section
stringlengths 3
104
| question
stringlengths 12
207
| article
stringclasses 481
values | is_paraphrase
bool 2
classes | topic
class label 10
classes | answers
sequencelengths 1
12
| candidates
sequencelengths 3
33
| q_types
sequencelengths 0
3
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apollo 11 | When was lift off for the Apollo 11 Saturn V rocket? | Space Race | true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
8
] | [
"1969 saw the final leg of the Moon Race, with the United States leading it after the flight of Apollo 8.",
"Unbeknownst to the Americans, the Soviet moon program was in deep trouble.",
"Without the N-1 rocket, the USSR had no way to land on the Moon.",
"The next two Apollo missions proved that the Lunar Module worked well, both in low-Earth orbit and in lunar orbit.",
"It was time to proceed to an actual landing mission.",
"Under this backdrop, Apollo 11 was being prepared for a July encounter with the Moon.",
"The Apollo 11 crew consisted of commander (CDR) Neil Armstrong, command module pilot (CMP) Michael Collins, and lunar module pilot (LMP) Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin.",
"They were selected as the crew in January 1969, and they trained for the mission until just before the actual launch day.",
"On July 16, 1969, at exactly 9:32 am EDT, the Saturn V rocket – serial number SA-506 – lifted off from Launch Complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida with Apollo 11 on board.",
"The lunar trip took just over three days.",
"After achieving orbit, Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module, named \"Eagle\", and began their descent.",
"After overcoming several computer malfunctions, Armstrong took over manual flight-control at about , and guided the Lunar Module to a landing on the Moon's Sea of Tranquility at 4:17 pm EDT, July 20, 1969.",
"The first humans on the Moon would wait another six hours before they ventured out of their craft.",
"At 10:56:15 pm EDT, Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon.",
"The first step was witnessed by at least 500 million TV viewers on Earth.",
"His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing pad were, \"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.\"",
"Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later.",
"Altogether, they spent just under two and one-quarter hours outside their craft.",
"The next day, they performed the first launch from another celestial body, and rendezvoused with the \"Columbia\" Command Module.",
"Apollo 11 safely left lunar orbit and returned to Earth, landing in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1969.",
"When the spacecraft splashed down, 2,982 days had passed since Kennedy committed the United States to landing a man on the Moon and bringing him back safely to the Earth before the end of the decade; the mission was completed with just 161 days to spare.",
"With the safe completion of the Apollo 11 mission, the Americans won the race to the Moon.",
"This was followed by successful lunar landings on Apollo 12 (November 1969), Apollo 14 (February 1971), Apollo 15 (July 1971), Apollo 16 (April 1972), and Apollo 17 (December 1972).",
"One lunar landing attempt, Apollo 13 (April 1970), was unsuccessful, but the crew returned safely."
] | [
2
] |
Abstract | Which is the country that adds ham or bacon slices to the parmiginia? | Chicken parmigiana | true | 9FOOD
| [
2
] | [
"Chicken parmigiana (also referred to as a \"parmi\" or \"parma\") is a chicken dish based on the Italian Parmigiana, and is regularly served in Australian pubs.",
"The meal consists of a breaded chicken breast, or chicken schnitzel, covered with a tomato-based neapolitan sauce and cheese.",
"In Australia the addition of a slice of ham or bacon makes up the parmigiana.",
"The dish is typically served with a side of chips and salad, although there is some dispute as to whether the chips should be served under or next to the chicken.",
"Size is considered to be a major part of the chicken parmigiana, and increased competition has led to a greater focus on the size of the meal.",
"Some restaurants hold competitions with prizes for people who successfully finish a large chicken parmigiana, such as the \"Parmageddon\" which was held in an Adelaide Hills pub.",
"The popularity of the chicken parmigiana led to a specialised chicken parmigiana restaurant opening in Melbourne, and the chicken parmigiana is the subject of reviews on dedicated websites which compare the dish as purchased from various pubs within a region.",
"Other meals have also taken on the chicken parmigiana theme, including pies and Subway sandwiches."
] | [] |
Canada | When did Masaru Shintani die? | Karate | false | 4SPORT
| [
14
] | [
" and its influence outside Japan.",
"Karate began in Canada in the 1930s and 1940s as Japanese people immigrated to the country.",
"Karate was practised quietly without a large amount of organization.",
"During the Second World War, many Japanese-Canadian families were moved to the interior of British Columbia.",
"Masaru Shintani, at the age of 13, began to study Shorin-Ryu karate in the Japanese camp under Kitigawa.",
"In 1956 after 9 years of training with Kitigawa, Shintani travelled to Japan and met Hironori Otsuka (Wado Ryu).",
"In 1958 Otsuka invited Shintani to join his organization Wado Kai, and in 1969 he asked Shintani to officially call his style Wado.",
"In Canada during this same time, karate was also introduced by Masami Tsuruoka who had studied in Japan in the 1940s under Tsuyoshi Chitose.",
"In 1954 Tsuruoka initiated the first karate competition in Canada and laid the foundation for the National Karate Association.",
"In the late 1950s Shintani moved to Ontario and began teaching karate and judo at the Japanese Cultural Centre in Hamilton.",
"In 1966 he began (with Otsuka's endorsement) the Shintani Wado Kai Karate Federation.",
"During the 1970s Otsuka appointed Shintani the Supreme Instructor of Wado Kai in North America.",
"In 1979, Otsuka publicly promoted Shintani to hachidan (8th dan) and privately gave him a kudan certificate (9th dan), which was revealed by Shintani in 1995.",
"Shintani and Otsuka visited each other in Japan and Canada several times, the last time in 1980 two years prior to Otsuka's death.",
"Shintani died May 7, 2000."
] | [
2
] |
SeaWorld Ohio sale, re-birth, and eventual transition | What happened to SeaWorld after it closed down? | SeaWorld | true | 2TRAVEL
| [
11,
12
] | [
" Ohio sale, re-birth, and eventual transition.",
"In February 2001, Anheuser-Busch sold the SeaWorld Ohio park to Six Flags, Inc., operators of neighboring \"Six Flags Ohio\" (Geauga Lake until the end of 1999, reverting to the \"Geauga Lake\" name in 2004).",
"Upon completion of the sale, the two parks were combined in spring 2001 as the so-called \"mega-park\" \"Six Flags Worlds Of Adventure\", which boasted its \"Three parks in one\" uniqueness: a waterpark, an amusement park, and a wildlife animal park - all included in one price of admission.",
"SeaWorld executives replied that their park had been sold because of the short season of the animal park, because of Northeastern Ohio's cold winter months, and also because they were not able to get the rights to build roller coasters like the other SeaWorld properties had been able to.",
"In March 2004, Six Flags, Inc., announced that it had sold \"Six Flags Worlds of Adventure\" to Cedar Fair Entertainment Company, the operators of the Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio.",
"Cedar Fair took the park back to its original \"Geauga Lake\" name, which had a history dating back to 1888.",
"Since the Six Flags company retained ownership of the animals, the majority of the animal portion of the park, including all of the exhibits and animal stadiums, was either emptied or fenced off for the 2004 season.",
"After a nearly season-long wait, the Cedar Fair company announced its plans for the non-operational side of the former SeaWorld Ohio/Six Flags Worlds of Adventure-Wildlife Side.",
"That entire portion of the land would become an immense waterpark, named \"Wildwater Kingdom\", opening in two phases, with the first phase in 2005, followed by the second phase in 2006.",
"This decision marked the end of the marine-life park permanently.",
"All of the animal stadiums and buildings were next torn down or converted into other venues.",
"Some of the SeaWorld property remained intact, albeit hidden or modified.",
"What remained included the former seal and sea lion area, the Ski Stadium (to be used in a Lumberjack show in 2006), the Aquarium (to be used for unknown purposes), and two movie theater houses/simulators, once housing 3D/4D movies.",
"The Ski Stadium was removed in off-season 2008 to make way for \"Coconut Cove\", a refreshment station/observation area.",
"All of these, except for Wildwater Kingdom, closed in 2007."
] | [
0
] |
Comparisons of technique | What modern coaching resource is mentioned? | Badminton | false | 4SPORT
| [
9
] | [
"Badminton and tennis techniques differ substantially.",
"The lightness of the shuttlecock and of badminton rackets allow badminton players to make use of the wrist and fingers much more than tennis players; in tennis the wrist is normally held stable, and playing with a mobile wrist may lead to injury.",
"For the same reasons, badminton players can generate power from a short racket swing: for some strokes such as net kills, an elite player's swing may be less than .",
"For strokes that require more power, a longer swing will typically be used, but the badminton racket swing will rarely be as long as a typical tennis swing.",
"It is often asserted that power in badminton strokes comes mainly from the wrist.",
"This is a misconception and may be criticised for two reasons.",
"First, it is strictly speaking a category error: the wrist is a joint, not a muscle; the forearm muscles control its movement.",
"Second, wrist movements are weak when compared to forearm or upper arm movements.",
"Badminton biomechanics have not been the subject of extensive scientific study, but some studies confirm the minor role of the wrist in power generation, and indicate that the major contributions to power come from internal and external rotations of the upper and lower arm.",
"Modern coaching resources such as the \"Badminton England Technique DVD\" reflect these ideas by emphasising forearm rotation rather than wrist movements."
] | [
0
] |
Work | What did the painting represent to Rivera? | Man at the Crossroads | false | 3ART
| [
11
] | [
"Rivera's composition depicted many aspects of contemporary social and scientific culture.",
"In the center, a workman was depicted controlling machinery.",
"Before him, a giant fist emerged holding an orb depicting the recombination of atoms and dividing cells in acts of chemical and biological generation.",
"From the central figure four propeller-like shapes stretched to the corner of the composition, depicting arcs of light created by giant lenses anchoring the left and right edges of the space.",
"Rivera described these as \"elongated ellipses\".",
"Within these, cosmological and biological forces such as exploding suns and cell-forms were depicted.",
"These represented the discoveries made possible by the telescope and the microscope.",
"Between and beyond the arcs were scenes of modern social life.",
"Wealthy society women are seen playing cards and smoking at the left.",
"Opposite, on the right, Lenin is seen holding hands with a multi-racial group of workers.",
"Soldiers and war machinery occupied the top left above the society women, and a Russian May Day rally with red flags was seen at the right, above Lenin.",
"For Rivera, this represented contrasting social visions: the \"debauched rich\" watched by the unemployed while war rages; and a socialist utopia ushered in by Lenin.",
"Beyond the giant lenses to left and right were depicted figures contemplating the central scene, behind which were gigantic classical statues.",
"The one on the left depicted an angry Jupiter, whose raised hand holding a thunderbolt has been stuck off by a lightening strike.",
"The one on the right was a headless seated Caesar.",
"For Rivera these represented the replacement of superstition by scientific mastery of nature, and the overthrow of authoritarian rule by liberated workers.",
"The bottom part of the painting was to depict the controlled growth of natural resources, in the form of a variety of plants emerging from their roots, visible in a cut-away view under the soil.",
"However, this section was never completed.",
"It exists only in the later recreation of the composition in Mexico."
] | [
0
] |
Spin-off | Who carried out the second spin-off attempt of The Vampire Diaries? | The Vampire Diaries | false | 1TV
| [
3
] | [
"Former president of entertainment at The CW, Dawn Ostroff, mentioned a spin-off idea in 2010 that she said could happen in a few years.",
"A spin-off was in development for the 2011 fall line-up but, due to Kevin Williamson's commitment to \"The Secret Circle\", it was put on hold indefinitely.",
"On January 11, 2013, it was announced that a back-door pilot focused on the Originals, starring Joseph Morgan as Klaus titled \"The Originals\" would air on 25 April for a potential series pick-up for the 2013–2014 season.",
"This second spin-off attempt was carried out by Julie Plec with no involvement by Kevin Williamson.",
"On April 26, 2013, The CW announced that \"The Originals\" had been ordered to series to premiere in the 2013–14 television season.",
"\"The Originals\" premiered on October 3, 2013.",
"Daniel Gillies as Elijah, Claire Holt as Rebekah and Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley will also continue to play their characters, originally from \"The Vampire Diaries\", in the new spin-off series."
] | [
3
] |
Governing bodies | What is the governing body for volleyball in Europe? | Beach volleyball | false | 4SPORT
| [
4
] | [
"The primary international governing body for beach volleyball is the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB).",
"The regional governing bodies are:",
"Asia – Asian Volleyball Confederation (AVC)",
"Africa – Confédération Africaine de Volleyball (CAV)",
"Europe – European Volleyball Confederation (CEV)",
"North and Central America – North, Central America and Caribbean Volleyball Confederation (NORCECA)",
"South America – Confederación Sudamericana de Voleibol (CSV)",
"In the United States, USA Volleyball is the governing body for beach volleyball, as well as indoor volleyball.",
"In the 2010–11 academic year, the NCAA began sponsoring beach volleyball, which it calls \"sand volleyball\", as an \"emerging\" women's sport.",
"Initially, it was sponsored only for Division II, with Division I added the following academic year.",
"NCAA competition follows standard beach volleyball rules, with competitions involving five doubles teams from each participating school."
] | [
0
] |
Abstract | What and where is Indonesia? | Indonesia | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
0
] | [
"Indonesia ( or ), officially the Republic of Indonesia ( ), is a sovereign state in Southeast Asia and Oceania.",
"Indonesia is an archipelago comprising 13,466 islands.",
"It encompasses 33 provinces and 1 Special Administrative Region (for being governed by a pre-colonial monarchy) with over 238 million people, making it the world's fourth most populous country.",
"Indonesia's republic form of government comprises an elected legislature and president.",
"The nation's capital city is Jakarta.",
"The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia.",
"Other neighboring countries include Singapore, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.",
"Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.",
"The Indonesian economy is the world's 16th largest by nominal GDP.",
"The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India.",
"Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished.",
"Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources.",
"Muslim traders brought the now-dominant Islam, while European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery.",
"Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II.",
"Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.",
"Indonesia consists of hundreds of distinct native ethnic and linguistic groups.",
"The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese.",
"A shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a majority Muslim population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it.",
"Indonesia's national motto, \"\"Bhinneka Tunggal Ika\"\" (\"Unity in Diversity\" \"literally,\" \"many, yet one\"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country.",
"Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the world's second highest level of biodiversity.",
"The country has abundant natural resources, yet poverty remains widespread."
] | [
4,
0
] |
Vegetation | What is the forest called that lines the banks? | Victoria Falls | true | 2TRAVEL
| [
1
] | [
"Mopane woodland savannah predominates in the area, with smaller areas of Miombo and Rhodesian Teak woodland and scrubland savannah.",
"Riverine forest with palm trees lines the banks and islands above the falls.",
"The most notable aspect of the area's vegetation though is the rainforest nurtured by the spray from the falls, containing plants rare for the area such as pod mahogany, ebony, ivory palm, wild date palm and a number of creepers and lianas.",
"Vegetation has suffered in recent droughts, and so have the animals that depend on it, particularly antelope."
] | [
0
] |
Background and location | Which Norman-French word refers to the Battle of Hastings? | Battle of Hastings | false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
10
] | [
"Background and location.",
"Because many of the primary accounts contradict each other at times, it is impossible to provide a description of the battle that is beyond dispute.",
"The only undisputed facts are that the fighting began at 9 am on Saturday 14 October 1066 and that the battle lasted until dusk.",
"Sunset on the day of the battle was at 4:54 pm, with the battlefield mostly dark by 5:54 pm and in full darkness by 6:24 pm.",
"Moonrise that night was not until 11:12 pm, so once the sun set, there was little light on the battlefield.",
"William of Jumieges reports that Duke William kept his army armed and ready against a surprise night attack for the entire night before.",
"The battle took place north of Hastings at the present-day town of Battle, between two hills – Caldbec Hill to the north and Telham Hill to the south.",
"The area was heavily wooded, with a marsh nearby.",
"The name traditionally given to the battle is unusual – there were several settlements much closer to the battlefield than Hastings.",
"The \"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle\" called it the battle \"at the hoary apple tree\".",
"Within 40 years, the battle was also known as \"Senlac\", a Norman-French adaptation of the Old English word \"Sandlacu\", which means \"sandy water\".",
"This may have been the name of the stream that crosses the battlefield.",
"The battle was already being referred to as \"bellum Hasestingas\" or \"Battle of Hastings\" by 1087, in the \"Domesday Book\".",
"Sunrise was at 6:48 am that morning, and reports of the day record that it was unusually bright.",
"The weather conditions are not recorded.",
"The route that the English army took to the battlefield is not known precisely.",
"Several roads are possible: one, an old Roman road that ran from Rochester to Hastings has long been favoured because of a large coin hoard found nearby in 1876.",
"Another possibility is a Roman road between London and Lewes and then over local tracks to the battlefield.",
"Some accounts of the battle indicate that the Normans advanced from Hastings to the battlefield, but the contemporary account of William of Jumieges places the Normans at the site of the battle the night before.",
"Most historians incline towards the former view, but M. K. Lawson argues that William of Jumieges's account is correct."
] | [] |
Criticism by novelist Buchheim | What year did Lothar-Gunter Buchheim review "Das Boot"? | Das Boot | true | 6MOVIES
| [
0
] | [
"Even though impressed by the technological accuracy of the film's set-design and port construction buildings, novelist Lothar-Günter Buchheim expressed great disappointment with Petersen's adaptation in a film review published in 1981, especially with Petersen's aesthetic vision for the film and the way the plot and the effects are, according to him, overdone and clichéd by the adaptation.",
"He also criticised the hysterical overacting of the cast, which he called highly unrealistic, while acknowledging the cast's acting talent in general.",
"Buchheim, after several attempts for an American adaptation had failed, had provided a script detailing his own narrative, cinematographical and photographical ideas as soon as Petersen was chosen as new director.",
"It would have amounted in full to a complete six-hour epic; however, Petersen turned him down because at the time the producers were aiming for a 90-minute feature for international release.",
"However, today's Director's Cut of \"Das Boot\" amounts to over 200 minutes, and the complete TV version of the film is 282 minutes long.",
"Buchheim, himself a U-boat correspondent, attacked specifically what he called Petersen's sacrificing of both realism and suspense in dialogue, narration, and photography for the sake of cheap dramatic thrills and action effects (for example, in reality one single exploding bolt of the boat's pressure hull would have been enough for the whole crew to worry about the U-boat being crushed by water pressure, while Petersen has several bolts loosening in various scenes).",
"Buchheim also criticized depictions of the crew's loud behaviour during patrols as unrealistic and celebrations after achieving a torpedo hit or surviving a bombing as unprofessional.",
"Furthermore, an officer—even an outsider like Lt. Werner—would have commanded special respect and that throwing an oil-drenched towel into his face would not have been tolerated.",
"Uttering concerns about the end result, Buchheim felt that unlike his clearly anti-war novel the adaptation was \"another re-glorification and re-mystification\" of the German World War II U-boat war, German heroism and nationalism.",
"He called the film a cross between a \"cheap, shallow American action flick\" and a \"contemporary German propaganda newsreel from World War II\"."
