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<font size="2" color="#FF99FF" face="Geneva, Verdana, Arial, Tahoma"><nobr>"MAKING TOMORROW'S HISTORY TODAY"</nobr></font><br clear="all" />
</div>
<h2 align="center">
<nobr>The Future of Time Travel</nobr>
</h2>
<p align="center">You have reached the ultimate guide to time travel, teleportation,
<nobr>temporal phasing,</nobr> <nobr>and other applications of</nobr> <nobr><a href="http://Chronos.ws/9dtheory.html" target="_top">nine-dimensional theory</a>.</nobr>
<nobr>Select a category below for more information on a specific topic:</nobr></p>
<blockquote>
<dl>
<p>
<dt><nobr><a href="http://Chronos.ws/9dtheory.html" target="_top"><b>Nine-dimensional Theory</b></a></nobr></dt>
<dd>A brief overview of the exciting new field of trans-dimensional physics.</dd>
</p>
<p>
<dt><nobr><a href="http://Chronos.ws/timegates.html" target="_top"><b>Using Time Gates</b></a></nobr></dt>
<dd>How and where to build a sixth-dimensional time gate, and how to use it wisely.</dd>
</p>
<p>
<dt><nobr><a href="http://Chronos.ws/causality.html" target="_top"><b>Destiny, Causality, And Temporal Divergence</b></a></nobr></dt>
<dd>Before you time travel, you must understand the causal forces at work in various timelines.</dd>
</p>
<p>
<dt><nobr><a href="http://Chronos.ws/navigating.html" target="_top"><b>Navigating Parallel Timelines</b></a></nobr></dt>
<dd>How to travel into the past and future of divergent timelines.</dd>
</p>
<p>
<dt><nobr><a href="http://Chronos.ws/phasing.html" target="_top"><b>Temporal Phasing</b></a></nobr></dt>
<dd>How to speed up and slow down time through the fifth dimension.</dd>
</p>
<p>
<dt><nobr><a href="http://Chronos.ws/teleportation.html" target="_top"><b>Interspatial Teleportation</b></a></nobr></dt>
<dd>How to use the higher dimensions for instantaneous travel.</dd>
</p>
</dl>
</blockquote>
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<dd><nobr>The official <a href="https://plus.google.com/101221767799022680950" rel="publisher">Google+</a> page for Chronos Technologies, Inc.</nobr><br />
</dd>
</p>
<p>
<dt><nobr><a href="http://www.network54.com/Hide/Forum/thread?forumid=185348&messageid=1015003839" target="_top"><b>Time Travel Message Board</b></a></nobr></dt>
<dd><nobr>Exchange your thoughts on time travel.</nobr><br />
</dd>
</p>
<p>
<dt><nobr><a href="http://forums.delphiforums.com/chronos/start" target="_top"><b>Delphi Chat Forum</b></a></nobr></dt>
<dd><nobr>Post your time travel theories and questions.</nobr><br />
</dd>
</p>
<p>
<dt><nobr><a href="http://Chronos.ws/email.html" target="_top"><b>E-mail Us</b></a></nobr></dt>
<dd><nobr>Send questions or comments about this site.</nobr><br />
</dd>
</p>
<p>
<dt><nobr><a href="http://Chronos.ws/about.html" target="_top"><b>About Us</b></a></nobr></dt>
<dd><nobr>Learn about Chronos Technologies, Inc.</nobr><br />
</dd>
</p>
<p>
<dt><nobr><a href="http://chronos.mail.everyone.net" target="_top"><b>[email protected]</b></a></nobr></dt>
<dd>Get a free Web-based e-mail account. <nobr>Ideal for time travellers on the go!</nobr><br />
</dd>
</p>
<p>
<dt><a href="http://www.cafepress.com/cp/store/store.aspx?storeid=ChronTech" target="_top"><b>I returned from a parallel Universe through the <nobr>sixth dimension and all I got was this lousy T-shirt.</nobr></b></a></dt>
<dd>Visit the Chronos Gift Shop and pick up a
<nobr>souvenir of your trans-dimensional trip.</nobr>
</dd>
</p>
</dl>
</blockquote>
<hr size="12" width="500" noshade="noshade" align="center" color="#998899" />
<blockquote>
<h3 align="center"><a name="links">Related Links</a></h3>
<table width="120" align="right" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0"><tr><td align="center">
<a href="http://www.sjgames.com/ill/illsotw/archive.html" target="_blank"><img
src="http://www.sjgames.com/ill/illsotw/img/illogo2b.gif"
width="97" height="96" alt="Illuminated Site of the Week
Winner" border="0" /><br clear="all" />Illuminated Site <nobr>of the Week</nobr> for <nobr>November 16, 2007</nobr></a>
</td></tr></table>
<div align="center">
<a href="http://LongNow.org" target="_blank"><img src="image/TheLongNowFoundation.gif" alt="The Long Now Foundation" width="259" height="53" hspace="1" vspace="1" border="0" /></a>
</div>
<dl>
<p>
<dt><nobr><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071215133911/http://www.scifi.com/sfw/issue332/site.html" target="_blank"><b>SciFi.com Site of the Week</b></a></nobr></dt>
<dd>SciFi.com names <a href="http://Chronos.WS" target="_top">Chronos.WS</a> its <nobr>Site of the Week</nobr> for <nobr>September 2, 2003.</nobr><br />
</dd>
</p>
<p>
<dt><nobr><a href="http://www.Interdimensional.Travel" target="_top"><b>www.Interdimensional.Travel</b></a></nobr></dt>
<dd>The ultimate guide to time travel, teleportation,
<nobr>temporal phasing,</nobr> and other applications of <nobr><a href="http://Chronos.ws/9dtheory.html" target="_top">nine-dimensional theory</a>.</nobr><br />
</dd>
</p>
<p>
<dt><nobr><a href="http://www.hgwellsusa.50megs.com/" target="_blank"><b>The H.G. Wells Society</b></a></nobr></dt>
<dd>Learn about the author of <nobr>"The Time Machine."</nobr><br />
</dd>
</p>
<p>
<dt><nobr><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071215133916/http://www.scifi.com/sfw/sites/sfw10151.html" target="_blank"><b>SciFi.com Site of the Week</b></a></nobr></dt>
<dd>SciFi.com names <a href="http://Chronos.WS" target="_top">Chronos.WS</a> its <nobr>Site of the Week</nobr> for <nobr>September 2, 2003.</nobr><br />
</dd>
</p>
<p>
<dt><nobr><a href="http://TrekGuide.com" target="_blank"><b>TrekGuide.com =/\= Star Trek Episode Guides</b></a></nobr></dt>
<dd>A comprehensive episode listing <nobr>of the popular TV series.</nobr><br />
</dd>
</p>
<p>
<dt><nobr><a href="http://www.teleportec.com/" target="_blank"><b>Teleportec Ltd</b></a></nobr></dt>
<dd>Teleportation Technology is the <nobr>21st century alternative to travel.</nobr><br />
</dd>
</p>
<p>
<dt><nobr><a href="http://www.makemillions.bizland.com/links.htm" target="_blank"><b>Time Travel Research Links</b></a></nobr></dt>
<dd>Other sites related to time travel.</nobr><br />
</dd>
</p>
<p>
<dt><a href="http://SecretAgentMagazine.com" target="_top"><b>Secret Agent Magazine</b></a></dt>
<dd><nobr>An online magazine about secret agents, and the latest gadgets and weapons.</nobr>
</dd>
</p>
<p>
<dt><nobr><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071215133921/http://www.scifi.com/sfw/sites/sfw10177.html" target="_blank"><b>SciFi.com Site of the Week</b></a></nobr></dt>
<dd>SciFi.com names <a href="http://Chronos.WS" target="_top">Chronos.WS</a> its <nobr>Site of the Week</nobr> for <nobr>September 2, 2003.</nobr><br />
</dd>
</p>
<p>
<dt><a href="http://TheDaysAfterTomorrow.com" target="_blank"><b>The Days after tomorrow</b></a></dt>
<dd><nobr>Comic strips by P. L. Sublett.</nobr>
</dd>
</p>
</dl>
</blockquote>
<hr size="12" width="500" noshade="noshade" align="center" color="#998899" />
<blockquote>
<h3 align="center"><a name="Unrelated">Unrelated Links</a></h3>
<p>
<dt><nobr><a href="http://www.chronos.co.uk/" target="_blank"><b>Chronos Technology Ltd</b></a></nobr></dt>
<dd>International provider and system integrator
<nobr>for telecom networks.</nobr><br />
</dd>
</p>
<p>
<dt><nobr><a href="http://www.chronos.com.tw/" target="_blank"><b>Chronos Unlimited Technology</b></a></nobr></dt>
<dd>Distributor of computer components and peripherals
<nobr>in Asia and Europe.</nobr><br />
</dd>
</p>
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Chronos: The Future of Time Travel
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"MAKING TOMORROW'S HISTORY TODAY"
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You have reached the ultimate guide to time travel, teleportation,
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A brief overview of the exciting new field of trans-dimensional physics.
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How and where to build a sixth-dimensional time gate, and how to use it wisely.
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Related Links
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| [Illuminated Site of the Week
WinnerIlluminated Site of the Week for November 16, 2007](http://www.sjgames.com/ill/illsotw/archive.html) |
[The Long Now Foundation](http://LongNow.org)
[**SciFi.com Site of the Week**](http://web.archive.org/web/20071215133911/http://www.scifi.com/sfw/issue332/site.html)
SciFi.com names [Chronos.WS](http://Chronos.WS) its Site of the Week for September 2, 2003.
[**www.Interdimensional.Travel**](http://www.Interdimensional.Travel)
The ultimate guide to time travel, teleportation,
temporal phasing, and other applications of [nine-dimensional theory](http://Chronos.ws/9dtheory.html).
[**The H.G. Wells Society**](http://www.hgwellsusa.50megs.com/)
Learn about the author of "The Time Machine."
[**SciFi.com Site of the Week**](http://web.archive.org/web/20071215133916/http://www.scifi.com/sfw/sites/sfw10151.html)
SciFi.com names [Chronos.WS](http://Chronos.WS) its Site of the Week for September 2, 2003.
[**TrekGuide.com =/\= Star Trek Episode Guides**](http://TrekGuide.com)
A comprehensive episode listing of the popular TV series.
[**Teleportec Ltd**](http://www.teleportec.com/)
Teleportation Technology is the 21st century alternative to travel.
[**Time Travel Research Links**](http://www.makemillions.bizland.com/links.htm)
Other sites related to time travel.
[**Secret Agent Magazine**](http://SecretAgentMagazine.com)
An online magazine about secret agents, and the latest gadgets and weapons.
[**SciFi.com Site of the Week**](http://web.archive.org/web/20071215133921/http://www.scifi.com/sfw/sites/sfw10177.html)
SciFi.com names [Chronos.WS](http://Chronos.WS) its Site of the Week for September 2, 2003.
[**The Days after tomorrow**](http://TheDaysAfterTomorrow.com)
Comic strips by P. L. Sublett.
---
Unrelated Links
[**Chronos Technology Ltd**](http://www.chronos.co.uk/)
International provider and system integrator
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<meta name="description" content="Airshow Pictures from Airshows around Europe including the boneyard at AMARC, 40 years Fighter Wing JG74 'Mölders', Airpower 2000, Axalp 2000, Royal International Air Tattoo at Fairford 1998, Hahnweide 1999, Ramstein 1988, Pima Air and Space Museum, EADS family day Manching 2001, Photoday at the Fighter Wing JG 74, 45 years WTD 61, Airpower 2005">
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<!-- Title -->
<center>
<img SRC="airshow_title.GIF" height=86 width=700>
<br>
<img SRC="airshow_logo.GIF" height=390 width=550>
<br>
</center>
<!-- Alternative Language -->
<table WIDTH="97%" >
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<td ALIGN=RIGHT>
<a href="index_d.html"><img SRC="button_de_small.gif" BORDER=0 height=15 width=25></a>
<a href="index_d.html"><font size=-2>Deutsche</a> Version dieser Seite</font>
</td>
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<!-- List of Galleries -->
<p>
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<p><font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=+2>Please visit one of my galleries:
</font></font>
</center>
<br>
<center>
<table BORDER CELLSPACING=5 WIDTH="95%" >
<!-- 50 years WTD 61 -->
<tr>
<td ALIGN=CENTER><a href="WTD61_2007/page_1.html"><img SRC="wtd61_logo_1.gif" BORDER=0 height=100 width=100></a></td>
<td>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times">
<a href="WTD61_2007/page_1.html">50th Anniversary of WTD 61 (German Airforce Test Center), Manching, Germany, September 15, 2007
</a></font><br> <br>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1>Highlights: special painting F-4F Phantom an Tornado, Eurofighter, Tiger, NH90 ...
</font>
<center>
<p><img SRC="new.gif" height=40 width=50>
</center>
</td>
</tr>
<!-- Hahnweide 2007 -->
<tr>
<td ALIGN=CENTER><a href="Hahnweide_2007/page_1.html"><img SRC="Hahnweide_Logo.gif" BORDER=0 height=100 width=100></a></td>
<td>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times">
<a href="Hahnweide_2007/page_1.html">Oldtimer Meeting "Hahnweide" Kirchheim / Teck, Germany, September 9, 2007
</a></font><br> <br>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1><b>Highlights:</b> B-25 Mitchell, P-40 Kittyhawk, Spitfire, P-51D Mustang, Junkers Ju-52, Wingwalker<br>
</font>
</td>
</tr>
<!-- ECD Family Day - Donauwörth 2006 -->
<tr>
<td ALIGN=CENTER><a href="ECD_Family_Day/page_1.html"><img SRC="ECD_Familientag.gif" BORDER=0 height=100 width=100></a></td>
<td>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times">
<a href="ECD_Family_Day/page_1.html">Eurocopter Family Day, Donauwörth, Germany, September 16, 2006
</a></font><br> <br>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1><b>Highlights:</b> Eurocopter Tiger, NH-90, EC135, EC145, BO-105, BK-117, Messerschmitt Me-108, Me-109, Me-262<br>
</font>
<center>
<p>
</center>
</td>
</tr>
<!-- EADS Family Day - Manching 2006 -->
<tr>
<td ALIGN=CENTER><a href="Manching2006/page_1.html"><img SRC="Manching_06.gif" BORDER=0 height=100 width=100></a></td>
<td>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times">
<a href="Manching2006/page_1.html">EADS Family Day, Manching, Germany, July 08, 2006
</a></font><br> <br>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1><b>Highlights:</b> Messerschmitt Me-109, Me-262, Eurofighter, Phantom, Tornado, Eurocopter Tiger, NH-90<br>
</font>
<center>
<p>
</center>
</td>
</tr>
<!-- ILA 2006 -->
<tr>
<td ALIGN=CENTER><a href="ILA_2006/page_1.html"><img SRC="ila_title.gif" BORDER=0 height=101 width=100></a></td>
<td>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times">
<a href="ILA_2006/page_1.html">ILA 2006, Berlin, Germany, May 20, 2006
</a></font><br> <br>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1><b>Highlights:</b> Airbus A-380, Messerschmitt Me-262, Patrouille Suisse, Eurofighter, Eurocopter Tiger, NH-90, F-16, Messerschmitt Me 109, Corsair, Spitfire, Skyraider<br>
</font>
<center>
<p>
</center>
</td>
</tr>
<!-- Airpower 2005 -->
<tr>
<td ALIGN=CENTER><a href="Airpower2005/page_1.html"><img SRC="Airpower05_Logo.gif" BORDER=0 height=100 width=100></a></td>
<td>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times">
<a href="Airpower2005/page_1.html">Airpower 2005, Zeltweg, Austria, June 24 - 25, 2005
</a></font><br> <br>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1><b>Highlights:</b> Frecce Tricolori, Red Arrows, Patrouille de France, Patrouille Suisse, Patrulla Aguila<br>
Eurofighter, F-18, F-16, Messerschmitt Me 109, Corsair, Super Constellation ...
</font>
</td>
</tr>
<!-- 45 years WTD 61 -->
<tr>
<td ALIGN=CENTER><a href="WTD61_2002/WTD61_1.html"><img SRC="wtd61_logo_1.gif" BORDER=0 height=100 width=100></a></td>
<td>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times">
<a href="WTD61_2002/WTD61_1.html">45th Anniversary of WTD 61 (German Airforce Test Center), Manching, Germany, September 28, 2002
</a></font><br> <br>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1>Highlights: special painting F-4F Phantom, Eurofighter, Tornado, Mig 29, Focke Wulf FW-190...
</font>
</td>
</tr>
<!-- Photoday JG 74 -->
<tr>
<td ALIGN=CENTER><a href="JG74_photoday/JG74_photoday_1.html"><img SRC="JG74_logo.jpg" BORDER=0 height=100 width=100></a></td>
<td>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times">
<a href="JG74_photoday/JG74_photoday_1.html">Photoday at the Fighter Wing JG 74 "Mölders", Neuburg a.d. Donau, Germany, August 14, 2002
</a></font><br> <br>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1>Highlights: See the F-4F Phantom of the German Airforce in action.
</font>
</td>
</tr>
<!-- ILA 2002 -->
<tr HEIGHT="100">
<td ALIGN=CENTER><a href="Ila2002/ila2002_1.html"><img SRC="ila_title.gif" BORDER=0 height=101 width=100></a></td>
<td>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times">
<a href="Ila2002/ila2002_1.html">ILA Berlin 2002, Germany, May 11, 2002
</a></font><br> <br>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1>Highlights: Eurofighter Typhoon, C-17 Globemaster III, 'Red Bull' Alpha Jet, Alenia G-222, ...
</font><br>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1>MPG video featuring the spectacular Tiger Loop performed by Eurocopters attack helicopter Tiger !!!
</font>
</td>
</tr>
<!-- Tiger Special -->
<tr HEIGHT="100">
<td ALIGN=CENTER><a href="ECD_Tiger_Rollout/ecd_tiger_first_flight_1.html"><img SRC="Tiger_special_1.GIF" BORDER=0 height=67 width=100></a></td>
<td>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times">
<a href="ECD_Tiger_Rollout/ecd_tiger_first_flight_1.html">Tiger Special - Roll-Out and First Flight at Eurocopter, Donauwörth, Germany, March 22, 2002 / August 9, 2002
</a></font><br> <br>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1>Highlights: Eurocopters attack helicopter Tiger in action, NH-90, BO 105, CH-53...
</font>
</td>
</tr>
<!-- Family Day Manching 2001 -->
<tr HEIGHT="100">
<td ALIGN=CENTER><a href="Manching2001/manching2001_1.html"><img SRC="Manching2001_Title.GIF" BORDER=0 height=86 width=85></a></td>
<td>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times"><a href="Manching2001/manching2001_1.html">EADS Family Day 2001, Manching, Germany, Sept. 07, 2001
</a></font><br> <br>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1>Highlights: Messerschmitt Me-109, F-104 Starfighter, Eurofighter, F-4 Phantom, A-10 Thunderbolt, Tornado, ...
</font><br>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1>MPG videos featuring F-4 Phantom and F-104 Starfighter !!!
</font>
</td>
</tr>
<!-- 75 years LSV Gundelfingen -->
<tr HEIGHT="100">
<td ALIGN=CENTER><a href="Gundelfingen/gundelf_1.html"><img SRC="Gundelfingen_Title.GIF" BORDER=0 height=86 width=85></a></td>
<td>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times"><a href="Gundelfingen/gundelf_1.html">75 years "Aero Club Gundelfingen", Gundelfingen, Germany, Aug. 25, 2001
</a></font><br> <br>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1>Highlights: Mustang, Corsair, The Firebirds, Antonov An-2, Pilatus P-2, Lo-100, ...
</font>
</td>
</tr>
<!-- 40th Anniversary Fighter Wing JG 74 -->
<tr HEIGHT="100">
<td ALIGN=CENTER><a href="jg74/jg74_1.html"><img SRC="jg74_logo.gif" BORDER=0 height=100 width=100></a></td>
<td>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times"><a href="jg74/jg74_1.html">40th Anniversary Fighter Wing JG 74 "Mölders", Neuburg a.d. Donau, Germany, July 21, 2001
</a></font><br> <br>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1>Highlights: special painting F-4 Phantom, Draken, Eurofighter, Tornado, Mig 29, Mirage, ...
</font>
</td>
</tr>
<!-- Pima Air and Space Museum -->
<tr HEIGHT="100">
<td ALIGN=CENTER><a href="Pasm/pasm1.html"><img SRC="pasm.jpg" BORDER=0 height=90 width=99></a></td>
<td>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times"><a href="Pasm/pasm1.html">Pima Air and Space Museum, Tucson, Arizona, April 09, 2001
</a></font><br> <br>
<font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1>Highlights: Rare pieces like SR-71, F-100, F-107, F-86, B-58, Mig 17, ... standing in the Arizona desert
</font>
</td>
</tr>
<tr HEIGHT="100">
<td>
<center><a href="Amarc/amarc1.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Aerospace Maintenance and Recovery Center (AMARC), Davis-Monthan AFB, Tucson, Arizona');return document.MM_returnValue"><img SRC="amarc_logo.GIF" BORDER=0 height=85 width=85></a></center>
</td>
<td><font face="Times New Roman,Times"><a href="Amarc/amarc1.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Aerospace Maintenance and Recovery Center (AMARC), Davis-Monthan AFB, Tucson, Arizona');return document.MM_returnValue">"The
Boneyard"</a></font>
<br><font face="Times New Roman,Times"><a href="Amarc/amarc1.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Aerospace Maintenance and Recovery Center (AMARC), Davis-Monthan AFB, Tucson, Arizona');return document.MM_returnValue">Aerospace
Maintenance and Recovery Center (AMARC), Davis-Monthan AFB, Tucson, Arizona</a></font>
<br><font face="Times New Roman,Times"><a href="Amarc/amarc1.html">April
09, 2001</a></font>
<br><font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1>Highlights: Thousands of aircraft stored in the Arizona desert.</font>
</td>
</tr>
<tr HEIGHT="100">
<td>
<center><a href="ECD_High_Tech_Day/ecd1.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Eurocopter High Tech Day, Donauwörth, Germany, March 31, 2001');return document.MM_returnValue"><img SRC="high-tec_transp.gif" BORDER=0 height=85 width=85></a></center>
</td>
<td VALIGN=CENTER><font face="Times New Roman,Times"><a href="ECD_High_Tech_Day/ecd1.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Eurocopter High Tech Day, Donauwörth, Germany, March 31, 2001');return document.MM_returnValue">Eurocopter
High Tech Day, Donauwörth, Germany, March 31, 2001</a></font>
<br>
<br><font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1>Highlights: Eurocopter EC 135 "Helicops", BK 117, EC 120, BO 105, EC 155, ...</font></td>
</tr>
<tr HEIGHT="100">
<td ALIGN=CENTER><a href="Axalp2000/axalp1.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Shooting Demo at Ebenfluh Shooting Range, Axalp, Switzerland, Oct. 4 - Oct. 5, 2000');return document.MM_returnValue"><img SRC="axalp1.gif" BORDER=0 height=80 width=95 align=ABSCENTER></a></td>
<td><font face="Times New Roman,Times"><a href="Axalp2000/axalp1.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Shooting Demo at Ebenfluh Shooting Range, Axalp, Switzerland, Oct. 4 - Oct. 5, 2000');return document.MM_returnValue">Shooting Demo at Ebenfluh
Shooting Range, Axalp, Switzerland, Oct. 4 - Oct. 5, 2000</a></font>
<br><font face="Times New Roman,Times"><a href="Axalp2000/axalp1.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Shooting Demo at Ebenfluh Shooting Range, Axalp, Switzerland, Oct. 4 - Oct. 5, 2000');return document.MM_returnValue">Now including
MPEG video sequences !!!</a>
<br>
<br><font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1>Highlights: Patrouille Suisse, Mirage III RS, F-5E, F-18, Hawk, ...</font></td>
</tr>
<tr HEIGHT="100">
<td ALIGN=CENTER><a href="Airpower2000/airpower1.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Airpower 2000, Zeltweg, Austria, June 30 - July 1, 2000');return document.MM_returnValue"><img SRC="airpowerlogo.gif" BORDER=0 height=100 width=100 align=ABSCENTER></a></td>
<td><font face="Times New Roman,Times"><a href="Airpower2000/airpower1.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Airpower 2000, Zeltweg, Austria, June 30 - July 1, 2000');return document.MM_returnValue">Airpower 2000, Zeltweg, Austria, June 30 - July 1, 2000</a></font>
<br>
<br><font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1>Highlights: Frecce Tricolori, The Red Arrows, Patrouille Suisse, Patrulla Aguila, The Turkish Stars, Draken, Mig 21, Sukhoi Su-27, Viggen, B-25, ...</font></td>
</tr>
<tr HEIGHT="100">
<td ALIGN=CENTER><a href="Hahnweide/hahnw1.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Oldtimer Meeting Hahnweide Kirchheim / Teck, Germany, September 5, 1999');return document.MM_returnValue"><img SRC="Hahnweide_99_Title.GIF" BORDER=0 height=100 width=67 align=ABSCENTER></a></td>
<td><font face="Times New Roman,Times"><a href="Hahnweide/hahnw1.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Oldtimer Meeting Hahnweide Kirchheim / Teck, Germany, September 5, 1999');return document.MM_returnValue">Oldtimer
Meeting "Hahnweide" Kirchheim / Teck, Germany, September 5, 1999</a></font>
<br>
<br><font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1>Highlights: Ju 52, Me-109, Spitfire, Mustang, Kitty Hawk, Bronco OV-10B, Jak 11, ...</font></td>
</tr>
<tr HEIGHT="100">
<td ALIGN=CENTER><a href="heli_wm/heli_wm1.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('10th World Helicopter Championship, Nördlingen Germany, August 22, 1999');return document.MM_returnValue"><img SRC="Heli_WM_Title.GIF" BORDER=0 height=99 width=100 align=ABSCENTER></a></td>
<td><font face="Times New Roman,Times"><a href="heli_wm/heli_wm1.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('10th World Helicopter Championship, Nördlingen Germany, August 22, 1999');return document.MM_returnValue">10th
World Helicopter Championship, Nördlingen Germany, August 22, 1999</a></font>
<br>
<br><font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1>Highlights: Eurocopter EC135, Mil Mi-2, MD 500, Bell 407, AS-350, ...</font></td>
</tr>
<tr HEIGHT="100">
<td ALIGN=CENTER WIDTH="15%"><a href="fairford/iat1.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('The Royal International Air Tattoo 1998 RAF Fairford, United Kingdom July 25 & 26, 1998');return document.MM_returnValue"><img SRC="Fairford_title.GIF" BORDER=0 height=100 width=72></a></td>
<td><font face="Times New Roman,Times"><a href="fairford/iat1.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('The Royal International Air Tattoo 1998 RAF Fairford, United Kingdom July 25 & 26, 1998');return document.MM_returnValue">The
Royal International Air Tattoo 1998 RAF Fairford, United Kingdom July 25
& 26, 1998</a></font>
<br>
<br><font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1>Highlights: The Red Arrows, Patrouille de France, Patrouille Suisse, B1-B, B-52, Mig 29, F-16, Tornado, ...</font></td>
</tr>
<tr HEIGHT="100">
<td ALIGN=CENTER><a href="manching/manching.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Open Day at DASA works Manching, Germany, June 26, 1998');return document.MM_returnValue"><img SRC="Manching_title.gif" BORDER=0 height=100 width=82></a></td>
<td><font face="Times New Roman,Times"><a href="manching/manching.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Open Day at DASA works Manching, Germany, June 26, 1998');return document.MM_returnValue">Open
Day at DASA works Manching, Germany, June 26, 1998</a></font>
<br>
<br><font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1>Highlights: Eurofighter, Messerschmitt Me-109, Spitfire, Mig 29, F-4 Phantom, ...</font></td>
</tr>
<tr HEIGHT="100">
<td ALIGN=CENTER><a href="ila/ila1.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('ILA Berlin 1998, Germany, May 24, 1998');return document.MM_returnValue"><img SRC="ila_title.gif" BORDER=0 height=101 width=100></a></td>
<td><font face="Times New Roman,Times"><a href="ila/ila1.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('ILA Berlin 1998, Germany, May 24, 1998');return document.MM_returnValue">ILA
Berlin 1998, Germany, May 24, 1998</a></font>
<br>
<br><font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1>Highlights: Eurofighter, F-16, Sukhoi Su-37 MR, NH 90, Eurocopter Tiger, ...</font></td>
</tr>
<tr HEIGHT="100">
<td ALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT="100"><a href="Ramstein/ramstein.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Ramstein Airshow 1988, Germany, August 28, 1988');return document.MM_returnValue"><img SRC="Ramstein_Title.GIF" BORDER=0 height=71 width=100></a></td>
<td><font face="Times New Roman,Times"><a href="Ramstein/ramstein.html" onMouseOver="MM_displayStatusMsg('Ramstein Airshow 1988, Germany, August 28, 1988');return document.MM_returnValue">Ramstein
Airshow 1988, Germany, August 28, 1988</a></font>
<br>
<br><font face="Times New Roman,Times"><font size=-1>Pictures of the Frecce Tricolori crash</font></td>
</tr>
</table></center>
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Airshow Photo Gallery by Robert Stetter
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[Deutsche](index_d.html) Version dieser Seite |
Please visit one of my galleries:
| |
[50th Anniversary of WTD 61 (German Airforce Test Center), Manching, Germany, September 15, 2007](WTD61_2007/page_1.html)
Highlights: special painting F-4F Phantom an Tornado, Eurofighter, Tiger, NH90 ...
|
| |
[Oldtimer Meeting "Hahnweide" Kirchheim / Teck, Germany, September 9, 2007](Hahnweide_2007/page_1.html)
**Highlights:** B-25 Mitchell, P-40 Kittyhawk, Spitfire, P-51D Mustang, Junkers Ju-52, Wingwalker
|
| |
[Eurocopter Family Day, Donauwörth, Germany, September 16, 2006](ECD_Family_Day/page_1.html)
**Highlights:** Eurocopter Tiger, NH-90, EC135, EC145, BO-105, BK-117, Messerschmitt Me-108, Me-109, Me-262
|
| |
[EADS Family Day, Manching, Germany, July 08, 2006](Manching2006/page_1.html)
**Highlights:** Messerschmitt Me-109, Me-262, Eurofighter, Phantom, Tornado, Eurocopter Tiger, NH-90
|
| |
[ILA 2006, Berlin, Germany, May 20, 2006](ILA_2006/page_1.html)
**Highlights:** Airbus A-380, Messerschmitt Me-262, Patrouille Suisse, Eurofighter, Eurocopter Tiger, NH-90, F-16, Messerschmitt Me 109, Corsair, Spitfire, Skyraider
|
| |
[Airpower 2005, Zeltweg, Austria, June 24 - 25, 2005](Airpower2005/page_1.html)
**Highlights:** Frecce Tricolori, Red Arrows, Patrouille de France, Patrouille Suisse, Patrulla Aguila
Eurofighter, F-18, F-16, Messerschmitt Me 109, Corsair, Super Constellation ...
|
| |
[45th Anniversary of WTD 61 (German Airforce Test Center), Manching, Germany, September 28, 2002](WTD61_2002/WTD61_1.html)
Highlights: special painting F-4F Phantom, Eurofighter, Tornado, Mig 29, Focke Wulf FW-190...
|
| |
[Photoday at the Fighter Wing JG 74 "Mölders", Neuburg a.d. Donau, Germany, August 14, 2002](JG74_photoday/JG74_photoday_1.html)
Highlights: See the F-4F Phantom of the German Airforce in action.
|
| |
[ILA Berlin 2002, Germany, May 11, 2002](Ila2002/ila2002_1.html)
Highlights: Eurofighter Typhoon, C-17 Globemaster III, 'Red Bull' Alpha Jet, Alenia G-222, ...
MPG video featuring the spectacular Tiger Loop performed by Eurocopters attack helicopter Tiger !!!
|
| |
[Tiger Special - Roll-Out and First Flight at Eurocopter, Donauwörth, Germany, March 22, 2002 / August 9, 2002](ECD_Tiger_Rollout/ecd_tiger_first_flight_1.html)
Highlights: Eurocopters attack helicopter Tiger in action, NH-90, BO 105, CH-53...
|
| | [EADS Family Day 2001, Manching, Germany, Sept. 07, 2001](Manching2001/manching2001_1.html)
Highlights: Messerschmitt Me-109, F-104 Starfighter, Eurofighter, F-4 Phantom, A-10 Thunderbolt, Tornado, ...
MPG videos featuring F-4 Phantom and F-104 Starfighter !!!
|
| | [75 years "Aero Club Gundelfingen", Gundelfingen, Germany, Aug. 25, 2001](Gundelfingen/gundelf_1.html)
Highlights: Mustang, Corsair, The Firebirds, Antonov An-2, Pilatus P-2, Lo-100, ...
|
| | [40th Anniversary Fighter Wing JG 74 "Mölders", Neuburg a.d. Donau, Germany, July 21, 2001](jg74/jg74_1.html)
Highlights: special painting F-4 Phantom, Draken, Eurofighter, Tornado, Mig 29, Mirage, ...
|
| | [Pima Air and Space Museum, Tucson, Arizona, April 09, 2001](Pasm/pasm1.html)
Highlights: Rare pieces like SR-71, F-100, F-107, F-86, B-58, Mig 17, ... standing in the Arizona desert
|
| | ["The
Boneyard"](Amarc/amarc1.html)
[Aerospace
Maintenance and Recovery Center (AMARC), Davis-Monthan AFB, Tucson, Arizona](Amarc/amarc1.html)
[April
09, 2001](Amarc/amarc1.html)
Highlights: Thousands of aircraft stored in the Arizona desert.
|
| | [Eurocopter
High Tech Day, Donauwörth, Germany, March 31, 2001](ECD_High_Tech_Day/ecd1.html)
Highlights: Eurocopter EC 135 "Helicops", BK 117, EC 120, BO 105, EC 155, ... |
| | [Shooting Demo at Ebenfluh
Shooting Range, Axalp, Switzerland, Oct. 4 - Oct. 5, 2000](Axalp2000/axalp1.html)
[Now including
MPEG video sequences !!!](Axalp2000/axalp1.html)
Highlights: Patrouille Suisse, Mirage III RS, F-5E, F-18, Hawk, ... |
| | [Airpower 2000, Zeltweg, Austria, June 30 - July 1, 2000](Airpower2000/airpower1.html)
Highlights: Frecce Tricolori, The Red Arrows, Patrouille Suisse, Patrulla Aguila, The Turkish Stars, Draken, Mig 21, Sukhoi Su-27, Viggen, B-25, ... |
| | [Oldtimer
Meeting "Hahnweide" Kirchheim / Teck, Germany, September 5, 1999](Hahnweide/hahnw1.html)
Highlights: Ju 52, Me-109, Spitfire, Mustang, Kitty Hawk, Bronco OV-10B, Jak 11, ... |
| | [10th
World Helicopter Championship, Nördlingen Germany, August 22, 1999](heli_wm/heli_wm1.html)
Highlights: Eurocopter EC135, Mil Mi-2, MD 500, Bell 407, AS-350, ... |
| | [The
Royal International Air Tattoo 1998 RAF Fairford, United Kingdom July 25
& 26, 1998](fairford/iat1.html)
Highlights: The Red Arrows, Patrouille de France, Patrouille Suisse, B1-B, B-52, Mig 29, F-16, Tornado, ... |
| | [Open
Day at DASA works Manching, Germany, June 26, 1998](manching/manching.html)
Highlights: Eurofighter, Messerschmitt Me-109, Spitfire, Mig 29, F-4 Phantom, ... |
| | [ILA
Berlin 1998, Germany, May 24, 1998](ila/ila1.html)
Highlights: Eurofighter, F-16, Sukhoi Su-37 MR, NH 90, Eurocopter Tiger, ... |
| | [Ramstein
Airshow 1988, Germany, August 28, 1988](Ramstein/ramstein.html)
Pictures of the Frecce Tricolori crash |
[](links/links.html)to aviation related sites
You are visitor  since August 24, 1998
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All photo material on this site is copyrighted by photographer
[Robert Stetter](mailto:[email protected])
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Last Update: 2010-02-08
[What's new?](History/history.html)
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head><meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Microbe Organics</title>
</head>
<body alink="#000099" link="#000099" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 204);" vlink="#990099">
<h1><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">Microbe Organics</span></h1>
<p> <br />
<img alt="Ciliate" src="ciliate2%20250XZZ%20cropped%20070624.jpg" style="width: 335px; height: 236px;" title="Ciliate" /><br style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;" />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">Ciliate<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">All photos are copywrited to Tim Wilson and may only be used with written permission.</span><br style="font-weight: bold;" />
<big>Please refresh your browser when returning to see updates</big>.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Contact:</span> <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a> <big><a href="#Contents" style="font-weight: bold;">Contents></a></big><br />
<br />
<br />
<font size="+1"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Microbe Organics;</span></font><br />
Microbe Organics? What the heck is this?; You ask. It is the name I chose to describe my approach to the understanding and interpretation of microbial based soil and plant amendments currently evolving in horticultural practices throughout the world. Two such practices which you may have heard of or use yourself are Compost Tea and EM (Effective Microorganisms {EMRO USA} or Beneficial and Effective Microorganisms{SCD}; 2 Brand Names). I will be focusing to begin with on the practical analysis and use of Compost Tea.</span><br style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;" />
<br style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;" />
<br style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;" />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">I am not an expert in this field of biology, in fact I am a lifelong student and will defer to the far superior overall knowledge of several experts in microbial based amendments, however what I have to offer is a translation or simplification of many of the terms, functions and observations surrounding this science. The reason I am able to do this is mostly due to my ‘I have to see it to believe it or comprehend it’ attitude. When I first started researching microbial based agriculture about six years ago I set up a small microscope laboratory enabling me to observe the microorganisms present in Compost Tea, microbial fermentations (e.g. EM), compost and soil. I set up an interface between a video camera, microscope and computer thus allowing me to capture real time video which has culminated thus far in the production of my first DVD.</span><br style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;" />
<br style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;" />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">Like the science which this growing (pun intended) phenomenon is based upon, this website will evolve over time. I will post links to sources of knowledge, supplies and practical solutions as I acquire permission to do so and as I learn of them. As I gain more skill managing this site I hope to post video footage of observations and experiments. Therefore keep checking back for updates. <br />
<br />
<font size="+2" style="font-weight: bold;">Using This Page: </font><font style="font-weight: bold;">I have a dislike for websites where one must wait for pages to load (especially true for limited Internet connections) so I have placed all the information on one page for now. You may access all subject headings via the links in the Contents section below and some subjects have subheadings which are also linked. Some topics may seem mis-ordered but you may always find something instantly by clicking 'Back to Contents' So click away.</font><br />
<br />
<font size="+2"><font size="+2" style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="Contents"></a>Contents:<br />
<br />
Articles & Resources; </font></font><br />
<img alt="Naked Amoeba" src="Amoeba%20beautious%20ph40X+zoomtext.jpg" style="width: 603px; height: 403px; float: right;" /><br />
<a href="#What_is_Compost_Tea_">What Is Compost Tea</a><br />
<a href="#More_on_Compost_Tea_2013_">More On Compost Tea (2013)</a></span><br />
<font size="-1" style="font-weight: normal;"><big><a href="#Organic_Growing_Microbial_Perspective">Organic Growing from a Microbial Perspective</a></big><br />
<a href="#Living_Soil"><big>Living Soil</big></a><br />
<a href="#Root_Exudates_"><big>Root Exudates </big></a> </font><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><a href="#So_You_Wanna_Build_A_Compost_Tea_Brewer">So You Wanna Build A Compost Tea Brewer</a></span><br />
<a href="#Microbe_Identification">Microbe Identification</a><br />
<br />
<a href="#Who_I_am">Who I am</a><br />
<br />
<font size="+1"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><big>Stuff I am Selling;<br />
<br />
Please note that as of the end of May, 2017 KIS Farms/Organics<br />
<a href="https://www.kisorganics.com">https://www.kisorganics.com</a><br />
has taken over airlift brewer sales. You may continue getting downloads<br />
here.<br />
<br />
<small>Video Downloads;</small></big></span></font><br />
<a href="#My_DVD">Microbe Identification DVD Download Option</a><br />
<a href="#Microscopehelpervideo">Microscopy Instructional Video Download </a><br />
<br />
<big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Compost Tea Makers DIY Plans; Any problems with download; <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a> </span></big><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="#PLANS_FOR_MINI">Plans to Build Your Own Mini-Microbulato</a>r <br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="#Plans_For_50_gallon_airlift_ACT_Maker">Plans to Build 50 Gallon Airlift Bioreactor (ACT Maker)</a><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Please be aware these plans are designed to be used with a variety of sized pipe and parts.</span><br style="font-weight: bold;" />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">It is not an exact scaled replication of the commercial Microbulator which is much more expensive to build.</span><br style="font-weight: bold;" />
<br />
<big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Discontinued but Interesting</span></big><br />
<a href="#Microscopes_for_sale">Microscopes </a><br />
<br />
<font size="+1"><span style="font-weight: bold;">More Helpful Info & Ramblings;</span></font><br />
<br />
<a href="#Tests_Observations__Postulations">Tests, Observations & Postulations</a><br />
<a href="#Resources__Links">Resources & Links</a><br />
<a href="#Compost_Tea_Recipes">Compost Tea Recipes </a> </p>
<h2></h2>
<p></p>
<h2><a name="What_is_Compost_Tea_"></a><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><a name="What_is_Compost_Tea"></a>What is Compost Tea? </span></h2>
<p><br style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;" />
<big><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">Very simply stated Compost Tea is a water-based environment wherein beneficial microorganisms are extracted from compost or vermicompost (worm compost) and multiplied by the millions and billions. Some form of agitation breaks the microbes free from the compost and they multiply because food, like black strap molasses, fish hydrolysate, kelp meal, etc. has been added to the water, which at least one type of microbe digests. When one or more type of microbe begins to multiply in response to the food, other microbes respond to this growth and begin to consume these initial microbes and multiply in turn and so on and so on. For example the initial microbes are usually bacteria which are food for protozoa so the protozoa multiply in response to the bacteria.<br />
<br />
The end result is a functional feeding cycle or microbial nutrient cycle. I refer to this as a functional microbial consortia. This develops over a period of 12 to 72 hours or more and is then applied to the soil and plants. In the soil there are a number of organisms which function in basically the same nutrient cycle and zone. Once again, simply stated, there are substances released from the roots of plants which feed bacteria (& archaea), again the bacteria/archaea become prey to the protozoa and the protozoa excrete substances which are available to the roots as nutrients (e.g. nitrogen) thus creating a feeding cycle.<br />
<br />
Other compost/soil microorganisms of great importance are fungi. Fungal hyphae, are long branching strands which grow through the soil and serve to; bind soil aggregates together, help retain moisture, store certain nutrients, provide a source of food to certain other microbes, provide pathways for nutrient and moisture delivery, decompose organic material and displace disease causing fungi. There are also other types of fungi which do not grow (to my knowledge) in compost or Compost Tea which form a direct symbiotic nutrient exchange relationship with roots.<br />
<br />
This sort of fungi is called mycorrhizal fungi and there are many different species. The major microorganisms at work in Compost Tea are bacteria, protozoa (flagellates, ciliates and amoebae) and fungal hyphae if present in your compost. It is best to have a wide diversity of each of these microbes present. There are higher order organisms like nematodes found in compost and soil and occasionally these are extracted into Compost Tea but they do not grow nor multiply in the tea. Of course in the soil there are many other contributors to the nutrient cycle, like insects, earthworms and other animals. In its totality this is often referred to as the soil food web. </span></big><br style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;" />
<br />
Fungal Hyphae (phase contrast)<br />
<img alt="fungal hyphae1" src="Fungal%20Hyphae%20barn%20compost%20w%20mol.JPG" style="width: 382px; height: 255px; float: left;" /><br />
<br style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;" />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"> <big>All life is in a symbiotic nutrient cycle even down to the microorganisms contained in our gut that assist us to digest certain foods. Life, consumption, excrement, death, decomposition, life. You are what you eat and the same applies to plants. </big></span><br style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;" />
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<big><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"> It has been discovered that aerated Compost Tea helps to ensure the multiplication of mostly aerobic microbes which are more desirable in this application. Plus the aeration provides the agitation necessary to dislodge the microbes from the compost. Therefore most Compost Tea machines or brewers, as they are commonly known, involve the introduction of air into the water and compost.</span></big><br style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;" />
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><big> Many Compost Tea users and producers have begun examining their brews with microscopes to see the microbes present. This ensures that they have the desired microbes in the right numbers and diversity prior to applying the tea to soil and plants. I am fairly hopeful if not certain that in the future when someone purchases a Compost Tea brewer that the kit will include a microscope. It is the identification of what is going on in this tiny universe where I find my calling.</big> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"> <img alt="Flagellates" src="Flagellates%20multiple%20flagella%20text.jpg" style="width: 436px; height: 327px; float: right;" /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"> Fungal Hyphae (brightfield) </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><img alt="fungal hyphae2" src="Pretty%20fungal%20hyphae%20barn%20vc%20250Xbf.JPG" style="width: 348px; height: 232px;" /></span><br />
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="More_on_Compost_Tea_2013_"></a>More on Compost Tea (2013)</span></big></big><br />
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<big><span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;">I've decided to post this additional information in response to many inquiries I've had. You will find much of it redundant but better too much than too little, at least in this case.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;">In my opinion compost tea is poorly named. It is not something one drinks and it is not created by steeping in boiled water as is tea. Aerated compost tea making is an active process which extracts microorganisms (breaks them loose from binding spots) into aerated water and provides them with a food source (foodstock) which causes them to multiply.<br />
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A more apt name would be a microbe multiplier and the process is almost identical to a laboratory device known as a bioreactor. Actually we have attempted a name shift by calling our new 12 gallon device an airlift [vortex] bioreactor. This, in my opinion, is a more descriptive term for what is going on but it looks like the term compost tea is going to stick.<br />
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If one is using quality compost or vermicompost (hereinafter referred to as [vermi]compost), an efficient ACT maker with sufficient aeration and the correct amount of foodstock, like black strap molasses, it is all about timing and to an extent temperature.<br />
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One must, of course use water which is free of chlorine/chloramines. This is easily done by putting a bit of molasses, ascorbic acid or a bit of [vermi]compost in ahead of time, which neutralizes these oxidizers.<br />
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The first microbes to begin dividing and growing in ACT are bacteria/archaea and fungi (if present in the [vermi]compost). The fungi grows out rapidly as fungal hyphae and is often attached to pieces of organic matter free floating.<br />
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The bacteria/archaea can divide every 20 minutes and appear as moving (motile) or stationary (non-motile) dots, rods and long strands. Usually these organisms are seen in large volume by the 18 hour to 24 hour period of the process, which for simplicity’s sake we’ll call a brew (since that is the term which has been colloquially applied).<br />
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In response to the population explosion of bacteria/archaea we have a congruent reactive increase in the protozoa population beginning around the 24 hour period. The usual type of protozoa which we see, given an efficient brewer is flagellates, however sometimes there will also be naked amoebae. The third type of protozoa, which we do not wish to see a ton of, are ciliates, as they can indicate the presence of anaerobic bacteria. The flagellate population can double every 2 hours so usually at the 36 hour period we have a sufficient diversity of microorganisms to call the brew finished and apply it to the soil and plants.<br />
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A good temperature range is usually 65 to 75 F but unless really cold the timing estimate is quite reliable.</span></span></big><br />
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<big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><big>Why use compost tea?</big></span><br />
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<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">The main reasons for using compost tea are</span>;<br />
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1/ to provide a quick nutrient kick to the rhizosphere. This works mainly because as the flagellates (protozoa) consume the *bacteria/archaea they utilize only 10 to 40% of the energy intake for their sustenance and the remaining 60 to 90% is expelled as ionic form nutrient which is directly bio-available to the roots of the plants. This is known as ‘the microbial nutrient loop (cycle)’.<br />
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2/ to begin or continue an inoculation of the soil with a microbial population. Many of these microorganisms will go dormant until called upon later to fulfill their purpose but many of them will grow and flourish, finding their station in the hierarchical positioning of microbes in a living soil. Some, like the fungi will grow out through the soil binding aggregates together, assisting with air and moisture retention, providing pathways for bacteria/archaea, providing a food source for various microorganisms and degrading organic matter to a point where it is available for other organisms.<br />
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Within a very diverse ACT there will be free living nitrogen fixers, anti-pathogens and yes a few of the anaerobic and facultative anaerobes which serve their positive role in a living soil.<br />
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3/ to potentially provide the microorganisms which may assist in protecting plants from pathogens.<br />
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4/ because it allows the use of less [vermi]compost over a given area. There is nothing wrong with using only [vermi]compost instead of ACT if you have that much. ACT just allows you to use less [vermi]compost and it accelerates the microbial process.<br />
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*Note; I use the term bacteria/archaea because without complex testing it is not possible to visually tell the two apart. Recent research has revealed that archaea are commonly found in soil worldwide and have just as an important function in the microbial nutrient cycle as bacteria</span></span>.<br />
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<big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Recipes and Technique</span></big>;<br />
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<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;">In case I have not been clear enough above, our goal in making ACT is to extract, multiply and grow mostly aerobic microorganisms in as large a diversity as possible and inclusive of three basic groups; bacteria/archaea, protozoa [flagellates & naked amoebae] and fungi. (Some [vermi]compost will contain rotifers which are extracted into ACT. These cycle nutrients in similar fashion to protozoa and are a bonus if present.)<br />
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Making ACT is not about putting in ingredients which directly benefit the plants. The foodstocks used are strictly to feed or benefit the microorganisms which in turn benefit the plants.<br />
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When I jumped on the compost tea bandwagon years back I utilized the whole gambit of ingredients recommended by the current (at that time) supposed authorities. These ingredients or foodstocks included, humic acid, kelp meal, black strap molasses, baby oatmeal (oat flour), fish hydrolysate, alfalfa meal, etc. We used variations of these ingredients in our 1200 gallon ACT maker on our farm and microscopic observation showed success.<br />
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I also experimented with using some rock/clay powders as ingredients and observed differences in the microbial make up which had positive results applied to the soil and plants. The types used were mostly soft rock phosphate and pyrophyllite.<br />
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Along the line somewhere we left humic acid out of a brew and noticed an increase in microbial numbers so we stopped using it ourselves but, possibly irresponsibly, I continued to recommend it because the ‘bigwigs’ did so. It was not until I devised a method to test each foodstock independently that I began to change my tune and begin to go against the grain of the contemporary experts.</span></span><br />
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<strong>By</strong><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"> testing some ingredients independently</span></big> <span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;">in a liquid I observed;<br />
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1/ that humic acid in varying dilutions does not feed any sort of microscopically visible microbe. I observed that it actually suppresses microbial division and growth. This was confirmed by joint testing with Keep It Simple Inc. (KIS) in the Seattle area. We tested two of the most effective and popular brands. <span style="font-weight: bold;">I cannot say definitively that all brands of humic acid will have similar suppressive effects in a liquid (ACT) </span>but it is enough for me to discontinue using it or recommending it as an ACT foodstock. Please note that this does not mean that it is not good to use on/in soil….just not ACT.<br />
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2/ that kelp meal initially delays all microbial development in a liquid but does feed fungi and bacteria/archaea following 24 hours. If too much is used the effects are suppressive. From this I garnered that it should be used very sparingly and one must be prepared to brew a little longer if using this foodstock. Again, this does not mean that kelp meal is not a good thing to use in/on soil. It definitely is!<br />
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3/ black strap molasses (BSM) feeds both bacteria/archaea and fungi equally well contrary to what the A(A)CT aficionados were saying. The story was that BSM feeds only bacteria. This led to all sorts of misconceptions, even including ones made by USDA and Canada Agriculture scientists who declared that using molasses in ACT could lead to e-coli contamination. It is utter nonsense. Besides the testing I have done and ratifying assays carried out by KIS, it is common knowledge amongst many mycologists like Paul Stamets that BSM grows out fungal hyphae just fine.<br />
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4/ fish hydrolysate feeds both fungi and bacteria/archaea again contrary to the story at the time that it is mainly a fungal food. (I’m glad to see that story has now changed)<br />
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5/ alfalfa meal is also a decent all round foodstock which sometimes introduces protozoa cysts to the ACT. KIS has done more testing on this than I have.<br />
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The result of all this is that my attitude towards recipes for ACT has really evolved over the years with a trend towards the more simple. I know that there are a lot of people who place importance on creating a bacterial or fungal dominant ACT. At one time I myself was so influenced, however, the more I’ve learned and unlearned about living soil and a functioning microbial population interacting with plants, the more I’ve been led to allow the soil and plants to decide which microbes are actively needed by the rhizosphere team. What this means is that 9 times out of 10 I’m trying to create a balanced ACT with a decent ratio of the three basic microbial groups. When this hits the soil, some will go dormant to wake up later and some will be immediately put into action at the direction of the needs of the soil and plants.<br />
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The exceptions to this may be if I am attempting to battle a particular pathogen and want to attack it with a heavy fungal or bacterial (or a combo) ACT. In these situations some tweaking of recipes and timing can be helpful. If attempting these variations, a microscope is really the only way to confirm the desired microbial population. I have outlined some recipes which may trend towards a certain microbial group (or combo) or may assist with certain pathogens.</span></span><br />
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<big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Recipes</span></big>;<br />
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<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;">Through a plethora of trial and error brewing with a dissolved oxygen meter at hand we determined that a pretty reliable volume of [vermi]compost to use is 2.38% by volume of water used up to around a 250 gallon brewer.<br />
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So if you have 5 gallons you multiply that by 2.38% to get the amount of [vermi]compost to use. Then you can go to; http://www.onlineconversion.com/volume.htm and convert it into any unit of measure which is convenient. In my opinion measuring [vermi]compost by weight is inaccurate because of varying moisture content.<br />
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Anyway to proceed we have;<br />
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5 x 2.38% = 0.119 of a gallon = 0.476 of a quart = 0.450 of a liter<br />
= 450.5 milliliters [450 rounded] = 1.904 cups [2 cups rounded] - Your choice<br />
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Likewise with the use of black strap molasses, a percentage of 0.50% is a good median amount to use.<br />
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These two ingredients, perhaps surprisingly, comprise the total of inputs in most of our brews these days. This simple recipe, if using an efficient ACT maker and good quality [vermi]compost results in a microbial population made up of the important three groups. This is the only recipe used to date, in all the videos on my Youtube channel ‘Microbe Organics’<br />
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To get these three groups the ACT maker should be run for 36 to 42 hours. The ideal temperature range is 65 to 72 Fahrenheit (18 to 22 Celsius), however a little cooler or warmer is okay. I’ve had pretty equivalent results with ambient temperatures around 100 F (38 C) and as cool as 50 F (10 C).<br />
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To spill a small secret, I’ve been pre-feeding or pre-activating [vermi]compost which is not so fresh by mixing in a small amount of wheat bran (livestock store or bulk foods department grocery store) and moistening with very diluted black strap molasses, loosely covered with cloth or paper towel 24 hours ahead of brew. (approximate ratios, wheat bran 1:30 [vermi]compost & BSM 1:300 water).<br />
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This has, so far resulted in (most of the time) attaining the desired microbial population at 24 hours brew time rather than the usual 36 to 42 hours.<br />
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Now for some of my <span style="font-weight: bold;">other recipes</span>;<br />
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A recipe for a balanced nutrient cycling ACT which many growers claim to have great success with is;<br />
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[vermi]compost – 2.38%<br />
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unsulphured pure black strap molasses - 0.50% [but you can use a maximum 0.75%]<br />
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fish hydrolysate (high quality) - 0.063%<br />
Do not use chemically deodorized liquid fish!<br />
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kelp meal - 0.25% max. [Less is more!]<br />
NOTE: This is a maximum amount of kelp and you can experiment using less. This is using regular grade kelp meal for livestock. If you have soluble kelp, I recommend using smaller amounts. As noted earlier kelp meal can initially delay bacterial multiplication and fungal growth in ACT.<br />
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soft rock phosphate granules/powder - 0.063% Consider this optional. In the past 2 years I’ve become more aware of the possibility of polonium 210 and lead content in soft rock phosphate which is radioactive. This varies depending on how it was mined and where. If you wish to use this in ACT check all available data. Look for heavy metal testing<br />
We grind up the granules into a powder with a coffee grinder<br />
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The brew time should average around 36 hours and no longer than 48 hours. If you have a microscope then stop when the microbes desired are observed. Otherwise smell for the foodstocks being used up, possible rank odor (indicating anaerobes) and a positive earthy or mushroom-like aroma.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Fungal Brew</span>;<br />
If you want a brew which is more fungal increase the amount of fish hydrolysate to around 0.19% and you may wish to decrease the amount of molasses used so there is not a foodstock overload. Include a pinch of alfalfa meal, not using more than 0.25%. It is important to not overload a brew with foodstocks, otherwise you can easily compromise the dissolved oxygen capacity of the unit. Most importantly discontinue brewing around 18 to 20 hours. Of course if you have a microscope you can judge that for yourself.<br />
Also, if you do not have fungi in your [vermi]compost, you won’t have it magically appear in your ACT.</span></span><br />
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<big><span style="font-weight: bold;">A Few Extras;</span></big><br />
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<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;">I sometimes include a pinch or handful [depending on brewer size] of sphagnum peatmoss in a brew. Depending on where the peatmoss was harvested, it will contribute a set of microbes somewhat similar to that derived from the ‘Alaska’ humus or humisoil products on the market. It is a least a better bang for your buck and at best a trifle better quality-wise.<br />
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I’ve had inconsistent success battling powdery mildew by including soft rock phosphate and pyrophyllite clay powder, both at 0.063% in a 24 hour brew with horse manure fed vermicompost, BSM and fish hydrolysate. I have observed a very tiny peanut shaped bacteria/archaea in vast numbers with this recipe. In the ACT they are very active and appear to feed on yeast. This has led me to hypothesize that they ‘might’ be devouring powdery mildew but at this point that is pure conjecture.</span></span><br />
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<big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Replacement for Molasses:</span></big><br />
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<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;">I’m continually getting this question. What can I use as a replacement for molasses?<br />
Many people assume that molasses is just sugar and propose using various forms of sugar in its stead. This may actually work to some extent, however black strap molasses is a complex carbohydrate bearing lots of minerals and nutrients plus it is a powerful antioxidant. [some nutrient companies will happily sell you a bottle of carbo this or carbo that when it is actually just molasses, in some cases watered down]<br />
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I’m not saying there are not other foodstocks which can be used to feed bacteria/archaea and fungi. Heck, you can grow out some bacteria with potato water or rice water.<br />
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What I am saying is that black strap molasses works for the simple process of multiplying bacteria/archaea & fungi so why fret about using something else? If you are somewhere that you cannot get any, then by all means try something different or if you have a scope, go ahead and experiment.<br />
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I guess if I was stuck without molasses, I’d try wheat bran.</span></span><br />
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<big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Mesh Bag or Free Suspension:</span></big><br />
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<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;">This is another decision when making ACT or designing an ACT maker. Do I throw the [vermi]compost into the water and let it float around or do I put it in a mesh extractor bag of some kind?<br />
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There are pros for both. Generally one gets a higher density of microorganisms if you just dump all your ingredients into the aerated, agitated water. I have observed over and over microscopically that this is the case. If you are using this method with an ACT design which circulates the water through a pipe like an airlift be aware that big chunks will plug up the pipe. Use fine [vermi]compost for this.<br />
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ACT made this way is most appropriate for applying to your soil but what if one wishes to spray it onto leaves? Perhaps you are trying to combat powdery mildew. Perhaps you want to run your ACT through an irrigation system.<br />
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This is when you are perhaps going to consider using a mesh bag. I researched many different mesh openings and materials before concluding that a 400 micron monofilament nylon mesh is the best for an extractor bag. This is also the size recommended by SFI. This is what we provide with our 50 gallon airlift brewer (as an optional configuration).<br />
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If you cannot find the perfect 400 micron mesh bag, don’t sweat it. Just get a paint strainer from the hardware store and tie it off with the ingredients and airline in it. Please do not use nylon socks/stockings. These usually have too small a mesh size to extract fungal hyphae (unless they are recycled from your 400 pound grandmother). Many people argue for using these by saying ‘hey man how big do ya think bacteria are?’ My reply to that is ‘hey man, bacteria is only one component of ACT’ What about the protozoa besides the fungi already mentioned?<br />
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If one does use a mesh extractor it is essential to either use a smaller (e.g. 5 gal) ACT maker which has enough agitation to make that bag dance or to use an air (diffuser) input into the bag.<br />
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If you have a cone bottom airlift bioreactor and you wish to use a mesh extractor, I recommend using a separate air pump to supply the bag.<br />
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I prefer to use a diffuser in the bag but many just use an open airline. I’m a believer in using what you have (except for chemicals). If you use a mesh bag you do not need to worry about a few large chunks. Many people make good quality ACT this way.</span></span><br />
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<big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Filtering</span>;</big><br />
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<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;">There is another option. Say you have an airlift vortex ACT bioreactor but to run it with a mesh bag would be kinda silly. You want to run it through a sprayer or irrigation set up. If your unit has a drain valve/spout, then just put a pail under it with a piece of mesh tied across the top. For this we use nylon window screen (800 to 1000 microns mesh size). Because some residue will block the passage we do not want to use 400 microns for this. Open the valve and as organic matter builds up on the screen scoop it off into another bucket. This prevents a build up which will block microbes but also allows you to save the ones that do get blocked, along with the organic matter for topdressing your soil or throwing into the compost pile. You can obviously see why a filter internal to a pipe or hose just won’t work.<br />
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Okay, I know that sounds like work. There is another way…the way we do it. Just empty out your ACT maker into the pail, use a mesh bag (800 to 1000 microns) with a sump pump dropped into it, hook the sump pump to a hose. There is your sprayer or waterer or irrigation hookup. When we don’t care about getting residue on leaf surfaces, like our corn or the lawn, we use a trash sump pump with no bag and a thumb over the end of the hose.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Frequency of Use;</span></big><br />
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You can use ACT as much as you wish. We often used it almost every watering. Just don’t waterlog your soil.<br />
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A friend of mine who used actual living microbial soil (ALMS) as opposed to truly living soil (TLO)…hehe, um used ACT for 7 years to beat back an erwinia infection caused by using chemicals in his one acre garden. The infection was gone in the first year but he liked the increased quality so much that he built a 5000 gallon ACT maker (venturi) and used it through his irrigation system. In the 8th and 9th years he only used it once as the microbial population was so well established and his soil had matured to the point where it was no longer necessary</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Dilution</span></big>;<br />
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This is another question I get all the time. How much should I dilute my ACT?<br />
Now this is a difficult question to answer. I believe that SFI has stated that 20 gallons can be diluted to do one acre. In my opinion, this is stretching it but is within the realm of possibilities.<br />
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When diluting ACT it is not the same as diluting fish hydrolysate or molasses or (saints forbid) a liquid fertilizer. The water is not ‘weakening’ a solution so much as acting as a carrier for the microbes which you have multiplied. Logically though, if you do not have a ‘tea’ very dense with microorganisms, adding it to water will make it even less dense. So your 5 gallon ACT diluted down enough to cover the quarter acre is still going to get the microbes out there but in much lower numbers.<br />
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When we use ACT on our farm our usual practice is to apply it non-diluted, followed by irrigation water if necessary. When we were on the larger farm, we used a 1200 gallon multi-airlift brewer and pumped it straight into the irrigation system, then followed by water. We found that this was enough to do our greenhouse (20 x 64) and a quarter (approx. 750 sq. ft) of our outside beds. A total of just over 2,000 sq. ft. One acre is over 40,000 square feet.<br />
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For curiosity (on our little farm where we are now) we diluted 12 gallons of ‘tea’ into 40 gallons of water prior to use, this past season. I looked at it under the microscope before and after and although the microbes survived, they were indeed much more widely dispersed.<br />
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I guess the moral of the story is that you can dilute your ACT if you so wish but I think it is better applied non-diluted, followed by water ‘only if necessary’.<br />
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<big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Adding Ingredients to a Finished Brew;</span></big><br />
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As I’ve mentioned we used to make 1200 gallon batches of ACT which we applied on our farm garden beds through an irrigation system. We used the same tank if we wanted to apply some other diluted soil amendment or fertilizer, like fish hydrolysate, molasses (occasionally) or humic acid.<br />
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I had read that many growers and landscapers were adding some of these amendments into their ACT just before applying and I believe this process was endorsed by SFI. Anyway we decided to try saving some time and money and dumped 5 gallons of fish hydrolysate into a 1200 gallon batch to pump out. I had, as usual examined the finished brew microscopically and out of curiosity took another sample after mixing in the fish hydrolysate. To my astonishment and dismay I had wiped out or put to sleep almost half of the microorganisms. This was the last time we did this.<br />
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We always apply amendments separately from ACT and this is what I recommend unless using the most minuscule amounts. I surmise that adding anything to a finished brew can have similar negative results. The amount of FH we used was 0.4%. If you have a microscope, go ahead and experiment.<br />
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<big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Review of Some Common Myths; [In no particular order]</span></big><br />
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1/ Small bubbles destroy fungal hyphae or other microbes.<br />
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This is utter nonsense. The bubbles/air would need to be super compressed to harm any microorganisms.<br />
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2/ Molasses should not be used or only feeds bacteria.<br />
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Black strap molasses (BSM) is a complex sugar/carbohydrate and feeds bacteria/archaea and fungi equally well.<br />
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3/ Fungal hyphae is difficult to grow in ACT.<br />
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If you have fungi in your [vermi]compost and have a decent brewer design and use 0.50% BSM it will grow out in the first 15 to 20 hours along with bacteria.<br />
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4/ You can have too much air/agitation in a compost tea maker.<br />
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This would only be true to the extreme...if your water was jumping out everywhere. If a salesperson is telling you microbes need gentle bubbling, they do not know what they are talking about.<br />
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5/ One can make good ACT with an aquarium pump in 5 gallons of water.<br />
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We did almost a year straight of research (at a cost of thousands of dollars) building almost every conceivable compost tea brewer design and size, ranging from 1 to 1200 gallons. These included every type itemized on my webpage in the design section and more. We measured the dissolved oxygen (DO2) religiously at all hours of day and night, eliminating configurations which failed to maintain the DO2 at or above 6 PPM. This is close to the minimum level required to support aerobic organisms.<br />
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The outcome of this research was, the estimation, that the minimum flow required from an air pump to make compost tea while maintaining the DO2 at 6 PPM, is 0.05 CFM per gallon while the optimum flow is 0.08 CFM per gallon or greater. (the only exception was when utilizing airlifts)<br />
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This means that most aquarium pumps will not work with a 5 gallon ACT maker, no matter what a couple of guys from Texas say. Two gallons, perhaps.<br />
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6/ Nematodes are a common microbe in ACT.<br />
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I’ve received many emails from folks distraught over the fact that they found no nematodes in their ACT or that they had very few. This is normal. Unless you happen to have a species of nematode which is an aquatic dweller, (rare in compost wouldn’t you think) you are very unlikely to have many surviving in ACT over 4 or 5 hours old. Why? Because they drown. (according to those who raise and sell them) A few will survive, which accounts for some making it to the end. Even companies which sell nematodes instruct customers to not leave them in the distribution water more than two hours.<br />
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I’m pretty sure that this myth originated with SFI but even they (Dr. Ingham) have now changed their tune and say ACT is not a good environment for nematodes.<br />
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7/ You can tell that your ACT is finished or ready to use when it forms a head of foam.<br />
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More bunk! But this does have a bit of foundational truth. Foam can be formed by proteins in the water created by microbial activity, however this is not a reliable indicator. Foam can also be created by saponins (aloe vera, alfalfa, yucca) or just by adding molasses or by worms which might have made it in there. I have examined very foamy ACT microscopically which was practically devoid of microbes and ACT with no foam at all which has been swarming with microbial activity.<br />
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The best bet to tell when ACT is finished is to use it between 24 and 40 hours, smell it to make sure it has not gone anaerobic (you’ll know) and that most of the foods you added have been consumed. It should smell earthy or somewhat like mushrooms.<br />
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I’m not sure how this myth got started but it sure took off. </span></span></big><br />
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<font size="+2"><a name="Organic_Growing_Microbial_Perspective"></a><strong>Organic Growing from a Microbial Perspective</strong></font><br />
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<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;">To come to a rudimentary understanding of how organic or natural growing really works, one must cast off previous miscomprehensions from the chemical model, that when we fertilize or add compost or other organic matter, we are feeding plants. This is not the case. With true organics one is feeding the microorganisms in the soil which convert organic nutrients into a form which can be assimilated by the roots of plants. According to studies, there are only a very few plant species capable of absorbing only a very few organic nutrients. Most plants are only capable of absorbing inorganic nutrients which are made that way by microbes which live at the root to soil interface, the rhizosphere. So the idea which you have, that you are feeding your plants when they appear to need nitrogen and you feed an organic fertilizer deemed high in nitrogen, is bogus. You are feeding the microbes which feed the plants.<br />
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Chemical fertilizers, mostly derived from petroleum are inorganic and can be absorbed by the roots of plants, however they are pollutants, which can cause a die off of and population change of soil microbes [** see addendum below], build up unused residues which run into the water table and, in my opinion, create harmful tissue changes in the plants which humans consume as food and medicine. In addition, I believe, the use of chemical fertilizers promote the incidence of plant pathogens like powdery mildew, erwinia, fusarium, pythium, etc. The grower can end up in a vicious spiraling downward fall as they use one chemical after another to control the effects brought on by the others.<br />
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The plant is no passive player in the natural growing game of survival but is the master conductor of this delicately balanced orchestra. The plant receives energy from above the soil in the form of light. This photosynthesis results in the plant’s internal production of carbon. It utilizes this carbon to create and reinforce tissue as it grows, so it is a very valuable commodity. As we all know the plant also requires a form of nitrogen (N) and other macro and micro-nutrients which it receives through the root system. As already stated this N must be in a form which the plant can directly uptake and use, usually a form of ammonia (N). Research has shown that when a plant needs to uptake N from the soil it sends out some of its precious carbon through it’s root system as a feed for bacteria and *archaea which live in the rhizosphere. [* Archaea are prokaryotes indiscernible from bacteria except through specialized testing; usually DNA] There are more complexities involved, such as, that certain plant types attract certain bacteria/archaea types but that is beyond the scope of this portrayal. When the bacterial/archaea population has increased in response to the carbons excreted by the roots, protozoa and bacterial feeding nematodes are attracted to the region, ‘hatch out’ from cysts and eggs respectively and in the case of protozoa multiply rapidly. Protozoa consist of flagellates, amoebae and ciliates. Some protozoa can multiply (divide) every 2 to 4 hours so their numbers can increase in short order. The protozoa and nematodes consume the bacteria/archaea and release, as waste, the ammonia (N) which the roots can then absorb. The multiplication rate of the bacteria/archaea increases in response to this predation and so on. This has been called the microbial loop. Protozoa are particularly good providers as their ‘digestive system’ only utilizes about 30% of the nutrients consumed meaning that roughly 70% is released as the waste which the roots crave. This factor, combined with their short generational time makes them real feeding machines. Undoubtedly there are micronutrients also processed and absorbed in this cycle. There are still many mysteries which research has yet to unfold or are not yet known to this author.<br />
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This is not the end. The concert continues. The bacteria/archaea also consume the ammonia (N) which is now bioavailable to them, so are in competition with the plant for these nutrients. Because of this, if there are no predators or insufficient numbers to consume the bacteria/archaea they could potentially lock up the N. When the plant is growing it is in a vegetative state and requires a large load of available nitrogen (N) so it is advantageous for it to continue this release of carbon and maintain a balance of bacteria/archaea and protozoa, while uptaking just the right amounts of nutrients. Don’t get me wrong. There are other players in this orchestra, either playing subdued roles or waiting their turn to play. There are higher order animals like mites, other microarthropods and worms. There are various forms of fungi, most of which are degraders but some of which are mycorrhizal. These all have roles in breaking down organic matter into a form which can then be mineralized by the plant’s bacteria/archaea team or delivered directly to the roots.<br />
