hours later, the International Luge Federation concluded that the accident was caused by a steering error and not a track error; nevertheless, changes to the track were made before the re-opening.",
"Kumaritashvili was the fourth athlete to die while in preparation for a Winter Olympics competition, following speed skier Nicolas Bochatay, 27, who died while preparing for the Albertville 1992 games, British luger Kazimierz Kay-Skrzypeski and skier Ross Milne, 19, who both died in the run-up to the Innsbruck 1964 games."
] | [
5
] |
Marketing | Which year did Toy Story get released on Blu-Ray and DVD? | Toy Story 3 | false | 6MOVIES
| [
4
] | [
"The film's first teaser trailer was released with \"Up\" in Disney Digital 3-D, on May 29, 2009.",
"On October 2, 2009, \"Toy Story\" and \"Toy Story 2\" were re-released as a double feature in Disney Digital 3-D.",
"The first full-length trailer was attached as an exclusive sneak peek and a first footage to the \"Toy Story\" double feature, on October 12, 2009.",
"A second teaser was released on February 10, 2010, followed by a second full-length trailer on February 11, and appeared in 3D showings of \"Alice in Wonderland\" and \"How to Train Your Dragon\".",
"On March 23, 2010, \"Toy Story\" was released on Blu-ray/DVD combo pack, which included a small feature of \"The Story of \"Toy Story 3\"\".",
"In addition, \"Toy Story 2\" was released on the same day in the same format, which had a small feature on the \"Characters of \"Toy Story 3\"\".",
"Mattel, Thinkway Toys, and Lego are among companies who produced toys to promote the film.",
"Fisher Price, a Mattel Company, has released \"Toy Story 3\" with twenty-one 3D images for viewing with the View-Master viewer.",
"Disney Interactive Studios also produced a video game based on the film, \"\", which was released for Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, Wii, PlayStation 3, Nintendo DS, and PSP on June 15, 2010.",
"A PlayStation 2 version was released on October 30, 2010, as part of a PS2 bundle and separately on November 2, 2010 (the same day \"Toy Story 3\" was released on DVD and Blu-ray).",
"It was also the last Disney/Pixar game to be released on PlayStation 2.",
"\"Toy Story 3\" was featured in Apple's iPhone OS 4 Event on April 8, 2010, with Steve Jobs demonstrating a \"Toy Story 3\" themed iAd written in HTML5.",
"Pixar designed a commercial for the toy, Lots-O'-Huggin' Bear, and formatted it to appear as if it came from an old VCR recording.",
"The recording was altered with distorted sound, noise along the bottom of the screen, and flickering video, all designed to make it look like a converted recording from around 1983.",
"A Japanese version of the commercial was also released online, with the name \"Lots-O'-Huggin Bear\" replaced with \"Little Hug-Hug Bear\" (Japanese:ハグハグベアちゃん/\"Hagu Hagu Beya-Chan\").",
"On \"Dancing with the Stars\" May 11, 2010, episode, the Gipsy Kings performed a Spanish-language version of the song \"You've Got a Friend in Me,\" which featured a paso doble dance choreographed by Cheryl Burke and Tony Dovolani.",
"Both the song and dance are featured in the film.",
"\"Toy Story 3\" was promoted with airings of the first and second film on several channels in the weeks preceding the film's release, including Disney Channel, Disney XD, and ABC Family.",
"Sneak peeks of \"Toy Story 3\" were also revealed, primarily on Disney Channel."
