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Widmar v. Vincent
Facts & Majority opinion
Upon appeal, the Eighth Circuit reversed the district court, whereupon the university appealed to the US Supreme Court. Majority opinion In an 8-1 decision, Justice Lewis Powell wrote for the majority, The University's argument [that to allow Cornerstone access to the rooms] misconceives the nature of this case. The question is not whether the creation of a religious forum would violate the Establishment Clause. The University has opened its facilities for use by student groups, and the question is whether it can now exclude groups because of the content of their speech. In this context, we are unpersuaded that the primary
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Widmar v. Vincent
Majority opinion & Stevens' concurring opinion & Dissenting opinion
effect of the public forum, open to all forms of discourse, would be to advance religion. Powell concluded that it was specious to argue that this use of the rooms would "advance" religion, and thus Cornerstone won its case. Stevens' concurring opinion Justice Stevens concurred in the Court's opinion, but wrote a concurrence to note a minor disagreement about whether or not the situation even amounted to a "forum". Dissenting opinion Justice White held that, while the university was not prohibited from granting Cornerstone the right to use the rooms for religious service, strongly asserted that the university had no obligation
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Widmar v. Vincent
Dissenting opinion & Aftermath
to do so. What is "can do" is not the same as what it "must do", he stated. Aftermath In 1984, Congress passed a law, the Equal Access Act of 1984, which extended the effect of the Court's opinion in Widmar to all secondary schools that receive federal education funds.
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Yada Tashy
Yadachy
Yada Tashy Yadachy Yadachy (Turkish: Yadacı/Yadaçı) in Turkic tradition, were men believed to have an inborn supernatural ability to protect their estate, village, or region against destructive weather conditions, such as storms, hail, or torrential rains. It was believed that the souls of these men could leave their bodies in sleep, to intercept and fight with demonic beings imagined as bringers of bad weather. Having defeated the demons and taken away the stormy clouds they brought, the protectors would return into their bodies and wake up tired. Yadachy of an area usually fought together against the attacking Yadachy of another area
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Yada Tashy
Yadachy
who were bringing a storm and hail clouds above their fields. The victorious Yadachy would loot the yield of all agricultural produce from the territory of their defeated foes, and take it to their own region. Although Yadachy could be women and children, most were adult men. Their supernatural power was thought to be inborn. In many regions it was regarded that the Yadachy were born with a caul—white or red, depending on the regional belief. The mother would dry the caul and sew into a piece of garment always worn by the child, such as a pouch attached under
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Yada Tashy
Yadachy & Neighboring cultures
the child's armpit. Adverse weather such as a storm or hail could devastate crop fields and orchards, and thus jeopardize the livelihood of farmers in the affected area. A role of Yadachy, according to folk tradition, was to lead storms and hail clouds away from their family estates, villages, or regions, to save their crops. A Yadachy could take the storms and hail clouds over the territory of another Yadachy to destroy its crops. The other Yadachy would fly up to confront the bringer of bad weather, and there would be a fight between the Yadachy. Neighboring cultures Zduhać (Cyrillic:
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Yada Tashy
Neighboring cultures
Здухаћ) in Serbian and Bulgarian, Macedonian, and Serbian traditions, was a person believed to have an ability to protect their village against destructive weather conditions. In Montenegro, eastern Herzegovina, part of Bosnia, and the Sandžak region of south-western Serbia, a man who was thought to be able to protect his estate, village, or region from bad weather was called a Zduhać or a stuha. According to philologist Franz Miklosich, the Serbian word stuhać is cognate with the Old Slavonic stuhia (стѹхїа) or stihia (стихїа) "the elements". According to linguists Petar Skok and Norbert Jokl, stuhać stems from the Albanian stuhi
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Yada Tashy
Neighboring cultures
"storm". In any case, the form zduhać may have resulted from folk etymology through association with the Serbian duh "spirit".
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Yang Kyoungjong
World War II
Yang Kyoungjong World War II In 1938, at the age of 18, he was in Manchuria when he was conscripted into the Kwantung Army of the Imperial Japanese Army to fight against the Soviet Union. At the time, Korea was ruled by Japan. During the Battle of Khalkhin Gol, he was captured by the Soviet Red Army and sent to a Gulag labor camp. Because of Soviet manpower shortages in the fight against Nazi Germany, he was pressed, in 1942, into fighting in the Red Army, along with thousands of other prisoners. He was sent to the Eastern Front of Europe. In 1943,
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Yang Kyoungjong
World War II
he was captured by Wehrmacht soldiers in eastern Ukraine during the Third Battle of Kharkov, and then joined the "Eastern Battalions" to fight for Germany. Yang was sent to Occupied France to serve in a battalion of former Soviet prisoners of war on the Cotentin peninsula in Normandy, close to Utah Beach. After the D-Day landings in northern France by the Allied forces, Yang was captured by paratroopers of the United States Army in June 1944. The Americans initially believed him to be a Japanese soldier in German uniform; at the time, Lieutenant Robert Brewer of the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment,
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Yang Kyoungjong
World War II & Later life & Identification
101st Airborne Division, reported that his regiment had captured four Asians in German uniform after the Utah Beach landings, and that initially no one was able to communicate with them. Yang was sent to a prison camp in Britain and later transferred to a camp in the United States. Later life Yang Kyoungjong, a German prisoner-of-war, was released by the US Army from captivity in 1947. He became a US citizen and moved to Illinois, United States, where he lived until his death, in 1992. Identification After the invasion of Normandy on D-Day, a photo (left) was taken of an
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Yang Kyoungjong
Identification
unidentified man in Wehrmacht attire being processed as a prisoner of war. The official caption does not give his name, and instead refers to him as "young Japanese". The current description on the US National Archives refers to him as a "young Japanese man". The identity of the man has been a source of speculation, and in the 1990s a theory emerged that he was a Korean who was captured by the USSR, who was then captured by Nazi Germany and pressed into service. Then later the man was identified as Yang Kyoungjong, however, no direct proof of this has been
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Yang Kyoungjong
Identification & Legacy
found. Author Martin Morgan believes the man is not Yang Kyoungjong, but instead an ethnic Georgian from the 795th Georgian Battalion, which was composed of Georgian Osttruppen troops. In December 2005, the Seoul Broadcasting System aired a documentary on the existence of the Asian soldiers who served Nazi Germany and were captured by Allied forces. The documentary concluded that although there had been Asian soldiers in the German army during World War II, there was no clear evidence for the existence of Yang Kyoungjong. Legacy The story of Yang was the basis for the 2011 South Korean film, My Way. In 2018,
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Yang Kyoungjong
Legacy
a city Councillor in St. John's, Newfoundland used the story of Yang as the basis for an online ad promoting her real estate business, which caused controversy.
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Yuridia Remixes
Sales
Yuridia Remixes Sales MEX: 40.000 USA: 50.000
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Édouard de Barthélemy
Édouard de Barthélemy Édouard Marie, comte de Barthélemy (21 November 1830, Angers – 30 May 1888, Paris) was a French administrator and historian. He was the brother of archaeologist Anatole Jean-Baptiste Antoine de Barthélemy. During his career he served as an auditor of the Conseil du sceau des titres (Council Seal of securities), a member of the General Council of the Marne, mayor of Courmelois and as a correspondent member of the Académie nationale de Reims.