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When the plant receives its signal from the upper world, above the soil, that it is time to switch gears and produce flowers and or fruit, its nutrient requirement changes. Although the mechanics are not well known to this author, studies indicate that the plant then increases the uptake of the ammonia (N) (bioavailable nitrogen) and reduces or stops excreting the carbon which feeds the bacteria/archaea. This effectively starves the bacteria/archaea which will react by dying or becoming dormant. This of course results in a similar reaction by the protozoa and bacterial feeding nematode population. The mycorrhizal fungi previously mentioned is then triggered into increased growth and production. Studies have indicated that the transference of bioavailable phosphorus and potassium to the roots occur mainly as a function of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal hyphae in symbiotic relationship with the roots of the plant. The fungal hyphae (microscopic strands) grow right into the root cells and exchange nutrients. In exchange for carbon, once again released by the plant, the fungal hyphae delivers the required bioavailable nutrients to the root system. The fungal structure derives these nutrients from organic matter and food sources in the soil, some naturally processed by the other players as previously mentioned. It is my hypothesis that the form of carbon released to stimulate the mycorrhizal activity is of a varied molecular structure from that released to promote the bacteria/archaea population previously discussed, however I have no direct data to substantiate this. There are often different types of bacteria which accompany mycorrhizal fungi, adhering to the fungal hyphae in a symbiotic relationship. It is thought that these bacterial species function to exchange nutrients with the fungi as well as to protect the fungal hyphae from consumption by other microbes and even contribute to the protection of the plant from pathogenic fungi. There are other types of mycorrhizal fungi (ectomycorrhizal) which encapsulate roots rather than entering them but these are mostly associated with trees in the temperate and boreal regions.<br />
So you see it is quite a complex arrangement which the plant conducts or controls and there are many facets which yet remain a mystery. <br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">** Addendum to Organic Growing From a Microbial Perspective</span><br style="font-weight: bold;" />
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Okay, since I wrote Organic Growing from a Microbial Perspective I’ve received feedback which clearly outlines the need to explain the ‘chemicals killing beneficial soil microbes thing’, the role of NPK ratings as well as the pollutants statement. This feedback is justifiable. Please bear with the redundancy of the following. It reflects my attempt to be thorough.<br />
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It may be so, that some beneficial microbial life is out and out killed by chemical fertilizers but the more likely cause of death occurs over an extended period which I’ll attempt to explain.<br />
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There are bacteria/archaea that will happily feed on chemical fertilizers. Indeed, there are bacteria that will 'feast' on diesel fuel. It is more likely that the use of chemical fertilizers negatively effect soil biota over a period of time. Chemical N (for example) is (to my knowledge) delivered to the roots of plants in ionic form, bypassing the whole microbial nutrient loop, which occurs through degraded organic matter being delivered in several processes; one major way being by bacterial/archaeal [sic] predation by protozoa (& bacterial feeding nematodes). It follows logically that if chemical fertilizers are used over an extended period (days? months? years?) that the microbial nutrient cycle will slow and/or cease.<br />
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The other side to this is that plants emit compounds from their roots which feed bacteria/archaea and fungi (of species conducive to their survival[?]) as an active participant in this microbial nutrient loop. Logically, if the plant is receiving direct feed ionic nutrients it is likely to slow and/or cease this process.<br />
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I compare this to a patient receiving intravenous feeding for a period of time and then needing to slowly adjust to real food again when the IV is discontinued.<br />
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The effects over a period of time (days? months? years?) will likely cause a die off of soil biota of a particular microbial consortia but may stimulate the growth of another microbial consortia (possibly/probably not as balanced and beneficial as the natural one), possibly causing disease.<br />
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I hypothesize another factor that may have effect is that when the plant is an active participant in the microbial nutrient cycle it 'decides' what nutrients it requires in time shifts unknown to us. If we are using chemical fertilizers quite likely much goes unused by the plant or is absorbed by the plant unnecessarily, perhaps promoting disease. The unused chemicals pass into the groundwater and streams or into the atmosphere. We've all heard the detriments around that and this is the pollution to which I refer.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">What about NPK in Natural Growing?</span><br />
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I’ll try to write something up which illustrates the difference between nutrient processing and utilization from a chemical and natural (or organic) standpoint (for want of a better word). The following information and opinion is stated by me and is derived from the citations and links provided. I use the words ‘apparently’ and ‘appears’ because I believe knowledge and science is fluid. I also don’t pretend to understand everything perfectly and may need correcting. Just because we know the Earth is not flat does not mean we know everything about it.<br />
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To simplify things I’ll restrict the discussion to the plant’s use of nitrogen (N). The forms of N which plant roots are able to uptake are in ionic form or soluble. These soluble forms of N are ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-). Very simply stated these soluble forms of N are instantly available in chemical N and there is no need for any bacterial/archaeal (B/A) mineralization to make them available to the roots of plants. There is some indication that some soluble ammonium is utilized by B/A and mineralized into nitrates, however this appears (to me) somewhat an opportunistic occurrence (from the B/A perspective). So yes we can concur that B/A eats and thrives on some chemically provided ions but this action is not a necessary one for the plant to uptake exactly the same ions as are being consumed by the B/A. In certain circumstances the B/A will be in competition with the plant for these nutrients. So it appears that plants can grow in this fashion without interaction by mineralizing B/A. It appears that the chemically provided ions (soluble N) completely bypass the microbial nutrient cycle.<br />
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With natural or organic growing, N ( R-NH2 ) for the plant is contained (sequestered) in a non-soluble (non-ionic) form in organic matter (or in the case of the gardener; compost and other soil foods). It is true that there are certain known bacteria (and now some archaea) which directly fix and supply ionic forms of N to the roots of plants and this is an area where ‘we’ are still learning so all is not known by any stretch. However soil scientists have discovered and it is common knowledge (as knowledge goes) that the bulk of NH4+ and NO3- are delivered to the roots of plants by protozoa (flagellates, amoebae and ciliates). This occurs in a complex network ostensibly, controlled in large degree by the plant. The plant releases compounds from the roots which feed B/A, thereby increasing the B/A population. The B/A consumes/processes forms of R-NH2 or forms which are pre-degraded by fungi and or other B/A. The B/A further multiply with a good supply of food and their large population encourages the excysting (hatching from cysts) and dividing of protozoa. The protozoa prey upon the B/A and in an approximate 30 minute period complete the excretion of NH4+ and/or NO3- available to the roots of the plants. Apparently protozoa only utilize 30 to 40 percent of the nutrient consumed making 60 to 70% available to plants and many have a division cycle of 2 hours so the efficiency of this nutrient delivery system is considerable. Just as it began, the microbial N cycle can be rapidly shut down by chemical emissions from the plant. It is apparent that the nutrient needs of the plant can change within short periods (perhaps in hours). There is much yet unknown, however I hypothesize that even disease control may be effected by a sudden reduction of N in the rhizosphere. This is certainly something which cannot be effectively manipulated by chemical N applications.<br />
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My goal in writing this was to illustrate the stark differences between the use by a plant of chemically provided ions and those derived through the microbial nutrient cycle. I believe I have succeeded. There are other ways which plants obtain N, such as through fungal interactions but that is nature; always have a back up.<br />
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I did fail to find information detailing the effects of chemical soluble N on protozoa populations. Although we humans have great confidence in our ability to mimic natural molecules sometimes we discover it is the subtle variances going unnoticed which end up having the greatest effects.<br />
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Some References; <br />
Email me if you wish to track down these references.</span></span><br />
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<font size="-1">Protozoa and plant growth: 2003;<br />
the microbial loop in soil revisited; Michael Bonkowski;<br />
Rhizosphere Ecology Group, Institut für Zoologie, Technische Universität Darmstadt,<br />
Darmstadt, Germany<br />
<br />
Soil microbial loop and nutrient uptake by plants: a test<br />
using a coupled C:N model of plant–microbial interactions<br />
Xavier Raynaud Jean-Christophe Lata<br />
Paul W. Leadley<br />
Plant Soil<br />
DOI 10.1007/s11104-006-9003-9<br />
<br />
The mycorrhiza helper bacteria revisited; 2007 P. Frey-Klett, J. Garbaye and M. Tarkka<br />
Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes, Champenoux, France;<br />
UFZ-Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholz Centre for Environmental<br />
Research, Halle, Germany<br />
<br />
Modern Soil Microbiology; 2nd edition 2007 - Chapter 6 - Protozoa and Other Protista in Soil<br />
Marianne Clarholm, Michael Bonkowski, and Bryan Griffiths<br />
<br />
Soil protozoa: an under-researched microbial group gaining momentum<br />
Marianne Clarholm<br />
Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7026, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden<br />
Soil Biology & Biochemistry 37 (2005) 811–817<br />
<br />
SOIL BIOTA, SOIL SYSTEMS, AND PROCESSES<br />
David C. Coleman<br />
University of Georgia<br />
<br />
I created a PDF from a write up I found on the WSU website. I created this without permission but I believe the authors won't mind. I think some may find it helps to clarify the N cycle, etc.<br />
<a href="http://microbeorganics.com/NPK%20cycle.pdf">NPK Cycle</a><br />
The link for the write up is <a href="http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/eb1722/eb1722.html"> http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/eb1722/eb1722.html</a> </font><br />
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<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><strong>How to Apply All This to Horticultural Activities</strong><br />
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You say, okay so that’s how it works but how do I apply that to my growing situation? The answer is pretty simple really. You need to assure that there is organic matter, mostly in the form of composted plant and animal (manure) substances in or on your soil for a microbial inoculant and food source. Additionally you can add microbial foodstocks such as diluted fish hydrolysate and molasses and kelp meal, alfalfa meal and rock phosphate and other clay and rock powders if available. It is very good to include rock phosphate in your composting process if you are making your own. Rock phosphate in the compost adds a long lasting source of phosphorus for microbes to draw from. At time of planting it is highly beneficial to place some mycorrhizal fungi spores in the hole or on the root system. You can research the best strain of fungi for the plants you are growing and purchase the spores from a number of suppliers. [ <a href="http://www.mycorrhizae.com">http://www.mycorrhizae.com</a> <a href="http://www.fungi.com">http://www.fungi.com</a> ] You may also consider seeding companion edible mushrooms which provide a dual benefit of cycling nutrients to your plants and providing your breakfast. You may research this at the fungi.com site. The rest is governed by the plant, as previously discussed, assuming that all the necessary components are available from the organic matter and additional foodstocks provided. In my opinion manipulation of the pH is not a wise practice in natural growing unless dramatic acidity or alkalinity are measured. Soil with a healthy microbial population tends to self regulate the pH. One should disturb the soil as little as possible so as to leave fungal growth and strands intact. I realize this is challenging when growing in containers. I have run trials where wooden bins were constructed (2’x3’x1.5’ deep) where soil was successfully left intact after annual plants were harvested and replanted over several seasons. In between plantings composting worms were introduced to help consume the residual dead roots and plant matter. The worms were later trapped out. Compost tea was applied regularly to boost the soil microbial population. Over time there developed something of a miniature ecosystem complete with mushrooms, rove beetles and other beneficial bugs. If you are growing in smaller containers it is a good idea to provide a high volume of quality compost and or vermicompost at the onset.<br />
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Some people grow herbs (like cannabis) and edible produce in containers organically. Because this has been practiced extensively utilizing chemical fertilizers, there is a period where growers have flushed the soil with copious amounts of water, the thought being that they are removing the harsh or harmful chemicals from the plant tissues. Too late! Those chemicals are already integrated into what you plan to put on your dinner plate or in your medicinal tea or pipe. At least that’s my opinion. If you have grown your produce naturally allowing the plant to be in control, this flushing routine is not only unnecessary but sort of stupid. Since plants are not able to uptake organic nutrients, what exactly would you be flushing away? You might instead be water logging your soil and roots.<br />
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<strong>Using Compost Tea</strong><br />
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The use of compost tea (CT) is one of the best ways to inoculate your soil with the beneficial microbes you wish to have for optimum health of your plants. It is also good if your supply of compost or vermicompost is limited, as it multiplies those microbes, we have been discussing, by the millions. Remember the protozoa I mentioned earlier? Well you can brew an aerated compost tea specifically to have a large population of protozoa, usually mostly flagellates. If you have a good quality compost or vermicompost, protozoa will already be present, often in a resting cyst. If you have an efficient aerated brewer you can pretty much count on having a high flagellate (protozoa) population combined with bacteria/archaea and fungal hyphae (not mycorrhizal) at 36 to 44 hours brew time (65 to 72 degrees F). If you have a microscope you can examine the CT periodically to be sure that the microbial population is optimum. The use of aerated compost tea also provides the opportunity to manipulate microbial populations for specific purposes by using various recipes and brew times. You may wish to have high bacterial or fungal numbers for pathogen/disease control or have soil or plants that require a higher population of a microbial type. I have a lot to learn yet of fungal species which can grow in compost tea so until I have learned to identify the species occurring I’m cautious about some of the tricks employed to stimulate fungal hyphae growth in compost. Better to count on good quality compost and vermicompost with natural occurring quantities and species of fungi and use known mycorrhizal and mushroom spores in the soil.<br />
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As always, I am open to correction or refinement of what I have written.<br />
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Salutations,<br />
Tim</span></span><br />
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<a href="#Contents">Back to Contents</a><br />
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="Living_Soil"></a>Living Soil</span></big></big> <br />
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<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;">The term ‘living soil’ is getting a lot of lip service these days, however a living breathing moving soil is a thing to behold and great to grow with. It just gets better as it becomes more alive. I’d like to try describing to you what this means.<br />
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A living soil is comprised of a large variety of creatures, mostly microscopic and single celled. Part of this life is the plant itself but billions of life forms which support this plant and microcosm are arranged hierarchically at a level in the soil to which they have evolved for optimum survival and the wholistic function of their universe.<br />
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There are multiple interfaces in the soil. There are millions of small pores throughout, millions of various particles interfacing as aggregate; sand, clay, silt, rock, organic matter, humus and thousands or millions of roots interfacing these.<br />
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Besides these areas of contact or buffer, there are some broader distinct fields of transpiration between life forms which thrive within certain steadfast environmental conditions. This is why, as horticulturists, we may achieve living soil through minimal soil disturbance or no-till.<br />
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To describe these fields, first lets talk about the soil’s surface. Soil scientists call this the detritusphere, not a very complex name when you consider what detritus encompasses. So here is where stuff falls; everything from leaves to poop and this is where the greatest velocity and frequency of decomposition occurs. The detritus is principally carbon based. The elements of oxygen, nitrogen, light and moisture combine with the microorganisms evolved to this environment to do their job of degradation through consumption. These organisms are specialized to use the components and fuel available in the top layer of the soil, let’s say the top one to three inches dependent on soil type.<br />
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At a lower depth they would not function similarly because the fuel would be lacking. The material processed as waste by these microbes is then passed down to the next set of microorganisms evolved to process that modified substance.<br />
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If the raw detritus is worked into the soil, without first being degraded by surface dwellers, then the subsurface microbes can become overwhelmed (if I can use such an expression for microbes) with the task and can easily use up any and all nitrogen at hand decomposing this organic matter, thereby depriving local plants of this nitrogen. This can result in what some refer to as nitrogen lock out or lock up.<br />
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The next interface is where openings are created by earthworms, nematodes and other larger creatures, rather comically called the drilosphere by scientists. This is an area where some of the previously described material is conveyed by the bugs n’worms along with bug n’ worm poo and bioslime. The bioslime created is important for binding particles and contributing to aggregation. Obviously these create unique passage ways for certain sized organisms, air and water.<br />
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Branching off of these passages and stretching into the entire area which we call our living soil is a myriad of various sized openings and caverns. This area is referred to as the porosphere. This is where the meat and potatoes of the soil grows, is stored and is hunted. It is this zone which interfaces with the roots, which as most know, is called the rhizosphere.<br />
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Of critical importance is the conjoining matter, the particles or chunks which comprise the soil itself. These pieces once bound together by bacterial and fungal ‘bioslime’ is referred to as aggregated material and how they cohese is what forms the aggregatusphere (another complex term ;>). The aggregation is bound by fungal hyphae, roots and various gel-like polymers and carbohydrates excreted from plants and creatures alike.<br />
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When the gardener/horticulturist first mixes their soil, they can have some pretty<br />
good control over the size of pores created, balanced with<br />
decomposed/aged/composted organic matter.<br />
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The various sized particulate creates the multitudinous openings and caverns which make survival habitats for certain small organisms like bacteria and archaea and hunting grounds and habitat for some larger organisms like protozoa, nematodes and rotifers. These spaces flow with water and air allowing bacteria, archaea and fungi to mine the stored/sequestered nutrients, from vermicompost, compost, humus, clay/rock and other organic matter, which are then passed via the rhizosphere in a number of ways to the roots. There are miniature pockets of water bound to soil particles which are necessary to the survival of many microorganisms.<br />
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<big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Methods of Nutrient Assimilation in the Rhizosphere</span></big><br />
There are a variety of ways in which plants uptake nutrients organically/naturally. The majority of relevant current research indicates that most nutrients are derived from the predation of bacteria and archaea by protozoa and nematodes. The waste produced by the larger organisms is in ionic form, being directly taken up by the roots. In addition to this there are mycorrhizal associations between certain types of fungi and roots whereby the fungi provide the roots with nutrients and receive nutrients in exchange.<br />
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The most active protozoa contributing to this nutrient loop are flagellates and naked amoebae, however ciliates and testate amoebae cycle nutrients to a lesser degree in an aerobic soil. As the flagellates and naked amoebae consume bacteria/archaea they utilize somewhere from 10 to 40% of the energy intake for sustenance, dependent on species. The excess is excreted in a (ionic) form directly available to the roots of the plants. This means a plant can receive a whopping 60 to 90% nutrient bonus from this exchange.<br />
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As I have indicated previously the plant is not necessarily passive in this process. Studies show that plants emit certain carbons from their roots which attract and feed specific types of bacteria/archaea. Once these bacteria/archaea begin to divide, they begin pigging out on the adjacent organic matter (using organic acids) and the population explodes, thereby stimulating a resultant protozoa population explosion. Talk about a return on your investment.<br />
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We should not leave the bacterial feeding nematode out of this. They also cycle nutrients via the microbial nutrient loop in similar fashion by predation of bacteria/archaea and excreting bio-available nutrients. One difference is that they require about 50 to 70% of the energy intake for sustenance, however they are much, much larger. I suppose that due to their size, they cannot get to some spots that protozoa do. The other consideration is that bacteria can multiply every 20 minutes and protozoa every 2 hours, while nematode eggs take 4 to 7 days to 'hatch'. Tough to do the math.<br />
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Roots also exude various organic acids like carbonic acid, citric acid, malate, oxolate and several others. These acids solubilize sequestered nutrients into an ionic form which they can assimilate. [e.g. dissolved organic nitrogen (DON); phosphorus; (DOP)] Some bacteria and archaea (besides the nutrient loop previously described) excrete similar acids which degrade organic matter and provide nutrients directly to the roots or the soil solution (an area in the rhizosphere where nutrients are in solution) and some fix atmospheric nitrogen and are symbiotic with legumes.<br />
[note: fungi also excrete similar organic acids to release/degrade nutrients from organic matter]<br />
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<big><span style="font-weight: bold;">CEC</span></big><br />
Where does CEC (cation exchange capacity) come into this picture? The CEC is your soil’s capacity to hold nutrients. It is based on your soil components having a negative charge and holding on to positively charged nutrients. Various types of clay like bentonite, organic matter and sphagnum peatmoss have excellent CEC. <br />
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It is this researcher/gardener’s understanding or hypothesis that the nutrients which are held in place in the soil are released by the various types of acids (citric, carbonic…others) mentioned previously. These acids are exuded by bacteria, archaea or roots to create hydrogen ions which then displace (exchange for) into the soil solution, the nutrient ions required by the plant. In the case of bacteria/archaea which have consumed these nutrients, they are themselves consumed by protozoa and nematodes which they expel as waste in ionic form nutrient immediately available to the plant, as previously described.<br />
<br />
It appears that this method of uptaking the desired nutrient is more 'economically' viable for the plant. Rather than expending its precious resources to mineralize (release) these nutrients, the bacteria, archaea, protozoa and nematode pull it off for her.<br />
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<big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Soil Composition?</span></big><br />
In my opinion, the number one method of nutrient uptake listed above that the horticulturist can influence is the predation of bacteria/archaea by protozoa (and perhaps nematodes). By ensuring a good soil base with a variety of pore sizes but with lots of adequate drainage, moisture retaining substance and composted organic matter, one will provide good habitat and hiding spots for these organisms to flourish.<br />
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When creating your soil mix bear in mind that you wish to create long lasting spaces or pores of various sizes so it is best to include some very slow to decompose organic matter and some rock or sand-like particles along with some of your faster degrading compost to see you through your first season as your soil matrix comes to life.<br />
<br />
I won't get into specific ingredients, as others are better able to list these. Besides, I'm a believer in using what is close at hand, easily available and cheap.<br />
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There is another sphere of influence in the soil which I feel is of importance and that is the interface between stone/rock and the upper portions of the soil. For container growing there is going to be variance in accord with your container size and depth and the way you wish to arrange things. I do believe that there are groups of microorganisms (bacteria/archaea & fungi) which work at certain depths with limited to no oxygen which mineralize nutrients from stone, rock and rock powders. In similar fashion to the surface dwellers, the nutrient waste which they process is passed up the chain and then to the roots. Within this hypothesis there may be some logic in placing a layer of small stones or gravel in the bottom of a container. Of course this makes more sense in a larger, deeper container.<br />
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Anecdotally, I surmise that a variety of colors of rock/stone is beneficial. This is more of a gut feeling and is derived from the idea that as humans we assimilate more vitamins and minerals by choosing diversely colored foods.<br />
<br />
I hope I have conveyed that allowing microbes to live and function hierarchically at their optimum position undisturbed is how a horticulturist best achieves living soil. By leaving soil undisturbed fungal hyphae circuitry remains established, mycorrhizal colonization of roots takes place more quickly, networks of microbial nutrient exchange stay in optimum position.<br />
<br />
Of course it is a decision which each grower must make on their own, balancing what is feasible and convenient to the space available and to their lifestyle and ability. I can attest that my experience with this method of container growing is that the soil just seems to get better with each season.<br />
<br />
It is important to keep it alive through additions of organic matter, topdressed and I believe a minimum volume of 5 gallons and 14 inches depth is important. A larger volume is likely better. Allowing the soil to be populated by small arthropods, nematodes and perhaps earthworms is of great value.<br />
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In parting I’d like to avoid any confusion between the distinct areas of the soil habitat I’ve discussed and a recent popularized growing method involving nutrient layers. The level of soil (top 2 to 3 feet) in which most plants grow, naturally or agriculturally is quite homogenous as I have described above and raw nutrients are naturally added at the surface as I have described and not frequently via surprise layers or spikes.<br />
<br style="font-weight: bold;" />
<br style="font-weight: bold;" />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">I’ve listed some references and reading resources below</span>.</span></span><br />
<br />
1/ A Hierarchical Approach to Evaluating the Significance of Soil Biodiversity to Biogeochemical Cycling<br />
<br />
2/ MH Beare, DC Coleman, DA Crossley Jr, PF Hendrix, EP Odum<br />
Plant & Soil Journal; 170; 5-22, 1995 ; Netherlands<br />
<br />
3/ Regulation of soil organic matter dynamics and microbial activity<br />
in the drilosphere and the role of interactions with other edaphic functional domain<br />
George G. Browna, Isabelle Baroisa, Patrick Lavelle<br />
Eur. J. Soil Biol. 36 (2000) 177-198<br />
<br />
4/ The role of biology in the formation stabilization and degredation of soil structure<br />
JM Oades; Dept. of Soil Science, University of Adelaide, Australia – 1992<br />
<br />
5/ Resource, biological community and soil functional stability dynamics at the soil–litter interface<br />
Manqiang Liu ⇑, Xiaoyun Chen, Shi Chen, Huixin Li, Feng Hu<br />
Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China 2011<br />
<br />
6/ Microbial diversity and soil functions<br />
P. NANNIPIERI, J. ASCHER, M. T. CECCHERINI, L. LANDI, G. PIETRAMELLARA & G. RENELLA<br />
Dipartimento della Scienza del Suolo e Nutrizione della Pianta, Universita` degli Studi di Firenze, 50144 Firenze, Italy<br />
European Journal of Soil Science, December 2003, 54, 655–670<br />
<br />
7/ The Rhizosphere: An Ecological Perspective - Edited by Z.G. Cardon & J.L. Whitbeck. B. M. McKenzie – 2008<br />
<br />
8/ Modern Soil Microbiology, Second Edition by Jan Dirk Van Elsas (Editor), Van Elsas Van Elsas, Janet K Jansson (Editor) – 2006<br />
<br />
9/ Organic acids in the rhizosphere – a critical review<br />
David L. Jones<br />
School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK Plant and Soil 205: 25–44, 1998.<br />
<br />
10/ Interactions between rhizosphere microorganisms and plants governing iron and phosphorus availability<br />
Petra Marschner, University of Adelaide David Crowley University of California, Riverside, USA and Zed Rengel The University of Western Australia, Australia 2010<br />
<br />
11/ A Link Between Citrate and Proton Release by Proteoid Roots of White<br />
Lupin (Lupinus albus L.) Grown Under Phosphorus-deficient Conditions?<br />
Yiyong Zhu, Feng Yan, Christian Zörb and Sven Schubert<br />
Plant Cell Physiol. 46(6): 892–901 (2005)<br />
<br />
12/ Soil Science Extension<br />
North Carolina State University<br />
SOIL FERTILITY BASICS<br />
NC Certified Crop Advisor Training<br />
Steven C. Hodges<br />
<br />
13/ Organic acids in the rhizosphere and root<br />
characteristics of soybean (Glycine max) and cowpea<br />
(Vigna unguiculata) in relation to phosphorus uptake in<br />
poor savanna soils<br />
African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 7 (20), pp. 3620-3627, 20 October, 2008<br />
<br />
14/ Role of root derived organic acids in the mobilization of nutrients from the rhizosphere David R Jones & Peter R Darrah; Cornell & Oxford Universities<br />
Plant & Soil Journal; 166; 247-257 1994<br />
<br />
15/ The role of root-released organic acids and anions in phosphorus transformations in a sandy loam soil from Yantai, China<br />
African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 6(3), pp. 674-679, 23 January, 2012<br />
<br />
16/ Nutrient uptake among subspecies of cucurbita pepo L. Is Related to Exudation of Citric Acid – Martin PN Gent, Zakia D Parrish & Jason C White<br />
American Soc. Of Horticultural Science 130(5); 782-788, 2005<br />
<br />
17/ Root exudates as mediators of mineral acquisition in low-nutrient<br />
environments<br />
Felix D. Dakora & Donald A. Phillips Plant and Soil 245: 35–47, 2002.<br />
<br />
18/ Nutrient Management for Fruit & Vegetable Crop Production<br />
Peter M. Bierman and Carl J. Rosen<br />
Department of Soil, Water, and Climate<br />
University of Minnesota<br />
<br />
19/ Protozoa and plant growth:<br />
the microbial loop in soil revisited<br />
Michael Bonkowski<br />
Rhizosphere Ecology Group, Institut für Zoologie, Technische Universität Darmstadt,<br />
Schnittspahnstr. 3, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany - 2003<br />
<br />
<a href="#Contents">Back to Contents</a><br />
<br />
<a name="Root_Exudates_"></a><br />
<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Root Exudates </span></big></big><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;">A while back I read this statement on the internet forums;<br />
"I have only been looking into root exudates a couple of years now, but not something that I dwell on as I have good root systems."<br />
<br />
This made me realize that there is a large presence of misunderstanding about the function of root excretions as they relate<br />
to nutrient uptake and how they form the basis of natural (organic) growth.<br />
<br />
I have written brief statements on the subject previously when discussing the microbial nutrient loop in the rhizosphere (root zone),<br />
plant control of homeostasis & nutrient provision and the microbial hierarchy of living soil.<br />
<br />
I read through some of the more recent publications regarding root exudations with hopes new research might help me to<br />
give a simple explanation of the nutrient cycle related to organic acids secreted by roots and microbes. No such luck.<br />
<br />
There are some advanced studies but they actually reveal more complexity and an overlapping role of the molecular compounds exuded<br />
by the roots into the soil. The (basic) exudates include organic acids, amino acids, carbohydrates (sugars) and hormones.<br />
<br />
These influence many functions from nutrient assimilation/provision to pathogen & pest control to growth promotion or prevention of neighboring plants.<br />
There is new research which seems to validate some hypotheses I proposed around 10 years ago concerning plant roots discharging various molecular compounds (structures) to feed or attract specific microorganisms which in turn process (provide) specific nutrients or services.<br />
<br />
In this small article I'll limit the discussion to exudates involved in the acquisition of nutrients into the soil solution where they can be up-taken by roots (plants).<br />
I'll be attempting to express this as simply as possible for the sake of the reader and the author. Please let me know if or where I have erred.<br />
<br />
Bear in mind that this information is not given as a growing prescription but only to help growers comprehend what is going on and to be somewhat supportive of living soil horticultural systems.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Function In The Soil</span><br />
<br />
To get an important definition out of the way, in this write-up, soil solution is that moisturized film adjacent to roots where nutrients become bio-available.<br />
This zone can be in constant flux as certain nutrients enter into it, mostly ionized and are immediately up-taken by roots and microorganisms.<br />
<br />
Most growers have now been made aware of the meaning of CEC (cation exchange capacity), wherein positive charged cations are adhered to negatively charged organic matter or clay particles in the soil. The greater the CEC the greater the capacity to store these types of nutrients.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, many growers know these nutrients can be released into the soil solution as (bio-available) ions by hydrogens (bonds) correlating to the positive charge (number of electrons lost) bonded to the nutrient (cation) molecule. This is the cation exchange where nutrient ions are made available for plant root uptake.<br />
This is the power of hydrogen. Indeed the power or potential of hydrogen in the soil solution is what pH is.<br />
<br />
What growers may not be aware of is, where these hydrogens come from. Two major sources of them are soil microbes (bacteria, archaea & fungi) and roots.<br />
They are part of the molecular structures known as organic acids which are one of the root exudates. I'm only going to attempt discussing the nutrient acquisition role of organic acids, however they serve a number of functions, including soil pedogenosis (or development) and even as nutrients themselves.<br />
<br />
Organic acids play a major role in nutrient acquisition for the plant, however as mentioned earlier there are some other compounds at play in the scenario.<br />
There is some cross over between function of organic acids, amino acids and carbohydrates wherein each sometimes is microbial food or functions to release nutrients.<br />
There are also still many unknowns. For the purposes of the situation I'm discussing, organic acids are more nutrient release agents, while amino acids and carbohydrates are more microbial food (attractant).<br />
<br />
Please know that my interpretation is open to criticism as I endeavor to simplify the complex. I am encouraged that the unfolding pictures viewed in my mind some years back have been modestly validated.<br />
<br />
In simple terms the plant itself excretes the organic acids which free up desired nutrients stored in soil and organic matter but it also excretes carbohydrates and amino acids that attract and feed bacteria, archaea and fungi which pump out these same (or differing) organic acids. In this way the nutrient economy multiplies for the plant, with less energy expenditure by the plant.<br />
<br />
To try to understand what occurs when organic acids, exuded by roots and microbes, displace cations (nutrients) held by soil particles, let's first look at the net charges comprising these nutrient compounds.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Common Positively Charged Soil Cations</span><br />
(can be nutrients, micronutrients and [neutral/harmful] )<br />
<br />
calcium (Ca+2) - net positive charge; ionized by losing 2 electrons; 2 hydrogens required to release<br />
magnesium (Mg+2) - net positive charge; ionized by losing 2 electrons; 2 hydrogens required to release<br />
potassium (K+) - net positive charge; ionized by losing 1 electron; 1 hydrogen required to release<br />
ammonium (NH4+) - net positive charge; ionized by losing 4 electrons; 4 hydrogens required to release<br />
<br />
and so on.....<br />
<br />
iron (Fe+2) - net positive charge; ionized by losing 2 electrons<br />
manganese (Mn+2) - net positive charge; ionized by losing 2 electrons<br />
zinc (Zn+2) - net positive charge; ionized by losing 2 electrons<br />
copper (Cu+2) - net positive charge; ionized by losing 2 electrons<br />
cobalt (Co+2) - net positive charge; ionized by losing 2 electrons<br />
nickel (Ni+2) - net positive charge; ionized by losing 2 electrons<br />
<br />
[aluminium (Al+3) - is toxic to most plant species at <5.5 pH soil solution]<br />
[hydrogen (H+) - functions to affect pH]<br />
[sodium (Na+) - rarely used as a nutrient; plays a role in pH and osmosis;]<br />
<br />
Then look at the number of hydrogens bonded to the organic acids, considering that an equal number of hydrogens is required for the number of electrons to alter the compounds in order to release them as ions into the soil solution.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Some Common Organic Acids</span><br />
(excreted by plants and microorganisms)<br />
<br />
acetic acid, CH3COOH - total of 4 hydrogens<br />
citric acid, H2C6H6O7 - total of 8 hydrogens<br />
fumaric acid, C4H4O4 - total of 4 hydrogens<br />
formic acid, HCOOH - total of 2 hydrogens<br />
oxalic acid, H2C2O4 - total of 2 hydrogens<br />
malic acid, H2C4H4O5 - total of 6 hydrogens<br />
malonic acid, CH2(COOH)2 - total of 4 hydrogens<br />
propionic acid, CH3CH2COOH - total of 6 hydrogens<br />
succinic acid, C4H6O4 - total of 6 hydrogens<br />
tartaric acid, H2C4H4O6 - total of 6 hydrogens<br />
gluconic acid, C6H12O7 - total of 12 hydrogens<br />
<br />
For example, by looking at the two lists above we can estimate that citric acid could potentially release 4 calcium ions, if citric acid is specific to calcium and all 8 hydrogens are exchangeable (8 divided by 2).<br />
<br />
I've not researched information showing the specific combinations of organic acids exuded by roots and microbes to implement the corresponding release of specific nutrients into the soil solution (excepting citric acid mobilizing phosphorus & calcium). However one can see by looking at the numbers of hydrogens bonded to the various molecular structures of organic acids that there are corresponding positive charges [or numbers of electrons] on nutrient compounds which can be exchanged for (or knocked off) to ionize the molecule released into the soil solution.<br />
<br />
"The process of gaining or losing electrons from a neutral atom or molecule is called ionization." ~ [boundless.com]<br />
<br />
There are also anions which are negatively charged nutrient molecules. These are not stored in most soil types.<br />
<br />
In most soils anions are mobile through the soil solution and are supplied ongoing by fertilizers or as they are degraded from organic matter and minerals and held within bodies of microbes </span></span><span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;">until excreted or otherwise transported to the plant. There is involvement of organic acids in acquisition of anions in similar fashion to cations, particularly of insolubilized phosphate.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Common Soil Anions</span><br />
<br />
chlorine (Cl-) - net negative charge; ionized by gaining 1 electron<br />
nitrate (NO3-) - net negative charge; ionized by gaining 3 electrons<br />
sulfide (S2-) - net negative charge; ionized by gaining 2 electrons<br />
sulfate (SO42-) ....and so on<br />
phosphate (PO43-).<br />
molybdenum (MoO4)-<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Role of Predators</span><br />
<br />
Beyond or on top of this method of nutrient assimilation is another step up of the nutrient economy initiated by the plant. Earlier I mentioned the plant attracts and feeds bacteria, archaea and fungi (with excretions of carbohydrates and amino acids) to in turn release the same organic acids. These organisms feed on some of the ions as well so one could think that the plant is stupid to encourage this competition, however as the bacteria and archaea multiply, protozoa (flagellates, ciliates & amoebae) are attracted to the rhizosphere (soil solution).<br />
<br />
They begin feasting on the bacteria & archaea and dividing as quickly as every two hours [or even less?]. Nature's clever hedge fund has set up a system wherein the energy requirement for these soil protozoa is 10 to 40 percent of what they intake. What (energy) they expel is 60 to 90% of a multiplied ionic form nutrient, of course bio-available to the roots of the plant.<br />
Bacterial feeding nematodes attracted to the grazing area contribute similar nutrient value although with a lesser return on investment.<br />
<br />
The fungi serve to degrade matter and materials to a form available to other organisms and some form mycorrhizal or endophytic relationships with the plant.<br />
<br />
*********************************<br />
To Ponder;<br />
Does the predation cycle use a similar exchange system as we see in the cation exchange between plant roots and soil/clay particles? Perhaps in reverse so the microorganism's needs vary from those of the plant?<br />
**********************************<br />
<br />
These cycles can take place for up to 24 hours (or more?) or may terminate within a couple of hours.<br />
<br />
***********************************<br />
To Ponder;<br />
Because of all this hydrogen spilling into the soil solution, I am led to realize that the pH must fluctuate in different areas and at different times according to the needs of the plant, organisms & soil.<br />
If using natural growing techniques, hypothetically this is controlled by interplay between root excretions and microbial activity. I therefore wonder what effect, control of the overall pH in soil has beyond a gross scale target where soil is very acidic or alkaline.<br />
Can one accurately check pH levels in the soil solution and is the time/nutrient phase it is tested in, a factor?<br />
***********************************<br />
<br />
Boron, The Weird One<br />
<br />
I've got to mention briefly that during researching for this little essay, I discovered a number of seemingly contradictory and incorrect (outdated) statements about boron and its assimilation by plants.<br />
Boron originates from cosmic rays along with two other elements found on earth lithium and beryllium. [This makes for some interesting reading for those interested; think black holes; or God's pixie dust]<br />
<br />
Most information seemed to state that boron was just there, mobile in the soil and taken up easily if present and toxic if there is too much. My first clue was that boron (B2O3) carries a mix of positive and negative<br />
ions so requires more energy to ionize it to a form assimilated by roots. I could not resolve within my puny brain logic, how it is taken into the plant.<br />
<br />
Some further looking revealed that it is actually the borate ion (BO3-) or boric acid (H3BO3) which is the form of boron taken up from the soil as an uncharged molecule.<br />
These are mostly stored in humus materials of organic matter. They are moved across (through) the cell wall membrane via protein transporters.<br />
These proteins were revealed through research within the last 16 years or so. [another fun research project for some]<br />
<br />
So guess what? Uptake of boron is not a passive undertaking. It is regulated by plants. You might ask, then how do plants acquire boron toxicity from soils with high levels of the boron constituents?<br />
One needs to ponder again whether this could be the result of human interference in one form or another.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Closing Statement</span><br />
<br />
Like I said earlier, this is not meant to be any form of growing prescription. I've been accused many times of saying that growing is all about organic matter and </span></span><span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;">microorganisms and even that one must have a microscope to grow adequately. Not so.<br />
<br />
I've always stated that I'm just about trying to explain what is going on, to the best of my ability and when it comes to gardening, I say, be all inclusive so long as you are doing no (to little) harm.<br />
It's not about minerals OR microbes and compost, it's about minerals, organic matter AND microbes.<br />
<br />
Many growers are in it to push the envelope, some for fun, like giant pumpkin growers, some for profit or bragging rights, like cannabis growers looking for those giant dense 'buds' [pot language for flowers].<br />
The thing is; giant pumpkin growers don't eat their produce (I think).<br />
<br />
Many have learned that natural growing produces higher quality vegetables, fruit and herbs (equivalent of nature farming, not the commercial meaning of natural).<br />
If you want your tomatoes or cannabis to increase in yield go with caution and read, watch and listen. Lest we forget the tobacco growers who thought phosphorus fertilizer was their key to the vault; the price was high levels of polonium 210 and lead 210 stored in tissues of glandular trichomes which some hypothesize is the true cause of lung cancer in smokers.<br />
<br />
I hope I've managed to convey at least the basic function of root exudates for nutrient acquisition and that with natural growing the plant is not a sponge to just suck up the ratios of ingredients provided.<br />
One must just ensure that all components are provided in adequate amounts and in a stable form degradable by the organisms.<br />
<br />
Examine all information, including mine, with skepticism.<br />
<br style="font-weight: bold;" />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Resources Used</span> (in no particular order)</span></span><br />
<br />
Organic acid behavior in soils – misconceptions and knowledge gaps<br />
D.L. Jones1,3, P.G. Dennis1, A.G. Owen1 & P.A.W. van Hees2<br />
Plant and Soil 248: 31–41, 2003.<br />
<br />
Root exudation of sugars, amino acids, and organic acids by maize as affected by nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and iron deficiency<br />
Lilia C. Carvalhais, Paul G. Dennis, Dmitri Fedoseyenko, Mohammad-Reza Hajirezaei, Rainer Borriss, and Nicolaus von Wirén ~ J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2010, 000, 1–9<br />
<br />
Aliphatic, Cyclic, and Aromatic Organic Acids, Vitamins, and Carbohydrates in Soil: A Review<br />
Valerie Vranova, Klement Rejsek, and Pavel Formanek<br />
The ScientificWorld Journal Volume 2013, Article ID 524239<br />
<br />
Organic acid induced release of nutrients from metal-stabilized soil organic matter – The unbutton model<br />
Marianne Clarholm, Ulf Skyllberg, Anna Rosling<br />
Soil Biology and Biochemistry; vol. 84, May 2015<br />
<br />
Gluconic acid production by bacteria to liberate phosphorus from<br />
insoluble phosphate complexes<br />
M. Stella and M.S. Halimi ~ J. Trop. Agric. and Fd. Sc. 43(1)(2015): 41 – 53<br />
<br />
Sodium as nutrient and toxicant<br />
Herbert J. Kronzucker, Devrim Coskun, Lasse M. Schulze, Jessie R. Wong<br />
& Dev T. Britto ~ Plant Soil (2013) 369:1–23<br />
<br />
Interaction of micronutrients with major nutrients with special reference to potassium UJWALA RANADE-MALVI<br />
Institute for Micronutrient Technology, Pune - 411 048, India<br />
Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.,24 (1) 106-109) 2011<br />
<br />
Aluminium Toxicity Targets in Plants<br />
S´onia Silva ~ Journal of Botany; Volume 2012, Article ID 219462<br />
<br />
Role of proteinaceous amino acids released in root exudates in nutrient acquisition from the rhizosphere<br />
DL Jones, AC Edwards, K Donachie, PR Darrah ~ Plant & Soil, Jan. 1994<br />
<br />
Amino acids in the rhizosphere: From plants to microbes<br />
LUKE A. MOE ~ American Journal of Botany 100(9): 1692–1705. 2013<br />
<br />
BC. Open Textbooks - Introductory Chemistry<br />
Michigan State University Extension<br />
University of Hawaii - Soil Management Manoa<br />
Arkansas State University - Department of Chemistry & Physics<br />
<br />
pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov<br />
http://www.boundless.com - chemistry<br />
Elcamino College - http://www.elcamino.edu<br />
GPB Media - gpb.org<br />
http://www.sciencegeek.net<br />
http://www.endmemo.com<br />
http://www.agion.de<br />
<br />
The Only Three Heavy Elements In The Universe That Aren't Made In Stars by Ethan Siegel - Forbes - July 1, 2015<br />
<br />
Separation and Analysis of Boron Isotope in High Plant by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry<br />
Qingcai Xu, Yuliang Dong, Huayu Zhu, and Aide Sun<br />
International Journal of Analytical Chemistry Volume 2015, Article ID 364242<br />
<br />
Unravelling the interactions of Boron with natural<br />
organic matter (NOM) on a molecular level<br />
András Gáspár ~ Thesis presentation 2008<br />
<br />
Lithium-Beryllium-Boron: Origin and Evolution<br />
Elisabeth Vangioni-Flam, Michel Casse and Jean Audouze<br />
astro-ph/9907171 June 1999<br />
<br />
Effect of Composted Organic Matter on Boron Uptake by Plants<br />
U. Yermiyahu, R. Keren, and Y. Chen ~ SOIL SCI. SOC. AM. J., VOL. 65, SEPTEMBER–OCTOBER 2001<br />
<br />
Boron transport in plants: co-ordinated regulation of transporters<br />
Kyoko Miwa and Toru Fujiwara ~ Annals of Botany 105: 1103–1108, 2010<br />
<br />
<br />
<font size="-1"><font size="+2" style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="So_You_Wanna_Build_A_Compost_Tea_Brewer"></a>So You Wanna Build A Compost Tea Brewer</font><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Terms:</span><br />
* = degree(s); CT = compost tea; ACT = aerated compost tea; O2 = oxygen; CO2 = carbon dioxide<br />
DO2 = dissolved oxygen; CFM = cubic feet per minute; PPM = parts per million<br />
<br />
There are several ways to make your own compost tea brewer which may not produce the equivalent results to some commercially available models but should provide you with a microbial extract you can apply to your soil and plants. When I first started messing around with brewers, I experimented with what we had lying in our various junk heaps around the farm; cast-offs from buying the wrong part at the plumbing store, outdated irrigation systems, left over pipe, dead vehicles and other modern broken things. Therefore, if you are a junk collector like me, you may already have much of what you require to build a compost tea brewer.<br />
<br />
First of all I’d like to make it clear that most aquarium air pumps don’t produce enough air to use in a container larger than 1 gallon when considering making an aerated brewer. So don’t even try the 5 gallon pail with the aquarium pump idea everybody is passing around. You need a minimum 0.05 CFM (cubic feet per minute), open flow of air and an optimum 0.08 CFM <span style="text-decoration: underline;">per gallon</span> (US) or higher to make aerated compost tea (ACT). ACT should have the DO2 sustained at or above 6 PPM. Generally, aquarium pumps produce around 0.02 to 0.16 CFM. Another generality is that 25 watts of power usually produces 0.75 to 1.0 CFM in diaphragm air pumps. The wattage is usually marked on the pump which will help you figure out the approximate output. I’ll cover more on air pumps later.<br />
<br />
In the following I will outline some simple methods of building a variety of compost tea makers. I am not going to discuss anaerobic methods at this time. Later on I may add some sketches.<br />
<br />
1/ Stir Method: The cheapest way to make compost tea is the old fashioned way. Just add compost to clean, non-chlorinated, water (above 65 degrees F. recommended) and stir like mad with a clean stick or whathaveyou. I’d recommend using about 3 to 5% compost by volume of water and stir it up as often as you can over an 8 to 12 hour period. Some people do it over a 24 hour period and also add some foodstock like molasses, fish hydrolysate and kelp. You can experiment with different times and ingredients and decide for yourself. If you have a microscope, check it out. When you feel that you have a completed compost tea (CT) you can remove it in several ways. If you have just used a 5 gallon pail you can simply let the particulate matter settle and pour the clearer CT off into watering cans or your sprayer.<br />
<br />
Filtering;<br />
You can place a submersible pump into a mesh bag as a screen, drop it into the tank (barrel, pail) and pump the CT out. I use a regular cheap sump pump for this with a 800 to 1000 micron mesh bag (about the size of window screen) See the testing I did; </span></span></font><span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><a href="#Does_Microbial_Life_Survive_">Does Microbial Life Survive Pump Impellers?</a> . You can purchase mesh bags at <a href="http://www.aquaticeco.com">www.aquaticeco.com</a> or make your own. Likewise, you can filter the CT by placing the same size screen over top of another pail and pour or siphon the CT through the mesh into the other vessel. If residue builds up, stop and clean off the mesh. As residue builds up it stops the passage of the microbes you want. Never run CT through a pipe constrained filter unless essential as part of your irrigation system or spray rig.<br />
<br />
2/ The Venturi Method: If you only have a water pump and wish to make a compost tea brewer you can inject air into the water by using a venturi. I have provided a <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/venturisketch.pdf">sketch</a> and <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/venturitext.pdf">text</a> showing how to make your own or you can purchase them from <a href="http://www.aquaticeco.com">http://www.aquaticeco.com</a> . Basically the venturi creates a vacuum which interfaces with the water as it passes by, sucking air and mixing it with the water. It is quite an efficient method of oxygenating water. If you have a really tough water pump which does not clog, like a trash pump, you may run this type of brewer without a mesh extractor bag. Most are going to want to use a mesh extractor, so I recommend TEEing your water line downstream from the venturi with one return line suspended above the water and the other return line going into the mesh extractor. Undoubtedly you will require a valve to regulate the flow so all of the water does not just take the easiest route to the pipe suspended over the water. To build a CT brewer beyond the stir method, some basic knowledge of fitting plumbing parts and pipes together is essential, as well as some engineering instincts. If you are not up for this just save yourself the aggravation and buy a brewer. You may use your imagination for a mesh extractor. For a small brewer of 100 gallons or less, 400 microns is an ideal mesh size. Sometimes for large brewers which may run for several days to establish a functional nutrient cycling consortia a larger mesh size like 800 µm may be a better choice. This is because, as noted above, the mesh may clog up a little over time. A friend of mine successfully brewed CT using this method in a 5000 gallon brewer for many years. He used 2, barrel sized mesh extractor bags sewn from landscape cloth. He ran a return line into each bag, which was ¾ full of compost and tied off each bag tightly around the pipe so nothing could get out the top. These were dropped into the water (with his tractor) and 2 other return pipes pumped in oxygenated water. You can use your imagination to create mesh extractors, dependent on the size of your brewer, the materials at hand and what works for you. You can even create a basket which is partially above the surface to prevent particulate escape. These systems are not great for extracting and growing fungal hyphae but they produce bacteria/archaea and protozoa just fine.<br />
<br />
The Gas Exchange;<br />
The reason for suspending the other pipe(s) above the water is so it splashes into the water, breaking the water’s surface tension and additionally pushing more air into the water like a water fall or running river does. The surface tension of water is unique in its toughness; it surpasses that of oil. When I first started experimenting with the venturi method I had the return pipe submerged. The effects were profound. As the water filled with air, generated by the venturi, the water level rose, even over flowing my 1200 gallon tank. At the time, I thought this was a good sign that I was oxygenating the water. Sure, I was getting air in but was not getting the maximum dissolved oxygen possible with my system. Later when I learned that gas exchange means, ‘trading one gas for another’, I realized that the surface tension must be broken for the optimum gas exchange to occur. In this case, we are trading carbon dioxide (CO2) for oxygen (O2) or dissolved oxygen (DO2). CO2 must make way for DO2. In water, CO2 has two ways of being dissipated (of which I am aware). It is either used by organisms, like water plants or it must escape at the surface interface. In a brewer we have no plants and the microbes we are growing use O2 and create CO2, so the CO2 must escape at the surface. Because of the high surface tension of water, if we break the surface, this escape or release is facilitated and we improve the efficiency of our CT brewer. Once we started suspending the return pipe above the surface, providing a hardy splash to break the surface, we had no further over flows and the DO2 increased. <span style="font-weight: bold;">NOTE: </span>This principle applies to air driven brewers as well. The better the surface tension is broken, the better the capacity to contain DO2 in the water.<br />
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3/ The Vortex Method: There are many who claim that running water in a vortex pattern comprised of multiple mini vortices changes the properties of water beneficially. I remain dubious but open-minded. You can form your own opinion on this subject. One thing a vortex brewer is very good for is ensuring a full circulation of all the water and compost added. There can be no ‘dead zones’; none of the feared anaerobic pockets!! There is no point to considering the use of a mesh extractor with a vortex brewer unless you conceive of some genius method of suspending a mesh container in the center of the flow. Therefore this design is for those of you who don’t mind using compost in free suspension and deal with the particulate matter later. A vortex action in a CT brewer is pretty much dependent on the shape of the vessel used, combined with the direction of the input flow ‘nozzles’ or pipe ends and finally on the ability of the design to empty from a centrally located opening at the bottom of the vessel and the return of the water emptied, to the top of the vessel, to repeat the trip. Shapewise, you must use a round configured vessel. The most efficient shape is a cone shape with a drain hole at the bottom. Rather than go through a complex description of how to construct an air driven vortex brewer, I’m including this Internet link which illustrates a design by Steven Storch which he has offered up to the public;<br />
<a href="http://www.subtleenergies.com/ormus/tw/turbo-vortex.htm">http://www.subtleenergies.com/ormus/tw/turbo-vortex.htm</a> One with engineering instincts will come up with a variety of ways to modify this design. For example this design can be transposed to a 50 gallon sized barrel with a drain hole placed in the bottom. You would of course need a larger air pump and need to set the barrel up on blocks or legs. These systems produce a full compliment of microbes (bacteria/archaea, protozoa and fungal hyphae).<br />
<br />
One can also create a vortex brewer using a water pump to return the water to the top of the vessel again. Very handy if that is what you have laying around in your junk pile. The advanced thinkers will have already mindfully jumped to the idea that including a venturi with a water pump driven vortex is going to increase its efficiency exponentially. Well….at least a lot. Give yourself a gold star, a pat on the back, a chocolate cookie. Bear in mind, that if you use a water pump you will limit fungal hyphae extraction and growth.<br />
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3a/<font style="font-weight: bold;"> Simple Airlift - Vortex: </font>done my way<br />
I've had many requests to provide a simple design for an airlift brewer. This <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/Simple%20design%20cone%20airlift.pdf">sketch</a> of a simple design cone bottom tank brewer can be applied to just about any size brewer. Just don't start selling them or I'll have to sue you.<br />
If you wish to create a vortex using this design make sure you use a round shaped tank and position the return nozzle (elbow) so it is directional to the flow desired. This can be reversed by twisting the elbow and tweaked by using a short length of pipe as an extension. I'll try to post some photos shortly.<br />
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<br />
4/ Bubble Blowers; There are 2 basic styles of commercial bubble blower CT brewers. What I mean by bubble blowers, is that their function depends on just that; blowing bubbles into the water, into a mesh extractor or both. They do not actively move the water, aside from the effect of the bubbles. Because of this, I find it a paradox that they refer to their units as AACT (actively aerated compost tea) brewers to separate themselves from only, aerated compost tea (ACT) brewers, which supposedly just blow air into water. This remains a mystery unto me. I won’t name these brewers because they include almost every commercial brewer available, except mine of course, which should be separated from those by being called an AAACT brewer (giggle). No offense; just kidding around.<br />
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Anyway, back to business. A very simple method you can use to make an aerated CT brewer is to use some rigid PVC thin walled pipe (not schedule 40 because it is difficult to make tiny holes in) of approximately ½ inch to ¾ inch size. Rigid pipe is better than flex pipe because it holds its shape, can be cleaned more easily and is easier to drill and saw. Use a straight piece which is approximately as long as your proposed tank is high, joined to a 90* elbow, then following the dimensional circumference of the bottom of your tank build a roughly round hexagon or octagon or whateveragon alternating with PVC fittings (45* or 11*, 22* to 30* if you can find them <a href="http://pvcfittings.com">http://pvcfittings.com</a> ) and short lengths of pipe, terminating just before you hit the elbow which the long pipe slides into. Over the end of this last piece of pipe in your whateveragon slide a cap. None of this needs to be glued (usually) because we are not dealing with high pressure and the whole thing can be taken apart for easy cleaning. We now need three more things. An air supply, an air input interface with the pipe and diffusers. A diffuser is an interface between air and water which ‘diffuses’ of course, air into the water. No matter what name people give it, like orifice or air stone, hole, slit or slot, it is still a diffuser. The smaller the diffuser opening within the capacity of the air pump to push air through easily, the greater the efficiency at raising and maintaining the dissolved oxygen. Therefore you want to put the smallest holes or slits possible at intervals in the short pieces of pipe you used to construct your whateveragon. If you have an electric drill you can drill 1/16th inch holes. You can try cutting slits with a razor knife or very fine hack saw or other blade. A hacksaw cuts around 1000 microns width. I get machined slots which are 254 microns. Make your openings so they are coming out the bottom angled towards the center to begin with. (The pipe is not glued so you can rotate them). For your first trial only put a few air openings in each length of pipe (e.g. 2” spaces). We want the air traveling all the way to the end of the whateveragon. Now to try it out, I guess we better get some air happening.<br />
<br />
First of all, for your air input you need to match air tubing with your air pump and get a threaded barbed fitting that the tubing fits over and a slip X female threaded coupling to go over your long straight piece of PVC pipe which goes down and joins to your whateveragon. This, you may need to glue.<br />
I have provided a rudimentary representative sketch to help illustrate the basic construction ><a href="http://microbeorganics.com/bubblectbrewer.pdf">click here</a><br />
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A Word About Diaphragm Air Pumps;<br />
If you are going to buy a pump to run your aerated CT brewer I now (as of Feb 2015) recommend the Elemental line of commercial air pumps. Like ECO commercial air they are a combination piston and rubber (diaphragm) pump but they are quieter and seem to out perform the ECOs for the same price range. The Elemental 951 gph which we are using with our Mini-Microbulator outputs 2.5 CFM and the 1744 gph which we will be using with our 50 gallon airlift Microbulator measures an average 5.3 CFM (ECO 5 is 4.0 CFM). On top of that, these pumps are painted and it seems there is a higher standard applied to their manufacture. In the USA you can purchase this line through <a href="http://buildasoil.com/">buildasoil.com</a>. If there is enough demand we will sell these pumps in (from) Canada<br />
<br />
I can also recommend Hailea 9730 pumps (2 CFM max.) which you can purchase from <a href="http://www.aquaticeco.com">www.aquaticeco.com</a> and other places. These are solid, long lasting pumps and I know other commercial brewers use them for 50 gallons but I just can’t recommend them for more than 30 gallons. If you use one for a 5 gallon unit it will last virtually forever. All of these pumps come with a little threaded brass fitting for screwing into the air output. <span style="font-weight: bold;">DO NOT USE THESE!</span> Put them in your parts drawer. These constrict the air and reduce your CFM by at least 20%. Rather, find tubing which slides over the nipple into which the threads are tapped. In the case of the Eco Plus 5 and the Hailea, 5/8ths inside diameter works. Slide the air tubing over and secure with a gear clamp. The Eco Plus has a very short nipple so I score the metal with a couple of swipes with a hacksaw to create barbs for the tubing to grip. You can find tubing at a building supply like Home Depot or Rona in Canada. I use the braided reinforced stuff which does not kink. Always try to keep your pump at or above the surface of the water so it does not siphon back if the power fails.<br />
<br />
Now that we have our air supply you can slide the tubing over the barbed fitting air input on the end of your straight piece of PVC and fire her up. Ooops! Forgot the spring clamp. You can use a spring clamp to pinch the long PVC air pipe to the edge of your tank at the top. This keeps the hole thing from floating and you can adjust the distance your whateveragon is from the bottom. Spring clamps are like giant clothes pegs <a href="http://www.leevalley.com/wood/page.aspx?c=1&cat=1,43838&p=41712">http://www.leevalley.com/wood/page.aspx?c=1&cat=1,43838&p=41712 </a><br />
<a href="http://www.hobbytool.com/springclamps.aspx">http://www.hobbytool.com/springclamps.aspx</a><br />
I’m sure you can find them at Home Depot too or you may think up another idea (like a ‘C’ clamp).<br />
<br />
Okay fire up the pump and fill up your tank (pail, barrel) with water. Watch the amount of air coming out of the openings you made. What we want is air coming out right to the end of the whateveragon and even dispersal all around and we want really broiling water bubbling up to the surface. The reason I suggested angling the openings on the bottom towards the center of the tank is so it would sweep right up from the base. You can raise it closer to the surface to get a better look at how evenly the air is coming out. You can also just put the air tube end in the water, right to the bottom so you can get an idea of your air potential and how much should be coming out of the holes you made. You don’t want to restrict the air flow. If you feel comfortable that you need more air coming out start adding more openings (on top), beginning at the cap end on the top of the pipe and working your way around towards the air input. You’ll get the hang of it. If you screw up, no biggy cause you are using really short pieces of very cheap pipe, not glued and you can redo and experiment to your heart’s content.<br />
<br />
This is very similar to the KIS 5 gallon brewer (a very efficient little brewer; buy one if you don't like doing this) so their compost brew kits will be ideal to use with this. You can use this system with compost and feedstock in free suspension (added directly to the water) or in the case of a 5 gallon set up you can probably get away with placing your compost and solid food into a mesh bag tightly tied up and floating around in the water. The turbulence may keep it suspended. You could put some fishing floats or ping pong balls in it to be sure it won’t sink.<br />
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If you wish to use an extractor bag with a larger brewer, then you can use a variation of the set up previously described, except that you have a PVC air line entering your (tube/sock shaped) mesh extractor bag with diffuser openings close to the bottom of the bag and with a cap on the end of the pipe. This pipe should go very close to the bottom of the bag. You will need to tie off or fashion a lid for the extractor bag or keep the top above the water surface. As stated previously, 400 microns is the optimum sized mesh to use. You may purchase a variety of mesh bags from <a href="http://www.aquaticeco.com">http://www.aquaticeco.com</a> . You can experiment with the number of diffuser openings which provides sufficient agitation. These types of systems depend upon the agitation of the compost against the mesh, caused by the air, to extract the microbes from the compost. Some systems have no additional air diffusion outside of the mesh extractor, while others incorporate one or more additional diffusers. One could TEE off from the air line, one diffuser going into the mesh bag, the other into the water. A valve to regulate the air flow would be necessary in this case. Alternatively one could use two air pumps. One could combine both designs, using a whateveragon diffuser and another pipe going into the mesh extractor.<br />
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Diffusers;<br />
One could incorporate good quality glass bonded diffusers if one did not wish to mess with PVC pipes and making their own diffusers. These diffusers are resistant to break down by microbes and can be cleaned with muriatic acid (but are not environmentally friendly to clean). They are called Sweetwater medium bore diffusers and are available at <a href="http://www.aquaticeco.com">http://www.aquaticeco.com</a> . They are far superior to homemade PVC diffusers in terms of sustaining DO2 because they produce finer bubbles . There is no truth (that I have seen) to the statement that fine bubbles damage some microbes.<br />
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Anaerobes;<br />
Many people are overly anxious about having any anaerobic microbes in their CT. If you have a tremendous number of ciliates in your CT, or if it stinks to high heavens, there is a likelihood that your CT has gone anaerobic and you should toss it. However, I would not worry about seeing a healthy number of ciliates (if you have a microscope), especially if there are also high numbers of flagellates and/or amoebae. Additionally anaerobic (facultative and obligate) bacteria and archaea occur naturally in the soil and other environments and their existence is part of the balance of nature so don’t worry if you have a few in your consortia.<br />
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Cleaning;<br />
You should clean out your brewer after each use, especially the extractor bag if you use one.<br />
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Conversions;<br />
1 US gallon = 3.78 litres (liters)<br />
1 US quart = 0.946 litre (liter)<br />
1 micrometer or micron (µm) = 0.000039 inch (39/100000ths)<br />
For converting mesh to microns: <a href="http://chemplazaonline.com/meshsizecoverter.aspx">http://chemplazaonline.com/meshsizecoverter.aspx</a> <br />
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I think I’ve covered the basics. If anyone has any suggestions or if you notice any errors, please speak up.</span></span><br />
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<a href="#Contents">Back to Contents</a><br />
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<br />
<font size="+2"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="Microbe_Identification"></a>Some Photo, Video and Linked Resources for Organism Identification:</span></font><br />
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<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><a href="http://microbeorganics.com/vorticella.wmv">Vorticella</a> (<5 MB) This is little video of a Vorticella ciliate<br />
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Here is <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/microbeidentifypart1.pdf">Part 1</a> and <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/microbeidentifypart2.pdf">Part 2</a> PDFs of some photos and notes I put together to assist folks with idendifying soil, compost and compost tea microbes. Please use these PDFs freely for educational purposes. Part 1 includes bacteria, flagellates, amoebae, ciliates and fungal hyphae. Part 2 covers nematodes and rotifers.<br />
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Here are links (which I hope remain current) to Internet resources which will assist in microbial identification.<br />
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Mastigophora - Flagellates<br />
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<a href="http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Protista/MastigophoraE.html">http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Protista/MastigophoraE.html </a><br />
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Ciliophora - Ciliates<br />
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<a href="http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Protista/CiliophoraE.html">http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Protis</a><br />
Sarcodina (Sarcodia) - Amoebae<br />
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<a href="http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Protista/SarcodiaE.html">http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Protista/SarcodiaE.html</a><br />
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<a href="http://now.ifmo.ru/amecol/frames.htm">http://now.ifmo.ru/amecol/frames.htm </a><br />
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<a href="http://amoeba.ifmo.ru/guide.htm">http://amoeba.ifmo.ru/guide.htm </a><br />
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You can find good images of testate amoebae by googling Edward Mitchell + testate amoebae<br />
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Fungi Images & Info<br />
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<a href="http://www.uoguelph.ca/%7Egbarron/index.htm">http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/index.htm </a><br />
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<a href="http://www.mycolog.com/index.html">http://www.mycolog.com/index.html </a><br />
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Actinobacteria (mycetes)<br />
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Digital Atlas of Actinomycetes [now referred to as Actinobacteria]<br />
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<a href="http://www.actino.jp/DigitalAtlas">http://www.actino.jp/DigitalAtlas</a><br />
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Lots of cool organisms by Wim<br />
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<a href="http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/wimsmall/smal1.html">http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/wimsmall/smal1.html </a></span></span><br />
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<font size="+1"><span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Please inform me of any dead links.</span></span></span><br />
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<a href="#Contents"><small>Back to Contents</small></a></font></p>
<p></p>
<h4><font size="+1"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><a name="Who_I_am"></a>Who I am</span></font></h4>
<p><img alt="" src="Tim3.JPG" style="width: 482px; height: 322px;" /><br style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;" />
<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"> My name is Tim Wilson. I am a self-taught researcher/scientist. I do not possess a degree but did study a wide range of courses at university, some of them post-graduate courses I was allowed into based on my knowledge level at the time. I learned scientific thought and method from a great scientist and friend Barry Beyerstein who suddenly passed at a much too young age of 60.<br />
Many of you will know me by my contributions to various discussion forums on the web. Presently I reside in southern British Columbia, Canada.<br style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;" />
I'm doing ongoing research in soil biology.</span></span></p>
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<h5><span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><big><span style="font-weight: normal;">I have designed a simple bioreactor to be used for extracting and multiplying microorganisms from compost or vermicompost; so called aerated compost tea, as it has been named, I hold a patent on the airlift and diffusion chamber (& extraction method) but have made much of this information freely available. We therefore see many DIY airlift 'brewers'. They are different from most other brewers I have seen, in that the water is actively circulated through a pipe while being charged with air and returned to the tank from an elevated position with use of only an air pump. They sustain a higher than average dissolved oxygen level than most bubbler type compost tea makers. </span></big></span></span></h5>