] | [
0
] |
Ecological effects | Define sun cultivation. | Coffee | true | 9FOOD
| [
4
] | [
"Originally, coffee farming was done in the shade of trees that provided a habitat for many animals and insects.",
"Remnant forest trees were used for this purpose, but many species have been planted as well.",
"These include leguminous trees of the genera \"Acacia\", \"Albizia\", \"Cassia\", \"Erythrina\", \"Gliricidia\", \"Inga\", and \"Leucaena\", as well as the nitrogen-fixing non-legume sheoaks of the genus \"Casuarina\", and the silky oak \"Grevillea robusta\".",
"This method commonly referred to as the traditional shaded method, or \"shade-grown\".",
"Starting in the 1970s, many farmers switched their production method to sun cultivation, in which coffee is grown in rows under full sun with little or no forest canopy.",
"This causes berries to ripen more rapidly and bushes to produce higher yields, but requires the clearing of trees and increased use of fertilizer and pesticides, which damage the environment and cause health problems.",
"Unshaded coffee plants grown with fertilizer yield the most coffee, although unfertilized shaded crops generally yield more than unfertilized unshaded crops: the response to fertilizer is much greater in full sun.",
"Although traditional coffee production causes berries to ripen more slowly and produce lower yields, the quality of the coffee is allegedly superior.",
"In addition, the traditional shaded method provides living space for many wildlife species.",
"Proponents of shade cultivation say environmental problems such as deforestation, pesticide pollution, habitat destruction, and soil and water degradation are the side effects of the practices employed in sun cultivation.",
"The American Birding Association, Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center, National Arbor Day Foundation, and the Rainforest Alliance have led a campaign for 'shade-grown' and organic coffees, which can be sustainably harvested.",
"Shaded coffee cultivation systems show greater biodiversity than full-sun systems, and those more distant from continuous forest compare rather poorly to undisturbed native forest in terms of habitat value for some bird species.",
"Another issue concerning coffee is its use of water.",
"According to \"New Scientist\", using industrial farming practices, it takes about of water to grow the coffee seeds needed to produce one cup of coffee, and the coffee is often grown in countries where there is a water shortage, such as Ethiopia.",
"By using sustainable agriculture methods, the amount of water usage can be dramatically reduced, while retaining comparable yields.",
"For comparison, the United States Geological Survey reports that one egg requires an input of of water; one serving of milk requires an input of of water; one serving of rice requires an input of of water; and one glass of wine requires an input of of water.",
"Coffee grounds may be used for composting or as a mulch.",
"They are especially appreciated by worms and acid-loving plants such as blueberries.",
"Some commercial coffee shops run initiatives to make better use of these grounds, including Starbucks' \"Grounds for your Garden\" project, and community sponsored initiatives such as \"Ground to Ground\".",
"Starbucks sustainability chief Jim Hanna has warned that Climate change may significantly impact coffee yields within a few decades."
] | [] |
Abstract | When was Wake Me Up When September Ends released? | Wake Me Up When September Ends | true | 0MUSIC
| [
1
] | [
"\"Wake Me Up When September Ends\" is a song by American rock band Green Day.",
"It was released in June 2005 as the fourth single from their seventh album, \"American Idiot\".",
"The song deals with the death of lead singer Billie Joe Armstrong's father, who died when Armstrong was a child.",
"The single peaked at number six in the United States, becoming Green Day's third Top 10 single.",
"It also peaked at #8 in Canada and the UK, while making #13 in Australia.",
"\"Wake Me Up When September Ends\" had sold 1,652,000 copies as of May 2010, and was the second highest selling single in the U.S. from \"American Idiot\", behind only the multi-platinum \"Boulevard of Broken Dreams\".",
"The song ended the streak of Green Day's three consecutive #1 hits on the Modern Rock Tracks chart (American Idiot, Boulevard of Broken Dreams and Holiday), but it hit #2 on the chart almost hitting #1 by Gorillaz Feel Good Inc..",
"The song also hit #2 on the Adult Top 40 and #4 on the Mainstream Top 40.",
"This was the band's most successful song to the adult contemporary market, hitting #13 on its own chart and their only song to chart other than \"Boulevard of Broken Dreams\".",
"The song is certified Silver in the United Kingdom for sales of 200,000 "
] | [
2
] |
Genetic engineering | What is recombinant DNA? | DNA | false | 8SCIENCE
| [
4
] | [
"Uses in technology.",
"Genetic engineering.",
"Methods have been developed to purify DNA from organisms, such as phenol-chloroform extraction, and to manipulate it in the laboratory, such as restriction digests and the polymerase chain reaction.",
"Modern biology and biochemistry make intensive use of these techniques in recombinant DNA technology.",
"Recombinant DNA is a man-made DNA sequence that has been assembled from other DNA sequences.",
"They can be transformed into organisms in the form of plasmids or in the appropriate format, by using a viral vector.",
"The genetically modified organisms produced can be used to produce products such as recombinant proteins, used in medical research, or be grown in agriculture."
] | [
0
] |
Figure compositions | What is the name of the painting that depicts soldiers digging a post hold and raising a cross while people look on? | Michelangelo | true | 3ART
| [
10
] | [
"Michelangelo's relief of the \"Battle of the Centaurs\", created while he was still a youth associated with the Medici Academy, is an unusually complex relief in that it shows a great number of figures involved in a vigorous struggle.",
"Such a complex disarray of figures was rare in Florentine art, where it would usually only be found in images showing either the Massacre of the Innocents or the Torments of Hell.",
"The relief treatment, in which some of the figures are boldly projecting, may indicate Michelangelo's familiarity with Roman sarcophagus reliefs from the collection of Lorenzo Medici, and similar marble panels created by Nicola and Giovanni Pisano, and with the figurative compositions on Ghiberti's Baptistry Doors.",
"The composition of the \"Battle of Cascina\", is known in its entirety only from copies, as the original cartoon, according to Vasari, was so admired that it deteriorated and was eventually in pieces.",
"It reflects the earlier relief in the energy and diversity of the figures, with many different postures, and many being viewed from the back, as they turn toward the approaching enemy and prepare for battle.",
"In \"The Last Judgement\" it is said that Michelangelo drew inspiration from a fresco by Melozzo da Forli in the Church of the Holy Apostles, Rome.",
"While the work is very different in character to Michelangelo's, Melozzo had depicting figures from different angles, as if they were floating in the Heaven and seen from below.",
"Melozzo's majestic figure of Christ, with windblown cloak, demonstrates a degree of foreshortening of the figure that had also been employed by Andrea Mantegna, but was not usual in the frescos of Florentine painters.",
"In \"The Last Judgement\" Michelangelo had the opportunity to depict, on an unprecedented scale, figures in the action of either rising heavenward or falling and being dragged down.",
"In the two frescos of the Pauline Chapel, the \"Crucifixion of Peter\" and the \"Conversion of Paul\", Michelangelo has used the various groups of figures to convey a complex narrative.",
"In the \"Crucifixion of Peter\" soldiers busy themselves about their assigned duty of digging a post hole and raising the cross while various people look on and discuss the events.",
"A group of horrified women cluster in the foreground, while another group of Christians is led by a tall man to witness the events.",
"In the right foreground, Michelangelo walks out of the painting with an expression of disillusionment."
] | [
0
] |
Particle accelerators | General Electric discovered synchrotron radiation when? | Electron | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
3
] | [
"With the development of the particle accelerator during the first half of the twentieth century, physicists began to delve deeper into the properties of subatomic particles.",
"The first successful attempt to accelerate electrons using electromagnetic induction was made in 1942 by Donald Kerst.",
"His initial betatron reached energies of 2.3 MeV, while subsequent betatrons achieved 300 MeV.",
"In 1947, synchrotron radiation was discovered with a 70 MeV electron synchrotron at General Electric.",
"This radiation was caused by the acceleration of electrons, moving near the speed of light, through a magnetic field.",
"With a beam energy of 1.5 GeV, the first high-energyparticle collider was ADONE, which began operations in 1968.",
"This device accelerated electrons and positrons in opposite directions, effectively doubling the energy of their collision when compared to striking a static target with an electron.",
"The Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) at CERN, which was operational from 1989 to 2000, achieved collision energies of 209 GeV and made important measurements for the Standard Model of particle physics."
] | [
2
] |
Ethno-linguistic groups | How many ethnic groups do they have? | Nigeria | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
0
] | [
"Nigeria has more than 250 ethnic groups, with varying languages and customs, creating a country of rich ethnic diversity.",
"The largest ethnic groups are the Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo and Fulani, accounting for more than 70% of the population, while the Edo, Ijaw, Kanuri, Ibibio, Ebira, Nupe, Gwari, Itsekiri, Jukun, Urhobo, Igala, Idoma and Tiv comprise between 25 and 30%; other minorities make up the remaining 5%.",
"The middle belt of Nigeria is known for its diversity of ethnic groups, including the Pyem, Goemai, and Kofyar.",
"The official population count of each of Nigeria's ethnicities has always remained controversial and disputed as members of different ethnic groups believe the census is rigged to give a particular group (usually believed to be northern groups) numerical superiority.",
"There are small minorities of British, American, East Indian, Chinese (est.",
"50,000), white Zimbabwean, Japanese, Greek, Syrian and Lebanese immigrants in Nigeria.",
"Immigrants also include those from other West African or East African nations.",
"These minorities mostly reside in major cities such as Lagos and Abuja, or in the Niger Delta as employees for the major oil companies.",
"A number of Cubans settled in Nigeria as political refugees following the Cuban Revolution.",
"In the middle of the 19th century, a number of ex-slaves of Afro-Cuban and Afro-Brazilian descent and emigrants from Sierra Leone established communities in Lagos and other regions of Nigeria.",
"Many ex-slaves came to Nigeria following the emancipation of slaves in the Americas.",
"Many of the immigrants, sometimes called Saros (immigrants from Sierra Leone) and Amaro (ex-slaves from Brazil) later became prominent merchants and missionaries in these cities."
] | [
5
] |
Solar wind and the magnetosphere | Are these values typical? 400 km/s) | Aurora | false | 8SCIENCE
| [
1,
2
] | [
"The Earth is constantly immersed in the solar wind, a rarefied flow of hot plasma (gas of free electrons and positive ions) emitted by the Sun in all directions, a result of the two-million-degree heat of the Sun's outermost layer, the corona.",
"The solar wind usually reaches Earth with a velocity around 400 km/s, density around 5 ions/cm3 and magnetic field intensity around 2–5 nT (nanoteslas; Earth's surface field is typically 30,000–50,000 nT).",
"These are typical values.",
"During magnetic storms, in particular, flows can be several times faster; the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) may also be much stronger.",
"The IMF originates on the Sun, related to the field of sunspots, and its field lines (lines of force) are dragged out by the solar wind.",
"That alone would tend to line them up in the Sun-Earth direction, but the rotation of the Sun skews them (at Earth) by about 45 degrees, so that field lines passing Earth may actually start near the western edge (\"limb\") of the visible Sun.",
"Earth's magnetosphere is formed by the impact of the solar wind on the Earth's magnetic field.",
"It forms an obstacle to the solar wind, diverting it, at an average distance of about 70,000 km (11 Earth radii or Re), forming a bow shock 12,000 km to 15,000 km (1.9 to 2.4 Re) further upstream.",
"The width of the magnetosphere abreast of Earth, is typically 190,000 km (30 Re), and on the night side a long \"magnetotail\" of stretched field lines extends to great distances (> 200 Re).",
"The magnetosphere is full of trapped plasma as the solar wind passes the Earth.",
"The flow of plasma into the magnetosphere increases with increases in solar wind density and speed, with increase in the southward component of the IMF and with increases in turbulence in the solar wind flow.",
"The flow pattern of magnetospheric plasma is from the magnetotail toward the Earth, around the Earth and back into the solar wind through the magnetopause on the day-side.",
"In addition to moving perpendicular to the Earth's magnetic field, some magnetospheric plasma travel down along the Earth's magnetic field lines and lose energy to the atmosphere in the auroral zones.",
"Magnetospheric electrons accelerated downward by field-aligned electric fields cause the bright aurora features.",
"The un-accelerated electrons and ions cause the dim glow of the diffuse aurora."
] | [] |
Abstract | Who is Doctor Who produced by? | Doctor Who | false | 1TV
| [
0
] | [
"Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC.",
"The programme depicts the adventures of the Doctor, a Time Lord—a time-travelling humanoid alien.",
"He explores the universe in his TARDIS, a sentient time-travelling space ship.",
"Its exterior appears as a blue British police box, which was a common sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired.",
"Along with a succession of companions, the Doctor faces a variety of foes while working to save civilisations, help ordinary people, and right wrongs.",
"The show has received recognition as one of Britain's finest television programmes, winning the 2006 British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series and five consecutive (2005–2010) awards at the National Television Awards during Russell T Davies's tenure as executive producer.",
"In 2011, Matt Smith became the first Doctor to be nominated for a BAFTA Television Award for Best Actor.",
"In 2013, the Peabody Awards honoured \"Doctor Who\" with an Institutional Peabody \"for evolving with technology and the times like nothing else in the known television universe.\"",
"The programme is listed in \"Guinness World Records\" as the longest-running science fiction television show in the world, the \"most successful\" science fiction series of all time—based on its over-all broadcast ratings, DVD and book sales, and iTunes traffic— and for the largest ever simulcast of a TV drama with its 50th anniversary special.",
"During its original run, it was recognised for its imaginative stories, creative low-budget special effects, and pioneering use of electronic music (originally produced by the BBC Radiophonic Workshop).",
"The show is a significant part of British popular culture,</ref> and elsewhere it has become a cult television favourite.",
"The show has influenced generations of British television professionals, many of whom grew up watching the series.",
"The programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989.",
"After an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot in the form of a television film, the programme was relaunched in 2005 by Russell T Davies who was showrunner and head writer for the first five years of its revival, produced in-house by BBC Wales in Cardiff.",
"The first series of the 21st century, featuring Christopher Eccleston in the title role, was produced by the BBC.",
"Series two and three had some development money contributed by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), which was credited as a co-producer.",
"\"Doctor Who\" also spawned spin-offs in multiple media, including \"Torchwood\" (2006–11) and \"The Sarah Jane Adventures\" (2007–11), both created by Russell T Davies; \"K-9\" (2009–10); and a single pilot episode of \"K-9 and Company\" (1981).",
"There also have been many spoofs and cultural references of the character in other media.",
"Eleven actors have headlined the series as the Doctor.",
"The transition from one actor to another, and the differing approach to the role that they bring, is written into the plot of the show as regeneration into a new incarnation, a life process of Time Lords through which the character of the Doctor takes on a new body and, to some extent, new personality, which occurs after sustaining injury which would be fatal to most other species.",
"While each actor's portrayal differs, they are all intended to be aspects of the same character, and form part of the same storyline.",
"The time-travelling nature of the plot means that on occasion, story arcs have involved different Doctors meeting each other.",
"The Doctor is currently portrayed by Peter Capaldi, who took on the role after Matt Smith's final appearance in the 2013 Christmas special \"The Time of the Doctor\"."
] | [
3
] |
Abstract | When was Vincent van Gogh born? | Vincent van Gogh | false | 3ART
| [
0
] | [
"Vincent Willem van Gogh (; 30 March 185329 July 1890) was a post-Impressionist painter of Dutch origin whose work, notable for its rough beauty, emotional honesty and bold color, had a far-reaching influence on 20th-century art.",
"After years of painful anxiety and frequent bouts of mental illness, he died aged 37 from a gunshot wound, generally accepted to be self-inflicted (although no gun was ever found).",
"His work was then known to only a handful of people and appreciated by fewer still.",
"Van Gogh began to draw as a child, and he continued to draw throughout the years that led up to his decision to become an artist.",
"He did not begin painting until his late twenties, completing many of his best-known works during the last two years of his life.",
"In just over a decade, he produced more than 2,100 artworks, consisting of 860 oil paintings and more than 1,300 watercolors, drawings, sketches and prints.",
"His work included self portraits, landscapes, still lifes, portraits and paintings of cypresses, wheat fields and sunflowers.",
"Van Gogh spent his early adulthood working for a firm of art dealers, traveling between The Hague, London and Paris, after which he taught for a time in England at Isleworth and Ramsgate.",
"One of his early aspirations was to become a pastor and from 1879 he worked as a missionary in a mining region in Belgium where he began to sketch people from the local community.",
"In 1885, he painted his first major work \"The Potato Eaters\".",
"His palette at the time consisted mainly of somber earth tones and showed no sign of the vivid coloration that distinguished his later work.",
"In March 1886, he moved to Paris and discovered the French Impressionists.",
"Later, he moved to the south of France and was influenced by the strong sunlight he found there.",
"His work grew brighter in color, and he developed the unique and highly recognizable style that became fully realized during his stay in Arles in 1888.",
"The extent to which his mental health affected his painting has been a subject of speculation since his death.",
"Despite a widespread tendency to romanticize his ill health, modern critics see an artist deeply frustrated by the inactivity and incoherence brought about by his bouts of illness.",
"According to art critic Robert Hughes, Van Gogh's late works show an artist at the height of his ability, completely in control and \"longing for concision and grace.\""
] | [
2
] |
Abstract | What techniques are used in wrestling? | Wrestling | true | 4SPORT
| [
0
] | [
"Wrestling is a combat sport involving grappling type techniques such as clinch fighting, throws and takedowns, joint locks, pins and other grappling holds.",
"A wrestling bout is a physical competition, between two (occasionally more) competitors or sparring partners, who attempt to gain and maintain a superior position.",
"There are a wide range of styles with varying rules with both traditional historic and modern styles.",
"Wrestling techniques have been incorporated into other martial arts as well as military hand-to-hand combat systems.",
"The term \"wrestling\" is attested in late Old English, as \"wræstlunge\" (glossing \"palestram\")."
] | [
0
] |
Abstract | What is Vermeer particularly renowned for? | Johannes Vermeer | false | 3ART
| [
4,
5
] | [
"Johannes, Jan or Johan Vermeer (; 1632 – December 1675) was a Dutch painter who specialized in domestic interior scenes of middle-class life.",
"Vermeer was a moderately successful provincial genre painter in his lifetime.",
"He seems never to have been particularly wealthy, leaving his wife and children in debt at his death, perhaps because he produced relatively few paintings.",
"Vermeer worked slowly and with great care, using bright colours and sometimes expensive pigments, with a preference for lapis lazuli and Indian yellow.",
"He is particularly renowned for his masterly treatment and use of light in his work.",
"Vermeer painted mostly domestic interior scenes.",
"\"Almost all his paintings are apparently set in two smallish rooms in his house in Delft; they show the same furniture and decorations in various arrangements and they often portray the same people, mostly women.",
"\"Recognized during his lifetime in Delft and The Hague, his modest celebrity gave way to obscurity after his death; he was barely mentioned in Arnold Houbraken's major source book on 17th-century Dutch painting (\"Grand Theatre of Dutch Painters and Women Artists\"), and was thus omitted from subsequent surveys of Dutch art for nearly two centuries.",
"In the 19th century, Vermeer was rediscovered by Gustav Friedrich Waagen and Théophile Thoré-Bürger, who published an essay attributing sixty-six pictures to him, although only thirty-four paintings are universally attributed to him today.",
"Since that time, Vermeer's reputation has grown, and he is now acknowledged as one of the greatest painters of the Dutch Golden Age."
] | [
0
] |
Cast and characters | Julian Tatham was portrayed by who in How to Live with Your Parents (For the Rest of Your Life)? | How to Live with Your Parents (For the Rest of Your Life) | true | 1TV
| [
4
] | [
" Sarah Chalke as Polly, the single and divorced mother.",
" Elizabeth Perkins as Elaine Green, Polly's mother and Natalie's grandmother.",
" Rachel Eggleston as Natalie Tatham, Polly's daughter and Elaine's granddaughter.",
" Brad Garrett as Max Green, Elaine's husband and Polly's step-father.",
" Jon Dore as Julian Tatham, Polly's ex-husband.",
" Stephanie Hunt as Jenn, Polly's co-worker and friend."