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Óscar Navarro
Club career & International career
Óscar Navarro Club career Navarro started his career with Alianza at a very young age. He would go on to play for Alianza for a little more than 13 years, winning four league titles with them. He captained Alianza for several years. He then left Alianza to join Chalatenango and in 2009, moved to Nejapa. In 2010, he joined UES, but an injury took him out of the game until at least September 2011. International career Navarro, a creative midfielder, has also played for the Salvadoran Under-23. He made his senior debut for El Salvador in an October 2001 friendly match against Mexico and
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Óscar Navarro
International career
has earned a total of 8 caps, scoring no goals. He has represented his country at the 2002 CONCACAF Gold Cup and was a non-playing squad member at the 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup. His final international game was a July 2003 friendly match against Guatemala.
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Željko Jerman
Željko Jerman Željko Jerman (born 1949 in Zagreb, Croatia, died, 2006 in Korčula, Croatia) was a Croatian photographer who experimented the possibilities of photography as a medium. He was one of the founding members of the informal neo-avantgarde Grupa šestorice autora (Group of Six Authors), together with Vladimir Martek, Boris Demur, Mladen Stilinović, Sven Stilinović and Fedomir Vučemilović. The group was active in Zagreb from 1975 to 1979. Together with the Group of Six Authors Jerman made action-exhibitions in public spaces for example, the bathing-area on the river Sava, the Republic Square and the Faculty of Philosophy in Zagreb, in addition
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Željko Jerman
to exhibitions in galleries. They organized a total of 21 action-exhibitions during the group’s active period. In that period Jerman experimented with photography producing grey, unfocused photographs. He also created photo collages, making further interventions with the media by using different photo techniques, photo chemicals, texts, drawings, colours etc. He would also frequently cut and partially burn the final products. Further experimentation lead him to apply chemicals directly onto the photo surface without the use of a camera. He also became interested in multimedia art and started using text more frequently in his work. One of his most famous installations
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Željko Jerman
is This is not my world, a sentence that he wrote on photo paper with developer in 1976, and exhibited on a street in Belgrade. He co-founded the Working Association of Artists active in the space Podroom (Mesnička 12, Zagreb). Later he also initiated the formation of the Extended Media Gallery as part of HDLU (Croatian Association of Artists) in Zagreb. From 1979 to 1983 he made artistic performances with his wife and fellow artist Vlasta Delimar for example, Attempts of Identification in 1979 and Weddings in 1982. He was a teacher at the Free Art Academy in Split (1998–2001) where
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Željko Jerman
he also lived at the time. In 1999 he started the Ghetto Gallery in Split. Jerman wrote theoretical and critical texts and columns published in newspapers and socio-cultural magazines, including: Jerman’s column published in Polet, Studentski list, a student paper (1988), a series of feuilletons about art and artists from the 1970s and 1980s in the daily newspaper Jutarnji list (2000), Lost Portraits also published in Jutarnji list (2002–2003) and the column Egotrip in the cultural magazine Zarez (2002–2006). During his artistic career he exhibited at many solo and group exhibitions in Croatia and abroad.
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1918 Mid Norfolk by-election
1918 Mid Norfolk by-election The Mid Norfolk by-election of 1918 was held on 23 October 1918. The by-election was held due to the death of the incumbent Liberal Unionist MP, William Lewis Boyle. It was won by the Conservative candidate Neville Jodrell, who was unopposed due to a War-time electoral truce.
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1944 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
Four-in-a-row
1944 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Four-in-a-row Coming into the 1944 championship Cork were presented with a chance to achieve something that had never been done before. Having captured their third All-Ireland title in-a-row the previous year, Cork's hurlers were primed to go one better and secure an unprecedented fourth successive All-Ireland title. The 'four-in-a-row' had already been captured by the footballers of Wexford (1915–18) and Kerry (1929–32), however, no hurling team had ever bested three-in-a-row. That feat had been achieved several times before with Cork, Tipperary and Kilkenny all claiming famous trebles. None of those teams,
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1944 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
Four-in-a-row & Leinster Championship
however, reached a fourth successive All-Ireland final as they were all beaten in the provincial series of games. Leinster Championship First round: (2 matches) These are two lone matches between the first four teams drawn from the province of Leinster. Two teams are eliminated at this stage, while the two winners advance to the semi-finals. Semi-finals: (2 matches) The winners of the two first round games join the other two Leinster teams to make up the semi-final pairings. Two teams are eliminated at this stage, while the two winners advance to the final. Final: (1 match) The winners of the
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1944 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
Leinster Championship & Munster Championship
two semi-finals contest this game. One team is eliminated at this stage, while the winners advance to the All-Ireland semi-final. Munster Championship First round: (1 match) This is a lone match between the first two teams drawn from the province of Munster. One team is eliminated at this stage, while the winners advance to the semi-finals. Semi-finals: (2 matches) The winners of the first round game join the other three Munster teams to make up the semi-final pairings. Two teams are eliminated at this stage, while the two winners advance to the final. Final: (1 match) The winners
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1944 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
Munster Championship & Ulster Championship & All-Ireland Championship
of the two semi-finals contest this game. One team is eliminated at this stage, while the winners advance to the All-Ireland semi-final. Ulster Championship Semi-finals: (2 matches) The four Ulster teams are drawn against each other in two semi-finals. Two teams are eliminated at this stage, while the two winners advance to the final. Final: (1 match) The winners of the two semi-finals contest this game. One team is eliminated at this stage, while the winners advance to the All-Ireland semi-final. All-Ireland Championship Semi-finals: (2 matches) The Munster and Leinster champions are paired in opposite semi-finals while Galway enter
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1944 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship
All-Ireland Championship
the championship at this stage. The emi-final pairings are Munster champions versus Galway and Leinster champions versus Ulster champions. Two teams are eliminated at this stage, while the two winners advance to the All-Ireland final. Final: (1 match) The two semi-final winners will contest the All-Ireland final.
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2005–06 Bahraini Premier League
Overview
2005–06 Bahraini Premier League Statistics of Bahraini Premier League in season 2005–06. Overview It was performed in 10 teams, and Muharraq Club won the championship.
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2019 Lichfield District Council election
Campaign
2019 Lichfield District Council election The 2019 Lichfield District Council election took place on 2 May to elect members of Lichfield District Council in Staffordshire, England. The whole council - 56 members - was up for election and the Conservative party retained overall control of the council. Campaign Labour, Conservative, Liberal Democrats, Independent, UKIP and Green Party candidates stood in the election. The wards elected from one to three members of the council depending on the electorate's size.
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2019 WBSC Premier12
Format
2019 WBSC Premier12 Format The top 12 teams in the WBSC World Rankings qualified to participate in the tournament, which will feature three groups of four teams playing in the Opening Round. Each team will play three games in a round robin format. The top two teams from each group will then advance to the six-team Super Round, which will be hosted at ZOZO Marine Stadium and the Tokyo Dome in Japan. In the Super Round, the top two teams that advance from their group will compete in a round robin format against the top two teams from the other
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2019 WBSC Premier12
Format
groups, for a total of four games played per team (for example, each team that advances from Group A will play against the top two teams from Groups B and C, respectively). Following the conclusion of the Super Round, four teams will advance to the Finals, based on the results of the Opening Round game contested between the two teams in the same group who qualified for the Super Round (1 game), as well as the results of the Super Round (4 games). The 3rd and 4th place teams will compete in the Bronze Medal game, while the 1st and
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2019 WBSC Premier12
Format
2nd place teams will square off in the Championship Final at the Tokyo Dome.