<p><br style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;" />
<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;">Please email me if you have questions or comments at; <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></span></span><br />
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<font size="+2"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Stuff I'm Selling</span></font></p>
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<p></p>
<h3><br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><a name="My_DVD"></a>My DVD Now available as a download (850 MB) $28 USD<small> </small></span></h3>
<p><img alt="" src="DVD%20set.jpg" style="width: 410px; height: 641px;" /></p>
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<h3></h3>
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<h3><span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">I have produced a narrated video condensed to 1 hour, 43 minutes from hours and hours of live real time video captured through an interface of a Leitz Orthoplan microscope, a Sony high definition video camera and a computer. No film was used in this process. The purpose of this video is to assist folks who are using microscopes to identify the microbes they are observing in their compost, soil and compost tea. Although I used a high definition camera it was not set on HD as this causes a delay through firewire to the computer and makes realtime tracking of microbes with the mechanical stage impossible. </span></span></h3>
<p><span style="font-size:22px;"><big><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-weight: bold;">It includes some</span></big><span style="font-weight: bold;"> <big>examples of; </big></span><br />
<big><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-weight: bold;">1/ What microbes you should see in a finished compost tea, <br />
2/ Bacteria,<br />
3/ Flagellates,<br />
4/ Ciliates,<br />
5/ Amoebae (3,4 &5 comprise the three groups of Protozoa),</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">6/ Fungal hyphae, </span><br style="font-weight: bold;" />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">7/ Yeast cells, </span></big><br style="font-weight: bold;" />
<big><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif; font-weight: bold;">8/ Nematodes,<br />
9/ Rotifers and<br />
10/ Compost Examination.</span></big></span><br style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;" />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;">For those of you without microscopes the DVD offers a good visual representation of what is going on in your compost, vermicompost, compost tea and soil.</span></p>
<p></p>
<h3><br />
The DVD as a set of 2 discs in a case is no longer available. Problems? > then email me <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a> </h3>
<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"> <big><span style="font-weight: bold;"> <big><big>BUT</big> now for $28 </big></span>USD</big></span><br style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;" />
<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><big>I have been able to render the complete DVD set into a down loadable mp4 video file. It is quite large download at <big><span style="font-weight: bold;">850 MB</span></big> so it may take a long time to download, Those with poor download situations may need to decide the best action to take. The resolution is not quite as good as on disc but still surprisingly good.</big><br />
<br />
<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Make payment by credit card, debit card or Paypal.</span></big></big></span></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:24px;"><strong><big>Instructions for purchase and download;</big></strong></span><br />
<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><strong>To purchase the download please pay $28 USD to my PayPal account [email protected] (copy and paste into your paypal send money spot) Then email me at <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a> to let me know you paid and I'll email you the download. If required I can email a request for payment (invoice) Please note that my Paypal email is different than the one for communication. </strong></span></span></p>
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><font size="+1"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></font></span><br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">********************<br />
SAMPLE VIDEO CLIP</span><br />
<big>Click on the following video link (4.7 MB) to download a 'wmv' (Windows Media Video) to your computer. Depending on your download speed it may take a while. It is an example of what sort of footage is included in the DVD.<br />
Video<a href="http://microbeorganics.com/clip1.wmv"> link</a></big><br />
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******************<br />
<font size="+1" style="font-weight: bold;">NOTE RE VIDEOS; If you are unable to view some of the videos displayed on this site and have a Windows operating system, you may need to initiate, dowload or update Windows Media Player.</font><br />
<big>This does not apply to the download videos</big><br />
<br style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times,serif;" />
<br />
<font size="+1"><span style="font-weight: bold;">What Folks Have Said About the (video) DVD Set;</span></font><br style="font-weight: bold;" />
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"Hi Tim,<br />
I want to let you know that I have thoroughly enjoyed your video, it was very well done. In the last part of the first DVD, I found it funny that I was actually drawn in and was rooting for that protozoa that was on the final stages of it's life. I have watched it over a few nights, and during the day on my way to and from work on the bus, I have been reading Teaming With Microbes. They complement each other very well and helped me to understand a whole lot more than when I was laboring through biology classes in grade 12. I wish this kind of material, in such an easy to understand format was around when I was in grade school."<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Deighton King</span><br style="font-style: italic;" />
<br />
"I want to back up Tim's suggestion that you consider a purchase of his DVDs. If you have a scope it is a valuable aid right up there with Dr. Elaine's manual. Way to go Tim!" <br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Jeff Lowenfels; Author; Teaming With Microbes</span> Available at Amazon & KIS<br />
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"Jeff is right -- they are truly fabulous and I think are essential to have -- even if members here have a microscope because there's simply no way your set up matches Tim's or can reveal what Tim has done here. Not even close! What an introduction to the Microcosmos! Wonderful job, Tim. And finally, if I may, this is the perfect real time, real world companion piece to our book, "Teaming With Microbes"<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Wayne Lewis, Alaska Humus Co., Anchorage; Author; Teaming With Microbes</span><br />
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"I'll second the endorsement for Tim Wilson's DVD.It's a great educational tool for students of soil biology and compost teas. As you may have gathered, Tim has a better-than-average microscope setup so the microscope footage is both clear and fascinating. He captures moving images with brightfield and phase contrast microscopy.The DVD is organized section by section according to microbial group. The microscopy clips are accompanied with voice-over explanations by Tim. Some of the images of ciliates, flagellates, nematodes, rotifers, fungal hyphae provide high definition closeups. The comments by Tim provide insight to microbial groups and their characteristics as well as practical know-how on microscopy (often with a sense of Canadian humor, eh?).<br />
Good job, Tim, and congratulations on this DVD that's been years in the making."<br />
<span style="font-style: italic;">Steve Diver</span><br />
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<a href="#Contents">Back to Content</a>s<br />
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<br />
<big><big>Here is an easy to make 50 gallon airlift - previously sold as The Poorboy </big></big><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/pKj7LV3hgrQ" width="560"></iframe><br />
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;">The Video Data</span></big></big><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/T1kqSVmHTX8" width="560"></iframe><br />
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<big><big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="The_Mini-Microbulator_Airlift_Microbial"></a><a name="Mini-Microbulator"></a>The Mini-Microbulator Airlift Microbial Extrapolator</span></big></big></big> <br />
<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"> (Aerated Compost Tea Maker) </span><small>[US Patent 7972839 B2] <br />
<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Ask at KIS Organics <a href="https://www.kisorganics.com">https://www.kisorganics.com </a></span></big></big><a href="https://www.kisorganics.com"> </a> </small></big></big><br />
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<big><img alt="" src="minisetup.jpg" style="width: 640px; height: 360px;" /></big><br />
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Watch this video to see the bioreactor in operation and to learn how to use it. Please note that even though we do show how to filter the 'tea' for spraying, it is not necessary when applying to the soil and it is better to not filter for this application.<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ac29ZfvMjmo" width="560"></iframe><br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">How It Works</span><br />
Like its 50 gallon big brother it is loosely patterned after the airlift bioreactors used in laboratories for multiplying microorganisms. This is exactly what we wish to accomplish; to extract microbial spores from compost or vermicompost and multiply them as living bacteria/archaea, flagellates, naked amoebae, ciliates and fungal hyphae; sometimes rotifers and nematodes are present. This is what I call a 'microbial extrapolation'.<br />
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This diversity of microbes is responsible for cycling nutrients in a living soil which feed the roots of plants. There are also some studies showing disease/pathogen suppression using these liquid microbial suspensions.<br />
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There are some compost tea manufacturers and sellers who would like you to believe that the diversity required is somehow complex and elusive, except with DNA testing. Certainly these species of specialized bacteria and archaea can only be discerned via DNA (or through other complex testing), however thankfully we do not need to know their names to see most of them with 400X magnification and the protozoa and fungi comprising the diversity are even easier to see. Ask yourself how much money these people are requesting for their pretty brewers and do they present any data at all or just testimonials?<br />
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Please see this video for representative data regarding the microbial populations created using the Mini-microbulator.<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XXXKuCT2Z70" width="560"></iframe><br />
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Generally a batch is completed in around 36 hours but this time can be shortened by pre-feeding the compost or vermicompost to be used. This is outlined in my article <a href="#More_on_Compost_Tea_2013_">More on Compost Tea 2013</a> along with some basic recipes. The dissolved oxygen (DO2) of a finished batch has been over 7 PPM for us with water TDS at around 75 PPM but as high as 9 PPM DO2.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Guaranteed Performance</span><br />
There is always a range of variability when making aerated microbial extrapolations (aerated compost tea [ACT]) Even when we make ACT on our little farm using vermicompost from the same pile we get slightly differing results under the microscope every time. <br />
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Variations like temperature, changes in water, microbes in the atmosphere, moisture content of compost, subtle changes in foodstocks, exposure to light, time of day, perhaps barometric pressure and perhaps even the phase of the moon could all slightly effect the microbe population multiplied. Therefore one cannot guarantee standard results, however I can guarantee that the device, used as instructed, will extract and multiply microbes as well as or better than, the high priced compost tea machines on the market.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Cleaning</span><br />
We recommend cleaning the inside of the pipe after making a batch. It can be pulled apart where not glued and flushed with fresh hot water and pipe brush. It takes about 2 minutes and prevents residue build up. There is no need to clean out the airline if the device is left running until removed, as in the video.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Other Uses</span><br />
The device can also be used for making fertilizer teas from botanicals/herbs such as alfalfa meal, kelp meal, comfrey, etc. We have also used it to mix up trichoderma spores, Actinovate (Streptomyces lydicus) and homemade knotweed extract to apply to pathogens. It could likely be used for thoroughly mixing many types of fertilizers, even salts.<br />
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<font size="+2" style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="Microbulator_50"></a>The Microbulator 50;</font> A 50 (US) gallon compost tea brewer <big><span style="font-weight: bold;">ONLY AVAILABLE AS OF END OF MAY 2017 FROM KIS ORGANICS</span></big><br />
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<a href="https://www.kisorganics.com/collections/compost-tea-brewing-systems/products/50-gallon-microbulator-compost-tea-brewer"><big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;">https://www.kisorganics.com/collections/compost-tea-brewing-systems/products/50-gallon-microbulator-compost-tea-brewer</span></big></big></a><br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;"><big> </big></span><br />
[US Patent 7972839 B2]<br />
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<a href="#Video_Microbulator">Video Clips of Operation</a><br />
<a href="#Details_microbulator">Details & Questions</a><br />
<a href="#Where_is_your_data_">Where Is Your Data</a><br />
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<big>Ugly But Efficient & Cheap!</big><br />
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<big style="font-weight: bold;">Features:</big><br />
* Active flow-circulation induced by air alone; 6.3 gallons/minute<br />
* Efficient gas exchange system for excellent dissolved oxygen maintenance<br />
* Works with or without an extractor bag (extractor unit included)<br />
* Two different ways to configure apparatus<br />
* 5.6 CFM piston combined with rubber diaphragm air pump with 1 year warranty (upgraded in 2015 from Eco to Elemental commercial air pumps of a higher quality and flow)<br />
* Can be dismantled and cleaned in under 40 minutes, including the barrel<br />
* Sturdy parts used in manufacture<br />
* Specially designed machine slotted PVC diffusers<br />
* Operational instruction on private youtube link included<br />
*<span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>No barrel provided <br />
* See it in operation > <a href="#Video_Microbulator">View</a> the video clips below<br />
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<big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Data:</span></big> See the <a href="#Video_Microbulator">video clips</a> below for microbial data and basic operation.<br />
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<big style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="Details_microbulator"></a>Details, Details NO LONGER AVAILABLE THROUGH THIS SITE - ORDER THROUGH; KIS ORGANICS<br />
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<a href="https://www.kisorganics.com/collections/compost-tea-brewing-systems/products/50-gallon-microbulator-compost-tea-brewer"><big style="font-weight: bold;">https://www.kisorganics.com/collections/compost-tea-brewing-systems/products/50-gallon-microbulator-compost-tea-brewer</big></a></big><br />
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Since 2007, I have been taking orders for the 50 Gallon Microbulator compost tea brewer or as I affectionately call it, a microbe extractor and multiplier (bioreactor).<br />
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While visiting Tad Hussey at Keep It Simple Inc. (compost tea brewers) in Seattle, I showed him video footage of the Microbulator 50 operating. He commented that it might be ‘not pretty enough’ for some consumers. When I told him my expected price range he coined the phrase ‘ugly and cheap’. I decided to incorporate that into my sales pitch mantra ‘Ugly but Cheap and Efficient’. After all; the beauty of a John Deere tractor is in the eye of the beholder but as we farmers all know ‘nothing runs like Deere’. Tad has decided to offer the Microbulator 50 through his website. He is also selling a specialized nutrient pack (Pro Kit) and compost just for this brewer.<br />
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The Microbulator 50 works with or without an extractor bag. That decision is the owner’s, based on the planned uses, application method and coarseness of the compost used.<br />
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<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Now, how does this work and what makes it different than other commercial brewers on the market?</span><br />
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My design, unlike other commercial brewers I have seen, does not just blow air into water or into the extractor bag but actively circulates the water while charging it with oxygen. This is done using only an air pump. No water pump is involved. This is accomplished by a diffuser housing fixture I designed and built which incorporates the diffuser inside an 1 ½ inch PVC pipe [1.25 inch industry size]. The whole 50 gallons of water is cycled through this pipe every 8 minutes at a measured flow rate of at least 6.3 gallons per minute. The water is drawn from two opposing sides of the bottom of the tank, pushed past the diffuser, while being injected with O2, up the pipe and through the return nozzle suspended about 2 to 5 inches above the water’s surface, falling back into the liquid, pushing O2 into the water by breaking the surface tension barrier, facilitating the release of CO2 from the tank and the absorption of O2 (gas exchange). This is not unlike the action of a waterfall or flow form. This action pushes the oxygenated water into the body of water further raising the dissolved oxygen content. Because the water intake openings are located at opposing sides at the bottom of the barrel, a current-like flow is created and maintained so any still areas of water are highly unlikely. The release of CO2 is essential to create space in water for the absorption of dissolved oxygen and the only way for CO2 to be released in a CT brewer is through the surface. At the same time a large slotted PVC diffuser is infusing the whole body of water with air. Oxygen is absorbed by the interface of the bubbles created on the way to the surface and the surface tension barrier is broken again by the bubble turbulence, allowing the further release of carbon dioxide and the maintenance of dissolved oxygen. By this means, there are three interfaces where O2 is being injected into the water or compost tea. The real champion for raising dissolved oxygen is the airlift. Research has shown that an airlift can increase the dissolved oxygen capacity up to ten fold!<br />
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This highly efficient yet very simple method is generally able to raise and maintain the dissolved oxygen (DO2) content of fresh well water having a TDS/EC of 21 to 30 PPM and temperature of 18 C to 21 C (65 F – 70 F) at least 3 PPM (parts per million) above the natural DO2. Using the same water within the same temperature range, with; 4% compost/vermicompost, 0.75% black strap molasses, 0.25% kelp meal and 0.063% fish hydrolysate, the DO2 is maintained at 8.8 to 9.8 PPM up to a 48 hour brew time. Please note that these are maximum amounts of compost inputs and not recommended for people brewing without microscopes.<br />
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The circulating action, the force of impact with the water’s surface along with the air from diffusers provides sufficient agitation to break the microbes loose from their binding spots in the compost. The continuous flow provides a more homogeneous dispersal of oxygen and microbes, avoiding still water areas where potential undesired microbial life may develop. Once free swimming or bound to smaller particles, the bacteria, archaea, yeast cells and fungal hyphae graze on the feed supplied and multiply or grow.<br />
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Maintaining a reasonably high rate of dissolved oxygen in the body of water is essential to the device’s efficiency for extracting and multiplying the beneficial microbes, consisting of; archaea, bacteria, fungal hyphae, flagellates, amoebae, some ciliates, yeast cells and yeast fungal hyphae. Because of the constant cycling, microbes are fairly evenly distributed throughout the tank. To get a sample, simply hold a container under the return nozzle.<br />
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<span style="text-decoration: underline;">With Extractor Unit;</span><br />
The Microbulator can be used in free suspension or with mesh extractor bag configurations. A specifically designed diffuser is used in the bag while the internal diffuser continues circulating the water/tea breaking the surface tension. Both configurations are good for multi-purpose compost tea but using the extractor radically reduces particulate matter in the tea and is good to use for foliar disease suppression. The extractor should be used if you are using coarse compost with pieces between 1/2 inch and 1 inch cubed. See the <a href="#Video_Microbulator">demo video</a> below.<br />
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The highest microbial numbers are going to be developed using the device configured for the compost placed in free suspension but if one requires the extractor for a reduction in particulate matter this configuration provides a comparative alternative.<br />
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<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Free Suspension;</span><br />
On the farm we usually use the Microbulator 50 without the extractor, remove the apparatus once the brew is complete, allowing the particles to settle to the bottom, lower in a submersible pump just above the level of the spent compost/particles and pump out the clearer compost tea. Alternatively one can place the pump in a mesh bag (fly screen size) and drop it in or simply scoop out the compost tea with a pail or watering can. Afterwards dump out the thick leftover slurry onto your soil or compost pile. If you are using vermicompost any worm eggs/capsules/cases remaining will still hatch once in the soil or in a non-hot compost pile.<br />
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<span style="text-decoration: underline;">What did you use and why?</span><br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Pump:</span> We have in 2015 upgraded to an Elemental 1744 commercial air pump out putting an average 5.6 CFM flow. It is quieter than the Eco Plus and more powerful.. I was first using the Hailea 9730 (rated at 60 LPM) but the air flow was just not strong enough to support 50 gallons of compost tea. Some other manufacturers use it for 50 gallon brewers anyway. The flow on each pump is tested with our flow meter prior to being shipped. To cease the wandering around and help with the noise I’ve included a little rubber damper mat with each kit.<br style="font-weight: bold;" />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">IMPORTANT NOTE: I did not use a check valve for the pump because it prohibits air flow so the pump must be placed above or at the same level of the water surface to prevent back flow if there is a power outage or the pump is turned off</span>.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Air Tubing;</span> The air tubing is heavy duty 7/8 inch braid reinforced clear vinyl. I tried the regular clear stuff but it kinked too much and wore quickly. Each kit includes enough tubing for the device to insert into the barrel plus 6 feet for lead to the pump. You can decide where to place the pump and trim the excess accordingly. Remember the pump must be above or at the same level of the water surface.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Clamps:</span> We use stainless steel pinch clamps permanently affixed, combined with stainless steel gear clamps.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Air Control Valve;</span> We used a brass plumbing valve to control the air flow between the large diffuser and return flow nozzle. We tried cheaper plastic valves but they didn’t cut it.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Piping;</span> I decided on PVC pipe because it is inexpensive, easy to clean, can be fitted together without glue in low pressure applications like this or can be glued when necessary (as are a few of the pieces). I am using 1 ¼ inch diameter pipe because it is the right size to accommodate the flow needed for the 50 gallon brewer. One small disadvantage is that sometimes when disassembling one must use pliers or vice grips to pull apart a pipe and fitting. NOTE; The industry sizing of the pipe is 1 1/4 inch but the actual inside diameter is 1 1/2 inches.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Diffusers;</span> We use only, machine slotted PVC diffusers which I designed and get cut at a machine shop. Many of you will know that I wanted to stop using the glass bonded stone type diffusers because the muriatic acid used to clean them is not environmentally friendly. Via research I succeeded, by altering the depth of the slots and lengthening the large diffuser, in improving the PVC diffusers so as to match the dissolved oxygen maintenance of the glass bonded diffusers. The slots are 254 microns in width. There are three of these diffusers included with the brewer.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Brass Fittings:</span> We use brass fittings throughout, where applicable for purposes of longevity and quality. Where the brass must be adhered to PVC we have used a high grade non toxic epoxy.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Barrel:</span> As mentioned previously please check with me for barrel dimensions and potential sources. I use a translucent barrel, as I believe this encourages the growth of phototrophic microorganisms.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Extractor;</span> The extractor bag we are using is 400 microns mesh size, 24 inches long and 7 inches in diameter. There is a stainless steel supportive ring sewn into the top and a rubberized poly cap, with an entry hole for the diffuser. The unit is hung over the PVC pipe with nylon line. I tested many sizes of mesh prior to choosing 400 microns. I tried 200, 250, 300, 400, 800, 1000 microns mesh sizes.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Bungee Cord;</span> A rubber bungee cord is included which holds the unit in place and prevents floating, as it is filled with air charged water. The hooks are the perfect size to secure the positioning of the control valve and large diffuser. This beats trying to use weights inside the tank.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="#Contents">Back to Contents</a></span><br />
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<span style="text-decoration: underline;">How about cleaning?</span><br />
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The whole unit can be dismantled and cleaned in under twenty minutes. Add ten minutes if you use the bag and another ten for the barrel. The unit should be removed from the compost tea while still pumping air for best results. This prevents back-flow into the diffusers and into the air tubing. While pumping air, particles and bacteria will have a more difficult time entering the air system. The whole unit then pulls apart and can be cleaned quickly with fresh water, a scrub brush or pad and a bottle/pipe cleaner (available at Wal Mart, etc.) If you clean the unit right after use, generally you can use water alone but occasionally you may wish to use hydrogen peroxide or bleach. It is not advised to use bleach on the extractor bag but you may use it on the pipe and tubing. You should not need to clean the inside of the air tubing if you prevent back-flow. The extractor bag should be flushed under fresh water immediately following use and can be hand washed using a peroxide product like Oxy-clean.<br />
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<span style="text-decoration: underline;">What about brew times?</span><br />
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I am confident that the Microbulator 50 will match or surpass any other commercial brewer as far as production of numbers and diversity of microbes and DO2 maintenance, given equal parameters of water, temperature, compost, foodstock and time. If you wish to brew for 24 hours, the Microbulator will perform appropriately to extract and multiply the expected microbial types and numbers for that brew time. I recommend a brew time of around 36 to 44 hours if you are striving for a functional consortia of nutrient cycling microbes, consisting of bacteria/archaea, fungal hyphae and flagellates and/or naked amoebae. It is very important to be aware that you need good quality compost/vermicompost and feedstock to get good quality compost tea. Temperature and water quality must also be considered. Really!; there can be so many variables and the best way to know at what hour your microbes are at the optimum level is by microscopic examination. <br />
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Please see the video clips below for data from different brew times.<br />
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<a href="#Contents"><big><big><small>Back to Contents</small></big></big></a><br />
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<big style="font-weight: bold;"><big>Data</big></big><br />
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<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a name="Where_is_your_data_"></a>Where is your data?</span><br />
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I’m a great believer in pictures as documentation and exhibition so I have posted some video clips here which show the Microbulator 50 in operation and some microscopic videos recording the microbes extracted and grown at several different brew times. The videos are viewed via youtube and others using Windows Media Player (until I load them to youtube) which comes with most PC operating systems. You need to download them to watch and it may take some time based on your computer and Internet connection. In many cases I have offered a choice of high or low resolution clips. Obviously if you have a very slow connection choose the smaller file.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">SFI TEST RESULTS</span><br />
Okay, okay! All you people out there who are believers in seeing the SFI lab test results, my friend Barry Draycott at Tech Terra Organics<font size="-2"> <small><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); font-size: 11pt;"><a href="http://www.techterraenvironmental.com" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.techterraenvironmental.com </span></a></span></small></font> gave his consent to post the results of tests he had done on ACT from his Microbulator 50. In a way it was kind of a double blind in that SFI did not know what sort of brewer they were testing. Here it is <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/SFI%20Microbulator%20Test.pdf">SFI Microbulator Test</a><br />
I still believe in video to show the volume and diversity of microbes in microbial tests. If you examine the attached SFI test results it shows the active bacteria above range, the active fungal above range yet the the active fungi to active bacteria is low. Does anybody know where these parameters come from?<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="Video_Microbulator"></a>Video Clips</span><br />
<big><span style="font-style: italic;">In Operation;</span></big><br />
The Microbulator 50 demo video;<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/uYfHmGOtuqw" width="560"></iframe><br />
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<big><span style="font-style: italic;"><font size="+2"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Microbes;</span></font></span><br />
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<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Video Data for The Microbulator 50;</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Without The Extractor - Free Suspension Configuration;</span><br />
The following video clips were shot to record microbial extraction and multiplication at varying time periods of a brew while using the Microbulator 50 in the free suspension configuration, that is with 4.5 liters of vermicompost and solid feedstock added directly to the water without the use of the extractor. Our own vermicompost was used which was fed a base of very old cow and horse manure/wood shavings compost, sphagnum peat moss and kitchen scraps. Both brews were started at a temperature of around 18 C (65F). In the first brew the vermicompost was not mixed with anything to activate it. For the second brew the vermicompost was mixed with oat flour 20:1 and covered for around 120 hours prior to using it. Both brews maintained great DO2 levels to 60 hours; Brew #1 – 9.0 PPM DO2; Brew #2 – 8.9 PPM DO2. </big><big>I do not recommend brewing for 60 hours and longer unless you have the instruments to check your brew or unless circumstances dictate the necessity. I have however included video footage recorded at this time period.</big><br />
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<big>I am very pleased with the results demonstrated by the brewer as well as our by vermicompost. The following video clips are narrated and fairly self explanatory.<br />
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<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Microbial Identification:</span><br style="text-decoration: underline;" />
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In one instance I refer to an amoeba as naked, although I’m not entirely sure whether it has a shell (test) or not. I am researching to identify it. You will see some flagellates which are joined together like a bunch of balloons. These may be Choanoflagellida Salpingoecidae (diploeca) or Kinetoplastida Bodonidae Cephalothamnium cyclopum or of a related group within the major Mastigophora group.</big><br />
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<font size="+1" style="font-weight: bold;">NOTE RE VIDEOS; I am gradually converting videos to Youtube but most are still Windows Media. If you are unable to view the videos and have a Windows operating system, you may need to initiate, download or update Windows Media Player.</font><br />
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<big>For WMV please click the links below to download video clips. In most cases there is a choice of a large higher resolution file followed by a smaller lower resolution file.</big><br />
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<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Brew #1 Vermicompost Free Suspension;</span></big> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Not</span> mixed with Oat Flour; <br />
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10 hours;</big><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lFvrcJ-KiI0" width="560"></iframe><br />
<big>18 hours clip 1;</big><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RGzjYyXDiGY" width="560"></iframe><br />
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<big>18 hours clip 2; </big><br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/mrCtX_CvpKo" width="560"></iframe><br />
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<big>18 hours clip 3;</big><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/SNACb7Uplp4" width="560"></iframe><br />
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<big>36 hours</big><br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/N6uf23nOkrI" width="560"></iframe><br />
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<big>42 hours</big><br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5DHDcdS9saQ" width="560"></iframe><br />
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<big>60 hours</big><br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dflhKtCE2tA" width="560"></iframe><br />
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<big><a href="#Contents">Back to Contents</a><br />
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The following videos must be downloaded to view.</big><br />
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<big>Brew #2 Vermicompost Free Suspension; <span style="font-weight: bold;">Mixed</span> with Oat Flour<br />
10 hours <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/10hrsvcwoatfree.wmv">5 MB</a> <br />
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18&36 hours <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/18&36hrsvcwoatfree.wmv">6 MB</a><br />
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42 hours clip 1; <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/42hrs1vcwoatfree.wmv">7.5 MB</a><br />
or <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/42hrs1vcwoatfreesmall.wmv">3.3 MB</a> <br />
42 hours clip 2; <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/42hrs2vcwoatfree.wmv">5.9 MB</a> <br />
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60 hours <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/60hrsvcwoatfree.wmv">6.2 MB</a> <br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">With The Extractor;</span><br />
The video clips below illustrate the microbial densities at various time periods in a compost tea using the Microbulator 50 configured with the mesh extractor bag in place. In this configuration the large PVC diffuser was placed inside the mesh extractor while the return nozzle still splashed oxygenated water/tea onto/into the surface. Both brews included the use of our vermicompost which had been mixed 20:1 with oat flour and covered for about 120 hours prior to use. The video clips are narrated as before.<br />
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Brew #1 was made using our vermicompost with fish hydrolysate and kelp added.<br />
DO2 at 60 hours - 8.9 PPM<br />
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10 hours <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/10hrsvcextoat.wmv"> 4 MB</a><br />
18 hours <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/18hrsvcextoat.wmv">5 MB</a><br />
36 hours <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/36hrsvcextoat.wmv">8 MB</a> or <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/36hrsvcextoatsmall.wmv">4 MB</a><br />
42&60 hours <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/42&60hrsvcextoat.wmv">5 MB</a><br />
<br />
Brew #2 was made using our vermicompost with fish hydrolysate, kelp meal and black strap molasses. Adding the molasses was kind of an impulsive afterthought and for a regular brew I probably would not repeat this when also using fish when the compost has been treated with (fed) oat flour. There was an over abundance of feedstock resulting in a very high bacteria/archaea population. The result was a brew which took 60 hours to consume the feedstock and complete. It was interesting though and definitely microbially rich. DO2 at 60 hours – 7.3 PPM<br />
<br />
10 hours <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/10hrsvcextoatmol.wmv">10 MB</a> or <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/10hrsvcextoatmolsmall.wmv">5 MB</a><br />
18&36&42 hours <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/18&36&42hrsvcextoatmol.wmv">9 MB</a> or <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/18&36&42hrsvcextoatmolsmall.wmv">4 MB</a><br />
60 hours <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/60hrsvcextoatmol.wmv">7 MB</a> or <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/60hrsvcextoatmolsmall.wmv">4 MB</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="#Contents">Back to Contents</a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Other Batches with different Compost;</span></big><br />
<br />
Compost tea batch #1 at 22 to 24 hour brew time; <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/50gal22to24highres.wmv">11 MB</a> (high res); <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/50gal22to24lowres.wmv">5 MB</a> (low res)<br />
at 44 hours; <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/50galat44hrs2nd.wmv">4 MB</a><br />
Compost tea batch #2 at 46 hours; clip 1; <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/50galat46hrs1highres.wmv">8 MB</a> (high res); <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/50galat46hrs1lowres.wmv">4 MB</a> (low res)<br />
Clip 2; <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/50galat46hrs2.wmv">5 MB</a> (med res)<br />
Clip 3; <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/50galat46hrs3highres.wmv">8 MB</a> (high res); <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/50galat46hrs3lowres.wmv">4 MB</a> (low res)<br />
Clip 4; <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/50galat46hrs4highres.wmv">10 MB</a> (high res); <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/50galat46hrs4lowres.wmv">5 MB</a> (low res) <br />
_________________________________________<br />
<br />
<a href="#Contents">back to contents</a><br />
<br />
<br />
<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="Plans_For_50_gallon_airlift_ACT_Maker"></a>Plans - DIY 50 Gallon ACT Maker $15 USD<br />
NOTE: These plans are designed to be flexible with the pipe size used and brewer size (50 to 300 gallons)<br />
therefore do not expect a replication of the commercial Microbulator. The diffusion chamber and diffusers<br />
are described but not recommended due to complexity and expense. Troubles? <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a> </span></big><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Build your own 50 gallon airlift bioreactor (ACT maker) using these downloadable plans<small>.</small> </span></span></span></big><br />
<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><big>The plans include<br />
- a written description<br />
- diagrams<br />
- explanatory photos<br />
- links to private videos<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Payment is by credit card, debit card or Paypal</span><br style="font-weight: bold;" />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;"><big>Important Instructions;</big></span></big><br />
<big>After completing payment stay on the payment page, scroll down and click on<br />
'Return to Merchant' and the main PDF document will be downloaded instantly. Make sure you save this PDF to your computer.<br />
This documents contains links which download the sketches and contains a link to a private Youtube playlist.</big></span></span><br />
<br />
<big><span style="font-weight: bold;">$15 USD <span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"> I do not receive email through paypal!!</span></span></span></big></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
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<p><br />
*********************************************<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="#Contents">Back to Contents</a><br />
<br />
<big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="Microscopehelpervideo"></a>General Microscopy Helper Video; For Download (480 MB)</span></big></big><br />
<big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Price $10 USD</span></big><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><big>I'm providing here for download a 58 minute excerpt from the DVD set which was provided with the microscopes we sold.<br />
It is made for that microscope but the information is applicable to brightfield compound microscopes in general.<br />
<br />
The topics/chapters covered are;<br />
1/ General Assembly of the Microscope<br />
2/ Use and Function of the Condenser<br />
3/ Using the Mechanical Stage<br />
4/ The Objectives<br />
5/ The Trinocular Head<br />
6/ Using Barlow Lenses<br />
7/ Field Light use and Centering<br />
8/ Specimen and Slide Preparation (compost/soil smear, using pipette, placement of coverslip, etc)<br />
9/ Focal Distance With No Coverslip<br />
10/ Focusing - First Time - Troubleshooting<br />
11/ Creating Contrast Over Organisms Closing Condenser Iris - Shadowing Technique (enhances view)<br />
12/ Compost Examination<br />
13/ Centering the Condenser and Kohler Illumination<br />
<br />
Some may find parts of the video too basic, boring and redundant. That is what fast forward is for :)<br />
<br />
This is a <big><span style="font-weight: bold;">480 MB</span></big> download so depending on your download speed it could take some time. Please email me if you have trouble.</big><br />
<br />
<big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Price $10 USD Make payment by credit card, debit card or Paypal.</span></big></span></span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><strong><big>Instructions for purchase and download;</big></strong> <strong> To purchase the download please pay $10 USD to my PayPal account [email protected] (copy and paste into your paypal send money spot) Then email me at <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a> to let me know you paid and I'll email you the download. If required I can email a request for payment (invoice) </strong></span></span></p>
<p></p>
<p><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><big> Troubles? <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></big></span></big></p>
<p></p>
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<big><a href="#Contents">back to contents</a></big><br />
<br />
<font size="+2" style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="Microscopes_for_sale"></a>Microscopes </font><font style="font-weight: bold;"> Unfortunately due to the rising US dollar we are unable to provide this microscope at a decent price <big>NO LONGER AVAILABLE</big><br />
I am leaving up this information for interest and in the event things change. (Feb 2016) I am truly sorry.</font><br />
<br />
I worked almost everyday for 2 months to create custom filters to enhance the images viewed through the microscopes and am now satisfied with the results. Each microscope will come with these custom designed filters as well as a custom made 20X objective which the manufacturer made for me. The enhancement produces images which are similar to those seen using phase contrast and differential interference contrast (3D). The effects are particularly effective using the 20X objective as you can see in the video footage posted below.<br />
<br />
The brightfield images are very good, equivalent to or better than higher priced microscopes like the Leica CME. The brightfield (true) resolution is actually somewhat better than when using the enhancement devices. The enhancement effects refraction and diffraction of light with the use of different colors as well as black to block certain portions of light. This provides a contrast making the subjects stand out more to the human eye. The method I have used is, I believe different than that previously employed by other microscopists so I’ll regard it as proprietary, at least for now.<br />
<br />
<br />
My goal, like my other endeavors has been to provide a functional yet inexpensive quality microscope to support microbial based horticulture which I believe is of great benefit to the farmer, landscaper and home gardener. I maintain it to be just as much a tool as a shovel, hoe or lawn mower. If things change in the future I'll do what I can to do so again.<br />
<br />
<font size="+1"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Accessories:</span> I've listed below where one can get replacement electrical components and accessories.</font><br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;"> Barlow lenses </span>.<br />
1/ The <span style="font-weight: bold;">3X multiplier Barlow lens</span> is available at www.surplusshed.com I've discovered that two of these work great in the eyepieces of the trinocular microscope. Please note that although the 3X multipliers are cool, they are not necessary. Basically if using the 10X objective, they increase the magnification from 100X to 300X and the 20X objective from 200X to 600X. They are not effective with the 40X objective due to the light requirements of this objective.<br />
<br />
3/ The <span style="font-weight: bold;">replacement bulb</span> for the trinocular microscope is a 6 volt 20 watt 2 pin halogen<br />
known as a type JC G4 (4 mm between pins) Below are some sources for replacements;<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.lightbulbsdirect.com/page/001/PROD/HalJCG4/Q20G46V">http://www.lightbulbsdirect.com/page/001/PROD/HalJCG4/Q20G46V</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.specialtyoptical.com/osram64250fheesbmicroscopehlxhalogenlightbulb6volt20watt.aspx">http://www.specialtyoptical.com/osram64250fheesbmicroscopehlxhalogenlightbulb6volt20watt.aspx</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.homesciencetools.com/bulb-20-watt-6-volt-halogen">https://www.homesciencetools.com/bulb-20-watt-6-volt-halogen </a> <br />
<br />
4/ For <span style="font-weight: bold;">replacement fuses</span> you require a 1 Amp – 250 Volt glass type fuse 20 mm long.<br />
You may find them here at Tessco<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.tessco.com/products/displayProductInfo.do?sku=17460&eventGroup=4&eventPage=1">http://www.tessco.com/products/displayProductInfo.do?sku=17460&eventGroup=4&eventPage=1</a> This is a wholesale company but they have a consumer phone line where you can order by credit card. The phone number is<br />
1-866-837-7265 and you must ask for part # SKU; 17460<br />
<br />
Alternatively you may find single fuses available at the automotive parts store, like <span style="font-weight: bold;">NAPA</span> or <span style="font-weight: bold;">Lordco</span>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<font size="+1"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Other Interests;</span></font><br />
1/ If you are looking for a carrying case, MicroscopeNet on Ebay seems to have some aluminum foam filled cases which may work; just check the measurements carefully. You can also make your own carrying case by custom cutting foam to fit the scope into a plastic tool box something like this> <a href="http://www.greatscopes.com/act018.htm">http://www.greatscopes.com/act018.htm</a> <br />
.<br />
2/ If you are interested in big cameras and microscope adapters check out Martin Microscopes <a href="http://www.martinmicroscope.com">http://www.martinmicroscope.com</a> <br />
<br />
3/ I have given up carrying the inexpensive cameras because the last shipment was unsatisfactory. You folks who got cameras from me got the last of the good ones. I may do some research and find some other inexpensive cameras worth carrying but for now I recommend searching the Internet and hope for the best or get something good through Martin Microscope for more money. The main problem I found with the cheap cameras was the low frame rate and inability to convey microbial motion.<br />
<a href="#Contents">Back to Contents</a><br />
<br />
<big><font size="+1" style="font-weight: bold;"><big>Microscope Description:</big></font></big><br />
<br />
Trinocular; binocular with camera port; nice inter-pupil adjustment;<br />
Eyepieces: 23 mm extra widefield 10X & widefield 16X<br />
Achromatic Objectives: 4X, 10X, 20X, 40X<br />
Mechanical Stage (much larger than small scope)<br />
Coaxial Course & Fine Focus; 0.002 mm increments<br />
Brass Gears<br />
Abbe Condenser 1.25 N.A. with swing-out filter holder; rack & pinion adjustment<br />
Kohler Illumination<br />
Lamp; 20 watt halogen; adjustable intensity<br />
<br />
<br style="font-weight: bold;" />
<br />
Anyway, here is the trinocular microscope;<br />
<br />
<br />
<img alt="largescope1" src="largelftside.jpg" style="width: 356px; height: 475px;" /> <img alt="largescopefront" src="largefront.jpg" style="width: 355px; height: 474px;" /> <br />
<br />
<br />
<font size="+1" style="font-weight: bold;">Brightfield Images</font><br />
Here is brightfield video footage shot through the microscope. Be aware that looking down the eyepiece and microscope tube is always higher quality than with a camera; also the camera magnifies the image and reduces the field of view by about 1/3rd.<br />
<br />
4X objective <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/4xlgscope.wmv">3MB</a> 10X objective(a) <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/10xlgscope1.wmv">4MB</a> 10X objective(b) <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/10xlgscope2.wmv">3MB</a> 20X objective <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/20xbflgscope1.wmv">4MB</a> 40X objective(a) <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/40x1lgscope.wmv">3MB</a> 40X objective(b) <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/40x2lgscope.wmv">4MB</a><br />
<br />
<font size="+1" style="font-weight: bold;">Enhanced Images;</font> <br />
Here is some enhanced image video footage shot through the microscope using my proprietary method and some others. The 20X objective images are most impressive and the number one feature of the scope. <br />
<br />
20X objective a/ <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/20xenh1lgscope.wmv">4MB</a> b/ <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/20xenh2lgscope.wmv">3MB</a> c/ <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/20xenh3lgscope.wmv">4MB</a> d/ <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/20xenh4lgscope.wmv">4MB</a> e/ <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/20xenh5blulgscope.wmv">3MB</a> : 10X objective a/ <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/10xenh1lgscope.wmv">4MB</a> b/ <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/10xenh2lgscope.wmv">2MB</a><br />
<br />
<font size="+1" style="font-weight: bold;">Photos through trinocular scope;</font><br />
<br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="20xbffungaltext.jpg" style="width: 563px; height: 375px;" /> <img alt="" src="20xenhancedtext.jpg" style="width: 566px; height: 377px;" /><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="40Xlgbluefiltext.jpg" style="width: 585px; height: 390px;" /> <img alt="" src="40xzoombfvorticellatext.jpg" style="width: 589px; height: 392px;" /> <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Four variances; Brightfield, Shift Phase, Rheinberg, Darkfield (10X objective) <br />
<br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="10xphotobftext.jpg" style="width: 544px; height: 363px;" /> <img alt="" src="10xshiftphasesmall.jpg" style="width: 548px; height: 365px;" /> <br />
<img alt="" src="10xrheinsmall.jpg" style="width: 554px; height: 369px;" /> <img alt="" src="10xdarkfieldsmall.jpg" style="width: 557px; height: 371px;" /> <br />
Brightfield & Enhanced <br />
<br />
<img alt="" src="40xflagbfsmall.jpg" style="width: 573px; height: 381px;" /> <img alt="" src="40xflagenhancedsmall.jpg" style="width: 572px; height: 381px;" /> <br style="font-weight: bold;" />
<br style="font-weight: bold;" />
<br />
<a href="#Contents">Back to Contents</a><br />
<br />
<font size="+2"><a name="Tests_Observations__Postulations"></a>Tests, Observations & Postulations</font><br />
<br />
<font size="+1" style="text-decoration: underline;">Subcontents:</font><br />
<br />
<a href="#Canadian_Sphagnum_Peat">A look; Sphagnum Peat & Alaska Magic</a><br />
<a href="#Does_Microbial_Life_Survive_Impeller_Pumps">Do Microbes Survive Impeller Pumps?</a><br />
<a href="#Rambling_Dissertation_on_Yelm">Yelm Brewer Trials and Lab Tests</a><br />
<br />
<font size="+1"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss & Alaska Magic (Humus);</span></font><br />
<br />
Here is a look at a sample of Canadian Sphagnum peat moss Premier brand and a sample of Alaska Magic which is purported to be humus from Alaska. Both were purchased in Washington State and I examined them in a temporary lab situation using my portable microscope and laptop computer. In the first set of video clips we see the samples hydrated with distilled water and spread out on a microscope slide to have a look at the leaf and cell structure. In the narration for the Sphagnum peat moss I mistakenly describe it as 20X magnification (I meant the 20X objective) when it is actually 250X plus the camera lens effect. You can see that the two plant substances appear virtually identical which leads me to hypothesize that, although they may come from different geographical locations, they are both primarily composed of the same matter. I can provide lengthier and more inclusive video clips to interested parties. I do apologize for the variance in volume on the video clips. Please note that they may take some time to download to your computer and they play in Windows Media Player.<br />
<br />
Click <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/sphagsample.wmv">here (9.46 MB)</a> to view the Canadian Sphagnum peat moss sample or <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/sphagsmall.wmv">here (4.15 MB)</a> for a smaller version.<br />
Click <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/alaskmagsample1.wmv">here (7.52 MB)</a> to view the Alaska Magic sample.<br />
<br />
In the second set of video clips we see footage of samples of Sphagnum peat moss and Alaska Magic mixed with distilled water and a couple of drops of black strap molasses to ‘wake up’ the organisms and left to sit. The Sphagnum footage was captured at 42 hours and the Alaska Magic at 24 and 60 hours. I apologize that I was not available for the other time periods for the Sphagnum. Now that I know that Premier brand Canadian Sphagnum peat moss is no different in the USA than in Canada I can run more extensive tests in my home laboratory. I brought a bag of Alaska Magic home with me. In the video clips we can see that both substances are emergent with a goodly amount of microbial life, as is to be expected with Sphagnum peat moss in my experience. There are people, purported to be experts in horticulture who report Sphagnum peat moss to be void of microbes. I believe the Dirt Doctor used the phrase ‘dead as cutters nuts’ whatever that means. I believe the evidence I have produced here speaks for itself and I believe growers could consider Canadian Sphagnum peat moss (Premier brand anyway) as a less expensive alternative to boost microbial life in certain circumstances, such as aerated Compost Tea. I have confirmation from an expert that the plant matter I have identified in Alaska Magic is in fact Sphagnum peat moss. My observations indicate that this is a what Alaska Magic primarily consists of.<br />
<br />
Click <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/cansphagnum1.wmv">here (8 MB)</a> to view part A and<a href="http://microbeorganics.com/cansphagnum2.wmv"> here (8 MB)</a> for part B of the 42 hour ‘fed’ Sphagnum peat moss sample or click <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/cansphagsmall.wmv">here (6.55 MB)</a> for a smaller slightly different version<br />
Click <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/alaskmag24.wmv">here (2.56 MB)</a> to view the 24 hour ‘fed’ Alaska Magic sample<br />
Click <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/alaskmag60.wmv">here (4.40 MB)</a> to view the 60 hour ‘fed’ Alaska Magic sample<br />
I have done an updated test on Premier brand sphagnum peatmoss in July 2012. Again I mixed a small amount of bone dry randomly purchased sphagnum peatmoss (approx 2 teaspoons) with distilled water (approx 100 ml) and around 1/5th of a ml of black strap molasses. I observed this 'culture' over a period of 4 days. The peatmoss was labelled Premier ProMoss. You may see the video results here; <br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/PRtRj1Cs_ig" width="560"></iframe><br />
<br />
<a href="#Tests_Observations">Back to Subcontents</a><br />
<br />
<font size="+2"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="Does_Microbial_Life_Survive_Pump"></a><a name="Does_Microbial_Life_Survive_Impeller_Pumps"></a>Does Microbial Life Survive Pump Impellers?</span></font><br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">2007 Test With 1200 gallon (US) Brewer;</span><br />
We made an attempt to run a test to record the effects on microbial life when distributing Compost Tea (CT) through an impeller pump, irrigation lines, shrub head sprinklers and a cheap hand operated sprayer. One objective was to grow fungal hyphae in the CT to see how it tolerated the impeller pump and sprinklers but we failed to do so. We did see the growth of bacterial structures which are about the same volume as fungal hyphae (roughly speaking) so we decided to proceed using the bacterial structures to get some estimate of how fungal hyphae might survive the ride. See below for a similar test with fungal hyphae.<br />
<br />
The pump we used is an impeller irrigation pump; 2 horse power; 20 PSI; 65 gallons per minute.<br />
Our water line is 1.25 inches reducing to 3/4 inch. The strainer baskets<br />
on our overhead shrub head sprinklers are about 500 to 600 microns<br />
(just guessing; may be larger). These sprinklers create a fine mist<br />
and are great for coating leaves.<br />
<br />
Besides the preliminary 27hr sample I looked at and recorded 4 sample types;<br />
<br />
The video clips presented are comprised of the best of quite a number of clips recorded.<br />
<br />
1/ Sample from 1200 US gallon brewer; low active bacteria; very high<br />
immobile bacterial 'biomass' (very large bacterial complexes); high<br />
numbers & diversity flagellates <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/finbrew.wmv">click here to view video</a> (9 MB)<br />
<br />
2/ Sample through pump and water line: could see the effects of the<br />
impeller pump as some of the bacterial structures were broken or<br />
malformed but many remained intact. Flagellates were about the same;<br />
<a href="http://microbeorganics.com/irrline.wmv">Click here to view video(5 MB)</a><br />
<br />
3/ Sample through pump, water line and shrub head sprinklers: about the<br />
same effects as through the water line except the flagellate<br />
activity seemed down a little. <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/shrubhead.wmv">Click here to view video</a> (4 MB)<br />
<br />
4/ Sample taken right from brewer and sprayed through one of those hand<br />
operated spray bottles set on mist; this, surprisingly had the most<br />
devastating effects. The bacterial structures were mostly torn up<br />
and many flagellates were killed. <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/handspray.wmv">Click here to view video</a> (6 MB)<br />
<br />
I'm going to need to do a repeat trial but my thought is that if you have<br />
hyphae that break up in the application process, unless they are<br />
mashed, they will likely continue to grow in the soil if the<br />
conditions support them. The same can probably be said for spores which are put off by hyphae grown.<br />
<br />
<font size="+1">Repeat Trial: 2008</font><br />
<br />
Using the Microbulator 50 rather than the 1200 gallon brewer as previously attempted, I brewed an ACT heavily populated with fungal hyphae, utilizing our fungal inhabited vermicompost fed with oat flour.<br />
<br />
I have succeeded with a 10 hour brew which was very heavily populated with fungal hyphae. I have demonstrated/observed that fungal hyphae complexes survive intact after passing through 1/ a mesh strainer of approximately 800 to 1000 microns, 2/ a low pressure impeller pump, 3/ a sprinkler strainer basket and 4/ a shrub head sprinkler (all one pass).<br />
<br />
The fungal hyphae complexes averaged 3 microns in diameter ranging to 6+ microns and some which survived the pump and sprinkler spanned several 250X fields of view. I used a cheap ancient sump pump to run the test.<br />
<br />
I think you can rest assured that a low pressure impeller pump will not significantly damage biology in compost tea.<br />
<br />
I have recorded my data to video via microscope/computer interface and the video is available here for download (plays with Windows Media Player) > <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/pumptest08small.wmv">6 MB</a><br />
<br />
<a href="#Contents">Back to Contents</a><br />
<br />
<font size="+1"><a name="Rambling_Dissertation_on_Yelm"></a>Rambling Dissertation on Yelm Field Trials for Brewer Prototype</font><br />
<br />
<big>Only read this if you are ready for a lengthy rambling dissertation. I begin with my excursion to the Yelm Earthworm farm for a field trial of my brewer design but diverge into laboratory techniques and their foundations.<br />
<br />
I traveled to Yelm, Washington in July, 2007 to visit the Yelm Earthworm and Castings Farm and do a field trial of my brewer design at a location close enough to get a fresh sample to the SFI labs at Corvallis, Oregon.<br />
<br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;">At Yelm;</span> <br />
The first thing I did before setting up the brewers was to check the DO2, temperature and the TDS/EC (totally dissolved salts {solids}/electrical conductivity) of their well water. The DO2 (dissolved oxygen) was 6.8 ppm, somewhat lower than ours at around 9 ppm. Challenge number one. Challenge number two came in a TDS reading of 93 ppm. You may recall my report that our water usually reads around 21 ppm. This does not mean there is something wrong with their water. It probably is high in mineral content but it does mean the capacity to sustain DO2 is diminished somewhat. The temperature of their water comes out of the ground at 65* F (Note; * = degrees). I was mulling over in my mind how to alter the compost and foodstock ratios to accommodate these readings when the largest challenge yet, presented itself in the form of the barrels which they had for me to use. They were very tall and almost football shaped with the points cut off. I had no idea that plastic 55 gallon barrels came in different shapes. Because my device has a base shape which must sit on the bottom of the barrel and has an air tube plugged into it at the bottom, the pressure applied to the stiff tubing and the restricted surface area made for a poorly balanced situation. At home we use a weight, which is a ‘U’ shaped PVC structure filled with gravel to hold down the device; once there is air flowing through it, it wants to float. Well, I don’t know if water has variant buoyancy properties at different elevations but the water at Yelm seemed to buoy the device despite the weight. We had to put rocks in ziplock bags which we balanced on the return pipe of the device to hold it down. I already knew at this point that I was going to have to market the device with a tank or give strict measurements and instructions to those wishing to get and adapt their own tanks. I also realized the weight idea is a no go and would need to secure the device with a strap across the tank. I thought about scrapping the trial at that point but talked myself into persisting since I had traveled so far and the SFI lab was only 4 hours south.<br />
<br />
I was wishing I had stuffed one more thing in the little Montana van, my white barrel. I’m sure I already had looked suspicious enough at the border crossing stocked with microscope, two weird looking cameras, empty pill bottles for test tubes, rubber gloves, vials filled with dark liquid, strangely configured PVC pipe, tubing connected to brass valves, ziplocks of compost in coolers and a beard and messy hair to boot. A 55 gallon barrel may have pushed it over the edge. Thank goodness for my USA passport. Without it I would never have made it.<br />
<br />
Well we set up two barrels in preparation for brewing. Brew ‘A’ would use the Yelm Earthworm farm vermicompost/thermophilic compost blend and Brew ‘B’ would use my horsemanure/shavings vermicompost. Our compost normally presents a good quantity and quality of fungal hyphae in a Compost Tea (CT) and a high number of bacteria with flagellates at varying blooms throughout the brew. After getting things pretty much balanced and running the brewers for a few hours without ingredients, the DO2 was up to 9.5 ppm. Because of the high TDS readings I decided to reduce the compost used from 4% to 3% or 4.5 liters (18 cups) and the black strap molasses to 0.65%, the kelp meal I left at 0.25% but reduced the fish hydrolisate to 0.05% (which had got quite smelly at this point). I added the ingredients and we were off and running. It was around this time that we heard through the news that a heat wave was on its way. You know; the one which broke all the records in the North West. I thought to myself; ‘Of course, Murphy’s Law’.<br />
<br />
At the Yelm Earthworm farm they are open from 8:30 AM to 5 PM and keep the big front gate locked when closed so there was no way to check on the progress of the brews in the ‘off’ hours. When I drove in the following morning and checked the brews ‘B’ device had tipped over and was not operating in correct fashion. I straightened it up and checked the DO2 at 3.9 ppm. Damn! Of course it had to be the brew with my compost. The ‘A’ brew was okay at 7.7 ppm. This was at the 21 hour mark, three hours away from drawing my first sample. The ‘A’ sample at 24 hours was still maintaining at 7.7 ppm DO2 and 72* F when I drew it. Through the microscope tube it exhibited a good amount of active bacteria at about 5% with about 7 to 8% total bacteria. I was disappointed that there was still some fish smell present. (maybe my fish was too old) Generally the CT was as I expected at this stage prior to the protozoa explosion. To see a short video of A24 <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/a24.wmv">click here (5 MB)</a>. The ‘B’ sample had crept back up to 5.2 ppm DO2. The temperature for both brews was 72*F. Through the microscope tube B24 presented with a good quantity of active bacteria at about 3 to 4% and very thick total bacteria at about 20 to 30%. There is some fungal hyphae present albeit of a smaller diameter than we normally see from this compost and quite coated with bacteria. I attributed this to the mishap with the device tipping but the other variables could also be at play. I only saw 1 lonely flagellate representing the protozoa population. To see B24<a href="http://microbeorganics.com/b24.wmv"> click here (14 MB)</a> or <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/b24small.wmv">here (6 MB)</a>. As usual these clips are viewed in Windows Media and may take a while to download.<br />
Note; In the narration for b24 I use the word ‘mature’ for fungal hyphae when I mean more developed.<br />
<br />
By this time the heat wave had hit full blast and the little room where I had set up my temporary lab became a torturous sweat box in the afternoon. This is where I was set up to examine the Alaska Magic, Sphagnum peat moss and various other substances people were bringing me to look at. I became very appreciative of the drive back to the motel at 5 PM with the windows wide open until the A/C kicked in.<br />
<br />
The next morning the hour had arrived, or rather the 44th hour when I had decided to draw the final samples and head to the SFI lab at Corvallis. I drew the samples and had a microscopic look at them, recording the data to the computer under the witnessing eye of Kelan, one of the farm owners. My goal, primarily was to create a CT optimum for nutrient cycling in the soil. Brew ‘A44’ appeared excellent for this purpose. The DO2 was at 7.0 ppm despite the temperature being slightly over 74*F. Looking through the microscope I conservatively counted 90 flagellates per 250X field of view and as is to be expected, the number of active bacteria was radically reduced to less than 1% by the protozoa but the total bacterial level was still good at about 5%. I did not however see any amoebae. When you view the short video clip of <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/a44.wmv">A44 by clicking here</a> (7 MB) bear in mind that the camera only shows about 1/3rd of a field of view. The ‘B44’ sample was the same temperature 74*F+ but the DO2 had never recovered and remained under 5.0 ppm. Through the microscope tube B44 exhibited a tiny bit of fungal hyphae but this was a really brief exam so there could easily have been more, there was less than 1% active bacteria but very high inactive bacterial biomass for a total of around 12 to 15%; there were about 2 flagellates per 250X field; quite low. <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/b44.wmv">Click here to view B44</a> (10 MB).<br />
<br />
I re-examined the 24 hour samples as well to decide what all I would include to get tested at SFI. The A24 sample appeared to have degraded and there was not much bacterial activity so I decided to save some money and exclude it. In reality the only really good sample for my purposes was A44 but I wanted to see what the SFI report would say concerning the fungal hyphae in B24 and B44 so I loaded the 3 samples into a small cooler and hit the road.<br />
<br />
As, I have relayed previously I had a telephone conversation with Elaine Ingham about 10 days prior where I understood that I would be able to have a quick look at one sample using one of their scopes just to see how the flagellates had survived the 4 hour transport. In the same conversation I had understood her to say that the plate culture method was not used for counting protozoa in Compost Tea samples, contrary to what the lab manager had told me. Rather, they use the direct count or direct determination to ascertain quantities of all organisms in Compost Tea samples. When I arrived at the lab I kinda expected to go in with the samples and watch the technician put the sample on the slide, have a peek, explain to her my reason for submitting the ‘B’ samples and head back to Yelm. I had witnessed this done for someone else several years ago when I spent a day in the SFI lab. I was told to wait for the technician. After about a half hour+ I was beckoned into the lab by the tech and there was a slide prepared and on a microscope set up for incident light fluorescence, what one uses for observing stained or autofluorescing organisms. At first I glanced down the eyepiece but then asked if there was not a scope I could use with transmitted light to observe the survival and activity of the protozoa. The tech replied “What!?”. (I’m not sure which part she did not understand or if she was just startled.) She then said the protozoa would not be observable for 5 days as they were being plated out. I replied ‘That’s silly, I observed around 100 active flagellates per 250X field a few hours ago. They don't need plating.’ I wish I had not blurted out ‘silly’ but the heat of the moment and mounting disappointment was overwhelming me. The technician suggested I speak to the lab manager. I did spend a few fruitless moments engaged in conversation with the manager trying to ratify what Elaine had told me. He determined that I had misunderstood Elaine, which I guess is correct and that all Compost Tea samples are plate cultured to count protozoa. I blurted out, again, that such a count is not valid. He rightfully corrected me that, in my opinion it is not valid and I corrected my statement to reflect this meaning.<br />
<br />
I left the lab feeling rather frustrated and confused but, despite having spent almost $400 on testing methods different than anticipated I held out hope that in the big picture the learning experience would be worth the price paid. The rush hour traffic through Portland was ugly.<br />
<br />
The next morning at the Yelm Earthworm farm I relayed my experience and predicted that the utilization of the plate culture method would show the CT which is high in protozoa content as being lower because the CT had already produced protozoa to the optimum and many of the resting cysts had already excysted (hatched). The CT sample which is low in protozoa content would likely show a higher count after being plate cultured because there is more potential for protozoa multiplication as they have yet to populate to an optimum level and there may be resting cysts yet to excyst.<br />
<br />
Upon returning home I contacted some people knowledgeable in microbiology and several laboratories to try to get their take on this method for counting protozoa. I could find none that thought the plate culture method made any sense for counting protozoa and one lab concurred with my prediction theory. There were also suggestions that the plate culture medium may not grow the same set of protozoa present in the CT as is. The consensus was that if they were asked to do a count of protozoa in such a medium (CT) they would immediately prepare several slides, do a live count and calculate an average. Most suggested they would use a hemacytometer or other counting chamber (slides with pockets and etchings of precise dimensions for counting microorganisms).<br />
<br />
I thought something is not right here. Maybe I’m missing something. I had always agreed with Elaine Ingham’s assertion that the way to get a more accurate estimation of live microbes was through direct determination and that plate culturing was unreliable because it misses most of the organisms and because it projects the growth rather than showing what is present now. I have admired her stance on this amidst criticism but now, apparently her lab is using this very method for protozoa counts, while other labs are advocating direct determination. Does it make sense to use direct determination for one set of microorganisms while plating out another?<br />
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<a href="#Contents">Back to Contents</a><br />
<br />
The following excerpts are from Elaine Ingham or are associated with her; I wish to make it clear that I intend no enmity towards Elaine. I hold her in high regard. Her knowledge level eclipses mine. I seek only clarity and verity.</big><br />
<br />
1/ SFI Website<br />
http://www.soilfoodweb.com/03_about_us/approach_pgs/c_01_understand_why.html<br />
Species diversity<br />
<font size="-1">Species diversity is the same in compost and the tea made from that compost. Species diversity in compost is higher than fumigated or sick soil. But at least one plate count microbiology lab is giving out data suggesting that compost has lower diversity than bad soil and that “ok” tea has less diversity than bad compost. It is clear that plate count “diversity” methods are not effective in assessing species diversity, or species richness, in soil, compost or compost tea. Molecular methods tell us that species diversity in soil, tea, and compost, can number in the thousands and tens of thousands per gram.<br />
Use of methods that tell you that soil contains only a few 5 to 10 species, or that compost contains only 8 to 15 species need to be viewed with a great deal of incredulity. Plate methods are missing only about 99.9% of what is actually present!<br />
Do plate counts or direct counts assess tea quality? The clear answer is that direct counts assess tea quality, while plate counts do not. Take a look at the results (below) from a test where two different teas were used to control blight on tomato plants.</font><br />
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2/ Soil Foodweb Institute Australia<br />
http://www.soilfoodweb.com.au/index.php?pageid=340<br />
Plate methods could not differentiate between the two teas.<br />
<font size="-1">TSA incubated at room temperature, in aerobic conditions, measures “aerobic heterotrophs”. There was no detectable difference between the two teas using plate methods, despite the fact that Tea Two was capable of suppressing blight, while Tea One, sprayed at the same concentration, in the same conditions, did not suppress disease.<br />
King’s B medium selects for pseudomonads, but not all these bacterial species are beneficial to plants. Enumeration indicated that there were more pseudomonads in the not-suppressive tea. Plate methods cannot distinguish whether the bacteria growing on this plate, and thus presumably pseudomonads, will be beneficial to the plant. If these values were used to measure “species richness-diversity”, the not-suppressive tea would get a higher “index” score than the tea that resulted in the plants remaining alive and producing a bumper crop of tomato later in the year.<br />
Please note that “species richness-diversity” is not a valid name for any ecologically accepted measure of diversity. The lab that developed and uses this index will NOT explain how this index is calculated, and will not show any data that documents what relationship the index has with plant health. They claim the index is in any introductory textbook, but in fact, no textbook anywhere has a measure called species richness-diversity. Until such time as the lab using this index documents the claim that a higher index value actually means a benefit to the plant, the use of this index must remain highly questionable.<br />
Spore-formers are determined by boiling the material in question to kill vegetative cells, followed by plating the material on TSA. Only spores or highly dormant stages of organisms survive boiling. Those spores capable of growing on TSA, at room temperature, in the particular oxygen conditions present in the plate (please recognize that oxygen exchange is reduced by the fact that the plates are covered), are then enumerated. Again, the not-suppressive tea had higher plate enumeration values. What is the relationship between what will grow on a plate, and physiological functions occurring in the soil, or on plant surfaces? These data show that there is no relationship.<br />
Direct determinations separate bacteria from fungi. Plate media do not separate even bacteria from fungi, much less not giving an indication of what is going on with approximately 99.9% of the species present in the material plated.<br />
Direct determinations also let you know whether protozoa or nematodes are present and performing their functions. A much clearer picture of what biology is present and performing their functions is possible when using direct determinations. Direct methods let you know if coverage on leaf surfaces is adequate. These types of assessments need to have a clear relation back to benefit to the plant.<br />