] | [] |
Habitats | How many species of vertebrates can be found in Yosemite? | Yosemite National Park | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
2
] | [
"With its scrubby sun-baked chaparral, stately groves of pine, fir, and sequoia, and expanses of alpine woodlands and meadows, Yosemite National Park preserves a Sierra Nevada landscape as it prevailed before Euro-American settlement.",
"In contrast to surrounding lands, which have been significantly altered by logging, the park still contains some of old-growth forest.",
"Taken together, the park's varied habitats support over 250 species of vertebrates, which include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.",
"Along much of Yosemite's western boundary, habitats are dominated by mixed coniferous forests of Ponderosa Pine, Sugar Pine, Incense-cedar, White Fir, Douglas Fir, and a few stands of Giant Sequoia, interspersed by areas of Black Oak and Canyon Live Oak.",
"A relatively high diversity of wildlife species is supported by these habitats, because of relatively mild, lower-elevation climate and the mixture of habitat types and plant species.",
"Wildlife species typically found in these habitats include American black bear, Bobcat, Cougar, Gray fox, Mule deer, Mountain kingsnake, Gilbert's skink, White-headed Woodpecker, Brown Creeper, Spotted Owl, and a wide variety of bat species.",
"In the case of bats, large snags are important as roost sites.",
"Going higher in elevation, the coniferous forests become purer stands of Red Fir, Western White Pine, Jeffrey Pine, Lodgepole Pine, and the occasional Foxtail pine.",
"Fewer wildlife species tend to be found in these habitats, because of their higher elevation and lower complexity.",
"Species likely to be found include Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel, Chickaree, Fisher, Steller's Jay, Hermit Thrush, and Northern Goshawk.",
"Reptiles are not common, but include Rubber Boa, western fence lizard, and Northern Alligator Lizard.",
"As the landscape rises, trees become smaller and more sparse, with stands broken by areas of exposed granite.",
"These include Lodgepole Pine, Whitebark Pine, and Mountain Hemlock that, at highest elevations, give way to vast expanses of granite as treeline is reached.",
"The climate in these habitats is harsh and the growing season is short, but species such as Pika, Yellow-bellied Marmot, White-tailed Jackrabbit, Clark's Nutcracker, and Black Rosy Finch are adapted to these conditions.",
"Also, the treeless alpine habitats are the areas favored by Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep.",
"This species, however, is now found in the Yosemite area only around Tioga Pass, where a small, reintroduced population exists.",
"At a variety of elevations, meadows provide important, productive habitat for wildlife.",
"Animals come to feed on the green grasses and use the flowing and standing water found in many meadows.",
"Predators, in turn, are attracted to these areas.",
"The interface between meadow and forest is also favored by many animal species because of the proximity of open areas for foraging and cover for protection.",
"Species that are highly dependent upon meadow habitat include Great Grey Owl, Willow Flycatcher, Yosemite Toad, and Mountain Beaver."
] | [
5
] |
Possible sequel | If there is a Toy Story 4, which actors have reportedly signed up? | Toy Story 3 | false | 6MOVIES
| [
4
] | [
"According to an article on NOLA.com, \"Toy Story 3\" director Lee Unkrich has confirmed that a \"Toy Story 4\" sequel is not being planned.",
"\"Well, we don't have any plans for \"Toy Story 4\",\" Unkrich said.",
"\"I'm flattered that people ask about it—it reminds me how much people love the characters, but it was really important to me with this film that we not just create another sequel, that it not just be another appendage coming off of the other two.\"",
"Unkrich went on to say, \"there may be opportunities for Woody and Buzz in the future, but we don't have any plans for anything right now.\"",
"It has also been reported that Hanks and Allen have signed on for a \"Toy Story 4\" if Pixar ever decides to produce one.",
"In a BBC interview in 2011, Hanks said that he thought Pixar was working on a sequel.",
"Disney denied the rumors saying, \"nothing is official.\""
] | [] |
Variations | What does the term "hoe" mean? | Bibimbap | false | 9FOOD
| [
5
] | [
"A variation of this dish, \"dolsot bibimbap\" (돌솥 비빔밥, \"dolsot\" meaning \"stone pot\"), is served in a very hot stone bowl in which a raw egg is cooked against the sides of the bowl.",
"The bowl is so hot that anything that touches it sizzles for minutes.",
"Before the rice is placed in the bowl, the bottom of the bowl is coated with sesame oil, making the layer of the rice touching the bowl golden brown and crisp.",
"The city of Jeonju, the capital of the North Jeolla Province of South Korea, is famous throughout the nation for its version of \"bibimbap\", said to be based on a royal court dish of the Joseon Dynasty.",
"A further variation of \"bibimbap\", called \"hoedeopbap\", uses a variety of raw seafood, such as tilapia, salmon, tuna or sometimes octopus, but each bowl of rice usually contain one kind of meat.",
"The term \"hoe\" in the word means raw fish.",
"The dish is popular along the coasts of Korea where fish are abundant."
] | [
0
] |
Box Lacrosse | Large fields were no longer used for lacrosse players starting in what year? | Lacrosse | true | 4SPORT
| [
0
] | [
"Up until the 1930s, all lacrosse was played on large fields outdoors.",
"The owners of Canadian hockey arenas invented a reduced-size version of the game, called box lacrosse, as a means to make more profit from their arena investments, and because severe winter weather in many areas limits outdoor play.",
"Since 1985, when the Canadian University Field Lacrosse Association (CUFLA) began operating a collegiate men's league, field lacrosse has witnessed a revival in Canada.",
"There are now 12 varsity teams.",
"In 1994, Canada declared lacrosse its national summer sport in the .",
"In 1987, a men's professional box lacrosse league was started, called the Eagle Pro Box Lacrosse League.",
"This league changed its name to the Major Indoor Lacrosse League, then later to the Lacrosse League.",
"It grew to encompass men's lacrosse clubs in 14 cities throughout the United States and Canada."