] | [
5,
3
] |
RNA genomes | What allows the viral genome RNA to spread to other cells? | RNA | false | 8SCIENCE
| [
2
] | [
" genomes.",
"Like DNA, RNA can carry genetic information.",
"RNA viruses have genomes composed of RNA that encodes a number of proteins.",
"The viral genome is replicated by some of those proteins, while other proteins protect the genome as the virus particle moves to a new host cell.",
"Viroids are another group of pathogens, but they consist only of RNA, do not encode any protein and are replicated by a host plant cell's polymerase."
] | [
0
] |
Main Street, U.S.A. | What bears the name of people who were influential at Disney parks? | Magic Kingdom | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
14
] | [
"Symbolically, Main Street, U.S.A. represents the park's \"opening credits,\" where guests pass under the train station (the opening curtain,) then view the names of key personnel along the windows of the buildings' upper floors.",
"Many windows bear the name of a fictional business, such as \"Seven Summits Expeditions, Frank G. Wells President\", with each representing a tribute to significant people connected to the Disney company and the development of the Walt Disney World Resort.",
"It features stylistic influences from around the country.",
"Taking its inspiration from New England to Missouri, this design is most noticeable in the four corners in the middle of Main Street, where each of the four corner buildings represents a different architectural style.",
"There is no opera house as there is at Disneyland; instead, there is the Town Square Theater.",
"Also, this is where Christopher George Weaver, the \"mayor\" of Main Street U.S.A., and one of the park's most important figures, resides.",
"Main Street is lined with shops selling merchandise and food.",
"The decor is early-20th century small-town America, inspired by Walt Disney's childhood and the film \"Lady and the Tramp\".",
"City Hall contains the Guest Relations lobby, where cast members provide information and assistance.",
"A working barber shop gives haircuts for a fee.",
"The Emporium carries a wide variety of Disney souvenirs such as plush toys, collectible pins and Mickey-ear hats.",
"Tony’s Town Square Restaurant and The Plaza Restaurant are table-service locations.",
"At the end of Main Street is Casey's Corner, where guests enjoy traditional American ballpark fare including hot dogs and fries while watching old cartoons on the bleachers.",
"The Main Street Confectionary sells sweets priced by their weight, such as candied apples, crisped rice treats, chocolates, cookies and fudge.",
"Most windows bear the name of people who were influential at Disney parks.",
"An example of a classic Main Street, U.S.A. attraction is the narrow gauge Walt Disney World Railroad, which transports guest throughout the park, making stops at Main Street, U.S.A., Fantasyland, and Frontierland.",
"The railroad's previous stop at Mickey's Toontown Fair was replaced by the Fantasyland stop in 2012.",
"Main Street, U.S.A. also has the Main Street Vehicles attraction, which includes a narrow gauge tramway with horse-drawn streetcars, and several old-fashioned motor vehicles.",
"In the distance beyond the end of Main Street stands Cinderella Castle.",
"Though only 189 feet (55m) tall, it benefits from a technique known as forced perspective.",
"The second stories of all the buildings along Main Street are shorter than the first stories, and the third stories are even shorter than the second, and the top windows of the castle are much smaller than they appear.",
"The resulting visual effect is that the buildings appear to be larger and taller than they really are.",
"The park contains two additional tributes: the \"Partners\" statue of Walt Disney and Mickey Mouse in front of Cinderella Castle and the \"Sharing the Magic\" statue of Roy O. Disney sitting with Minnie Mouse in the Town Square section of Main Street, U.S.A.",
"Both were sculpted by veteran Imagineer Blaine Gibson.",
"In 2012, Disney replaced the shop in the Firehouse with a sign up for the Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom game."
] | [
0,
3
] |
Bomber and Coastal Command contributions | How many barges were sunk in Dunkirk? | Battle of Britain | false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
8
] | [
"Bomber Command and Coastal Command aircraft flew offensive sorties against targets in Germany and France during the battle.",
"After the initial disasters of the war, with Vickers Wellington bombers shot down in large numbers attacking Wilhelmshaven and the slaughter of the Fairey Battle squadrons sent to France, it became clear that Bomber Command would have to operate mainly at night to achieve any results without incurring very high losses.",
"From 15 May 1940, a night time bomber campaign was launched against the German oil industry, communications, and forests/crops, mainly in the Ruhr area.",
"As the threat mounted, Bomber Command changed targeting priority on 3 June 1940 to attack the German aircraft industry.",
"On 4 July, the Air Ministry gave Bomber Command orders to attack ports and shipping.",
"By September, the build-up of invasion barges in the Channel ports had become a top priority target.",
"On 7 September, the government issued a warning that the invasion could be expected within the next few days and, that night, Bomber Command attacked the Channel ports and supply dumps.",
"On 13 September, they carried out another large raid on the Channel ports, sinking 80 large barges in the port of Ostend.",
"84 barges were sunk in Dunkirk after another raid on 17 September and by 19 September, almost 200 barges had been sunk.",
"The loss of these barges may have contributed to Hitler's decision to postpone Operation \"Sea Lion\" indefinitely.",
"The success of these raids was in part because the Germans had few Freya radar stations set up in France, so that air defences of the French harbours were not nearly as good as the air defences over Germany; Bomber Command had directed some 60% of its strength against the Channel ports.",
"The Bristol Blenheim units also raided German-occupied airfields throughout July to December 1940, both during daylight hours and at night.",
"Although most of these raids were unproductive, there were some successes; on 1 August, five out of 12 Blenheims sent to attack Haamstede and Evere (Brussels) were able to bomb, destroying or heavily damaging three Bf 109s of II./JG 27 and apparently killing a \"Staffelkapitän\" identified as a \"Hauptmann\" Albrecht von Ankum-Frank.",
"Two other 109s were claimed by Blenheim gunners.",
"Another successful raid on Haamstede was made by a single Blenheim on 7 August which destroyed one 109 of 4./JG 54, heavily damaged another and caused lighter damage to four more.",
"There were some missions which produced an almost 100% casualty rate amongst the Blenheims; one such operation was mounted on 13 August 1940 against a \"Luftwaffe\" airfield near Aalborg in north-eastern Denmark by 12 aircraft of 82 Squadron.",
"One Blenheim returned early (the pilot was later charged and due to appear before a court martial, but was killed on another operation), the other 11, which reached Denmark, were shot down, five by flak and six by Bf 109s.",
"Of the 33 crewmen who took part in the attack, 20 were killed and 13 captured.",
"As well as the bombing operations, Blenheim-equipped units had been formed to carry out long-range strategic reconnaissance missions over Germany and German-occupied territories.",
"In this role, the Blenheims again proved to be too slow and vulnerable against \"Luftwaffe\" fighters, and they took constant casualties.",
"Coastal Command directed its attention towards the protection of British shipping, and the destruction of enemy shipping.",
"As invasion became more likely, it participated in the strikes on French harbours and airfields, laying mines, and mounting numerous reconnaissance missions over the enemy-held coast.",
"In all, some 9,180 sorties were flown by bombers from July to October 1940.",
"Although this was much less than the 80,000 sorties flown by fighters, bomber crews suffered about half the total number of casualties borne by their fighter colleagues.",
"The bomber contribution was, therefore, much more dangerous on a loss-per-sortie comparison.",
"Bomber, reconnaissance, and antisubmarine patrol operations continued throughout these months with little respite and none of the publicity accorded to Fighter Command.",
"In his famous 20 August speech about \"The Few\", praising Fighter Command, Churchill also made a point of mentioning Bomber Command's contribution, adding that bombers were even then striking back at Germany; this part of the speech is often overlooked, even today.",
"The Battle of Britain Chapel in Westminster Abbey lists in a Roll of Honour, 718 Bomber Command crew members, and 280 from Coastal Command who were killed between 10 July and 31 October."
] | [
5
] |
UN forces cross partition line (September – October 1950) | Who ordered caution at the Sino-Korean border? | Korean War | false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
16
] | [
"UN forces cross partition line (September – October 1950).",
"On 27 September, MacArthur received the top secret National Security Council Memorandum 81/1 from Truman reminding him that operations north of the 38th parallel were authorized only if \"at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces, no announcements of intended entry, nor a threat to counter our operations militarily...\" On 29 September MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee.",
"On 30 September, Defense Secretary George Marshall sent an eyes-only message to MacArthur: \"We want you to feel unhampered tactically and strategically to proceed north of the 38th parallel.\"",
"During October, the ROK police executed people who were suspected to be sympathetic to North Korea, and similar massacres were carried out until early 1951.",
"On 30 September, Zhou Enlai warned the U.S. that China was prepared to intervene in Korea if the U.S. crossed the 38th parallel.",
"Zhou attempted to advise North Korean commanders on how to conduct a general withdrawal by using the same tactics which had allowed Chinese communist forces to successfully escape Chiang Kai-shek's Encirclement Campaigns in the 1930s, but by some accounts North Korean commanders did not utilize these tactics effectively.",
"Bruce Cumings argues, however, the KPA's rapid withdrawal was strategic, with troops melting into the mountains from where they could launch guerrilla raids on the UN forces spread out on the coasts.",
"By 1 October 1950, the UN Command repelled the KPA northwards past the 38th parallel; the ROK Army crossed after them, into North Korea.",
"MacArthur made a statement demanding the KPA's unconditional surrender.",
"Six days later, on 7 October, with UN authorization, the UN Command forces followed the ROK forces northwards.",
"The X Corps landed at Wonsan (in southeastern North Korea) and Riwon (in northeastern North Korea), already captured by ROK forces.",
"The Eighth U.S. Army and the ROK Army drove up western Korea and captured Pyongyang city, the North Korean capital, on 19 October 1950.",
"The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team (\"Rakkasans\") made their first of two combat jumps during the Korean War on 20 October 1950 at Sunchon and Sukchon.",
"The missions of the 187th were to cut the road north going to China, preventing North Korean leaders from escaping from Pyongyang; and to rescue American prisoners of war.",
"At month's end, UN forces held 135,000 KPA prisoners of war.",
"Taking advantage of the UN Command's strategic momentum against the communists, General MacArthur believed it necessary to extend the Korean War into China to destroy depots supplying the North Korean war effort.",
"President Truman disagreed, and ordered caution at the Sino-Korean border."
] | [
3
] |
South Korea | How much money did "Gangnam Style" bring South Korea by 2012? | Gangnam Style | false | 0MUSIC
| [
0
] | [
"In 2012, the South Korean government announced that \"Gangnam Style\" had brought in $13.4 million to the country’s audio sector, and it subsequently launched a campaign to further expand the K-Pop music industry overseas.",
"According to the Bank of Korea, the country's services account recorded a surplus of USD 2.3 billion in the first nine months of this year, compared to a deficit of USD 4.5 billion last year.",
"This was mainly due to the growing influence and popularity of K-pop songs such as \"Gangnam Style\".",
"However, the American journalist John Seabrook noted that by \"satirizing standard K-pop tropes in Gangnam Style\", Psy may have subverted the music genre's chances of making it big in the West."
] | [
5
] |
Human physiology | How was a lot of the foundation of knowledge attained in human physiology? | Physiology | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
6
] | [
"Human physiology seeks to understand the mechanisms that work to keep the human body alive and functioning, through scientific enquiry into the nature of mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed.",
"The principal level of focus of physiology is at the level of organs and systems within systems.",
"The endocrine and nervous systems play major roles in the reception and transmission of signals that integrate function in animals.",
"Homeostasis is a major aspect with regard to such interactions within plants as well as animals.",
"The biological basis of the study of physiology, integration refers to the overlap of many functions of the systems of the human body, as well as its accompanied form.",
"It is achieved through communication that occurs in a variety of ways, both electrical and chemical.",
"Much of the foundation of knowledge in human physiology was provided by animal experimentation.",
"Physiology is the study of function and is closely related to anatomy which is the study of form.",
"Due to the frequent connection between form and function, physiology and anatomy are intrinsically linked and are studied in tandem as part of a medical curriculum."
] | [
5
] |
Future of Disneyland Tokyo | What Disney resort makes the most money? | Tokyo Disneyland | true | 2TRAVEL
| [
0
] | [
"Since the park opened in 1983, Disney Tokyo has regularly been the most profitable Disney Resort.",
"By 1994, over 140 million people had entered through the gates of Tokyo Disneyland (the population of Japan is only 127.6 million) and the popularity has only increased.",
"Just two years later, it employed 12,390 people, marking Disneyland Tokyo as the biggest workplace in Japan’s diversionary outings.",
"Though the attendance is similar to that of other Japanese theme parks, the revenue produced by Tokyo Disney is larger than all other national theme parks combined, thus greatly profiting the Japanese economy.",
"Many speculate that Disney Tokyo is such an economic success due to timing and location; the theme park lies in a metropolitan area with a population of 30 million and opened at the height of a booming economy where hard-working citizens desired a fun escape from reality.",
"One of the main goals of Tokyo Japan is to ever improve the park and grow away from the restrictions of American Disney.",
"Recently Japan has been merging their national identity with the Disneyland Park by adding attractions with distinctly Japanese qualities.",
"Cinderella Castle displays the classic Disney character and story plot yet presents the story through the eyes of the Japanese.",
"Meet the World, located in World Bazaar, shows true national identity and pride as it embodies Japanese history; instead of classic Disney characters, Meet the world characters wear the traditional Japanese Kimono.",
"Once nominated by Disney Legends, Masatomo Takahashi, the former president of The Oriental Land Company, states this growth and development as one as their primary goals: “We must not just repeat what we receive from Disney.",
"I am convinced that we must contribute to the cultural exchange between Japan and U.S.A.\" "
] | [
0
] |
Video games | Who was the game developer for Despicable Me: Minion Mania? | Despicable Me | false | 6MOVIES
| [
2
] | [
"A video game titled \"Despicable Me: The Game\" was released for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable and Wii.",
"A Nintendo DS version was released under the name \"Despicable Me: Minion Mayhem\".",
"Namco also released a version for the iPhone and iPad platform entitled \"Despicable Me: Minion Mania\", developed by Anino Games.",
"An application for iOSs and Androids was also released under the name \"Despicable Me: Minion Rush\".",
"It was developed by Gameloft and made available to the public in 2013."
] | [
3
] |
Overview | What is the name of the friend who disappears? | Pretty Little Liars | false | 1TV
| [
1
] | [
"The series is loosely divided into three arcs of four to five books each, chronicling the introduction and reveal of each \"A\".",
"The series follows the lives of four teenage girls — whose names are mentioned above (nicknamed \"the Pretty Little Liars\" or simply \"the Liars\") — whose clique falls apart after the disappearance of their best friend, Alison DiLaurentis.",
"Three years after her disappearance, they begin receiving text messages from an anonymous source, \"A,\" who threatens to expose their secrets; including long-hidden ones they thought only their close friend Alison knew.",
"But shortly after the messages begin, Alison's body is discovered.",
"The books progress with the four girls trying to figure out the identity of \"A\"."
] | [
0,
3
] |
Raising the duck | Where did the ducks used for Peking Duck originate? | Peking duck | false | 9FOOD
| [
1
] | [
"Raising the duck.",
"The ducks used to prepare Peking Duck originated in Nanjing.",
"They were small, had black feathers, and lived in the canals around the city linking major waterways.",
"With the relocation of the Chinese capital to Beijing, supply barge traffic increased in the area.",
"Often these barges would spill grain into the canals, providing food for the ducks.",
"By the Five Dynasties, the new species of duck had been domesticated by Chinese farmers.",
"Nowadays, Peking Duck is prepared from the Pekin duck (\"Anas platyrhynchos domestica\").",
"Newborn ducks are raised in a free range environment for the first 45 days of their lives, and force fed 4 times a day for the next 15–20 days, resulting in ducks that weigh 5–7 kg (11–15 lbs).",
"The force feeding of the ducks led to an alternate name for the dish, Peking Stuffed Duck ()."
] | [
4
] |
Philosophical implications | What theory proposes that parallel universes are inaccessible? | Quantum mechanics | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
19
] | [
"Since its inception, the many counter-intuitive aspects and results of quantum mechanics have provoked strong philosophical debates and many interpretations.",
"Even fundamental issues, such as Max Born's basic rules concerning probability amplitudes and probability distributions took decades to be appreciated by society and many leading scientists.",
"Richard Feynman once said, \"I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics.\"",
"According to Steven Weinberg, \"There is now in my opinion no entirely satisfactory interpretation of quantum mechanics.",
"\"The Copenhagen interpretation - due largely to the Danish theoretical physicist Niels Bohr - remains the quantum mechanical formalism that is currently most widely accepted amongst physicists, some 75 years after its enunciation.",
"According to this interpretation, the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics is not a \"temporary\" feature which will eventually be replaced by a deterministic theory, but instead must be considered a \"final\" renunciation of the classical idea of \"causality\".",
"It is also believed therein that any well-defined application of the quantum mechanical formalism must always make reference to the experimental arrangement, due to the complementarity nature of evidence obtained under different experimental situations.",
"Albert Einstein, himself one of the founders of quantum theory, disliked this loss of determinism in measurement.",
"Einstein held that there should be a local hidden variable theory underlying quantum mechanics and, consequently, that the present theory was incomplete.",
"He produced a series of objections to the theory, the most famous of which has become known as the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox.",
"John Bell showed that this \"EPR\" paradox led to experimentally testable differences between quantum mechanics and local realistic theories.",
"Experiments have been performed confirming the accuracy of quantum mechanics, thereby demonstrating that the physical world cannot be described by any local realistic theory.",
"The \"Bohr-Einstein debates\" provide a vibrant critique of the Copenhagen Interpretation from an epistemological point of view.",
"The Everett many-worlds interpretation, formulated in 1956, holds that \"all\" the possibilities described by quantum theory \"simultaneously\" occur in a multiverse composed of mostly independent parallel universes.",
"This is not accomplished by introducing some \"new axiom\" to quantum mechanics, but on the contrary, by \"removing\" the axiom of the collapse of the wave packet.",
"\"All\" of the possible consistent states of the measured system and the measuring apparatus (including the observer) are present in a \"real\" physical - not just formally mathematical, as in other interpretations - quantum superposition.",
"Such a superposition of consistent state combinations of different systems is called an entangled state.",
"While the multiverse is deterministic, we perceive non-deterministic behavior governed by probabilities, because we can observe only the universe (i.e., the consistent state contribution to the aforementioned superposition) that we, as observers, inhabit.",
"Everett's interpretation is perfectly consistent with John Bell's experiments and makes them intuitively understandable.",
"However, according to the theory of quantum decoherence, these \"parallel universes\" will never be accessible to us.",
"The inaccessibility can be understood as follows: once a measurement is done, the measured system becomes entangled with \"both\" the physicist who measured it \"and\" a huge number of other particles, some of which are photons flying away at the speed of light towards the other end of the universe.",
"In order to prove that the wave function did not collapse, one would have to bring \"all\" these particles back and measure them again, together with the system that was originally measured.",
"Not only is this completely impractical, but even if one \"could\" theoretically do this, it would have to destroy any evidence that the original measurement took place (to include the physicist's memory!",
"); in light of these Bell tests, Cramer (1986) formulated his transactional interpretation.",
"Relational quantum mechanics appeared in the late 1990s as the modern derivative of the Copenhagen Interpretation."
] | [
0
] |
Cabinet | When was the last dismissal by a parliamentary vote of no confidence in Finland? | Finland | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
1
] | [
"After parliamentary elections, the parties negotiate among themselves on forming a new cabinet (the Finnish Government), which then has to be approved by a simple majority vote in the parliament.",
"The cabinet can be dismissed by a parliamentary vote of no confidence, although this rarely happens (the last time in 1957), as the parties represented in the cabinet usually make up a majority in the parliament.",
"The cabinet exercises most executive powers, and originates most of the bills that the parliament then debates and votes on.",
"It is headed by the Prime Minister of Finland, and consists of him or her, of other ministers, and of the Chancellor of Justice.",
"The current prime minister is Jyrki Katainen (National Coalition Party).",
"Each minister heads his or her ministry, or, in some cases, has responsibility for a subset of a ministry's policy.",
"After the prime minister, the most powerful minister is the minister of finance.",
"As no one party ever dominates the parliament, Finnish cabinets are multi-party coalitions.",
"As a rule, the post of prime minister goes to the leader of the biggest party and that of the minister of finance to the leader of the second biggest."