Please note that there is no consistent relationship between plate count enumerations of “species richness-diversity” and improvement in plant growth. Plate counts do not assess diversity or activity of the organisms in the test material. An insignificant number of the actual total individuals or total species present in a sample grow on any single plate medium or set of lab conditions that it is difficult to see why anyone would continue to pretend that there is a relationship between plant growth and plate count assessments of diversity.</font><br />
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3/ Discussion Forum<br />
http://lists.ifas.ufl.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=ind0211&L=sanet-mg&P=7967<br />
<font size="-1">When you talk about functional groups in the soil, it is as if you think that organisms that grow on plate as active in the soil. They are not. Thus, as a method to assess function, plate counts are pitiful. As a method to determine whether a functional group exist in soil, again, plate counts are pitiful, because 99% of the individuals that might be able to perform a function do not grow on that plate.<br />
<br />
If you want to know function, do any enzyme test. Then you know how much of that function is being performed right now. But enzyme analysis doesn't help you to know how much that function will be maintained. You can be predictive only if you know the number of active organisms performing that function now, and in ten minutes, and in an hour, etc. Plate counts don't allow you to do that. Most of the organisms that grow on any plate are dormant forms, spores, that were not active in the soil, or compost, or tea. </font><br />
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4/ Internet<br />
http://www.energybulletin.net/23428.html<br />
<font size="-1">Monitoring the soil life<br />
The first step in restoring the soil biology is being able to diagnose it. Since we can't look at the soil food web directly, we must rely on indirect methods. Some have suggested nematodes and springtails as indicators of soil health.<br />
Ingham advocates a "direct count" method, in which individual organisms in a sample are counted under a microscope. Following a protocol, a trained technician counts the number of different classes of organisms (bacteria, fungi and protozoa, for example). The result is a report on the organisms estimated to be in the sample. The numbers indicate possible problems in the soil. For example, a high number of ciliates (a group of protozoa) suggests anaerobic conditions - harmful to plant life.<br />
Other researchers have used plate counts. A soil sample is placed in a growth medium like agar, typically in a Petri dish. The number of bacterial or fungal colonies that grow from a soil sample are then counted.<br />
Ingham maintains that this method grossly underestimates the number and variety of soil organisms. She says that the method was designed to detect and grow human disease organisms such as E. coli. In contrast, soil organisms need different conditions than the laboratory setting and growth media can provide. Only about .01 percent of soil organisms can be detected with traditional plate counts, she estimates. </font><br />
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5/ Discussion Forum<br />
http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/compostteas/Week-of-Mon-20020506/000000.html<br />
<font size="-1">Testing tea is critical - and you have to know whether the competitive organisms in the tea are ACTIVE or not. You cannot measure active organisms using plate counts, you can only measure viable organisms. There's a huge difference. </font><br />
<br />
6/ Internet<br />
http://soilfoodweb.ca/SFC-Elaine&TedArticle.pdf<br />
<font size="-1">To get this information, you will need to send samples of soil, compost and compost<br />
tea to a laboratory that can provide this information. Choosing the ‘right’ lab is<br />
important as not all soil and microbiology labs use protocols that can provide the<br />
information that growers need to make good decisions about soil biology<br />
management. To date peer reviewed, direct look protocols and composite databases<br />
are only available at the worldwide soil foodweb labs in the USA, Canada, Australia,New Zealand South Africa and soon England and Belgium. Plate culture laboratory protocols cannot provide this information and miss 95% of the biology in soil because most soil organisms cannot be grown in an artificial lab environment.</font><br />
<br />
7/ <font size="-1">In The Compost Tea Brewing Manual 4th Edition, Elaine advocates direct count methods for determination of the microbes present in compost teas.</font><br />
<br />
End of Excerpts:<br />
<br />
<font size="+1">SFI Test Results:</font><br />
<br />
<big>The SFI test results did come by email. You may view the tests here in PDF format <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/sfia44.pdf">A44</a> <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/sfib24.pdf">B24</a> <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/sfib44.pdf"> B44</a> <br />
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<span style="text-decoration: underline;">A44</span> – When we examine the results of bacterial count overall my estimations as to general quantity (quality) from above (active bac low <1% but total okay 5%) seem to roughly concur with the SFI results (active bac. low; total bac. good). SFI reports the bacterial content in mass per volume (ug/ml) so it is difficult to make a direct comparison. I will discuss this later.<br />
<br />
When we come to the flagellate count the SFI number is 13,863 per g (or per ml because 1 ml. of water weighs 1 gram). This is where my numbers disagree sharply with the SFI report. Remember that I did a conservative count of 90 flagellates per field of view.<br />
<br />
The formula for roughly converting numbers of microorganisms per field of view to microorganisms per ml or g is;<br />
(~ = divided by; field of view = FOV)<br />
Number of microorganisms/ml = area of coverslip ~ area of FOV x number of organisms/FOV x number of pipette drops/ml<br />
The 250X FOV of my portable microscope = .49 sq mm<br />
The number of drops per ml. = 20<br />
The area of the coverslips = 324 sq mm<br />
<br />
Therefore; The number of flagellates/ml = 324 ~ .49 x 90 x 20 = 1,190,204.08/ml<br />
Because 1 ml of water = 1 gram, this = 1,190,204 flagellates/g<br />
This is over a million flagellates per gram. Even if my count is off by 10 percent or more this is still radically different from the SFI result. I attribute this to the plate culturing method they used.<br />
<br />
Note that my prediction bore out; that the sample with the higher number of direct count flagellates is showing a lower number through the plate count method. <br />
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There is a comment in the lower portion of the SFI test which states that the aerobic bacteria are dormant. I would like to know how aerobic bacteria are determined without using plating or other methods.<br />
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<span style="text-decoration: underline;">B24</span> – Here again the observations I recorded (of active bacteria at about 3 to 4% and very thick total bacteria at about 20 to 30% showing very good; mention of okay fungal hyphae) seem to generally jive with the quality description from SFI (active bac. good; total bac. excellent). Again I cannot make a direct comparison because the bacteria are recorded in mass/volume.<br />
<br />
On the surface it would appear that even our flagellate estimations concur were it not for the comments and the following report for B44. The comment at the bottom portion of the report states ‘Protozoa either not present in compost, or did not survive in the tea’<br />
<br />
If we skip ahead to the SFI test result for B44, which is drawn from the identical Compost Tea brew (just 20 hours later) the number of flagellates reported is 277,259/g. In the lower portion of the report the flagellate count is described as excellent. Hold on; This is the CT where protozoa were either not present in the compost or did not survive the tea. What’s up with this? I attribute this to the potential inaccuracy of using the plate culture method to count protozoa.<br />
<br />
Interestingly, even though the DO2 was miserably low when I drew the B24 sample there is no comment saying that the aerobic bacteria are dormant. The description makes this CT sample sound superior to A44 even though we have (to the best of our current knowledge) observed microbial activity and DO2 readings indicating the opposite. One good thing to know is that SFI measures the fungal hyphae at 4 micrometers and determines it to be beneficial. Now that’s the kind of meat and potatoes information I find useful. It backs up my estimates of 6 micrometer hyphae when everything is going right.<br />
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<span style="text-decoration: underline;">B44</span> – My numbers (less than 1% active bacteria but very high inactive bacterial biomass for a total of around 12 to 15%;) for bacteria observed seem to go along with the SFI qualitative description (active bac. low; total bac. good) except that I may have a higher total bacteria. This could be where their superior staining techniques may help define bacteria from other junk. Of course as previously outlined our flagellate counts are way different. My observation being about 2 flagellates per 250X field; quite low, translated; 324~.49x2x20= 26,530/ml = 26,530/g. Yes that’s what I call low but much lower than the SFI; 277,259/g.<br />
<br />
Note that my predicted theory bears out again; the sample which had the directly determined lower count of flagellates ended up showing the higher count when the plate culture method of counting was employed.<br />
<br />
I need to question the reason for the plate culture method being used to assess protozoa numbers in CT. Generally, in my understanding, a plate culture method is useful for determining the potential for a substance to produce certain microorganisms. It is therefore useful for application to soil, compost, humus, peat samples, etc. For CT samples I’m an advocate for what you see is what you got NOT what you see is what you might get if you culture these microbes out over 5 days. I could also be missing the point completely and am therefore open to being educated.<br />
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<a href="#Contents">Back to Contents</a><br />
<br />
<span style="text-decoration: underline;">Microbial Mass</span><br />
I said that I would discuss the results for bacteria and fungal hyphae expressed in terms of mass per volume. This type of expression is used in various studies and analysis of microbes. It is deemed necessary for certain trials which have been carried out and there have been numerous approaches and formulae establishing conversion factors to interpret volume/volume of microbes as mass/volume or mass/mass.<br />
<br />
I have searched for and read some of the research papers on which many of the accepted conversion factors are based for studies carried out by contemporary scientists. I have found the results to vary greatly and indeed even some of the authors of the papers warn that these are rough averages and one must have confidence in the methods used to formulate the presently used conversion factor for the specific group of microbes being utilized. We are talking about the weight of microorganisms here. You can’t use the bathroom scales so it is based primarily on the mass of carbon and there are many variables concerning environmental medium, growth rates, species, etc.<br />
<br />
I have already been overly long-winded so I’ll not provide any excerpts but will be happy to email the journal articles to interested parties. I will, however list some of the conversion factors with the author(s’) name(s). I have converted them all into grams per cubic centimeter so there is some chance of misplaced decimal points. If you see any errors please let me know;<br />
1979 – van Veen & Paul; bacteria - 0.8 g/cu cm; fungal hyphae – 0.33 g/ cu cm<br />
1982 – Newell & Statzell-Tallman; fungal hyphae - 0.9 g dry/cu cm<br />
1982 – Bakken & Olsen; bacteria – 1.09 g/cu cm and 30% dry matter (DM); fungal hyphae – 1.09 g/cu cm and 21% DM; I have trouble comprehending this one<br />
1885 – Braktak; fixated bacteria – 0.056 g/ cu cm; wild bacteria(?) - 0.22 g/cu cm<br />
1987 – Borsheim & Braktak; bacteria – 0.22 g/cu cm <br />
1987 – Lee & Fuhrman; bacteria – 0.38 g/cu cm<br />
There are other articles I could not access ($) and I’m sure there is more information available.<br />
I asked the SFI lab in Oregon for their conversion factors and was told it is proprietary information, however Elaine told me in an email that as she recalls they are; prokaryotes (bacteria) - 0.31 g/cu cm; fungal hyphae - 0.44 g/cu cm<br />
<br />
There is obviously value in expressing bacterial and fungal amounts like this, especially if one needs to perform calculations or express mass to mass ratios. For my information to use these results I’d like to know what the conversion factor is, what research the factor is derived from and what the high and low variances are. I have looked for this information on the SFI website and maybe it’s there but I have not seen it, nor have I found a basic description of their testing practices and techniques. At most labs they will give you this information with the exception of proprietary techniques for detection of species, etc.<br />
<br />
The SFI test results can become confusing, otherwise. For example if we look at two of the SFI test results posted on the KIS website; One test is for their small brewer (I believe) and the Invoice # is 5795. The other test is for the vermicompost they use (Invoice 0). The tests use the same units of measure as ug/ml is the same as ug/g unless a sample has been dried (baked) first (their protocol does not state this that I know of) In the vermicompost the total bacteria is reported at 5969 ug/g while in the Compost Tea it is reported at 11648 ug/ml (ug/g). If they are using this or a similar vermicompost does this mean that the bacteria did not even double? Perhaps there is a totally different method for handling and testing the compost but without knowing this it is difficult to learn something from these results.<br />
<br />
Using these two tests to review the validity of the plate culture method to count protozoa, in the vermicompost the flagellate count is 209,599 /g (/ml) and in the Compost Tea the flagellate count is 13,863 /ml (/g). If they are using this or a similar vermicompost in the brewer does this mean that the numbers were reduced by the brewer? Likely this is a factor of the plate culture method. Something seems wrong with the overall picture. It could be there is something I just don’t get and I need educating.<br />
<br />
Something I pointed out before is that the flagellate number and amoebae numbers on the KIS test are identical at 13,863/ml but something I just noticed is that the flagellate number on my A44 test is also 13,863/g (/ml). What are the chances?<br />
<br />
1/ It would be nice if someone from SFI could lay out as much as possible what their testing protocol is. 2/ What is your biomass conversion factor and where is it derived from? 3/ Can someone explain the reason for the plate culturing of the protozoa?<br />
4/ How do you determine that bacteria are aerobic as noted in the quantitative test results?<br />
<br />
What did I learn? I learned that I had to return to the drawing table as far as a couple of features for the Microbulator design. I had reaffirmed the importance of what is in compost to begin with and the ability of water to retain O2. This supports the practice of blending several substances for a broader range of microbes, like done by KIS. I have come to the realization that the SFI quantitative testing is probably not going to work for my purposes of illustrating the efficacy of the brewer; unless I’m shown to be full of it and re-educated. If anything I might prefer their little qualitative test. In a discussion with the biologist at Woodsend lab she expressed what I have observed consistently. A set of microorganisms in a CT sample does not stay the same for long making it difficult for shipping to the lab and getting reliable results. I guess I’ll stick to the video footage of microbes extracted to illustrate results for now.</big><br />
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<a href="#Contents">Back to Contents</a><br />
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<font size="+1"><a name="Terracycle_Examination:"></a></font><br />
<font size="+2"><a name="Resources__Links"></a>Resources & Links</font><br />
<br />
Following are some links to useful resources and information. I will be adding to this periodically so keep checking in. Please let me know if you come across inactive links.<br />
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<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><big><big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Worms;</span></big></big><br />
Here is simple information I put together for keeping your own composting worms to supply your brewer with fresh vermicompost.><a href="http://microbeorganics.com/keepingworms.pdf"> keepingworms.pdf </a><br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"><big><big>Venturi</big></big>;</span><br />
Here is a sketch <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/venturisketch.pdf">venturisketch.pdf</a> and text <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/venturitext.pdf">venturitext.pdf </a> instructing the use of a water pump and venturi for building a compost tea brewer. It works. <br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;"><big><big>Microscopes Advisory;</big></big> </span> <br />
Here is a PDF copy of my Microscope advisory. It may help you with making a decision concerning a microscope purchase. Please note that in Spring of 2009 a gentleman named Theo from Holland pointed out my error in stating that Frits Zernike was German. I should have stated that he was Dutch, in business with Germans ><a href="http://microbeorganics.com/microscopeadvisory.pdf"> microscopeadvisory.pdf </a><br />
Thanks Theo!<br />
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<big><font style="font-weight: bold;"><big>A word about fish fertilizers;</big></font></big><br />
<br />
I have had many questions regarding fish hydrolysates vs. fish emulsions. Well, now I’ve done a little research and can give an answer. Fish emulsions are produced under high heat conditions, which as we know kills most nutrients. Fish emulsions also separate the oils and protein which are marketed separately for other uses (fish oils & fish meal). Fish emulsions are therefore not very valid as a microbial foodstock.<br />
<br />
Fish hydrolysate, on the other hand, is produced with a low heat process known as enzymatic digestion. All the oils, nutrients and amino acids protein are left intact resulting in a substantial microbial foodstock which can be ‘mineralized’ (made bio-available) and passed on to your soil and plants.<br />
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For these reasons, when given a choice it is better to pick fish hydrolysate over emulsion.<br />
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Here is a link to Great Pacific Bioproducts who make very fine quality liquid fish fertilizer (hydrolysate). Their product is available in British Columbia, Canada but bulk purchases in the Western USA are possible. I have tested their product and it grows the most enormous fungal hyphae from our vermicompost that I have ever seen. > <a href="http://www.greatpacificbioproducts.com">http://www.greatpacificbioproducts.com</a><br />
Here is a link to video footage of the microbial life observed in one of the tests I ran on their hydrolysate. The microbes shown were grown/supported from our vermicompost using only Great Pacific Bioproducts hydrolysate. No other food sources were present. It supported fungal hyphae meaning that in the soil, micorrhizal fungi would derive food from the hydrolysate and it supported the growth of bacteria, amoebae and flagellates. > <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/greatpacific.wmv">8 MB</a> > <a href="http://microbeorganics.com/greatpacificsmall.wmv">5 MB</a> <br />
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For those of you in the USA, I have run similar tests on Organic Gem fish hydrolysate and find it to be highly satisfactory as a feedstock which supports/feeds fungi and bacteria.<br />
<a href="http://www.organicgem.com">http://www.organicgem.com</a> and western distribution at <a href="http://www.greatwesternsales.com"> http://www.greatwesternsales.com </a></span></span><br />
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<a href="#Contents">Back to Contents</a><br />
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<font size="+1"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><big>Some Friends</big> </span></font><br />
For an alternative compost tea brewer design and for fine quality compost, soil and nutrient packs go to Keep It Simple (KIS Organics; KIS Farm) and speak to my good friend Tad Hussey<br />
<a href="https://www.kisorganics.com">https://www.kisorganics.com </a><br />
<a href="http://www.kisfarm.com">http://www.kisfarm.com </a> <br />
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For other needs or if you are in Colorado check out my buddy Jeremy Silva at Build-A-Soil <a href="https://buildasoil.com">https://buildasoil.com</a> <br />
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<br />
A really good introductory book for delving into and understanding the microbial based horticultural world is<font size="+1"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">'Teaming With Microbes'</span></font>, A Gardener's Guide to the Soil Food Web. It is written by Jeff Lowenfels & Wayne Lewis, two good friends. I believe KIS carries the book as well as Amazon. Check out Jeff's other books <big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Teaming With Nutrient</span><span style="font-weight: bold;">s & Teaming With Fungi</span></big> and if you can go to one of his talks. He's very entertaining!<br />
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<a href="#Contents">Back to Contents</a><br />
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<font size="+2" style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="Compost_Tea_Recipes"></a>Recipes Which Can Be Used With A 50 gallon (US) Compost Tea Brewer</font><br />
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<span style="font-size:22px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman,Times,serif;"><big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Please also see my <a href="#More_on_Compost_Tea_2013_">2013 update</a> for evolved information.</span></big><br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Brewing Temperature:</span><br />
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There has been ongoing discussion concerning the best temperature for brewing. There are two basic schools of thought; 1/ that one should brew at the temperature of the soil where the CT is to be applied. 2/ that the temperature range of 63 F to 70 F (17 C to 21 C) is the optimum for a maximum production and diversity of microbes. This aspect obviously needs research. I am of the opinion that one should brew at a temperature which maximizes microbial numbers and creates a functional microbial nutrient cycling consortia. I think that a large, self supporting, population has a better chance of survival once applied to the soil. Besides, if you brew at 50 F it may take days to have a microbial population. I therefore try to start my brews around 65 F.<br />
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Don't sweat it if your ambient temperatures are not perfect. Work with what the Earth gives to you. We often made ACT on the farm at temperatures as high as 100 degrees F or as low as 50 F. Like I always say, it is difficult to make bad CT, just easy to make it optimal when conditions are better. Even at those temperature extremes we still had good microbial populations. In heat you may not want to run as long. With the luxury of a microscope we could see when it was ready.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Compost:</span><br />
If you are purchasing compost, I recommend compost from KIS or another source of compost which is known to be microbially active.<br />
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If you are home composting, generally speaking fresh vermicompost is just about the best substance one can use for brewing compost tea. If you can purchase some composting worms and feed them a variety of food you really can’t go wrong.<br />
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If you want a fungal compost SFI has recommended mixing oat flour (or powdered oatmeal) about 1:20 with your compost and keeping damp and covered with a cloth for 8 to 10 days. (I do not recommend this myself but wheat bran works just as well) This does work, although I am unsure whether there is a diversity of species of fungal hyphae grown. It may be more likely to grow something akin to bread mold. If you see white or blue fuzz growing on the surface turn it under. What we want is transparent and colored microscopic fungal hyphae. Really if there is not already fungi in your compost, you cannot make it magically appear at the last moment.<br />
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A side benefit to this procedure is that if left longer than 10 days I have seen multitudes of bacterial feeding nematodes growing. I’m not sure if this is peculiar to my compost. Try it. Compost tea is not a good medium for distributing nematodes. Better to distribute them by hand in the compost.<br />
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Another trick to encourage fungal growth is to use good quality fish hydrolysate diluted in water (e.g. around 2 ounces per gallon of water) and dampen compost and cover for around 5 days with a cloth.<br />
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Although I am providing these recipes and guidelines which have worked for me, I cannot guarantee they will work identically with all brewers and compost quality. I encourage you to experiment but exercise common sense and consult with your professional contact.<br />
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The recipe amounts given are for use with water that has a TDS/EC (total dissolved solids) of 35 PPM (parts per million) or less. This is really pure well or spring water with a relatively low mineral content. Water with a high mineral content (or that is turbid) has a lower capacity to maintain dissolved oxygen. If you know or suspect that your water has a high mineral content or high TDS then it is advisable to reduce the amounts of compost and feedstock (e.g. molasses, kelp meal, rock powders, fish hydrolysate, etc.). The amounts of compost recommended are for a very efficient brewer, capable of raising DO2 rates close to 10 or 12 PPM. If this is not your situation, reduce the amounts used.<br />
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Please be aware that the quality of the compost or vermicompost used is directly proportional to the quality of the compost tea produced.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Some Measures;</span><br />
50 gallons US is 189 liters<br />
1 gal. = 3.78 liters<br />
1 liter = 4.2 cups US<br />
1 liter = 1.05 quarts US liquid<br />
1 US ounce = 29.57 ml<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Bacteria/Archaea</span><br />
You will note that I use the expression bacteria/archaea rather than just bacteria. This is because recent scientific research has revealed that there is a distinct species, Archaea, co-habitating with bacteria which previously was called bacteria. The only way to tell them apart is through complex analysis. The difference is in their membrane structure and therefore their ability to process (digest) different substances. Because I can’t tell them apart under the microscope I have decided to name them both.<br />
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<big><span style="font-weight: bold;">Despite the following recipes, I have evolved myself to a more simple formula, using only vermicompost and black strap molasses for a diverse nutrient cycling ACT, however many growers over the years swear by the following recipes. Please read my 2013 update (contents).</span></big><br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">A/ Recipe for a Diversity of Microbes; Nutrient Cycling </span><br />
- measurements do not need to be precise; expressed in different units in brackets.<br />
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*compost/vermicompost – 2.38% max. (4.5 liters), (19 cups US), (4.5 quarts US) – reduce as required according to brewer and water quality<br />
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*unsulphured pure black strap molasses - I recommend using 0.50% (just under 1 liter), (4 cups US) (1 quart US) [but you can use a maximum 0.75% (1.4 liters), (5.9 cups US), (1.4 quarts US)] – reduce as required according to brewer and water quality<br />
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*fish hydrolysate(high quality) - 0.063% - (120 ml); (4 ounces)<br />
Do not use chemically deodorized liquid fish!<br />
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*kelp meal - 0.25% max. (0.5 liter or 500 ml), (17 ounces US), (0.5 quart US), (2 plus cups)<br />
NOTE: This is a maximum amount of kelp and you can experiment using less. This is using regular grade kelp meal for livestock. If you have soluble kelp, I recommend using smaller amounts. Sometimes kelp meal can initially delay microbial development and call for a longer brew.<br />
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*soft rock phosphate granules/powder - 0.063% - (120 ml) (4 ounces), (0.5 cup)<br />
We grind up the granules into a powder with a coffee grinder<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Length of Brew;</span><br />
This will provide a CT with a microbial content of, bacteria/archaea and fungal hyphae (if present in compost) when brewed for 18 to 24 hours. When using our fungal inhabited vermicompost, the optimum time seems to be 18 hours for a bacteria/archaea and fungal brew. If brewed for 30 to 36 hours (and up to 42 to 48 hours if you have a microscope) there will be flagellates and amoebae (& some ciliates) as well, providing a functioning microbial consortia which is better for nutrient cycling in the soil/root interface. Because of the variations in brewing compost tea, it is better to examine the microbial content with a microscope and decide at what period of the brew you should apply it but if you do not have a microscope then use the CT between the time periods mentioned above for the desired effects.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Extras</span> (when using extras you may wish to adjust amounts of other ingredients to avoid overload)<br />
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*pyrophyllite clay powder – 0.063% - (120 ml), (4 ounces), (0.5 cup)<br />
This is a good ingredient to stimulate more bacteria/archaea diversity which seems to experimentally contribute to disease control. It can be found here at a reasonable price. <a href="http://www.continentalclay.com/detail.php?PID=695&cat_id=197&sub_categoryID=4">http://www.continentalclay.com/detail.php?PID=695&cat_id=197&sub_categoryID=4 </a><br />
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*alfalfa meal – up to 0.25% (.5 liter or 500 ml), (17 ounces US), (0.5 quart US), (2 plus cups)<br />
This promotes the growth of flagellates and amoebae and is also a fungal food. Just get the cheap stuff by the bag at the feed store, checking that it does not contain anti-microbials<br />
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*Canadian sphagnum peat moss Premier Brand – throw in a handful or two to promote flagellates and amoebae and/or fungal hyphae. Batches are inconsistent, so unless you have a microscope you won’t be sure which set of microbes it will promote but I have never seen anything bad.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">B/ Fungal Dominant; </span><br />
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*compost/vermicompost (fungal content) - 2.38% max. (4.5 liters), (19 cups US), (4.5 quarts US)<br />
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*unsulphured pure black strap molasses - 0.25% (475 ml rounded), (2 cups US), (0.5 quart US) <br />
NOTE: Also experiment with eliminating black strap molasses. Recent trials have shown that with some types of compost the fungi does better. If you have a microscope check it out for yourself.<br />
NOTE: If you have activated your compost with oat flour I recommend NOT using molasses in addition to fish hydrolysate unless you are willing to brew for a longer period and best to have a microscope.<br />
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*fish hydrolysate(high quality) - 0.190% - (360 ml) (12 ounces) Do not use chemically deodorized liquid fish! You may experiment using slightly higher amounts.<br />
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*kelp meal - 0.25% max. (.5 liter or 500 ml), (17 ounces US), (0.5 quart US), (2 plus cups)<br />
NOTE: This is a maximum amount of kelp and you can experiment using less. This is using regular grade kelp meal for livestock. If you have soluble kelp, I recommend using smaller amounts. Sometimes kelp meal can initially delay microbial development.<br />
<br />
*rock phosphate granules/powder - 0.063% - (120 ml), (4 ounces), (0.5 cup)<br />
NOTE: We seem to get the same results using 100 ml of rock phosphate but experiment yourself. Sometimes we run the rock phosphate granules through the electric coffee grinder to get a fine powder.<br />
Some studies show certain sources of soft rock phosphate to contain radio active materials so you may wish to research this.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Extras </span> (when using extras you may wish to adjust amounts of other ingredients to avoid overload)<br />
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* Humic acid - I am no longer recommending the use of humic acid in compost tea, as I've not seen any benefits from doing so. Better to apply it directly to the soil.<br />
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*you could also add one of the Alaska ‘Humus’ products and/or Canadian sphagnum Premier brand at 0.25% or less. If there are fungi spores present in the substance, hyphae should grow.<br />
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*you may add a little soil or partially/completely decomposed forest litter (rotted leaves, wood pieces). If you are applying CT to grass or flowers use some local soil from a healthy (unmanipulated by man) area where similar plant species are doing well. If you are applying to deciduous trees or bushes then gather some soil or forest litter from a deciduous forest where the forest appears healthy and has that…you know… fabulous earthy odor. I recommend using 500 ml. (0.5 liter) or 2 cups to begin with and see how that works out. Careful to not use big chunks if using the Microbulator 50.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Length of Brew</span><br />
Brew until fungal hyphae is observed with a microscope or for 18 to 24 hours. When using our fungal inhabited vermicompost, the optimum time seems to be 18 hours for a bacteria/archaea and fungal brew, however fungal hyphae is extracted at 10 hours with less bacteria/archaea present. If you want a fungal dominant brew this may be the best time to apply. For those of you with microscopes, check it out. This recipe, provided there are fungi spores in your compost, should produce a higher volume of fungal hyphae and reduced bacteria/archaea numbers. (at 10 hours approx)</span></span><br />
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Microbe Organics
# Microbe Organics
Ciliate
All photos are copywrited to Tim Wilson and may only be used with written permission.
Please refresh your browser when returning to see updates.
Contact: [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]) [Contents>](#Contents)
Microbe Organics;
Microbe Organics? What the heck is this?; You ask. It is the name I chose to describe my approach to the understanding and interpretation of microbial based soil and plant amendments currently evolving in horticultural practices throughout the world. Two such practices which you may have heard of or use yourself are Compost Tea and EM (Effective Microorganisms {EMRO USA} or Beneficial and Effective Microorganisms{SCD}; 2 Brand Names). I will be focusing to begin with on the practical analysis and use of Compost Tea.
I am not an expert in this field of biology, in fact I am a lifelong student and will defer to the far superior overall knowledge of several experts in microbial based amendments, however what I have to offer is a translation or simplification of many of the terms, functions and observations surrounding this science. The reason I am able to do this is mostly due to my ‘I have to see it to believe it or comprehend it’ attitude. When I first started researching microbial based agriculture about six years ago I set up a small microscope laboratory enabling me to observe the microorganisms present in Compost Tea, microbial fermentations (e.g. EM), compost and soil. I set up an interface between a video camera, microscope and computer thus allowing me to capture real time video which has culminated thus far in the production of my first DVD.
Like the science which this growing (pun intended) phenomenon is based upon, this website will evolve over time. I will post links to sources of knowledge, supplies and practical solutions as I acquire permission to do so and as I learn of them. As I gain more skill managing this site I hope to post video footage of observations and experiments. Therefore keep checking back for updates.
Using This Page: I have a dislike for websites where one must wait for pages to load (especially true for limited Internet connections) so I have placed all the information on one page for now. You may access all subject headings via the links in the Contents section below and some subjects have subheadings which are also linked. Some topics may seem mis-ordered but you may always find something instantly by clicking 'Back to Contents' So click away.
Contents:
Articles & Resources;
[What Is Compost Tea](#What_is_Compost_Tea_)
[More On Compost Tea (2013)](#More_on_Compost_Tea_2013_)
[Organic Growing from a Microbial Perspective](#Organic_Growing_Microbial_Perspective)
[Living Soil](#Living_Soil)
[Root Exudates](#Root_Exudates_)
[So You Wanna Build A Compost Tea Brewer](#So_You_Wanna_Build_A_Compost_Tea_Brewer)
[Microbe Identification](#Microbe_Identification)
[Who I am](#Who_I_am)
Stuff I am Selling;
Please note that as of the end of May, 2017 KIS Farms/Organics
<https://www.kisorganics.com>
has taken over airlift brewer sales. You may continue getting downloads
here.
Video Downloads;
[Microbe Identification DVD Download Option](#My_DVD)
[Microscopy Instructional Video Download](#Microscopehelpervideo)
Compost Tea Makers DIY Plans; Any problems with download; [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])
[Plans to Build Your Own Mini-Microbulato](#PLANS_FOR_MINI)r
[Plans to Build 50 Gallon Airlift Bioreactor (ACT Maker)](#Plans_For_50_gallon_airlift_ACT_Maker)
Please be aware these plans are designed to be used with a variety of sized pipe and parts.
It is not an exact scaled replication of the commercial Microbulator which is much more expensive to build.
Discontinued but Interesting
[Microscopes](#Microscopes_for_sale)
More Helpful Info & Ramblings;
[Tests, Observations & Postulations](#Tests_Observations__Postulations)
[Resources & Links](#Resources__Links)
[Compost Tea Recipes](#Compost_Tea_Recipes)
##
## What is Compost Tea?
Very simply stated Compost Tea is a water-based environment wherein beneficial microorganisms are extracted from compost or vermicompost (worm compost) and multiplied by the millions and billions. Some form of agitation breaks the microbes free from the compost and they multiply because food, like black strap molasses, fish hydrolysate, kelp meal, etc. has been added to the water, which at least one type of microbe digests. When one or more type of microbe begins to multiply in response to the food, other microbes respond to this growth and begin to consume these initial microbes and multiply in turn and so on and so on. For example the initial microbes are usually bacteria which are food for protozoa so the protozoa multiply in response to the bacteria.
The end result is a functional feeding cycle or microbial nutrient cycle. I refer to this as a functional microbial consortia. This develops over a period of 12 to 72 hours or more and is then applied to the soil and plants. In the soil there are a number of organisms which function in basically the same nutrient cycle and zone. Once again, simply stated, there are substances released from the roots of plants which feed bacteria (& archaea), again the bacteria/archaea become prey to the protozoa and the protozoa excrete substances which are available to the roots as nutrients (e.g. nitrogen) thus creating a feeding cycle.
Other compost/soil microorganisms of great importance are fungi. Fungal hyphae, are long branching strands which grow through the soil and serve to; bind soil aggregates together, help retain moisture, store certain nutrients, provide a source of food to certain other microbes, provide pathways for nutrient and moisture delivery, decompose organic material and displace disease causing fungi. There are also other types of fungi which do not grow (to my knowledge) in compost or Compost Tea which form a direct symbiotic nutrient exchange relationship with roots.
This sort of fungi is called mycorrhizal fungi and there are many different species. The major microorganisms at work in Compost Tea are bacteria, protozoa (flagellates, ciliates and amoebae) and fungal hyphae if present in your compost. It is best to have a wide diversity of each of these microbes present. There are higher order organisms like nematodes found in compost and soil and occasionally these are extracted into Compost Tea but they do not grow nor multiply in the tea. Of course in the soil there are many other contributors to the nutrient cycle, like insects, earthworms and other animals. In its totality this is often referred to as the soil food web.
Fungal Hyphae (phase contrast)
All life is in a symbiotic nutrient cycle even down to the microorganisms contained in our gut that assist us to digest certain foods. Life, consumption, excrement, death, decomposition, life. You are what you eat and the same applies to plants.
It has been discovered that aerated Compost Tea helps to ensure the multiplication of mostly aerobic microbes which are more desirable in this application. Plus the aeration provides the agitation necessary to dislodge the microbes from the compost. Therefore most Compost Tea machines or brewers, as they are commonly known, involve the introduction of air into the water and compost.
Many Compost Tea users and producers have begun examining their brews with microscopes to see the microbes present. This ensures that they have the desired microbes in the right numbers and diversity prior to applying the tea to soil and plants. I am fairly hopeful if not certain that in the future when someone purchases a Compost Tea brewer that the kit will include a microscope. It is the identification of what is going on in this tiny universe where I find my calling.
Fungal Hyphae (brightfield)
More on Compost Tea (2013)
I've decided to post this additional information in response to many inquiries I've had. You will find much of it redundant but better too much than too little, at least in this case.
In my opinion compost tea is poorly named. It is not something one drinks and it is not created by steeping in boiled water as is tea. Aerated compost tea making is an active process which extracts microorganisms (breaks them loose from binding spots) into aerated water and provides them with a food source (foodstock) which causes them to multiply.
A more apt name would be a microbe multiplier and the process is almost identical to a laboratory device known as a bioreactor. Actually we have attempted a name shift by calling our new 12 gallon device an airlift [vortex] bioreactor. This, in my opinion, is a more descriptive term for what is going on but it looks like the term compost tea is going to stick.
If one is using quality compost or vermicompost (hereinafter referred to as [vermi]compost), an efficient ACT maker with sufficient aeration and the correct amount of foodstock, like black strap molasses, it is all about timing and to an extent temperature.
One must, of course use water which is free of chlorine/chloramines. This is easily done by putting a bit of molasses, ascorbic acid or a bit of [vermi]compost in ahead of time, which neutralizes these oxidizers.
The first microbes to begin dividing and growing in ACT are bacteria/archaea and fungi (if present in the [vermi]compost). The fungi grows out rapidly as fungal hyphae and is often attached to pieces of organic matter free floating.
The bacteria/archaea can divide every 20 minutes and appear as moving (motile) or stationary (non-motile) dots, rods and long strands. Usually these organisms are seen in large volume by the 18 hour to 24 hour period of the process, which for simplicity’s sake we’ll call a brew (since that is the term which has been colloquially applied).
In response to the population explosion of bacteria/archaea we have a congruent reactive increase in the protozoa population beginning around the 24 hour period. The usual type of protozoa which we see, given an efficient brewer is flagellates, however sometimes there will also be naked amoebae. The third type of protozoa, which we do not wish to see a ton of, are ciliates, as they can indicate the presence of anaerobic bacteria. The flagellate population can double every 2 hours so usually at the 36 hour period we have a sufficient diversity of microorganisms to call the brew finished and apply it to the soil and plants.
A good temperature range is usually 65 to 75 F but unless really cold the timing estimate is quite reliable.
Why use compost tea?
The main reasons for using compost tea are;
1/ to provide a quick nutrient kick to the rhizosphere. This works mainly because as the flagellates (protozoa) consume the \*bacteria/archaea they utilize only 10 to 40% of the energy intake for their sustenance and the remaining 60 to 90% is expelled as ionic form nutrient which is directly bio-available to the roots of the plants. This is known as ‘the microbial nutrient loop (cycle)’.
2/ to begin or continue an inoculation of the soil with a microbial population. Many of these microorganisms will go dormant until called upon later to fulfill their purpose but many of them will grow and flourish, finding their station in the hierarchical positioning of microbes in a living soil. Some, like the fungi will grow out through the soil binding aggregates together, assisting with air and moisture retention, providing pathways for bacteria/archaea, providing a food source for various microorganisms and degrading organic matter to a point where it is available for other organisms.
Within a very diverse ACT there will be free living nitrogen fixers, anti-pathogens and yes a few of the anaerobic and facultative anaerobes which serve their positive role in a living soil.
3/ to potentially provide the microorganisms which may assist in protecting plants from pathogens.
4/ because it allows the use of less [vermi]compost over a given area. There is nothing wrong with using only [vermi]compost instead of ACT if you have that much. ACT just allows you to use less [vermi]compost and it accelerates the microbial process.
\*Note; I use the term bacteria/archaea because without complex testing it is not possible to visually tell the two apart. Recent research has revealed that archaea are commonly found in soil worldwide and have just as an important function in the microbial nutrient cycle as bacteria.
Recipes and Technique;
In case I have not been clear enough above, our goal in making ACT is to extract, multiply and grow mostly aerobic microorganisms in as large a diversity as possible and inclusive of three basic groups; bacteria/archaea, protozoa [flagellates & naked amoebae] and fungi. (Some [vermi]compost will contain rotifers which are extracted into ACT. These cycle nutrients in similar fashion to protozoa and are a bonus if present.)
Making ACT is not about putting in ingredients which directly benefit the plants. The foodstocks used are strictly to feed or benefit the microorganisms which in turn benefit the plants.
When I jumped on the compost tea bandwagon years back I utilized the whole gambit of ingredients recommended by the current (at that time) supposed authorities. These ingredients or foodstocks included, humic acid, kelp meal, black strap molasses, baby oatmeal (oat flour), fish hydrolysate, alfalfa meal, etc. We used variations of these ingredients in our 1200 gallon ACT maker on our farm and microscopic observation showed success.
I also experimented with using some rock/clay powders as ingredients and observed differences in the microbial make up which had positive results applied to the soil and plants. The types used were mostly soft rock phosphate and pyrophyllite.
Along the line somewhere we left humic acid out of a brew and noticed an increase in microbial numbers so we stopped using it ourselves but, possibly irresponsibly, I continued to recommend it because the ‘bigwigs’ did so. It was not until I devised a method to test each foodstock independently that I began to change my tune and begin to go against the grain of the contemporary experts.
**By** testing some ingredients independently in a liquid I observed;
1/ that humic acid in varying dilutions does not feed any sort of microscopically visible microbe. I observed that it actually suppresses microbial division and growth. This was confirmed by joint testing with Keep It Simple Inc. (KIS) in the Seattle area. We tested two of the most effective and popular brands. I cannot say definitively that all brands of humic acid will have similar suppressive effects in a liquid (ACT) but it is enough for me to discontinue using it or recommending it as an ACT foodstock. Please note that this does not mean that it is not good to use on/in soil….just not ACT.
2/ that kelp meal initially delays all microbial development in a liquid but does feed fungi and bacteria/archaea following 24 hours. If too much is used the effects are suppressive. From this I garnered that it should be used very sparingly and one must be prepared to brew a little longer if using this foodstock. Again, this does not mean that kelp meal is not a good thing to use in/on soil. It definitely is!
3/ black strap molasses (BSM) feeds both bacteria/archaea and fungi equally well contrary to what the A(A)CT aficionados were saying. The story was that BSM feeds only bacteria. This led to all sorts of misconceptions, even including ones made by USDA and Canada Agriculture scientists who declared that using molasses in ACT could lead to e-coli contamination. It is utter nonsense. Besides the testing I have done and ratifying assays carried out by KIS, it is common knowledge amongst many mycologists like Paul Stamets that BSM grows out fungal hyphae just fine.
4/ fish hydrolysate feeds both fungi and bacteria/archaea again contrary to the story at the time that it is mainly a fungal food. (I’m glad to see that story has now changed)
5/ alfalfa meal is also a decent all round foodstock which sometimes introduces protozoa cysts to the ACT. KIS has done more testing on this than I have.
The result of all this is that my attitude towards recipes for ACT has really evolved over the years with a trend towards the more simple. I know that there are a lot of people who place importance on creating a bacterial or fungal dominant ACT. At one time I myself was so influenced, however, the more I’ve learned and unlearned about living soil and a functioning microbial population interacting with plants, the more I’ve been led to allow the soil and plants to decide which microbes are actively needed by the rhizosphere team. What this means is that 9 times out of 10 I’m trying to create a balanced ACT with a decent ratio of the three basic microbial groups. When this hits the soil, some will go dormant to wake up later and some will be immediately put into action at the direction of the needs of the soil and plants.
The exceptions to this may be if I am attempting to battle a particular pathogen and want to attack it with a heavy fungal or bacterial (or a combo) ACT. In these situations some tweaking of recipes and timing can be helpful. If attempting these variations, a microscope is really the only way to confirm the desired microbial population. I have outlined some recipes which may trend towards a certain microbial group (or combo) or may assist with certain pathogens.
Recipes;
Through a plethora of trial and error brewing with a dissolved oxygen meter at hand we determined that a pretty reliable volume of [vermi]compost to use is 2.38% by volume of water used up to around a 250 gallon brewer.
So if you have 5 gallons you multiply that by 2.38% to get the amount of [vermi]compost to use. Then you can go to; http://www.onlineconversion.com/volume.htm and convert it into any unit of measure which is convenient. In my opinion measuring [vermi]compost by weight is inaccurate because of varying moisture content.
Anyway to proceed we have;
5 x 2.38% = 0.119 of a gallon = 0.476 of a quart = 0.450 of a liter
= 450.5 milliliters [450 rounded] = 1.904 cups [2 cups rounded] - Your choice
Likewise with the use of black strap molasses, a percentage of 0.50% is a good median amount to use.
These two ingredients, perhaps surprisingly, comprise the total of inputs in most of our brews these days. This simple recipe, if using an efficient ACT maker and good quality [vermi]compost results in a microbial population made up of the important three groups. This is the only recipe used to date, in all the videos on my Youtube channel ‘Microbe Organics’
To get these three groups the ACT maker should be run for 36 to 42 hours. The ideal temperature range is 65 to 72 Fahrenheit (18 to 22 Celsius), however a little cooler or warmer is okay. I’ve had pretty equivalent results with ambient temperatures around 100 F (38 C) and as cool as 50 F (10 C).
To spill a small secret, I’ve been pre-feeding or pre-activating [vermi]compost which is not so fresh by mixing in a small amount of wheat bran (livestock store or bulk foods department grocery store) and moistening with very diluted black strap molasses, loosely covered with cloth or paper towel 24 hours ahead of brew. (approximate ratios, wheat bran 1:30 [vermi]compost & BSM 1:300 water).
This has, so far resulted in (most of the time) attaining the desired microbial population at 24 hours brew time rather than the usual 36 to 42 hours.
Now for some of my other recipes;
A recipe for a balanced nutrient cycling ACT which many growers claim to have great success with is;
[vermi]compost – 2.38%
unsulphured pure black strap molasses - 0.50% [but you can use a maximum 0.75%]
fish hydrolysate (high quality) - 0.063%
Do not use chemically deodorized liquid fish!
kelp meal - 0.25% max. [Less is more!]
NOTE: This is a maximum amount of kelp and you can experiment using less. This is using regular grade kelp meal for livestock. If you have soluble kelp, I recommend using smaller amounts. As noted earlier kelp meal can initially delay bacterial multiplication and fungal growth in ACT.
soft rock phosphate granules/powder - 0.063% Consider this optional. In the past 2 years I’ve become more aware of the possibility of polonium 210 and lead content in soft rock phosphate which is radioactive. This varies depending on how it was mined and where. If you wish to use this in ACT check all available data. Look for heavy metal testing
We grind up the granules into a powder with a coffee grinder
The brew time should average around 36 hours and no longer than 48 hours. If you have a microscope then stop when the microbes desired are observed. Otherwise smell for the foodstocks being used up, possible rank odor (indicating anaerobes) and a positive earthy or mushroom-like aroma.
Fungal Brew;
If you want a brew which is more fungal increase the amount of fish hydrolysate to around 0.19% and you may wish to decrease the amount of molasses used so there is not a foodstock overload. Include a pinch of alfalfa meal, not using more than 0.25%. It is important to not overload a brew with foodstocks, otherwise you can easily compromise the dissolved oxygen capacity of the unit. Most importantly discontinue brewing around 18 to 20 hours. Of course if you have a microscope you can judge that for yourself.
Also, if you do not have fungi in your [vermi]compost, you won’t have it magically appear in your ACT.
A Few Extras;
I sometimes include a pinch or handful [depending on brewer size] of sphagnum peatmoss in a brew. Depending on where the peatmoss was harvested, it will contribute a set of microbes somewhat similar to that derived from the ‘Alaska’ humus or humisoil products on the market. It is a least a better bang for your buck and at best a trifle better quality-wise.
I’ve had inconsistent success battling powdery mildew by including soft rock phosphate and pyrophyllite clay powder, both at 0.063% in a 24 hour brew with horse manure fed vermicompost, BSM and fish hydrolysate. I have observed a very tiny peanut shaped bacteria/archaea in vast numbers with this recipe. In the ACT they are very active and appear to feed on yeast. This has led me to hypothesize that they ‘might’ be devouring powdery mildew but at this point that is pure conjecture.
Replacement for Molasses:
I’m continually getting this question. What can I use as a replacement for molasses?
Many people assume that molasses is just sugar and propose using various forms of sugar in its stead. This may actually work to some extent, however black strap molasses is a complex carbohydrate bearing lots of minerals and nutrients plus it is a powerful antioxidant. [some nutrient companies will happily sell you a bottle of carbo this or carbo that when it is actually just molasses, in some cases watered down]
I’m not saying there are not other foodstocks which can be used to feed bacteria/archaea and fungi. Heck, you can grow out some bacteria with potato water or rice water.
What I am saying is that black strap molasses works for the simple process of multiplying bacteria/archaea & fungi so why fret about using something else? If you are somewhere that you cannot get any, then by all means try something different or if you have a scope, go ahead and experiment.
I guess if I was stuck without molasses, I’d try wheat bran.
Mesh Bag or Free Suspension:
This is another decision when making ACT or designing an ACT maker. Do I throw the [vermi]compost into the water and let it float around or do I put it in a mesh extractor bag of some kind?
There are pros for both. Generally one gets a higher density of microorganisms if you just dump all your ingredients into the aerated, agitated water. I have observed over and over microscopically that this is the case. If you are using this method with an ACT design which circulates the water through a pipe like an airlift be aware that big chunks will plug up the pipe. Use fine [vermi]compost for this.
ACT made this way is most appropriate for applying to your soil but what if one wishes to spray it onto leaves? Perhaps you are trying to combat powdery mildew. Perhaps you want to run your ACT through an irrigation system.
This is when you are perhaps going to consider using a mesh bag. I researched many different mesh openings and materials before concluding that a 400 micron monofilament nylon mesh is the best for an extractor bag. This is also the size recommended by SFI. This is what we provide with our 50 gallon airlift brewer (as an optional configuration).
If you cannot find the perfect 400 micron mesh bag, don’t sweat it. Just get a paint strainer from the hardware store and tie it off with the ingredients and airline in it. Please do not use nylon socks/stockings. These usually have too small a mesh size to extract fungal hyphae (unless they are recycled from your 400 pound grandmother). Many people argue for using these by saying ‘hey man how big do ya think bacteria are?’ My reply to that is ‘hey man, bacteria is only one component of ACT’ What about the protozoa besides the fungi already mentioned?
If one does use a mesh extractor it is essential to either use a smaller (e.g. 5 gal) ACT maker which has enough agitation to make that bag dance or to use an air (diffuser) input into the bag.
If you have a cone bottom airlift bioreactor and you wish to use a mesh extractor, I recommend using a separate air pump to supply the bag.
I prefer to use a diffuser in the bag but many just use an open airline. I’m a believer in using what you have (except for chemicals). If you use a mesh bag you do not need to worry about a few large chunks. Many people make good quality ACT this way.
Filtering;
There is another option. Say you have an airlift vortex ACT bioreactor but to run it with a mesh bag would be kinda silly. You want to run it through a sprayer or irrigation set up. If your unit has a drain valve/spout, then just put a pail under it with a piece of mesh tied across the top. For this we use nylon window screen (800 to 1000 microns mesh size). Because some residue will block the passage we do not want to use 400 microns for this. Open the valve and as organic matter builds up on the screen scoop it off into another bucket. This prevents a build up which will block microbes but also allows you to save the ones that do get blocked, along with the organic matter for topdressing your soil or throwing into the compost pile. You can obviously see why a filter internal to a pipe or hose just won’t work.
Okay, I know that sounds like work. There is another way…the way we do it. Just empty out your ACT maker into the pail, use a mesh bag (800 to 1000 microns) with a sump pump dropped into it, hook the sump pump to a hose. There is your sprayer or waterer or irrigation hookup. When we don’t care about getting residue on leaf surfaces, like our corn or the lawn, we use a trash sump pump with no bag and a thumb over the end of the hose.
Frequency of Use;
You can use ACT as much as you wish. We often used it almost every watering. Just don’t waterlog your soil.
A friend of mine who used actual living microbial soil (ALMS) as opposed to truly living soil (TLO)…hehe, um used ACT for 7 years to beat back an erwinia infection caused by using chemicals in his one acre garden. The infection was gone in the first year but he liked the increased quality so much that he built a 5000 gallon ACT maker (venturi) and used it through his irrigation system. In the 8th and 9th years he only used it once as the microbial population was so well established and his soil had matured to the point where it was no longer necessary
Dilution;
This is another question I get all the time. How much should I dilute my ACT?
Now this is a difficult question to answer. I believe that SFI has stated that 20 gallons can be diluted to do one acre. In my opinion, this is stretching it but is within the realm of possibilities.
When diluting ACT it is not the same as diluting fish hydrolysate or molasses or (saints forbid) a liquid fertilizer. The water is not ‘weakening’ a solution so much as acting as a carrier for the microbes which you have multiplied. Logically though, if you do not have a ‘tea’ very dense with microorganisms, adding it to water will make it even less dense. So your 5 gallon ACT diluted down enough to cover the quarter acre is still going to get the microbes out there but in much lower numbers.
When we use ACT on our farm our usual practice is to apply it non-diluted, followed by irrigation water if necessary. When we were on the larger farm, we used a 1200 gallon multi-airlift brewer and pumped it straight into the irrigation system, then followed by water. We found that this was enough to do our greenhouse (20 x 64) and a quarter (approx. 750 sq. ft) of our outside beds. A total of just over 2,000 sq. ft. One acre is over 40,000 square feet.
For curiosity (on our little farm where we are now) we diluted 12 gallons of ‘tea’ into 40 gallons of water prior to use, this past season. I looked at it under the microscope before and after and although the microbes survived, they were indeed much more widely dispersed.
I guess the moral of the story is that you can dilute your ACT if you so wish but I think it is better applied non-diluted, followed by water ‘only if necessary’.
Adding Ingredients to a Finished Brew;
As I’ve mentioned we used to make 1200 gallon batches of ACT which we applied on our farm garden beds through an irrigation system. We used the same tank if we wanted to apply some other diluted soil amendment or fertilizer, like fish hydrolysate, molasses (occasionally) or humic acid.
I had read that many growers and landscapers were adding some of these amendments into their ACT just before applying and I believe this process was endorsed by SFI. Anyway we decided to try saving some time and money and dumped 5 gallons of fish hydrolysate into a 1200 gallon batch to pump out. I had, as usual examined the finished brew microscopically and out of curiosity took another sample after mixing in the fish hydrolysate. To my astonishment and dismay I had wiped out or put to sleep almost half of the microorganisms. This was the last time we did this.
We always apply amendments separately from ACT and this is what I recommend unless using the most minuscule amounts. I surmise that adding anything to a finished brew can have similar negative results. The amount of FH we used was 0.4%. If you have a microscope, go ahead and experiment.
Review of Some Common Myths; [In no particular order]
1/ Small bubbles destroy fungal hyphae or other microbes.
This is utter nonsense. The bubbles/air would need to be super compressed to harm any microorganisms.
2/ Molasses should not be used or only feeds bacteria.
Black strap molasses (BSM) is a complex sugar/carbohydrate and feeds bacteria/archaea and fungi equally well.
3/ Fungal hyphae is difficult to grow in ACT.
If you have fungi in your [vermi]compost and have a decent brewer design and use 0.50% BSM it will grow out in the first 15 to 20 hours along with bacteria.
4/ You can have too much air/agitation in a compost tea maker.
This would only be true to the extreme...if your water was jumping out everywhere. If a salesperson is telling you microbes need gentle bubbling, they do not know what they are talking about.
5/ One can make good ACT with an aquarium pump in 5 gallons of water.
We did almost a year straight of research (at a cost of thousands of dollars) building almost every conceivable compost tea brewer design and size, ranging from 1 to 1200 gallons. These included every type itemized on my webpage in the design section and more. We measured the dissolved oxygen (DO2) religiously at all hours of day and night, eliminating configurations which failed to maintain the DO2 at or above 6 PPM. This is close to the minimum level required to support aerobic organisms.
The outcome of this research was, the estimation, that the minimum flow required from an air pump to make compost tea while maintaining the DO2 at 6 PPM, is 0.05 CFM per gallon while the optimum flow is 0.08 CFM per gallon or greater. (the only exception was when utilizing airlifts)
This means that most aquarium pumps will not work with a 5 gallon ACT maker, no matter what a couple of guys from Texas say. Two gallons, perhaps.
6/ Nematodes are a common microbe in ACT.
I’ve received many emails from folks distraught over the fact that they found no nematodes in their ACT or that they had very few. This is normal. Unless you happen to have a species of nematode which is an aquatic dweller, (rare in compost wouldn’t you think) you are very unlikely to have many surviving in ACT over 4 or 5 hours old. Why? Because they drown. (according to those who raise and sell them) A few will survive, which accounts for some making it to the end. Even companies which sell nematodes instruct customers to not leave them in the distribution water more than two hours.
I’m pretty sure that this myth originated with SFI but even they (Dr. Ingham) have now changed their tune and say ACT is not a good environment for nematodes.
7/ You can tell that your ACT is finished or ready to use when it forms a head of foam.
More bunk! But this does have a bit of foundational truth. Foam can be formed by proteins in the water created by microbial activity, however this is not a reliable indicator. Foam can also be created by saponins (aloe vera, alfalfa, yucca) or just by adding molasses or by worms which might have made it in there. I have examined very foamy ACT microscopically which was practically devoid of microbes and ACT with no foam at all which has been swarming with microbial activity.
The best bet to tell when ACT is finished is to use it between 24 and 40 hours, smell it to make sure it has not gone anaerobic (you’ll know) and that most of the foods you added have been consumed. It should smell earthy or somewhat like mushrooms.
I’m not sure how this myth got started but it sure took off.
[Back to Contents](#Contents)
**Organic Growing from a Microbial Perspective**
To come to a rudimentary understanding of how organic or natural growing really works, one must cast off previous miscomprehensions from the chemical model, that when we fertilize or add compost or other organic matter, we are feeding plants. This is not the case. With true organics one is feeding the microorganisms in the soil which convert organic nutrients into a form which can be assimilated by the roots of plants. According to studies, there are only a very few plant species capable of absorbing only a very few organic nutrients. Most plants are only capable of absorbing inorganic nutrients which are made that way by microbes which live at the root to soil interface, the rhizosphere. So the idea which you have, that you are feeding your plants when they appear to need nitrogen and you feed an organic fertilizer deemed high in nitrogen, is bogus. You are feeding the microbes which feed the plants.
Chemical fertilizers, mostly derived from petroleum are inorganic and can be absorbed by the roots of plants, however they are pollutants, which can cause a die off of and population change of soil microbes [\*\* see addendum below], build up unused residues which run into the water table and, in my opinion, create harmful tissue changes in the plants which humans consume as food and medicine. In addition, I believe, the use of chemical fertilizers promote the incidence of plant pathogens like powdery mildew, erwinia, fusarium, pythium, etc. The grower can end up in a vicious spiraling downward fall as they use one chemical after another to control the effects brought on by the others.
The plant is no passive player in the natural growing game of survival but is the master conductor of this delicately balanced orchestra. The plant receives energy from above the soil in the form of light. This photosynthesis results in the plant’s internal production of carbon. It utilizes this carbon to create and reinforce tissue as it grows, so it is a very valuable commodity. As we all know the plant also requires a form of nitrogen (N) and other macro and micro-nutrients which it receives through the root system. As already stated this N must be in a form which the plant can directly uptake and use, usually a form of ammonia (N). Research has shown that when a plant needs to uptake N from the soil it sends out some of its precious carbon through it’s root system as a feed for bacteria and \*archaea which live in the rhizosphere. [\* Archaea are prokaryotes indiscernible from bacteria except through specialized testing; usually DNA] There are more complexities involved, such as, that certain plant types attract certain bacteria/archaea types but that is beyond the scope of this portrayal. When the bacterial/archaea population has increased in response to the carbons excreted by the roots, protozoa and bacterial feeding nematodes are attracted to the region, ‘hatch out’ from cysts and eggs respectively and in the case of protozoa multiply rapidly. Protozoa consist of flagellates, amoebae and ciliates. Some protozoa can multiply (divide) every 2 to 4 hours so their numbers can increase in short order. The protozoa and nematodes consume the bacteria/archaea and release, as waste, the ammonia (N) which the roots can then absorb. The multiplication rate of the bacteria/archaea increases in response to this predation and so on. This has been called the microbial loop. Protozoa are particularly good providers as their ‘digestive system’ only utilizes about 30% of the nutrients consumed meaning that roughly 70% is released as the waste which the roots crave. This factor, combined with their short generational time makes them real feeding machines. Undoubtedly there are micronutrients also processed and absorbed in this cycle. There are still many mysteries which research has yet to unfold or are not yet known to this author.
This is not the end. The concert continues. The bacteria/archaea also consume the ammonia (N) which is now bioavailable to them, so are in competition with the plant for these nutrients. Because of this, if there are no predators or insufficient numbers to consume the bacteria/archaea they could potentially lock up the N. When the plant is growing it is in a vegetative state and requires a large load of available nitrogen (N) so it is advantageous for it to continue this release of carbon and maintain a balance of bacteria/archaea and protozoa, while uptaking just the right amounts of nutrients. Don’t get me wrong. There are other players in this orchestra, either playing subdued roles or waiting their turn to play. There are higher order animals like mites, other microarthropods and worms. There are various forms of fungi, most of which are degraders but some of which are mycorrhizal. These all have roles in breaking down organic matter into a form which can then be mineralized by the plant’s bacteria/archaea team or delivered directly to the roots.
When the plant receives its signal from the upper world, above the soil, that it is time to switch gears and produce flowers and or fruit, its nutrient requirement changes. Although the mechanics are not well known to this author, studies indicate that the plant then increases the uptake of the ammonia (N) (bioavailable nitrogen) and reduces or stops excreting the carbon which feeds the bacteria/archaea. This effectively starves the bacteria/archaea which will react by dying or becoming dormant. This of course results in a similar reaction by the protozoa and bacterial feeding nematode population. The mycorrhizal fungi previously mentioned is then triggered into increased growth and production. Studies have indicated that the transference of bioavailable phosphorus and potassium to the roots occur mainly as a function of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal hyphae in symbiotic relationship with the roots of the plant. The fungal hyphae (microscopic strands) grow right into the root cells and exchange nutrients. In exchange for carbon, once again released by the plant, the fungal hyphae delivers the required bioavailable nutrients to the root system. The fungal structure derives these nutrients from organic matter and food sources in the soil, some naturally processed by the other players as previously mentioned. It is my hypothesis that the form of carbon released to stimulate the mycorrhizal activity is of a varied molecular structure from that released to promote the bacteria/archaea population previously discussed, however I have no direct data to substantiate this. There are often different types of bacteria which accompany mycorrhizal fungi, adhering to the fungal hyphae in a symbiotic relationship. It is thought that these bacterial species function to exchange nutrients with the fungi as well as to protect the fungal hyphae from consumption by other microbes and even contribute to the protection of the plant from pathogenic fungi. There are other types of mycorrhizal fungi (ectomycorrhizal) which encapsulate roots rather than entering them but these are mostly associated with trees in the temperate and boreal regions.
So you see it is quite a complex arrangement which the plant conducts or controls and there are many facets which yet remain a mystery.
\*\* Addendum to Organic Growing From a Microbial Perspective
Okay, since I wrote Organic Growing from a Microbial Perspective I’ve received feedback which clearly outlines the need to explain the ‘chemicals killing beneficial soil microbes thing’, the role of NPK ratings as well as the pollutants statement. This feedback is justifiable. Please bear with the redundancy of the following. It reflects my attempt to be thorough.
It may be so, that some beneficial microbial life is out and out killed by chemical fertilizers but the more likely cause of death occurs over an extended period which I’ll attempt to explain.
There are bacteria/archaea that will happily feed on chemical fertilizers. Indeed, there are bacteria that will 'feast' on diesel fuel. It is more likely that the use of chemical fertilizers negatively effect soil biota over a period of time. Chemical N (for example) is (to my knowledge) delivered to the roots of plants in ionic form, bypassing the whole microbial nutrient loop, which occurs through degraded organic matter being delivered in several processes; one major way being by bacterial/archaeal [sic] predation by protozoa (& bacterial feeding nematodes). It follows logically that if chemical fertilizers are used over an extended period (days? months? years?) that the microbial nutrient cycle will slow and/or cease.
The other side to this is that plants emit compounds from their roots which feed bacteria/archaea and fungi (of species conducive to their survival[?]) as an active participant in this microbial nutrient loop. Logically, if the plant is receiving direct feed ionic nutrients it is likely to slow and/or cease this process.
I compare this to a patient receiving intravenous feeding for a period of time and then needing to slowly adjust to real food again when the IV is discontinued.
The effects over a period of time (days? months? years?) will likely cause a die off of soil biota of a particular microbial consortia but may stimulate the growth of another microbial consortia (possibly/probably not as balanced and beneficial as the natural one), possibly causing disease.
I hypothesize another factor that may have effect is that when the plant is an active participant in the microbial nutrient cycle it 'decides' what nutrients it requires in time shifts unknown to us. If we are using chemical fertilizers quite likely much goes unused by the plant or is absorbed by the plant unnecessarily, perhaps promoting disease. The unused chemicals pass into the groundwater and streams or into the atmosphere. We've all heard the detriments around that and this is the pollution to which I refer.
What about NPK in Natural Growing?
I’ll try to write something up which illustrates the difference between nutrient processing and utilization from a chemical and natural (or organic) standpoint (for want of a better word). The following information and opinion is stated by me and is derived from the citations and links provided. I use the words ‘apparently’ and ‘appears’ because I believe knowledge and science is fluid. I also don’t pretend to understand everything perfectly and may need correcting. Just because we know the Earth is not flat does not mean we know everything about it.
To simplify things I’ll restrict the discussion to the plant’s use of nitrogen (N). The forms of N which plant roots are able to uptake are in ionic form or soluble. These soluble forms of N are ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-). Very simply stated these soluble forms of N are instantly available in chemical N and there is no need for any bacterial/archaeal (B/A) mineralization to make them available to the roots of plants. There is some indication that some soluble ammonium is utilized by B/A and mineralized into nitrates, however this appears (to me) somewhat an opportunistic occurrence (from the B/A perspective). So yes we can concur that B/A eats and thrives on some chemically provided ions but this action is not a necessary one for the plant to uptake exactly the same ions as are being consumed by the B/A. In certain circumstances the B/A will be in competition with the plant for these nutrients. So it appears that plants can grow in this fashion without interaction by mineralizing B/A. It appears that the chemically provided ions (soluble N) completely bypass the microbial nutrient cycle.
With natural or organic growing, N ( R-NH2 ) for the plant is contained (sequestered) in a non-soluble (non-ionic) form in organic matter (or in the case of the gardener; compost and other soil foods). It is true that there are certain known bacteria (and now some archaea) which directly fix and supply ionic forms of N to the roots of plants and this is an area where ‘we’ are still learning so all is not known by any stretch. However soil scientists have discovered and it is common knowledge (as knowledge goes) that the bulk of NH4+ and NO3- are delivered to the roots of plants by protozoa (flagellates, amoebae and ciliates). This occurs in a complex network ostensibly, controlled in large degree by the plant. The plant releases compounds from the roots which feed B/A, thereby increasing the B/A population. The B/A consumes/processes forms of R-NH2 or forms which are pre-degraded by fungi and or other B/A. The B/A further multiply with a good supply of food and their large population encourages the excysting (hatching from cysts) and dividing of protozoa. The protozoa prey upon the B/A and in an approximate 30 minute period complete the excretion of NH4+ and/or NO3- available to the roots of the plants. Apparently protozoa only utilize 30 to 40 percent of the nutrient consumed making 60 to 70% available to plants and many have a division cycle of 2 hours so the efficiency of this nutrient delivery system is considerable. Just as it began, the microbial N cycle can be rapidly shut down by chemical emissions from the plant. It is apparent that the nutrient needs of the plant can change within short periods (perhaps in hours). There is much yet unknown, however I hypothesize that even disease control may be effected by a sudden reduction of N in the rhizosphere. This is certainly something which cannot be effectively manipulated by chemical N applications.
My goal in writing this was to illustrate the stark differences between the use by a plant of chemically provided ions and those derived through the microbial nutrient cycle. I believe I have succeeded. There are other ways which plants obtain N, such as through fungal interactions but that is nature; always have a back up.
I did fail to find information detailing the effects of chemical soluble N on protozoa populations. Although we humans have great confidence in our ability to mimic natural molecules sometimes we discover it is the subtle variances going unnoticed which end up having the greatest effects.
Some References;
Email me if you wish to track down these references.