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498 Spanish Martyrs
Background
498 Spanish Martyrs Background The Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War were clergy, religious and lay persons of the Roman Catholic church who were executed during the Spanish Civil War, in a period known as the Red Terror. It is estimated that in the course of the Red Terror 6,832 members of the Catholic clergy were killed. Some 2,000 of these have been proposed for canonization and have had their causes advanced to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints (CCS). Pope John Paul II was the first pope to beatify a large number of saints from the Spanish Civil War.
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498 Spanish Martyrs
Background & Individual fates
About 500 Spanish martyrs were recognized by him in several beatifications since 1987. In this ceremony, Benedict XVI beatified 498 individuals, proposed in 23 separate causes, the largest group to be beatified so far. In addition to these, another 1000 martyrs are awaiting conclusion of their causes in the Vatican. Individual fates The 498 martyrs include bishops, priests, male and female religious and faithful of both sexes. Three were 16 years old and the oldest was 78. They were from all parts of Spain, including the dioceses of Barcelona, Burgos, Madrid, Mérida, Oviedo, Seville, Toledo, Albacete, Cartagena, Ciudad
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498 Spanish Martyrs
Individual fates
Real, Cuenca, Gerona, Jaén, Málaga and Santander. Although Spain was the site of their martyrdom and the homeland of many of them, there were also some who came from other nations, from France, Mexico and Cuba. They are described as "men and women who were faithful to their obligations", and "who were able to forgive their killers". Cruz Laplana Laguna, the bishop of Cuenca, wrote I cannot go, only here is my responsibility, whatever may happen, while Fr. Tirso de Jesús María, a companion of Eusebio Fernandez Arenillas, wrote in the letter sent to his family on the eve of
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498 Spanish Martyrs
Individual fates & Beatification ceremony
his execution: "Pardon them and bless them and amen to everything, just as I love them and pardon them and bless them". Beatification ceremony The beatification of the 498 martyrs (list below) took place on Saint Peter's Square not in the Basilica itself, which can include only 60,000 persons. Cardinal José Saraiva Martins, who gave the sermon during the beatification ceremonies, stated that these Martyrs all loved Christ and the Church more than their own life. The Cardinal pointed out that the victims of terror forgave their killers, referring to Father Tirso as an example. The logo of the beatification,
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498 Spanish Martyrs
Beatification ceremony
because of the very large number of new Blesseds, had as its central theme a red cross, the symbol of love taken to the point of shedding blood for Christ. The Cardinal explained the difference between "Martyrs of Spain" and "Spanish Martyrs". Spain was the site of their martyrdom and the homeland of many of them, but there were also some who came from other nations, such as France, Mexico and Cuba. Catholic martyrs are not the exclusive patrimony of a single diocese or nation. Rather, because of their special participation in the Cross of Christ, they belong to
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498 Spanish Martyrs
Beatification ceremony & Spanish reactions
the whole world, to the universal Church. Pope Benedict XVI stated that faith helps to purify reason so that it may succeed in perceiving the truth. The Cardinal invoked the intercession of the Martyrs beatified and of Mary, Queen of Martyrs, "so that we may follow their example". Spanish reactions Juan Antonio Martínez Camino, the secretary-general of the Spanish bishops, replied to criticism that the martyrs were old fashioned conservatives: the first martyrs of the Church died after they were labeled as traitors of the Roman Empire, and during the French Revolution, Catholic priests were defined as enemies of the revolution.
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498 Spanish Martyrs
Spanish reactions & Controversy
The Spanish victims were branded as an obstacle to historical progress. The Spanish bishops stated that Spanish society is threatened by militant Secularism. The 498 Martyrs were thus a reminder of other values: "their beatification intends first of all to render glory to God for the faith which conquers the world". The bishops organized a national pilgrimage to Rome, the place of the beatification of the 498 Martyrs, and of the martyrdom of Saint Peter and Saint Paul. Controversy A number of controversies arose around the beatification of some of these clerics. The move was criticised by some because it
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498 Spanish Martyrs
Controversy
recognized victims from only one side of the conflict. The Vatican said it was not about "resentment but... reconciliation". One of the most notable of these is Cruz la Plana y Laguna, Bishop of Cuenca, a well-known supporter of the monarchic regime, who since the proclamation of the Second Republic had carried out a number of notorious political, pro right-wing campaigns throughout the province and had established close contacts with military officials such as general Joaquín Fanjul, who would lead the Madrid military uprising on 18 July 1936 in support of Franco's coup. The bishop of Cuenca is described by his
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160,370
Q752300
22
753
22
1,422
498 Spanish Martyrs
Controversy
biographer as "supreme advisor" to the general, as well as being closely involved with the fascist political party Falange. In 1936 he personally endorsed José Antonio Primo de Rivera, the leader of this party, as a candidate to the 1936 local elections. When the pro-coup uprising in Cuenca failed, the bishop was arrested by Republican militiamen for collaborationism. He was tried for conspiring against the Republican government and executed on 8 August. The controversy surrounding the beatification of Augustinian friar Gabino Olaso Zabala, listed as a companion of Avelino Rodriguez Alonso, has been different. Friar Zabala was martyred during the civil
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160,370
Q752300
22
1,422
22
1,941
498 Spanish Martyrs
Controversy
war and was beatified. Attention was called to the fact that this priest had been formerly accused without conviction of carrying out acts of torture on Philippine friar Mariano Dacanay, in the days when friar Olaso was a missionary in the former Spanish colony during the time when the Katipunan was trying to wrest the islands from Spanish rule. This, however, is immaterial, and ignores the fact that the Church proclaims that even sinners can repent and turn into saints, such as in the case of Augustine of Hippo.
{"datasets_id": 160371, "wiki_id": "Q11601465", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 599}
160,371
Q11601465
2
0
6
599
59th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
Action
59th Division (Imperial Japanese Army) Action Upon formation, the 59th Division assumed the security duties of the 10th Independent Mixed Brigade. First fighting against Chinese guerrilla started at Guantao County in June 1942. From August 1942, the division was engaged in attempt to defeat forces of Yu Xuezhong. From middle November 1942, the division participated in the thrust to the east of Jinan, isolating the elements of the Chinese army on the Shandong Peninsula. In December 1942, members of the 59th Division were involved in the Kantō Incident – a spontaneous mutiny during the transfer to Guantao County. The drafted Yakuza
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160,371
Q11601465
6
599
6
1,257
59th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
Action
gang members went searching for alcohol and caused the disintegration of the transport company on 27 December 1942. The mutiny was suppressed two days later. In January 1943, the 59th Division engaged the People's Liberation Army northeast of Jinan. In April 1943, the operations started in Taihang Mountains against the People's Liberation Army. In July 1943 the 54th Infantry Brigade was used to reinforce the 35th Division. The fight on the border of Shandong Province continued until mid-November 1943. In January 1944, some troops were sent to participate in the imminent Battle of Central Henan. The rest of the 59th Division continued
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160,371
Q11601465
6
1,257
6
1,898
59th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
Action
to provide security in Shandong Province, with more severe fighting erupting in November 1944. In March 1945, a mortar company was added to the division. Soon, the 59th Division started the gradual withdrawal from Shandong Province without being replaced. During that time, a "scorched earth" policy was extensively used, and numerous atrocities, like using coolies to clear minefields, or mass killing of civilians by 45th independent infantry battalion were recorded. On 30 May 1945, the 59th Division was attached to the Kwantung Army and assigned to 34th Army on 18 June 1945. The last battalions of the 59th Division arrived in
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160,371
Q11601465
6
1,898
6
2,096
59th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
Action
Hamhung in early July 1945 and were still fortifying positions, together with 137th Division, during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria on 9 August 1945 and the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945.