] | [
2
] |
Plot | What did the pirate, Najee, catch Phillips writing a note to? | Captain Phillips (film) | false | 6MOVIES
| [
19
] | [
"Richard Phillips (Tom Hanks) takes command of the MV \"Maersk Alabama\", an unarmed container ship from Port of Salalah in the city of Salalah in Oman, with orders to sail through the Gulf of Aden to Mombasa, round the Horn of Africa.",
"Wary of pirate activity off the coast of Somalia, the captain orders strict security precautions on the vessel and carries out practice drills.",
"During a drill, the vessel is chased by Somali pirates in two skiffs; Phillips succeeds in outrunning them when one gives up after hearing Phillips on the radio calling for immediate military air support (a bluff) and the other loses engine power while trying to gain speed under the rough water Captain Phillips created.",
"The next day one of the skiffs, fitted with two outboard engines, returns with four heavily armed pirates led by Abduwali Muse (Barkhad Abdi); they are carrying a ladder they had hastily welded the night before.",
"Despite the best efforts of Phillips and his crew, the pirates board and take control of the \"Maersk Alabama\", capturing Captain Phillips after he cuts the ship's engine power and tells the crew to hide in the ship's engine room.",
"Phillips offers Muse the contents of the ship's safe ($30,000), but, under orders from his boss (the local Somali faction leader), Muse's plan is to ransom the ship and crew in exchange for millions of dollars of insurance money from the shipping company.",
"A crew member manages to cut the ship's emergency power, plunging the lower decks into darkness.",
"As Muse attempts to search the engine room, the crew members overpower him.",
"Negotiating with the other three pirates, one with badly injured feet, the crewmen arrange to trade Phillips for Muse and the ship's lifeboat.",
"The pirates force Phillips onto the lifeboat and launch it, intending to hold the captain for ransom.",
"As the lifeboat heads for the shore, tensions flare between the pirates as they run low on the herb stimulant khat, lose contact with their mother ship, and are later intercepted by the U.S. Navy destroyer .",
"Once additional U.S. Navy ships arrive, Phillips attempts to negotiate with Muse, who asserts that he has come too far and will not surrender.",
"In the meantime, the \"Bainbridge\"s captain Frank Castellano (Yul Vazquez) is ordered to prevent the pirates from reaching the mainland by whatever means necessary.",
"That night, Phillips is able to escape and swims towards the ships.",
"The navy cannot identify the swimmer as Phillips, and therefore they take no action.",
"The pirates fire shots at him; he swims back to the lifeboat.",
"The further agitated pirates are also unaware that a SEAL team has parachuted in to intervene.",
"While three SEAL marksmen get into positions to fire a simultaneous shot at each of the pirates on the lifeboat, Castellano and the SEALs continue to try to negotiate with the pirates, eventually taking the lifeboat under tow.",
"Eventually, Muse agrees to board the \"Bainbridge\", believing he will join his clan elders in negotiating Phillips's ransom.",
"In the lifeboat, one of the more agitated pirates, Najee, catches Phillips writing a goodbye note to his wife.",
"When he tries to take the note away, Phillips attacks Najee, but is quickly restrained and beaten.",
"Najee decides to take full control; the pirates tie Phillips up and blindfold him, and the \"Bainbridge\" crew stops the tow.",
"As Phillips is about to be executed, the three SEAL marksmen finally get three clear shots and simultaneously kill the pirates.",
"On board the Bainbridge, Muse is taken into custody and arrested for piracy.",
"Phillips is rescued and treated.",
"He is in shock and disoriented, but he thanks the rescue team for saving his life."
] | [
0
] |
Abstract | Electromagnetic Force is one of how many other interactions in nature? | Electromagnetism | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
0
] | [
"Electromagnetism, or the electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental interactions in nature, the other three being the strong interaction, the weak interaction, and gravitation.",
"This force is described by electromagnetic fields, and has innumerable physical instances including the interaction of electrically charged particles and the interaction of uncharged magnetic force fields with electrical conductors.",
"The word \"electromagnetism\" is a compound form of two Greek terms, ἢλεκτρον, \"ēlektron\", \"amber\", and μαγνήτης, \"magnetic\", from \"magnítis líthos\" (μαγνήτης λίθος), which means \"magnesian stone\", a type of iron ore.",
"The science of electromagnetic phenomena is defined in terms of the electromagnetic force, sometimes called the Lorentz force, which includes both electricity and magnetism as elements of one phenomenon.",
"During the quark epoch, the electroweak force split into the electromagnetic and weak force.",
"The electromagnetic force plays a major role in determining the internal properties of most objects encountered in daily life.",
"Ordinary matter takes its form as a result of intermolecular forces between individual molecules in matter.",
"Electrons are bound by electromagnetic wave mechanics into orbitals around atomic nuclei to form atoms, which are the building blocks of molecules.",
"This governs the processes involved in chemistry, which arise from interactions between the electrons of neighboring atoms, which are in turn determined by the interaction between electromagnetic force and the momentum of the electrons.",
"There are numerous mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field.",
"In classical electrodynamics, electric fields are described as electric potential and electric current in Ohm's law, magnetic fields are associated with electromagnetic induction and magnetism, and Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated and altered by each other and by charges and currents.",
"The theoretical implications of electromagnetism, in particular the establishment of the speed of light based on properties of the \"medium\" of propagation (permeability and permittivity), led to the development of special relativity by Albert Einstein in 1905."
] | [
5
] |
Awards and nominations | What year was Knepper nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series? | Prison Break | true | 1TV
| [
7
] | [
"Following a successful airing of the series' first thirteen episodes, \"Prison Break\" was nominated for its first award, the 2005 People's Choice Award for Favorite New TV Drama.",
"The series won the award in January 2006, beating other nominees in the same category, \"Commander in Chief\" and \"Criminal Minds\".",
"In January 2006, the show had two nominations at the 63rd Golden Globe Awards, which were Best Drama Television Series and Best Actor in a Drama Television Series for Wentworth Miller's performance.",
"The show's lead actor, Wentworth Miller, received another nomination for his performance in the first season at the 2005 Saturn Awards for Best Actor on Television.",
"Likewise, the series was nominated for 2005 Saturn Award for Best Network Television Series.",
"At the 2006 Television Critics Association Awards, the show was nominated for Best New Drama Series.",
"Nominations for technical awards include the 2006 Eddie Award for Best Edited One-Hour Series for Commercial Television (Mark Helfrich for the pilot episode), and the 2006 Primetime Emmy award for Outstanding Main Title Theme Music (Ramin Djawadi).",
"In December 2006, Robert Knepper was nominated for the 2006 Satellite Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television."
] | [
0
] |
Tracklisting | The EP comes in which format for Turn Me On by David Guetta? | Turn Me On (David Guetta song) | true | 0MUSIC
| [
0
] | [
" Digital download - EP",
" \"Turn Me On\" (Michael Calfan Remix) – 5:43",
" \"Turn Me On\" (David Guetta & Laidback Luke Remix) – 5:08",
" \"Turn Me On\" (Sidney Samson Remix) – 5:54",
" \"Turn Me On\" (JP Candela Remix) – 7:02",
" \"Turn Me On\" (Sabastien Drums Remix) – 6:19",
" \"Turn Me On\" (Extended Version) – 4:37",
" German CD single",
" \"Turn Me On\" (Original Version) – 3:19",
" \"Turn Me On\" (Michael Calfan Remix) – 5:43",
" \"Turn Me On\" (David Guetta & Laidback Luke Remix) – 5:08",
" \"Turn Me On\" (Sidney Samson Remix) – 5:54",
" \"Turn Me On\" (JP Candela Remix) – 7:02",
" \"Turn Me On\" (Sabastien Drums Remix) – 6:19",
" \"Turn Me On\" (Extended Version) - 4:37",
" 12\" vinyl",
" \"Turn Me On\" (Michael Calfan Remix) – 5:43",
" \"Turn Me On\" (JP Candela Remix) – 7:02",
" \"Turn Me On\" (David Guetta & Laidback Luke Remix) – 5:08",
" \"Turn Me On\" (Sabastien Drums Remix) – 6:19",
" \"Turn Me On\" (Sidney Samson Remix) – 5:54",
" \"Turn Me On\" (Extended Version) – 4:37"
] | [] |
International broadcasts | On which network did Suburgatory first air? | Suburgatory | true | 1TV
| [
5
] | [
"The series has been picked up in Canada by City, where it is simulcast with the ABC broadcasts.",
"In Latin America the series premiered on October 31, 2011 on Warner Channel.",
"The show premiered on January 3 in Sweden on Chanel 5.",
"In the Republic of Ireland the show began broadcasting on RTÉ Two from March 21, 2012 airing Wednesdays at 19:00.",
"In Spain, it premiered on Cosmopolitan TV on January 13, 2012.",
"The series began airing on the Nine Network's GO!",
"Channel in Australia from February 5, 2012 until it was taken off air in 2012/2013 after poor ratings losing to 7TWO, The Comedy Channel from Foxtel now airs the sitcom.",
"It premiered in Serbia on Serbian HBO Comedy on February 27, 2012, the Serbian name of the show is \"Čistilište u predgrađu\".",
"It also premiered in Poland on Polish HBO Comedy, on February 27, 2012, as \"Podmiejski czyściec\" (\"Suburban Purgatory\").",
"The show began airing in New Zealand on TV2 on February 14, 2012.",
"In the United Kingdom, \"Suburgatory\" started airing on Channel 4's digital channel E4 from July 17, 2012.",
"For Germany, ProSiebenSat.1 has picked up the series and will start airing it on Wednesday nights beginning on August 29.",
"It is also shown in Denmark on TV2 Zulu.",
"In Portugal, it was aired Monday to Friday, at 18:30, from November 22, 2012 until December 21, 2012 on RTP2.",
"In Brazil, the show premiered on January 3, 2013 at 3:30 AM in the SBT.",
"In Greece the show premiered on July 15, 2013 on Star Channel airing Monday to Friday at 2:30 PM, airing the first 2 Seasons.",
"In India, the show started airing on Star World from January 16, 2014."
] | [] |
Further periodic table extensions | What did Pekk Pyykko theorize about the Madelung rule? | Periodic table | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
2
] | [
"It is unclear whether new elements will continue the pattern of the current periodic table as period 8, or require further adaptations or adjustments.",
"Seaborg expected the eighth period to follow the previously established pattern exactly, so that it would include a two-element s-block for elements 119 and 120, a new g-block for the next 18 elements, and 30 additional elements continuing the current f-, d-, and p-blocks.",
"More recently, physicists such as Pekka Pyykkö have theorized that these additional elements do not follow the Madelung rule, which predicts how electron shells are filled and thus affects the appearance of the present periodic table."
] | [
0
] |
Science and technology | When was the Science Academy of Lisbon founded? | Portugal | true | 5COUNTRY
| [
5
] | [
"Scientific and technological research activities in Portugal are mainly conducted within a network of R&D units belonging to public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions like the INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação and the INRB – Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos.",
"The funding and management of this research system is mainly conducted under the authority of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (MCTES) itself and the MCTES's Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT).",
"The largest R&D units of the public universities by volume of research grants and peer-reviewed publications, include biosciences research institutions like the Instituto de Medicina Molecular, the Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, the IPATIMUP, the Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and the Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute.",
"Among the largest non-state-run research institutions in Portugal are the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation, a neuroscience and oncology research centre, which in addition awards every year one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world.",
"A number of both national and multinational high-tech and industrial companies, are also responsible for research and development projects.",
"One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal is the Sciences Academy of Lisbon, founded in 1779.",
"Iberian bilateral state-supported research efforts include the International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory and the Ibercivis distributed computing platform, which are joint research programmes of both Portugal and Spain.",
"Portugal is a member of several pan-European scientific organizations.",
"These include the European Space Agency (ESA), the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN), ITER, and the European Southern Observatory (ESO).",
"Portugal has the largest aquarium in Europe, the Lisbon Oceanarium, and the Portuguese have several other notable organizations focused on science-related exhibits and divulgation, like the state agency \"Ciência Viva\", a programme of the Portuguese Ministry of Science and Technology to the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population, the Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium.",
"With the emergence and growth of several science parks throughout the world that helped create many thousands of scientific, technological and knowledge-based businesses, Portugal started to develop several science parks across the country.",
"These include the Taguspark (in Oeiras), the Coimbra iParque (in Coimbra), the biocant (in Cantanhede), the Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal), Sines Tecnopolo (in Sines), Tecmaia (in Maia) and Parkurbis (in Covilhã).",
"Companies locate in the Portuguese science parks to take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support.",
"Egas Moniz, a Portuguese physician who developed the cerebral angiography and leucotomy, received in 1949 the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – he is the first Portuguese recipient of a Nobel Prize and the only in the sciences.",
"The European Innovation Scoreboard 2011, placed Portugal-based innovation in the 15th position, with an impressive increase in innovation expenditure and output."
] | [
2
] |
U.S. Nielsen ratings | How many people watched Vampire Diaries with DVR numbers included? | The Vampire Diaries | false | 1TV
| [
1
] | [
"The series premiere on September 10, 2009 gave The CW its biggest series premiere scoring 4.91 million viewers.",
"Adding in DVR numbers, the ratings for the premiere swelled to an official 5.7 million viewers.",
"The following is a table for the seasonal rankings, based on average total estimated viewers per episode of \"The Vampire Diaries\".",
"\"Rank\" refers to how \"The Vampire Diaries\" rated compared to the other television series which aired during prime time hours."
] | [
5
] |
The great insights of computer science | There are 3 "Great Insights of Computer Science", who described these? | Computer science | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
0
] | [
"The philosopher of computing Bill Rapaport noted three \"Great Insights of Computer Science\" ",
" Leibniz's, Boole's, Alan Turing's, Shannon's, & Morse's insight: There are only 2 objects that a computer has to deal with in order to represent \"anything\"",
"All the information about any computable problem can be represented using only 0 & 1 (or any other bistable pair that can flip-flop between two easily distinguishable states,such as \"on\"/\"off\", \"magnetized/de-magnetized\", \"high-voltage/low-voltage\", etc.",
").",
" Alan Turing's insight: There are only 5 actions that a computer has to perform in order to do \"anything\"",
" Every algorithm can be expressed in a language for a computer consisting of only 5 basic instructions:",
": * move left one location",
": * move right one location",
": * read symbol at current location",
": * print 0 at current location",
": * print 1 at current location",
" Boehm and Jacopini's insight: There are only 3 ways of combining these actions (into more complex ones) that are needed in order for a computer to do \"anything\"",
"Only 3 rules are needed to combine any set of basic instructions into more complex ones:",
" sequence:",
": first do this; then do that",
" selection :",
": IF such-&-such is the case, ",
": THEN do this ",
": ELSE do that",
" repetition:",
": WHILE such & such is the case DO this",
"Note that the 3 rules of Boehm's and Jacopini's insight can be further simplified with the use of goto (which means it's more elementary than structured programming.)"
] | [
3
] |
Abstract | At what point was the David statue moved to Accademia Gallery? | David (Michelangelo) | true | 3ART
| [
6
] | [
"David (Michelangelo)David is a masterpiece of Renaissance sculpture created between 1501 and 1504, by the Italian artist Michelangelo.",
"It is a marble statue of a standing male nude.",
"The statue represents the Biblical hero David, a favoured subject in the art of Florence.",
"Originally commissioned as one of a series of statues of prophets to be positioned along the roofline of the east end of Florence Cathedral, the statue was placed instead in a public square, outside the Palazzo della Signoria, the seat of civic government in Florence, where it was unveiled on 8 September 1504.",
"Because of the nature of the hero that it represented, it soon came to symbolize the defense of civil liberties embodied in the Florentine Republic, an independent city-state threatened on all sides by more powerful rival states and by the hegemony of the Medici family.",
"The eyes of David, with a warning glare, were turned towards Rome.",
"The statue was moved to the Accademia Gallery in Florence in 1873, and later replaced at the original location by a replica."
] | [
0
] |
Viking and Middle Ages | Danish Vikings were most active in what areas? | Denmark | true | 5COUNTRY
| [
3
] | [
"From the 8th to the 10th century, the Danes, as well as Norwegians and Swedes, were known as Vikings.",
"They colonised, raided, and traded in all parts of Europe.",
"Viking explorers first discovered Iceland by accident in the 9th century, on the way towards the Faroe Islands and eventually came across \"Vinland\" (Land of wine), also known today as Newfoundland, a province in Canada.",
"The Danish Vikings were most active in the British Isles and Western Europe.",
"They conquered and settled parts of England (known as the Danelaw) under King Sweyn Forkbeard in 1013, Ireland, and France where they founded Normandy.",
"More Anglo-Saxon pence of this period have been found in Denmark than in England.",
"As attested by the Jelling stones, the Danes were united and Christianised about 965 by Harald Bluetooth.",
"It is believed that Denmark became Christian for political reasons so as not to get invaded by the rising Christian power in Europe, Germania, which was an important trading area for the Danes.",
"In that case Harald built six fortresses around Denmark called Trelleborg and built a further Danevirke.",
"In the early 11th century, Canute the Great won and united Denmark, England, and Norway for almost 30 years.",
"Throughout the High and Late Middle Ages, Denmark also included Skåneland (Skåne, Halland, and Blekinge) and Danish kings ruled Danish Estonia, as well as the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.",
"Most of the latter two now form the state of Schleswig-Holstein in northern Germany.",
"In 1397, Denmark entered into a personal union with Norway and Sweden, united under Queen Margaret I.",
"The three countries were to be treated as equals in the union.",
"However, even from the start Margaret may not have been so idealistic—treating Denmark as the clear \"senior\" partner of the union.",
"Thus, much of the next 125 years of Scandinavian history revolves around this union, with Sweden breaking off and being re-conquered repeatedly.",
"The issue was for practical purposes resolved on 17 June 1523, as Swedish King Gustav Vasa conquered the city of Stockholm.",
"The Protestant Reformation came to Scandinavia in the 1530s, and following the Count's Feud civil war, Denmark converted to Lutheranism in 1536.",
"Later that year, Denmark entered into a union with Norway."