Protozoa and plant growth: 2003;
the microbial loop in soil revisited; Michael Bonkowski;
Rhizosphere Ecology Group, Institut für Zoologie, Technische Universität Darmstadt,
Darmstadt, Germany
Soil microbial loop and nutrient uptake by plants: a test
using a coupled C:N model of plant–microbial interactions
Xavier Raynaud Jean-Christophe Lata
Paul W. Leadley
Plant Soil
DOI 10.1007/s11104-006-9003-9
The mycorrhiza helper bacteria revisited; 2007 P. Frey-Klett, J. Garbaye and M. Tarkka
Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismes, Champenoux, France;
UFZ-Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholz Centre for Environmental
Research, Halle, Germany
Modern Soil Microbiology; 2nd edition 2007 - Chapter 6 - Protozoa and Other Protista in Soil
Marianne Clarholm, Michael Bonkowski, and Bryan Griffiths
Soil protozoa: an under-researched microbial group gaining momentum
Marianne Clarholm
Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7026, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
Soil Biology & Biochemistry 37 (2005) 811–817
SOIL BIOTA, SOIL SYSTEMS, AND PROCESSES
David C. Coleman
University of Georgia
I created a PDF from a write up I found on the WSU website. I created this without permission but I believe the authors won't mind. I think some may find it helps to clarify the N cycle, etc.
[NPK Cycle](http://microbeorganics.com/NPK%20cycle.pdf)
The link for the write up is <http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/eb1722/eb1722.html>
**How to Apply All This to Horticultural Activities**
You say, okay so that’s how it works but how do I apply that to my growing situation? The answer is pretty simple really. You need to assure that there is organic matter, mostly in the form of composted plant and animal (manure) substances in or on your soil for a microbial inoculant and food source. Additionally you can add microbial foodstocks such as diluted fish hydrolysate and molasses and kelp meal, alfalfa meal and rock phosphate and other clay and rock powders if available. It is very good to include rock phosphate in your composting process if you are making your own. Rock phosphate in the compost adds a long lasting source of phosphorus for microbes to draw from. At time of planting it is highly beneficial to place some mycorrhizal fungi spores in the hole or on the root system. You can research the best strain of fungi for the plants you are growing and purchase the spores from a number of suppliers. [ <http://www.mycorrhizae.com> <http://www.fungi.com> ] You may also consider seeding companion edible mushrooms which provide a dual benefit of cycling nutrients to your plants and providing your breakfast. You may research this at the fungi.com site. The rest is governed by the plant, as previously discussed, assuming that all the necessary components are available from the organic matter and additional foodstocks provided. In my opinion manipulation of the pH is not a wise practice in natural growing unless dramatic acidity or alkalinity are measured. Soil with a healthy microbial population tends to self regulate the pH. One should disturb the soil as little as possible so as to leave fungal growth and strands intact. I realize this is challenging when growing in containers. I have run trials where wooden bins were constructed (2’x3’x1.5’ deep) where soil was successfully left intact after annual plants were harvested and replanted over several seasons. In between plantings composting worms were introduced to help consume the residual dead roots and plant matter. The worms were later trapped out. Compost tea was applied regularly to boost the soil microbial population. Over time there developed something of a miniature ecosystem complete with mushrooms, rove beetles and other beneficial bugs. If you are growing in smaller containers it is a good idea to provide a high volume of quality compost and or vermicompost at the onset.
Some people grow herbs (like cannabis) and edible produce in containers organically. Because this has been practiced extensively utilizing chemical fertilizers, there is a period where growers have flushed the soil with copious amounts of water, the thought being that they are removing the harsh or harmful chemicals from the plant tissues. Too late! Those chemicals are already integrated into what you plan to put on your dinner plate or in your medicinal tea or pipe. At least that’s my opinion. If you have grown your produce naturally allowing the plant to be in control, this flushing routine is not only unnecessary but sort of stupid. Since plants are not able to uptake organic nutrients, what exactly would you be flushing away? You might instead be water logging your soil and roots.
**Using Compost Tea**
The use of compost tea (CT) is one of the best ways to inoculate your soil with the beneficial microbes you wish to have for optimum health of your plants. It is also good if your supply of compost or vermicompost is limited, as it multiplies those microbes, we have been discussing, by the millions. Remember the protozoa I mentioned earlier? Well you can brew an aerated compost tea specifically to have a large population of protozoa, usually mostly flagellates. If you have a good quality compost or vermicompost, protozoa will already be present, often in a resting cyst. If you have an efficient aerated brewer you can pretty much count on having a high flagellate (protozoa) population combined with bacteria/archaea and fungal hyphae (not mycorrhizal) at 36 to 44 hours brew time (65 to 72 degrees F). If you have a microscope you can examine the CT periodically to be sure that the microbial population is optimum. The use of aerated compost tea also provides the opportunity to manipulate microbial populations for specific purposes by using various recipes and brew times. You may wish to have high bacterial or fungal numbers for pathogen/disease control or have soil or plants that require a higher population of a microbial type. I have a lot to learn yet of fungal species which can grow in compost tea so until I have learned to identify the species occurring I’m cautious about some of the tricks employed to stimulate fungal hyphae growth in compost. Better to count on good quality compost and vermicompost with natural occurring quantities and species of fungi and use known mycorrhizal and mushroom spores in the soil.
As always, I am open to correction or refinement of what I have written.
Salutations,
Tim
[Back to Contents](#Contents)
Living Soil
The term ‘living soil’ is getting a lot of lip service these days, however a living breathing moving soil is a thing to behold and great to grow with. It just gets better as it becomes more alive. I’d like to try describing to you what this means.
A living soil is comprised of a large variety of creatures, mostly microscopic and single celled. Part of this life is the plant itself but billions of life forms which support this plant and microcosm are arranged hierarchically at a level in the soil to which they have evolved for optimum survival and the wholistic function of their universe.
There are multiple interfaces in the soil. There are millions of small pores throughout, millions of various particles interfacing as aggregate; sand, clay, silt, rock, organic matter, humus and thousands or millions of roots interfacing these.
Besides these areas of contact or buffer, there are some broader distinct fields of transpiration between life forms which thrive within certain steadfast environmental conditions. This is why, as horticulturists, we may achieve living soil through minimal soil disturbance or no-till.
To describe these fields, first lets talk about the soil’s surface. Soil scientists call this the detritusphere, not a very complex name when you consider what detritus encompasses. So here is where stuff falls; everything from leaves to poop and this is where the greatest velocity and frequency of decomposition occurs. The detritus is principally carbon based. The elements of oxygen, nitrogen, light and moisture combine with the microorganisms evolved to this environment to do their job of degradation through consumption. These organisms are specialized to use the components and fuel available in the top layer of the soil, let’s say the top one to three inches dependent on soil type.
At a lower depth they would not function similarly because the fuel would be lacking. The material processed as waste by these microbes is then passed down to the next set of microorganisms evolved to process that modified substance.
If the raw detritus is worked into the soil, without first being degraded by surface dwellers, then the subsurface microbes can become overwhelmed (if I can use such an expression for microbes) with the task and can easily use up any and all nitrogen at hand decomposing this organic matter, thereby depriving local plants of this nitrogen. This can result in what some refer to as nitrogen lock out or lock up.
The next interface is where openings are created by earthworms, nematodes and other larger creatures, rather comically called the drilosphere by scientists. This is an area where some of the previously described material is conveyed by the bugs n’worms along with bug n’ worm poo and bioslime. The bioslime created is important for binding particles and contributing to aggregation. Obviously these create unique passage ways for certain sized organisms, air and water.
Branching off of these passages and stretching into the entire area which we call our living soil is a myriad of various sized openings and caverns. This area is referred to as the porosphere. This is where the meat and potatoes of the soil grows, is stored and is hunted. It is this zone which interfaces with the roots, which as most know, is called the rhizosphere.
Of critical importance is the conjoining matter, the particles or chunks which comprise the soil itself. These pieces once bound together by bacterial and fungal ‘bioslime’ is referred to as aggregated material and how they cohese is what forms the aggregatusphere (another complex term ;>). The aggregation is bound by fungal hyphae, roots and various gel-like polymers and carbohydrates excreted from plants and creatures alike.
When the gardener/horticulturist first mixes their soil, they can have some pretty
good control over the size of pores created, balanced with
decomposed/aged/composted organic matter.
The various sized particulate creates the multitudinous openings and caverns which make survival habitats for certain small organisms like bacteria and archaea and hunting grounds and habitat for some larger organisms like protozoa, nematodes and rotifers. These spaces flow with water and air allowing bacteria, archaea and fungi to mine the stored/sequestered nutrients, from vermicompost, compost, humus, clay/rock and other organic matter, which are then passed via the rhizosphere in a number of ways to the roots. There are miniature pockets of water bound to soil particles which are necessary to the survival of many microorganisms.
Methods of Nutrient Assimilation in the Rhizosphere
There are a variety of ways in which plants uptake nutrients organically/naturally. The majority of relevant current research indicates that most nutrients are derived from the predation of bacteria and archaea by protozoa and nematodes. The waste produced by the larger organisms is in ionic form, being directly taken up by the roots. In addition to this there are mycorrhizal associations between certain types of fungi and roots whereby the fungi provide the roots with nutrients and receive nutrients in exchange.
The most active protozoa contributing to this nutrient loop are flagellates and naked amoebae, however ciliates and testate amoebae cycle nutrients to a lesser degree in an aerobic soil. As the flagellates and naked amoebae consume bacteria/archaea they utilize somewhere from 10 to 40% of the energy intake for sustenance, dependent on species. The excess is excreted in a (ionic) form directly available to the roots of the plants. This means a plant can receive a whopping 60 to 90% nutrient bonus from this exchange.
As I have indicated previously the plant is not necessarily passive in this process. Studies show that plants emit certain carbons from their roots which attract and feed specific types of bacteria/archaea. Once these bacteria/archaea begin to divide, they begin pigging out on the adjacent organic matter (using organic acids) and the population explodes, thereby stimulating a resultant protozoa population explosion. Talk about a return on your investment.
We should not leave the bacterial feeding nematode out of this. They also cycle nutrients via the microbial nutrient loop in similar fashion by predation of bacteria/archaea and excreting bio-available nutrients. One difference is that they require about 50 to 70% of the energy intake for sustenance, however they are much, much larger. I suppose that due to their size, they cannot get to some spots that protozoa do. The other consideration is that bacteria can multiply every 20 minutes and protozoa every 2 hours, while nematode eggs take 4 to 7 days to 'hatch'. Tough to do the math.
Roots also exude various organic acids like carbonic acid, citric acid, malate, oxolate and several others. These acids solubilize sequestered nutrients into an ionic form which they can assimilate. [e.g. dissolved organic nitrogen (DON); phosphorus; (DOP)] Some bacteria and archaea (besides the nutrient loop previously described) excrete similar acids which degrade organic matter and provide nutrients directly to the roots or the soil solution (an area in the rhizosphere where nutrients are in solution) and some fix atmospheric nitrogen and are symbiotic with legumes.
[note: fungi also excrete similar organic acids to release/degrade nutrients from organic matter]
CEC
Where does CEC (cation exchange capacity) come into this picture? The CEC is your soil’s capacity to hold nutrients. It is based on your soil components having a negative charge and holding on to positively charged nutrients. Various types of clay like bentonite, organic matter and sphagnum peatmoss have excellent CEC.
It is this researcher/gardener’s understanding or hypothesis that the nutrients which are held in place in the soil are released by the various types of acids (citric, carbonic…others) mentioned previously. These acids are exuded by bacteria, archaea or roots to create hydrogen ions which then displace (exchange for) into the soil solution, the nutrient ions required by the plant. In the case of bacteria/archaea which have consumed these nutrients, they are themselves consumed by protozoa and nematodes which they expel as waste in ionic form nutrient immediately available to the plant, as previously described.
It appears that this method of uptaking the desired nutrient is more 'economically' viable for the plant. Rather than expending its precious resources to mineralize (release) these nutrients, the bacteria, archaea, protozoa and nematode pull it off for her.
Soil Composition?
In my opinion, the number one method of nutrient uptake listed above that the horticulturist can influence is the predation of bacteria/archaea by protozoa (and perhaps nematodes). By ensuring a good soil base with a variety of pore sizes but with lots of adequate drainage, moisture retaining substance and composted organic matter, one will provide good habitat and hiding spots for these organisms to flourish.
When creating your soil mix bear in mind that you wish to create long lasting spaces or pores of various sizes so it is best to include some very slow to decompose organic matter and some rock or sand-like particles along with some of your faster degrading compost to see you through your first season as your soil matrix comes to life.
I won't get into specific ingredients, as others are better able to list these. Besides, I'm a believer in using what is close at hand, easily available and cheap.
There is another sphere of influence in the soil which I feel is of importance and that is the interface between stone/rock and the upper portions of the soil. For container growing there is going to be variance in accord with your container size and depth and the way you wish to arrange things. I do believe that there are groups of microorganisms (bacteria/archaea & fungi) which work at certain depths with limited to no oxygen which mineralize nutrients from stone, rock and rock powders. In similar fashion to the surface dwellers, the nutrient waste which they process is passed up the chain and then to the roots. Within this hypothesis there may be some logic in placing a layer of small stones or gravel in the bottom of a container. Of course this makes more sense in a larger, deeper container.
Anecdotally, I surmise that a variety of colors of rock/stone is beneficial. This is more of a gut feeling and is derived from the idea that as humans we assimilate more vitamins and minerals by choosing diversely colored foods.
I hope I have conveyed that allowing microbes to live and function hierarchically at their optimum position undisturbed is how a horticulturist best achieves living soil. By leaving soil undisturbed fungal hyphae circuitry remains established, mycorrhizal colonization of roots takes place more quickly, networks of microbial nutrient exchange stay in optimum position.
Of course it is a decision which each grower must make on their own, balancing what is feasible and convenient to the space available and to their lifestyle and ability. I can attest that my experience with this method of container growing is that the soil just seems to get better with each season.
It is important to keep it alive through additions of organic matter, topdressed and I believe a minimum volume of 5 gallons and 14 inches depth is important. A larger volume is likely better. Allowing the soil to be populated by small arthropods, nematodes and perhaps earthworms is of great value.
In parting I’d like to avoid any confusion between the distinct areas of the soil habitat I’ve discussed and a recent popularized growing method involving nutrient layers. The level of soil (top 2 to 3 feet) in which most plants grow, naturally or agriculturally is quite homogenous as I have described above and raw nutrients are naturally added at the surface as I have described and not frequently via surprise layers or spikes.
I’ve listed some references and reading resources below.
1/ A Hierarchical Approach to Evaluating the Significance of Soil Biodiversity to Biogeochemical Cycling
2/ MH Beare, DC Coleman, DA Crossley Jr, PF Hendrix, EP Odum
Plant & Soil Journal; 170; 5-22, 1995 ; Netherlands
3/ Regulation of soil organic matter dynamics and microbial activity
in the drilosphere and the role of interactions with other edaphic functional domain
George G. Browna, Isabelle Baroisa, Patrick Lavelle
Eur. J. Soil Biol. 36 (2000) 177-198
4/ The role of biology in the formation stabilization and degredation of soil structure
JM Oades; Dept. of Soil Science, University of Adelaide, Australia – 1992
5/ Resource, biological community and soil functional stability dynamics at the soil–litter interface
Manqiang Liu ⇑, Xiaoyun Chen, Shi Chen, Huixin Li, Feng Hu
Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China 2011
6/ Microbial diversity and soil functions
P. NANNIPIERI, J. ASCHER, M. T. CECCHERINI, L. LANDI, G. PIETRAMELLARA & G. RENELLA
Dipartimento della Scienza del Suolo e Nutrizione della Pianta, Universita` degli Studi di Firenze, 50144 Firenze, Italy
European Journal of Soil Science, December 2003, 54, 655–670
7/ The Rhizosphere: An Ecological Perspective - Edited by Z.G. Cardon & J.L. Whitbeck. B. M. McKenzie – 2008
8/ Modern Soil Microbiology, Second Edition by Jan Dirk Van Elsas (Editor), Van Elsas Van Elsas, Janet K Jansson (Editor) – 2006
9/ Organic acids in the rhizosphere – a critical review
David L. Jones
School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK Plant and Soil 205: 25–44, 1998.
10/ Interactions between rhizosphere microorganisms and plants governing iron and phosphorus availability
Petra Marschner, University of Adelaide David Crowley University of California, Riverside, USA and Zed Rengel The University of Western Australia, Australia 2010
11/ A Link Between Citrate and Proton Release by Proteoid Roots of White
Lupin (Lupinus albus L.) Grown Under Phosphorus-deficient Conditions?
Yiyong Zhu, Feng Yan, Christian Zörb and Sven Schubert
Plant Cell Physiol. 46(6): 892–901 (2005)
12/ Soil Science Extension
North Carolina State University
SOIL FERTILITY BASICS
NC Certified Crop Advisor Training
Steven C. Hodges
13/ Organic acids in the rhizosphere and root
characteristics of soybean (Glycine max) and cowpea
(Vigna unguiculata) in relation to phosphorus uptake in
poor savanna soils
African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 7 (20), pp. 3620-3627, 20 October, 2008
14/ Role of root derived organic acids in the mobilization of nutrients from the rhizosphere David R Jones & Peter R Darrah; Cornell & Oxford Universities
Plant & Soil Journal; 166; 247-257 1994
15/ The role of root-released organic acids and anions in phosphorus transformations in a sandy loam soil from Yantai, China
African Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 6(3), pp. 674-679, 23 January, 2012
16/ Nutrient uptake among subspecies of cucurbita pepo L. Is Related to Exudation of Citric Acid – Martin PN Gent, Zakia D Parrish & Jason C White
American Soc. Of Horticultural Science 130(5); 782-788, 2005
17/ Root exudates as mediators of mineral acquisition in low-nutrient
environments
Felix D. Dakora & Donald A. Phillips Plant and Soil 245: 35–47, 2002.
18/ Nutrient Management for Fruit & Vegetable Crop Production
Peter M. Bierman and Carl J. Rosen
Department of Soil, Water, and Climate
University of Minnesota
19/ Protozoa and plant growth:
the microbial loop in soil revisited
Michael Bonkowski
Rhizosphere Ecology Group, Institut für Zoologie, Technische Universität Darmstadt,
Schnittspahnstr. 3, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany - 2003
[Back to Contents](#Contents)
Root Exudates
A while back I read this statement on the internet forums;
"I have only been looking into root exudates a couple of years now, but not something that I dwell on as I have good root systems."
This made me realize that there is a large presence of misunderstanding about the function of root excretions as they relate
to nutrient uptake and how they form the basis of natural (organic) growth.
I have written brief statements on the subject previously when discussing the microbial nutrient loop in the rhizosphere (root zone),
plant control of homeostasis & nutrient provision and the microbial hierarchy of living soil.
I read through some of the more recent publications regarding root exudations with hopes new research might help me to
give a simple explanation of the nutrient cycle related to organic acids secreted by roots and microbes. No such luck.
There are some advanced studies but they actually reveal more complexity and an overlapping role of the molecular compounds exuded
by the roots into the soil. The (basic) exudates include organic acids, amino acids, carbohydrates (sugars) and hormones.
These influence many functions from nutrient assimilation/provision to pathogen & pest control to growth promotion or prevention of neighboring plants.
There is new research which seems to validate some hypotheses I proposed around 10 years ago concerning plant roots discharging various molecular compounds (structures) to feed or attract specific microorganisms which in turn process (provide) specific nutrients or services.
In this small article I'll limit the discussion to exudates involved in the acquisition of nutrients into the soil solution where they can be up-taken by roots (plants).
I'll be attempting to express this as simply as possible for the sake of the reader and the author. Please let me know if or where I have erred.
Bear in mind that this information is not given as a growing prescription but only to help growers comprehend what is going on and to be somewhat supportive of living soil horticultural systems.
Function In The Soil
To get an important definition out of the way, in this write-up, soil solution is that moisturized film adjacent to roots where nutrients become bio-available.
This zone can be in constant flux as certain nutrients enter into it, mostly ionized and are immediately up-taken by roots and microorganisms.
Most growers have now been made aware of the meaning of CEC (cation exchange capacity), wherein positive charged cations are adhered to negatively charged organic matter or clay particles in the soil. The greater the CEC the greater the capacity to store these types of nutrients.
Furthermore, many growers know these nutrients can be released into the soil solution as (bio-available) ions by hydrogens (bonds) correlating to the positive charge (number of electrons lost) bonded to the nutrient (cation) molecule. This is the cation exchange where nutrient ions are made available for plant root uptake.
This is the power of hydrogen. Indeed the power or potential of hydrogen in the soil solution is what pH is.
What growers may not be aware of is, where these hydrogens come from. Two major sources of them are soil microbes (bacteria, archaea & fungi) and roots.
They are part of the molecular structures known as organic acids which are one of the root exudates. I'm only going to attempt discussing the nutrient acquisition role of organic acids, however they serve a number of functions, including soil pedogenosis (or development) and even as nutrients themselves.
Organic acids play a major role in nutrient acquisition for the plant, however as mentioned earlier there are some other compounds at play in the scenario.
There is some cross over between function of organic acids, amino acids and carbohydrates wherein each sometimes is microbial food or functions to release nutrients.
There are also still many unknowns. For the purposes of the situation I'm discussing, organic acids are more nutrient release agents, while amino acids and carbohydrates are more microbial food (attractant).
Please know that my interpretation is open to criticism as I endeavor to simplify the complex. I am encouraged that the unfolding pictures viewed in my mind some years back have been modestly validated.
In simple terms the plant itself excretes the organic acids which free up desired nutrients stored in soil and organic matter but it also excretes carbohydrates and amino acids that attract and feed bacteria, archaea and fungi which pump out these same (or differing) organic acids. In this way the nutrient economy multiplies for the plant, with less energy expenditure by the plant.
To try to understand what occurs when organic acids, exuded by roots and microbes, displace cations (nutrients) held by soil particles, let's first look at the net charges comprising these nutrient compounds.
Common Positively Charged Soil Cations
(can be nutrients, micronutrients and [neutral/harmful] )
calcium (Ca+2) - net positive charge; ionized by losing 2 electrons; 2 hydrogens required to release
magnesium (Mg+2) - net positive charge; ionized by losing 2 electrons; 2 hydrogens required to release
potassium (K+) - net positive charge; ionized by losing 1 electron; 1 hydrogen required to release
ammonium (NH4+) - net positive charge; ionized by losing 4 electrons; 4 hydrogens required to release
and so on.....
iron (Fe+2) - net positive charge; ionized by losing 2 electrons
manganese (Mn+2) - net positive charge; ionized by losing 2 electrons
zinc (Zn+2) - net positive charge; ionized by losing 2 electrons
copper (Cu+2) - net positive charge; ionized by losing 2 electrons
cobalt (Co+2) - net positive charge; ionized by losing 2 electrons
nickel (Ni+2) - net positive charge; ionized by losing 2 electrons
[aluminium (Al+3) - is toxic to most plant species at <5.5 pH soil solution]
[hydrogen (H+) - functions to affect pH]
[sodium (Na+) - rarely used as a nutrient; plays a role in pH and osmosis;]
Then look at the number of hydrogens bonded to the organic acids, considering that an equal number of hydrogens is required for the number of electrons to alter the compounds in order to release them as ions into the soil solution.
Some Common Organic Acids
(excreted by plants and microorganisms)
acetic acid, CH3COOH - total of 4 hydrogens
citric acid, H2C6H6O7 - total of 8 hydrogens
fumaric acid, C4H4O4 - total of 4 hydrogens
formic acid, HCOOH - total of 2 hydrogens
oxalic acid, H2C2O4 - total of 2 hydrogens
malic acid, H2C4H4O5 - total of 6 hydrogens
malonic acid, CH2(COOH)2 - total of 4 hydrogens
propionic acid, CH3CH2COOH - total of 6 hydrogens
succinic acid, C4H6O4 - total of 6 hydrogens
tartaric acid, H2C4H4O6 - total of 6 hydrogens
gluconic acid, C6H12O7 - total of 12 hydrogens
For example, by looking at the two lists above we can estimate that citric acid could potentially release 4 calcium ions, if citric acid is specific to calcium and all 8 hydrogens are exchangeable (8 divided by 2).
I've not researched information showing the specific combinations of organic acids exuded by roots and microbes to implement the corresponding release of specific nutrients into the soil solution (excepting citric acid mobilizing phosphorus & calcium). However one can see by looking at the numbers of hydrogens bonded to the various molecular structures of organic acids that there are corresponding positive charges [or numbers of electrons] on nutrient compounds which can be exchanged for (or knocked off) to ionize the molecule released into the soil solution.
"The process of gaining or losing electrons from a neutral atom or molecule is called ionization." ~ [boundless.com]
There are also anions which are negatively charged nutrient molecules. These are not stored in most soil types.
In most soils anions are mobile through the soil solution and are supplied ongoing by fertilizers or as they are degraded from organic matter and minerals and held within bodies of microbes until excreted or otherwise transported to the plant. There is involvement of organic acids in acquisition of anions in similar fashion to cations, particularly of insolubilized phosphate.
Common Soil Anions
chlorine (Cl-) - net negative charge; ionized by gaining 1 electron
nitrate (NO3-) - net negative charge; ionized by gaining 3 electrons
sulfide (S2-) - net negative charge; ionized by gaining 2 electrons
sulfate (SO42-) ....and so on
phosphate (PO43-).
molybdenum (MoO4)-
The Role of Predators
Beyond or on top of this method of nutrient assimilation is another step up of the nutrient economy initiated by the plant. Earlier I mentioned the plant attracts and feeds bacteria, archaea and fungi (with excretions of carbohydrates and amino acids) to in turn release the same organic acids. These organisms feed on some of the ions as well so one could think that the plant is stupid to encourage this competition, however as the bacteria and archaea multiply, protozoa (flagellates, ciliates & amoebae) are attracted to the rhizosphere (soil solution).
They begin feasting on the bacteria & archaea and dividing as quickly as every two hours [or even less?]. Nature's clever hedge fund has set up a system wherein the energy requirement for these soil protozoa is 10 to 40 percent of what they intake. What (energy) they expel is 60 to 90% of a multiplied ionic form nutrient, of course bio-available to the roots of the plant.
Bacterial feeding nematodes attracted to the grazing area contribute similar nutrient value although with a lesser return on investment.
The fungi serve to degrade matter and materials to a form available to other organisms and some form mycorrhizal or endophytic relationships with the plant.
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To Ponder;
Does the predation cycle use a similar exchange system as we see in the cation exchange between plant roots and soil/clay particles? Perhaps in reverse so the microorganism's needs vary from those of the plant?
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These cycles can take place for up to 24 hours (or more?) or may terminate within a couple of hours.
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To Ponder;
Because of all this hydrogen spilling into the soil solution, I am led to realize that the pH must fluctuate in different areas and at different times according to the needs of the plant, organisms & soil.
If using natural growing techniques, hypothetically this is controlled by interplay between root excretions and microbial activity. I therefore wonder what effect, control of the overall pH in soil has beyond a gross scale target where soil is very acidic or alkaline.
Can one accurately check pH levels in the soil solution and is the time/nutrient phase it is tested in, a factor?
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Boron, The Weird One
I've got to mention briefly that during researching for this little essay, I discovered a number of seemingly contradictory and incorrect (outdated) statements about boron and its assimilation by plants.
Boron originates from cosmic rays along with two other elements found on earth lithium and beryllium. [This makes for some interesting reading for those interested; think black holes; or God's pixie dust]
Most information seemed to state that boron was just there, mobile in the soil and taken up easily if present and toxic if there is too much. My first clue was that boron (B2O3) carries a mix of positive and negative
ions so requires more energy to ionize it to a form assimilated by roots. I could not resolve within my puny brain logic, how it is taken into the plant.
Some further looking revealed that it is actually the borate ion (BO3-) or boric acid (H3BO3) which is the form of boron taken up from the soil as an uncharged molecule.
These are mostly stored in humus materials of organic matter. They are moved across (through) the cell wall membrane via protein transporters.
These proteins were revealed through research within the last 16 years or so. [another fun research project for some]
So guess what? Uptake of boron is not a passive undertaking. It is regulated by plants. You might ask, then how do plants acquire boron toxicity from soils with high levels of the boron constituents?
One needs to ponder again whether this could be the result of human interference in one form or another.
Closing Statement
Like I said earlier, this is not meant to be any form of growing prescription. I've been accused many times of saying that growing is all about organic matter and microorganisms and even that one must have a microscope to grow adequately. Not so.
I've always stated that I'm just about trying to explain what is going on, to the best of my ability and when it comes to gardening, I say, be all inclusive so long as you are doing no (to little) harm.
It's not about minerals OR microbes and compost, it's about minerals, organic matter AND microbes.
Many growers are in it to push the envelope, some for fun, like giant pumpkin growers, some for profit or bragging rights, like cannabis growers looking for those giant dense 'buds' [pot language for flowers].
The thing is; giant pumpkin growers don't eat their produce (I think).
Many have learned that natural growing produces higher quality vegetables, fruit and herbs (equivalent of nature farming, not the commercial meaning of natural).
If you want your tomatoes or cannabis to increase in yield go with caution and read, watch and listen. Lest we forget the tobacco growers who thought phosphorus fertilizer was their key to the vault; the price was high levels of polonium 210 and lead 210 stored in tissues of glandular trichomes which some hypothesize is the true cause of lung cancer in smokers.
I hope I've managed to convey at least the basic function of root exudates for nutrient acquisition and that with natural growing the plant is not a sponge to just suck up the ratios of ingredients provided.
One must just ensure that all components are provided in adequate amounts and in a stable form degradable by the organisms.
Examine all information, including mine, with skepticism.
Resources Used (in no particular order)
Organic acid behavior in soils – misconceptions and knowledge gaps
D.L. Jones1,3, P.G. Dennis1, A.G. Owen1 & P.A.W. van Hees2
Plant and Soil 248: 31–41, 2003.
Root exudation of sugars, amino acids, and organic acids by maize as affected by nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and iron deficiency
Lilia C. Carvalhais, Paul G. Dennis, Dmitri Fedoseyenko, Mohammad-Reza Hajirezaei, Rainer Borriss, and Nicolaus von Wirén ~ J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2010, 000, 1–9
Aliphatic, Cyclic, and Aromatic Organic Acids, Vitamins, and Carbohydrates in Soil: A Review
Valerie Vranova, Klement Rejsek, and Pavel Formanek
The ScientificWorld Journal Volume 2013, Article ID 524239
Organic acid induced release of nutrients from metal-stabilized soil organic matter – The unbutton model
Marianne Clarholm, Ulf Skyllberg, Anna Rosling
Soil Biology and Biochemistry; vol. 84, May 2015
Gluconic acid production by bacteria to liberate phosphorus from
insoluble phosphate complexes
M. Stella and M.S. Halimi ~ J. Trop. Agric. and Fd. Sc. 43(1)(2015): 41 – 53
Sodium as nutrient and toxicant
Herbert J. Kronzucker, Devrim Coskun, Lasse M. Schulze, Jessie R. Wong
& Dev T. Britto ~ Plant Soil (2013) 369:1–23
Interaction of micronutrients with major nutrients with special reference to potassium UJWALA RANADE-MALVI
Institute for Micronutrient Technology, Pune - 411 048, India
Karnataka J. Agric. Sci.,24 (1) 106-109) 2011
Aluminium Toxicity Targets in Plants
S´onia Silva ~ Journal of Botany; Volume 2012, Article ID 219462
Role of proteinaceous amino acids released in root exudates in nutrient acquisition from the rhizosphere
DL Jones, AC Edwards, K Donachie, PR Darrah ~ Plant & Soil, Jan. 1994
Amino acids in the rhizosphere: From plants to microbes
LUKE A. MOE ~ American Journal of Botany 100(9): 1692–1705. 2013
BC. Open Textbooks - Introductory Chemistry
Michigan State University Extension
University of Hawaii - Soil Management Manoa
Arkansas State University - Department of Chemistry & Physics
pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
http://www.boundless.com - chemistry
Elcamino College - http://www.elcamino.edu
GPB Media - gpb.org
http://www.sciencegeek.net
http://www.endmemo.com
http://www.agion.de
The Only Three Heavy Elements In The Universe That Aren't Made In Stars by Ethan Siegel - Forbes - July 1, 2015
Separation and Analysis of Boron Isotope in High Plant by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Qingcai Xu, Yuliang Dong, Huayu Zhu, and Aide Sun
International Journal of Analytical Chemistry Volume 2015, Article ID 364242
Unravelling the interactions of Boron with natural
organic matter (NOM) on a molecular level
András Gáspár ~ Thesis presentation 2008
Lithium-Beryllium-Boron: Origin and Evolution
Elisabeth Vangioni-Flam, Michel Casse and Jean Audouze
astro-ph/9907171 June 1999
Effect of Composted Organic Matter on Boron Uptake by Plants
U. Yermiyahu, R. Keren, and Y. Chen ~ SOIL SCI. SOC. AM. J., VOL. 65, SEPTEMBER–OCTOBER 2001
Boron transport in plants: co-ordinated regulation of transporters
Kyoko Miwa and Toru Fujiwara ~ Annals of Botany 105: 1103–1108, 2010
So You Wanna Build A Compost Tea Brewer
Terms:
\* = degree(s); CT = compost tea; ACT = aerated compost tea; O2 = oxygen; CO2 = carbon dioxide
DO2 = dissolved oxygen; CFM = cubic feet per minute; PPM = parts per million
There are several ways to make your own compost tea brewer which may not produce the equivalent results to some commercially available models but should provide you with a microbial extract you can apply to your soil and plants. When I first started messing around with brewers, I experimented with what we had lying in our various junk heaps around the farm; cast-offs from buying the wrong part at the plumbing store, outdated irrigation systems, left over pipe, dead vehicles and other modern broken things. Therefore, if you are a junk collector like me, you may already have much of what you require to build a compost tea brewer.
First of all I’d like to make it clear that most aquarium air pumps don’t produce enough air to use in a container larger than 1 gallon when considering making an aerated brewer. So don’t even try the 5 gallon pail with the aquarium pump idea everybody is passing around. You need a minimum 0.05 CFM (cubic feet per minute), open flow of air and an optimum 0.08 CFM per gallon (US) or higher to make aerated compost tea (ACT). ACT should have the DO2 sustained at or above 6 PPM. Generally, aquarium pumps produce around 0.02 to 0.16 CFM. Another generality is that 25 watts of power usually produces 0.75 to 1.0 CFM in diaphragm air pumps. The wattage is usually marked on the pump which will help you figure out the approximate output. I’ll cover more on air pumps later.
In the following I will outline some simple methods of building a variety of compost tea makers. I am not going to discuss anaerobic methods at this time. Later on I may add some sketches.
1/ Stir Method: The cheapest way to make compost tea is the old fashioned way. Just add compost to clean, non-chlorinated, water (above 65 degrees F. recommended) and stir like mad with a clean stick or whathaveyou. I’d recommend using about 3 to 5% compost by volume of water and stir it up as often as you can over an 8 to 12 hour period. Some people do it over a 24 hour period and also add some foodstock like molasses, fish hydrolysate and kelp. You can experiment with different times and ingredients and decide for yourself. If you have a microscope, check it out. When you feel that you have a completed compost tea (CT) you can remove it in several ways. If you have just used a 5 gallon pail you can simply let the particulate matter settle and pour the clearer CT off into watering cans or your sprayer.
Filtering;
You can place a submersible pump into a mesh bag as a screen, drop it into the tank (barrel, pail) and pump the CT out. I use a regular cheap sump pump for this with a 800 to 1000 micron mesh bag (about the size of window screen) See the testing I did; [Does Microbial Life Survive Pump Impellers?](#Does_Microbial_Life_Survive_) . You can purchase mesh bags at [www.aquaticeco.com](http://www.aquaticeco.com) or make your own. Likewise, you can filter the CT by placing the same size screen over top of another pail and pour or siphon the CT through the mesh into the other vessel. If residue builds up, stop and clean off the mesh. As residue builds up it stops the passage of the microbes you want. Never run CT through a pipe constrained filter unless essential as part of your irrigation system or spray rig.
2/ The Venturi Method: If you only have a water pump and wish to make a compost tea brewer you can inject air into the water by using a venturi. I have provided a [sketch](http://microbeorganics.com/venturisketch.pdf) and [text](http://microbeorganics.com/venturitext.pdf) showing how to make your own or you can purchase them from <http://www.aquaticeco.com> . Basically the venturi creates a vacuum which interfaces with the water as it passes by, sucking air and mixing it with the water. It is quite an efficient method of oxygenating water. If you have a really tough water pump which does not clog, like a trash pump, you may run this type of brewer without a mesh extractor bag. Most are going to want to use a mesh extractor, so I recommend TEEing your water line downstream from the venturi with one return line suspended above the water and the other return line going into the mesh extractor. Undoubtedly you will require a valve to regulate the flow so all of the water does not just take the easiest route to the pipe suspended over the water. To build a CT brewer beyond the stir method, some basic knowledge of fitting plumbing parts and pipes together is essential, as well as some engineering instincts. If you are not up for this just save yourself the aggravation and buy a brewer. You may use your imagination for a mesh extractor. For a small brewer of 100 gallons or less, 400 microns is an ideal mesh size. Sometimes for large brewers which may run for several days to establish a functional nutrient cycling consortia a larger mesh size like 800 µm may be a better choice. This is because, as noted above, the mesh may clog up a little over time. A friend of mine successfully brewed CT using this method in a 5000 gallon brewer for many years. He used 2, barrel sized mesh extractor bags sewn from landscape cloth. He ran a return line into each bag, which was ¾ full of compost and tied off each bag tightly around the pipe so nothing could get out the top. These were dropped into the water (with his tractor) and 2 other return pipes pumped in oxygenated water. You can use your imagination to create mesh extractors, dependent on the size of your brewer, the materials at hand and what works for you. You can even create a basket which is partially above the surface to prevent particulate escape. These systems are not great for extracting and growing fungal hyphae but they produce bacteria/archaea and protozoa just fine.
The Gas Exchange;
The reason for suspending the other pipe(s) above the water is so it splashes into the water, breaking the water’s surface tension and additionally pushing more air into the water like a water fall or running river does. The surface tension of water is unique in its toughness; it surpasses that of oil. When I first started experimenting with the venturi method I had the return pipe submerged. The effects were profound. As the water filled with air, generated by the venturi, the water level rose, even over flowing my 1200 gallon tank. At the time, I thought this was a good sign that I was oxygenating the water. Sure, I was getting air in but was not getting the maximum dissolved oxygen possible with my system. Later when I learned that gas exchange means, ‘trading one gas for another’, I realized that the surface tension must be broken for the optimum gas exchange to occur. In this case, we are trading carbon dioxide (CO2) for oxygen (O2) or dissolved oxygen (DO2). CO2 must make way for DO2. In water, CO2 has two ways of being dissipated (of which I am aware). It is either used by organisms, like water plants or it must escape at the surface interface. In a brewer we have no plants and the microbes we are growing use O2 and create CO2, so the CO2 must escape at the surface. Because of the high surface tension of water, if we break the surface, this escape or release is facilitated and we improve the efficiency of our CT brewer. Once we started suspending the return pipe above the surface, providing a hardy splash to break the surface, we had no further over flows and the DO2 increased. NOTE: This principle applies to air driven brewers as well. The better the surface tension is broken, the better the capacity to contain DO2 in the water.
3/ The Vortex Method: There are many who claim that running water in a vortex pattern comprised of multiple mini vortices changes the properties of water beneficially. I remain dubious but open-minded. You can form your own opinion on this subject. One thing a vortex brewer is very good for is ensuring a full circulation of all the water and compost added. There can be no ‘dead zones’; none of the feared anaerobic pockets!! There is no point to considering the use of a mesh extractor with a vortex brewer unless you conceive of some genius method of suspending a mesh container in the center of the flow. Therefore this design is for those of you who don’t mind using compost in free suspension and deal with the particulate matter later. A vortex action in a CT brewer is pretty much dependent on the shape of the vessel used, combined with the direction of the input flow ‘nozzles’ or pipe ends and finally on the ability of the design to empty from a centrally located opening at the bottom of the vessel and the return of the water emptied, to the top of the vessel, to repeat the trip. Shapewise, you must use a round configured vessel. The most efficient shape is a cone shape with a drain hole at the bottom. Rather than go through a complex description of how to construct an air driven vortex brewer, I’m including this Internet link which illustrates a design by Steven Storch which he has offered up to the public;
<http://www.subtleenergies.com/ormus/tw/turbo-vortex.htm> One with engineering instincts will come up with a variety of ways to modify this design. For example this design can be transposed to a 50 gallon sized barrel with a drain hole placed in the bottom. You would of course need a larger air pump and need to set the barrel up on blocks or legs. These systems produce a full compliment of microbes (bacteria/archaea, protozoa and fungal hyphae).
One can also create a vortex brewer using a water pump to return the water to the top of the vessel again. Very handy if that is what you have laying around in your junk pile. The advanced thinkers will have already mindfully jumped to the idea that including a venturi with a water pump driven vortex is going to increase its efficiency exponentially. Well….at least a lot. Give yourself a gold star, a pat on the back, a chocolate cookie. Bear in mind, that if you use a water pump you will limit fungal hyphae extraction and growth.
3a/ Simple Airlift - Vortex: done my way
I've had many requests to provide a simple design for an airlift brewer. This [sketch](http://microbeorganics.com/Simple%20design%20cone%20airlift.pdf) of a simple design cone bottom tank brewer can be applied to just about any size brewer. Just don't start selling them or I'll have to sue you.
If you wish to create a vortex using this design make sure you use a round shaped tank and position the return nozzle (elbow) so it is directional to the flow desired. This can be reversed by twisting the elbow and tweaked by using a short length of pipe as an extension. I'll try to post some photos shortly.
4/ Bubble Blowers; There are 2 basic styles of commercial bubble blower CT brewers. What I mean by bubble blowers, is that their function depends on just that; blowing bubbles into the water, into a mesh extractor or both. They do not actively move the water, aside from the effect of the bubbles. Because of this, I find it a paradox that they refer to their units as AACT (actively aerated compost tea) brewers to separate themselves from only, aerated compost tea (ACT) brewers, which supposedly just blow air into water. This remains a mystery unto me. I won’t name these brewers because they include almost every commercial brewer available, except mine of course, which should be separated from those by being called an AAACT brewer (giggle). No offense; just kidding around.
Anyway, back to business. A very simple method you can use to make an aerated CT brewer is to use some rigid PVC thin walled pipe (not schedule 40 because it is difficult to make tiny holes in) of approximately ½ inch to ¾ inch size. Rigid pipe is better than flex pipe because it holds its shape, can be cleaned more easily and is easier to drill and saw. Use a straight piece which is approximately as long as your proposed tank is high, joined to a 90\* elbow, then following the dimensional circumference of the bottom of your tank build a roughly round hexagon or octagon or whateveragon alternating with PVC fittings (45\* or 11\*, 22\* to 30\* if you can find them <http://pvcfittings.com> ) and short lengths of pipe, terminating just before you hit the elbow which the long pipe slides into. Over the end of this last piece of pipe in your whateveragon slide a cap. None of this needs to be glued (usually) because we are not dealing with high pressure and the whole thing can be taken apart for easy cleaning. We now need three more things. An air supply, an air input interface with the pipe and diffusers. A diffuser is an interface between air and water which ‘diffuses’ of course, air into the water. No matter what name people give it, like orifice or air stone, hole, slit or slot, it is still a diffuser. The smaller the diffuser opening within the capacity of the air pump to push air through easily, the greater the efficiency at raising and maintaining the dissolved oxygen. Therefore you want to put the smallest holes or slits possible at intervals in the short pieces of pipe you used to construct your whateveragon. If you have an electric drill you can drill 1/16th inch holes. You can try cutting slits with a razor knife or very fine hack saw or other blade. A hacksaw cuts around 1000 microns width. I get machined slots which are 254 microns. Make your openings so they are coming out the bottom angled towards the center to begin with. (The pipe is not glued so you can rotate them). For your first trial only put a few air openings in each length of pipe (e.g. 2” spaces). We want the air traveling all the way to the end of the whateveragon. Now to try it out, I guess we better get some air happening.
First of all, for your air input you need to match air tubing with your air pump and get a threaded barbed fitting that the tubing fits over and a slip X female threaded coupling to go over your long straight piece of PVC pipe which goes down and joins to your whateveragon. This, you may need to glue.
I have provided a rudimentary representative sketch to help illustrate the basic construction >[click here](http://microbeorganics.com/bubblectbrewer.pdf)
A Word About Diaphragm Air Pumps;
If you are going to buy a pump to run your aerated CT brewer I now (as of Feb 2015) recommend the Elemental line of commercial air pumps. Like ECO commercial air they are a combination piston and rubber (diaphragm) pump but they are quieter and seem to out perform the ECOs for the same price range. The Elemental 951 gph which we are using with our Mini-Microbulator outputs 2.5 CFM and the 1744 gph which we will be using with our 50 gallon airlift Microbulator measures an average 5.3 CFM (ECO 5 is 4.0 CFM). On top of that, these pumps are painted and it seems there is a higher standard applied to their manufacture. In the USA you can purchase this line through [buildasoil.com](http://buildasoil.com/). If there is enough demand we will sell these pumps in (from) Canada
I can also recommend Hailea 9730 pumps (2 CFM max.) which you can purchase from [www.aquaticeco.com](http://www.aquaticeco.com) and other places. These are solid, long lasting pumps and I know other commercial brewers use them for 50 gallons but I just can’t recommend them for more than 30 gallons. If you use one for a 5 gallon unit it will last virtually forever. All of these pumps come with a little threaded brass fitting for screwing into the air output. DO NOT USE THESE! Put them in your parts drawer. These constrict the air and reduce your CFM by at least 20%. Rather, find tubing which slides over the nipple into which the threads are tapped. In the case of the Eco Plus 5 and the Hailea, 5/8ths inside diameter works. Slide the air tubing over and secure with a gear clamp. The Eco Plus has a very short nipple so I score the metal with a couple of swipes with a hacksaw to create barbs for the tubing to grip. You can find tubing at a building supply like Home Depot or Rona in Canada. I use the braided reinforced stuff which does not kink. Always try to keep your pump at or above the surface of the water so it does not siphon back if the power fails.
Now that we have our air supply you can slide the tubing over the barbed fitting air input on the end of your straight piece of PVC and fire her up. Ooops! Forgot the spring clamp. You can use a spring clamp to pinch the long PVC air pipe to the edge of your tank at the top. This keeps the hole thing from floating and you can adjust the distance your whateveragon is from the bottom. Spring clamps are like giant clothes pegs <http://www.leevalley.com/wood/page.aspx?c=1&cat=1,43838&p=41712>
<http://www.hobbytool.com/springclamps.aspx>
I’m sure you can find them at Home Depot too or you may think up another idea (like a ‘C’ clamp).
Okay fire up the pump and fill up your tank (pail, barrel) with water. Watch the amount of air coming out of the openings you made. What we want is air coming out right to the end of the whateveragon and even dispersal all around and we want really broiling water bubbling up to the surface. The reason I suggested angling the openings on the bottom towards the center of the tank is so it would sweep right up from the base. You can raise it closer to the surface to get a better look at how evenly the air is coming out. You can also just put the air tube end in the water, right to the bottom so you can get an idea of your air potential and how much should be coming out of the holes you made. You don’t want to restrict the air flow. If you feel comfortable that you need more air coming out start adding more openings (on top), beginning at the cap end on the top of the pipe and working your way around towards the air input. You’ll get the hang of it. If you screw up, no biggy cause you are using really short pieces of very cheap pipe, not glued and you can redo and experiment to your heart’s content.
This is very similar to the KIS 5 gallon brewer (a very efficient little brewer; buy one if you don't like doing this) so their compost brew kits will be ideal to use with this. You can use this system with compost and feedstock in free suspension (added directly to the water) or in the case of a 5 gallon set up you can probably get away with placing your compost and solid food into a mesh bag tightly tied up and floating around in the water. The turbulence may keep it suspended. You could put some fishing floats or ping pong balls in it to be sure it won’t sink.
If you wish to use an extractor bag with a larger brewer, then you can use a variation of the set up previously described, except that you have a PVC air line entering your (tube/sock shaped) mesh extractor bag with diffuser openings close to the bottom of the bag and with a cap on the end of the pipe. This pipe should go very close to the bottom of the bag. You will need to tie off or fashion a lid for the extractor bag or keep the top above the water surface. As stated previously, 400 microns is the optimum sized mesh to use. You may purchase a variety of mesh bags from <http://www.aquaticeco.com> . You can experiment with the number of diffuser openings which provides sufficient agitation. These types of systems depend upon the agitation of the compost against the mesh, caused by the air, to extract the microbes from the compost. Some systems have no additional air diffusion outside of the mesh extractor, while others incorporate one or more additional diffusers. One could TEE off from the air line, one diffuser going into the mesh bag, the other into the water. A valve to regulate the air flow would be necessary in this case. Alternatively one could use two air pumps. One could combine both designs, using a whateveragon diffuser and another pipe going into the mesh extractor.
Diffusers;
One could incorporate good quality glass bonded diffusers if one did not wish to mess with PVC pipes and making their own diffusers. These diffusers are resistant to break down by microbes and can be cleaned with muriatic acid (but are not environmentally friendly to clean). They are called Sweetwater medium bore diffusers and are available at <http://www.aquaticeco.com> . They are far superior to homemade PVC diffusers in terms of sustaining DO2 because they produce finer bubbles . There is no truth (that I have seen) to the statement that fine bubbles damage some microbes.
Anaerobes;
Many people are overly anxious about having any anaerobic microbes in their CT. If you have a tremendous number of ciliates in your CT, or if it stinks to high heavens, there is a likelihood that your CT has gone anaerobic and you should toss it. However, I would not worry about seeing a healthy number of ciliates (if you have a microscope), especially if there are also high numbers of flagellates and/or amoebae. Additionally anaerobic (facultative and obligate) bacteria and archaea occur naturally in the soil and other environments and their existence is part of the balance of nature so don’t worry if you have a few in your consortia.
Cleaning;
You should clean out your brewer after each use, especially the extractor bag if you use one.
Conversions;
1 US gallon = 3.78 litres (liters)
1 US quart = 0.946 litre (liter)
1 micrometer or micron (µm) = 0.000039 inch (39/100000ths)
For converting mesh to microns: <http://chemplazaonline.com/meshsizecoverter.aspx>
I think I’ve covered the basics. If anyone has any suggestions or if you notice any errors, please speak up.
[Back to Contents](#Contents)
Some Photo, Video and Linked Resources for Organism Identification:
[Vorticella](http://microbeorganics.com/vorticella.wmv) (<5 MB) This is little video of a Vorticella ciliate
Here is [Part 1](http://microbeorganics.com/microbeidentifypart1.pdf) and [Part 2](http://microbeorganics.com/microbeidentifypart2.pdf) PDFs of some photos and notes I put together to assist folks with idendifying soil, compost and compost tea microbes. Please use these PDFs freely for educational purposes. Part 1 includes bacteria, flagellates, amoebae, ciliates and fungal hyphae. Part 2 covers nematodes and rotifers.
Here are links (which I hope remain current) to Internet resources which will assist in microbial identification.
Mastigophora - Flagellates
<http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Protista/MastigophoraE.html>
Ciliophora - Ciliates
[http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Protis](http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Protista/CiliophoraE.html)
Sarcodina (Sarcodia) - Amoebae
<http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Protista/SarcodiaE.html>
<http://now.ifmo.ru/amecol/frames.htm>
<http://amoeba.ifmo.ru/guide.htm>
You can find good images of testate amoebae by googling Edward Mitchell + testate amoebae
Fungi Images & Info
[http://www.uoguelph.ca/~gbarron/index.htm](http://www.uoguelph.ca/%7Egbarron/index.htm)
<http://www.mycolog.com/index.html>
Actinobacteria (mycetes)
Digital Atlas of Actinomycetes [now referred to as Actinobacteria]
<http://www.actino.jp/DigitalAtlas>
Lots of cool organisms by Wim
<http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/wimsmall/smal1.html>
Please inform me of any dead links.
[Back to Contents](#Contents)
#### Who I am
My name is Tim Wilson. I am a self-taught researcher/scientist. I do not possess a degree but did study a wide range of courses at university, some of them post-graduate courses I was allowed into based on my knowledge level at the time. I learned scientific thought and method from a great scientist and friend Barry Beyerstein who suddenly passed at a much too young age of 60.
Many of you will know me by my contributions to various discussion forums on the web. Presently I reside in southern British Columbia, Canada.
I'm doing ongoing research in soil biology.
##### I have designed a simple bioreactor to be used for extracting and multiplying microorganisms from compost or vermicompost; so called aerated compost tea, as it has been named, I hold a patent on the airlift and diffusion chamber (& extraction method) but have made much of this information freely available. We therefore see many DIY airlift 'brewers'. They are different from most other brewers I have seen, in that the water is actively circulated through a pipe while being charged with air and returned to the tank from an elevated position with use of only an air pump. They sustain a higher than average dissolved oxygen level than most bubbler type compost tea makers.
Please email me if you have questions or comments at; [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])
Stuff I'm Selling
###
My DVD Now available as a download (850 MB) $28 USD
###
### I have produced a narrated video condensed to 1 hour, 43 minutes from hours and hours of live real time video captured through an interface of a Leitz Orthoplan microscope, a Sony high definition video camera and a computer. No film was used in this process. The purpose of this video is to assist folks who are using microscopes to identify the microbes they are observing in their compost, soil and compost tea. Although I used a high definition camera it was not set on HD as this causes a delay through firewire to the computer and makes realtime tracking of microbes with the mechanical stage impossible.
It includes some examples of;
1/ What microbes you should see in a finished compost tea,
2/ Bacteria,
3/ Flagellates,
4/ Ciliates,
5/ Amoebae (3,4 &5 comprise the three groups of Protozoa),
6/ Fungal hyphae,
7/ Yeast cells,
8/ Nematodes,
9/ Rotifers and
10/ Compost Examination.
For those of you without microscopes the DVD offers a good visual representation of what is going on in your compost, vermicompost, compost tea and soil.
###
The DVD as a set of 2 discs in a case is no longer available. Problems? > then email me [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])
BUT now for $28 USD
I have been able to render the complete DVD set into a down loadable mp4 video file. It is quite large download at 850 MB so it may take a long time to download, Those with poor download situations may need to decide the best action to take. The resolution is not quite as good as on disc but still surprisingly good.
Make payment by credit card, debit card or Paypal.
**Instructions for purchase and download;**
**To purchase the download please pay $28 USD to my PayPal account [email protected] (copy and paste into your paypal send money spot) Then email me at [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]) to let me know you paid and I'll email you the download. If required I can email a request for payment (invoice) Please note that my Paypal email is different than the one for communication.**
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SAMPLE VIDEO CLIP
Click on the following video link (4.7 MB) to download a 'wmv' (Windows Media Video) to your computer. Depending on your download speed it may take a while. It is an example of what sort of footage is included in the DVD.
Video [link](http://microbeorganics.com/clip1.wmv)
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NOTE RE VIDEOS; If you are unable to view some of the videos displayed on this site and have a Windows operating system, you may need to initiate, dowload or update Windows Media Player.
This does not apply to the download videos
What Folks Have Said About the (video) DVD Set;
"Hi Tim,
I want to let you know that I have thoroughly enjoyed your video, it was very well done. In the last part of the first DVD, I found it funny that I was actually drawn in and was rooting for that protozoa that was on the final stages of it's life. I have watched it over a few nights, and during the day on my way to and from work on the bus, I have been reading Teaming With Microbes. They complement each other very well and helped me to understand a whole lot more than when I was laboring through biology classes in grade 12. I wish this kind of material, in such an easy to understand format was around when I was in grade school."
Deighton King
"I want to back up Tim's suggestion that you consider a purchase of his DVDs. If you have a scope it is a valuable aid right up there with Dr. Elaine's manual. Way to go Tim!"
Jeff Lowenfels; Author; Teaming With Microbes Available at Amazon & KIS
"Jeff is right -- they are truly fabulous and I think are essential to have -- even if members here have a microscope because there's simply no way your set up matches Tim's or can reveal what Tim has done here. Not even close! What an introduction to the Microcosmos! Wonderful job, Tim. And finally, if I may, this is the perfect real time, real world companion piece to our book, "Teaming With Microbes"
Wayne Lewis, Alaska Humus Co., Anchorage; Author; Teaming With Microbes
"I'll second the endorsement for Tim Wilson's DVD.It's a great educational tool for students of soil biology and compost teas. As you may have gathered, Tim has a better-than-average microscope setup so the microscope footage is both clear and fascinating. He captures moving images with brightfield and phase contrast microscopy.The DVD is organized section by section according to microbial group. The microscopy clips are accompanied with voice-over explanations by Tim. Some of the images of ciliates, flagellates, nematodes, rotifers, fungal hyphae provide high definition closeups. The comments by Tim provide insight to microbial groups and their characteristics as well as practical know-how on microscopy (often with a sense of Canadian humor, eh?).
Good job, Tim, and congratulations on this DVD that's been years in the making."
Steve Diver
[Back to Content](#Contents)s
Here is an easy to make 50 gallon airlift - previously sold as The Poorboy
The Video Data
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[Back to Contents](#Contents)
The Mini-Microbulator Airlift Microbial Extrapolator
(Aerated Compost Tea Maker) [US Patent 7972839 B2]
Ask at KIS Organics <https://www.kisorganics.com>
Watch this video to see the bioreactor in operation and to learn how to use it. Please note that even though we do show how to filter the 'tea' for spraying, it is not necessary when applying to the soil and it is better to not filter for this application.
How It Works
Like its 50 gallon big brother it is loosely patterned after the airlift bioreactors used in laboratories for multiplying microorganisms. This is exactly what we wish to accomplish; to extract microbial spores from compost or vermicompost and multiply them as living bacteria/archaea, flagellates, naked amoebae, ciliates and fungal hyphae; sometimes rotifers and nematodes are present. This is what I call a 'microbial extrapolation'.
This diversity of microbes is responsible for cycling nutrients in a living soil which feed the roots of plants. There are also some studies showing disease/pathogen suppression using these liquid microbial suspensions.
There are some compost tea manufacturers and sellers who would like you to believe that the diversity required is somehow complex and elusive, except with DNA testing. Certainly these species of specialized bacteria and archaea can only be discerned via DNA (or through other complex testing), however thankfully we do not need to know their names to see most of them with 400X magnification and the protozoa and fungi comprising the diversity are even easier to see. Ask yourself how much money these people are requesting for their pretty brewers and do they present any data at all or just testimonials?
Please see this video for representative data regarding the microbial populations created using the Mini-microbulator.
Generally a batch is completed in around 36 hours but this time can be shortened by pre-feeding the compost or vermicompost to be used. This is outlined in my article [More on Compost Tea 2013](#More_on_Compost_Tea_2013_) along with some basic recipes. The dissolved oxygen (DO2) of a finished batch has been over 7 PPM for us with water TDS at around 75 PPM but as high as 9 PPM DO2.
Guaranteed Performance
There is always a range of variability when making aerated microbial extrapolations (aerated compost tea [ACT]) Even when we make ACT on our little farm using vermicompost from the same pile we get slightly differing results under the microscope every time.
Variations like temperature, changes in water, microbes in the atmosphere, moisture content of compost, subtle changes in foodstocks, exposure to light, time of day, perhaps barometric pressure and perhaps even the phase of the moon could all slightly effect the microbe population multiplied. Therefore one cannot guarantee standard results, however I can guarantee that the device, used as instructed, will extract and multiply microbes as well as or better than, the high priced compost tea machines on the market.
Cleaning
We recommend cleaning the inside of the pipe after making a batch. It can be pulled apart where not glued and flushed with fresh hot water and pipe brush. It takes about 2 minutes and prevents residue build up. There is no need to clean out the airline if the device is left running until removed, as in the video.
Other Uses
The device can also be used for making fertilizer teas from botanicals/herbs such as alfalfa meal, kelp meal, comfrey, etc. We have also used it to mix up trichoderma spores, Actinovate (Streptomyces lydicus) and homemade knotweed extract to apply to pathogens. It could likely be used for thoroughly mixing many types of fertilizers, even salts.
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Download PDF plans to build your own Mini-Microbulator - $7.00 USD
Aftter Payment Click on 'Return to Merchant' and the PDF Plans will open for you to save.
A PDF reader software is required
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[Back to Contents](#Contents)
The Microbulator 50; A 50 (US) gallon compost tea brewer ONLY AVAILABLE AS OF END OF MAY 2017 FROM KIS ORGANICS
<https://www.kisorganics.com/collections/compost-tea-brewing-systems/products/50-gallon-microbulator-compost-tea-brewer>
[US Patent 7972839 B2]
[Video Clips of Operation](#Video_Microbulator)
[Details & Questions](#Details_microbulator)
[Where Is Your Data](#Where_is_your_data_)
Ugly But Efficient & Cheap!
Features:
\* Active flow-circulation induced by air alone; 6.3 gallons/minute
\* Efficient gas exchange system for excellent dissolved oxygen maintenance
\* Works with or without an extractor bag (extractor unit included)
\* Two different ways to configure apparatus
\* 5.6 CFM piston combined with rubber diaphragm air pump with 1 year warranty (upgraded in 2015 from Eco to Elemental commercial air pumps of a higher quality and flow)
\* Can be dismantled and cleaned in under 40 minutes, including the barrel
\* Sturdy parts used in manufacture
\* Specially designed machine slotted PVC diffusers
\* Operational instruction on private youtube link included
\* No barrel provided
\* See it in operation > [View](#Video_Microbulator) the video clips below
Data: See the [video clips](#Video_Microbulator) below for microbial data and basic operation.
Details, Details NO LONGER AVAILABLE THROUGH THIS SITE - ORDER THROUGH; KIS ORGANICS
<https://www.kisorganics.com/collections/compost-tea-brewing-systems/products/50-gallon-microbulator-compost-tea-brewer>
Since 2007, I have been taking orders for the 50 Gallon Microbulator compost tea brewer or as I affectionately call it, a microbe extractor and multiplier (bioreactor).
While visiting Tad Hussey at Keep It Simple Inc. (compost tea brewers) in Seattle, I showed him video footage of the Microbulator 50 operating. He commented that it might be ‘not pretty enough’ for some consumers. When I told him my expected price range he coined the phrase ‘ugly and cheap’. I decided to incorporate that into my sales pitch mantra ‘Ugly but Cheap and Efficient’. After all; the beauty of a John Deere tractor is in the eye of the beholder but as we farmers all know ‘nothing runs like Deere’. Tad has decided to offer the Microbulator 50 through his website. He is also selling a specialized nutrient pack (Pro Kit) and compost just for this brewer.
The Microbulator 50 works with or without an extractor bag. That decision is the owner’s, based on the planned uses, application method and coarseness of the compost used.
Now, how does this work and what makes it different than other commercial brewers on the market?
My design, unlike other commercial brewers I have seen, does not just blow air into water or into the extractor bag but actively circulates the water while charging it with oxygen. This is done using only an air pump. No water pump is involved. This is accomplished by a diffuser housing fixture I designed and built which incorporates the diffuser inside an 1 ½ inch PVC pipe [1.25 inch industry size]. The whole 50 gallons of water is cycled through this pipe every 8 minutes at a measured flow rate of at least 6.3 gallons per minute. The water is drawn from two opposing sides of the bottom of the tank, pushed past the diffuser, while being injected with O2, up the pipe and through the return nozzle suspended about 2 to 5 inches above the water’s surface, falling back into the liquid, pushing O2 into the water by breaking the surface tension barrier, facilitating the release of CO2 from the tank and the absorption of O2 (gas exchange). This is not unlike the action of a waterfall or flow form. This action pushes the oxygenated water into the body of water further raising the dissolved oxygen content. Because the water intake openings are located at opposing sides at the bottom of the barrel, a current-like flow is created and maintained so any still areas of water are highly unlikely. The release of CO2 is essential to create space in water for the absorption of dissolved oxygen and the only way for CO2 to be released in a CT brewer is through the surface. At the same time a large slotted PVC diffuser is infusing the whole body of water with air. Oxygen is absorbed by the interface of the bubbles created on the way to the surface and the surface tension barrier is broken again by the bubble turbulence, allowing the further release of carbon dioxide and the maintenance of dissolved oxygen. By this means, there are three interfaces where O2 is being injected into the water or compost tea. The real champion for raising dissolved oxygen is the airlift. Research has shown that an airlift can increase the dissolved oxygen capacity up to ten fold!
This highly efficient yet very simple method is generally able to raise and maintain the dissolved oxygen (DO2) content of fresh well water having a TDS/EC of 21 to 30 PPM and temperature of 18 C to 21 C (65 F – 70 F) at least 3 PPM (parts per million) above the natural DO2. Using the same water within the same temperature range, with; 4% compost/vermicompost, 0.75% black strap molasses, 0.25% kelp meal and 0.063% fish hydrolysate, the DO2 is maintained at 8.8 to 9.8 PPM up to a 48 hour brew time. Please note that these are maximum amounts of compost inputs and not recommended for people brewing without microscopes.
The circulating action, the force of impact with the water’s surface along with the air from diffusers provides sufficient agitation to break the microbes loose from their binding spots in the compost. The continuous flow provides a more homogeneous dispersal of oxygen and microbes, avoiding still water areas where potential undesired microbial life may develop. Once free swimming or bound to smaller particles, the bacteria, archaea, yeast cells and fungal hyphae graze on the feed supplied and multiply or grow.
Maintaining a reasonably high rate of dissolved oxygen in the body of water is essential to the device’s efficiency for extracting and multiplying the beneficial microbes, consisting of; archaea, bacteria, fungal hyphae, flagellates, amoebae, some ciliates, yeast cells and yeast fungal hyphae. Because of the constant cycling, microbes are fairly evenly distributed throughout the tank. To get a sample, simply hold a container under the return nozzle.
With Extractor Unit;
The Microbulator can be used in free suspension or with mesh extractor bag configurations. A specifically designed diffuser is used in the bag while the internal diffuser continues circulating the water/tea breaking the surface tension. Both configurations are good for multi-purpose compost tea but using the extractor radically reduces particulate matter in the tea and is good to use for foliar disease suppression. The extractor should be used if you are using coarse compost with pieces between 1/2 inch and 1 inch cubed. See the [demo video](#Video_Microbulator) below.
The highest microbial numbers are going to be developed using the device configured for the compost placed in free suspension but if one requires the extractor for a reduction in particulate matter this configuration provides a comparative alternative.
Free Suspension;
On the farm we usually use the Microbulator 50 without the extractor, remove the apparatus once the brew is complete, allowing the particles to settle to the bottom, lower in a submersible pump just above the level of the spent compost/particles and pump out the clearer compost tea. Alternatively one can place the pump in a mesh bag (fly screen size) and drop it in or simply scoop out the compost tea with a pail or watering can. Afterwards dump out the thick leftover slurry onto your soil or compost pile. If you are using vermicompost any worm eggs/capsules/cases remaining will still hatch once in the soil or in a non-hot compost pile.
What did you use and why?
Pump: We have in 2015 upgraded to an Elemental 1744 commercial air pump out putting an average 5.6 CFM flow. It is quieter than the Eco Plus and more powerful.. I was first using the Hailea 9730 (rated at 60 LPM) but the air flow was just not strong enough to support 50 gallons of compost tea. Some other manufacturers use it for 50 gallon brewers anyway. The flow on each pump is tested with our flow meter prior to being shipped. To cease the wandering around and help with the noise I’ve included a little rubber damper mat with each kit.
IMPORTANT NOTE: I did not use a check valve for the pump because it prohibits air flow so the pump must be placed above or at the same level of the water surface to prevent back flow if there is a power outage or the pump is turned off.