{"datasets_id": 160372, "wiki_id": "Q23091372", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 518}
160,372
Q23091372
2
0
6
518
825 Fifth Avenue
Design
825 Fifth Avenue Design The 23-floor building was erected in 1926-1927 as a cooperative with 77 apartments, but today it has only 64 units. Developer Joseph Paterno initially opted to list the building as an apartment-hotel so as to legally build 23 stories as opposed to only 15 stories restricted for apartment houses. The building has a notable red-tiled steep-pitched roof, making it visible from a long distance. When it was built, The Real Estate Record & Guide praised the $1 million building's "unusually striking upper-floor effect."
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160,373
Q15610
2
0
6
655
90377 Sedna
Discovery
90377 Sedna Discovery Sedna (provisionally designated 2003 VB₁₂) was discovered by Michael Brown (Caltech), Chad Trujillo (Gemini Observatory), and David Rabinowitz (Yale University) on 14 November 2003. The discovery formed part of a survey begun in 2001 with the Samuel Oschin telescope at Palomar Observatory near San Diego, California using Yale's 160-megapixel Palomar Quest camera. On that day, an object was observed to move by 4.6 arcseconds over 3.1 hours relative to stars, which indicated that its distance was about 100 AU. Follow-up observations were made in November–December 2003 with the SMARTS telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile, the
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160,373
Q15610
6
655
10
56
90377 Sedna
Discovery & Orbit and rotation
Tenagra IV telescope in Nogales, Arizona, and the Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea in Hawaii. Combining those with precovery observations taken at the Samuel Oschin telescope in August 2003, and from the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking consortium in 2001–2002, allowed accurate determination of its orbit. The calculations showed that the object was moving along a distant highly eccentric orbit, at a distance of 90.3 AU from the Sun. Precovery images have later been found in images of the Palomar Digitized Sky Survey dating back to September 25, 1990. Orbit and rotation Sedna has the second longest orbital period of any known
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160,373
Q15610
10
56
10
640
90377 Sedna
Orbit and rotation
object in the Solar System of comparable size or larger, calculated at around 11,400 years. Its orbit is extremely eccentric, with an aphelion estimated at 937 AU and a perihelion at about 76 AU. This perihelion was the largest of that of any known Solar System object until the discovery of 2012 VP113. At its aphelion, Sedna orbits the Sun at a mere 1.3% of Earth's orbital speed. When Sedna was discovered it was 89.6 AU from the Sun approaching perihelion, and was the most distant object in the Solar System observed. Sedna was later surpassed by Eris, which was detected by the
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160,373
Q15610
10
640
10
1,218
90377 Sedna
Orbit and rotation
same survey near aphelion at 97 AU. The orbits of some long-period comets extend farther than that of Sedna; they are too dim to be discovered except when approaching perihelion in the inner Solar System. Even as Sedna nears its perihelion in mid 2076, the Sun would appear merely as an extremely bright star-like pinpoint in its sky, 100 times brighter than a full moon on Earth (for comparison, the Sun appears from Earth to be roughly 400,000 times brighter than the full Moon), and too far away to be visible as a disc to the naked eye. When first discovered, Sedna
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160,373
Q15610
10
1,218
14
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90377 Sedna
Orbit and rotation & Physical characteristics
was thought to have an unusually long rotational period (20 to 50 days). It was initially speculated that Sedna's rotation was slowed by the gravitational pull of a large binary companion, similar to Pluto's moon Charon. A search for such a satellite by the Hubble Space Telescope in March 2004 found nothing, and subsequent measurements from the MMT telescope suggest a much shorter rotation period of about 10 hours, more typical for a body of its size. Physical characteristics Sedna has a V-band absolute magnitude (H) of about 1.8, and it is estimated to have an albedo of about 0.32,
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160,373
Q15610
14
108
14
721
90377 Sedna
Physical characteristics
thus giving it a diameter of approximately 1,000 km. At the time of its discovery it was the intrinsically brightest object found in the Solar System since Pluto in 1930. In 2004, the discoverers placed an upper limit of 1,800 km on its diameter, but by 2007 this was revised downward to less than 1,600 km after observation by the Spitzer Space Telescope. In 2012, measurements from the Herschel Space Observatory suggested that Sedna's diameter was 995 ± 80 km, which would make it smaller than Pluto's moon Charon. Because Sedna has no known moons, determining its mass is currently impossible without sending
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160,373
Q15610
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721
14
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90377 Sedna
Physical characteristics
a space probe. Sedna is currently the largest trans-Neptunian Sun-orbiting object not known to have a satellite. Only a single attempt has been made to find a satellite, and it has been suggested that there is a chance of up to 25% that a satellite could have been missed. Observations from the SMARTS telescope show that in visible light Sedna is one of the reddest objects in the Solar System, nearly as red as Mars. Chad Trujillo and his colleagues suggest that Sedna's dark red colour is caused by a surface coating of hydrocarbon sludge, or tholin, formed from simpler organic
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160,373
Q15610
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1,311
14
1,934
90377 Sedna
Physical characteristics
compounds after long exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Its surface is homogeneous in colour and spectrum; this may be because Sedna, unlike objects nearer the Sun, is rarely impacted by other bodies, which would expose bright patches of fresh icy material like that on 8405 Asbolus. Sedna and two other very distant objects – 2006 SQ372 and (87269) 2000 OO67 – share their color with outer classical Kuiper belt objects and the centaur 5145 Pholus, suggesting a similar region of origin. Trujillo and colleagues have placed upper limits in Sedna's surface composition of 60% for methane ice and 70% for water ice.