] | [
0
] |
Abstract | What designer is known for the Statue of Liberty? | Statue of Liberty | true | 2TRAVEL
| [
1
] | [
"The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: \"La Liberté éclairant le monde\") is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in the middle of New York Harbor, in Manhattan, New York City.",
"The statue, designed by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and dedicated on October 28, 1886, was a gift to the United States from the people of France.",
"The statue is of a robed female figure representing Libertas, the Roman goddess of freedom, who bears a torch and a \"tabula ansata\" (a tablet evoking the law) upon which is inscribed the date of the American Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776.",
"A broken chain lies at her feet.",
"The statue is an icon of freedom and of the United States: a welcoming signal to immigrants arriving from abroad.",
"Bartholdi was inspired by French law professor and politician Édouard René de Laboulaye, who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to American independence would properly be a joint project of the French and American peoples.",
"Due to the troubled political situation in France, work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s.",
"In 1875, Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the Americans provide the site and build the pedestal.",
"Bartholdi completed the head and the torch-bearing arm before the statue was fully designed, and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions.",
"The torch-bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, in 1876, and in New York's Madison Square Park from 1876 to 1882.",
"Fundraising proved difficult, especially for the Americans, and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened due to lack of funds.",
"Publisher Joseph Pulitzer of the \"New York World\" started a drive for donations to complete the project that attracted more than 120,000 contributors, most of whom gave less than a dollar.",
"The statue was constructed in France, shipped overseas in crates, and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe's Island.",
"The statue's completion was marked by New York's first ticker-tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland.",
"The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service.",
"The statue was closed for renovation for much of 1938.",
"In the early 1980s, it was found to have deteriorated to such an extent that a major restoration was required.",
"While the statue was closed from 1984 to 1986, the torch and a large part of the internal structure were replaced.",
"After the September 11 attacks in 2001, it was closed for reasons of safety and security; the pedestal reopened in 2004 and the statue in 2009, with limits on the number of visitors allowed to ascend to the crown.",
"The statue, including the pedestal and base, was closed for a year until October 28, 2012, so that a secondary staircase and other safety features could be installed; Liberty Island remained open.",
"However, one day after the reopening, Liberty Island closed due to the effects of Hurricane Sandy; the statue and island opened again on July 4, 2013.",
"Public access to the balcony surrounding the torch has been barred for safety reasons since 1916."
] | [
0
] |
Classical electrodynamics | Who simplified classical electromagnetism? | Electromagnetism | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
12,
6
] | [
"The scientist William Gilbert proposed, in his \"De Magnete\" (1600), that electricity and magnetism, while both capable of causing attraction and repulsion of objects, were distinct effects.",
"Mariners had noticed that lightning strikes had the ability to disturb a compass needle, but the link between lightning and electricity was not confirmed until Benjamin Franklin's proposed experiments in 1752.",
"One of the first to discover and publish a link between man-made electric current and magnetism was Romagnosi, who in 1802 noticed that connecting a wire across a voltaic pile deflected a nearby compass needle.",
"However, the effect did not become widely known until 1820, when Ørsted performed a similar experiment.",
"Ørsted's work influenced Ampère to produce a theory of electromagnetism that set the subject on a mathematical foundation.",
"A theory of electromagnetism, known as classical electromagnetism, was developed by various physicists over the course of the 19th century, culminating in the work of James Clerk Maxwell, who unified the preceding developments into a single theory and discovered the electromagnetic nature of light.",
"In classical electromagnetism, the electromagnetic field obeys a set of equations known as Maxwell's equations, and the electromagnetic force is given by the Lorentz force law.",
"One of the peculiarities of classical electromagnetism is that it is difficult to reconcile with classical mechanics, but it is compatible with special relativity.",
"According to Maxwell's equations, the speed of light in a vacuum is a universal constant, dependent only on the electrical permittivity and magnetic permeability of free space.",
"This violates Galilean invariance, a long-standing cornerstone of classical mechanics.",
"One way to reconcile the two theories (electromagnetism and classical mechanics) is to assume the existence of a luminiferous aether through which the light propagates.",
"However, subsequent experimental efforts failed to detect the presence of the aether.",
"After important contributions of Hendrik Lorentz and Henri Poincaré, in 1905, Albert Einstein solved the problem with the introduction of special relativity, which replaces classical kinematics with a new theory of kinematics that is compatible with classical electromagnetism.",
"(For more information, see History of special relativity.",
")In addition, relativity theory shows that in moving frames of reference a magnetic field transforms to a field with a nonzero electric component and vice versa; thus firmly showing that they are two sides of the same coin, and thus the term \"electromagnetism\".",
"(For more information, see Classical electromagnetism and special relativity and Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism."
] | [
3
] |
Bathsheba at her Bath | Who looks over Bathsheba at her bath? | Bathsheba | true | 3ART
| [
0,
1
] | [
" at her Bath.",
"Bathsheba at her Bath is the formal name for the subject in art showing Bathsheba bathing, watched by King David.",
"As an opportunity to feature a large female nude as the focus of a history painting, the subject was popular from the Renaissance onwards.",
"Sometimes Bathsheba's maids, or the \"messengers\" sent by David are shown, and often a distant David watching from his roof.",
"The messengers are sometimes confused with David himself, but most artists follow the Bible in keeping David at a distance in this episode.",
"Paintings with articles include: ",
"Bathsheba at Her Bath (Rembrandt), Louvre, the most famous painting of the subject.",
"Bathsheba at her Bath (Veronese), 1575, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon, France.",
"Atypically, Bathsheba is clothed in this."
] | [
3
] |
Cover versions | "We Found Love" was preformed by Ed Sheeran for Sirus when? | We Found Love | true | 0MUSIC
| [
15
] | [
"British pop rock band McFly covered \"We Found Love\" on their \"Keep Calm And Play Lounder\" tour 2012.",
"Kele Okereke sang a verse of the song as the intro to his band Bloc Party's song \"Flux\" on their June 2012 U.K. tour.",
"British alternative rock band Coldplay covered the song on October 27, 2011, during a performance at BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge.",
"Jocelyn Vena of MTV News called the performance \"flawless\", writing \"Lead singer Chris Martin's haunting vocals and the band's acoustic rendition, using drums, piano and guitar, play up the sadness of the track.\"",
"Jason Lipshutz of \"Billboard\" magazine also noted that the band used \"piano flourishes, a kick drum and a simple guitar lick to convey the song's romantic declaration\", while making a ballad which was \"reminiscent of Bruno Mars emotional reworking of Katy Perry's 'California Gurls.",
"Matthew Perpetua of \"Rolling Stone\" wrote: \"It may surprise that their rendition is actually pretty good.",
"Whereas Rihanna's version is a thumping rave anthem, Chris Martin and company transform it into a lovely piano ballad nearly indistinguishable from many of their own songs.\"",
"A writer for \"The Hollywood Reporter\" said: \"Martin's vocals blend with the piano for a slightly softer take on the tragic love story.\"",
"On February 17, 2012, British singer Jessie J made a cover of the song on BBC Radio1's Live Lounge.",
"Lea Michele and Naya Rivera covered the song in the climax of the third season's tenth episode of \"Glee\", \"Yes/No\".",
"Romanian X Factor contestant Diana Hetea performed \"We Found Love\" in the \"Public's Choice Gala\" on December 10, 2011.",
"Even though ill of laryngitis, Hetea's performance was praised all three judges that called it \" Perfect match for her!\"",
"both visually and vocally.",
"Kris Allen also covered the song mashing it with other songs by Katy Perry and other female artists.",
"Carmen Smith also performed \"We Found Love\" for her battle round in the Australian Version of the Voice which saw her through to next round.",
"In October 2012, British singer Ed Sheeran did an acoustic cover of the song for Sirius XM Radio.",
"Lindsey Stirling covered it in a music video filmed in a Kenyan village."
] | [
2
] |
Plot | What is Oscar's daughter's name? | Fruitvale Station | true | 6MOVIES
| [
1,
9
] | [
"The film tells the story of Oscar Grant III, a 22-year-old from Hayward, California and his experiences on the last day of his life, before he was fatally shot by BART Police in the early morning hours of New Year's Day 2009.",
"The story begins with Oscar and his girlfriend Sophina dropping off their daughter Tatiana at day care.",
"Oscar stops by his old job at the deli counter of a grocery store from which he had been fired two weeks prior.",
"He discards his stash of marijuana in an effort to get on a good path, and then attends his mother's birthday party.",
"She encourages him to take BART to the festivities in San Francisco, which Oscar and his friends do.",
"The train to the festivities is stalled temporarily, but Oscar and his friends turn the train into a party scene.",
"On the return train, a customer from the grocery store recognizes Oscar and calls out his name, which leads him to be identified by a former fellow inmate, leading to a scuffle.",
"The police pull Oscar and his friends off the train, and one of the officers shoots Oscar in the back while Oscar is being held down.",
"Oscar's friends are released and they convene with Oscar's mother and girlfriend at the hospital, where they are told that he has died.",
"Sophina picks up Tatiana from Sophina's sister's house where she spent the night, and the movie ends as Tatiana asks where her father is."
] | [
0
] |
Abstract | Who painted Starry Night? | The Starry Night | false | 3ART
| [
0
] | [
"Starry Night () is a painting by the Dutch post-impressionist artist Vincent van Gogh.",
"Painted in June 1889, it depicts the view outside of his sanitarium room window at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence (located in southern France) at night, although it was painted from memory during the day.",
"It has been in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, part of the Lillie P. Bliss Bequest, since 1941.",
"The painting is among Van Gogh's most well-known works and marks a decisive turn towards greater imaginative freedom in his art."
] | [
3
] |
China | How are sausages cured? | Sausage | false | 9FOOD
| [
5
] | [
"A European-like-style smoked savory \"hóng cháng\" (红肠 \"red sausage\") is produced in Harbin, China's northernmost major city.",
"It is another notable product similar to Lithuanian and Polish sausages including kiełbasa and \"podhalańska\", in that they tend to be of a much more European flavours than other Chinese sausages.",
"This kind of sausage was first produced in a Russian-capitalized factory named Churin sausage factory in 1909, Since then Harbin style sausage become popular in China, especially in northern regions.",
"Lap cheong (also lap chong, lap chung, lop chong) are dried pork sausages that look and feel like pepperoni, but are much sweeter.",
"In southwestern China, sausages are flavored with salt, red pepper and wild pepper.",
"People often cure sausages by smoking and air drying."
] | [
5
] |
Abstract | Which band released the lead single "Everybody Talks" in 2011? | Everybody Talks | false | 0MUSIC
| [
0,
1
] | [
"\"Everybody Talks\" is the lead single from American rock band Neon Trees' second studio album \"Picture Show\".",
"It was released on December 20, 2011 in the United States as a digital download on iTunes.",
"It soon became a sleeper hit.",
"The song made it to #6 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, making this song their highest charting single to date, as well as their first top 10 hit.",
"The song was mixed and engineered by Billy Bush and mastered by Joe LaPorta.",
"As of October 2012, the song has sold over 2 million digital downloads.",
"It also hit #7 on the Alternative Songs chart, their 1st Top 10 hit after Animal, it also hit #1 on the Adult Pop Songs, their 1st song to do so.",
"\"Everybody Talks\" was inspired by early 1960s pop music; Tyler Glenn said that \"We fell in love with a lot of like Roy Orbison and the Motown music that my dad listens to.\""
] | [] |
Evolution of life | what inhabitated the earth 3 billion years agi | Evolution | false | 8SCIENCE
| [
1
] | [
" of life.",
"Prokaryotes inhabited the Earth from approximately 3–4 billion years ago.",
"*</ref> No obvious changes in morphology or cellular organisation occurred in these organisms over the next few billion years.",
"The eukaryotic cells emerged between 1.6 – 2.7 billion years ago.",
"The next major change in cell structure came when bacteria were engulfed by eukaryotic cells, in a cooperative association called endosymbiosis.",
"The engulfed bacteria and the host cell then underwent co-evolution, with the bacteria evolving into either mitochondria or hydrogenosomes.",
"Another engulfment of cyanobacterial-like organisms led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants.",
"*</ref>The history of life was that of the unicellular eukaryotes, prokaryotes and archaea until about 610 million years ago when multicellular organisms began to appear in the oceans in the Ediacaran period.",
"The evolution of multicellularity occurred in multiple independent events, in organisms as diverse as sponges, brown algae, cyanobacteria, slime moulds and myxobacteria.",
"Soon after the emergence of these first multicellular organisms, a remarkable amount of biological diversity appeared over approximately 10 million years, in an event called the Cambrian explosion.",
"Here, the majority of types of modern animals appeared in the fossil record, as well as unique lineages that subsequently became extinct.",
"Various triggers for the Cambrian explosion have been proposed, including the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere from photosynthesis.",
"*</ref>About 500 million years ago, plants and fungi colonised the land and were soon followed by arthropods and other animals.",
"Insects were particularly successful and even today make up the majority of animal species.",
"Amphibians first appeared around 364 million years ago, followed by early amniotes and birds around 155 million years ago (both from \"reptile\"-like lineages), mammals around 129 million years ago, homininae around 10 million years ago and modern humans around 250,000 years ago.",
"However, despite the evolution of these large animals, smaller organisms similar to the types that evolved early in this process continue to be highly successful and dominate the Earth, with the majority of both biomass and species being prokaryotes."
] | [
0
] |
Culture | Does Hong Kong limit the media? | Hong Kong | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
17
] | [
"Hong Kong is frequently described as a place where \"East meets West\", reflecting the culture's mix of the territory's Chinese roots with influences from its time as a British colony.",
"Concepts like \"feng shui\" are taken very seriously, with expensive construction projects often hiring expert consultants, and are often believed to make or break a business.",
"Other objects like Ba gua mirrors are still regularly used to deflect evil spirits, and buildings often lack any floor number that has a 4 in it, due to its similarity to the word for \"die\" in Cantonese.",
"The fusion of east and west also characterises Hong Kong's cuisine, where dim sum, hot pot, and fast food restaurants coexist with haute cuisine.",
"Hong Kong is a recognised global centre of trade, and calls itself an \"entertainment hub\".",
"Its martial arts film genre gained a high level of popularity in the late 1960s and 1970s.",
"Several Hollywood performers, notable actors and martial artists have originated from Hong Kong cinema, notably Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, Chow Yun-fat, Michelle Yeoh, Maggie Cheung and Jet Li.",
"A number of Hong Kong film-makers have achieved widespread fame in Hollywood, such as John Woo, Wong Kar-wai, and Stephen Chow.",
"Homegrown films such as \"Chungking Express\", \"Infernal Affairs\", \"Shaolin Soccer\", \"Rumble in the Bronx\", \"In the Mood for Love\" and \"Echoes of the Rainbow\" have gained international recognition.",
"Hong Kong is the centre for Cantopop music, which draws its influence from other forms of Chinese music and Western genres, and has a multinational fanbase.",
"The Hong Kong government supports cultural institutions such as the Hong Kong Heritage Museum, the Hong Kong Museum of Art, the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, and the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra.",
"The government's Leisure and Cultural Services Department subsidises and sponsors international performers brought to Hong Kong.",
"Many international cultural activities are organised by the government, consulates, and privately.",
"Hong Kong has two licensed terrestrial broadcasters – ATV and TVB.",
"There are three local and a number of foreign suppliers of cable and satellite services.",
"The production of Hong Kong's soap dramas, comedy series, and variety shows reach audiences throughout the Chinese-speaking world.",
"Magazine and newspaper publishers in Hong Kong distribute and print in both Chinese and English, with a focus on sensationalism and celebrity gossip.",
"The media in Hong Kong is relatively free from official interference compared to Mainland China, although the \"Far Eastern Economic Review\" points to signs of self-censorship by media whose owners have close ties to or business interests in the People's Republic of China and states that even Western media outlets are not immune to growing Chinese economic power.",
"Hong Kong offers wide recreational and competitive sport opportunities despite its limited land area.",
"It sends delegates to international competitions such as the Olympic Games and Asian Games, and played host to the equestrian events during the 2008 Summer Olympics.",
"There are major multipurpose venues like Hong Kong Coliseum and MacPherson Stadium.",
"Hong Kong's steep terrain and extensive trail network with expansive views attracts hikers, and its rugged coastline provides many beaches for swimming."
] | [] |
Other terms | "Made fast" and "belayed" both refer to what? | Sailing | true | 4SPORT
| [
4
] | [
"Walls are called \"bulkheads\" or \"ceilings\", while the surfaces referred to as ceilings on land are called 'overheads'or 'deckheads'.",
"Floors are called 'soles' or \"decks\".",
"\"Broken up\" was the fate of a ship that hit a \"rocky point\" or was simply no longer wanted.",
"The toilet is traditionally called the 'head', the kitchen is the \"galley\".",
"When lines are tied off, this may be referred to as 'made fast' or 'belayed.'",
"Sails in different sail plans have unchanging names, however.",
"For the naming of sails, see sail-plan."
] | [
0
] |
Ski flying | Who is the "father" of ski flying? | Ski jumping | false | 4SPORT
| [
7
] | [
"Ski Flying is an extension of ski jumping.",
"The events take place on hills with a K-point of at least .",
"The first ski flying hill was built in Planica in Slovenia.",
"In 1936, the FIS started to regulate the construction of the jumping hills and issued international standards for their construction and maintenance.",
"Back then, it was forbidden to build a ski jumping hill which made it possible to make jumps longer than 80 meters.",
"Nevertheless the first-ever ski flying hill was built in Planica, Slovenia.",
"It took several more years before competitions on this hill were approved by FIS.",
"The \"father\" of ski flying is Janez Gorišek, an engineer, sportsman and enthusiastic sport-promoter who designed the Planica ski-jump.",
"There are five ski flying hills in the world today: Vikersundbakken in Vikersund, Norway; Oberstdorf, Germany; Kulm Austria; Letalnica, Planica, Slovenia; and Harrachov, Czech Republic.",
"A sixth hill, Copper Peak in the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan, is currently disused, although there are plans to rebuild it to FIS standards.",
"There are plans for more ski flying hills, even for an indoor ski flying hill in Ylitornio, Finland.",
"The biggest hill is Vikersundbakken in Vikersund.",
"Jumps of more than have occurred at all ski flying hills.",
"The current World Record is , set by Norwegian Johan Remen Evensen at Vikersund in 2011.",
"The \"Fédération Internationale de Ski\" (FIS) Ski flying World Championships started in 1972 and occur biennially.",
"The 2010 FIS World Championships in ski flying were organised in Planica, and in 2012 the FIS World Championships took place in Vikersund, Norway.1992, 1994, 1996, 1998 \"Ski flying World Championships\" individual day event wins in two series also counted as an individual \"World Cup\" win."
] | [
3
] |
History | Is there a limit for how big a refracting telescope can be? | Telescope | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
8
] | [
"The earliest recorded working telescopes were the refracting telescopes that appeared in the Netherlands in 1608.",
"Their development is credited to three individuals: Hans Lippershey and Zacharias Janssen, who were spectacle makers in Middelburg, and Jacob Metius of Alkmaar.",
"Galileo heard about the Dutch telescope in June 1609, built his own within a month, and greatly improved upon the design in the following year.",
"The idea that the objective, or light-gathering element, could be a mirror instead of a lens was being investigated soon after the invention of the refracting telescope.",
"The potential advantages of using parabolic mirrors—reduction of spherical aberration and no chromatic aberration—led to many proposed designs and several attempts to build reflecting telescopes.",
"In 1668, Isaac Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope, of a design which now bears his name, the Newtonian reflector.",
"The invention of the achromatic lens in 1733 partially corrected color aberrations present in the simple lens and enabled the construction of shorter, more functional refracting telescopes.",
"Reflecting telescopes, though not limited by the color problems seen in refractors, were hampered by the use of fast tarnishing speculum metal mirrors employed during the 18th and early 19th century—a problem alleviated by the introduction of silver coated glass mirrors in 1857, and aluminized mirrors in 1932.",
"The maximum physical size limit for refracting telescopes is about 1 meter (40 inches), dictating that the vast majority of large optical researching telescopes built since the turn of the 20th century have been reflectors.",
"The largest reflecting telescopes currently have objectives larger than 10 m (33 feet).",
"The 20th century also saw the development of telescopes that worked in a wide range of wavelengths from radio to gamma-rays.",
"The first purpose built radio telescope went into operation in 1937.",
"Since then, a tremendous variety of complex astronomical instruments have been developed."