The Air Tubing; The air tubing is heavy duty 7/8 inch braid reinforced clear vinyl. I tried the regular clear stuff but it kinked too much and wore quickly. Each kit includes enough tubing for the device to insert into the barrel plus 6 feet for lead to the pump. You can decide where to place the pump and trim the excess accordingly. Remember the pump must be above or at the same level of the water surface.
Clamps: We use stainless steel pinch clamps permanently affixed, combined with stainless steel gear clamps.
Air Control Valve; We used a brass plumbing valve to control the air flow between the large diffuser and return flow nozzle. We tried cheaper plastic valves but they didn’t cut it.
Piping; I decided on PVC pipe because it is inexpensive, easy to clean, can be fitted together without glue in low pressure applications like this or can be glued when necessary (as are a few of the pieces). I am using 1 ¼ inch diameter pipe because it is the right size to accommodate the flow needed for the 50 gallon brewer. One small disadvantage is that sometimes when disassembling one must use pliers or vice grips to pull apart a pipe and fitting. NOTE; The industry sizing of the pipe is 1 1/4 inch but the actual inside diameter is 1 1/2 inches.
Diffusers; We use only, machine slotted PVC diffusers which I designed and get cut at a machine shop. Many of you will know that I wanted to stop using the glass bonded stone type diffusers because the muriatic acid used to clean them is not environmentally friendly. Via research I succeeded, by altering the depth of the slots and lengthening the large diffuser, in improving the PVC diffusers so as to match the dissolved oxygen maintenance of the glass bonded diffusers. The slots are 254 microns in width. There are three of these diffusers included with the brewer.
Brass Fittings: We use brass fittings throughout, where applicable for purposes of longevity and quality. Where the brass must be adhered to PVC we have used a high grade non toxic epoxy.
Barrel: As mentioned previously please check with me for barrel dimensions and potential sources. I use a translucent barrel, as I believe this encourages the growth of phototrophic microorganisms.
Extractor; The extractor bag we are using is 400 microns mesh size, 24 inches long and 7 inches in diameter. There is a stainless steel supportive ring sewn into the top and a rubberized poly cap, with an entry hole for the diffuser. The unit is hung over the PVC pipe with nylon line. I tested many sizes of mesh prior to choosing 400 microns. I tried 200, 250, 300, 400, 800, 1000 microns mesh sizes.
Bungee Cord; A rubber bungee cord is included which holds the unit in place and prevents floating, as it is filled with air charged water. The hooks are the perfect size to secure the positioning of the control valve and large diffuser. This beats trying to use weights inside the tank.
[Back to Contents](#Contents)
How about cleaning?
The whole unit can be dismantled and cleaned in under twenty minutes. Add ten minutes if you use the bag and another ten for the barrel. The unit should be removed from the compost tea while still pumping air for best results. This prevents back-flow into the diffusers and into the air tubing. While pumping air, particles and bacteria will have a more difficult time entering the air system. The whole unit then pulls apart and can be cleaned quickly with fresh water, a scrub brush or pad and a bottle/pipe cleaner (available at Wal Mart, etc.) If you clean the unit right after use, generally you can use water alone but occasionally you may wish to use hydrogen peroxide or bleach. It is not advised to use bleach on the extractor bag but you may use it on the pipe and tubing. You should not need to clean the inside of the air tubing if you prevent back-flow. The extractor bag should be flushed under fresh water immediately following use and can be hand washed using a peroxide product like Oxy-clean.
What about brew times?
I am confident that the Microbulator 50 will match or surpass any other commercial brewer as far as production of numbers and diversity of microbes and DO2 maintenance, given equal parameters of water, temperature, compost, foodstock and time. If you wish to brew for 24 hours, the Microbulator will perform appropriately to extract and multiply the expected microbial types and numbers for that brew time. I recommend a brew time of around 36 to 44 hours if you are striving for a functional consortia of nutrient cycling microbes, consisting of bacteria/archaea, fungal hyphae and flagellates and/or naked amoebae. It is very important to be aware that you need good quality compost/vermicompost and feedstock to get good quality compost tea. Temperature and water quality must also be considered. Really!; there can be so many variables and the best way to know at what hour your microbes are at the optimum level is by microscopic examination.
Please see the video clips below for data from different brew times.
[Back to Contents](#Contents)
Data
Where is your data?
I’m a great believer in pictures as documentation and exhibition so I have posted some video clips here which show the Microbulator 50 in operation and some microscopic videos recording the microbes extracted and grown at several different brew times. The videos are viewed via youtube and others using Windows Media Player (until I load them to youtube) which comes with most PC operating systems. You need to download them to watch and it may take some time based on your computer and Internet connection. In many cases I have offered a choice of high or low resolution clips. Obviously if you have a very slow connection choose the smaller file.
SFI TEST RESULTS
Okay, okay! All you people out there who are believers in seeing the SFI lab test results, my friend Barry Draycott at Tech Terra Organics <http://www.techterraenvironmental.com> gave his consent to post the results of tests he had done on ACT from his Microbulator 50. In a way it was kind of a double blind in that SFI did not know what sort of brewer they were testing. Here it is [SFI Microbulator Test](http://microbeorganics.com/SFI%20Microbulator%20Test.pdf)
I still believe in video to show the volume and diversity of microbes in microbial tests. If you examine the attached SFI test results it shows the active bacteria above range, the active fungal above range yet the the active fungi to active bacteria is low. Does anybody know where these parameters come from?
Video Clips
In Operation;
The Microbulator 50 demo video;
Microbes;
Video Data for The Microbulator 50;
Without The Extractor - Free Suspension Configuration;
The following video clips were shot to record microbial extraction and multiplication at varying time periods of a brew while using the Microbulator 50 in the free suspension configuration, that is with 4.5 liters of vermicompost and solid feedstock added directly to the water without the use of the extractor. Our own vermicompost was used which was fed a base of very old cow and horse manure/wood shavings compost, sphagnum peat moss and kitchen scraps. Both brews were started at a temperature of around 18 C (65F). In the first brew the vermicompost was not mixed with anything to activate it. For the second brew the vermicompost was mixed with oat flour 20:1 and covered for around 120 hours prior to using it. Both brews maintained great DO2 levels to 60 hours; Brew #1 – 9.0 PPM DO2; Brew #2 – 8.9 PPM DO2. I do not recommend brewing for 60 hours and longer unless you have the instruments to check your brew or unless circumstances dictate the necessity. I have however included video footage recorded at this time period.
I am very pleased with the results demonstrated by the brewer as well as our by vermicompost. The following video clips are narrated and fairly self explanatory.
Microbial Identification:
In one instance I refer to an amoeba as naked, although I’m not entirely sure whether it has a shell (test) or not. I am researching to identify it. You will see some flagellates which are joined together like a bunch of balloons. These may be Choanoflagellida Salpingoecidae (diploeca) or Kinetoplastida Bodonidae Cephalothamnium cyclopum or of a related group within the major Mastigophora group.
NOTE RE VIDEOS; I am gradually converting videos to Youtube but most are still Windows Media. If you are unable to view the videos and have a Windows operating system, you may need to initiate, download or update Windows Media Player.
For WMV please click the links below to download video clips. In most cases there is a choice of a large higher resolution file followed by a smaller lower resolution file.
Brew #1 Vermicompost Free Suspension; Not mixed with Oat Flour;
10 hours;
18 hours clip 1;
18 hours clip 2;
18 hours clip 3;
36 hours
42 hours
60 hours
[Back to Contents](#Contents)
The following videos must be downloaded to view.
Brew #2 Vermicompost Free Suspension; Mixed with Oat Flour
10 hours [5 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/10hrsvcwoatfree.wmv)
18&36 hours [6 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/18&36hrsvcwoatfree.wmv)
42 hours clip 1; [7.5 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/42hrs1vcwoatfree.wmv)
or [3.3 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/42hrs1vcwoatfreesmall.wmv)
42 hours clip 2; [5.9 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/42hrs2vcwoatfree.wmv)
60 hours [6.2 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/60hrsvcwoatfree.wmv)
With The Extractor;
The video clips below illustrate the microbial densities at various time periods in a compost tea using the Microbulator 50 configured with the mesh extractor bag in place. In this configuration the large PVC diffuser was placed inside the mesh extractor while the return nozzle still splashed oxygenated water/tea onto/into the surface. Both brews included the use of our vermicompost which had been mixed 20:1 with oat flour and covered for about 120 hours prior to use. The video clips are narrated as before.
Brew #1 was made using our vermicompost with fish hydrolysate and kelp added.
DO2 at 60 hours - 8.9 PPM
10 hours [4 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/10hrsvcextoat.wmv)
18 hours [5 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/18hrsvcextoat.wmv)
36 hours [8 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/36hrsvcextoat.wmv) or [4 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/36hrsvcextoatsmall.wmv)
42&60 hours [5 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/42&60hrsvcextoat.wmv)
Brew #2 was made using our vermicompost with fish hydrolysate, kelp meal and black strap molasses. Adding the molasses was kind of an impulsive afterthought and for a regular brew I probably would not repeat this when also using fish when the compost has been treated with (fed) oat flour. There was an over abundance of feedstock resulting in a very high bacteria/archaea population. The result was a brew which took 60 hours to consume the feedstock and complete. It was interesting though and definitely microbially rich. DO2 at 60 hours – 7.3 PPM
10 hours [10 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/10hrsvcextoatmol.wmv) or [5 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/10hrsvcextoatmolsmall.wmv)
18&36&42 hours [9 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/18&36&42hrsvcextoatmol.wmv) or [4 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/18&36&42hrsvcextoatmolsmall.wmv)
60 hours [7 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/60hrsvcextoatmol.wmv) or [4 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/60hrsvcextoatmolsmall.wmv)
[Back to Contents](#Contents)
Other Batches with different Compost;
Compost tea batch #1 at 22 to 24 hour brew time; [11 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/50gal22to24highres.wmv) (high res); [5 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/50gal22to24lowres.wmv) (low res)
at 44 hours; [4 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/50galat44hrs2nd.wmv)
Compost tea batch #2 at 46 hours; clip 1; [8 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/50galat46hrs1highres.wmv) (high res); [4 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/50galat46hrs1lowres.wmv) (low res)
Clip 2; [5 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/50galat46hrs2.wmv) (med res)
Clip 3; [8 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/50galat46hrs3highres.wmv) (high res); [4 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/50galat46hrs3lowres.wmv) (low res)
Clip 4; [10 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/50galat46hrs4highres.wmv) (high res); [5 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/50galat46hrs4lowres.wmv) (low res)
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[back to contents](#Contents)
Plans - DIY 50 Gallon ACT Maker $15 USD
NOTE: These plans are designed to be flexible with the pipe size used and brewer size (50 to 300 gallons)
therefore do not expect a replication of the commercial Microbulator. The diffusion chamber and diffusers
are described but not recommended due to complexity and expense. Troubles? [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])
Build your own 50 gallon airlift bioreactor (ACT maker) using these downloadable plans.
The plans include
- a written description
- diagrams
- explanatory photos
- links to private videos
Payment is by credit card, debit card or Paypal
Important Instructions;
After completing payment stay on the payment page, scroll down and click on
'Return to Merchant' and the main PDF document will be downloaded instantly. Make sure you save this PDF to your computer.
This documents contains links which download the sketches and contains a link to a private Youtube playlist.
$15 USD I do not receive email through paypal!!
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[Back to Contents](#Contents)
General Microscopy Helper Video; For Download (480 MB)
Price $10 USD
I'm providing here for download a 58 minute excerpt from the DVD set which was provided with the microscopes we sold.
It is made for that microscope but the information is applicable to brightfield compound microscopes in general.
The topics/chapters covered are;
1/ General Assembly of the Microscope
2/ Use and Function of the Condenser
3/ Using the Mechanical Stage
4/ The Objectives
5/ The Trinocular Head
6/ Using Barlow Lenses
7/ Field Light use and Centering
8/ Specimen and Slide Preparation (compost/soil smear, using pipette, placement of coverslip, etc)
9/ Focal Distance With No Coverslip
10/ Focusing - First Time - Troubleshooting
11/ Creating Contrast Over Organisms Closing Condenser Iris - Shadowing Technique (enhances view)
12/ Compost Examination
13/ Centering the Condenser and Kohler Illumination
Some may find parts of the video too basic, boring and redundant. That is what fast forward is for :)
This is a 480 MB download so depending on your download speed it could take some time. Please email me if you have trouble.
Price $10 USD Make payment by credit card, debit card or Paypal.
**Instructions for purchase and download;** **To purchase the download please pay $10 USD to my PayPal account [email protected] (copy and paste into your paypal send money spot) Then email me at [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]) to let me know you paid and I'll email you the download. If required I can email a request for payment (invoice)**
Troubles? [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])
[back to contents](#Contents)
Microscopes Unfortunately due to the rising US dollar we are unable to provide this microscope at a decent price NO LONGER AVAILABLE
I am leaving up this information for interest and in the event things change. (Feb 2016) I am truly sorry.
I worked almost everyday for 2 months to create custom filters to enhance the images viewed through the microscopes and am now satisfied with the results. Each microscope will come with these custom designed filters as well as a custom made 20X objective which the manufacturer made for me. The enhancement produces images which are similar to those seen using phase contrast and differential interference contrast (3D). The effects are particularly effective using the 20X objective as you can see in the video footage posted below.
The brightfield images are very good, equivalent to or better than higher priced microscopes like the Leica CME. The brightfield (true) resolution is actually somewhat better than when using the enhancement devices. The enhancement effects refraction and diffraction of light with the use of different colors as well as black to block certain portions of light. This provides a contrast making the subjects stand out more to the human eye. The method I have used is, I believe different than that previously employed by other microscopists so I’ll regard it as proprietary, at least for now.
My goal, like my other endeavors has been to provide a functional yet inexpensive quality microscope to support microbial based horticulture which I believe is of great benefit to the farmer, landscaper and home gardener. I maintain it to be just as much a tool as a shovel, hoe or lawn mower. If things change in the future I'll do what I can to do so again.
Accessories: I've listed below where one can get replacement electrical components and accessories.
Barlow lenses .
1/ The 3X multiplier Barlow lens is available at www.surplusshed.com I've discovered that two of these work great in the eyepieces of the trinocular microscope. Please note that although the 3X multipliers are cool, they are not necessary. Basically if using the 10X objective, they increase the magnification from 100X to 300X and the 20X objective from 200X to 600X. They are not effective with the 40X objective due to the light requirements of this objective.
3/ The replacement bulb for the trinocular microscope is a 6 volt 20 watt 2 pin halogen
known as a type JC G4 (4 mm between pins) Below are some sources for replacements;
<http://www.lightbulbsdirect.com/page/001/PROD/HalJCG4/Q20G46V>
<http://www.specialtyoptical.com/osram64250fheesbmicroscopehlxhalogenlightbulb6volt20watt.aspx>
<https://www.homesciencetools.com/bulb-20-watt-6-volt-halogen>
4/ For replacement fuses you require a 1 Amp – 250 Volt glass type fuse 20 mm long.
You may find them here at Tessco
<http://www.tessco.com/products/displayProductInfo.do?sku=17460&eventGroup=4&eventPage=1> This is a wholesale company but they have a consumer phone line where you can order by credit card. The phone number is
1-866-837-7265 and you must ask for part # SKU; 17460
Alternatively you may find single fuses available at the automotive parts store, like NAPA or Lordco.
Other Interests;
1/ If you are looking for a carrying case, MicroscopeNet on Ebay seems to have some aluminum foam filled cases which may work; just check the measurements carefully. You can also make your own carrying case by custom cutting foam to fit the scope into a plastic tool box something like this> <http://www.greatscopes.com/act018.htm>
.
2/ If you are interested in big cameras and microscope adapters check out Martin Microscopes <http://www.martinmicroscope.com>
3/ I have given up carrying the inexpensive cameras because the last shipment was unsatisfactory. You folks who got cameras from me got the last of the good ones. I may do some research and find some other inexpensive cameras worth carrying but for now I recommend searching the Internet and hope for the best or get something good through Martin Microscope for more money. The main problem I found with the cheap cameras was the low frame rate and inability to convey microbial motion.
[Back to Contents](#Contents)
Microscope Description:
Trinocular; binocular with camera port; nice inter-pupil adjustment;
Eyepieces: 23 mm extra widefield 10X & widefield 16X
Achromatic Objectives: 4X, 10X, 20X, 40X
Mechanical Stage (much larger than small scope)
Coaxial Course & Fine Focus; 0.002 mm increments
Brass Gears
Abbe Condenser 1.25 N.A. with swing-out filter holder; rack & pinion adjustment
Kohler Illumination
Lamp; 20 watt halogen; adjustable intensity
Anyway, here is the trinocular microscope;
 
Brightfield Images
Here is brightfield video footage shot through the microscope. Be aware that looking down the eyepiece and microscope tube is always higher quality than with a camera; also the camera magnifies the image and reduces the field of view by about 1/3rd.
4X objective [3MB](http://microbeorganics.com/4xlgscope.wmv) 10X objective(a) [4MB](http://microbeorganics.com/10xlgscope1.wmv) 10X objective(b) [3MB](http://microbeorganics.com/10xlgscope2.wmv) 20X objective [4MB](http://microbeorganics.com/20xbflgscope1.wmv) 40X objective(a) [3MB](http://microbeorganics.com/40x1lgscope.wmv) 40X objective(b) [4MB](http://microbeorganics.com/40x2lgscope.wmv)
Enhanced Images;
Here is some enhanced image video footage shot through the microscope using my proprietary method and some others. The 20X objective images are most impressive and the number one feature of the scope.
20X objective a/ [4MB](http://microbeorganics.com/20xenh1lgscope.wmv) b/ [3MB](http://microbeorganics.com/20xenh2lgscope.wmv) c/ [4MB](http://microbeorganics.com/20xenh3lgscope.wmv) d/ [4MB](http://microbeorganics.com/20xenh4lgscope.wmv) e/ [3MB](http://microbeorganics.com/20xenh5blulgscope.wmv) : 10X objective a/ [4MB](http://microbeorganics.com/10xenh1lgscope.wmv) b/ [2MB](http://microbeorganics.com/10xenh2lgscope.wmv)
Photos through trinocular scope;
 
 
Four variances; Brightfield, Shift Phase, Rheinberg, Darkfield (10X objective)
 
 
Brightfield & Enhanced
 
[Back to Contents](#Contents)
Tests, Observations & Postulations
Subcontents:
[A look; Sphagnum Peat & Alaska Magic](#Canadian_Sphagnum_Peat)
[Do Microbes Survive Impeller Pumps?](#Does_Microbial_Life_Survive_Impeller_Pumps)
[Yelm Brewer Trials and Lab Tests](#Rambling_Dissertation_on_Yelm)
Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss & Alaska Magic (Humus);
Here is a look at a sample of Canadian Sphagnum peat moss Premier brand and a sample of Alaska Magic which is purported to be humus from Alaska. Both were purchased in Washington State and I examined them in a temporary lab situation using my portable microscope and laptop computer. In the first set of video clips we see the samples hydrated with distilled water and spread out on a microscope slide to have a look at the leaf and cell structure. In the narration for the Sphagnum peat moss I mistakenly describe it as 20X magnification (I meant the 20X objective) when it is actually 250X plus the camera lens effect. You can see that the two plant substances appear virtually identical which leads me to hypothesize that, although they may come from different geographical locations, they are both primarily composed of the same matter. I can provide lengthier and more inclusive video clips to interested parties. I do apologize for the variance in volume on the video clips. Please note that they may take some time to download to your computer and they play in Windows Media Player.
Click [here (9.46 MB)](http://microbeorganics.com/sphagsample.wmv) to view the Canadian Sphagnum peat moss sample or [here (4.15 MB)](http://microbeorganics.com/sphagsmall.wmv) for a smaller version.
Click [here (7.52 MB)](http://microbeorganics.com/alaskmagsample1.wmv) to view the Alaska Magic sample.
In the second set of video clips we see footage of samples of Sphagnum peat moss and Alaska Magic mixed with distilled water and a couple of drops of black strap molasses to ‘wake up’ the organisms and left to sit. The Sphagnum footage was captured at 42 hours and the Alaska Magic at 24 and 60 hours. I apologize that I was not available for the other time periods for the Sphagnum. Now that I know that Premier brand Canadian Sphagnum peat moss is no different in the USA than in Canada I can run more extensive tests in my home laboratory. I brought a bag of Alaska Magic home with me. In the video clips we can see that both substances are emergent with a goodly amount of microbial life, as is to be expected with Sphagnum peat moss in my experience. There are people, purported to be experts in horticulture who report Sphagnum peat moss to be void of microbes. I believe the Dirt Doctor used the phrase ‘dead as cutters nuts’ whatever that means. I believe the evidence I have produced here speaks for itself and I believe growers could consider Canadian Sphagnum peat moss (Premier brand anyway) as a less expensive alternative to boost microbial life in certain circumstances, such as aerated Compost Tea. I have confirmation from an expert that the plant matter I have identified in Alaska Magic is in fact Sphagnum peat moss. My observations indicate that this is a what Alaska Magic primarily consists of.
Click [here (8 MB)](http://microbeorganics.com/cansphagnum1.wmv) to view part A and [here (8 MB)](http://microbeorganics.com/cansphagnum2.wmv) for part B of the 42 hour ‘fed’ Sphagnum peat moss sample or click [here (6.55 MB)](http://microbeorganics.com/cansphagsmall.wmv) for a smaller slightly different version
Click [here (2.56 MB)](http://microbeorganics.com/alaskmag24.wmv) to view the 24 hour ‘fed’ Alaska Magic sample
Click [here (4.40 MB)](http://microbeorganics.com/alaskmag60.wmv) to view the 60 hour ‘fed’ Alaska Magic sample
I have done an updated test on Premier brand sphagnum peatmoss in July 2012. Again I mixed a small amount of bone dry randomly purchased sphagnum peatmoss (approx 2 teaspoons) with distilled water (approx 100 ml) and around 1/5th of a ml of black strap molasses. I observed this 'culture' over a period of 4 days. The peatmoss was labelled Premier ProMoss. You may see the video results here;
[Back to Subcontents](#Tests_Observations)
Does Microbial Life Survive Pump Impellers?
2007 Test With 1200 gallon (US) Brewer;
We made an attempt to run a test to record the effects on microbial life when distributing Compost Tea (CT) through an impeller pump, irrigation lines, shrub head sprinklers and a cheap hand operated sprayer. One objective was to grow fungal hyphae in the CT to see how it tolerated the impeller pump and sprinklers but we failed to do so. We did see the growth of bacterial structures which are about the same volume as fungal hyphae (roughly speaking) so we decided to proceed using the bacterial structures to get some estimate of how fungal hyphae might survive the ride. See below for a similar test with fungal hyphae.
The pump we used is an impeller irrigation pump; 2 horse power; 20 PSI; 65 gallons per minute.
Our water line is 1.25 inches reducing to 3/4 inch. The strainer baskets
on our overhead shrub head sprinklers are about 500 to 600 microns
(just guessing; may be larger). These sprinklers create a fine mist
and are great for coating leaves.
Besides the preliminary 27hr sample I looked at and recorded 4 sample types;
The video clips presented are comprised of the best of quite a number of clips recorded.
1/ Sample from 1200 US gallon brewer; low active bacteria; very high
immobile bacterial 'biomass' (very large bacterial complexes); high
numbers & diversity flagellates [click here to view video](http://microbeorganics.com/finbrew.wmv) (9 MB)
2/ Sample through pump and water line: could see the effects of the
impeller pump as some of the bacterial structures were broken or
malformed but many remained intact. Flagellates were about the same;
[Click here to view video(5 MB)](http://microbeorganics.com/irrline.wmv)
3/ Sample through pump, water line and shrub head sprinklers: about the
same effects as through the water line except the flagellate
activity seemed down a little. [Click here to view video](http://microbeorganics.com/shrubhead.wmv) (4 MB)
4/ Sample taken right from brewer and sprayed through one of those hand
operated spray bottles set on mist; this, surprisingly had the most
devastating effects. The bacterial structures were mostly torn up
and many flagellates were killed. [Click here to view video](http://microbeorganics.com/handspray.wmv) (6 MB)
I'm going to need to do a repeat trial but my thought is that if you have
hyphae that break up in the application process, unless they are
mashed, they will likely continue to grow in the soil if the
conditions support them. The same can probably be said for spores which are put off by hyphae grown.
Repeat Trial: 2008
Using the Microbulator 50 rather than the 1200 gallon brewer as previously attempted, I brewed an ACT heavily populated with fungal hyphae, utilizing our fungal inhabited vermicompost fed with oat flour.
I have succeeded with a 10 hour brew which was very heavily populated with fungal hyphae. I have demonstrated/observed that fungal hyphae complexes survive intact after passing through 1/ a mesh strainer of approximately 800 to 1000 microns, 2/ a low pressure impeller pump, 3/ a sprinkler strainer basket and 4/ a shrub head sprinkler (all one pass).
The fungal hyphae complexes averaged 3 microns in diameter ranging to 6+ microns and some which survived the pump and sprinkler spanned several 250X fields of view. I used a cheap ancient sump pump to run the test.
I think you can rest assured that a low pressure impeller pump will not significantly damage biology in compost tea.
I have recorded my data to video via microscope/computer interface and the video is available here for download (plays with Windows Media Player) > [6 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/pumptest08small.wmv)
[Back to Contents](#Contents)
Rambling Dissertation on Yelm Field Trials for Brewer Prototype
Only read this if you are ready for a lengthy rambling dissertation. I begin with my excursion to the Yelm Earthworm farm for a field trial of my brewer design but diverge into laboratory techniques and their foundations.
I traveled to Yelm, Washington in July, 2007 to visit the Yelm Earthworm and Castings Farm and do a field trial of my brewer design at a location close enough to get a fresh sample to the SFI labs at Corvallis, Oregon.
At Yelm;
The first thing I did before setting up the brewers was to check the DO2, temperature and the TDS/EC (totally dissolved salts {solids}/electrical conductivity) of their well water. The DO2 (dissolved oxygen) was 6.8 ppm, somewhat lower than ours at around 9 ppm. Challenge number one. Challenge number two came in a TDS reading of 93 ppm. You may recall my report that our water usually reads around 21 ppm. This does not mean there is something wrong with their water. It probably is high in mineral content but it does mean the capacity to sustain DO2 is diminished somewhat. The temperature of their water comes out of the ground at 65\* F (Note; \* = degrees). I was mulling over in my mind how to alter the compost and foodstock ratios to accommodate these readings when the largest challenge yet, presented itself in the form of the barrels which they had for me to use. They were very tall and almost football shaped with the points cut off. I had no idea that plastic 55 gallon barrels came in different shapes. Because my device has a base shape which must sit on the bottom of the barrel and has an air tube plugged into it at the bottom, the pressure applied to the stiff tubing and the restricted surface area made for a poorly balanced situation. At home we use a weight, which is a ‘U’ shaped PVC structure filled with gravel to hold down the device; once there is air flowing through it, it wants to float. Well, I don’t know if water has variant buoyancy properties at different elevations but the water at Yelm seemed to buoy the device despite the weight. We had to put rocks in ziplock bags which we balanced on the return pipe of the device to hold it down. I already knew at this point that I was going to have to market the device with a tank or give strict measurements and instructions to those wishing to get and adapt their own tanks. I also realized the weight idea is a no go and would need to secure the device with a strap across the tank. I thought about scrapping the trial at that point but talked myself into persisting since I had traveled so far and the SFI lab was only 4 hours south.
I was wishing I had stuffed one more thing in the little Montana van, my white barrel. I’m sure I already had looked suspicious enough at the border crossing stocked with microscope, two weird looking cameras, empty pill bottles for test tubes, rubber gloves, vials filled with dark liquid, strangely configured PVC pipe, tubing connected to brass valves, ziplocks of compost in coolers and a beard and messy hair to boot. A 55 gallon barrel may have pushed it over the edge. Thank goodness for my USA passport. Without it I would never have made it.
Well we set up two barrels in preparation for brewing. Brew ‘A’ would use the Yelm Earthworm farm vermicompost/thermophilic compost blend and Brew ‘B’ would use my horsemanure/shavings vermicompost. Our compost normally presents a good quantity and quality of fungal hyphae in a Compost Tea (CT) and a high number of bacteria with flagellates at varying blooms throughout the brew. After getting things pretty much balanced and running the brewers for a few hours without ingredients, the DO2 was up to 9.5 ppm. Because of the high TDS readings I decided to reduce the compost used from 4% to 3% or 4.5 liters (18 cups) and the black strap molasses to 0.65%, the kelp meal I left at 0.25% but reduced the fish hydrolisate to 0.05% (which had got quite smelly at this point). I added the ingredients and we were off and running. It was around this time that we heard through the news that a heat wave was on its way. You know; the one which broke all the records in the North West. I thought to myself; ‘Of course, Murphy’s Law’.
At the Yelm Earthworm farm they are open from 8:30 AM to 5 PM and keep the big front gate locked when closed so there was no way to check on the progress of the brews in the ‘off’ hours. When I drove in the following morning and checked the brews ‘B’ device had tipped over and was not operating in correct fashion. I straightened it up and checked the DO2 at 3.9 ppm. Damn! Of course it had to be the brew with my compost. The ‘A’ brew was okay at 7.7 ppm. This was at the 21 hour mark, three hours away from drawing my first sample. The ‘A’ sample at 24 hours was still maintaining at 7.7 ppm DO2 and 72\* F when I drew it. Through the microscope tube it exhibited a good amount of active bacteria at about 5% with about 7 to 8% total bacteria. I was disappointed that there was still some fish smell present. (maybe my fish was too old) Generally the CT was as I expected at this stage prior to the protozoa explosion. To see a short video of A24 [click here (5 MB)](http://microbeorganics.com/a24.wmv). The ‘B’ sample had crept back up to 5.2 ppm DO2. The temperature for both brews was 72\*F. Through the microscope tube B24 presented with a good quantity of active bacteria at about 3 to 4% and very thick total bacteria at about 20 to 30%. There is some fungal hyphae present albeit of a smaller diameter than we normally see from this compost and quite coated with bacteria. I attributed this to the mishap with the device tipping but the other variables could also be at play. I only saw 1 lonely flagellate representing the protozoa population. To see B24 [click here (14 MB)](http://microbeorganics.com/b24.wmv) or [here (6 MB)](http://microbeorganics.com/b24small.wmv). As usual these clips are viewed in Windows Media and may take a while to download.
Note; In the narration for b24 I use the word ‘mature’ for fungal hyphae when I mean more developed.
By this time the heat wave had hit full blast and the little room where I had set up my temporary lab became a torturous sweat box in the afternoon. This is where I was set up to examine the Alaska Magic, Sphagnum peat moss and various other substances people were bringing me to look at. I became very appreciative of the drive back to the motel at 5 PM with the windows wide open until the A/C kicked in.
The next morning the hour had arrived, or rather the 44th hour when I had decided to draw the final samples and head to the SFI lab at Corvallis. I drew the samples and had a microscopic look at them, recording the data to the computer under the witnessing eye of Kelan, one of the farm owners. My goal, primarily was to create a CT optimum for nutrient cycling in the soil. Brew ‘A44’ appeared excellent for this purpose. The DO2 was at 7.0 ppm despite the temperature being slightly over 74\*F. Looking through the microscope I conservatively counted 90 flagellates per 250X field of view and as is to be expected, the number of active bacteria was radically reduced to less than 1% by the protozoa but the total bacterial level was still good at about 5%. I did not however see any amoebae. When you view the short video clip of [A44 by clicking here](http://microbeorganics.com/a44.wmv) (7 MB) bear in mind that the camera only shows about 1/3rd of a field of view. The ‘B44’ sample was the same temperature 74\*F+ but the DO2 had never recovered and remained under 5.0 ppm. Through the microscope tube B44 exhibited a tiny bit of fungal hyphae but this was a really brief exam so there could easily have been more, there was less than 1% active bacteria but very high inactive bacterial biomass for a total of around 12 to 15%; there were about 2 flagellates per 250X field; quite low. [Click here to view B44](http://microbeorganics.com/b44.wmv) (10 MB).
I re-examined the 24 hour samples as well to decide what all I would include to get tested at SFI. The A24 sample appeared to have degraded and there was not much bacterial activity so I decided to save some money and exclude it. In reality the only really good sample for my purposes was A44 but I wanted to see what the SFI report would say concerning the fungal hyphae in B24 and B44 so I loaded the 3 samples into a small cooler and hit the road.
As, I have relayed previously I had a telephone conversation with Elaine Ingham about 10 days prior where I understood that I would be able to have a quick look at one sample using one of their scopes just to see how the flagellates had survived the 4 hour transport. In the same conversation I had understood her to say that the plate culture method was not used for counting protozoa in Compost Tea samples, contrary to what the lab manager had told me. Rather, they use the direct count or direct determination to ascertain quantities of all organisms in Compost Tea samples. When I arrived at the lab I kinda expected to go in with the samples and watch the technician put the sample on the slide, have a peek, explain to her my reason for submitting the ‘B’ samples and head back to Yelm. I had witnessed this done for someone else several years ago when I spent a day in the SFI lab. I was told to wait for the technician. After about a half hour+ I was beckoned into the lab by the tech and there was a slide prepared and on a microscope set up for incident light fluorescence, what one uses for observing stained or autofluorescing organisms. At first I glanced down the eyepiece but then asked if there was not a scope I could use with transmitted light to observe the survival and activity of the protozoa. The tech replied “What!?”. (I’m not sure which part she did not understand or if she was just startled.) She then said the protozoa would not be observable for 5 days as they were being plated out. I replied ‘That’s silly, I observed around 100 active flagellates per 250X field a few hours ago. They don't need plating.’ I wish I had not blurted out ‘silly’ but the heat of the moment and mounting disappointment was overwhelming me. The technician suggested I speak to the lab manager. I did spend a few fruitless moments engaged in conversation with the manager trying to ratify what Elaine had told me. He determined that I had misunderstood Elaine, which I guess is correct and that all Compost Tea samples are plate cultured to count protozoa. I blurted out, again, that such a count is not valid. He rightfully corrected me that, in my opinion it is not valid and I corrected my statement to reflect this meaning.
I left the lab feeling rather frustrated and confused but, despite having spent almost $400 on testing methods different than anticipated I held out hope that in the big picture the learning experience would be worth the price paid. The rush hour traffic through Portland was ugly.
The next morning at the Yelm Earthworm farm I relayed my experience and predicted that the utilization of the plate culture method would show the CT which is high in protozoa content as being lower because the CT had already produced protozoa to the optimum and many of the resting cysts had already excysted (hatched). The CT sample which is low in protozoa content would likely show a higher count after being plate cultured because there is more potential for protozoa multiplication as they have yet to populate to an optimum level and there may be resting cysts yet to excyst.
Upon returning home I contacted some people knowledgeable in microbiology and several laboratories to try to get their take on this method for counting protozoa. I could find none that thought the plate culture method made any sense for counting protozoa and one lab concurred with my prediction theory. There were also suggestions that the plate culture medium may not grow the same set of protozoa present in the CT as is. The consensus was that if they were asked to do a count of protozoa in such a medium (CT) they would immediately prepare several slides, do a live count and calculate an average. Most suggested they would use a hemacytometer or other counting chamber (slides with pockets and etchings of precise dimensions for counting microorganisms).
I thought something is not right here. Maybe I’m missing something. I had always agreed with Elaine Ingham’s assertion that the way to get a more accurate estimation of live microbes was through direct determination and that plate culturing was unreliable because it misses most of the organisms and because it projects the growth rather than showing what is present now. I have admired her stance on this amidst criticism but now, apparently her lab is using this very method for protozoa counts, while other labs are advocating direct determination. Does it make sense to use direct determination for one set of microorganisms while plating out another?
[Back to Contents](#Contents)
The following excerpts are from Elaine Ingham or are associated with her; I wish to make it clear that I intend no enmity towards Elaine. I hold her in high regard. Her knowledge level eclipses mine. I seek only clarity and verity.
1/ SFI Website
http://www.soilfoodweb.com/03\_about\_us/approach\_pgs/c\_01\_understand\_why.html
Species diversity
Species diversity is the same in compost and the tea made from that compost. Species diversity in compost is higher than fumigated or sick soil. But at least one plate count microbiology lab is giving out data suggesting that compost has lower diversity than bad soil and that “ok” tea has less diversity than bad compost. It is clear that plate count “diversity” methods are not effective in assessing species diversity, or species richness, in soil, compost or compost tea. Molecular methods tell us that species diversity in soil, tea, and compost, can number in the thousands and tens of thousands per gram.
Use of methods that tell you that soil contains only a few 5 to 10 species, or that compost contains only 8 to 15 species need to be viewed with a great deal of incredulity. Plate methods are missing only about 99.9% of what is actually present!
Do plate counts or direct counts assess tea quality? The clear answer is that direct counts assess tea quality, while plate counts do not. Take a look at the results (below) from a test where two different teas were used to control blight on tomato plants.
2/ Soil Foodweb Institute Australia
http://www.soilfoodweb.com.au/index.php?pageid=340
Plate methods could not differentiate between the two teas.
TSA incubated at room temperature, in aerobic conditions, measures “aerobic heterotrophs”. There was no detectable difference between the two teas using plate methods, despite the fact that Tea Two was capable of suppressing blight, while Tea One, sprayed at the same concentration, in the same conditions, did not suppress disease.
King’s B medium selects for pseudomonads, but not all these bacterial species are beneficial to plants. Enumeration indicated that there were more pseudomonads in the not-suppressive tea. Plate methods cannot distinguish whether the bacteria growing on this plate, and thus presumably pseudomonads, will be beneficial to the plant. If these values were used to measure “species richness-diversity”, the not-suppressive tea would get a higher “index” score than the tea that resulted in the plants remaining alive and producing a bumper crop of tomato later in the year.
Please note that “species richness-diversity” is not a valid name for any ecologically accepted measure of diversity. The lab that developed and uses this index will NOT explain how this index is calculated, and will not show any data that documents what relationship the index has with plant health. They claim the index is in any introductory textbook, but in fact, no textbook anywhere has a measure called species richness-diversity. Until such time as the lab using this index documents the claim that a higher index value actually means a benefit to the plant, the use of this index must remain highly questionable.
Spore-formers are determined by boiling the material in question to kill vegetative cells, followed by plating the material on TSA. Only spores or highly dormant stages of organisms survive boiling. Those spores capable of growing on TSA, at room temperature, in the particular oxygen conditions present in the plate (please recognize that oxygen exchange is reduced by the fact that the plates are covered), are then enumerated. Again, the not-suppressive tea had higher plate enumeration values. What is the relationship between what will grow on a plate, and physiological functions occurring in the soil, or on plant surfaces? These data show that there is no relationship.
Direct determinations separate bacteria from fungi. Plate media do not separate even bacteria from fungi, much less not giving an indication of what is going on with approximately 99.9% of the species present in the material plated.
Direct determinations also let you know whether protozoa or nematodes are present and performing their functions. A much clearer picture of what biology is present and performing their functions is possible when using direct determinations. Direct methods let you know if coverage on leaf surfaces is adequate. These types of assessments need to have a clear relation back to benefit to the plant.
Please note that there is no consistent relationship between plate count enumerations of “species richness-diversity” and improvement in plant growth. Plate counts do not assess diversity or activity of the organisms in the test material. An insignificant number of the actual total individuals or total species present in a sample grow on any single plate medium or set of lab conditions that it is difficult to see why anyone would continue to pretend that there is a relationship between plant growth and plate count assessments of diversity.
3/ Discussion Forum
http://lists.ifas.ufl.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?A2=ind0211&L=sanet-mg&P=7967
When you talk about functional groups in the soil, it is as if you think that organisms that grow on plate as active in the soil. They are not. Thus, as a method to assess function, plate counts are pitiful. As a method to determine whether a functional group exist in soil, again, plate counts are pitiful, because 99% of the individuals that might be able to perform a function do not grow on that plate.
If you want to know function, do any enzyme test. Then you know how much of that function is being performed right now. But enzyme analysis doesn't help you to know how much that function will be maintained. You can be predictive only if you know the number of active organisms performing that function now, and in ten minutes, and in an hour, etc. Plate counts don't allow you to do that. Most of the organisms that grow on any plate are dormant forms, spores, that were not active in the soil, or compost, or tea.
4/ Internet
http://www.energybulletin.net/23428.html
Monitoring the soil life
The first step in restoring the soil biology is being able to diagnose it. Since we can't look at the soil food web directly, we must rely on indirect methods. Some have suggested nematodes and springtails as indicators of soil health.
Ingham advocates a "direct count" method, in which individual organisms in a sample are counted under a microscope. Following a protocol, a trained technician counts the number of different classes of organisms (bacteria, fungi and protozoa, for example). The result is a report on the organisms estimated to be in the sample. The numbers indicate possible problems in the soil. For example, a high number of ciliates (a group of protozoa) suggests anaerobic conditions - harmful to plant life.
Other researchers have used plate counts. A soil sample is placed in a growth medium like agar, typically in a Petri dish. The number of bacterial or fungal colonies that grow from a soil sample are then counted.
Ingham maintains that this method grossly underestimates the number and variety of soil organisms. She says that the method was designed to detect and grow human disease organisms such as E. coli. In contrast, soil organisms need different conditions than the laboratory setting and growth media can provide. Only about .01 percent of soil organisms can be detected with traditional plate counts, she estimates.
5/ Discussion Forum
http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/compostteas/Week-of-Mon-20020506/000000.html
Testing tea is critical - and you have to know whether the competitive organisms in the tea are ACTIVE or not. You cannot measure active organisms using plate counts, you can only measure viable organisms. There's a huge difference.
6/ Internet
http://soilfoodweb.ca/SFC-Elaine&TedArticle.pdf
To get this information, you will need to send samples of soil, compost and compost
tea to a laboratory that can provide this information. Choosing the ‘right’ lab is
important as not all soil and microbiology labs use protocols that can provide the
information that growers need to make good decisions about soil biology
management. To date peer reviewed, direct look protocols and composite databases
are only available at the worldwide soil foodweb labs in the USA, Canada, Australia,New Zealand South Africa and soon England and Belgium. Plate culture laboratory protocols cannot provide this information and miss 95% of the biology in soil because most soil organisms cannot be grown in an artificial lab environment.
7/ In The Compost Tea Brewing Manual 4th Edition, Elaine advocates direct count methods for determination of the microbes present in compost teas.
End of Excerpts:
SFI Test Results:
The SFI test results did come by email. You may view the tests here in PDF format [A44](http://microbeorganics.com/sfia44.pdf) [B24](http://microbeorganics.com/sfib24.pdf) [B44](http://microbeorganics.com/sfib44.pdf)
A44 – When we examine the results of bacterial count overall my estimations as to general quantity (quality) from above (active bac low <1% but total okay 5%) seem to roughly concur with the SFI results (active bac. low; total bac. good). SFI reports the bacterial content in mass per volume (ug/ml) so it is difficult to make a direct comparison. I will discuss this later.
When we come to the flagellate count the SFI number is 13,863 per g (or per ml because 1 ml. of water weighs 1 gram). This is where my numbers disagree sharply with the SFI report. Remember that I did a conservative count of 90 flagellates per field of view.
The formula for roughly converting numbers of microorganisms per field of view to microorganisms per ml or g is;
(~ = divided by; field of view = FOV)
Number of microorganisms/ml = area of coverslip ~ area of FOV x number of organisms/FOV x number of pipette drops/ml
The 250X FOV of my portable microscope = .49 sq mm
The number of drops per ml. = 20
The area of the coverslips = 324 sq mm
Therefore; The number of flagellates/ml = 324 ~ .49 x 90 x 20 = 1,190,204.08/ml
Because 1 ml of water = 1 gram, this = 1,190,204 flagellates/g
This is over a million flagellates per gram. Even if my count is off by 10 percent or more this is still radically different from the SFI result. I attribute this to the plate culturing method they used.
Note that my prediction bore out; that the sample with the higher number of direct count flagellates is showing a lower number through the plate count method.
There is a comment in the lower portion of the SFI test which states that the aerobic bacteria are dormant. I would like to know how aerobic bacteria are determined without using plating or other methods.
B24 – Here again the observations I recorded (of active bacteria at about 3 to 4% and very thick total bacteria at about 20 to 30% showing very good; mention of okay fungal hyphae) seem to generally jive with the quality description from SFI (active bac. good; total bac. excellent). Again I cannot make a direct comparison because the bacteria are recorded in mass/volume.
On the surface it would appear that even our flagellate estimations concur were it not for the comments and the following report for B44. The comment at the bottom portion of the report states ‘Protozoa either not present in compost, or did not survive in the tea’
If we skip ahead to the SFI test result for B44, which is drawn from the identical Compost Tea brew (just 20 hours later) the number of flagellates reported is 277,259/g. In the lower portion of the report the flagellate count is described as excellent. Hold on; This is the CT where protozoa were either not present in the compost or did not survive the tea. What’s up with this? I attribute this to the potential inaccuracy of using the plate culture method to count protozoa.
Interestingly, even though the DO2 was miserably low when I drew the B24 sample there is no comment saying that the aerobic bacteria are dormant. The description makes this CT sample sound superior to A44 even though we have (to the best of our current knowledge) observed microbial activity and DO2 readings indicating the opposite. One good thing to know is that SFI measures the fungal hyphae at 4 micrometers and determines it to be beneficial. Now that’s the kind of meat and potatoes information I find useful. It backs up my estimates of 6 micrometer hyphae when everything is going right.
B44 – My numbers (less than 1% active bacteria but very high inactive bacterial biomass for a total of around 12 to 15%;) for bacteria observed seem to go along with the SFI qualitative description (active bac. low; total bac. good) except that I may have a higher total bacteria. This could be where their superior staining techniques may help define bacteria from other junk. Of course as previously outlined our flagellate counts are way different. My observation being about 2 flagellates per 250X field; quite low, translated; 324~.49x2x20= 26,530/ml = 26,530/g. Yes that’s what I call low but much lower than the SFI; 277,259/g.
Note that my predicted theory bears out again; the sample which had the directly determined lower count of flagellates ended up showing the higher count when the plate culture method of counting was employed.
I need to question the reason for the plate culture method being used to assess protozoa numbers in CT. Generally, in my understanding, a plate culture method is useful for determining the potential for a substance to produce certain microorganisms. It is therefore useful for application to soil, compost, humus, peat samples, etc. For CT samples I’m an advocate for what you see is what you got NOT what you see is what you might get if you culture these microbes out over 5 days. I could also be missing the point completely and am therefore open to being educated.
[Back to Contents](#Contents)
Microbial Mass
I said that I would discuss the results for bacteria and fungal hyphae expressed in terms of mass per volume. This type of expression is used in various studies and analysis of microbes. It is deemed necessary for certain trials which have been carried out and there have been numerous approaches and formulae establishing conversion factors to interpret volume/volume of microbes as mass/volume or mass/mass.
I have searched for and read some of the research papers on which many of the accepted conversion factors are based for studies carried out by contemporary scientists. I have found the results to vary greatly and indeed even some of the authors of the papers warn that these are rough averages and one must have confidence in the methods used to formulate the presently used conversion factor for the specific group of microbes being utilized. We are talking about the weight of microorganisms here. You can’t use the bathroom scales so it is based primarily on the mass of carbon and there are many variables concerning environmental medium, growth rates, species, etc.
I have already been overly long-winded so I’ll not provide any excerpts but will be happy to email the journal articles to interested parties. I will, however list some of the conversion factors with the author(s’) name(s). I have converted them all into grams per cubic centimeter so there is some chance of misplaced decimal points. If you see any errors please let me know;
1979 – van Veen & Paul; bacteria - 0.8 g/cu cm; fungal hyphae – 0.33 g/ cu cm
1982 – Newell & Statzell-Tallman; fungal hyphae - 0.9 g dry/cu cm
1982 – Bakken & Olsen; bacteria – 1.09 g/cu cm and 30% dry matter (DM); fungal hyphae – 1.09 g/cu cm and 21% DM; I have trouble comprehending this one
1885 – Braktak; fixated bacteria – 0.056 g/ cu cm; wild bacteria(?) - 0.22 g/cu cm
1987 – Borsheim & Braktak; bacteria – 0.22 g/cu cm
1987 – Lee & Fuhrman; bacteria – 0.38 g/cu cm
There are other articles I could not access ($) and I’m sure there is more information available.
I asked the SFI lab in Oregon for their conversion factors and was told it is proprietary information, however Elaine told me in an email that as she recalls they are; prokaryotes (bacteria) - 0.31 g/cu cm; fungal hyphae - 0.44 g/cu cm
There is obviously value in expressing bacterial and fungal amounts like this, especially if one needs to perform calculations or express mass to mass ratios. For my information to use these results I’d like to know what the conversion factor is, what research the factor is derived from and what the high and low variances are. I have looked for this information on the SFI website and maybe it’s there but I have not seen it, nor have I found a basic description of their testing practices and techniques. At most labs they will give you this information with the exception of proprietary techniques for detection of species, etc.
The SFI test results can become confusing, otherwise. For example if we look at two of the SFI test results posted on the KIS website; One test is for their small brewer (I believe) and the Invoice # is 5795. The other test is for the vermicompost they use (Invoice 0). The tests use the same units of measure as ug/ml is the same as ug/g unless a sample has been dried (baked) first (their protocol does not state this that I know of) In the vermicompost the total bacteria is reported at 5969 ug/g while in the Compost Tea it is reported at 11648 ug/ml (ug/g). If they are using this or a similar vermicompost does this mean that the bacteria did not even double? Perhaps there is a totally different method for handling and testing the compost but without knowing this it is difficult to learn something from these results.
Using these two tests to review the validity of the plate culture method to count protozoa, in the vermicompost the flagellate count is 209,599 /g (/ml) and in the Compost Tea the flagellate count is 13,863 /ml (/g). If they are using this or a similar vermicompost in the brewer does this mean that the numbers were reduced by the brewer? Likely this is a factor of the plate culture method. Something seems wrong with the overall picture. It could be there is something I just don’t get and I need educating.
Something I pointed out before is that the flagellate number and amoebae numbers on the KIS test are identical at 13,863/ml but something I just noticed is that the flagellate number on my A44 test is also 13,863/g (/ml). What are the chances?
1/ It would be nice if someone from SFI could lay out as much as possible what their testing protocol is. 2/ What is your biomass conversion factor and where is it derived from? 3/ Can someone explain the reason for the plate culturing of the protozoa?
4/ How do you determine that bacteria are aerobic as noted in the quantitative test results?
What did I learn? I learned that I had to return to the drawing table as far as a couple of features for the Microbulator design. I had reaffirmed the importance of what is in compost to begin with and the ability of water to retain O2. This supports the practice of blending several substances for a broader range of microbes, like done by KIS. I have come to the realization that the SFI quantitative testing is probably not going to work for my purposes of illustrating the efficacy of the brewer; unless I’m shown to be full of it and re-educated. If anything I might prefer their little qualitative test. In a discussion with the biologist at Woodsend lab she expressed what I have observed consistently. A set of microorganisms in a CT sample does not stay the same for long making it difficult for shipping to the lab and getting reliable results. I guess I’ll stick to the video footage of microbes extracted to illustrate results for now.
[Back to Contents](#Contents)
Resources & Links
Following are some links to useful resources and information. I will be adding to this periodically so keep checking in. Please let me know if you come across inactive links.
Worms;
Here is simple information I put together for keeping your own composting worms to supply your brewer with fresh vermicompost.> [keepingworms.pdf](http://microbeorganics.com/keepingworms.pdf)
Venturi;
Here is a sketch [venturisketch.pdf](http://microbeorganics.com/venturisketch.pdf) and text [venturitext.pdf](http://microbeorganics.com/venturitext.pdf) instructing the use of a water pump and venturi for building a compost tea brewer. It works.
Microscopes Advisory;
Here is a PDF copy of my Microscope advisory. It may help you with making a decision concerning a microscope purchase. Please note that in Spring of 2009 a gentleman named Theo from Holland pointed out my error in stating that Frits Zernike was German. I should have stated that he was Dutch, in business with Germans > [microscopeadvisory.pdf](http://microbeorganics.com/microscopeadvisory.pdf)
Thanks Theo!
A word about fish fertilizers;
I have had many questions regarding fish hydrolysates vs. fish emulsions. Well, now I’ve done a little research and can give an answer. Fish emulsions are produced under high heat conditions, which as we know kills most nutrients. Fish emulsions also separate the oils and protein which are marketed separately for other uses (fish oils & fish meal). Fish emulsions are therefore not very valid as a microbial foodstock.
Fish hydrolysate, on the other hand, is produced with a low heat process known as enzymatic digestion. All the oils, nutrients and amino acids protein are left intact resulting in a substantial microbial foodstock which can be ‘mineralized’ (made bio-available) and passed on to your soil and plants.
For these reasons, when given a choice it is better to pick fish hydrolysate over emulsion.
Here is a link to Great Pacific Bioproducts who make very fine quality liquid fish fertilizer (hydrolysate). Their product is available in British Columbia, Canada but bulk purchases in the Western USA are possible. I have tested their product and it grows the most enormous fungal hyphae from our vermicompost that I have ever seen. > <http://www.greatpacificbioproducts.com>
Here is a link to video footage of the microbial life observed in one of the tests I ran on their hydrolysate. The microbes shown were grown/supported from our vermicompost using only Great Pacific Bioproducts hydrolysate. No other food sources were present. It supported fungal hyphae meaning that in the soil, micorrhizal fungi would derive food from the hydrolysate and it supported the growth of bacteria, amoebae and flagellates. > [8 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/greatpacific.wmv) > [5 MB](http://microbeorganics.com/greatpacificsmall.wmv)
For those of you in the USA, I have run similar tests on Organic Gem fish hydrolysate and find it to be highly satisfactory as a feedstock which supports/feeds fungi and bacteria.
<http://www.organicgem.com> and western distribution at <http://www.greatwesternsales.com>
[Back to Contents](#Contents)
Some Friends
For an alternative compost tea brewer design and for fine quality compost, soil and nutrient packs go to Keep It Simple (KIS Organics; KIS Farm) and speak to my good friend Tad Hussey
<https://www.kisorganics.com>
<http://www.kisfarm.com>
For other needs or if you are in Colorado check out my buddy Jeremy Silva at Build-A-Soil <https://buildasoil.com>
A really good introductory book for delving into and understanding the microbial based horticultural world is 'Teaming With Microbes', A Gardener's Guide to the Soil Food Web. It is written by Jeff Lowenfels & Wayne Lewis, two good friends. I believe KIS carries the book as well as Amazon. Check out Jeff's other books Teaming With Nutrients & Teaming With Fungi and if you can go to one of his talks. He's very entertaining!
[Back to Contents](#Contents)
Recipes Which Can Be Used With A 50 gallon (US) Compost Tea Brewer
Please also see my [2013 update](#More_on_Compost_Tea_2013_) for evolved information.
Brewing Temperature:
There has been ongoing discussion concerning the best temperature for brewing. There are two basic schools of thought; 1/ that one should brew at the temperature of the soil where the CT is to be applied. 2/ that the temperature range of 63 F to 70 F (17 C to 21 C) is the optimum for a maximum production and diversity of microbes. This aspect obviously needs research. I am of the opinion that one should brew at a temperature which maximizes microbial numbers and creates a functional microbial nutrient cycling consortia. I think that a large, self supporting, population has a better chance of survival once applied to the soil. Besides, if you brew at 50 F it may take days to have a microbial population. I therefore try to start my brews around 65 F.
Don't sweat it if your ambient temperatures are not perfect. Work with what the Earth gives to you. We often made ACT on the farm at temperatures as high as 100 degrees F or as low as 50 F. Like I always say, it is difficult to make bad CT, just easy to make it optimal when conditions are better. Even at those temperature extremes we still had good microbial populations. In heat you may not want to run as long. With the luxury of a microscope we could see when it was ready.
Compost:
If you are purchasing compost, I recommend compost from KIS or another source of compost which is known to be microbially active.
If you are home composting, generally speaking fresh vermicompost is just about the best substance one can use for brewing compost tea. If you can purchase some composting worms and feed them a variety of food you really can’t go wrong.
If you want a fungal compost SFI has recommended mixing oat flour (or powdered oatmeal) about 1:20 with your compost and keeping damp and covered with a cloth for 8 to 10 days. (I do not recommend this myself but wheat bran works just as well) This does work, although I am unsure whether there is a diversity of species of fungal hyphae grown. It may be more likely to grow something akin to bread mold. If you see white or blue fuzz growing on the surface turn it under. What we want is transparent and colored microscopic fungal hyphae. Really if there is not already fungi in your compost, you cannot make it magically appear at the last moment.
A side benefit to this procedure is that if left longer than 10 days I have seen multitudes of bacterial feeding nematodes growing. I’m not sure if this is peculiar to my compost. Try it. Compost tea is not a good medium for distributing nematodes. Better to distribute them by hand in the compost.
Another trick to encourage fungal growth is to use good quality fish hydrolysate diluted in water (e.g. around 2 ounces per gallon of water) and dampen compost and cover for around 5 days with a cloth.
Although I am providing these recipes and guidelines which have worked for me, I cannot guarantee they will work identically with all brewers and compost quality. I encourage you to experiment but exercise common sense and consult with your professional contact.
The recipe amounts given are for use with water that has a TDS/EC (total dissolved solids) of 35 PPM (parts per million) or less. This is really pure well or spring water with a relatively low mineral content. Water with a high mineral content (or that is turbid) has a lower capacity to maintain dissolved oxygen. If you know or suspect that your water has a high mineral content or high TDS then it is advisable to reduce the amounts of compost and feedstock (e.g. molasses, kelp meal, rock powders, fish hydrolysate, etc.). The amounts of compost recommended are for a very efficient brewer, capable of raising DO2 rates close to 10 or 12 PPM. If this is not your situation, reduce the amounts used.
Please be aware that the quality of the compost or vermicompost used is directly proportional to the quality of the compost tea produced.
Some Measures;
50 gallons US is 189 liters
1 gal. = 3.78 liters
1 liter = 4.2 cups US
1 liter = 1.05 quarts US liquid
1 US ounce = 29.57 ml
Bacteria/Archaea
You will note that I use the expression bacteria/archaea rather than just bacteria. This is because recent scientific research has revealed that there is a distinct species, Archaea, co-habitating with bacteria which previously was called bacteria. The only way to tell them apart is through complex analysis. The difference is in their membrane structure and therefore their ability to process (digest) different substances. Because I can’t tell them apart under the microscope I have decided to name them both.
Despite the following recipes, I have evolved myself to a more simple formula, using only vermicompost and black strap molasses for a diverse nutrient cycling ACT, however many growers over the years swear by the following recipes. Please read my 2013 update (contents).
A/ Recipe for a Diversity of Microbes; Nutrient Cycling
- measurements do not need to be precise; expressed in different units in brackets.
\*compost/vermicompost – 2.38% max. (4.5 liters), (19 cups US), (4.5 quarts US) – reduce as required according to brewer and water quality
\*unsulphured pure black strap molasses - I recommend using 0.50% (just under 1 liter), (4 cups US) (1 quart US) [but you can use a maximum 0.75% (1.4 liters), (5.9 cups US), (1.4 quarts US)] – reduce as required according to brewer and water quality
\*fish hydrolysate(high quality) - 0.063% - (120 ml); (4 ounces)
Do not use chemically deodorized liquid fish!
\*kelp meal - 0.25% max. (0.5 liter or 500 ml), (17 ounces US), (0.5 quart US), (2 plus cups)
NOTE: This is a maximum amount of kelp and you can experiment using less. This is using regular grade kelp meal for livestock. If you have soluble kelp, I recommend using smaller amounts. Sometimes kelp meal can initially delay microbial development and call for a longer brew.
\*soft rock phosphate granules/powder - 0.063% - (120 ml) (4 ounces), (0.5 cup)
We grind up the granules into a powder with a coffee grinder
Length of Brew;
This will provide a CT with a microbial content of, bacteria/archaea and fungal hyphae (if present in compost) when brewed for 18 to 24 hours. When using our fungal inhabited vermicompost, the optimum time seems to be 18 hours for a bacteria/archaea and fungal brew. If brewed for 30 to 36 hours (and up to 42 to 48 hours if you have a microscope) there will be flagellates and amoebae (& some ciliates) as well, providing a functioning microbial consortia which is better for nutrient cycling in the soil/root interface. Because of the variations in brewing compost tea, it is better to examine the microbial content with a microscope and decide at what period of the brew you should apply it but if you do not have a microscope then use the CT between the time periods mentioned above for the desired effects.
Extras (when using extras you may wish to adjust amounts of other ingredients to avoid overload)
\*pyrophyllite clay powder – 0.063% - (120 ml), (4 ounces), (0.5 cup)
This is a good ingredient to stimulate more bacteria/archaea diversity which seems to experimentally contribute to disease control. It can be found here at a reasonable price. <http://www.continentalclay.com/detail.php?PID=695&cat_id=197&sub_categoryID=4>
\*alfalfa meal – up to 0.25% (.5 liter or 500 ml), (17 ounces US), (0.5 quart US), (2 plus cups)
This promotes the growth of flagellates and amoebae and is also a fungal food. Just get the cheap stuff by the bag at the feed store, checking that it does not contain anti-microbials
\*Canadian sphagnum peat moss Premier Brand – throw in a handful or two to promote flagellates and amoebae and/or fungal hyphae. Batches are inconsistent, so unless you have a microscope you won’t be sure which set of microbes it will promote but I have never seen anything bad.
B/ Fungal Dominant;
\*compost/vermicompost (fungal content) - 2.38% max. (4.5 liters), (19 cups US), (4.5 quarts US)
\*unsulphured pure black strap molasses - 0.25% (475 ml rounded), (2 cups US), (0.5 quart US)
NOTE: Also experiment with eliminating black strap molasses. Recent trials have shown that with some types of compost the fungi does better. If you have a microscope check it out for yourself.
NOTE: If you have activated your compost with oat flour I recommend NOT using molasses in addition to fish hydrolysate unless you are willing to brew for a longer period and best to have a microscope.
\*fish hydrolysate(high quality) - 0.190% - (360 ml) (12 ounces) Do not use chemically deodorized liquid fish! You may experiment using slightly higher amounts.
\*kelp meal - 0.25% max. (.5 liter or 500 ml), (17 ounces US), (0.5 quart US), (2 plus cups)
NOTE: This is a maximum amount of kelp and you can experiment using less. This is using regular grade kelp meal for livestock. If you have soluble kelp, I recommend using smaller amounts. Sometimes kelp meal can initially delay microbial development.
\*rock phosphate granules/powder - 0.063% - (120 ml), (4 ounces), (0.5 cup)
NOTE: We seem to get the same results using 100 ml of rock phosphate but experiment yourself. Sometimes we run the rock phosphate granules through the electric coffee grinder to get a fine powder.
Some studies show certain sources of soft rock phosphate to contain radio active materials so you may wish to research this.
Extras (when using extras you may wish to adjust amounts of other ingredients to avoid overload)
\* Humic acid - I am no longer recommending the use of humic acid in compost tea, as I've not seen any benefits from doing so. Better to apply it directly to the soil.
\*you could also add one of the Alaska ‘Humus’ products and/or Canadian sphagnum Premier brand at 0.25% or less. If there are fungi spores present in the substance, hyphae should grow.
\*you may add a little soil or partially/completely decomposed forest litter (rotted leaves, wood pieces). If you are applying CT to grass or flowers use some local soil from a healthy (unmanipulated by man) area where similar plant species are doing well. If you are applying to deciduous trees or bushes then gather some soil or forest litter from a deciduous forest where the forest appears healthy and has that…you know… fabulous earthy odor. I recommend using 500 ml. (0.5 liter) or 2 cups to begin with and see how that works out. Careful to not use big chunks if using the Microbulator 50.
Length of Brew
Brew until fungal hyphae is observed with a microscope or for 18 to 24 hours. When using our fungal inhabited vermicompost, the optimum time seems to be 18 hours for a bacteria/archaea and fungal brew, however fungal hyphae is extracted at 10 hours with less bacteria/archaea present. If you want a fungal dominant brew this may be the best time to apply. For those of you with microscopes, check it out. This recipe, provided there are fungi spores in your compost, should produce a higher volume of fungal hyphae and reduced bacteria/archaea numbers. (at 10 hours approx)
[Back to Contents](#Contents)
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Copyright © 1996, 1997 <A HREF="../../contact.htm">Netscrappy Combustible Corporation</A><br>
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MOM
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[NETSCRAPPY](scrap3.html)
**JANUARY 1999:**
Netscrappy WebWanderer 7.3 delivers breakthrough audio, video and smells. [Download](scrap3.html) it now. Please be patient, if you go pushing the
download button a bunch of times, expect to find a boot right in your buttocks.
**NEW!** Enhancements for WebWanderer 7.3.
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**SCOOTER PROMOTED TO CEO**
Hopefully [Scooter](http://www.atomic.net/~scooter/) from Walnut high school can bring a fresh new vision to Netscrappy Corporation. During a timewasters meeting Wednesday, Scooter revealed plans to bring Netscappy back into the limelight by making a [Bigger Java Ball](../javaball/ball.html) than anybody.
---
**BRIGHT FUTURE FOR WABTV**
Due to some good fortune (and a little cash) the Netscappy Website will be featured in the new [WabTV Guide](../wabtv/wabtv.html).
Everyone knows that WabTV will be the future of the Internot as we know it. With some hard work and a little luck, the web could soon, god willing,
end up looking just like television!
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**WE'RE NOT REALLY THAT MAD**
**Jimmy (The Fist) Slamdale, President and Current Reigning Champion at Netscrappy Corp.**
Welcome back to "We're Not That Mad." Last time, I talked about how we should beat the tar out of every employee at [Alvin's Corporation](../alvin/alvin.html). This week I wanted to spend some time explaining why Alvin is such a jerk. ...
Last Halloween while I was giving out those little Reese's Peanut Butter Cups (you know the tiny ones in the foil wrapper) It turns out that my "neighbor" Alvin was giving away the full size
double cup Reese's. Then along comes Christmas. When Christmas carolers came and sang at my door I would treat them to a nice cup of cocoa. Wouldn't you know, just down the street not only would Alvin give them
a cup of cocoa, he was giving them fruit cakes and candy canes. Well, this may all sound innocent to you but come next spring all the neighborhood kids will be riding their bikes across
my lawn and messing up my flowers and stuff. They'll leave Alvin's yard alone, remembering all the nice treats he gave them around the holidays. Next thing you know I'm going to have to move
, and then Alvin can give away any kind of candy and fruit cakes he wants. Heck he could even charge money for them. Do we really want [that to happen](../alvin/alvin.html)?
---
[Stinkwave Logo Graphic](http://www.orst.edu/~dickt/stink/)
WebWanderer 7.3 is now fully compatible with the Stinkwave plug-in.
[Bud Uglly](../../buduglly.htm)
The Netscrappy website has been awarded the [Bud Uglly](../../buduglly.htm) Site of the Day.
---
We would just like to make it very clear that no one who is working at Netscrappy
knocked down [Alvin's](../alvin/alvin.html) mailbox with a baseball bat.
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WebWanderer 7.3 is here! The newest Wanderer, upgrade or we will have to hurt you.
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Corporate Sales: 555/brokenose; Personal Sales: 555/twistarm; Federal Sales: 555/toejamed
If you have any questions, don't bother we've got bigger fish to fry.