] | [
0
] |
Middle Ages | What year did Transylvania become a territory of the Habsburg' Austrian empire? | Romania | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
18
] | [
"",
"\"Gesta Hungarorum\" mentioned the existence of three voivodeships in Transylvania in the 9th century: the Voivodeship of Gelou, the Voivodeship of Glad and the Voivodeship of Menumorut.",
"The anonymous author describes the first as Vlach.",
"Another voivodeship, ruled by Gyula, was mentioned in the 11th century.",
"A Russian chronicle writes of a plundering raid in 1059 against Transylvania by Cumans and Vlachs.",
"An Old Bulgarian inscription from 1176 attests the existence of a župan Dimitri who ruled over Dobruja in 943.",
"In the Middle Ages, Romanians lived in three distinct principalities: Wallachia ( – \"The Romanian Land\"), Moldavia () and Transylvania ().",
"By the 11th century, Transylvania had become a largely autonomous part of the Kingdom of Hungary.",
"It was independent as the Principality of Transylvania from the 16th century until 1711.",
"In Wallachia and Moldavia, many small local states with varying degrees of independence developed.",
"Only in the 14th century did the larger principalities of Wallachia (1310) and Moldavia (around 1352) emerge to fight the threat of the Ottoman Empire.",
"Both territories inhabited by Romanians achieved their independence from the Hungarian Crown after military conflicts (Battle of Posada, 1330) or social conflicts (Moldavian boyars' revolt against Hungary, 1364) — these historic events being initiated by Basarab I of Wallachia (1310–1352) and Bogdan I of Moldavia (1359–1365).",
"By 1541, the entire Balkan peninsula and most of Hungary had become Ottoman provinces.",
"Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania were under Ottoman suzerainty, preserving partial or full internal autonomy until the mid-19th century (Transylvania until 1699).",
"During this period, in the Romanian lands the feudal system slowly disappeared.",
"A few rulers of territories in what is now Romania distinguished themselves: these rulers include Stephen the Great, Vasile Lupu, and Dimitrie Cantemir in Moldavia; Matei Basarab, Vlad the Impaler, and Constantin Brâncoveanu in Wallachia; and John Hunyadi (\"Ioannes Corvinus\") and Gabriel Bethlen in Transylvania.",
"In 1600, the principalities of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania were simultaneously headed by the Wallachian prince Michael the Brave (\"Mihai Viteazul\"), but the chance for a lasting unification was lost after Mihai was assassinated only one year later.",
"After his death, as vassal tributary states, Moldavia and Wallachia had complete internal autonomy and external independence, which they finally lost in the 18th century.",
"In 1699, Transylvania became a territory of the Habsburgs' Austrian empire following the Austrian victory over the Turks in the Great Turkish War.",
"The Habsburgs in turn expanded their empire in 1718 to include an important part of Wallachia called Oltenia (which was returned only in 1739), and in 1775 to include the northwestern part of Moldavia, later called Bukovina.",
"The eastern half of the Moldavian principality (called Bessarabia) was occupied in 1812 by Russia."
] | [
0
] |
Nutrients and the nutritional importance of rice | Where does purple rice derive its color? | Rice | false | 9FOOD
| [
9,
10
] | [
"Nutrition and health.",
"Nutrients and the nutritional importance of rice.",
"Rice is the staple food of over half the world's population.",
"It is the predominant dietary energy source for 17 countries in Asia and the Pacific, 9 countries in North and South America and 8 countries in Africa.",
"Rice provides 20% of the world’s dietary energy supply, while wheat supplies 19% and maize (corn) 5%.",
"A detailed analysis of nutrient content of rice suggests that the nutrition value of rice varies based on a number of factors.",
"It depends on the strain of rice, that is between white, brown, black, red and purple varieties of rice – each prevalent in different parts of the world.",
"It also depends on nutrient quality of the soil rice is grown in, whether and how the rice is polished or processed, the manner it is enriched, and how it is prepared before consumption.",
"An illustrative comparison between white and brown rice of protein quality, mineral and vitamin quality, carbohydrate and fat quality suggests that neither is a complete nutrition source.",
"Between the two, there is a significant difference in fiber content and minor differences in other nutrients.",
"Brilliantly colored rice strains, such as purple rice, derive their color from anthocyanins and tocols.",
"Scientific studies suggest that these color pigments have antioxidant properties that may be useful to human health.",
"In purple rice bran, hydrophilic antioxidants are in greater quantity and have higher free radical scavenging activity than lipophilic antioxidants.",
"Anthocyanins and γ-tocols in purple rice are largely located in the inner portion of purple rice bran.",
"Comparative nutrition studies on red, black and white varieties of rice suggest that pigments in red and black rice varieties may offer nutritional benefits.",
"Red or black rice consumption was found to reduce or retard the progression of atherosclerotic plaque development, induced by dietary cholesterol, in mammals.",
"White rice consumption offered no similar benefits, and the study claims this to be due to absent antioxidants in red and black varieties of rice."