] | [
5
] |
Blocks | Which block is used to offset the periodic table? | Periodic table | false | 8SCIENCE
| [
5
] | [
"The different regions of the periodic table are sometimes referred to as \"blocks\" in recognition of the sequence in which the electron shells of the elements are filled.",
"Each block is named according to the subshell in which the \"last\" electron notionally resides.",
"The s-block comprises the first two groups (alkali metals and alkaline earth metals) as well as hydrogen and helium.",
"The p-block comprises the last six groups which are groups 13 to 18 in IUPAC (3A to 8A in American) and contains, among other elements, all of the metalloids.",
"The d-block comprises groups 3 to 12 in IUPAC (or 3B to 2B in American group numbering) and contains all of the transition metals.",
"The f-block, usually offset below the rest of the periodic table, comprises the lanthanides and actinides."
] | [] |
Health and nutrition | How many milligrams of calcium does a serving of Cheddar cheese contain? | Cheese | false | 9FOOD
| [
3
] | [
"The nutritional value of cheese varies widely.",
"Cottage cheese may consist of 4% fat and 11% protein; some whey cheeses 15% fat and 11% protein,; and some triple-crème cheeses 36% fat and 7% protein.",
"In general, cheese supplies a great deal of calcium, protein, phosphorus and fat.",
"A serving of Cheddar cheese contains about of protein and 200 milligrams of calcium.",
"Nutritionally, cheese is essentially concentrated milk: it takes about of milk to provide that much protein, and to equal the calcium."
] | [
5
] |
Demographics | What percent of Russians belongs to a European ethnic group? | Russia | true | 5COUNTRY
| [
16
] | [
"Ethnic Russians comprise 81% of the country's population.",
"The Russian Federation is also home to several sizeable minorities.",
"In all, 160 different other ethnic groups and indigenous peoples live within its borders.",
"Though Russia's population is comparatively large, its density is low because of the country's enormous size.",
"Population is densest in European Russia, near the Ural Mountains, and in southwest Siberia.",
"73% of the population lives in urban areas while 27% in rural ones.",
"The results of the 2010 Census show a total population of 142,856,536.",
"Russia's population peaked at 148,689,000 in 1991, just before the dissolution of the Soviet Union.",
"It began to experience a rapid decline starting in the mid-1990s.",
"The decline has slowed to near stagnation in recent years because of reduced death rates, increased birth rates and increased immigration.",
"In 2009, Russia recorded annual population growth for the first time in fifteen years, with total growth of 10,500.",
"279,906 migrants arrived to the Russian Federation the same year, of which 93% came from CIS countries.",
"The number of Russian emigrants steadily declined from 359,000 in 2000 to 32,000 in 2009.",
"There are also an estimated 10 million illegal immigrants from the ex-Soviet states in Russia.",
"Roughly 116 million ethnic Russians live in Russia and about 20 million more live in other former republics of the Soviet Union, mostly in Ukraine and Kazakhstan.",
"The 2010 census recorded 81% of the population as ethnically Russian, and 19% as other ethnicities: 3.7% Tatars; 1.4% Ukrainians; 1.1% Bashkirs; 1% Chuvashes; 11.8% others and unspecified.",
"According to the Census, 84.93% of the Russian population belongs to European ethnic groups (Slavic, Germanic, Finnic other than Ugric, Greek, and others).",
"This is a decline from the 2002, when they constituted for more than 86% of the population.",
"Russia's birth rate is higher than that of most European countries (12.6 births per 1000 people in 2010 compared to the European Union average of 9.90 per 1000), but its death rate is also substantially higher (in 2010, Russia's death rate was 14.3 per 1000 people compared to the EU average of 10.28 per 1000).",
"The Russian Ministry of Health and Social Affairs predicted that by 2011 the death rate would equal the birth rate because of increase in fertility and decline in mortality.",
"The government is implementing a number of programs designed to increase the birth rate and attract more migrants.",
"Monthly government child-assistance payments were doubled to US$55, and a one-time payment of US$9,200 was offered to women who had a second child since 2007.",
"In 2006, in a bid to compensate for the country's demographic decline, the Russian government started simplifying immigration laws and launched a state program \"for providing assistance to voluntary immigration of ethnic Russians from former Soviet republics\".",
"In 2009 Russia experienced its highest birth rate since the dissolution of the Soviet Union.",
"In 2012, the birth rate increased again.",
"Russia recorded 1,896,263 births, the highest number since 1990, and even exceeding annual births during the period 1967–1969, with a TFR of about 1.7, the highest since 1991.",
"(Source: Vital statistics table below)In August 2012, as the country saw its first demographic growth since the 1990s, President Putin declared that Russia's population could reach 146 million by 2025, mainly as a result of immigration."
] | [
0
] |
Javelin throw | When was the first modern Olympic javelin throw? | Track and field | false | 4SPORT
| [
7
] | [
"As an implement of war and hunting, javelin throwing began in prehistoric times.",
"Along with the discus, the javelin was the second throwing event in the ancient Olympic pentathlon.",
"Records from 708 BC show two javelin competition types co-existing: throwing at a target and throwing the javelin for distance.",
"It was the latter type from which the modern event derives.",
"In ancient competitions, athletes would wrap an \"ankyle\" (thin leather strip) around the javelin that acted as a sling to facilitate extra distance.",
"The javelin throw gained much popularity in Scandinavia in the late 18th century and athletes from the region are still among the most dominant throwers in men's competitions.",
"The modern event features a short run up on a track and then the thrower releases the javelin before the foul line.",
"The first Olympic men's javelin throw contest was held in 1908 and a women's competition was introduced in 1932.",
"The first javelins were made of various types of wood, but in the 1950s, former athlete Bud Held introduced a hollow javelin, then a metal javelin, both of which increased throwers performances.",
"Another former athlete, Miklós Németh invented the rough-tailed javelin and throws reached in excess of 100 m – edging towards the limits of stadia.",
"The distances and the increasing number of horizontal landings led the IAAF to redesign the men's javelin to reduce distance and increase the implement's downward pitching moment to allow for easier measurement.",
"Rough-tailed designs were banned in 1991 and all marks achieved with such javelins were removed from the record books.",
"The women's javelin underwent a similar redesign in 1999.",
"The current javelin specifications are 2.6 to 2.7 m in length and 800 grams in weight for men, and between 2.2 to 2.3 m and 600 g for women."
] | [
2
] |
Sports | When did the UAE national cricket team qualify for the World Cup? | United Arab Emirates | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
11,
12,
13
] | [
"Football is a popular sport in the UAE.",
"Emirati football clubs Al-Ain, Al-Wasl, Al-Shabbab ACD, Al-Sharjah, Al-Wahda, and Al-Ahli are the most popular teams and enjoy the reputation of long-time regional champions.",
"The United Arab Emirates Football Association was first established in 1971 and since then has dedicated its time and effort to promoting the game, organizing youth programs and improving the abilities of not only its players, but of the officials and coaches involved with its regional teams.",
"The UAE national football team qualified for the FIFA World Cup in 1990 with Egypt.",
"It was the third consecutive World Cup with two Arab nations qualifying, after Kuwait and Algeria in 1982, and Iraq and Algeria again in 1986.",
"The UAE won the Gulf Cup Championship two times.",
"They won the first cup in January 2007 held in Abu Dhabi and has won the recent cup in January 2013 held in Bahrain.",
"Cricket is one of the most popular sports in the UAE, largely because of the expatriate population from the Indian subcontinent, the United Kingdom, and Australia.",
"The Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium in Sharjah has hosted 4 international test cricket matches so far.",
"Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium in Abu Dhabi also hosted international cricket matches.",
"Dubai has two cricket stadiums (Dubai Cricket Ground No.1 and No.2) with a third, the DSC Cricket Stadium as part of Dubai Sports City.",
"Dubai is also home to the International Cricket Council.",
"The UAE national cricket team qualified for the 1996 Cricket World Cup and narrowly missed out on qualification for the 2007 Cricket World Cup.",
"Formula One is particularly popular in the United Arab Emirates, and is annually held at the picturesque Yas Marina Circuit.",
"The race is held at evening time, and is the first ever Grand Prix to start in daylight and finish at night.",
"Other popular sports include camel racing, falconry, endurance riding, and tennis."
] | [
2
] |
Dependent and independent variables for a process | In thermodynamics, how is a process described? | Thermodynamics | false | 8SCIENCE
| [
0
] | [
"A process is described by changes in values of state variables of systems or by quantities of exchange of matter and energy between systems and surroundings.",
"The change must be specified in terms of prescribed variables.",
"The choice of which variables are to be used is made in advance of consideration of the course of the process, and cannot be changed.",
"Certain of the variables chosen in advance are called the independent variables.",
"From changes in independent variables may be derived changes in other variables called dependent variables.",
"For example a process may occur at constant pressure with pressure prescribed as an independent variable, and temperature changed as another independent variable, and then changes in volume are considered as dependent.",
"Careful attention to this principle is necessary in thermodynamics."
] | [
5
] |
Abstract | When was "How to Save a Life" released? | How to Save a Life | false | 0MUSIC
| [
1
] | [
"How to Save a Life is the debut album by American alternative rock group The Fray.",
"Released on September 13, 2005 through Epic Records, the record charted in the top 15 on the \"Billboard\" 200 and was a top ten hit in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the UK.",
"The first two singles from the album, \"Over My Head (Cable Car)\" and \"How to Save a Life\" helped the album become a commercial success and brought the band mainstream popularity.",
"Critical reception to the album was mixed.",
"The piano-rock style of the album drew comparisons with British piano-driven bands like Keane and Coldplay.",
"The album was certified double platinum by the RIAA, and was also certified platinum in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and in the UK.",
"The album went on to become the best-selling digital album of all time, breaking the record held previously by Coldplay's \"X&Y\".",
"It was ranked #21 on \"Billboard\"'s list of the \"Best Digital Albums of the Decade\"."
] | [
2,
5
] |
Environment | When did Japan begin to introduce environmental protection laws? | Japan | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
1
] | [
"In the period of rapid economic growth after World War II, environmental policies were downplayed by the government and industrial corporations; as a result, environmental pollution was widespread in the 1950s and 1960s.",
"Responding to rising concern about the problem, the government introduced several environmental protection laws in 1970.",
"The oil crisis in 1973 also encouraged the efficient use of energy because of Japan's lack of natural resources.",
"Current environmental issues include urban air pollution (NOx, suspended particulate matter, and toxics), waste management, water eutrophication, nature conservation, climate change, chemical management and international co-operation for conservation.",
"Japan is one of the world's leaders in the development of new environment-friendly technologies, and is ranked 26th best in the world in the 2014 Environmental Performance Index.",
"As a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol, and host of the 1997 conference which created it, Japan is under treaty obligation to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps to curb climate change."
] | [
2
] |
Aftermath | Cao Cao recently lost which land that Lui Bei occupied? | Battle of Red Cliffs | true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
4
] | [
"By the end of 209, the post Cao Cao had established at Jiangling fell to Zhou Yu.",
"The borders of the land under Cao Cao's control contracted about , to the area around Xiangyang .",
"Liu Bei, on the other hand, had gained territory by taking over the four commanderies (Wuling, Changsha, Lingling and Guiyang) south of the Yangtze River.",
"Sun Quan's troops had suffered far greater casualties than Liu Bei's in the extended conflict against Cao Ren following the Battle of Red Cliffs , and the death of Zhou Yu in 210 resulted in a drastic weakening of Sun Quan's strength in Jing Province .",
"Liu Bei also occupied Jing Province that Cao Cao had recently lost — a strategic and naturally fortified area on the Yangtze River that Sun Quan claimed for himself.",
"The control of Jing Province provided Liu Bei with virtually unlimited access to the passage into Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) and important waterways into Wu (southeastern China), as well as dominion of the southern Yangtze River.",
"Never again would Cao Cao command so large a fleet as he had at Jiangling, nor would a similar opportunity to destroy his southern rivals present itself again .",
"The Battle of Red Cliffs and the capture of Jing Province by Liu Bei confirmed the separation of southern China from the northern heartland of the Yellow River valley, and also foreshadowed a north-south axis of hostility which would resonate for centuries ."
] | [] |
Abstract | What was the country Thailand formerly known as? | Thailand | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
0
] | [
"Thailand ( or ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (, ; ), formerly known as Siam (; ), is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia.",
"It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma.",
"Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.",
"The country is a constitutional monarchy, headed by King Rama IX, the ninth king of the House of Chakri, who, having reigned since 1946, is the world's longest-serving current head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history.",
"The king of Thailand is titled Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, Adherent of Buddhism, and Upholder of religions.",
"Thailand is the world's 51st-largest country in terms of total area, with an area of approximately , and is the 20th-most-populous country, with around 64 million people.",
"The capital and largest city is Bangkok, which is Thailand's political, commercial, industrial and cultural hub.",
"About 75–85% of the population is ethnically Tai, which includes the four major regional groups, consisting of Central Thai (Khon Pak Klang): 30%; Northeastern Thai (Khon Isan): 22%, Northern Thai (Khon Lanna): 9%; and Southern Thai (Khon Tai): 7%.",
"Thai Chinese, those of significant Chinese heritage, are 14% of the population and up to 40% possess part-Chinese ancestry.",
"Thai Malays represent 3% of the population and the rest belong to minority groups, including Mons, Khmers and various \"hill tribes\".",
"The country's official language is Thai and the primary religion is Buddhism, which is practised by around 95% of the population.",
"Thailand experienced rapid economic growth between 1985 and 1996, and is presently a newly industrialized country and a major exporter.",
"Tourism also contributes significantly to the Thai economy.",
"The country was ranked second in the 2014 United Nations Human Development Index (HDI), which measures quality of life according to areas such as life expectancy and income.",
"There are approximately 2.2 million legal and illegal migrants in Thailand, and the country attracts a significant number of expatriates from developed countries."
] | [
0
] |
Books/essays | When did Notes of a Painter come out? | Henri Matisse | true | 3ART
| [
0
] | [
" Notes of a Painter, 1908",
" Painter's Notes on Drawing, 1930.",
" \"Jazz\", 1947",
" \"Matisse on Art\", collected by Jack D. Flam, 1973.",
"ISBN 0-7148-1518-7",
" \"Chatting with Henri Matisse: The Lost 1941 Interview\", Getty Publications 2013.",
"ISBN 978-1-60606-128-2"
] | [
2
] |
Abstract | Who sings Stronger? | Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You) | false | 0MUSIC
| [
0
] | [
"Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)\"Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)\" is a song by American recording artist Kelly Clarkson and the titular song from her fifth studio album, \"Stronger\" (2011).",
"Originally titled as \"What Doesn't Kill You (Stronger)\", the song served as the album's second single on January 17, 2012 through RCA Records.",
"Written by Jörgen Elofsson, Ali Tamposi, and David Gamson, with additional writing and production by Greg Kurstin, \"Stronger\" is an uptempo song which draws from the genres of pop rock, dance-pop, and electropop.",
"Its lyrical content mainly explores themes of empowerment and recovery following a heartbreak, with the chorus inspired by a Friedrich Nietzsche quotation: \"That which does not kill us makes us stronger.",
"\"Upon its release, \"Stronger\" was met with positive reviews from music critics, who considered it to be the musical highlight of \"Stronger\".",
"Clarkson's vocal performance and song's production received particular praise, while criticism targeted the song's lyrical content.",
"Commercially, \"Stronger\" became her most successful single to date.",
"In the United States, it became her third song to top the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart for three non-consecutive weeks, surpassing \"A Moment Like This\" (2002) and \"My Life Would Suck Without You\" (2009) as her longest-running number one single on the chart.",
"It also topped fifteen other \"Billboard\" charts, including Adult Pop Songs, Adult Contemporary, Hot Dance Club Songs, and Pop Songs charts, more than any other song Clarkson has ever released.",
"Internationally, \"Stronger\" topped the national charts of Poland and Slovakia and attained a top-ten position in over fifteen countries around the world, eventually selling over five million copies worldwide, becoming one of the best-selling singles of all time.",
"Its success helped its parent album to sustain commercial longevity for over a year.",
"\"Stronger\" merited consideration for several industry awards—including three Grammy Award nominations, and a World Music Award nomination.",
"The song's accompanying music video was filmed by Shane Drake, which incorporates the theme of a global flash mob dance, featuring submitted videos of people dancing to the song.",
"The music video garnered positive reception from critics who felt that its overall impact was exuberant.",
"It earned Clarkson a nomination for a MuchMusic Video Award.",
"With its continued success, she performed \"Stronger\" on several live award shows and television appearances around the world, debuting it during the first season of the \"The X Factor\" (U.S.) and performing it on the 37th season of \"Saturday Night Live\", the 2012 MuchMusic Video Awards, and the 2012 American Music Awards.",
"Clarkson also included the song in the set list of her Stronger Tour and on the encore set of her 2012 Summer Tour with The Fray."
] | [
3
] |
Abstract | Where was the office first made? | The Office | false | 1TV
| [
0
] | [
"The Office is a popular mockumentary/cringe comedy sitcom that was first made in the United Kingdom and has now been remade in many other countries, with overall viewership in the hundreds of millions worldwide.",
"The original UK version was created by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant.",
"It starred Gervais as the boss and main character.",
"First broadcast on BBC Two on 9 July 2001, the show ran for 14 episodes – two series of six episodes and a two-part Christmas special.",
"The longest running version is the U.S. version which ran for 9 seasons from 2005 to 2013.",
"The German version is also still in production and has seen 46 episodes over five seasons.",
"At least the UK and US versions share the same fictional universe.",
"In 2010, Gervais announced that work was starting on a Chinese version of \"The Office\"."