Copyright © 1996, 1997 [Netscrappy Combustible Corporation](../../contact.htm)
Think twice before you send us any E-mail pal, or you may
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<h2>Horror Reviews and Articles</h2>
<p>You can check out the latest Eat Horror reviews via the links on the left. You may also want to delve into our articles. We've got plenty of gory goodness from <a href="hillbillyhorrorrules.php">Hillbilly Horror Rules</a> to the <a href="greatestslashervillains.php">Greatest Slasher Villains</a>. If there's something you'd like to see or you want a film reviewed then drop us a message we aim to please.</p>
<h2>Upcoming Horror Movies</h2>
<img src="images/serialkiller_small.jpg" border="0" width="100" height="100" alt="Serial Killer Film" title="Serial Killer Film" style="float: left;" />
<p>Anything good on the horror horizon? New horror movies just keep on coming. What are you excited about?</p>
<img src="images/slasher_small.jpg" border="0" width="100" height="100" alt="Slasher Horror Film" title="Slasher Horror Film" style="float: right;" />
<p>You'll also find a ton of remakes and sequels, that we can expect will suck. Anything you're looking forward to? Drop us an email or post on <a href="http://www.twitter.com/EatHorror">Twitter</a> or <a href="http://www.facebook.com/pages/Eat-Horror/203537729666620">Facebook</a>.</p>
<h2>5 Horror Movies Every Horror Fan Has To See</h2>
<img src="images/supernatural_small.jpg" border="0" width="100" height="100" alt="Supernatural Horror Film" title="Supernatural Horror Film" style="float: left;" />
<p>Picking the best of the best is not easy with so many good films to choose from. Here are a few essentials that every horror fan worthy of the name has to see.</p>
<p>Kubrick was a master of direction and <a href="theshining.php">The Shining</a> was his horror masterpiece. Based on a Stephen King story and starring Jack Nicholson this is as good as it gets.</p>
<img src="images/cannibal_small.jpg" border="0" width="100" height="100" alt="Cannibal Horror Film" title="Cannibal Horror Film" style="float: right;" />
<p>The original <a href="nightofthelivingdead.php">Night of the Living Dead</a> is where the zombie genre clawed its way out of the earth and into our hearts. Romero's classic, made with amateur actors and filmed in black and white, is now in the public domain so you can see it for free (there is no excuse not to).</p>
<p>It's partly nostalgia but <a href="anightmareonelmstreet.php">A Nightmare on Elm Street</a> is still a great horror movie and it highlights Craven's talents as it introduces us to the razor fingered Freddy. Avoid the remake though, it's not good.</p>
<img src="images/vampire_small.jpg" border="0" width="100" height="100" alt="Vampire Horror Film" title="Vampire Horror Film" style="float: left;" />
<p>For anarchic, funny, manic, crazy horror you can't beat <a href="evildead2.php">Evil Dead 2</a>. It is one of the few films that you can watch an infinite number of times. It successfully blends horror and comedy, not an easy feat.</p>
<p><a href="halloween.php">Halloween</a> is the original slasher template and a masterpiece in tension from Carpenter. If you love the Friday the 13th films and every slasher that came after you have to check out the original.</p>
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[Zombie Films](zombiefilms.php)
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[](bestcomedyhorrormovies.php)
## Horror Reviews and Articles
You can check out the latest Eat Horror reviews via the links on the left. You may also want to delve into our articles. We've got plenty of gory goodness from [Hillbilly Horror Rules](hillbillyhorrorrules.php) to the [Greatest Slasher Villains](greatestslashervillains.php). If there's something you'd like to see or you want a film reviewed then drop us a message we aim to please.
## Upcoming Horror Movies
Anything good on the horror horizon? New horror movies just keep on coming. What are you excited about?
You'll also find a ton of remakes and sequels, that we can expect will suck. Anything you're looking forward to? Drop us an email or post on [Twitter](http://www.twitter.com/EatHorror) or [Facebook](http://www.facebook.com/pages/Eat-Horror/203537729666620).
## 5 Horror Movies Every Horror Fan Has To See
Picking the best of the best is not easy with so many good films to choose from. Here are a few essentials that every horror fan worthy of the name has to see.
Kubrick was a master of direction and [The Shining](theshining.php) was his horror masterpiece. Based on a Stephen King story and starring Jack Nicholson this is as good as it gets.
The original [Night of the Living Dead](nightofthelivingdead.php) is where the zombie genre clawed its way out of the earth and into our hearts. Romero's classic, made with amateur actors and filmed in black and white, is now in the public domain so you can see it for free (there is no excuse not to).
It's partly nostalgia but [A Nightmare on Elm Street](anightmareonelmstreet.php) is still a great horror movie and it highlights Craven's talents as it introduces us to the razor fingered Freddy. Avoid the remake though, it's not good.
For anarchic, funny, manic, crazy horror you can't beat [Evil Dead 2](evildead2.php). It is one of the few films that you can watch an infinite number of times. It successfully blends horror and comedy, not an easy feat.
[Halloween](halloween.php) is the original slasher template and a masterpiece in tension from Carpenter. If you love the Friday the 13th films and every slasher that came after you have to check out the original.
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<html>
<title>Messin' with the Mesh</title>
<body>
<font size="7"><center><b>BROADBAND HAMNET</b></center></font>
<hr><hr>
<table width="95%">
<tr>
<td width="75%"> Some ingenious folks in Texas came up with a firmware flash for the Linux-based WRT54G series routers that made them FCC Part 97 compliant on the 13cm band. 2.402 to 2.417 GHz is domestically allocated to Amateur Radio on a primary basis, so 802.11b/g/n WiFi's 2.412 GHz "Channel 1" becomes our playground. The Ham Radio portion is the antennas and amps, but what is going on within the Mesh itself is pretty much home and SMB networking. So if you're a "plug and pray" person, although you may not be cut out to be the Broadband Hamnet administrator for your area, it shouldn't keep you from setting up your own node for your laptop and joining the party. In an emergency incident, your station could extend the Mesh and make the difference by being the "last mile" to an affected area.
<br><br>
Almost everything you want to know about Broadband Hamnet is at their <a href="http://www.broadband-hamnet.org/" target="_blank">website</a>, so I won't be writing yet another tutorial on flashing the firmware. Instead, I'll show you some pictures and detail how I've set up my six routers. My hat's off to the BH Development Team for making things so easy, including the tutorials thaty have for installing additional services on your network.
<br><br>
I constructed the storage frame from aluminum from <a href="http://www.onlinemetals.com/" target="_blank">OnlineMetals.com</a> and stainless steel hardware from <a href="http://www.nutty.com/" target="_blank">The Nutty Company</a>. The base has four 7/8" diameter 1/2" tall <a href="Feet.jpg" target="_blank">rubber feet</a> purchased from SPKR PARTS-2007 off eBay on the bottom secured with #8-32 stainless hardware. Four 1/4"-20 threaded rods are secured to the bottom angles by plastic insert locknuts.
<br><br>
The Mesh Nodes are mounted on clear Lexan panels bought locally and cut to 14.5" x 18" on a table saw with a carbide blade. Since the Lexan chips a bit when cut this way, black automotive door edge trim was used around the perimeter. Holes are drilled in the Node panels so they slide onto the threaded rods. Where the first Mesh Node panel sits, <a href="Bumpers.jpg" target="_blank">rubber bumpers</a> provide a cushioned base. 1/2" CPVC pipe is then used for spacers for stacking the remainder of the nodes.
</td>
<td width="25%"><img src="Stack2.jpg"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<br><br>
<table width="95%">
<tr>
<td width="75%">
<b>KJ4AJP-MESH1</b>, a WRG54G v2, is my primary "service" node. An <a href="http://www.broadband-hamnet.org/applications-for-the-mesh/118-internet-relay-chat-irc.html" target="_blank">IRC server</a> is installed on it's processor. After trying a few different Chat clients, I settled on <a href="http://hydrairc.com/" target=_"blank">HydraIRC</a> and recommend it for anyone setting up their own Nodes in the local area. When you go to the "Mesh Status" page of the localnode you are connected to and KJ4AJP-MESH1 is online, you will see the Chat Server as an Advertised Service link. Clicking on that link will open your HydraIRC client and configure you to the server automagically.
<br><br>
I retired an <a href="http://www.addonics.com/products/nas40esu.php" target="_blank">Addonics NAS 4.0 adapter</a> from my home network and now use it for two 32GB USB thumbdrives. When attached to the Mesh, you will be able to access these to upload and download files.
<br><br>
The small blue box behind the router is a Raspberry PI computer running <a href="http://www.broadband-hamnet.org/documentation/170-asterisk-rpi-bbhn" target="_blank">FreePBX</a>, providing a VoIP telephone system across the Mesh. Each of my nodes has an extension number, 10x, where x is the node number (example, to call Node 6, dial 106). I use an old Lynksys SPA922 phone on Node 1. Each PBX extension has a Voicemail box. Since Node 1 is configured as the Internet Gateway for the Mesh and thus assumed to have connectivity to the internet, I have a Google Voice number for calls to and from public telephones off the Mesh.
<br><br>
If you're a licensed Amateur Radio operator and have a Mesh Node of your own in the local West TN area and would like a telephone number off the KJ4AJP PBX, let me know. You can use it with either a hardware phone like I'm using or with a free softphone client like <a href="http://www.3cx.com/VOIP/voip-phone/" target="_blank">3CX</a> or <a href="http://www.counterpath.com/x-lite-download.html" target="_blank">X-lite</a> when we're all on the same Mesh.
<br><br>
The silver box to the left of the PBX is a 2W Broadband RF amplifier, available from Amazon or eBay. North of it is a chassis-mount female "N" conncector on a piece of aluminum L. Since the amp has SMA conncetors in and out, there is a RP-TNC to SMA adapter on the router. Note the second RP-TNC jack on the router has the stock rubber duck antenna on it.
<br><br>
The <a href="PowerBox.jpg" target="_blank">black box</a> in the upper right is the power for everything. Since commercial power might not be available (and everything runs off DC anyway), I labeled the wall-warts and stashed them away. The black boxes have 30A dual PowerPoles for aproximately 13.8V input and inside have step down convertors. For 12V devices, a single 8-40V to 12V convertor powers the bus to the 2.1mm coaxial jacks. A 40mm fan is connected to the 12V bus for cooling. For 5V devices, individual 8-24V to 5V convertors power dedicated 1.3mm coaxial jacks. Since the two PowerPoles are in parallel, it allows for a 30A pass-through for attaching additional equipment. When tested with a 5dBi rubber duck antenna with N to SMA adapter, the node pulled 1.28 amps from a 13.8V power supply with all devices (including the Lynksys SPA922 phone) runnning.
<center><img src="SPA.jpg"></center>
<center><b>Linksys SPA922</b></center>
</td>
<td width="25%"><img src="MESH1_2.jpg"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="95%">
<tr>
<td width="75%">
<b>KJ4AJP-MESH2 and KJ4AJP-MESH3</b> are set up the identically. KJ4AJP-MESH2 is a WRT54G v4, KJ4AJP-3 a WRT54GL v1.1. The power boxes are similar to KJ4AJP-1 except for the outputs configured for the peripherals. Since these are designed as Relay nodes, both antenna ports have amplifiers so directional antennas can be attached in an "in and out" configuration. The device to the right of the router is a Grandstream HT-701 Analog Telephone Adapter to allow a standard analog telephone to access the VoIP service. I use inexpensive AT&T 210 Trimline phones.
<br><br>
With the 5dBi rubber ducks, power draw for each was .57 amps at 13.8 volts with all devices attached and powered up.
<center><img src="210.jpg"></center>
<center><b>AT&T 210</b></center>
</td>
<td width="25%"><img src="MESH2_2.jpg"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="95%">
<tr>
<td width="75%">
<b>KJ4AJP-MESH4</b> is a WRT54G v2.2 and designed as a Relay node. The setup lacks the HT-701 ATA, instead a Grandstream GXP1100 SIP phone is used.
<br><br>
Fully loaded with the same antennas for testing it read .59 amps at 13.8 volts.
<center><img src="GXP.jpg"></center>
<center><b>Grandstream GXP1100</b></center>
</td>
<td width="25%"><img src="MESH4_2.jpg"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="95%">
<tr>
<td width="75%">
<b>KJ4AJP-MESH5</b> is a WRT54G v2 and designed as the Endpoint node so only one RF amplifier is installed. It also uses a Grandstream GP1100 SIP phone, so no ATA is installed. In addition, a Wanscam JW0008 IP netcam is configured and given a clickable link as an Advertised Service. This allows any computer attached to a Mesh LAN port to view the camera's output in a web browser plus control the camera's pan and tilt. It should be noted that this camera is advertised as having audio in and out. It does, but the quality was horrible in my tests. However, the camera's IR LEDs lit the area better than I expected.
<br><br>
The entire rig pulled .83 amps at 13.8 volts when idle. Playing with the camera's pan and tilt drew an additional .15 amps per motor, so the maximum current seen was 1.13 amps.
<br><br>
<center><img src="Wanscam.jpg"></center>
<center><b>Wanscam JW0008</b></center>
</td>
<td width="25%"><img src="MESH5_2.jpg"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="95%">
<tr>
<td width="75%">
<b>KJ4AJP-MESH6</b> is a WRT54G v2 and designed as a Mobile Rover using an automotive magnet-mount 7dBi omnidirectional antenna. The mag-mount uses a SMA connector so no chassis-mount N connecter is needed. It includes a HT-701 ATA for use with an AT&T 210. It also includes provisions for a second Wanscam JW0008. You may note the absence of a second antenna on the rear. This unit was missing that when bought used. I soldered a 50 ohm resistor onto the router's printed circuit board to act as a dummy load.
<br><br>
Current draw with both the camera's pan and tilt motors operating is 1.17 amps.
<br><br><br>
I considered mounting everything in 19" rack mount cases rather than on the Lexan panels. One strike against that idea is that the routers must boot first to be able to DHCP IPs to the peripherials, so power switches would need to be installed or a power sequencer designed and built. Strike two was with the limited bend radius of the coax on either side of the RF amps, making it difficult to find a case deep enough. Strike three was the cost of the cases, regardless of the depth.
</td>
<td width="25%"><img src="MESH6_2.jpg"></td>
</tr>
</table>
<br><br>
<hr>
<center><b><font size="4">ANTENNAS</font></b></center>
<table width="95%">
<tr>
<td><center><img src="8dbi.jpg"></center></td>
<td><center><img src="12.jpg"></center></td>
<td><center><img src="BF.jpg"></center></td>
<td><center><img src="24.jpg"></center></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><center><i>EnGenius 8dBi omni</i></center></td>
<td><center><i>TP-Link 12dBi omni</i></center></td>
<td><center><i>L-Com 14dbi Backfire</i></center></td>
<td><center><i>TP-Link 24dBi parabolic</i></center></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><br>Although they can be configured in many ways, my basic design thought was to be able to set up both a circular or point-to-point arrangement. For the circular, I have EnGenius 8dBi omnis for the Service and Endpoint nodes and TP-Link 12bBi omnis for the Relays, using only a single port of each node.
<br><br>
For point to point, the Service node node has an L-Com 14dBi Backfire, pointing to another Backfire on the first Relay node. The second port of the first Relay would have a TP-Link 24dBi parabolic, which would point to another parabolic on the second Relay. The second Relay would have a parabolic on it's second port, pointing to a parabolic on the third Relay, which would have a Backfire on its second port. The Endpoint would then have a Backfire on its port.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr><hr>
<center>
<a href="http://kj4ajp.mambm.com"><b>BACK TO MAIN</b></a>
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Messin' with the Mesh
**BROADBAND HAMNET**
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| | |
| --- | --- |
| Some ingenious folks in Texas came up with a firmware flash for the Linux-based WRT54G series routers that made them FCC Part 97 compliant on the 13cm band. 2.402 to 2.417 GHz is domestically allocated to Amateur Radio on a primary basis, so 802.11b/g/n WiFi's 2.412 GHz "Channel 1" becomes our playground. The Ham Radio portion is the antennas and amps, but what is going on within the Mesh itself is pretty much home and SMB networking. So if you're a "plug and pray" person, although you may not be cut out to be the Broadband Hamnet administrator for your area, it shouldn't keep you from setting up your own node for your laptop and joining the party. In an emergency incident, your station could extend the Mesh and make the difference by being the "last mile" to an affected area.
Almost everything you want to know about Broadband Hamnet is at their [website](http://www.broadband-hamnet.org/), so I won't be writing yet another tutorial on flashing the firmware. Instead, I'll show you some pictures and detail how I've set up my six routers. My hat's off to the BH Development Team for making things so easy, including the tutorials thaty have for installing additional services on your network.
I constructed the storage frame from aluminum from [OnlineMetals.com](http://www.onlinemetals.com/) and stainless steel hardware from [The Nutty Company](http://www.nutty.com/). The base has four 7/8" diameter 1/2" tall [rubber feet](Feet.jpg) purchased from SPKR PARTS-2007 off eBay on the bottom secured with #8-32 stainless hardware. Four 1/4"-20 threaded rods are secured to the bottom angles by plastic insert locknuts.
The Mesh Nodes are mounted on clear Lexan panels bought locally and cut to 14.5" x 18" on a table saw with a carbide blade. Since the Lexan chips a bit when cut this way, black automotive door edge trim was used around the perimeter. Holes are drilled in the Node panels so they slide onto the threaded rods. Where the first Mesh Node panel sits, [rubber bumpers](Bumpers.jpg) provide a cushioned base. 1/2" CPVC pipe is then used for spacers for stacking the remainder of the nodes.
| |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| **KJ4AJP-MESH1**, a WRG54G v2, is my primary "service" node. An [IRC server](http://www.broadband-hamnet.org/applications-for-the-mesh/118-internet-relay-chat-irc.html) is installed on it's processor. After trying a few different Chat clients, I settled on [HydraIRC](http://hydrairc.com/) and recommend it for anyone setting up their own Nodes in the local area. When you go to the "Mesh Status" page of the localnode you are connected to and KJ4AJP-MESH1 is online, you will see the Chat Server as an Advertised Service link. Clicking on that link will open your HydraIRC client and configure you to the server automagically.
I retired an [Addonics NAS 4.0 adapter](http://www.addonics.com/products/nas40esu.php) from my home network and now use it for two 32GB USB thumbdrives. When attached to the Mesh, you will be able to access these to upload and download files.
The small blue box behind the router is a Raspberry PI computer running [FreePBX](http://www.broadband-hamnet.org/documentation/170-asterisk-rpi-bbhn), providing a VoIP telephone system across the Mesh. Each of my nodes has an extension number, 10x, where x is the node number (example, to call Node 6, dial 106). I use an old Lynksys SPA922 phone on Node 1. Each PBX extension has a Voicemail box. Since Node 1 is configured as the Internet Gateway for the Mesh and thus assumed to have connectivity to the internet, I have a Google Voice number for calls to and from public telephones off the Mesh.
If you're a licensed Amateur Radio operator and have a Mesh Node of your own in the local West TN area and would like a telephone number off the KJ4AJP PBX, let me know. You can use it with either a hardware phone like I'm using or with a free softphone client like [3CX](http://www.3cx.com/VOIP/voip-phone/) or [X-lite](http://www.counterpath.com/x-lite-download.html) when we're all on the same Mesh.
The silver box to the left of the PBX is a 2W Broadband RF amplifier, available from Amazon or eBay. North of it is a chassis-mount female "N" conncector on a piece of aluminum L. Since the amp has SMA conncetors in and out, there is a RP-TNC to SMA adapter on the router. Note the second RP-TNC jack on the router has the stock rubber duck antenna on it.
The [black box](PowerBox.jpg) in the upper right is the power for everything. Since commercial power might not be available (and everything runs off DC anyway), I labeled the wall-warts and stashed them away. The black boxes have 30A dual PowerPoles for aproximately 13.8V input and inside have step down convertors. For 12V devices, a single 8-40V to 12V convertor powers the bus to the 2.1mm coaxial jacks. A 40mm fan is connected to the 12V bus for cooling. For 5V devices, individual 8-24V to 5V convertors power dedicated 1.3mm coaxial jacks. Since the two PowerPoles are in parallel, it allows for a 30A pass-through for attaching additional equipment. When tested with a 5dBi rubber duck antenna with N to SMA adapter, the node pulled 1.28 amps from a 13.8V power supply with all devices (including the Lynksys SPA922 phone) runnning.
**Linksys SPA922** | |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| **KJ4AJP-MESH2 and KJ4AJP-MESH3** are set up the identically. KJ4AJP-MESH2 is a WRT54G v4, KJ4AJP-3 a WRT54GL v1.1. The power boxes are similar to KJ4AJP-1 except for the outputs configured for the peripherals. Since these are designed as Relay nodes, both antenna ports have amplifiers so directional antennas can be attached in an "in and out" configuration. The device to the right of the router is a Grandstream HT-701 Analog Telephone Adapter to allow a standard analog telephone to access the VoIP service. I use inexpensive AT&T 210 Trimline phones.
With the 5dBi rubber ducks, power draw for each was .57 amps at 13.8 volts with all devices attached and powered up.
**AT&T 210** | |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| **KJ4AJP-MESH4** is a WRT54G v2.2 and designed as a Relay node. The setup lacks the HT-701 ATA, instead a Grandstream GXP1100 SIP phone is used.
Fully loaded with the same antennas for testing it read .59 amps at 13.8 volts.
**Grandstream GXP1100** | |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| **KJ4AJP-MESH5** is a WRT54G v2 and designed as the Endpoint node so only one RF amplifier is installed. It also uses a Grandstream GP1100 SIP phone, so no ATA is installed. In addition, a Wanscam JW0008 IP netcam is configured and given a clickable link as an Advertised Service. This allows any computer attached to a Mesh LAN port to view the camera's output in a web browser plus control the camera's pan and tilt. It should be noted that this camera is advertised as having audio in and out. It does, but the quality was horrible in my tests. However, the camera's IR LEDs lit the area better than I expected.
The entire rig pulled .83 amps at 13.8 volts when idle. Playing with the camera's pan and tilt drew an additional .15 amps per motor, so the maximum current seen was 1.13 amps.
**Wanscam JW0008** | |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| **KJ4AJP-MESH6** is a WRT54G v2 and designed as a Mobile Rover using an automotive magnet-mount 7dBi omnidirectional antenna. The mag-mount uses a SMA connector so no chassis-mount N connecter is needed. It includes a HT-701 ATA for use with an AT&T 210. It also includes provisions for a second Wanscam JW0008. You may note the absence of a second antenna on the rear. This unit was missing that when bought used. I soldered a 50 ohm resistor onto the router's printed circuit board to act as a dummy load.
Current draw with both the camera's pan and tilt motors operating is 1.17 amps.
I considered mounting everything in 19" rack mount cases rather than on the Lexan panels. One strike against that idea is that the routers must boot first to be able to DHCP IPs to the peripherials, so power switches would need to be installed or a power sequencer designed and built. Strike two was with the limited bend radius of the coax on either side of the RF amps, making it difficult to find a case deep enough. Strike three was the cost of the cases, regardless of the depth.
| |
---
**ANTENNAS**
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | |
| *EnGenius 8dBi omni* | *TP-Link 12dBi omni* | *L-Com 14dbi Backfire* | *TP-Link 24dBi parabolic* |
| Although they can be configured in many ways, my basic design thought was to be able to set up both a circular or point-to-point arrangement. For the circular, I have EnGenius 8dBi omnis for the Service and Endpoint nodes and TP-Link 12bBi omnis for the Relays, using only a single port of each node.
For point to point, the Service node node has an L-Com 14dBi Backfire, pointing to another Backfire on the first Relay node. The second port of the first Relay would have a TP-Link 24dBi parabolic, which would point to another parabolic on the second Relay. The second Relay would have a parabolic on it's second port, pointing to a parabolic on the third Relay, which would have a Backfire on its second port. The Endpoint would then have a Backfire on its port.
|
---
---
[**BACK TO MAIN**](http://kj4ajp.mambm.com)
| http://kj4ajp.mambm.com/MESH/ |
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lol i practid a lot.
so here it goes:<br /><br /><br /><br />
Buy awesome stuff at:<br />
<a href="http://www.HowToGoBroke.com"><img src="http://cdn.howtogobroke.com/imgs/logo.gif"/></a><br /><br />
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<span style="color:#C00">WELCOME TO THE INTERNET!!!!</span><br />
<span>WELCOME to My hoempage!!!!</span><br />
<span>THIS IS MY HOMEPAGE!!! <span style="color:#0CF">ITS THE BEST PAGE!!!!</span></span><br />
<span style="color:#0CF">THIS IS THE BEST WEBSITE IN THE UNIVERSE!!!!</span><br />
<span>THANSK 4 STOPPING BYE TO VISIT!!!!</span><br /><br />
<span>!!!!THX THX THX THX THX THX!!!!</span><br />
<span>!!!!THX THX THX THX THX THX!!!!</span><br />
<span>!!!!THX THX THX THX THX THX!!!!</span><br />
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<span style="position:relative; float:right; color:#FFF">THIS IS ALSO MY HOMEPAGE!!!!</span><br />
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<div align="center" style="position:relative; bottom:320px">!!!!WELCOME TO MY<span style="background:url(http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3618/3697567056_45ae16f677_o.gif)"> <marquee width="5%">HOMEPAGE</marquee></span> I MADE FOR ISYS 202 PROJECT!!!!(hope you like)</div>
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<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2514/3697567176_e539814357_o.gif" width="87" height="125" style="position:relative; color:#FFF" />
<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2514/3697567176_e539814357_o.gif" width="87" height="125" style="position:relative; color:#FFF" />
<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2514/3697567176_e539814357_o.gif" width="87" height="125" style="position:relative; color:#FFF" />
<img src="http://www.freefever.com/animatedgifs/animated/gsdfn2.gif" width="87" height="125" style="position:relative; color:#FFF" />
<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2514/3697567176_e539814357_o.gif" width="87" height="125" style="position:relative; color:#FFF" />
<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2514/3697567176_e539814357_o.gif" width="87" height="125" style="position:relative; color:#FFF" />
<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2514/3697567176_e539814357_o.gif" width="87" height="125" style="position:relative; color:#FFF" />
<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2514/3697567176_e539814357_o.gif" width="87" height="125" style="position:relative; color:#FFF" />
<img src="http://www.freefever.com/animatedgifs/animated/gunsdf2.gif" width="87" height="125" style="position:relative; color:#FFF" />
<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2514/3697567176_e539814357_o.gif" width="87" height="125" style="position:relative; color:#FFF" />
<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2514/3697567176_e539814357_o.gif" width="87" height="125" style="position:relative; color:#FFF" />
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I LIKE GUNZ DO YOU?!? FILL OUT MY GUN FORM!:
<br />
<form method="post" >
<span style="background:#996; color:#000">DO YOU LIKE GUNS????</span>
<input name="Choice" type="checkbox" />
<input type="submit" value="yes i do actually like guns and i want them to be legal like everybody else does too" />
</form>
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(ps. im still learning how to do forms)
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<span style=" border:#900 3px dashed">profile:</span>
<p><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3655/3697567160_5d8fc857b5_o.jpg" width="550" height="220" style=" border:#900 3px dashed" /> this is me (jk its not but i dont wanna put a real pix on the web)
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<p><span style=" border:#900 3px dashed">my name is chris ;)</span> </p>
<div style="margin-left:20px; color:#FFF;" align="left">
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<span style="background:url(http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3618/3697567056_45ae16f677_o.gif)">
I found this questionair instead of writting a boring profile LOL!<br /><br /><br />
1. What is your favorite food? <marquee width="15%">Spaggettios!!</marquee><br />
2. What was your happiest moment when you were a child? <marquee width="15%">When we got our first computer!!</marquee><br />
3. Where is the place that you want to go the most? <marquee width="15%">The Shire!!</marquee><br />
4. When is your birthday? <marquee width="15%">SHHH!!</marquee><br />
5. When you encounter a sad moment, what do you do? <marquee width="15%">I live my life and i dont be sad except for sometimes</marquee><br />
6. What are you afraid to lose the most? <marquee width="15%">hmm probably my cell phone duh</marquee><br />
7. If you win $1 million, what would you do? <marquee width="15%">make more websuites!!</marquee><br />
8. What is the saddest moment for you last year (2007)? <marquee width="15%"> when someone made an fml.com entry about me</marquee><br />
9. Which actor/actress would you like to play you in a movie? <marquee width="15%">dunno</marquee><br />
10. How do you cope with boredom? <marquee width="15%"> i like art, design, and web design, and architecture</marquee><br />
11. Till now, what is the moment that you regret the most? <marquee width="15%"> dont know</marquee><br />
12. What type of person do you hate the most? <marquee width="15%"> i odnt have anyone</marquee><br />
13. What is your ambition? <marquee width="15%">to win at everything</marquee><br />
14. If you had one wish, what would you wish for? <marquee width="15%"> ummm lots and lots of aba zabbas lol LOL LOL~~!!</marquee><br />
15. How did you celebrate New Year? <marquee width="15%">with myself! and my cat carl</marquee><br />
16. What has been the craziest thing youâve ever done in your whole life? <marquee width="15%"> i dont know yet im not that crazy lol LOL!</marquee><br />
17. Do you still remember your first love? <marquee width="15%">no</marquee><br />
18. What do you look forward for this year(2004)? <marquee width="15%">duh its 2not 2004</marquee><br />
19. What is your inspiration in life? <marquee width="15%">guns</marquee><br />
20. My Q : What do you love MOST about being special? <marquee width="15%">im confused</marquee><br />
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<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2459/3696757035_a8f1c93dd8_o.jpg" /><br />
<span style="background:#0F0">this section fulfills requirement 4a, its the part where i put what im interested in k!</span>
</div>
<div>
IM TAKING A PHOTOGRAPHY CLASS, I THINK IM GETTING BETTER DONT YOU!?<br />
<img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3601/3696757041_b7d66efa60_o.jpg"/><br />FOOD<br /><marquee scrollamount="70"><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3484/3696757249_d353f90a53_o.gif" width="139" height="200" /></marquee><br />
<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2434/3696757049_678af4cd40_o.jpg"/><br />ART<br /><marquee scrollamount="70"><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3484/3696757249_d353f90a53_o.gif" width="139" height="200" /></marquee><br />
<img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3427/3697566974_100e0f9935_o.jpg"/><br />CATS!!!<br /><marquee scrollamount="70"><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3484/3696757249_d353f90a53_o.gif" width="139" height="200" /></marquee><br />
<img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3581/3697566988_85d40c1674_o.jpg"/><br />ART<br /><marquee scrollamount="70"><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3484/3696757249_d353f90a53_o.gif" width="139" height="200" /></marquee><br />
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<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2673/3697567218_0743136867_o.gif" width="276" height="129" />THIS CAR DRIVES... .. NOT!!
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<!--SIGN MY GUESTBOOK. OK I DIDNT MAKE THIS I FOUND IT BUT IT WAS STILL HARD TO COPY AND PASTE!! AND MAKE IT WORK WAS HARD!!!<br /><br />
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<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
BEEP BOP BEEOP BOP BOP BEEP BEOP BOP BOP BOOOP!!!!<br />
<img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3484/3696757249_d353f90a53_o.gif" />
<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2423/3700096523_05257f9651_o.gif" />
<img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3484/3696757249_d353f90a53_o.gif" /><br />
WATCH MY CAT CARL AND HIS FRIEND GARY DANCE!!!!<br /><br /><br /><br />
JK!! JK!! LOL!! LOLZ!! <br />
<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
this is just for funny
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<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2634/3697567018_e02bac7abc_o.gif" width="50" height="99" />
<img src="http://example.com/dowdfge.gif" width="50" height="99" />
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<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2634/3697567018_e02bac7abc_o.gif" width="50" height="99" />
<img src="http://example.com/dowdfge.gif" width="50" height="99" />
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<span style="background:url(http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3618/3697567056_45ae16f677_o.gif)">HERE I PUT (at least 3 of) MY FAVORITE MOVIES AND TV SHOWS! [requirement 4b]</span><br />
<marquee width="100%" direction="right" scrollamount="1">
<img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3051/3697567230_663c88d816_o.gif" width="400" height="123" />
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HAHAHA I LOVE ALF LOL LOL!
no but seriously he was funny! LOLZ!
<br /><br /><br />
<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2529/3697567046_d292d3041e_o.jpg" width="500" height="200" /><br />
IM A BIG FULL HOUSE FAN. FOR SURE THURSDAY NIGHTS WITH MY CAT CARL WE WATCH AT LEAST 1 EPISODE. ITS GREAT!!!
<br /><br /><br />
<div align="center">
<marquee direction="up" height="200" width="500"><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3463/3697567246_c1131e9c11_o.jpg" width="500" height="200" /></marquee><br />
<span style="background:#06C">WHEN I WAS YOUNGER (NOT!) I USED TO WATCH THIS SHOW./ ITS SOOO GREAT, and SHE IS REALLY PRETTY NICE...BUT SHE DOESNT REALLY EXPLAIN ALL OF IT LULZ</span>
</div>
<br /><br /><br /><br />
<div style="width:100%; height:4px; background:url(yeah.gif)"></div>
<div style="width:100%; height:4px; background:url(yeah1.gif)"></div>
<br /><br />
<div>
<img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3491/3696757145_989a4b6b7c_o.png" /><br />
<span style="background:url(http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3618/3697567056_45ae16f677_o.gif)">now this is where i make a game to play!! [requirement 5a .. almost done!]</span>
<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
<span style="background:url(http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3618/3697567056_45ae16f677_o.gif)">...</span>
<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
<span style="background:url(http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3618/3697567056_45ae16f677_o.gif)">....</span>
<br /><br /><br />
<span style="background:url(http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3618/3697567056_45ae16f677_o.gif)">ready??</span>
<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
<span style="background:url(http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3618/3697567056_45ae16f677_o.gif)">CLICK THE MEL GIBSON!!</span><br /><br /><br />
<!-- <marquee scrollamount="300"><a href="http://www.cccoe.k12.ca.us/bats/good.htm"><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3556/3697567084_e779c4aa14_o.jpg" width="180" height="90" /></a></marquee> -->
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<span style="background:#996; color:#000">CAN YOU DO IT??</span>
<input name="Choice" type="checkbox" />
<input type="submit" value="submit please" />
</form>
</div>
its really hard, i cant do it, i tried
<br /><br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /> <br /><br />
<span style="background:url(http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2600/3697567136_f1019901d6_o.gif)">THIS IS THE NEXT PART!!! MY SKILLz AT PROGRAMMING CODE!?!! [requiremnt 6a]</span><br />
<br /> <br /><br /><br />
now for the NEXT PART!<br /><br />
<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2422/3697567114_cbc1af930a_o.png" /><br />
<span style="background:url(http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3618/3697567056_45ae16f677_o.gif)">FINALLY THE END!!! </span><br />
<span style="background:#FFF">THis is the part where i talk about my favorite person. It's all about my hero and someone who i admire. this is the last requirement for our website project</span>
<br /><br />
<span style="background:url(http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3618/3697567056_45ae16f677_o.gif)">NOW IM AN OFFICAL WEBSTIE DESIGNER!!!</span><br />
MY HERO IS:<br /><br /><br /><br />
<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2428/3697567130_6f8657d051_o.png" /><br />
<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2612/3697567360_fda988095b_o.jpg" width="400" height="400"/>
<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2485/3696757433_73c450ee71_o.jpg" width="400" height="400"/>
<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2494/3697567342_83d0f81faf_o.jpg" width="400" height="400"/>
<img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3664/3696757381_da57dc8449_o.jpg" width="400" height="400"/>
<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2628/3697567134_826aabb296_o.gif" />
<img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3534/3696757373_22e9882d8b_o.jpg" width="400" height="400"/>
<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2649/3696757361_2a3862e188_o.jpg" width="400" height="400"/>
<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2519/3696757303_ca79b0e409_o.jpg" width="400" height="400"/>
<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2628/3697567134_826aabb296_o.gif" /><br />
<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2628/3697567134_826aabb296_o.gif" /><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2628/3697567134_826aabb296_o.gif" /><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2628/3697567134_826aabb296_o.gif" /><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2628/3697567134_826aabb296_o.gif" /><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2628/3697567134_826aabb296_o.gif" /><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2628/3697567134_826aabb296_o.gif" /><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2628/3697567134_826aabb296_o.gif" /><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2628/3697567134_826aabb296_o.gif" /><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2628/3697567134_826aabb296_o.gif" /><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2628/3697567134_826aabb296_o.gif" /><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2628/3697567134_826aabb296_o.gif" />
<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
<span style="background:url(http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2600/3697567136_f1019901d6_o.gif)">KTHNX BYE!!!</span><br />
<span style="color:#000">[roy and conrad]</span><br /><br />
<form action="https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr" method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="cmd" value="_donations">
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<input type="hidden" name="item_name" value="THE MOST AMAZING SITE ON THE INTERNET">
<input type="hidden" name="item_number" value="01">
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<img alt="" border="0" src="https://www.paypal.com/en_US/i/scr/pixel.gif" width="1" height="1">
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<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2467/3700906760_cf77c1f2f4_o.gif" width="50" height="100" /><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2467/3700906760_cf77c1f2f4_o.gif" />CLICK THE FLOATING MAIL BOX TO EMAIL A SPECIAL MESSAGE TO A FRIEND!!! ITS FUN!!!<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2467/3700906760_cf77c1f2f4_o.gif" /><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2467/3700906760_cf77c1f2f4_o.gif" width="50" height="100" /><br />
<marquee width="100%" behavior="alternate" scrollamount="250"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.babble.com/CS/blogs/famecrawler/2008/02/23-End/gary-busey-batshit-crazy.jpg"><img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2467/3700906760_cf77c1f2f4_o.gif" width="300" height="100" /></a></marquee>
<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />
<span style="background:url(http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2600/3697567136_f1019901d6_o.gif)">PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS (e.g. means post script, just like i want to say more haha l.o.l.!!!</span><br /><br /><br />
<img src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2585/3706895228_58d8b5e99f_o.jpg" /><span style="font-family:'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color:#F00; background-color:#9F0"> TO MY FRIEND...YOU MAY KNOW HIM....TOM CRUISE!!!!</span><br />
<marquee width="100%" behavior="alternate" scrollamount="20"><img src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3498/3706895242_0c4b5a93de_o.jpg" width="600" height="480" /></marquee><br />
<span style="font-family:'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color:#F00; background-color:#9F0">
ANYWAY!!. <span style="background:url(http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3618/3697567056_45ae16f677_o.gif); color:#000">He IS A WIZZARD!!!</span> CAN YOU BELIEVE THAT<span style="background:url(http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3618/3697567056_45ae16f677_o.gif); color:#000">?!?.!</span> i didnt, but then i did when he said it, i thought, well its TC! and TC is never wrong. ever!.<br />
SO i was like. hey TC!<br />
and he was like: <marquee width="10%">"wut"</marquee><br />
and i was all, i made a website for my isys project and i got lots and lots of people to look at it and they think i am a good designer now.<br />
<span style="background:url(http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3618/3697567056_45ae16f677_o.gif); color:#000">IM GONNA MAKE BIG BUCKS!!!!!!</span><br /><br /><br />
AND THEN TC WAS LIKE .. "PEOPLE TO SUPPPORT YOU TO MAKE BIG BUCKS AS A BIG INTERNET-WEB MAN!!<br />
<span style="background:url(http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3618/3697567056_45ae16f677_o.gif); color:#000">SO TO ALL YOU KEWL DEWDS OUT THERE!</span><br />
i signed <marquee width="20px" height="20px" direction="up">UP</marquee> FOR AN EMAIL ACCOUNTS! .. NOW WE CAN CHAT!<br />
<a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a><br /><br /><br />
<span style=" background-color:#000; color:#CCC">p.s. tom cruise isnt actually a wizzard. but dont tell him, he likes it that way. ;(</span>
</span>
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| 
!@#$!@@@@@@@ MY ISYS PROJECT @@@@@@!%#@!@
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lol i practid a lot.
so here it goes:
Buy awesome stuff at:
[](http://www.HowToGoBroke.com)
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WELCOME TO THE INTERNET!!!!
WELCOME to My hoempage!!!!
THIS IS MY HOMEPAGE!!! ITS THE BEST PAGE!!!!
THIS IS THE BEST WEBSITE IN THE UNIVERSE!!!!
THANSK 4 STOPPING BYE TO VISIT!!!!
!!!!THX THX THX THX THX THX!!!!
!!!!THX THX THX THX THX THX!!!!
!!!!THX THX THX THX THX THX!!!!
THIS IS ALSO MY HOMEPAGE!!!!
!!!!WELCOME TO MY HOMEPAGE I MADE FOR ISYS 202 PROJECT!!!!(hope you like)
I LIKE GUNZ DO YOU?!? FILL OUT MY GUN FORM!:
DO YOU LIKE GUNS????
(ps. im still learning how to do forms)
profile:
 this is me (jk its not but i dont wanna put a real pix on the web)
my name is chris ;)
I found this questionair instead of writting a boring profile LOL!
1. What is your favorite food? Spaggettios!!
2. What was your happiest moment when you were a child? When we got our first computer!!
3. Where is the place that you want to go the most? The Shire!!
4. When is your birthday? SHHH!!
5. When you encounter a sad moment, what do you do? I live my life and i dont be sad except for sometimes
6. What are you afraid to lose the most? hmm probably my cell phone duh
7. If you win $1 million, what would you do? make more websuites!!
8. What is the saddest moment for you last year (2007)? when someone made an fml.com entry about me
9. Which actor/actress would you like to play you in a movie? dunno
10. How do you cope with boredom? i like art, design, and web design, and architecture
11. Till now, what is the moment that you regret the most? dont know
12. What type of person do you hate the most? i odnt have anyone
13. What is your ambition? to win at everything
14. If you had one wish, what would you wish for? ummm lots and lots of aba zabbas lol LOL LOL~~!!
15. How did you celebrate New Year? with myself! and my cat carl
16. What has been the craziest thing youâve ever done in your whole life? i dont know yet im not that crazy lol LOL!
17. Do you still remember your first love? no
18. What do you look forward for this year(2004)? duh its 2not 2004
19. What is your inspiration in life? guns
20. My Q : What do you love MOST about being special? im confused
/font>
this section fulfills requirement 4a, its the part where i put what im interested in k!
IM TAKING A PHOTOGRAPHY CLASS, I THINK IM GETTING BETTER DONT YOU!?
FOOD
ART
CATS!!!
ART
THIS CAR DRIVES... .. NOT!!
BEEP BOP BEEOP BOP BOP BEEP BEOP BOP BOP BOOOP!!!!
WATCH MY CAT CARL AND HIS FRIEND GARY DANCE!!!!
JK!! JK!! LOL!! LOLZ!!
this is just for funny
HERE I PUT (at least 3 of) MY FAVORITE MOVIES AND TV SHOWS! [requirement 4b]
HAHAHA I LOVE ALF LOL LOL!
no but seriously he was funny! LOLZ!
IM A BIG FULL HOUSE FAN. FOR SURE THURSDAY NIGHTS WITH MY CAT CARL WE WATCH AT LEAST 1 EPISODE. ITS GREAT!!!
WHEN I WAS YOUNGER (NOT!) I USED TO WATCH THIS SHOW./ ITS SOOO GREAT, and SHE IS REALLY PRETTY NICE...BUT SHE DOESNT REALLY EXPLAIN ALL OF IT LULZ
now this is where i make a game to play!! [requirement 5a .. almost done!]
...
....
ready??
CLICK THE MEL GIBSON!!
[](https://web.archive.org/web/20171124231616/https://www.cccoe.k12.ca.us/bats/good.htm)
CAN YOU DO IT??
its really hard, i cant do it, i tried
THIS IS THE NEXT PART!!! MY SKILLz AT PROGRAMMING CODE!?!! [requiremnt 6a]
now for the NEXT PART!
FINALLY THE END!!!
THis is the part where i talk about my favorite person. It's all about my hero and someone who i admire. this is the last requirement for our website project
NOW IM AN OFFICAL WEBSTIE DESIGNER!!!
MY HERO IS:
KTHNX BYE!!!
[roy and conrad]
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<CENTER><B><FONT SIZE = +8>Don P. Mitchell Homepage</FONT>
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Venus, Soviet Space History, Computer Graphics, Science, Etc.</B></CENTER>
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<A HREF="V_Venus.htm">Soviet Exploration of Venus</A>
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Don P. Mitchell: Soviet Space, Venus, Tesla, Computers, Graphics, Science
**Don P. Mitchell Homepage
Venus, Soviet Space History, Computer Graphics, Science, Etc.**
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| [Venus](V_Venus.htm)
[Soviet Exploration of Venus](V_Venus.htm)
[Nature](Family.htm)
[Nature](Family.htm)
[Tesla Coils](TeslaCoil.htm)
[Tesla Coils](TeslaCoil.htm)
[Dhalgren](Dhalgren.htm)
[Dhalgren MOO](Dhalgren.htm)
| [Nikola Tesla](Tesla.htm)
[Nikola Tesla](Tesla.htm)
[Nurture](Nurture.htm)
[Nurture](Nurture.htm)
[Wimshurst Machine](Wimshurst.htm)
[Wimshurst Machine](Wimshurst.htm)
[Links](Links.htm)
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| [Publications](Publications.htm)
[Graphics Publications](Publications.htm)
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[Other Writings](Writings.htm)
[Computers](Computer.htm)
[Computers](Computer.htm)
[Don Mitchell](http://donpmitchell.wordpress.com/)
[My Blog](http://donpmitchell.wordpress.com/)
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Copyright © 2003 Don P. Mitchell. All rights reserved.
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<br>
<blockquote>
<b>DOWNLOAD INSTRUCTIONS:</b><br> Go to one of the Galleries above. Click and hold on the icon you would like to post on your page. Choose the "Save this Image as..." option from the pop-up menu. Save the image to your hard drive, then incorporate it into the HTML of your page. <font size="-1"><p><b>Viewers of this page are licensed to copy these icons and post them on their own page provided they link the icon back to THE CORPORATION. And, man, if you don't link back to this site ... boy, you just don't want to know what's gonna happen. Big, big trouble, that's what!
</b>
</font>
</blockquote>
</center>
</td></tr></table>
</center>
</body>
</html> |
The Corporation: Icon Gallery
| |
| --- |
|
---
Have you seen the various award icons flung about the Web on [this page](../awards/awards.html) or that? Wish you could have one on your page, too? Well, now you can! Since **THE CORPORATION** doesn't have the time to come review your lousy little site, now you can review your own site, choose a fun icon from our **Icon Gallery**, and post it on your page! All we require is that you link the icon back to this gallery at: http://www.thecorporation.com/icon/icon.html
---
---
**DOWNLOAD INSTRUCTIONS:** Go to one of the Galleries above. Click and hold on the icon you would like to post on your page. Choose the "Save this Image as..." option from the pop-up menu. Save the image to your hard drive, then incorporate it into the HTML of your page. **Viewers of this page are licensed to copy these icons and post them on their own page provided they link the icon back to THE CORPORATION. And, man, if you don't link back to this site ... boy, you just don't want to know what's gonna happen. Big, big trouble, that's what!**
|
| https://thecorporation.neocities.org/icon/icon |
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="en-us">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Oldternet Files</title><link rel="shortcut icon" href="oldnet.ico" type="image/x-icon">
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<p id="0" align="center"><u><b><font size="5">THE HOMEPAGE OF THE OLDTERNET!</font></b></u></p>
<p align="center">
<p><center><img border="0" src="rbow_div.gif" width="600" height="1"></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111" width="600" align="center">
<tr>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="index.htm"><img src="home.gif" border="0"></a><br>Home</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="pictures.htm"><img src="media.gif" border="0"></a><br>Media</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><img src="nwinmenu.gif" border="0"><br>Files</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="nes_base.htm"><img src="nesbase.gif" border="0"></a><br>NES</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="dmg_base.htm"><img src="dmgbase.gif" border="0"></a><br>Game Boy</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="sns_base.htm"><img src="snsbase.gif" border="0"></a><br>SNES</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="vcs_base.htm"><img src="vcsbase.gif" border="0"></a><br>VCS</center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="wads.htm"><img src="doom.gif" border="0"></a><br>DooM</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="links.htm"><img src="links.gif" border="0"></a><br>Links</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="about.htm"><img src="about.gif" border="0"></a><br>About</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="sms_base.htm"><img src="smsbase.gif" border="0"></a><br>Master System</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="sgg_base.htm"><img src="sggbase.gif" border="0"></a><br>Game Gear</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="smd_base.htm"><img src="smdbase.gif" border="0"></a><br>Genesis</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="52_base.htm"><img src="52base.gif" border="0"></a><br>5200</center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="recipes.htm"><img src="recipe.gif" border="0"></a><br>Recipes</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
</td>
<td width="80">
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="aes_base.htm"><img src="aesbase.gif" border="0"></a><br>Neo Geo</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="3do_base.htm"><img src="3dobase.gif" border="0"></a><br>3DO</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="pce_base.htm"><img src="pcebase.gif" border="0"></a><br>TG16</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="78_base.htm"><img src="78base.gif" border="0"></a><br>7800</center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80">
</td>
<td width="80">
</td>
<td width="80">
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="sat_base.htm"><img src="satbase.gif" border="0"></a><br>Saturn</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="psx_base.htm"><img src="psxbase.gif" border="0"></a><br>PSX</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
</td>
<td width="80">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br><img border="0" src="rbow_div.gif" width="600" height="1"></center></p>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111" width="400" align="center">
<tr>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><img src="nfiles.gif" border="0"><br>Files</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="win9tips.htm"><img src="wintips.gif" border="0"></a><br>Tips & Tweaks</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="software.htm"><img src="software.gif" border="0"></a><br>Software</center>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
</div>
<br><br>
<center>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111" width="60%" id="AutoNumber2">
<tr>
<td width="100%">
<p align="center" style="text-indent: 48">Odds and ends for your downloading pleasure,
floppy-sized for your convenience, so that you don't have to carry around Ditto tapes. Enjoy!</td>
</tr>
</table>
<BR><BR>
<div align="center">
<center>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111" width="50%" id="AutoNumber2">
<tr>
<td width="100%">
<p id="1" align="center"><a href=#0><img src="arrowup.gif" border=0></a><b>ICON PACKS</b><a href=#2><img src="arrowdwn.gif" border="0"></a></p>
<p align="left" style="text-indent: 48">These packs of icons (for Windows) are made
in the hopes that the future will appreciate candy-like buttons and mechanical
designs. Computer gaming is the future, and maybe home game systems will cross over
and we'll end up with something great. A man can dream. All icons for Windows 3 are
in 4-bit color, 32x32. Windows 95 icons are in both 4-bit and 8 bit color (16 and 256,
respectively), at 32x32 and 16x16 with Windows 95 icons. Making icons without the color
orange is pretty tough, but thankfully Windows 95 got rid of that problem.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
</div>
<p align="center">
<a href="xiadoic1.zip"><img border="2" src="xiadoic1.gif" width="300" height="120"></a>
<a href="xiadoic2.zip"><img border="2" src="xiadoic2.gif" width="300" height="120"></a><br><br>
<a href="xiadoic3.zip"><img border="2" src="xiadoic3.gif" width="300" height="120"></a>
<a href="xiadoic4.zip"><img border="2" src="xiadoic4.gif" width="300" height="120"></a><br><br>
<a href="xiadoic5.zip"><img border="2" src="xiadoic5.gif" width="300" height="120"></a>
<a href="xiadoic6.zip"><img border="2" src="xiadoic6.gif" width="300" height="120"></a><br><br>
<a href="xiadoic7.zip"><img border="2" src="xiadoic7.gif" width="300" height="120"></a>
<a href="xiadoic8.zip"><img border="2" src="xiadoic8.gif" width="300" height="120"></a><br><br>
<a href="xdovol01.zip"><img src="disk.gif" border="0"></a> - Volume 1, containing packs 1 through 8.<br><br>
<a href="icxw09.zip"><img border="2" src="icxw09.gif" width="300" height="120"></a>
<a href="icxw10.zip"><img border="2" src="icxw10.gif" width="300" height="120"></a><br><br>
<a href="icxw11.zip"><img border="2" src="icxw11.gif" width="300" height="120"></a>
<a href="icxw12.zip"><img border="2" src="icxw12.gif" width="300" height="120"></a><br><br>
<a href="icxw13.zip"><img border="2" src="icxw13.gif" width="300" height="120"></a>
<a href="icxw14.zip"><img border="2" src="icxw14.gif" width="300" height="120"></a><br><br>
<a href="icxw15.zip"><img border="2" src="icxw15.gif" width="300" height="120"></a>
<a href="icxw16.zip"><img border="2" src="icxw16.gif" width="300" height="120"></a><br><br>
<a href="xdovol02.zip"><img src="disk.gif" border="0"></a> - Volume 2, containing packs 9 through 16.<br><br>
<a href="icxw17.zip"><img border="2" src="icxw17.gif" width="300" height="120"></a>
<a href="icxw18.zip"><img border="2" src="icxw18.gif" width="300" height="120"></a><br><br>
<a href="icxw19.zip"><img border="2" src="icxw19.gif" width="300" height="120"></a>
<a href="icxw20.zip"><img border="2" src="icxw20.gif" width="300" height="120"></a><br><br>
<a href="icxw21.zip"><img border="2" src="icxw21.gif" width="300" height="120"></a>
<a href="icxw22.zip"><img border="2" src="icxw22.gif" width="300" height="120"></a><br><br>
<a href="icxw23.zip"><img border="2" src="icxw23.gif" width="300" height="120"></a>
<a href="icxw24.zip"><img border="2" src="icxw24.gif" width="300" height="120"></a><br><br>
<a href="xdovol03.zip"><img src="disk.gif" border="0"></a> - Volume 3, containing packs 17 through 24.<br><br>
<a href="icxw25.zip"><img border="2" src="icxw25.gif" width="300" height="120"></a>
<a href="icxw26.zip"><img border="2" src="icxw26.gif" width="300" height="120"></a><br><br>
<a href="icxw27.zip"><img border="2" src="icxw27.gif" width="300" height="120"></a>
<a href="icxw28.zip"><img border="2" src="icxw28.gif" width="300" height="120"></a><br><br>
</p>
<p align="center"> </p>
<p id="2" align="center"><a href=#1><img src="arrowup.gif" border="0"></a><b>SCREENSAVERS</b><a href=#3><img src="arrowdwn.gif" border="0"></a></p>
<div align="center">
<center>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111" width="600" id="AutoNumber2">
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p align="center"><b>Crystal screen saver</b><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="120">
<a href="crystal.zip"><img border="0" src="disk.gif"></a><br>
<i>69,632 bytes</i>
</td>
<td>
<a href="crystal.zip"><img border="2" src="crystal.gif" width="400" height="300"></a><br>
This screensaver (for Windows 3) is really cool. Too bad
the options are unreadable. Drag the slider to the left to reduce the crystal drop rate,
right to increase it, and the mute box lets it run without blasting noise.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
</div>
<br><br><br><br>
<div align="center">
<center>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111" width="50%" id="AutoNumber2">
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<p id="3" align="center"><a href=#2><img src="arrowup.gif" border="0"></a><b>WALLPAPERS</b><a href=#4><img src="arrowdwn.gif" border="0"></a></p>
<p align="left" style="text-indent: 48">Wallpapers for your computer, in VGA, SVGA, and XGA resolutions,
and in 4, 8, and 24 bits per plane color depth. Maybe some day I will have a graphics card that will let me
use truecolor wallpapers, but I'm fine with 8 bits right now.</p>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><hr></td>
</tr>
<td width="50%" valign="top">
<p align="center"><img border="2" src="t_wpcy.jpg" width="256" height="192"><br>
<u>Cosmic Yoyo</u><i> - A rocky planet with a small moon, under the light of a brilliant star.</i><br><br>
<b>24 BIT</b> - <a href="wpcyvg24.zip">VGA</a> - <a href="wpcysv24.zip">SVGA</a> - <a href="wpcyxg24.zip">XGA</a><br>
<b>8 BIT</b> - <a href="wpcyvg08.zip">VGA</a> - <a href="wpcysv08.zip">SVGA</a>
</p>
</td>
<td width="50%" valign="top">
<p align="center"><img border="2" src="t_wplb.jpg" width="256" height="192"><br>
<u>Sunset Lake</u><i> - A lake beach at sunset on a cool summer evening.</i><br><br>
<b>24 BIT</b> - <a href="wplbvg24.zip">VGA</a> - <a href="wplbsv24.zip">SVGA</a> - <a href="wplbxg24.zip">XGA</a><br>
<b>8 BIT</b> - <a href="wplbvg08.zip">VGA</a> - <a href="wplbsv08.zip">SVGA</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><hr width=60%></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%" valign="top">
<p align="center"><img border="2" src="t_wpct.jpg" width="256" height="192"><br>
<u>Capper Teacher</u><i> - Don't forget to put some Fruit Roll-Ups in your folder for later!</i><br><br>
<b>24 BIT</b> - <a href="wpctvg24.zip">VGA</a> - <a href="wpctsv24.zip">SVGA</a> - <a href="wpctxg24.zip">XGA</a><br>
<b>8 BIT</b> - <a href="wpctvg08.zip">VGA</a> - <a href="wpctsv08.zip">SVGA</a>
</p>
</td>
<td width="50%" valign="top">
<p align="center"><img border="2" src="t_wpsb.jpg" width="256" height="192"><br>
<u>Sure Bet</u><i> - Why stop at two scoops?</i><br><br>
<b>24 BIT</b> - <a href="wpsvvg24.zip">VGA</a> - <a href="wpsvsv24.zip">SVGA</a> - <a href="wpsvxg24.zip">XGA</a><br>
<b>8 BIT</b> - <a href="wpsvvg08.zip">VGA</a> - <a href="wpsvsv08.zip">SVGA</a>
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><hr width=60%></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="50%" valign="top">
<p align="center"><img border="2" src="t_wprc.jpg" width="256" height="192"><br>
<u>Radicool</u><i> - A Gaze at the Future Past.</i><br><br>
<b>24 BIT</b> - <a href="wprcvg24.zip">VGA</a> - <a href="wprcsv24.zip">SVGA</a> - <a href="wprcxg24.zip">XGA</a><br>
<b>8 BIT</b> - <a href="wprcvg08.zip">VGA</a> - <a href="wprcsv08.zip">SVGA</a>
</p>
</td>
<td width="50%" valign="top">
<p align="center"><img border="2" src="t_wphi.gif" width="256" height="192"><br>
<u>Hexual Interface</u><i> - Two versions of a hexagonal grid, tile format.</i><br><br>
<b>8 BIT</b> : <a href="wphitl08.zip">TILE</a> - <b>4 BIT</b> : <a href="wphitl04.zip">TILE</a>
</p><br><br>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
</div>
<p><center><img border="0" src="rbow_div.gif" width="600" height="1"></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse" bordercolor="#111111" width="600" align="center">
<tr>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="index.htm"><img src="home.gif" border="0"></a><br>Home</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="pictures.htm"><img src="media.gif" border="0"></a><br>Media</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><img src="nwinmenu.gif" border="0"><br>Files</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="nes_base.htm"><img src="nesbase.gif" border="0"></a><br>NES</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="dmg_base.htm"><img src="dmgbase.gif" border="0"></a><br>Game Boy</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="sns_base.htm"><img src="snsbase.gif" border="0"></a><br>SNES</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="vcs_base.htm"><img src="vcsbase.gif" border="0"></a><br>VCS</center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="wads.htm"><img src="doom.gif" border="0"></a><br>DooM</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="links.htm"><img src="links.gif" border="0"></a><br>Links</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="about.htm"><img src="about.gif" border="0"></a><br>About</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="sms_base.htm"><img src="smsbase.gif" border="0"></a><br>Master System</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="sgg_base.htm"><img src="sggbase.gif" border="0"></a><br>Game Gear</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="smd_base.htm"><img src="smdbase.gif" border="0"></a><br>Genesis</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="52_base.htm"><img src="52base.gif" border="0"></a><br>5200</center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="recipes.htm"><img src="recipe.gif" border="0"></a><br>Recipes</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
</td>
<td width="80">
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="aes_base.htm"><img src="aesbase.gif" border="0"></a><br>Neo Geo</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="3do_base.htm"><img src="3dobase.gif" border="0"></a><br>3DO</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="pce_base.htm"><img src="pcebase.gif" border="0"></a><br>TG16</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="78_base.htm"><img src="78base.gif" border="0"></a><br>7800</center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80">
</td>
<td width="80">
</td>
<td width="80">
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="sat_base.htm"><img src="satbase.gif" border="0"></a><br>Saturn</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
<center><font size="2"><a href="psx_base.htm"><img src="psxbase.gif" border="0"></a><br>PSX</center>
</td>
<td width="80">
</td>
<td width="80">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br><img border="0" src="rbow_div.gif" width="600" height="1"></center></p>
<p align="center"><img border="0" src="light_l.gif" width="16" height="16"><img border="0" src="cnst_bar.gif" width="256" height="16"><img border="0" src="light_r.gif" width="16" height="16"></p>
<p align="center"><img border="0" src="link_l.gif" width="32" height="32">THIS WEB PAGE IS UNDER CONSTRUCTION<img border="0" src="link_r.gif" width="32" height="32"></p>
<p align="center"><img border="0" src="met_l.gif" width="40" height="24">Check back later for more updates!<img border="0" src="met_r.gif" width="40" height="24"></p>
<p align="center"><a href=#0><img src="arrowup.gif" border="0"></a><img border="0" src="light_l.gif" width="16" height="16"><img border="0" src="cnst_bar.gif" width="256" height="16"><img border="0" src="light_r.gif" width="16" height="16"><a href=#0><img src="arrowup.gif" border="0"></a></p>
</body>
<!-- Hosted by www.Geocities.ws -->
</html> |
Oldternet Files
window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}
gtag('js', new Date());
gtag('config', 'G-4KX380T5BD');
**THE HOMEPAGE OF THE OLDTERNET!**
| | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Home | Media | Files | NES | Game Boy | SNES | VCS |
| DooM | Links | About | Master System | Game Gear | Genesis | 5200 |
| Recipes | | | Neo Geo | 3DO | TG16 | 7800 |
| | | | Saturn | PSX | | |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Files | Tips & Tweaks | Software |
| |
| --- |
| Odds and ends for your downloading pleasure,
floppy-sized for your convenience, so that you don't have to carry around Ditto tapes. Enjoy! |
| |
| --- |
| **ICON PACKS**
These packs of icons (for Windows) are made
in the hopes that the future will appreciate candy-like buttons and mechanical
designs. Computer gaming is the future, and maybe home game systems will cross over
and we'll end up with something great. A man can dream. All icons for Windows 3 are
in 4-bit color, 32x32. Windows 95 icons are in both 4-bit and 8 bit color (16 and 256,
respectively), at 32x32 and 16x16 with Windows 95 icons. Making icons without the color
orange is pretty tough, but thankfully Windows 95 got rid of that problem. |
[](xiadoic1.zip)
[](xiadoic2.zip)
[](xiadoic3.zip)
[](xiadoic4.zip)
[](xiadoic5.zip)
[](xiadoic6.zip)
[](xiadoic7.zip)
[](xiadoic8.zip)
[](xdovol01.zip) - Volume 1, containing packs 1 through 8.
[](icxw09.zip)
[](icxw10.zip)
[](icxw11.zip)
[](icxw12.zip)
[](icxw13.zip)
[](icxw14.zip)
[](icxw15.zip)
[](icxw16.zip)
[](xdovol02.zip) - Volume 2, containing packs 9 through 16.
[](icxw17.zip)
[](icxw18.zip)
[](icxw19.zip)
[](icxw20.zip)
[](icxw21.zip)
[](icxw22.zip)
[](icxw23.zip)
[](icxw24.zip)
[](xdovol03.zip) - Volume 3, containing packs 17 through 24.