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160,373
Q15610
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1,934
14
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90377 Sedna
Physical characteristics
The presence of methane further supports the existence of tholins on Sedna's surface, because they are produced by irradiation of methane. Barucci and colleagues compared Sedna's spectrum with that of Triton and detected weak absorption bands belonging to methane and nitrogen ices. From these observations, they suggested the following model of the surface: 24% Triton-type tholins, 7% amorphous carbon, 10% nitrogen ices, 26% methanol, and 33% methane. The detection of methane and water ices was confirmed in 2006 by the Spitzer Space Telescope mid-infrared photometry. The presence of nitrogen on the surface suggests the possibility that, at least for a
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160,373
Q15610
14
2,593
14
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90377 Sedna
Physical characteristics
short time, Sedna may have a tenuous atmosphere. During a 200-year period near perihelion, the maximum temperature on Sedna should exceed 35.6 K (−237.6 °C), the transition temperature between alpha-phase solid N₂ and the beta-phase seen on Triton. At 38 K, the N₂ vapor pressure would be 14 microbar (1.4 Pa or 0.000014 atm). Its deep red spectral slope is indicative of high concentrations of organic material on its surface, and its weak methane absorption bands indicate that methane on Sedna's surface is ancient, rather than freshly deposited. This means that Sedna is too cold for methane to evaporate from its surface
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160,373
Q15610
14
3,219
18
399
90377 Sedna
Physical characteristics & Origin
and then fall back as snow, which happens on Triton and probably on Pluto. Models of internal heating via radioactive decay suggest that Sedna might be capable of supporting a subsurface ocean of liquid water. Origin In their paper announcing the discovery of Sedna, Mike Brown and his colleagues described it as the first observed body belonging to the Oort cloud, the hypothetical cloud of comets thought to exist nearly a light-year from the Sun. They observed that, unlike scattered disc objects such as Eris, Sedna's perihelion (76 AU) is too distant for it to have been scattered by the gravitational influence
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160,373
Q15610
18
399
18
998
90377 Sedna
Origin
of Neptune. Because it is a great deal closer to the Sun than was expected for an Oort cloud object, and has an inclination roughly in line with the planets and the Kuiper belt, they described the planetoid as being an "inner Oort cloud object", situated in the disc reaching from the Kuiper belt to the spherical part of the cloud. If Sedna formed in its current location, the Sun's original protoplanetary disc must have extended as far as 75 AU into space. Also, Sedna's initial orbit must have been approximately circular, otherwise its formation by the accretion of smaller bodies into
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160,373
Q15610
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998
18
1,630
90377 Sedna
Origin
a whole would not have been possible, because the large relative velocities between planetesimals would have been too disruptive. Therefore, it must have been tugged into its current eccentric orbit by a gravitational interaction with another body. In their initial paper, Brown, Rabinowitz and colleagues suggested three possible candidates for the perturbing body: an unseen planet beyond the Kuiper belt, a single passing star, or one of the young stars embedded with the Sun in the stellar cluster in which it formed. Mike Brown and his team favored the hypothesis that Sedna was lifted into its current orbit by a star
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160,373
Q15610
18
1,630
18
2,249
90377 Sedna
Origin
from the Sun's birth cluster, arguing that Sedna's aphelion of about 1,000 AU, which is relatively close compared to those of long-period comets, is not distant enough to be affected by passing stars at their current distances from the Sun. They propose that Sedna's orbit is best explained by the Sun having formed in an open cluster of several stars that gradually disassociated over time. That hypothesis has also been advanced by both Alessandro Morbidelli and Scott Jay Kenyon. Computer simulations by Julio A. Fernandez and Adrian Brunini suggest that multiple close passes by young stars in such a cluster would
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160,373
Q15610
18
2,249
18
2,912
90377 Sedna
Origin
pull many objects into Sedna-like orbits. A study by Morbidelli and Levison suggested that the most likely explanation for Sedna's orbit was that it had been perturbed by a close (approximately 800 AU) pass by another star in the first 100 million years or so of the Solar System's existence. The trans-Neptunian planet hypothesis has been advanced in several forms by a number of astronomers, including Rodney Gomes and Patryk Lykawka. One scenario involves perturbations of Sedna's orbit by a hypothetical planetary-sized body in the Hills cloud. Recent simulations show that Sedna's orbital traits could be explained by perturbations by a Neptune-mass
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160,373
Q15610
18
2,912
18
3,501
90377 Sedna
Origin
object at 2,000 AU (or less), a Jupiter-mass (MJ) at 5,000 AU, or even an Earth-mass object at 1,000 AU. Computer simulations by Patryk Lykawka have suggested that Sedna's orbit may have been caused by a body roughly the size of Earth, ejected outward by Neptune early in the Solar System's formation and currently in an elongated orbit between 80 and 170 AU from the Sun. Mike Brown's various sky surveys have not detected any Earth-sized objects out to a distance of about 100 AU. It is possible that such an object may have been scattered out of the Solar System after the formation of
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160,373
Q15610
18
3,501
18
4,139
90377 Sedna
Origin
the inner Oort cloud. Caltech researchers Konstantin Batygin and Mike Brown have hypothesised the existence of a giant planet in the outer Solar System, nicknamed Planet Nine. The planet would be about 10 times as massive as Earth. It would have a highly eccentric orbit, and its average distance from the Sun would be about 20 times that of Neptune (which orbits at an average distance of 30.1 astronomical units (4.50×10⁹ km)). Its orbital period would be 10,000 to 20,000 years. The planet's existence was hypothesised using mathematical modeling and computer simulations, but it has not been observed directly. It may explain
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160,373
Q15610
18
4,139
18
4,742
90377 Sedna
Origin
the orbits of a group of objects that includes Sedna. It has been suggested that Sedna's orbit is the result of influence by a large binary companion to the Sun, thousands of AU distant. One such hypothetical companion is Nemesis, a dim companion to the Sun that has been proposed to be responsible for the supposed periodicity of mass extinctions on Earth from cometary impacts, the lunar impact record, and the common orbital elements of a number of long-period comets. No direct evidence of Nemesis has been found, and many lines of evidence (such as crater counts) have thrown its existence
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160,373
Q15610
18
4,742
18
5,327
90377 Sedna
Origin
into doubt. John J. Matese and Daniel P. Whitmire, longtime proponents of the possibility of a wide binary companion to the Sun, have suggested that an object of 5 MJ lying at roughly 7,850 AU from the Sun could produce a body in Sedna's orbit. Morbidelli and Kenyon have also suggested that Sedna did not originate in the Solar System, but was captured by the Sun from a passing extrasolar planetary system, specifically that of a brown dwarf about 1/20th the mass of the Sun (M☉) or a main-sequence star 80 percent more massive than our Sun, which, owing to its larger mass,
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160,373
Q15610
18
5,327
22
563
90377 Sedna
Origin & Population
may now be a white dwarf. Population Sedna's highly elliptical orbit means that the probability of its detection was roughly 1 in 80, which suggests that, unless its discovery was a fluke, another 40–120 Sedna-sized objects would exist within the same region. Another object, 2000 CR105, has a similar but less extreme orbit: it has a perihelion of 44.3 AU, an aphelion of 394 AU, and an orbital period of 3,240 years. It may have been affected by the same processes as Sedna. Each of the proposed mechanisms for Sedna's extreme orbit would leave a distinct mark on the structure and dynamics
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160,373
Q15610
22
563
22
1,198
90377 Sedna
Population