] | [
4
] |
Background and composition | Who encouraged Lennon and McCartney to write a song? | I Want to Hold Your Hand | false | 0MUSIC
| [
0
] | [
"Although it is said that Brian Epstein had encouraged Lennon and McCartney to write a song to appeal to American listeners this has been denied by George Martin.",
"McCartney had recently moved into 57 Wimpole Street, London, where he was living as a guest of Dr Richard and Margaret Asher, whose daughter, actress Jane Asher, had become McCartney’s girlfriend after meeting him earlier in the year.",
"This location briefly became Lennon and McCartney's new writing base, taking over from McCartney’s Forthlin Road home in Liverpool.",
"Margaret Asher taught the oboe in the \"small, rather stuffy music room\" in the basement where Lennon and McCartney sat at the piano and composed 'I Want to Hold Your Hand'.",
"In September 1980, Lennon told \"Playboy\" magazine:In 1994, McCartney agreed with Lennon's description of the circumstances surrounding the composition of \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\", saying:"
] | [
3
] |
Critical | What did Janet Maslin of the "New York Times" say about the cast's performances? | The Usual Suspects | true | 6MOVIES
| [
10
] | [
"\"The Usual Suspects\" was well received by most critics, and it has an 88% rating at Rotten Tomatoes and a 77 metascore on Metacritic.",
"While embraced by most viewers and critics, the film was the subject of harsh derision by some.",
"Roger Ebert, in a review for the \"Chicago Sun-Times,\" gave the film one and a half stars out of four, considering it confusing and uninteresting.",
"He also included the movie in his \"most hated films\" list.",
"\"USA Today\" rated the film two and a half stars out of four, calling it \"one of the most densely plotted mysteries in memory—though paradoxically, four-fifths of it is way too easy to predict.\"",
"However, \"Rolling Stone\" praised Spacey, saying his \"balls-out brilliant performance is Oscar bait all the way.\"",
"In his review for \"The Washington Post\", Hal Hinson wrote, \"Ultimately, \"The Usual Suspects\" may be too clever for its own good.",
"The twist at the end is a corker, but crucial questions remain unanswered.",
"What's interesting, though, is how little this intrudes on our enjoyment.",
"After the movie you're still trying to connect the dots and make it all fit—and these days, how often can we say that?\"",
"In her review for \"The New York Times\", Janet Maslin praised the performances of the cast: \"Mr. Singer has assembled a fine ensemble cast of actors who can parry such lines, and whose performances mesh effortlessly despite their exaggerated differences in demeanor ...",
"Without the violence or obvious bravado of \"Reservoir Dogs,\" these performers still create strong and fascinatingly ambiguous characters.\"",
"\"The Independent\" praised the film's ending: \"The film's coup de grace is as elegant as it is unexpected.",
"The whole movie plays back in your mind in perfect clarity—and turns out to be a completely different movie to the one you've been watching (rather better, in fact).\""
] | [
0
] |
Legal system and judiciary | Is Hong Kong's legal system tied to China's? | Hong Kong | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
0
] | [
"Hong Kong's legal system is completely independent from the legal system of mainland China.",
"In contrast to mainland China's civil law system, Hong Kong continues to follow the English Common Law tradition established under British rule.",
"The essence of English common law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying legal precedent (\"stare decisis\") to the facts before them.",
"For example, murder is a common law crime rather than one established by an Act of Parliament.",
"Common law can be amended or repealed by Parliament; murder, for example, now carries a mandatory life sentence rather than the death penalty.",
"According to Article 92 of the Basic Law, Hong Kong's courts may refer to decisions rendered by courts of other common law jurisdictions as precedents, and judges from other common law jurisdictions, most commonly England, Canada and Australia, are allowed to sit as non-permanent judges of the Court of Final Appeal.",
"Structurally, the court system consists of the Court of Final Appeal, the High Court, which is made up of the Court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance, and the District Court, which includes the Family Court.",
"Other adjudicative bodies include the Lands Tribunal, the Magistrates' Courts, the Juvenile Court, the Coroner's Court, the Labour Tribunal, the Small Claims Tribunal, and the Obscene Articles Tribunal.",
"Justices of the Court of Final Appeal are appointed by Hong Kong's Chief Executive.",
"The Court of Final Appeal has the power of final adjudication with respect to the law of Hong Kong as well as the power of final interpretation over local laws including the power to strike down local ordinances on the grounds of inconsistency with the Basic LawThe Department of Justice is responsible for handling legal matters for the government.",
"Its responsibilities include providing legal advice, criminal prosecution, civil representation, legal and policy drafting and reform, and international legal cooperation between different jurisdictions.",
"Apart from prosecuting criminal cases, lawyers of the Department of Justice act on behalf of the government in all civil and administrative lawsuits against the government.",
"As protector of the public interest, the department may apply for judicial reviews and may intervene in any cases involving the greater public interest.",
"The Basic Law protects the Department of Justice from any interference by the government when exercising its control over criminal prosecution."
] | [] |
International Space Station (1993–present) | How long does a typical expedition crew spend on the ISS? | NASA | false | 8SCIENCE
| [
8
] | [
"International Space Station (1993–present).",
"The International Space Station (ISS) combines NASA's \"Space Station Freedom\" project with the Soviet/Russian \"Mir-2\" station, the European \"Columbus\" station, and the Japanese Kibō laboratory module.",
"NASA originally planned in the 1980s to develop \"Freedom\" alone, but US budget constraints led to the merger of these projects into a single multi-national program in 1993, managed by NASA, the Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).",
"The station consists of pressurized modules, external trusses, solar arrays and other components, which have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and the US Space Shuttles.",
"It is currently being assembled in Low Earth Orbit.",
"The on-orbit assembly began in 1998, the completion of the US Orbital Segment occurred in 2011 and the completion of the Russian Orbital Segment is expected by 2016.",
"The ownership and use of the space station is established in intergovernmental treaties and agreements which divide the station into two areas and allow Russia to retain full ownership of the Russian Orbital Segment (with the exception of Zarya), with the US Orbital Segment allocated between the other international partners.",
"Long duration missions to the ISS are referred to as ISS Expeditions.",
"Expedition crew members typically spend approximately six months on the ISS.",
"The initial expedition crew size was three, temporarily decreased to two following the Columbia disaster.",
"Since May 2009, expedition crew size has been six crew members.",
"Crew size is expected to be increased to seven, the number the ISS was designed for, once the Commercial Crew Program becomes operational.",
"The ISS has been continuously occupied for the past , having exceeded the previous record held by Mir; and has been visited by astronauts and cosmonauts from 15 different nations.",
"The station can be seen from the Earth with the naked eye and, , is the largest artificial satellite in Earth orbit with a mass and volume greater than that of any previous space station.",
"The Soyuz spacecraft delivers crew members, stays docked for their half-year long missions and then returns them home.",
"Several uncrewed cargo spacecraft service the ISS, they are the Russian Progress spacecraft which has done so since 2000, the European Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) since 2008, the Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) since 2009, the American Dragon spacecraft since 2012 and the American Cygnus spacecraft since 2013.",
"The Space Shuttle, before its retirement, was also used for cargo transfer and would often switch out expedition crew members, although it did not have the capability to remain docked for the duration of their stay.",
"Until another US manned spacecraft is ready, crew members will travel to and from the International Space Station exclusively aboard the Soyuz.",
"The highest number of people occupying the ISS has been thirteen; this occurred three times during the late Shuttle ISS assembly missions.",
"The ISS program is expected to continue until at least 2020 but may be extended until 2028 or possibly beyond that."
] | [
5
] |
Soundtrack | What track is number 9 on the soundtrack album for Dallas Buyers Club? | Dallas Buyers Club | true | 6MOVIES
| [
8
] | [
" \"Sweet Thang\" by Shuggie Otis – 4:09 ",
" \"Following Morning\" by The Naked And Famous – 5:03 ",
" \"Hell and Back\" by The Airborne Toxic Event – 3:52 ",
" \"Ready to Be Called On\" by My Morning Jacket – 3:46 ",
" \"Life of the Party\" by Blondfire – 3:23 ",
" \"The Walker\" (Ryeland Allison remix) by Fitz And The Tantrums – 3:28 ",
" \"Shudder to Think\" by Tegan & Sara – 3:24 ",
" \"Mad Love\" (Acoustic) by Neon Trees – 3:39 ",
" \"Main Man\" (T. Rex cover) by Portugal.",
"The Man – 6:15 ",
" \"Stayin' Alive\" (Bee Gees cover) by Capital Cities – 4:03 ",
" \"Romance Languages\" by Cold War Kids – 2:52 ",
" \"Burn It Down\" (Innerpartysystem remix) by AWOLNATION – 4:56 ",
" \"After the Scripture\" by Manchester Orchestra – 4:36 ",
" \"City of Angels\" (Acoustic) by Thirty Seconds To Mars – 4:29 ",
" \"Main Man\" by T. Rex – 4:13 ",
" \"Life Is Strange\" by T. Rex – 2:32",
" \"Ballrooms of Mars\" by T. Rex"
] | [
0
] |
Cast | Who plays Jarvis in Wake in Fright? | Wake in Fright | false | 6MOVIES
| [
10
] | [
" Gary Bond as John Grant",
" Donald Pleasence as Doc Tydon",
" Chips Rafferty as Jock Crawford",
" Sylvia Kay as Janette Hynes",
" John Meillon as Charlie",
" Jack Thompson as Dick",
" Peter Whittle as Joe",
" Al Thomas as Tim Hynes",
" Dawn Lake as Joyce",
" John Armstrong as Atkins",
" Slim de Grey as Jarvis",
" Maggie Dence as receptionist",
" Norman Erskine as Joe the cook"
] | [
3
] |
Provinces and territories | How does the federal government initiate nation policies such as the Canada Health Act? | Canada | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
4
] | [
"Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories.",
"In turn, these may be grouped into four main regions: Western Canada, Central Canada, Atlantic Canada, and Northern Canada (\"Eastern Canada\" refers to Central Canada and Atlantic Canada together).",
"Provinces have more autonomy than territories, having responsibility for social programs such as health care, education, and welfare.",
"Together, the provinces collect more revenue than the federal government, an almost unique structure among federations in the world.",
"Using its spending powers, the federal government can initiate national policies in provincial areas, such as the Canada Health Act; the provinces can opt out of these, but rarely do so in practice.",
"Equalization payments are made by the federal government to ensure that reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and poorer provinces."
] | [
5
] |
Recording and production | Who came up with the album title "Some Nights"? | Some Nights | false | 0MUSIC
| [
11
] | [
"The most common creative process in the recording of \"Some Nights\" began with Ruess.",
"Ruess would come in with lyrics and a melody, leading Andrew Dost and guitarist Jack Antonoff to build chord structure and instrumentation from there, or \"support that melody.\"",
"Dost noted that in recording, despite the composer's well-defined framework, the individuals' egos \"pretty much disappear\" and \"everybody is happy to work towards the best possible song\" cohesively together.",
"The dynamic between Bhasker and the band in the studio was mutually inspired, as Bhasker had never worked with a rock band before and Fun had never worked with a hip-hop producer.",
"Bhasker particularly enjoyed recording guitars with guitarist Jack Antonoff as he wasn't used to it, and Dost felt hearing Bhasker compose beats was \"mind-blowing.",
"\"The emphasis for Ruess on \"Some Nights\" was to make the songs more cohesive, as he felt his writing was \"all over the place.\"",
"This meant creating songs that were concise instead of being \"long and drawn out.\"",
"Bhasker was a proponent of using a single instrument to provide the biggest sounds, desiring not to \"over-cram songs with ideas,\" declaring that everything that makes the song must be well-chosen.",
"Janelle Monáe collaborated with the trio on \"We Are Young\" through a friendship with Bhasker.",
"Bhasker was credited with bringing the band a bigger sound and an entirely new sonic translation to the band not present on their debut, \"Aim and Ignite\".",
"The album creates a mix of indie pop, theatric rock, and hip-hop—a sound that is credited to Bhasker.",
"\"Some Nights\" as a title floated around before any songs for the album were even created and was envisioned by Ruess.",
"It was inspired by how personalities can change on any given night.",
"Although the album isn't a concept album, the title changed the band's ideas for the album considerably, with Dost stating, \"It's really nice once you have a title to know what the parameters are of what you're working on as a whole.\"",
"The band completed production on the album in October 2011.",
"Ruess called the seven months spent recording the record the most rewarding of any in his ten years of professional music work, calling it his career highlight."
] | [
3
] |
Phase 2: Battle for Smolensk (3 July – 5 August 1941) | What date did the battle for Smolensk end? | Operation Barbarossa | false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
0
] | [
"Phase 2: Battle for Smolensk (3 July – 5 August 1941).",
"On 3 July, Hitler finally gave the go-ahead for the Panzers to resume their drive east after the infantry divisions had caught up.",
"However, a rainstorm typical of Russian summers slowed their progress and Russian defenses stiffened.",
"The delays gave the Soviets time to organize a massive counterattack against Army Group Center.",
"Its ultimate objective was Smolensk, which commanded the road to Moscow.",
"Facing the Germans was an old Soviet defensive line held by six armies.",
"On 6 July, the Soviets attacked the 3rd Panzer Army with 700 tanks.",
"The Germans defeated this counterattack with overwhelming air superiority.",
"The 2nd Panzer Army crossed the River Dnieper and closed on Smolensk from the south while the 3rd Panzer Army, after defeating the Soviet counterattack, closed on Smolensk from the north.",
"Trapped between their pincers were three Soviet armies.",
"On 18 July, the Panzer Groups came to within sixteen kilometres of closing the gap but the trap would not snap shut until 26 July.",
"When the Panzer Groups finally closed the gap, 300,000 Red Army soldiers were captured; but liquidating the pocket took another ten days in which time 100,000 Red Army soldiers escaped to stand between the Germans and Moscow.",
"Four weeks into the campaign, the Germans realized they had grossly underestimated Soviet strength.",
"The German troops had used their initial supplies without attaining the expected strategic freedom of movement.",
"Operations were now slowed down to allow for resupply; the delay was to be used to adapt strategy to the new situation.",
"Hitler had lost faith in encirclement as large numbers of Soviet soldiers had escaped the pincers.",
"Hitler now believed he could defeat the Soviets by economic damage, depriving them of the industrial capacity to continue the war.",
"That meant seizing the industrial center of Kharkov, the Donets Basin and the oil fields of the Caucasus in the south and the speedy capture of Leningrad, a major center of military production, in the north.",
"He also wanted to link up with the Finns to the north.",
"Fedor von Bock and almost all the German generals involved in Operation \"Barbarossa\", vehemently argued in favor of continuing the all-out drive toward Moscow.",
"Besides the psychological importance of capturing the enemy's capital, the generals pointed out that Moscow was a major center of arms production and the center of the Soviet communications and transportation system.",
"More importantly, intelligence reports indicated that the bulk of the Red Army was deployed near Moscow under Semyon Timoshenko for an all-out defense of the capital.",
"But Hitler was adamant, and issued a direct order to Heinz Guderian, bypassing his commanding officer von Bock, to send Army Group Centre's tanks to the north and south, temporarily halting the drive to Moscow."
] | [
0
] |
Anatomical theories | Who discussed Dr. Meshberger's interpretation? | The Creation of Adam | false | 3ART
| [
3
] | [
"Several hypotheses have been put forward about the meaning of \"The Creation of Adam\"'s highly original composition, many of them taking Michelangelo's well-documented expertise in human anatomy as their starting point.",
"In 1990, an Anderson, Indiana physician named Frank Lynn Meshberger, M.D.",
"noted in the medical publication the \"Journal of the American Medical Association\" that the background figures and shapes portrayed behind the figure of God appeared to be an anatomically accurate picture of the human brain.",
"Dr. Meshberger's interpretation has been discussed by Dr. Mark Lee Appler.",
"On close examination, borders in the painting correlate with major sulci of the cerebrum in the inner and outer surface of the brain, the brain stem, the frontal lobe, the basilar artery, the pituitary gland and the optic chiasm.",
"Alternatively, it has been observed that the red cloth around God has the shape of a human uterus (one art historian has called it a \"uterine mantle\"), and that the scarf hanging out, coloured green, could be a newly cut umbilical cord.",
"\"This is an interesting hypothesis that presents the Creation scene as an idealised representation of the physical birth of man.",
"It explains the navel that appears on Adam, which is at first perplexing because he was created, not born of a woman.\""
] | [
3
] |
Abstract | Compared to other countries, where does Australian rank in terms of size (by total area)? | Australia | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
1
] | [
"Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands.",
"It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area.",
"Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.",
"For at least 40,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians,who spoke languages grouped into roughly 250 language groups.",
"After the discovery of the continent by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788.",
"The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.",
"On 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia.",
"Since Federation, Australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy.",
"The federation comprises six states and several territories.",
"The population of 23.1 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated in the eastern states.",
"Australia is a developed country and one of the wealthiest in the world, with the world's 12th-largest economy.",
"In 2012 Australia had the world's fifth-highest per capita income, Australia's military expenditure is the world's 13th-largest.",
"With the second-highest human development index globally, Australia ranks highly in many international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, health, education, economic freedom, and the protection of civil liberties and political rights.",
"Australia is a member of the United Nations, G20, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Trade Organization, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, and the Pacific Islands Forum."
] | [
4
] |
Democratization (1999-) | When did Umaru Yar'Adua come into power? | Nigeria | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
4
] | [
"Democratization (1999-).",
"Nigeria regained democracy in 1999 when it elected Olusegun Obasanjo, the former military head of state, as the new President of Nigeria ending almost 33 years of military rule (from 1966 until 1999) excluding the short-lived second republic (between 1979 and 1983) by military dictators who seized power in coups d'état and counter-coups during the Nigerian military juntas of 1966–1979 and 1983–1998.",
"Although the elections which brought Obasanjo to power in 1999 and again in 2003 were condemned as unfree and unfair, Nigeria has shown marked improvements in attempts to tackle government corruption and to hasten development.",
"Ethnic violence over the oil producing Niger Delta region and inadequate infrastructures are some of the issues in the country.",
"Umaru Yar'Adua of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) came into power in the general election of 2007 – an election that was witnessed and condemned by the international community as being severely flawed.",
"Yar'Adua died on 5 May 2010.",
"Dr. Goodluck Jonathan was sworn in as Yar'Adua's replacement on 6 May 2010, becoming Nigeria's 14th Head of State, while his vice, a former Kaduna State governor, Namadi Sambo, an architect, was chosen on 18 May 2010, by the National Assembly following President Goodluck Jonathan's nomination for Sambo to be his Vice-President.",
"Goodluck Jonathan served as Nigeria's president till 16 April 2011, when a new presidential election in Nigeria was conducted.",
"Goodluck Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 April 2011, having won the election by a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party, the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast.",
"The international media reported the elections as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud in contrast to previous elections."
] | [
2
] |
Russian military attaché's office | Who's confession declared the Russian Military Attaché Artamonov involvement in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand? | Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria | true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
0
] | [
"Apis's confession to ordering the assassination of Franz Ferdinand states that Russian Military Attaché Artamonov promised Russia's protection from Austria-Hungary if Serbia's intelligence operations became exposed and that Russia had funded the assassination.",
"Artamonov denied the involvement of his office in an interview with Albertini.",
"Artamonov stated that he went on vacation to Italy leaving Assistant Military Attaché Alexander Werchovsky in charge and though he was in daily contact with Apis he did not learn of Apis's role until after the war had ended.",
"Albertini writes that he “remained unconvinced by the behavior of this officer.” Werchovsky admitted the involvement of his office and then fell silent on the subject.",
"There is evidence that Russia was at least aware of the plot before 14 June.",
"De Schelking writes: "
] | [
3
] |
Critical response | What was Body of Proof's score on Metacritic? | Body of Proof | true | 1TV
| [
1
] | [
"Critical response.",
"The show was met with mixed reviews: Metacritic summarizes the opinions of 21 critics in giving the show's first season a score of 56 out of 100.",
"\"Entertainment Weekly\" included the show in the 10 TV events to look forward to in 2011.",
"Critic David Hinckley from the New York \"Daily News\" gave the show a positive review, noting it \"would be interesting enough if it were just \"Quincy\" with better legs.",
"Add the other elements and you have something worth checking out at 10 o'clock\".",
"Other reviews were more negative, commenting on the clichéd plot and character development.",
"\"Las Vegas Weekly\" critic Josh Bell commented that \"The problem is that Megan’s personal issues are as clichéd and clumsily presented as her boilerplate murder cases, and the show makes strained connections between the two that don’t really hold together.\"",
"\"The Detroit News\" called it \"Saggy, predictable and preachy, the series debut was delayed for months and still doesn't have what it takes to impress viewers.",
"What a poor replacement for \"Detroit 1-8-7\" (\"Detroit 1–8–7\" was canceled and \"Body of Proof\" was renewed).\"",
"The \"Los Angeles Times\" said \"Murphey and the writers will have to do a lot of heavy lifting for \"Body of Proof\" to transcend its immediate predictability.",
"There's only so much Delany can do with a cardboard show.",
"God may be in the details, but the walls still have to hold.\""
] | [
0
] |
Languages | What percentage of Germans are bilingual? | Germany | true | 5COUNTRY
| [
4
] | [
"German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany.",
"It is one of 23 official languages in the European Union, and one of the three working languages of the European Commission.",
"Recognised native minority languages in Germany are Danish, Low German, Sorbian, Romany, and Frisian; they are officially protected by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.",
"The most used immigrant languages are Turkish, Kurdish, Polish, the Balkan languages, and Russian.",
"67% of German citizens claim to be able to communicate in at least one foreign language and 27% in at least two languages other than their own.</ref>Standard German is a West Germanic language and is closely related to and classified alongside English, Low German, Dutch, and the Frisian languages.",
"To a lesser extent, it is also related to the East (extinct) and North Germanic languages.",
"Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family.",
"Significant minorities of words are derived from Latin and Greek, with a smaller amount from French and most recently English (known as Denglisch).",
"German is written using the Latin alphabet.",
"German dialects, traditional local varieties traced back to the Germanic tribes, are distinguished from varieties of standard German by their lexicon, phonology, and syntax."