] | [
4
] |
Performing arts | Which dance form of Uttar Pradesh has been accorded classical dance status by India's National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama? | India | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
5,
6
] | [
"Indian music ranges over various traditions and regional styles.",
"Classical music encompasses two genres and their various folk offshoots: the northern Hindustani and southern Carnatic schools.",
"Regionalised popular forms include filmi and folk music; the syncretic tradition of the \"bauls\" is a well-known form of the latter.",
"Indian dance also features diverse folk and classical forms.",
"Among the better-known folk dances are the \"bhangra\" of the Punjab, the \"bihu\" of Assam, the \"chhau\" of West Bengal and Jharkhand,\"Garba\" and \"Dandiya\" of Gujarat, \"sambalpuri\" of Odisha, \"ghoomar\" of Rajasthan, and the \"lavani\" of Maharashtra.",
"Eight dance forms, many with narrative forms and mythological elements, have been accorded classical dance status by India's National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama.",
"These are: \"bharatanatyam\" of the state of Tamil Nadu, \"kathak\" of Uttar Pradesh, \"kathakali\" and \"mohiniyattam\" of Kerala,\" kuchipudi\" of Andhra Pradesh, \"manipuri\" of Manipur, \"odissi\" of Odisha, and the \"sattriya\" of Assam.",
"Theatre in India melds music, dance, and improvised or written dialogue.",
"Often based on Hindu mythology, but also borrowing from medieval romances or social and political events, Indian theatre includes the \"bhavai\" of Gujarat, the \"jatra\" of West Bengal, the \"nautanki\" and \"ramlila\" of North India, \"tamasha\" of Maharashtra, \"burrakatha\" of Andhra Pradesh, \"terukkuttu\" of Tamil Nadu, and the \"yakshagana\" of Karnataka."
] | [] |
Hibakusha | How many hibakusha were regocnized? | Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki | true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
1
] | [
"The survivors of the bombings are called , a Japanese word that literally translates to \"explosion-affected people.\"",
", 201,779 \"hibakusha\" were recognized by the Japanese government, most living in Japan.",
"The government of Japan recognizes about 1% of these as having illnesses caused by radiation.",
"The memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain lists of the names of the \"hibakusha\" who are known to have died since the bombings.",
"Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings, the memorials record the names of almost 450,000 deceased \"hibakusha\"; 286,818 in Hiroshima and 162,083 in Nagasaki.",
"\"Hibakusha\" and their children were (and still are) victims of severe discrimination in Japan due to public ignorance about the consequences of radiation sickness, with much of the public believing it to be hereditary or even contagious.",
"This is despite the fact that no statistically demonstrable increase of birth defects or congenital malformations was found among the later conceived children born to survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.",
"A study of the long-term psychological effects of the bombings on the survivors found that even 17–20 years after the bombings had occurred survivors showed a higher prevalence of anxiety and somatization symptoms."
] | [
5
] |
Modern quantum theory | What was Einstein's age when he died? | Albert Einstein | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
1
] | [
"Einstein was displeased with quantum theory and mechanics (the very theory he helped create), despite its acceptance by other physicists, stating that God \"is not playing at dice.\"",
"Einstein continued to maintain his disbelief in the theory, and attempted unsuccessfully to disprove it until he died at the age of 76.",
"In 1917, at the height of his work on relativity, Einstein published an article in \"Physikalische Zeitschrift\" that proposed the possibility of stimulated emission, the physical process that makes possible the maser and the laser.",
"This article showed that the statistics of absorption and emission of light would only be consistent with Planck's distribution law if the emission of light into a mode with n photons would be enhanced statistically compared to the emission of light into an empty mode.",
"This paper was enormously influential in the later development of quantum mechanics, because it was the first paper to show that the statistics of atomic transitions had simple laws.",
"Einstein discovered Louis de Broglie's work, and supported his ideas, which were received skeptically at first.",
"In another major paper from this era, Einstein gave a wave equation for de Broglie waves, which Einstein suggested was the Hamilton–Jacobi equation of mechanics.",
"This paper would inspire Schrödinger's work of 1926."
] | [
2,
0
] |
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