of any wider population. If a trans-Neptunian planet was responsible, all such objects would share roughly the same perihelion (about 80 AU). If Sedna were captured from another planetary system that rotated in the same direction as the Solar System, then all of its population would have orbits on relatively low inclinations and have semi-major axes ranging from 100–500 AU. If it rotated in the opposite direction, then two populations would form, one with low and one with high inclinations. The perturbations from passing stars would produce a wide variety of perihelia and inclinations, each dependent on the number and angle of
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160,373
Q15610
22
1,198
22
1,817
90377 Sedna
Population
such encounters. Acquiring a larger sample of such objects would help in determining which scenario is most likely. "I call Sedna a fossil record of the earliest Solar System", said Brown in 2006. "Eventually, when other fossil records are found, Sedna will help tell us how the Sun formed and the number of stars that were close to the Sun when it formed." A 2007–2008 survey by Brown, Rabinowitz and Megan Schwamb attempted to locate another member of Sedna's hypothetical population. Although the survey was sensitive to movement out to 1,000 AU and discovered the likely dwarf planet 2007 OR₁₀, it detected
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160,373
Q15610
22
1,817
26
186
90377 Sedna
Population & Classification
no new sednoid. Subsequent simulations incorporating the new data suggested about 40 Sedna-sized objects probably exist in this region, with the brightest being about Eris's magnitude (−1.0). In 2014, astronomers announced the discovery of 2012 VP113, an object half the size of Sedna in a 4,200-year orbit similar to Sedna's and a perihelion within Sedna's range of roughly 80 AU, which led some to speculate that it offered evidence of a trans-Neptunian planet. Classification The Minor Planet Center, which officially catalogs the objects in the Solar System, classifies Sedna as a scattered object. This grouping is heavily questioned, and many astronomers have
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160,373
Q15610
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186
26
853
90377 Sedna
Classification
suggested that it, together with a few other objects (e.g. 2000 CR105), be placed in a new category of distant objects named extended scattered disc objects (E-SDO), detached objects, distant detached objects (DDO), or scattered-extended in the formal classification by the Deep Ecliptic Survey. The discovery of Sedna resurrected the question of which astronomical objects should be considered planets and which should not. On 15 March 2004, articles on Sedna in the popular press reported that a tenth planet had been discovered. This question was answered under the International Astronomical Union definition of a planet, adopted on 24 August 2006, which
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160,373
Q15610
26
853
30
117
90377 Sedna
Classification & Exploration
mandated that a planet must have cleared the neighborhood around its orbit. Sedna has a Stern–Levison parameter estimated to be much less than 1, and therefore cannot be considered to have cleared the neighborhood, even though no other objects have yet been discovered in its vicinity. To be a dwarf planet, Sedna must be in hydrostatic equilibrium. It is bright enough, and therefore large enough, that this is expected to be the case, and several astronomers have called it one. Exploration Sedna will come to perihelion around 2075–2076. This close approach to the Sun provides an opportunity for study that
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160,373
Q15610
30
117
30
716
90377 Sedna
Exploration
will not occur again for 12,000 years. Although Sedna is listed on NASA's Solar System exploration website, NASA is not known to be considering any type of mission at this time. It was calculated that a flyby mission to Sedna could take 24.48 years using a Jupiter gravity assist, based on launch dates of 6 May 2033 and 23 June 2046. Sedna would be 77.27 or 76.43 AU from the Sun when the spacecraft arrived. In May 2018, astrophysicist Ethan Siegel publicly advocated for a space probe mission to study Sedna as it approaches perihelion. Siegel characterized Sedna as an attractive target
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160,373
Q15610
30
716
30
1,065
90377 Sedna
Exploration
due to its status as a possible inner Oort cloud object. Because of Sedna's long orbital period, "we will not get the opportunity to study it this close to the Sun for many millennia again." Such a mission could be facilitated by Dual-Stage 4-Grid ion thrusters that might cut cruise times considerably if powered, for example, by a fusion reactor.
{"datasets_id": 160374, "wiki_id": "Q4652041", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 109}
160,374
Q4652041
2
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10
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AJC Bose Road & APC Road
History & Legacy
AJC Bose Road & APC Road History The road came up on the stretch that formed the Maratha Ditch that was dug in 1742 to protect the City from the Bargi invasions. In 1799 the ditch was filled up and the current outline of the road built. Until the 1870s, the Circular Road was considered the de facto eastern boundary of the City of Calcutta as the suburbs to its east, i.e. Manicktala, Rajabazar, Narikeldanga, Ultadanga and Beliaghata were still semi-urban semi-rural villages. Legacy Named after the renowned chemist Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy and the renowned physicist and botanist Acharya
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160,374
Q4652041
10
109
14
674
AJC Bose Road & APC Road
Legacy & Stretch and description
Jagadish Chandra Bose. Stretch and description APC Road and AJC Bose Road taken together are the longest road in Kolkata. APC Road emerges from the Shyambazar Five-Point Crossing (Paanch mathar mor). It then passes through Khanna Crossing, Beadon Street Crossing, Manicktala Crossing, Rajabazar Crossing, MG Road Crossing, Vidyapati Flyover and ends at Sealdah Station. From Sealdah Station, it is known as AJC Bose Road, which passes through Moulali Crossing, Ripon Street Crossing, Elliot Rd. Crossing, Park Street Crossing, Shakespeare Sarani Crossing, Circus Avenue Crossing, Ballygunge Circular Road Crossing, Lansdowne Crossing (Minto Park), Camac Street Crossing, Lee Road Crossing, Chowringhee Crossing or
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160,374
Q4652041
14
674
14
1,158
AJC Bose Road & APC Road
Stretch and description
Exide Crossing, Cathedral Road Crossing (Nandan and Rabindra Sadan on one side), Victoria Memorial, D L Khan Road Crossing, Alipore Road Crossing, Kolkata Race Course on one side and finishes its journey at Strand Road - Hastings Crossing. From the Point of Circus Avenue Crossing till the Victoria Memorial, the road runs below the "AJC Bose Road Flyover", which is the 2nd longest flyover and busiest flyover in the city at 2.9 km long, connecting Park Circus to Victoria Memorial.
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160,375
Q4660389
2
0
6
66
A Useless Death
Plot
A Useless Death Plot The poem talks about a person witnessing the execution of a queen.
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160,376
Q4668588
2
0
8
34
About Time (board game)
Gameplay
About Time (board game) About Time is a general knowledge historical board game first seen on Series 5 of the BBC new-business reality show Dragon's Den on December 17, 2007. The game was invented by Joe Gill, Iain McGill, Matt Gould and Michele Rosaus, who together formed a company, Circa Circa Ltd, to launch the game in the UK. The game’s distinctive artwork is by Michele Rosaus. The game is part of a growing subgenre of trivia games in which players compete by giving numerical answers, in this case years, to questions rather than factual answers. Gameplay Players progress by giving answers
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About Time (board game)
Gameplay & Editions
that are closest to the correct year on the question cards. The question cards all feature six events and a year in which the events took place. Chips are used as rewards and can be won or lost during high-stakes board play. Each card contains questions in six subject categories including arts, politics, everyday life and innovation. Player pieces are iconic historical figures including Napoleon, Queen Elizabeth I, Genghis Khan and William Shakespeare. Editions In 2008, in a promotional tie-in with The Guardian newspaper, About Time used the newspaper’s archive to add content to the game. In Germany, a German language edition
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About Time (board game)
Editions
of the game, About Time Das Zeit Spiel, was launched in 2009 in association with Die Zeit, the Hamburg-based weekly newspaper. The game contains content from the newspaper. About Time, USA Edition, was launched in 2009.