] | [
0
] |
Nutritional facts | How is the amount of crude protein measured? | Cereal | true | 9FOOD
| [
5
] | [
"Some grains are deficient in the essential amino acid lysine.",
"That is why many vegetarian cultures, in order to get a balanced diet, combine their diet of grains with legumes.",
"Many legumes, on the other hand, are deficient in the essential amino acid methionine, which grains contain.",
"Thus, a combination of legumes with grains forms a well-balanced diet for vegetarians.",
"Common examples of such combinations are dal (lentils) with rice by South Indians and Bengalis, dal with wheat in Pakistan and North India, and beans with corn tortillas, tofu with rice, and peanut butter with wheat bread (as sandwiches) in several other cultures, including Americans.",
"The amount of crude protein found in grain is measured as the grain crude protein concentration."
] | [
5
] |
Early life | What mental illness do historians think Jackson Pollock may have suffered from? | Jackson Pollock | true | 3ART
| [
16
] | [
"Pollock was born in Cody, Wyoming, in 1912, the youngest of five sons.",
"His parents, Stella May (née McClure) and LeRoy Pollock, were born and grew up in Tingley, Iowa and were educated at Tingley High School.",
"Pollock's mother is interred at Tingley Cemetery, Ringgold County, Iowa.",
"His father had been born with the surname McCoy but took the surname of his adoptive parents, neighbors who adopted him after his own parents had died within a year of each other.",
"Stella and LeRoy Pollock were Presbyterian; they were of Irish and Scots-Irish descent, respectively.",
"LeRoy Pollock was a farmer and later a land surveyor for the government, moving for different jobs.",
"Jackson grew up in Arizona and Chico, California.",
"While living in Echo Park, California, he enrolled at Los Angeles' Manual Arts High School, from which he was expelled.",
"He already had been expelled in 1928 from another high school.",
"During his early life, Pollock explored Native American culture while on surveying trips with his father.",
"In 1930, following his older brother Charles Pollock, he moved to New York City, where they both studied under Thomas Hart Benton at the Art Students League.",
"Benton's rural American subject matter had little influence on Pollock's work, but his rhythmic use of paint and his fierce independence were more lasting.",
"From 1938 to 1942, during the Great Depression, Pollock worked for the WPA Federal Art Project.",
"Trying to deal with his established alcoholism, from 1938 through 1941 Pollock underwent Jungian psychotherapy with Dr. Joseph Henderson and later with Dr. Violet Staub de Laszlo in 1941-1942.",
"Henderson engaged him through his art, encouraging Pollock to make drawings.",
"Jungian concepts and archetypes were expressed in his paintings.",
"Recently historians have hypothesized that Pollock might have had bipolar disorder."
] | [
0
] |
Conservation issues | Who is the Malaysian government talking with to standardized anti-trafficking laws? | Malaysia | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
15
] | [
"Logging, along with cultivation practices has devastated tree cover, causing severe environmental degradation in the country.",
"Over 80 per cent of Sarawak's rainforest has been cleared.",
"Floods in East Malaysia have been worsened by the loss of trees, and over 60 per cent of the Peninsular's forest have been cleared.",
"With current rates of deforestation, the forests are predicted to be extinct by 2020.",
"Deforestation is a major problem for animals, fungi and plants, as the forest is cut to make room for plantations.",
"Most remaining forest is found inside national parks.",
"Habitat destruction has proved a threat for marine life.",
"Illegal fishing is another major threat, with fishing methods such as dynamite fishing and poisoning depleting marine ecosystems.",
"Leatherback turtle numbers have dropped 98 per cent since the 1950s.",
"Hunting has also been an issue for some animals, with overconsumption and the use of animal parts for profit endangering many animals, from marine life to tigers.",
"Marine life is also detrimentally affected by uncontrolled tourism.",
"The Malaysian government aims to balance economic growth with environmental protection, but has been accused of favouring big business over the environment.",
"Some state governments are now trying to counter the environmental impact and pollution created by deforestation; and the federal government is trying to cut logging by 10 per cent each year.",
"28 national parks have been established; 23 in East Malaysia and five in the Peninsular.",
"Tourism has been limited in biodiverse areas such as Sipadan island.",
"Animal trafficking is a large issue, and the Malaysian government is holding talks with the governments of Brunei and Indonesia to standardise anti-trafficking laws."
] | [
3
] |
Modern women's ice hockey | By the end of 2013 how many IIHF World Women's Championships tournaments did the IIHF hold? | Ice hockey | false | 4SPORT
| [
5
] | [
"Women's ice hockey.",
"Modern women's ice hockey.",
"Ice hockey is one of the fastest growing women's sports in the world, with the number of participants increasing 350 percent in the last 10 years.",
"In 2011, Canada had 85,827 women players, United States had 65,609, Finland 4,760, Sweden 3,075 and Switzerland 1,172.",
"While there are not as many organized leagues for women as there are for men, there exist leagues of all levels, including the Canadian Women's Hockey League, Western Women's Hockey League, Mid-Atlantic Women's Hockey League, and various European leagues; as well as university teams, national and Olympic teams, and recreational teams.",
"By the end of 2013, the IIHF had held fifteen IIHF World Women's Championship tournaments.",
"The USHL welcomed the first female professional hockey player in 1969–70, when the Marquette Iron Rangers signed Karen Koch.",
"Women's ice hockey was added as a medal sport at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan.",
"The United States won the gold, Canada won the silver and Finland won the bronze medal.",
"The chief difference between women's and men's hockey is that body checking is not allowed in women's hockey.",
"After the 1990 Women's World Championship, body checking was eliminated in women's hockey.",
"In current IIHF women's competition, body checking is either a minor or major penalty, decided at the referee's discretion.",
"In addition, players in women's competition are required to wear protective full-face masks.",
"One woman, Manon Rhéaume, appeared as a goaltender for the NHL's Tampa Bay Lightning in pre-season games against the St. Louis Blues and the Boston Bruins, and in 2003 Hayley Wickenheiser played with the Kirkkonummi Salamat in the Finnish men's Suomi-sarja league.",
"Several women have competed in North American minor leagues, including goaltenders Kelly Dyer, Erin Whitten, Manon Rhéaume, and defenceman Angela Ruggiero."
] | [
5
] |
Background | What was the date that the RCA Music Group announced that it would be disbanding? | Blow Me (One Last Kiss) | false | 0MUSIC
| [
0
] | [
"On October 7, 2011, RCA Music Group announced that it would be disbanding Jive Records, along with Arista and J Records.",
"With the shutdown, Pink and all other artists previously signed to the labels, would release any future material through RCA Records.",
"In 2011, Joe Riccitelli, an executive with the label, announced that Pink was preparing to enter the studio to begin work on her sixth studio album, to be released in September 2012.",
"On February 29, 2012, Pink took to her Twitter account and confirmed that she is currently in the writing process for her new record.",
"On June 19, 2012, Pink announced via a video on Twitter that the first single from her upcoming album will be called \"Blow Me (One Last Kiss)\" and that it would be released on July 9, 2012.",
"She added, \"I think you're going to like it, because I really like it, and I like it enough for all of us.\"",
"However, the demo version of the song leaked on July 1, 2012, a week before its scheduled release.",
"The next day, it was released via Pink's official page and her YouTube account.",
"On July 4, 2012, Pink announced that her sixth studio album will be titled \"The Truth About Love\".",
"Speaking to Billboard Magazine in August 2012, Greg Kurstin revealed that he and the singer had trouble coming up with a name for the track.",
"The producer had been working with Pink on an intense nine-day songwriting session that yielded six songs.",
"One particular track, an empowering breakup anthem in the vein of \"So What,\" seemed like it might be written and recorded within a day-it just needed a title.",
"\"She kept coming back to 'Let's throw in the towel,' and it was one of those things where we had to say, 'Is that line really the song?'\"",
"Kurstin recalled.",
"\"So then I came back with 'Blow me … one last kiss' and we got really excited.",
"Most of the time with Pink she's so strong writing lyrics I don't really interfere.",
"I let her do her thing.",
"That could've been the only time I did that.\""
] | [
0
] |
Wind considerations | How much does the Eiffel Tower move as a result of wind? | Eiffel Tower | true | 2TRAVEL
| [
6
] | [
"At the time the tower was built many people were shocked by its daring shape.",
"Eiffel was accused of trying to create something artistic without regard to engineering.",
"However, Eiffel and his engineers, as experienced bridge builders, understood the importance of wind forces and knew that if they were going to build the tallest structure in the world they had to be certain it would withstand them.",
"In an interview with the newspaper \"Le Temps (Paris)\" of 14 February 1887, Eiffel said:Eiffel used empirical and graphical methods accounting for the effects of wind rather than a specific mathematical formula.",
"Careful examination of the tower shows a basically exponential shape (actually two different exponentials, the lower section overdesigned to ensure resistance to wind forces.",
"Several mathematical explanations have been proposed over the years for the success of the design; the most recent is described as a nonlinear integral equation based on counterbalancing the wind pressure on any point on the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point.",
"As proof of the tower's effectiveness in wind resistance, it sways only 6–7 cm (2–3 in) in the wind."
] | [
5
] |
Governing bodies | Where are the FIFA headquarters located? | Association football | false | 4SPORT
| [
1
] | [
"The recognised international governing body of football (and associated games, such as futsal and beach soccer) is FIFA.",
"The FIFA headquarters are located in Zurich.",
"Six regional confederations are associated with FIFA; these are:",
" Asia: Asian Football Confederation (AFC)",
" Africa: Confederation of African Football (CAF)",
" Europe: Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)",
" North/Central America & Caribbean: Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF)",
" Oceania: Oceania Football Confederation (OFC)",
" South America: Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol/Confederação Sul-americana de Futebol (South American Football Confederation; CONMEBOL)",
"National associations oversee football within individual countries.",
"These are generally synonymous with sovereign states, (for example: the Fédération Camerounaise de Football in Cameroon) but also include a smaller number of associations responsible for sub-national entities or autonomous regions (for example the Scottish Football Association in Scotland).",
"208 national associations are affiliated both with FIFA and with their respective continental confederations.",
"While FIFA is responsible for arranging competitions and most rules related to international competition, the actual Laws of the Game are set by the International Football Association Board, where each of the UK Associations has one vote, while FIFA collectively has four votes."
] | [
4
] |
History | In 1985 who stole from the Musee Marmottan Monet? | Impression, Sunrise | true | 3ART
| [
10
] | [
"Dated 1872, its subject is the harbour of Le Havre in France, using very loose brush strokes that suggest rather than delineate it.",
"Monet explained the title later:Landscape is nothing but an impression, and an instantaneous one, hence this label that was given us, by the way because of me.",
"I had sent a thing done in Le Havre, from my window, sun in the mist and a few masts of boats sticking up in the foreground.",
"...",
"They asked me for a title for the catalogue, it couldn't really be taken for a view of Le Havre, and I said: 'Put \"Impression\".'",
"It was first displayed in 1874 during the first independent art show of the Impressionists (who were not yet known by that name).",
"Critic Louis Leroy, inspired by the painting's name, titled his hostile review of the show in \"Le Charivari\" newspaper, \"The Exhibition of the Impressionists\", thus inadvertently naming the new art movement.",
"He wrote:Impression—I was certain of it.",
"I was just telling myself that, since I was impressed, there had to be some impression in it … and what freedom, what ease of workmanship!",
"Wallpaper in its embryonic state is more finished than that seascape.",
"The painting was stolen from the Musée Marmottan Monet in 1985 by Philippe Jamin and Youssef Khimoun but recovered in 1990.",
"Since 1991 it has been back on display in the museum."
] | [
3
] |
Objections over the unattributed use of recordings of 9/11 victims | Her family asked that the films distributors make a charitable donation in who's name? | Zero Dark Thirty | false | 6MOVIES
| [
2
] | [
"According to the relatives of Betty Ong, a flight attendant on a hijacked American Airlines plane, a clip from her call to headquarters was used in the beginning of the film without attribution.",
"They demanded that, if the film won any awards, the filmmakers apologize at the Academy Awards ceremony for using the clip without getting her heirs' consent.",
"Her family also asked that the film's U.S. distributors make a charitable donation in Ong's name, and should go on record that the Ong family does not endorse the use of torture.",
"The end of the film already includes a statement paying tribute to the victims and the families of the 9/11 attacks, and the film producers have already contributed to the memorial and museum being built at Ground Zero.",
"Mary and Frank Fetchet, parents of Brad Fetchet, who worked on the 89th floor of the World Trade Center's south tower, criticized the filmmakers for using a recording of their son's voicemail without permission.",
"The recording has previously been heard in broadcast TV news reports and in testimony for the 9/11 Commission."
] | [
3
] |
History | What is the expansion for IBM? | Computer science | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
21
] | [
"The earliest foundations of what would become computer science predate the invention of the modern digital computer.",
"Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks such as the abacus have existed since antiquity, aiding in computations such as multiplication and division.",
"Blaise Pascal designed and constructed the first working mechanical calculator, Pascal's calculator, in 1642.",
"In 1673 Gottfried Leibniz demonstrated a digital mechanical calculator, called the 'Stepped Reckoner'.",
"He may be considered the first computer scientist and information theorist, for, among other reasons documenting the binary number system.",
"In 1820, Thomas de Colmar launched the mechanical calculator industry when he released his simplified arithmometer, which was the first calculating machine strong enough and reliable enough to be used daily in an office environment.",
"Charles Babbage started the design of the first \"automatic mechanical calculator\", his difference engine, in 1822, which eventually gave him the idea of the first \"programmable mechanical calculator\", his Analytical Engine.",
"He started developing this machine in 1834 and \"in less than two years he had sketched out many of the salient features of the modern computer.",
"A crucial step was the adoption of a punched card system derived from the Jacquard loom\" making it infinitely programmable.",
"In 1843, during the translation of a French article on the \"analytical engine\", Ada Lovelace wrote, in one of the many notes she included, an algorithm to compute the Bernoulli numbers, which is considered to be the first computer program.",
"Around 1885, Herman Hollerith invented the tabulator which used punched cards to process statistical information; eventually his company became part of IBM.",
"In 1937, one hundred years after Babbage's impossible dream, Howard Aiken convinced IBM, which was making all kinds of punched card equipment and was also in the calculator business to develop his giant programmable calculator, the ASCC/Harvard Mark I, based on Babbage's \"analytical engine\", which itself used cards and a central computing unit.",
"When the machine was finished, some hailed it as \"Babbage's dream come true\".",
"During the 1940s, as new and more powerful computing machines were developed, the term \"computer\" came to refer to the machines rather than their human predecessors.",
"As it became clear that computers could be used for more than just mathematical calculations, the field of computer science broadened to study computation in general.",
"Computer science began to be established as a distinct academic discipline in the 1950s and early 1960s.",
"The world's first computer science degree program, the Cambridge Diploma in Computer Science, began at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory in 1953.",
"The first computer science degree program in the United States was formed at Purdue University in 1962.",
"Since practical computers became available, many applications of computing have become distinct areas of study in their own right.",
"Although many initially believed it was impossible that computers themselves could actually be a scientific field of study, in the late fifties it gradually became accepted among the greater academic population.",
"It is the now well-known IBM brand that formed part of the computer science revolution during this time.",
"IBM (short for International Business Machines) released the IBM 704 and later the IBM 709 computers, which were widely used during the exploration period of such devices.",
"\"Still, working with the IBM was frustrating...if you had misplaced as much as one letter in one instruction, the program would crash, and you would have to start the whole process over again\".",
"During the late 1950s, the computer science discipline was very much in its developmental stages, and such issues were commonplace.",
"Time has seen significant improvements in the usability and effectiveness of computing technology.",
"Modern society has seen a significant shift in the users of computer technology, from usage only by experts and professionals, to a near-ubiquitous user base.",
"Initially, computers were quite costly, and some degree of human aid was needed for efficient use - in part from professional computer operators.",
"As computer adoption became more widespread and affordable, less human assistance was needed for common usage."
] | [
0
] |
Activities | How close are scenic flights allowed to fly to the rim of the Grand Canyon? | Grand Canyon | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
14
] | [
"Aside from casual sightseeing from the South Rim (averaging 7,000 feet [2,100 m] above sea level), rafting, hiking, running and helicopter tours are especially popular.",
"The Grand Canyon Ultra Marathon is a race over 24 hours.",
"The floor of the valley is accessible by foot, muleback, or by boat or raft from upriver.",
"Hiking down to the river and back up to the rim in one day is discouraged by park officials because of the distance, steep and rocky trails, change in elevation, and danger of heat exhaustion from the much higher temperatures at the bottom.",
"Rescues are required annually of unsuccessful rim-to-river-to-rim travelers.",
"Nevertheless, hundreds of fit and experienced hikers complete the trip every year.",
"Camping on the North and South Rims is generally restricted to established campgrounds and reservations are highly recommended, especially at the busier South Rim.",
"There is at large camping available along many parts of the North Rim managed by Kaibab National Forest.",
"North Rim campsites are only open seasonally due to road closures from weather and winter snowpack.",
"All overnight camping below the rim requires a backcountry permit from the Backcountry Office (BCO).",
"Each year Grand Canyon National Park receives approximately 30,000 requests for backcountry permits.",
"The park issues 13,000 permits, and close to 40,000 people camp overnight.",
"The earliest a permit application is accepted is the first of the month, four months before the proposed start month.",
"Tourists wishing for a more vertical perspective can board helicopters and small airplanes in Las Vegas, Phoenix and Grand Canyon National Park Airport (seven miles from the South Rim) for canyon flyovers.",
"Scenic flights are no longer allowed to fly within 1500 feet of the rim within the national park because of a late 1990s crash.",
"The last aerial video footage from below the rim was filmed in 1984.",
"However, some helicopter flights land on the Havasupai and Hualapai Indian Reservations within Grand Canyon (outside of the park boundaries).",
"Recently, the Hualapai Tribe opened the glass-bottomed Grand Canyon Skywalk on their property, Grand Canyon West.",
"The Skywalk has seen mixed reviews since the site is only accessible by driving down a dirt road, costs a minimum of $85 in total for reservation fees, a tour package and admission to the Skywalk itself and the fact that cameras or other personal equipment are not permitted on the Skywalk at any time due to the hazard of damaging the glass if dropped.",
"The Skywalk is about by road from Grand Canyon Village at the South Rim."
] | [
5
] |
Zambia's independence and Rhodesia's UDI | When did Zambia re-open their border? | Victoria Falls | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
3
] | [
"In 1964, Northern Rhodesia became the independent state of Zambia.",
"The following year, Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence.",
"This was not recognized by Zambia, the United Kingdom or the vast majority of states and led to United Nations-mandated sanctions.",
"In response to the emerging crisis, in 1966 Zambia restricted or stopped border crossings; it did not re-open the border completely until 1980.",
"Guerilla warfare arose on the southern side of the Zambezi from 1972: the Rhodesian Bush War.",
"Visitor numbers began to drop, particularly on the Rhodesian side.",
"The war affected Zambia through military incursions, causing the latter to impose security measures including the stationing of soldiers to restrict access to the gorges and some parts of the falls.",
"Zimbabwe's internationally recognised independence in 1980 brought comparative peace, and the 1980s witnessed renewed levels of tourism and the development of the region as a centre for adventure sports.",
"Activities that gained popularity in the area include whitewater rafting in the gorges, bungee jumping from the bridge, game fishing, horse riding, kayaking, and flights over the falls."
] | [
2
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.