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Abzakh Adyghe dialect
Sample text
Abzakh Adyghe dialect Sample text НАРТ САУСЫРЫКЪОРЭ ИНЫЖЪЫМРЭ: Саусырыкъо ахэмытэу нартхэр былымыхьэ кӏогъагъэх. Былымхэр къагъоти, къежьэжьыхи Къойданэм къэсыгъэх. Саусырыкъо дэмысыгъэу щытыти, къыхэкӏижьи, янэ дэжь къихьажьыгъ. — Сыгъашх, тян, — ыӏуагъ Саусырыкъо. — Сыгъашх, сыгъашх оӏо зэпыты, ущыс, модыкӏэ нартыхэр былым къахьи , Къойданым къэсыжьыгъэх, — къыриӏуагъ янэ. Нартымэ сырямыгъусагъэми, ащ къахьырэмэ анахьышӏуӏомкӏэ садэгощэн, тян, — ыӏуагъ. Пӏэстэ шыӏэ щтыгъ, лы жъогъэ щтыгъ, щыбжьый-шыгъу атетэкъуагъэу ӏанэм къытыригъэуцуагъэх янэ. Саусырыкъо пӏастэр ыфызи, псыр къыӏифыгъ, лыр ыутхыпкӏи мылыхэр къыпигъэтэкъуи ышхыгъ. — Ныбжьи нахь дэгъоу сыбгъэшхагъэп, тян, — ыӏуи къикӏижьыгъ. Саусырыкъо Тхъожъыем къытетӏысхьи, Къойданым кӏонэу ежьагъ. Саусырыкъо къакӏоу нартхэм залъэгъум, шӏэныгъэ иӏэу зы лӏы горэ ахэтыти: «Саусырыкъо мыгъо цӏыкӏур къэкӏозы,
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Abzakh Adyghe dialect
Sample text
«фэсыжь апщи, нартхэ», зиӏокӏэ «тхьэуегъэпсэу» — шъуӏо нахь, «ахад» — шъумыӏо», — къариӏуагъ. Зэриӏуагъэм фэдэу, тыдэкӏэ ахэхьагъэми «тхьэуегъэпсэу» къыраӏуагъ нахь, «ахад» къыраӏуагъзп. Етӏанэ, Саусырыкъо губжъи, ежь зыфиӏорэр къыдэхъоу щытыти, щэщищ гъурӏи зишӏи шыӏэм зэтыригъэлӏагъэх. — Мэшӏо тӏэкӏу тэзгъэгъотырэр ӏэхьэгъу тшӏыщт зы ӏахьэкӏэ. — аӏуагъ нартымэ. — Сз шъозгъэгъотыщт, — ариӏуи, тау-таш горэм ӏугъо тӏэкӏу къыдихэу ылъэгъугъэти, Саусырыкъо ащ кӏуагъэ. Лэгъупышхом лы илъэу, пхъэцэӏитӏу, зы инырэ, зы цӏыкӏурэ пэлъэу, иныжъыри ащ къещэкӏигъэу пэӏулъэу къыӏухьагъ. Машӏом икъыпэхыкӏэу хъущтыр Саусырыкъо ымышӏэу егупшысэу щытызэ, Тхъожъыер къэгущыӏи: «Уишыӏядзэ къыӏехи, упкӏэ цуакъэ сфэшӏ. Бажьэм фэдэу зызгъэзэщт, цызэм фэдэу сыкъэкӏощт, лъэгонжэмышъхьэкӏэ зесыдзыхынызы, пхъэцакӏэ иным уемыӏэу, цӏыкӏур къашти, тхьыны тыкӏожьыщт, — къыриӏуагъ. Ишыӏядзэ къыӏихи,
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160,377
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Abzakh Adyghe dialect
Sample text
упкӏэ цуакъэ фишӏыгь. Къекӏуалӏи, Тхъожъыем лъэгонжэмышхьэкӏэ зыридзыхыгъ. Саусырыкъо пхъэцэкӏэ цӏыкӏум еӏэ шӏошӏызэ, иным еӏи, иныжъым тыригъафи, къыгъэущыгъ. Къэӏаби, Саусырыкъо рилъэшъохи шыр шъхьартӏупщэу хъугъэ, Саусырыкъуи иныжъым ипӏэшъхьагъ ӏилъхьагъ. — Сыд уилъэгъунэу укъызыфэкӏуагъэр? — ыӏуи иныжъыр къеупщӏыгъ. — Шыӏэ тылӏэти мэшӏо тӏзкӏу схьынэу сыкъэкӏуагъ, — ыӏуагъ Саусырыкъо. — Тыдэ укъикӏирэ? — Нарты сыкъекӏи, — риӏуагъ. — Саусырыкъо ихьэгьо-шӏагъохэмэ ашышэу зы къаумэ къысаӏуи, устӏупщыжьыщт, — ыӏуагъ иныжъым. — Саусырыкъо ихьэгъо-шӏагъомэ ащышэу сэ зэхэсхыгъзу зы къаумэ къыосӏон, ау сэ ежь слъэгъугьахэп, — ыӏуагъ. — Саусырыкъо жьан щэрэхъыр къушъхьэм дарегъэхьые, къырарегъэфыхи, копкъышъхьэкӏэ еозы дефыежьы. Саусырыкъо дихьыен ылъэкӏыщтэпти, ежь иныжъым жьан щэрэхъыр къушъхьэм дихьий, Саусырыкъо къырыригьэшэхыгъ. Иныр копкъышъхьэӏе къеуи, къыдифыежьыгъ. — Ащ пэмыӏеу пшӏзрэ
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Abzakh Adyghe dialect
Sample text
щыӏэмэ, къаӏо, — ыӏуагъ иным. — Цобзэ-шӏобзыр плъыжьыбзэу егъэплъызы, ыжэ кӏоцӏ делъхьазы егъэкӏуасэ аӏоу зэхэсхыгъэ, — риӏуагь. Иныжъым цобзэ-шӏобзыр плъыжьыбзэу ыгъэплъи, ыжэ дилъхьи, ыгъэкӏосагъ. — Сӏукӏоцӏ хъутэ-плъытэщти, ыгъэусэни, сигъэтхъэжьыгъ. Ай нэмыӏеу сы пшӏэрэ? — ыӏуи къеупщӏыгъ. — Ай нэмыӏеу, псыр егъажъо, псы жъуагъэм хэгьуалъхьэзы зегъэпскӏы. Иныжъым гъоплъэ хьэкъуашъокӏэ псыр къыгъажъуи, машӏор ӏешӏыхьагъэу хэгъуалъхьи зигъэпскӏыгъ. — Шъохъу-тӏэхъум сигъалӏэщтыгъ, сыдэу ӏэзэгъу шӏагъо къысэпӏуагъ, сиӏял, — къыриӏуагъ. — Джыри сыд ышӏэу зэхэпхыгъэр? — Ай нэмыӏеу, ыхыкъын къэсэу псым зыхигьэщтыхьати, щэщ-мэфищэ хэтыщтыгъэ, етӏанэ къыкъутэти къыхэкӏижьыщтыгъ, — аӏоу зэхэсхыгъэ. — Адэ ар таущытэу ыгъэщтытыгъэ, сыд ышӏэщтыгъэр? — ыӏуи иныжъыр къеупщӏыгъ. — Сшӏэрэп, зыгорэ еӏошъы псыр егъэщты аӏоу зэхэсхыгъэ, — ыӏуагъ Саусырыкъо. — Адэ къэшӏи, мэхъумэ
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Abzakh Adyghe dialect
Sample text
тегъэплъ. — Псым хэуцу, — ыӏуи ытыкъыны къэсэу псым хигъэуцуагъ. Ежь Саусырыкъо ышӏэу щытыти, щэщищым къэхъущт щтырыгъуӏир къышӏи, иныжъыр хигъэщтыхьагъ. — Къеӏ, — ыӏуи къызеӏэм, мылыр къыгъэцӏацӏэу, къыгъачэу хъугъэ. — Зэ зыгъэбыяу, щыгъупшагъэ сшӏыгъэ, — ыӏуагъ Саусырыкъо. — Саусырыкъо мылыр къыхичыти, псы къытыригъэлъадэщтыгъ, хьауарзэ хитакъоти, ыгъзщтыжьыти, къытыригъэсэжьыщтыгъэ. Ащ фэдэу ышӏи: — Къеӏ, нныжъ, —зыреӏом, къьыкӏаӏи шъхьзкӏэ мылыр къыфэгъэхъыягъэп.
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Al-Burkan
Al-Burkan Al-Burkan (The Volcano, alt. Al-Burkan al Watani) was a Libyan dissident group opposed to the rule of Muammar Qaddafi, which was based in Rome and revealed in 1984. The group claimed responsibility for the assassination of Libya's ambassador to Italy on 21 January 1984 in Rome. Both Al-Burkan and the Shia militant group Musa Sadr Brigade took credit for the 11 September 1984 attack on two Libyan diplomats in Madrid.
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Alessandro Lambrughi
Club career
Alessandro Lambrughi Club career He made his Serie B debut on August 28, 2009, whilst playing for Mantova, in a 1–0 defeat away to Frosinone. Following Mantova's bankruptcy and subsequent demotion to Serie D, Lambrughi joined Livorno on July 9, 2010, on a four-year contract. On 16 August 2017, Lambrughi signed with North American Soccer League side Miami FC.
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Alfred Boisseau
Biography
Alfred Boisseau Biography Alfred Boisseau was born in Paris, France. He had an older brother who later served in government and the diplomatic corps. Becoming interested in art, Boisseau studied under Paul Delaroche, a fashionable Paris artist whose style combined neo-classicism and romanticism. In his early 20s, Boisseau moved to New Orleans, Louisiana, living there from 1845 to 1847, while his brother served as secretary to the French consul. Boisseau painted his first works on Native American themes - mostly of members of the Choctaw nation who were historically based in Louisiana and Mississippi. He returned to Paris, where his painting
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Alfred Boisseau
Biography
Louisiana Indians Walking Along a Bayou (1847), now in the permanent collection of the New Orleans Museum of Art, was exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1848. After that Boisseau sailed back to the United States, settling in New York City. There he taught art from 1849 to 1852. By 1852 Boisseau was working as a daguerreotypist in Cleveland, Ohio. He also advertised as a portrait and landscape painter, art teacher and art dealer. In 1860 he moved to Canada, where he opened a succession of three photographic studios in Montreal. While working as secretary and bibliographer to the Institut canadien de
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Alfred Boisseau
Biography
Montréal, he completed several paintings. Near the end of his life, he moved to western Canada, where he opened a studio in Brandon, Manitoba. There he produced paintings of Plains Indian natives. He returned to the United States and died in Buffalo, New York in 1901 where he is interred.
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Almost flat manifold
Almost flat manifold In mathematics, a smooth compact manifold M is called almost flat if for any there is a Riemannian metric on M such that and is -flat, i.e. for the sectional curvature of we have . Given n, there is a positive number such that if an n-dimensional manifold admits an -flat metric with diameter then it is almost flat. On the other hand, one can fix the bound of sectional curvature and get the diameter going to zero, so the almost-flat manifold is a special case of a collapsing manifold, which
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Almost flat manifold
is collapsing along all directions. According to the Gromov–Ruh theorem, M is almost flat if and only if it is infranil. In particular, it is a finite factor of a nilmanifold, which is the total space of a principal torus bundle over a principal torus bundle over a torus.
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Alvin J. Paris
Alvin J. Paris Alvin J. Paris (born 1918) was a New York bookmaker and gambler who, as a "front man" for a gambling syndicate based in Elizabeth, New Jersey, fixed college sporting events through bribing of star athletes, including Rocky Marciano. After being recorded on federal wiretaps on December 15, 1946, in an investigation by Manhattan District Attorney Frank S. Hogan, a former assistant to crusading New York District Attorney Thomas Dewey, he was convicted of attempting to bribe professional football players Merle Hapes and Frank Filchock of the New York Giants with $2,500 each to throw the NFL championship game
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Alvin J. Paris
against the Chicago Bears. Paris was eventually convicted of bribery on January 8, 1947, and, although Hapes and Fitchcock were cleared of bribery charges, both men were initially suspended by then league commissioner Bert Bell (with Filchock being allowed to play the final game against the Chicago Bears). During his trial, Paris chose not to take the stand in his own defense and later testified against his partners David Krakauer, Jerome Zarowitz and Harvey Stemmer, for which he would later receive death threats. Paris's sentencing had been deferred until after the second trial and he received a one-year sentence on April
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7 of which he served nine months before his parole.
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And a Bang on the Ear
Critical reception
And a Bang on the Ear Critical reception Upon release, Music & Media wrote: "Easy-going, traditional folk material with a strong melody line and good lyrics. Stylewise, an uncompromising song but one that could be a hit." In a review of Fisherman's Blues, Stereo Review described the song as "lilting, rollicking, and altogether effortless". The reviewer added: "It flows in a way that suggests Scott has arrived at some breakthrough in his conception of the Waterboys." Audio picked the song as the album's "best cut" and described it as "a bouncy ditty full of cyanide and vinegar". High Fidelity News and
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And a Bang on the Ear
Critical reception
Record Review believed the song's lyrics to link "romance and honour". Ira Robbins, writing in The Trouser Press Record Guide, considered the song to be "rollicking" and one of the album's tracks to "make the most of Scott's adopted heritage". Ian Abrahams of Record Collector felt the song had a "wistful romance". In his review of the album, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic picked the song as an AMG Pick Track.
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Anna Belle Clement O'Brien
Anna Belle Clement O'Brien Anna Belle Clement O'Brien (May 6, 1923 – August 31, 2009) was a Tennessee politician, nicknamed "the first lady of Tennessee politics." She served as the governor's chief of staff from 1963 to 1967, was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives in the 89th General Assembly, from 1975 to 1977, and a Tennessee State Senator in the 90th to 96th General Assemblies, from 1977 to 1991. While she was not the first woman ever to be in the Tennessee Senate, she was the first woman ever to be a chairman of a committee