[](icxw25.zip)
[](icxw26.zip)
[](icxw27.zip)
[](icxw28.zip)
[](#1)**SCREENSAVERS**[](#3)
| |
| --- |
| **Crystal screen saver**
|
|
*69,632 bytes* |
This screensaver (for Windows 3) is really cool. Too bad
the options are unreadable. Drag the slider to the left to reduce the crystal drop rate,
right to increase it, and the mute box lets it run without blasting noise.
|
| |
| --- |
| **WALLPAPERS**
Wallpapers for your computer, in VGA, SVGA, and XGA resolutions,
and in 4, 8, and 24 bits per plane color depth. Maybe some day I will have a graphics card that will let me
use truecolor wallpapers, but I'm fine with 8 bits right now. |
||
---
|
Cosmic Yoyo *- A rocky planet with a small moon, under the light of a brilliant star.*
**24 BIT** - [VGA](wpcyvg24.zip) - [SVGA](wpcysv24.zip) - [XGA](wpcyxg24.zip)
**8 BIT** - [VGA](wpcyvg08.zip) - [SVGA](wpcysv08.zip)
|
Sunset Lake *- A lake beach at sunset on a cool summer evening.*
**24 BIT** - [VGA](wplbvg24.zip) - [SVGA](wplbsv24.zip) - [XGA](wplbxg24.zip)
**8 BIT** - [VGA](wplbvg08.zip) - [SVGA](wplbsv08.zip)
|
|
---
|
|
Capper Teacher *- Don't forget to put some Fruit Roll-Ups in your folder for later!*
**24 BIT** - [VGA](wpctvg24.zip) - [SVGA](wpctsv24.zip) - [XGA](wpctxg24.zip)
**8 BIT** - [VGA](wpctvg08.zip) - [SVGA](wpctsv08.zip)
|
Sure Bet *- Why stop at two scoops?*
**24 BIT** - [VGA](wpsvvg24.zip) - [SVGA](wpsvsv24.zip) - [XGA](wpsvxg24.zip)
**8 BIT** - [VGA](wpsvvg08.zip) - [SVGA](wpsvsv08.zip)
|
|
---
|
|
Radicool *- A Gaze at the Future Past.*
**24 BIT** - [VGA](wprcvg24.zip) - [SVGA](wprcsv24.zip) - [XGA](wprcxg24.zip)
**8 BIT** - [VGA](wprcvg08.zip) - [SVGA](wprcsv08.zip)
|
Hexual Interface *- Two versions of a hexagonal grid, tile format.*
**8 BIT** : [TILE](wphitl08.zip) - **4 BIT** : [TILE](wphitl04.zip)
|
| | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Home | Media | Files | NES | Game Boy | SNES | VCS |
| DooM | Links | About | Master System | Game Gear | Genesis | 5200 |
| Recipes | | | Neo Geo | 3DO | TG16 | 7800 |
| | | | Saturn | PSX | | |
THIS WEB PAGE IS UNDER CONSTRUCTION
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<HTML>
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<P><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><B><FONT COLOR="#FFFF00">BBS<BR>SOFTWARE</FONT>
<P><FONT COLOR="#FFFF00" SIZE=+1>•</FONT> <A HREF="bbs100.html"><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">bbs100</FONT></A><BR>
<FONT COLOR="#FFFF00" SIZE=+1>•</FONT> <A HREF="bbbs.html"><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">BBBS</FONT></A><BR>
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<FONT COLOR="#FFFF00" SIZE=+1>•</FONT> <A HREF="fusiongs.html"><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Fusion GS</FONT></A><BR>
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<FONT COLOR="#FFFF00" SIZE=+1>•</FONT> <A HREF="mystic.html"><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">MysticBBS</FONT></A><BR>
<FONT COLOR="#FFFF00" SIZE=+1>•</FONT> <A HREF="nexus.html"><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">NexusBBS</FONT></A><BR>
<FONT COLOR="#FFFF00" SIZE=+1>•</FONT> <A HREF="pcboard.html"><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">PCBoard</FONT></A><BR>
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<FONT COLOR="#FFFF00" SIZE=+1>•</FONT> <A HREF="revolution.html"><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Revolution</FONT></A><BR>
<FONT COLOR="#FFFF00" SIZE=+1>•</FONT> <A HREF="searchlight.html"><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Searchlight</FONT></A><BR>
<FONT COLOR="#FFFF00" SIZE=+1>•</FONT> <FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Shotgun</FONT><BR>
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<FONT COLOR="#FFFF00" SIZE=+1>•</FONT> <A HREF="synchronet.html"><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Synchronet</FONT></A><BR>
<FONT COLOR="#FFFF00" SIZE=+1>•</FONT> <A HREF="telegard.html"><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">Telegard</FONT></A><BR>
<FONT COLOR="#FFFF00" SIZE=+1>•</FONT> <A HREF="tribbs.html"><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">TriBBS</FONT></A><BR>
<FONT COLOR="#FFFF00" SIZE=+1>•</FONT> <A HREF="vbbs.html"><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">VBBS/VA</FONT></A><BR>
<FONT COLOR="#FFFF00" SIZE=+1>•</FONT> <A HREF="wildcat.html"><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">WildCat!</FONT></A><BR>
<FONT COLOR="#FFFF00" SIZE=+1>•</FONT> <A HREF="winbbs-australia.html"><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">WinBBS</FONT></A><BR>
<FONT COLOR="#FFFF00" SIZE=+1>•</FONT> <A HREF="wwiv.html"><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">WWIV</FONT></A>
</B></FONT>
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<TD>
<CENTER><IMG SRC="images/cornertitle.gif" WIDTH=305 HEIGHT=47><BR>
<FONT SIZE="+1"><B>Your BBSing Resource since 1995</B></FONT>
<P><TABLE BORDER=0 WIDTH="80%" CELLSPACING=10>
<TR ALIGN="Center" VALIGN="Bottom">
<TD><A HREF="doorsa-i.html"><IMG SRC="images/doors.gif" WIDTH=41 HEIGHT=46 BORDER=0 ALT="Door Image"><BR><FONT SIZE="-1">BBS Doors (A-I)</FONT></A></TD>
<TD><A HREF="network.html"><IMG SRC="images/netmail.gif" WIDTH=60 HEIGHT=46 BORDER=0 ALT="Globe w/ Flying Mail"><BR><FONT SIZE="-1">Message Networks</FONT></A></TD>
<TD><A HREF="maillist.html"><IMG SRC="images/maillist.gif" WIDTH=65 HEIGHT=39 BORDER=0 ALT="Quill and Paper Image"><BR><FONT SIZE="-1">Mailing Lists</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR ALIGN="Center" VALIGN="Bottom">
<TD><A HREF="doorsj-p.html"><IMG SRC="images/doors.gif" WIDTH=41 HEIGHT=46 BORDER=0 ALT="Door Image"><BR><FONT SIZE="-1">BBS Doors (J-P)</FONT></A></TD>
<TD><A HREF="utils.html"><IMG SRC="images/tools.gif" WIDTH=72 HEIGHT=76 BORDER=0 ALT="Toolbox Image"><BR><FONT SIZE="-1">Utilities</FONT></A></TD>
<TD><A HREF="webring.html"><IMG SRC="images/webring.gif" WIDTH=75 HEIGHT=53 BORDER=0 ALT="Planet and Ring Image"><BR><FONT SIZE="-1">Webrings</FONT></A></TD>
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<TD><A HREF="doorsq-z.html"><IMG SRC="images/doors.gif" WIDTH=41 HEIGHT=46 BORDER=0 ALT="Door Image"><BR><FONT SIZE="-1">BBS Doors (Q-Z)</FONT></A></TD>
<TD><A HREF="bbs.html"><IMG SRC="images/dialup.gif" WIDTH=32 HEIGHT=29 BORDER=0 ALT="Computer and Phone Image"><BR><FONT SIZE="-1">BBS Pages</FONT></A></TD>
<TD><A HREF="sysoppic.html"><IMG SRC="images/gallery.gif" WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=45 BORDER=0 ALT="Photobook Image"><BR><FONT SIZE="-1">Picture Gallery</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR ALIGN="Center" VALIGN="Bottom">
<TD><A HREF="ibbs.html"><IMG SRC="images/ibbs.gif" WIDTH=62 HEIGHT=50 BORDER=0 ALT="InterBBS Gaming Leagues Image"><BR><FONT SIZE="-1">InterBBS Game Leagues</FONT></A></TD>
<TD><A HREF="resource.html"><IMG SRC="images/resource.jpg" WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=45 BORDER=0 ALT="Question Mark Image"><BR><FONT SIZE="-1">BBS/Sysop Resources</FONT></A></TD>
<TD><A HREF="newsletter.html"><IMG SRC="images/newsletter.gif" WIDTH=40 HEIGHT=59 BORDER=0 ALT="Newsletter Image"><BR><FONT SIZE="-1">BBS Newsletters</FONT></A></TD>
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<P><HR WIDTH="50%">
<P><CENTER><H2>Door of the Month!</H2>
<TABLE BORDER=1 BGCOLOR="#FFD694" CELLPADDING=5>
<TR>
<TD>Spring is once again with us here in the northern United States and with that I plan to<BR>
begin checking the links here on the site to make sure all the links are still functional.<BR>
Please check your site listings and make sure they're up to date. Thanks!</TD>
<TR>
</TABLE></CENTER>
<P><HR WIDTH="50%">
<P><H3>Other Features</H3>
<P><A HREF="bbsterms.html">BBSing Terms</A><BR>
<A HREF="bbshist.html">History of BBSing</A><BR>
<A HREF="pastdotm.html">Past Doors of the Month</A>
<P><HR WIDTH="50%">
<A HREF="http://bbsnet.thebbs.org/"><IMG SRC="images/sysop.gif" WIDTH=400 HEIGHT=40 BORDER=0 ALT="BBSNet Banner"></A><BR>
<HR WIDTH="50%">
<P>Want to add a link from your site to ours?<BR>
Use <A HREF="http://sysopscorner.thebbs.org/">http://sysopscorner.thebbs.org/</A> and the image
below<BR>
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<HR WIDTH="50%">
<P><A HREF="http://bbsx.theBBS.org/cgi-bin/bbsx/x.pl?member=sysopscorner;banner=NonSSI;page=01"
TARGET="_top"><IMG SRC="http://bbsx.theBBS.org/cgi-bin/bbsx/x.pl?member=sysopscorner;page=01"
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<SMALL><A HREF="http://bbsx.theBBS.org" TARGET="_top">Member of the BBS Xchange</A></SMALL>
</CENTER>
<HR WIDTH="50%">
<P><BLOCKQUOTE><I>Original Site Concept by MaryLou White (aka Catlin). Many thanks to her and all
the work that she did to help promote BBSing and to make it easy for Sysops and Users to find BBS
related information on the Internet.</I></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><CENTER><A HREF="https://web.archive.org/web/19980202060224/http://www.vpdev.com/wwell/">
<IMG SRC="images/award/wwell03.gif" BORDER=0 ALT="Wishing Well Award" WIDTH=134 HEIGHT=149></A>
<P><I>You are visitor number <IMG SRC="http://www.pcmicro.com/cgi-bin/counter.exe?link=sysopscorne&style=odometer&width=5"></I>
</center></TD>
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</HTML> |
The Sysops' Corner
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **BBSSOFTWARE
• [bbs100](bbs100.html)
• [BBBS](bbbs.html)
• [EleBBS](elebbs.html)
• [Ezycom](ezycom.html)
• [Falken](falken.html)
• [Fusion GS](fusiongs.html)
• [Iniquity](iniquity.html)
• [Maximus](maximus.html)
• [MysticBBS](mystic.html)
• [NexusBBS](nexus.html)
• [PCBoard](pcboard.html)
• [ProBoard](proboard.html)
• QuickBBS
• [RA](ra.html)
• [Renegade](renegade.html)
• [Revolution](revolution.html)
• [Searchlight](searchlight.html)
• Shotgun
• [Spitfire](spitfire.html)
• [Synchronet](synchronet.html)
• [Telegard](telegard.html)
• [TriBBS](tribbs.html)
• [VBBS/VA](vbbs.html)
• [WildCat!](wildcat.html)
• [WinBBS](winbbs-australia.html)
• [WWIV](wwiv.html)**
|
**Your BBSing Resource since 1995**
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [Door ImageBBS Doors (A-I)](doorsa-i.html) | [Globe w/ Flying MailMessage Networks](network.html) | [Quill and Paper ImageMailing Lists](maillist.html) |
| [Door ImageBBS Doors (J-P)](doorsj-p.html) | [Toolbox ImageUtilities](utils.html) | [Planet and Ring ImageWebrings](webring.html) |
| [Door ImageBBS Doors (Q-Z)](doorsq-z.html) | [Computer and Phone ImageBBS Pages](bbs.html) | [Photobook ImagePicture Gallery](sysoppic.html) |
| [InterBBS Gaming Leagues ImageInterBBS Game Leagues](ibbs.html) | [Question Mark ImageBBS/Sysop Resources](resource.html) | [Newsletter ImageBBS Newsletters](newsletter.html) |
| | [Answer Guy LogoThe Answer Guy](answerguy.html) | |
---
[Add Your Site](addlink.html)
[About The Webmaster](webmaster.html)
---
Door of the Month!
| |
| --- |
| Spring is once again with us here in the northern United States and with that I plan to
begin checking the links here on the site to make sure all the links are still functional.
Please check your site listings and make sure they're up to date. Thanks! ||
---
Other Features
[BBSing Terms](bbsterms.html)
[History of BBSing](bbshist.html)
[Past Doors of the Month](pastdotm.html)
---
[BBSNet Banner](http://bbsnet.thebbs.org/)
---
Want to add a link from your site to ours?
Use <http://sysopscorner.thebbs.org/> and the image
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---
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[Member of the BBS Xchange](http://bbsx.theBBS.org)
---
*Original Site Concept by MaryLou White (aka Catlin). Many thanks to her and all
the work that she did to help promote BBSing and to make it easy for Sysops and Users to find BBS
related information on the Internet.*
[Wishing Well Award](https://web.archive.org/web/19980202060224/http://www.vpdev.com/wwell/)
*You are visitor number*
|
| http://sysopscorner.thebbs.org/ |
<html>
<head>
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content="Ferrymead, tram, trams, tramcars, tramcar, trolley, trams, trams, tram preservation, tramcars, tramcars, Ferrymead Tramway, ferrymead tramway, trolley cars, heritage, Kitson, kitson, Stephenson, Stevenson, Brill, NZR, New Zealand Railways, 0 Gauge, O Gauge, 0 Guage, O Guage, trains, NZ trains, SP, Southern Pacific, Espee, espee, model trains, Nelson Kennedy">
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<p align="center"><img SRC="img/welcome.gif" alt="Welcome to Rails Down Under" WIDTH="60%"></p>
<p align="center"><font face="Arial" COLOR="#660000" size="3"><strong>Some modelling of
New Zealand Railways prototypes in gauge 0 and Espee in H0 scale</strong></font></p>
<div align="center"><center>
<table border="0" width="100%">
<tr>
<td width="27%"><p align="center"><a HREF="http://www.safesurf.com/"><img BORDER="0"
SRC="safewave.gif" ALT="SafeSurf Rated All
Ages" </td width="78" height="74"></a></td>
<td width="58%"><p align="center"><b><font face="arial">Date & Time in Christchurch,
NZ</p>
<p align="center"><img
src="http://www.titan.co.nz/cgi-bin/clock/clock.exe?font=neat&fmt=31" width="190"
height="20"></font></b></td>
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height="6"><br>
</p>
<div align="center"><center>
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<td><img src="img/note_b.gif" width="83" height="70"></td>
<td><p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="4" COLOR="#660000">How about some <a
HREF="midi.html">midi music</a> whilst you browse?</font></td>
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<td><p align="center"><a HREF="http://www.mcs.net:80/~weyand/nmra/"><img
src="img/nmralogo.gif" width="105"></a></p>
<p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="2" COLOR="#000000"><b>Selected as NMRA
Webmaster's Choice of site for March 1998</b> </font></td>
<td><font COLOR="#F9F4C4">. . . . . . . . . . . .</font></td>
<td><p align="center"><br>
<a HREF="http://www.railfan.net"><img src="img/railfan.gif" width="160" height="65"></a><br>
</p>
<p align="center"><font face="Arial" size="2" COLOR="#000000"><b>The homepage of <a
href="njk.html">Nelson Kennedy, </a>Christchurch, NZ, who thanks Railfan.net for their
sponsorship.</b></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<p align="center">Jump to specialist topics by clicking below</p>
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<div align="center"><center>
<table CELLSPACING="0" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="7" WIDTH="638" height="513">
<tr>
<td WIDTH="152" VALIGN="middle" HEIGHT="27" align="right"><p align="center"><a
href="nzrtrain.html"><img src="img/nzr_2.gif" alt="NZR maker's plate" border="0"
width="150" height="89"></a></td>
<td WIDTH="114" VALIGN="middle" HEIGHT="27" align="left"><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2"><b>New
Zealand <a href="nzrtrain.html">Model Trains </a>in gauge 0</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="122" VALIGN="middle" HEIGHT="27" align="center"><a href="product1.html"><img
src="img/col9a.gif" height="95" width="95" alt="9 Mill Scale Prod logo" border="0"></a></td>
<td WIDTH="194" VALIGN="middle" HEIGHT="27" align="middle"><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2"><strong>Where
can I get products for Nine Mill Scale? </strong><p><a href="http://ninemill.railfan.net"><strong>Nine
Mill Scale Products</strong></a></font></p>
<p><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2"><strong><a href="http://ninemill.railfan.net/custom.html">Custom
Kit Finishing Service</a></strong></font></p>
<p><strong><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2"><a
href="http://members.aol.com/_ht_a/NZR9mil/Cat01.html">von Strapp Forgings Co-op</a></font></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td WIDTH="152" VALIGN="middle" HEIGHT="125" align="middle"><p align="center"><a
href="history.html"><img src="9ms1.gif" alt="9 Mill Soc logo" border="0" width="120"
height="119"></a></td>
<td WIDTH="114" VALIGN="middle" HEIGHT="125"><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2"><b>A brief <a
href="history.html">history </a>of Nine Mill modelling in New Zealand</b></font></td>
<td WIDTH="122" VALIGN="middle" HEIGHT="125" align="middle"><p align="center"><a
href="history.html"><img src="9ms1.gif" alt="9 Mill Soc logo" border="0" width="120"
height="119"></a></td>
<td WIDTH="194" VALIGN="middle" HEIGHT="125"><strong><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2"><a
href="others.html">Other people's</a> Nine Mill (0 gauge) NZR models </font></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td WIDTH="152" VALIGN="middle" HEIGHT="100" align="middle"><p align="center"><a
href="sptrains.html"><img src="img/espee.gif" alt="Espee herald" border="0" width="115"
height="115"></a></td>
<td WIDTH="114" VALIGN="middle" HEIGHT="100"><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2"><b><a
href="sptrains.html">Southern Pacific</a> Model Trains in H0 scale</b> </font></td>
<td WIDTH="122" VALIGN="middle" HEIGHT="100" align="middle"><p align="center"><a
href="ho_dim.html"><img src="img/cal1.jpg" alt="Calipers" border="0" height="97"
width="97"></a></td>
<td WIDTH="194" VALIGN="middle" HEIGHT="100"><strong><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2"><a
href="ho_dim.html">H0 scale dimensions</a> or the Rivet Counters' and Nit Pickers'
Treasure Trove </font></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td WIDTH="152" VALIGN="middle" HEIGHT="126" align="middle"></td>
<td WIDTH="114" VALIGN="middle" HEIGHT="126" align="center"><a href="links.html"><img
src="img/links.gif" width="110" height="110" alt="chopper coupler" border="0"></a></td>
<td WIDTH="122" VALIGN="middle" HEIGHT="126" align="middle"><font FACE="Arial" SIZE="2"><b><a
href="links.html">Links</a> to other sites</b> </font></td>
<td WIDTH="194" VALIGN="middle" HEIGHT="126"></td>
</tr>
</table>
</center></div>
<p align="center"><img src="line1.gif" alt="there should be a red line here" width="100%"
height="6"><br>
</p>
<div align="center"><!-- Search Google -->
<!-- Search Google -->
<div align="center"><center>
<table WIDTH="595">
<tr>
<td><p align="center"><font FACE="Arial" COLOR="#0000ff"><b>You are caller:
<img src="/cgi-bin/Count.cgi?df=nelson.dat&pad=0&dd=C"></p>
<p align="center">since 15 September 1998</b></font></td>
<td><font FACE="Arial" COLOR="#0000ff"><p ALIGN="CENTER"></font><b><font FACE="Arial">Drop me a line</font><b><font
FACE="Arial" COLOR="#0000ff">, - by email </font><font SIZE="2"><img SRC="img/mail.gif"
alt="mailbox" WIDTH="32" HEIGHT="32" border="0"></font> </b></b></td>
</tr>
</table>
</center></div></div>
<p align="center"><b><font FACE="Arial" size="3" COLOR="#0000ff">Or leave a note in my <a
HREF="http://www.guestbook.de/yasg.cgi?X=152564">visitors' book</a> </font></b><a
HREF="http://www.guestbook.de/yasg.cgi?X=152564"><img src="img/book.gif" width="60"
alt="guestbook gif"></a></p>
<p align="center"><br>
<img src="line1.gif" alt="there should be a red line here" width="100%" height="6"> <br>
</p>
<p align="center"><font size="2" color="#000000"><em><strong>Last updated 22 January 2003</strong></em></font></p>
</body>
</html>
|
Rails Down Under
**Some modelling of
New Zealand Railways prototypes in gauge 0 and Espee in H0 scale**
| | |
| --- | --- |
| [SafeSurf Rated All
Ages](http://www.safesurf.com/) | **Date & Time in Christchurch,
NZ**
|
***Enter a keyword to search this
site:***
| |
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| [Search this site](http://search.freefind.com/find.html?id=2710461)
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| | How about some [midi music](midi.html) whilst you browse? |
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| --- | --- | --- |
|
**Selected as NMRA
Webmaster's Choice of site for March 1998** | . . . . . . . . . . . . |
**The homepage of [Nelson Kennedy,](njk.html) Christchurch, NZ, who thanks Railfan.net for their
sponsorship.** |
*Jump to specialist topics by clicking below*
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [NZR maker's plate](nzrtrain.html) | **New
Zealand [Model Trains](nzrtrain.html) in gauge 0** | [9 Mill Scale Prod logo](product1.html) | **Where
can I get products for Nine Mill Scale?** [**Nine
Mill Scale Products**](http://ninemill.railfan.net)
**[Custom
Kit Finishing Service](http://ninemill.railfan.net/custom.html)**
**[von Strapp Forgings Co-op](http://members.aol.com/_ht_a/NZR9mil/Cat01.html)** |
| [9 Mill Soc logo](history.html) | **A brief [history](history.html) of Nine Mill modelling in New Zealand** | [9 Mill Soc logo](history.html) | **[Other people's](others.html) Nine Mill (0 gauge) NZR models** |
| [Espee herald](sptrains.html) | **[Southern Pacific](sptrains.html) Model Trains in H0 scale** | [Calipers](ho_dim.html) | **[H0 scale dimensions](ho_dim.html) or the Rivet Counters' and Nit Pickers'
Treasure Trove** |
| | [chopper coupler](links.html) | **[Links](links.html) to other sites** | |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| **You are caller:**
since 15 September 1998 | **Drop me a line**, - by email mailbox**** |
**Or leave a note in my [visitors' book](http://www.guestbook.de/yasg.cgi?X=152564)** [](http://www.guestbook.de/yasg.cgi?X=152564)
***Last updated 22 January 2003***
| http://downunder.railfan.net/ |
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
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<meta name="keywords" content="Art, concept, design, illustration, games, game, rpg, portfolio">
<meta name="description" content="Art by Niklas Jansson.">
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<center class="fuckyouw3cwheresmyfonttag2">
<img src="rainbar.gif" width="780px" height="2px"><br>
<img src="columntorch.gif">
**** ANDROID ARTS : Arne's webpage! ****
<img src="columntorch.gif">
<img src="rainbar.gif" width="780px" height="2px"><br>
</center>
<table border="2" cellpadding="4">
<tr><td>
<A HREF="zelda/Zelda.htm">
<img src="Zelda_thumb.jpg" alt="" class="leftfloat" border=2 width=100 height=75>
</a>
</td><td>
<b>Zelda 1-3</b> - I've finally been making some progress on this project in 2019.
While I hold Zelda 1 in high regard in terms of game design, I'm older now and have lost some of my interest in games. This project is turning into some kind of manga thing instead because I still enjoy noodling with world design.
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<A HREF="metroid/GFP3.htm">
<img src="Metroid_thumb.jpg" alt="" class="leftfloat" border=2 width=100 height=75>
</a>
</td><td>
<b>Metroid 1</b> - The only Metroid game which counts. I don't know what you young wippersnappers are doing with your 16 bits and 3D polygons but I don't like it one bit! Back in my day we got lost in a maze of twisty little passages, all alike.
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<A HREF="mml/reaverbot_legends.htm">
<img src="mml_thumb.jpg" alt="" class="leftfloat" border=2 width=100 height=75>
</a>
</td><td>
<b>Megaman Legends</b> - I like both the NES Megaman games and the Legends series so this page is a bit mixed. It's separate universes in my headcanon though.
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<A HREF="spaceships/WC.htm">
<img src="WC_thumb.jpg" alt="" class="leftfloat" border=2 width=100 height=75>
</a>
</td><td>
<b>Wing Commander</b> - I used to play this on my A1200 and mostly remember the frustration of fleeing Kilrathi aces, escort missions, and asteroid belts. I think it was the rich and immersive world presentation which kept me so attached.
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<A HREF="palette/Famicube.htm">
<img src="FC_thumb.jpg" alt="" class="leftfloat" border=2 width=100 height=75>
</a>
</td><td>
<b>Famicube</b> - NES sprites often feel like they could use just one or two extra "accent" colours and that prompted me to start this project. I wanted to design a NES 1.5 but went overboard flailing... qui- quite a bit.
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<A HREF="SEGA/SEGAcube.htm">
<img src="SEGA_thumb.jpg" alt="" class="leftfloat" border=2 width=100 height=75>
</a>
</td><td>
<b>SEGA cube</b> - The Sega Master System has interesting specs too. I like the 16 colour restriction. With a better sound chip, palette and more memory it could be a very appealing development platform. I think I did a better job with the cube case design here than for the Famicube project.
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<A HREF="Sony/Sony.htm">
<img src="Sony_thumb.jpg" alt="" class="leftfloat" border=2 width=100 height=75>
</a>
</td><td>
<b>Sony & Spyro</b> - Another interesting hobby development system could be the Playstation. There's nothing out there which focuses on a lowpoly aesthetic. With some buffed specs, a keyboard and BASIC it could be easy to develop for.
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<A HREF="starsiege/tribes.htm">
<img src="PC_thumb.jpg" alt="" class="leftfloat" border=2 width=100 height=75>
</a>
</td><td>
<b>Starsiege Tribes & Retro PC</b> - Two related projects.
</td></tr>
</table>
<p style="color:SeaGreen;">
Sept. 2, 2021: This website is my way of sharing whatever I'm passionate about from day to day and it has grown quite a bit over the years. I've had people asking if they could support me in some way, so now I've finally made a <i>Patreon account</i> where I will be showing WIP projects, workflow thoughts, hirez images, and more intimate stuff. I set it to 18+ because of occasional pantsu. Anyways, financial support would allow me to <i>continue normal operations</i> *beep boop*.
</p>
<hr>
<center>
<img src="http://androidarts.com/SEGA/star11.gif">
<b><a href="https://www.patreon.com/androidarts">patreon.com/androidarts</a></b>
<img src="http://androidarts.com/SEGA/star11.gif">
</center>
<hr>
<p style="color:OrangeRed;"><i>
<b>Recent-ish updates:</b>
40K-23 page updated a bit at bottom.
<s>
Put some additional pixel-overs at the bottom of the SEGA Cube page.
Minor update to Metroid page (a few new M3 sprites).
<a href="Amiga/Amiga1001.jpg">Amiga 1001</a>.
Updated Zelda page with new Z2 & OoT concepts.
<A HREF="40k/40K23.htm">A new 40K page.</A> Big thanks to all my Patrons who enable me to do this stuff.
Pixel-over page.
Traveller page.
Castlevania page.
KiCAD page. A step towards realizing some of my electronics projects.
Some new image (links) on Marathon page.
Updated Star Trek page.
New Solar Jetman and Fester's Quest page.
New UQM 2021 page with a touch of Starflight.
Metroid page has new M2 stuff.
JoysII.
Minor polish to old Kawaiik sheets.
Compact Amiga A770 keyboard progress.
Master of Orion A500 port subpage.
Tesserae Terra.
</s>
</i></p>
<!--
<img src="added_old.gif"> <img src="updated.gif">
<img src="added.gif">
-->
<table border="2" cellpadding="12" width="800px">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="213">
<h3>Assorted pages</h3>
<ul>
<li> <a href="console_games.htm">Console games</a>
<li> <a href="computer_games.htm">Computer games</a>
<li> <a href="arcade_games.htm">Arcade games</a>
<li> <a href="misc_stuff.htm">Other media</a>
<li> <a href="misc2/index.htm">Misc. new-ish</a>
<li> <A HREF="misc2/Misc21.htm">Misc.21</A>
<li> <a href="game_stuff.htm">Game projects</a>
<li> <a href="art2002/works2002.htm">2002 archive</a>
<li> <a href="HIB2/">HIB2 art</a>
<li> <a href="ecostar/Ecostar.htm">LD48 Ecostar assets</a>
<li> <A HREF="fsm/index.htm">Flying Spaghetti Monster</A>
<li> <A HREF="legoproject/">The LEGO project</A>
<li> <A HREF="zoids/zoids.htm">Zoids</A>
<li> <a rel="me" href="https://mastodon.gamedev.place/@androidarts">Mastodon</a>
<li> <A HREF="art_tut.htm">General Art Tutorial</A>
<li> <A HREF="tuts/process.jpg">Old PS 5.5 process</A>
<li> <A HREF="pixtut/pixelart.htm">Pixel Art Tutorial</A>
<li> <A HREF="smileys/smileys.htm">Old smileys</A>
<li> <a href="thoughts.htm">Art thoughts</a>
<li> <A HREF="spaceships/spaceship_design.htm">On spaceship design</A>
<li> <A HREF="prefs/GameDesign.htm">Game design prefs</A>
</ul>
<h3>Series/TV</h3>
<ul>
<li> <A HREF="startrek/TrekEps.htm">Star Trek</A>
<li> <A HREF="doctorwho/doctorwho.htm">Doctor Who</A>
<li> <A HREF="hpl/storytime.htm">HPL manga</A>
<li> <A HREF="Ghostbusters/Ghostbusters.htm">Ghostbusters</A>
<li> <A HREF="B7/B7.htm">Blake's 7</A>
<li> <A HREF="UFO/ufo.htm">UFO</A>
<li> <A HREF="spaceships/StarMaidCom.htm">Star Maidens/Command</A>
<li> <A HREF="GarlicChampions/Digimon.htm">Digimon</A>
<li> <A HREF="moontrap/moontrap.htm">Moontrap</A>
<li> <A HREF="Gundam/Gundam.htm">Gundam</A>
</ul>
<h3>Tabletop stuff</h3>
<ul>
<li> <A HREF="40k/index.htm">40K</A>
<li> <A HREF="40k/40K23.htm">40K-23</A>
<li> <A HREF="stargladius/stargladius.htm">Star Gladius</A>
<li> <A HREF="StarSword/TheMachineEmpress.htm">Starsword 1</A>
<li> <A HREF="StarSword/Gnomes.htm">Starsword 2</A>
<li> <A HREF="starguard/starguard.htm">Starguard</A>
<li> <A HREF="misc/spacedragon2.jpg">Space Dragon</A>
<li> <A HREF="boardgames/boardgames.htm">Boardgames</A>
<li> <A HREF="boardgames/DeathMaze.htm">Boardgames II</A>
<li> <A HREF="boardgames/bp/BP.htm">Barb.Prin.</A>
<li> <A HREF="RPG/StarFrontiers.htm">Star Frontiers</A>
<li> <A HREF="RPG/Breach.htm">Tesserae Terra</A>
<li> <A HREF="Traveller/Traveller.htm">Traveller</A>
<br><br><br>
<img src="kpow.gif">
</ul>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">
<h3>Hardware projects</h3>
<ul>
<li> <A HREF="palette/Famicube.htm">Famicube</A>
<li> <A HREF="palette/16pal.htm">Palette mania</A>
<li> <A HREF="Amiga/AmigaHDD.htm">Amiga Harddrive</A>
<li> <a href="Amiga/A500Cleanup.htm">Amiga cleanup</a>
<li> <a href="Amiga/AmigaPixels.htm">Amiga pixels</a>
<li> <A HREF="Amiga/SBC.htm">SBC</A>
<li> <A HREF="Amiga/Alembic.htm">A770</A>
<li> <A HREF="Amiga/ZX.htm">ZX</A>
<li> <A HREF="Amiga/MSX.htm">MSX</A>
<li> <A HREF="palette/Misc.htm">Miscellaneous</A>
<li> <A HREF="MiscHW/Assorted.htm">Assorted</A>
<li> <A HREF="EE/EE.htm">EE pages</a>
<li> <A HREF="EE/Amp.htm">Amp project</a>
<li> <A HREF="EE/EE19.htm">More EE</a>
<li> <A HREF="EE/joy/Joys.htm">Joys</a>
<li> <A HREF="Amiga/Ajoy.htm">JoysII</a>
<li> <A HREF="EE/SensorCircuits.htm">Sensors</A>
<li> <A HREF="SEGA/SEGAcube.htm">SEEEGA</a>
<li> <A HREF="Sony/Sony.htm">Playstation</a>
<li> <A HREF="EE/Buttics/GameThing.htm">Handheld</a>
<li> <A HREF="ard/notes.htm">KiCAD</a>
</ul>
<h3>Computer stuff</h3>
<ul>
<li> <A HREF="Shogo/SHOGO.htm">Shogo</A>
<li> <A HREF="mmo/">WoW/MMO thoughts</A>
<li> <A HREF="exile/exile-ish.htm">Exile</A>
<li> <A HREF="mule/mule.htm">M.U.L.E.</A>
<li> <A HREF="rebelstar_raiders/rebelstar_raiders_dumps.htm">RebelStar Raiders</A>
<li> <A HREF="xcom/rebelsquad.htm">Rebelsquad (X-COM)</A>
<li> <A HREF="paradroid/paradroid.htm">Paradroid</A>
<li> <A HREF="starflight/starflight.htm">Starflight</A>
<li> <A HREF="starcontrol/star_control.htm">Ur-Quan Masters</A>
<li> <A HREF="starcontrol/Exodus.htm">UQM:Exodus</A>
<li> <A HREF="starcontrol/scs.htm">UQM:Saga</A>
<li> <A HREF="starcontrol/UQM21.htm">UQM:2021</A>
<li> <A HREF="dragonslayer/dragonslayer1.htm">Dragon Slayer 1</A>
<li> <A HREF="spacegame/spacegame.htm">Some space game</A>
<li> <A HREF="colcon/spaceconquest.htm">Space game again</a>
<li> <A HREF="elite/frontier.htm">Elite papermodels</A>
<li> <A HREF="spaceconquest/gamedesign.htm">Master of Orion 1</A>
<li> <A HREF="startopia/Startopia.htm">Startopia</A>
<li> <A HREF="utopia/Utopia.htm">Utopia gfx dump</A>
<li> <A HREF="starsiege/tribes.htm">Tribes (& Gloom)</A>
<li> <A HREF="marathon/marathon.htm">Marathon (& PiD)</A>
<li> <A HREF="SystemShock/">System Shock</A>
<li> <A HREF="systemshock/cortexshock.html">Cortex Shock</A>
<li> <A HREF="kawaiik/kawaiik.htm">Kawaiik</A>
<li> <A HREF="grave_gail/analysis.htm">Grave Gail</A>
<li> <A HREF="diablo/diablo.htm">Diablo</A>
<li> <A HREF="c21/c21.htm">C21 online</A>
<li> <a href="psywar/CosmicSoldier.htm">Cosmic Soldier</a>
<li> <a href="wasteland/StrangeWorlds.htm">Wasteland / Mother</a>
<li> <a href="cyborgwar/longlegs.htm">Longlegs</a>
<li> <a href="rts/ta.htm">Total Annihilation</a>
<li> <A HREF="spaceships/WC.htm">Wing Commander</A>
<li> <A HREF="df/dorf.htm">Dwarf Fortress</A>
<li> <A HREF="Amiga/Pixel-overs.htm">Pixel-overs</A>
</ul>
</td>
<td valign="top" width="213">
<h3>Console stuff</h3>
<ul>
<li> <A HREF="kidicarus/kid_icarus.htm">Kid Icarus</A>
<li> <A HREF="airfortress/air_fortress.htm">Air Fortress</A>
<li> <A HREF="hydlide/hydlide.htm">Hydlide</A>
<li> <A HREF="megalonia/megalonia.htm">Megalonia</A>
<li> <A HREF="megalonia/?C=M;O=A">Megalonia dir</A>
<li> <A HREF="smb/SMB.htm">SMB</A>
<li> <A HREF="zerberk/zerberk_diary.htm">Zerberk</A>
<li> <A HREF="tgl/guardianlegend.htm">Guardian Legend</A>
<li> <A HREF="gradius/vipergirl.htm">Viper Girl</A>
<li> <A HREF="rygar/rygar_08_roughs.jpg">Rygar</A>
<li> <A HREF="xexyz/turtlegame.htm">Xexyz / Turtle game</A>
<li> <A HREF="bomber/bomberqueen.htm">Bomber Queen</A>
<li> <A HREF="mml/reaverbot_legends.htm">Megaman Legends</A>
<li> <A HREF="metafight/metafight2.htm">Metafight</A>
<li> <A HREF="metroid/Planet_Zebes.htm">Planet Zebes postmortem</A>
<li> <a href="metroid/GFP3.htm">Metroid</a>
<li> <A HREF="zelda/Zelda.htm">Zelda 1 & 2</A>
<li> <A HREF="sonja/sonja.htm">Sonic Sonja</A>
<li> <A HREF="DQ/diary.htm">DQ devlog</A>
<li> <a href="FFL/SaGa.htm">SaGa</a>
<li> <a href="phantasy/PhantasyStar.htm">Phantasy Star</a>
<li> <a href="NAMCOM/">NamCom</a>
<li> <a href="sml/sml.htm">SML hack</a>
<li> <A HREF="mw/Wonders.htm">WB / MW4</A>
<li> <A HREF="FQ/fester.htm">Fester's Quest</A>
<li> <A HREF="SolJet/SolarJetman.htm">Solar Jetman</A>
<li> <A HREF="Castlevania/CVX.htm">Castlevania</a>
</ul>
</td>
</table>
<br><br>
<center>
<br><img src="chain.gif"><br><br>
<a href="http://diglett.blogspot.com/">Blog</a>,
<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/androidarts/">Flickr</a>,
<A HREF="potato/Mission%20to%20Europa.gif">Europa</A>.
<!--
<a href="http://twitter.com/AndroidArts">Twitter</a>,
<A HREF="http://lowleg.deviantart.com/">Fashion statement</A>
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<br><br>
<a href="ProfileFAQ.htm">Profile</a> and
<a href="ProfileFAQ.htm#contact">Contact FAQ</a>
<br>
<br>
</center>
<center>
<img src="atspin.gif">
<img src="syntax2.gif" style="position: relative; top: -10px;">
<img src="error2.gif" style="position: relative; top: -10px;">
<img src="atspin.gif">
</center>
<!--
<p>
16 REM : Advertise on AndroidArts.com!<br>
17 REM : 128*48 px 40KB gif: $13999.90/mo<br>
18 REM : 320*96 px 120KB gif: $26499.90/mo<br>
19 REM : Reach up to hundreds of people/day!
20 ELSE : Sod off.
</p>
<p>
REM : Commissions:<br>
I don't often do commissions, but I'll put this info up here just in case.
As of 2016 I charge 600 SEK per hour. That is around 70 USD or 64 EUR.
A flat-colored sketch (which can be hit or miss) is usually 45 minutes to 90 minutes of work. Longer if the subject is complex, needs research or lots of exploration / feedback. A more polished sketch (better line detail and some shading) doubles that time. I don't do polished stuff well, but sometimes I have to. It might eat up a work day, often split across two. I prefer doing loose concept art work.
</p>
-->
<!--
To add one day:
Misc drawings.
space game + elite ships
slingy
not z2
minecraft
pchat
zigor
smb pox
galsngoblins
startopia
sega, done? Sprite edits?
rts assemblee
act of war
gosub invasion / blob
monster
cyborgwar
airfortress, done?
rotro, done?
chaos wizard, act of war?
buff samus, done?
-->
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~ Nós ossos que aqui estamos pelos vossos esperamos ~
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Android Arts
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| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
\*\*\*\* ANDROID ARTS : Arne's webpage! \*\*\*\*
| | |
| --- | --- |
| | **Zelda 1-3** - I've finally been making some progress on this project in 2019.
While I hold Zelda 1 in high regard in terms of game design, I'm older now and have lost some of my interest in games. This project is turning into some kind of manga thing instead because I still enjoy noodling with world design.
|
| | **Metroid 1** - The only Metroid game which counts. I don't know what you young wippersnappers are doing with your 16 bits and 3D polygons but I don't like it one bit! Back in my day we got lost in a maze of twisty little passages, all alike.
|
| | **Megaman Legends** - I like both the NES Megaman games and the Legends series so this page is a bit mixed. It's separate universes in my headcanon though.
|
| | **Wing Commander** - I used to play this on my A1200 and mostly remember the frustration of fleeing Kilrathi aces, escort missions, and asteroid belts. I think it was the rich and immersive world presentation which kept me so attached.
|
| | **Famicube** - NES sprites often feel like they could use just one or two extra "accent" colours and that prompted me to start this project. I wanted to design a NES 1.5 but went overboard flailing... qui- quite a bit.
|
| | **SEGA cube** - The Sega Master System has interesting specs too. I like the 16 colour restriction. With a better sound chip, palette and more memory it could be a very appealing development platform. I think I did a better job with the cube case design here than for the Famicube project.
|
| | **Sony & Spyro** - Another interesting hobby development system could be the Playstation. There's nothing out there which focuses on a lowpoly aesthetic. With some buffed specs, a keyboard and BASIC it could be easy to develop for.
|
| | **Starsiege Tribes & Retro PC** - Two related projects.
|
Sept. 2, 2021: This website is my way of sharing whatever I'm passionate about from day to day and it has grown quite a bit over the years. I've had people asking if they could support me in some way, so now I've finally made a *Patreon account* where I will be showing WIP projects, workflow thoughts, hirez images, and more intimate stuff. I set it to 18+ because of occasional pantsu. Anyways, financial support would allow me to *continue normal operations* \*beep boop\*.
---
**[patreon.com/androidarts](https://www.patreon.com/androidarts)**
---
***Recent-ish updates:**
40K-23 page updated a bit at bottom.
~~Put some additional pixel-overs at the bottom of the SEGA Cube page.
Minor update to Metroid page (a few new M3 sprites).
[Amiga 1001](Amiga/Amiga1001.jpg).
Updated Zelda page with new Z2 & OoT concepts.
[A new 40K page.](40k/40K23.htm) Big thanks to all my Patrons who enable me to do this stuff.
Pixel-over page.
Traveller page.
Castlevania page.
KiCAD page. A step towards realizing some of my electronics projects.
Some new image (links) on Marathon page.
Updated Star Trek page.
New Solar Jetman and Fester's Quest page.
New UQM 2021 page with a touch of Starflight.
Metroid page has new M2 stuff.
JoysII.
Minor polish to old Kawaiik sheets.
Compact Amiga A770 keyboard progress.
Master of Orion A500 port subpage.
Tesserae Terra.~~*
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Assorted pages* [Console games](console_games.htm)* [Computer games](computer_games.htm)* [Arcade games](arcade_games.htm)* [Other media](misc_stuff.htm)* [Misc. new-ish](misc2/index.htm)* [Misc.21](misc2/Misc21.htm)* [Game projects](game_stuff.htm)* [2002 archive](art2002/works2002.htm)* [HIB2 art](HIB2/)* [LD48 Ecostar assets](ecostar/Ecostar.htm)* [Flying Spaghetti Monster](fsm/index.htm)* [The LEGO project](legoproject/)* [Zoids](zoids/zoids.htm)* [Mastodon](https://mastodon.gamedev.place/@androidarts)* [General Art Tutorial](art_tut.htm)* [Old PS 5.5 process](tuts/process.jpg)* [Pixel Art Tutorial](pixtut/pixelart.htm)* [Old smileys](smileys/smileys.htm)* [Art thoughts](thoughts.htm)* [On spaceship design](spaceships/spaceship_design.htm)* [Game design prefs](prefs/GameDesign.htm)
Series/TV* [Star Trek](startrek/TrekEps.htm)* [Doctor Who](doctorwho/doctorwho.htm)* [HPL manga](hpl/storytime.htm)* [Ghostbusters](Ghostbusters/Ghostbusters.htm)* [Blake's 7](B7/B7.htm)* [UFO](UFO/ufo.htm)* [Star Maidens/Command](spaceships/StarMaidCom.htm)* [Digimon](GarlicChampions/Digimon.htm)* [Moontrap](moontrap/moontrap.htm)* [Gundam](Gundam/Gundam.htm)
Tabletop stuff* [40K](40k/index.htm)* [40K-23](40k/40K23.htm)* [Star Gladius](stargladius/stargladius.htm)* [Starsword 1](StarSword/TheMachineEmpress.htm)* [Starsword 2](StarSword/Gnomes.htm)* [Starguard](starguard/starguard.htm)* [Space Dragon](misc/spacedragon2.jpg)* [Boardgames](boardgames/boardgames.htm)* [Boardgames II](boardgames/DeathMaze.htm)* [Barb.Prin.](boardgames/bp/BP.htm)* [Star Frontiers](RPG/StarFrontiers.htm)* [Tesserae Terra](RPG/Breach.htm)* [Traveller](Traveller/Traveller.htm)
| Hardware projects* [Famicube](palette/Famicube.htm)* [Palette mania](palette/16pal.htm)* [Amiga Harddrive](Amiga/AmigaHDD.htm)* [Amiga cleanup](Amiga/A500Cleanup.htm)* [Amiga pixels](Amiga/AmigaPixels.htm)* [SBC](Amiga/SBC.htm)* [A770](Amiga/Alembic.htm)* [ZX](Amiga/ZX.htm)* [MSX](Amiga/MSX.htm)* [Miscellaneous](palette/Misc.htm)* [Assorted](MiscHW/Assorted.htm)* [EE pages](EE/EE.htm)* [Amp project](EE/Amp.htm)* [More EE](EE/EE19.htm)* [Joys](EE/joy/Joys.htm)* [JoysII](Amiga/Ajoy.htm)* [Sensors](EE/SensorCircuits.htm)* [SEEEGA](SEGA/SEGAcube.htm)* [Playstation](Sony/Sony.htm)* [Handheld](EE/Buttics/GameThing.htm)* [KiCAD](ard/notes.htm)
Computer stuff* [Shogo](Shogo/SHOGO.htm)* [WoW/MMO thoughts](mmo/)* [Exile](exile/exile-ish.htm)* [M.U.L.E.](mule/mule.htm)* [RebelStar Raiders](rebelstar_raiders/rebelstar_raiders_dumps.htm)* [Rebelsquad (X-COM)](xcom/rebelsquad.htm)* [Paradroid](paradroid/paradroid.htm)* [Starflight](starflight/starflight.htm)* [Ur-Quan Masters](starcontrol/star_control.htm)* [UQM:Exodus](starcontrol/Exodus.htm)* [UQM:Saga](starcontrol/scs.htm)* [UQM:2021](starcontrol/UQM21.htm)* [Dragon Slayer 1](dragonslayer/dragonslayer1.htm)* [Some space game](spacegame/spacegame.htm)* [Space game again](colcon/spaceconquest.htm)* [Elite papermodels](elite/frontier.htm)* [Master of Orion 1](spaceconquest/gamedesign.htm)* [Startopia](startopia/Startopia.htm)* [Utopia gfx dump](utopia/Utopia.htm)* [Tribes (& Gloom)](starsiege/tribes.htm)* [Marathon (& PiD)](marathon/marathon.htm)* [System Shock](SystemShock/)* [Cortex Shock](systemshock/cortexshock.html)* [Kawaiik](kawaiik/kawaiik.htm)* [Grave Gail](grave_gail/analysis.htm)* [Diablo](diablo/diablo.htm)* [C21 online](c21/c21.htm)* [Cosmic Soldier](psywar/CosmicSoldier.htm)* [Wasteland / Mother](wasteland/StrangeWorlds.htm)* [Longlegs](cyborgwar/longlegs.htm)* [Total Annihilation](rts/ta.htm)* [Wing Commander](spaceships/WC.htm)* [Dwarf Fortress](df/dorf.htm)* [Pixel-overs](Amiga/Pixel-overs.htm)
| Console stuff* [Kid Icarus](kidicarus/kid_icarus.htm)* [Air Fortress](airfortress/air_fortress.htm)* [Hydlide](hydlide/hydlide.htm)* [Megalonia](megalonia/megalonia.htm)* [Megalonia dir](megalonia/?C=M;O=A)* [SMB](smb/SMB.htm)* [Zerberk](zerberk/zerberk_diary.htm)* [Guardian Legend](tgl/guardianlegend.htm)* [Viper Girl](gradius/vipergirl.htm)* [Rygar](rygar/rygar_08_roughs.jpg)* [Xexyz / Turtle game](xexyz/turtlegame.htm)* [Bomber Queen](bomber/bomberqueen.htm)* [Megaman Legends](mml/reaverbot_legends.htm)* [Metafight](metafight/metafight2.htm)* [Planet Zebes postmortem](metroid/Planet_Zebes.htm)* [Metroid](metroid/GFP3.htm)* [Zelda 1 & 2](zelda/Zelda.htm)* [Sonic Sonja](sonja/sonja.htm)* [DQ devlog](DQ/diary.htm)* [SaGa](FFL/SaGa.htm)* [Phantasy Star](phantasy/PhantasyStar.htm)* [NamCom](NAMCOM/)* [SML hack](sml/sml.htm)* [WB / MW4](mw/Wonders.htm)* [Fester's Quest](FQ/fester.htm)* [Solar Jetman](SolJet/SolarJetman.htm)* [Castlevania](Castlevania/CVX.htm)
|
[Blog](http://diglett.blogspot.com/),
[Flickr](http://www.flickr.com/photos/androidarts/),
[Europa](potato/Mission%20to%20Europa.gif).
[Profile](ProfileFAQ.htm) and
[Contact FAQ](ProfileFAQ.htm#contact)
*~ Nós ossos que aqui estamos pelos vossos esperamos ~*
\* This website renders okay in the Links2 browser \*
Consider using the *UBlock Origin* Add-On for Firefox. The internet shouldn't be a few mega sites with users under their control. If running those becomes unprofitable... well, I'd welcome back the old internet with small quirky enthusiast sites, and embarrassing clueless corporate sites.
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| http://androidarts.com/ |
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The present page in order to direct your visit</font></td>
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<td width="93%" height="40"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1"><a href="news/index_eng.htm">NEWS</a>
<b>( Homepage updated the 13/11/2001 )</b><br>
Updates and latest news</font></td>
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<td width="93%" height="40"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1"><a href="zanac/index_eng.htm">ZANAC
x ZANAC</a> <font color="#FF0000"><b>(New)</b></font><br>
The new shooting game by COMPILE</font></td>
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<div align="center"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1"><a href="compile/index_eng.htm"><img src="shoots.png" width="38" height="40" border="0"></a></font></div>
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<td width="93%" height="40"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1"><a href="compile/index_eng.htm">COMPILE
SHOOTING GAMES HISTORY</a> <font color="#FF0000"><b>(New)</b></font><br>
All the games of that kind by Compile since 1983 to nowadays</font></td>
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<td width="93%" height="40"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1"><a href="cosplay/index_eng.htm">COMPILE
COSPLAY </a> <br>
Photos and videos of cosplayers </font></td>
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<td width="93%" height="40"><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-1"><a href="gallery/index_eng.htm">ART
GALLERY KOJIMA / YAMADA</a> <br>
Dedicated to Ayami KOJIMA and Akihiro YAMADA</font></td>
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<title>IIS 10.0 Detailed Error - 999.0 - AW Special Error</title>
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<h3>HTTP Error 999.0 - AW Special Error</h3>
<h4>The custom error module does not recognize this error.</h4>
</div>
<div class="content-container">
<fieldset><h4>Most likely causes:</h4>
<ul> <li>A module set an infrequently used status code.</li> </ul>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="content-container">
<fieldset><h4>Things you can try:</h4>
<li>Investigate why the module set the status code.</li>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="content-container">
<fieldset><h4>Detailed Error Information:</h4>
<div id="details-left">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr class="alt"><th>Module</th><td> IIS Web Core</td></tr>
<tr><th>Notification</th><td> Unknown</td></tr>
<tr class="alt"><th>Handler</th><td> StaticFile</td></tr>
<tr><th>Error Code</th><td> 0x00000000</td></tr>
</table>
</div>
<div id="details-right">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr class="alt"><th>Requested URL</th><td> http://www.salimbeti.com:80/micenei/</td></tr>
<tr><th>Physical Path</th><td> D:\inetpub\webs\salimbeticom\micenei\</td></tr>
<tr class="alt"><th>Logon Method</th><td> Not yet determined</td></tr>
<tr><th>Logon User</th><td> Not yet determined</td></tr>
<tr class="alt"><th>Request Tracing Directory</th><td> D:\LogFiles\FailedReqLogFiles</td></tr>
</table>
<div class="clear"></div>
</div>
</fieldset>
</div>
<div class="content-container">
<fieldset><h4>More Information:</h4>
Any module can call SetStatus with the status, substatus or HRESULT. The custom error module only displays status specific error messages for well known errors.
<p><a href="https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=62293&IIS70Error=999,0,0x00000000,20348">View more information »</a></p>
</fieldset>
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IIS 10.0 Detailed Error - 999.0 - AW Special Error
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### HTTP Error 999.0 - AW Special Error
#### The custom error module does not recognize this error.
#### Most likely causes:
* A module set an infrequently used status code.
#### Things you can try:
- Investigate why the module set the status code.
#### Detailed Error Information:
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Module | IIS Web Core |
| Notification | Unknown |
| Handler | StaticFile |
| Error Code | 0x00000000 |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Requested URL | http://www.salimbeti.com:80/micenei/ |
| Physical Path | D:\inetpub\webs\salimbeticom\micenei\ |
| Logon Method | Not yet determined |
| Logon User | Not yet determined |
| Request Tracing Directory | D:\LogFiles\FailedReqLogFiles |
#### More Information:
Any module can call SetStatus with the status, substatus or HRESULT. The custom error module only displays status specific error messages for well known errors.
[View more information »](https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkID=62293&IIS70Error=999,0,0x00000000,20348)
| http://www.salimbeti.com/micenei/ |
<html>
<head>
<meta name="description" content="Dark Shadows - The Old House">
<meta name="author" content="Rob Yasinsac">
<title>Hudson Valley Ruins: Dark Shadows - "The Old House" - Tarrytown, NY - by Rob Yasinsac</title>
</head>
<body text="#CCCCCC" bgcolor="#000000" link="#FF0000" vlink="#0000FF" alink="#00FF00">
<center><font size="+4" color="#FF0000">Dark Shadows: "The Old House"<i><br>
</i></font><font size="5" color="#FFFFFF">TARRYTOWN, NY</font>
<p><img SRC="veruselle-pc.jpg" border="2" width="500" height="318" ><br>
<font size="1">
<br>
</font><b>
Postcard: " 'Veruselle' Residence of Russell Hopkins, Irvington, N.Y."</b></center>
<p> This house should be familiar to fans of the 1960s vampire
soap opera <b><i> Dark Shadows</i></b>, for it appeared in the television series as "The
Old House." The mansion, which had been vacant for about seven or eight years
by the late 1960s TV shoots, was used for exterior photography (although several images of
Jonathan Frid, in his role as Barnabas Collins, inside the mansion are known to
exist as well, but were not used on the show). This mansion likely came to the
attention of the casting crew owing to the fact that a more famous house,
Lyndhurst, stood next door (Lyndhurst served as Collinwood for both movie
versions of Dark Shadows). <br>
<br>
The South End of Tarrytown, by virtue of its location 25
miles north of Manhattan, contained one of the greatest concentrations of estates
along the Hudson River. Washington Irving, who penned "The Legend of Sleepy
Hollow" and other famous tales, settled here in 1835. Irving remodeled a
colonial stone
tenant farmhouse into his Romanticized version of an early Dutch
mansion. His neighborhood became quite crowded after 1850, when the Hudson River
Rail Road enabled merchant millionaires to commute from home to New York City in
under an hour; mansions sprouted seemingly overnight on the shore overlooking
the Tappan Zee. A great number of homes were built in the 1850s and 1860s, but
by he 1880s many homes fell into disuse owing to high maintenance costs or because
their owners chose newly fashionable locales such as Newport, RI, for the
summer retreats. The area went through a bit of a revival in the early 1900s, as
more modern mansions replaced the older stone or brick houses.<p align="center"><br>
<img border="2" src="gottscho1.jpg" width="498" height="345"><br>
<br>
<b>"Duchess de Talleyrand, Lyndhurst, residence in Irvington, New York. Cottage, river facade."
1943 Oct. 9.<br>
<font size="2">Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Gottscho-Schleisner Collection,
Reproduction Number LC-G613-T-44127 DLC</font></b><font size="2">.</font><p align="left"><br>
One of the first merchants to build here around 1850 was
Moses Hicks Grinnell, a one-time United States representative, real estate
developer, merchant, and financier. His high society connections extended beyond business; in
1836 Grinnell married Julia Irving, niece of the famous author Washington
Irving. It was immediately north of Irving's "Sunnyisde" that Grinnell
settled in the early 1850s. For himself, he built a mansion known as "Wolfert's
Dell;" about the same time or shortly thereafter, he built a second
mansion, similar in appearance to his own, on the northern portion of his
38-acre estate. In the 1850s, Grinnell's niece, Mary Russell Grinnell, resided
in the northerly mansion with her husband Henry Holdredge. <br>
<br>
The historical path of the two houses diverged and converged
in the later part of the 1800s. at times, they were part of one estate, at
others separated. On occasion, the northerly house was part of the Lyndhurst
estate. In 1907, both houses came into ownership of Russell Hopkins, <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">son of a prominent Atlanta banker, and his wife
Vera Siegrist, granddaughter of Dr. Joseph J. Lawrence, </span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">along with Jordan Wheat Lambert, invented
Listerine in 1879. The now famous mouthwash, originally intended as a
disinfectant for surgical procedures, was named after English physician Sir
Joseph Lister who, according to this <a href="http://www.listerineprofessional.com/why_history.asp">website</a>,
performed the first ever antiseptic surgery in 1865. </span><p align="center"><br>
<img border="2" src="gottscho2.jpg" width="500" height="348"><br>
<br>
<b>"Duchess de Talleyrand, Lyndhurst, residence in Irvington, New York. Cottage entrance, view II."
1943 Oct. 9.<br>
<font size="2">Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Gottscho-Schleisner Collection.
Reproduction NumberLC-G612-T-44126 DLC.</font></b><p align="left"> <span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">
<br>
The earliest known good depictions of the "Old
House" are postcards and newspaper articles from the Hopkins-era. The
columned porch was likely added to the house by the Hopkinses or the owners just
before them. It was fashionable at this time to remodel the older dark Victorian
homes then seen as out of taste. Large columned porches became a trendy ideal on
some of the old Hudson River homes in this area. </span>The Hopkinses renamed the estate Veruselle (Vera + Russell) while giving
the name "The Colonnades" to the northerly mansion and "The
Arcades" to Wolfert's Dell, the former Grinnell mansion. The Hopkinses are
best remembered in this area for the large menagerie they kept on the
estate. <br>
<br>
An article in the Atlanta Constitution from August 8, 1908
stated that "Mr. and Mrs. Russell Hopkins and Mrs. J. R. Hopkins are at
home this summer at 'The Arcades.'" Who the n lived in the Colonnades?
Another family member? Or was it rented to a friend? Or did the Hopkinses enjoy
both homes?<br>
<br>
Russell Hopkins died in 1919 and Vera passed away in 1928. Their
children seemed
disinterested in the property and the southerly portion fell into receivership in
the early 1940s. The abandoned Wolfert's Dell/Arcades mansion burned in 1963 and its
ruins were demolished in 1978. The Colonnades fared better for a little while
longer however. In the 1930s, the property belonged to stockbroker William R.
Spratt; often times the northerly mansion has been referred to as "The
Spratt House." Eventually Anna Gould, Duchess de Tallyrand, owner of
Lyndhurst and daughter of robber baron Jay Gould, acquired the Colonnades
portion of what had been the Hopkins estate. Her bodyguard, famous detective
Raymond C. Schindler, lived in the columned mansion until his death in 1959. Two
years later Anna Gould died; Lyndhurst eventually became a property of the
National Trust for Historic Preservation and is now a historic house
museum. The Colonnades/Old House sat vacant in the 1960s while the land was eyed
for residential development (ultimately not ever constructed). The mansion
burned in 1969 and only remnants of its foundation remain.<br>
<br>
Westchester County now owns the land upon which once stood
"the Old House." In due time, the landscape may be restored and opened
to the public as a passive-recreation park linking <a href="http://www.hudsonvalley.org/sunnyside/index.htm">Sunnyside,
a property of Historic Hudson Valley</a>, on the south, and <a href="http://www.lyndhurst.org/">Lyndhurst</a>,
on the north. The grounds of "The Old House" are not yet open to the
public.<br>
<br>
*(For those not familiar with the area, the location of the house
indeed is within the limits of the village of Tarrytown. Many early
twentieth-century postcards of Lyndhurst, Sunnyside, and other homes in the area
identify the locale as "Irvington," the next village to the south, but
this neighborhood was included in the Village of Tarrytown upon its incorporation
in 1870.)<p align="center"><br>
<img border="2" src="gottscho3.jpg" width="500" height="344"><br>
<br>
<b>"Duchess de Talleyrand, Lyndhurst, residence in Irvington, New York. Cottage entrance, view I."
1943 Oct. 9.<br>
<font size="2">Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Gottscho-Schleisner Collection,
Reproduction Number LC-G612-T-44125 DLC.<br>
</font><font size="3">(This view shows the east facade of the house.)<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
</font></b>
<img border="2" src="abandoned.jpg" width="344" height="341">
<b><font size="2"><br>
<br>
</font><font size="3">The Colonnades, as it appeared in the 1960s when it was
abandoned.</font><font size="2"><br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<img border="2" src="wolfertsdell.jpg" width="500" height="316"><br>
<br>
</font><font size="3">Wolfert's Dell, the Grinnell Mansion (later known as The
Arcades.) Circa 1850-1852.</font></b><br>
<b>Sketch by Edwin Whitefield from "The Hudson River and Rail road illustrated."<br>
This illustration depicts the way "The Old House / Colonnades" may originally
have appeared.</b><br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<img border="2" src="SprattAD1927.jpg" width="388" height="282"><br>
<font size="1"><br>
</font><b>Real estate advertisement, 1927.</b><br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<img border="2" src="Hopkins-South.jpg" width="500" height="317"><br>
<font size="1"><br>
</font><b>Mansion, south facade and south fountain. Another early 1900s postcard.</b><br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<img border="2" src="veruselle-fountain.jpg" width="500" height="319"><br>
<font size="1"><br>
</font><b>View from similar perspective as above postcard;
photograph taken December 31, 2006.</b><br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<img border="2" src="carho.jpg" width="500" height="336"><br>
<font size="1"><br>
</font><b>Inside the basement of the garage.<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
</b>
<img border="2" src="1931.jpg" width="500" height="348"><br>
<font size="1"><br>
</font><b>Inscribed in the basement floor of the garage.</b><br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<img border="2" src="tree.jpg" width="285" height="425"><br>
<font size="1"><br>
</font><b>Large tree near the Hudson River, possibly over two-hundred years old.</b>
<p align="center">
<center>
<p>
<hr WIDTH=100%>
<p><a href="http://www.hudsonvalleyruins.org"><img SRC="window.jpg" ALT="Yaz Hudson
Valley Ruins and Abandoned Buildings, etc." height=70 align=CENTER></a>
<p><font size=+0><a href="http://www.hudsonvalleyruins.org/yasinsac/tarrytown.html">Tarrytown
Ruins homepage</a></font>
<br>
<p><font size=+0><a href="http://www.hudsonvalleyruins.org">Yaz Hudson Valley
Ruins and Abandoned Buildings, etc.</a></font>
<p><font size=+0><a href="http://www.hudsonvalleyruins.org/yasinsac/email.html">E-mail Rob Yasinsac</a></font></center>
<hr WIDTH=100%>
<center>
<p><i><font size=-1>This page copyright ©1997 Robert J. Yasinsac.
All rights reserved.</font></i></center>
</body>
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|
Hudson Valley Ruins: Dark Shadows - "The Old House" - Tarrytown, NY - by Rob Yasinsac
Dark Shadows: "The Old House"TARRYTOWN, NY
**Postcard: " 'Veruselle' Residence of Russell Hopkins, Irvington, N.Y."**
This house should be familiar to fans of the 1960s vampire
soap opera ***Dark Shadows***, for it appeared in the television series as "The
Old House." The mansion, which had been vacant for about seven or eight years
by the late 1960s TV shoots, was used for exterior photography (although several images of
Jonathan Frid, in his role as Barnabas Collins, inside the mansion are known to
exist as well, but were not used on the show). This mansion likely came to the
attention of the casting crew owing to the fact that a more famous house,
Lyndhurst, stood next door (Lyndhurst served as Collinwood for both movie
versions of Dark Shadows).
The South End of Tarrytown, by virtue of its location 25
miles north of Manhattan, contained one of the greatest concentrations of estates
along the Hudson River. Washington Irving, who penned "The Legend of Sleepy
Hollow" and other famous tales, settled here in 1835. Irving remodeled a
colonial stone
tenant farmhouse into his Romanticized version of an early Dutch
mansion. His neighborhood became quite crowded after 1850, when the Hudson River
Rail Road enabled merchant millionaires to commute from home to New York City in
under an hour; mansions sprouted seemingly overnight on the shore overlooking
the Tappan Zee. A great number of homes were built in the 1850s and 1860s, but
by he 1880s many homes fell into disuse owing to high maintenance costs or because
their owners chose newly fashionable locales such as Newport, RI, for the
summer retreats. The area went through a bit of a revival in the early 1900s, as
more modern mansions replaced the older stone or brick houses.
**"Duchess de Talleyrand, Lyndhurst, residence in Irvington, New York. Cottage, river facade."
1943 Oct. 9.
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Gottscho-Schleisner Collection,
Reproduction Number LC-G613-T-44127 DLC**.
One of the first merchants to build here around 1850 was
Moses Hicks Grinnell, a one-time United States representative, real estate
developer, merchant, and financier. His high society connections extended beyond business; in
1836 Grinnell married Julia Irving, niece of the famous author Washington
Irving. It was immediately north of Irving's "Sunnyisde" that Grinnell
settled in the early 1850s. For himself, he built a mansion known as "Wolfert's
Dell;" about the same time or shortly thereafter, he built a second
mansion, similar in appearance to his own, on the northern portion of his
38-acre estate. In the 1850s, Grinnell's niece, Mary Russell Grinnell, resided
in the northerly mansion with her husband Henry Holdredge.
The historical path of the two houses diverged and converged
in the later part of the 1800s. at times, they were part of one estate, at
others separated. On occasion, the northerly house was part of the Lyndhurst
estate. In 1907, both houses came into ownership of Russell Hopkins, son of a prominent Atlanta banker, and his wife
Vera Siegrist, granddaughter of Dr. Joseph J. Lawrence, along with Jordan Wheat Lambert, invented
Listerine in 1879. The now famous mouthwash, originally intended as a
disinfectant for surgical procedures, was named after English physician Sir
Joseph Lister who, according to this [website](http://www.listerineprofessional.com/why_history.asp),
performed the first ever antiseptic surgery in 1865.
**"Duchess de Talleyrand, Lyndhurst, residence in Irvington, New York. Cottage entrance, view II."
1943 Oct. 9.
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Gottscho-Schleisner Collection.
Reproduction NumberLC-G612-T-44126 DLC.**
The earliest known good depictions of the "Old
House" are postcards and newspaper articles from the Hopkins-era. The
columned porch was likely added to the house by the Hopkinses or the owners just
before them. It was fashionable at this time to remodel the older dark Victorian
homes then seen as out of taste. Large columned porches became a trendy ideal on
some of the old Hudson River homes in this area. The Hopkinses renamed the estate Veruselle (Vera + Russell) while giving
the name "The Colonnades" to the northerly mansion and "The
Arcades" to Wolfert's Dell, the former Grinnell mansion. The Hopkinses are
best remembered in this area for the large menagerie they kept on the
estate.
An article in the Atlanta Constitution from August 8, 1908
stated that "Mr. and Mrs. Russell Hopkins and Mrs. J. R. Hopkins are at
home this summer at 'The Arcades.'" Who the n lived in the Colonnades?
Another family member? Or was it rented to a friend? Or did the Hopkinses enjoy
both homes?
Russell Hopkins died in 1919 and Vera passed away in 1928. Their
children seemed
disinterested in the property and the southerly portion fell into receivership in
the early 1940s. The abandoned Wolfert's Dell/Arcades mansion burned in 1963 and its
ruins were demolished in 1978. The Colonnades fared better for a little while
longer however. In the 1930s, the property belonged to stockbroker William R.
Spratt; often times the northerly mansion has been referred to as "The
Spratt House." Eventually Anna Gould, Duchess de Tallyrand, owner of
Lyndhurst and daughter of robber baron Jay Gould, acquired the Colonnades
portion of what had been the Hopkins estate. Her bodyguard, famous detective
Raymond C. Schindler, lived in the columned mansion until his death in 1959. Two
years later Anna Gould died; Lyndhurst eventually became a property of the
National Trust for Historic Preservation and is now a historic house
museum. The Colonnades/Old House sat vacant in the 1960s while the land was eyed
for residential development (ultimately not ever constructed). The mansion
burned in 1969 and only remnants of its foundation remain.
Westchester County now owns the land upon which once stood
"the Old House." In due time, the landscape may be restored and opened
to the public as a passive-recreation park linking [Sunnyside,
a property of Historic Hudson Valley](http://www.hudsonvalley.org/sunnyside/index.htm), on the south, and [Lyndhurst](http://www.lyndhurst.org/),
on the north. The grounds of "The Old House" are not yet open to the
public.
\*(For those not familiar with the area, the location of the house
indeed is within the limits of the village of Tarrytown. Many early
twentieth-century postcards of Lyndhurst, Sunnyside, and other homes in the area
identify the locale as "Irvington," the next village to the south, but
this neighborhood was included in the Village of Tarrytown upon its incorporation
in 1870.)
**"Duchess de Talleyrand, Lyndhurst, residence in Irvington, New York. Cottage entrance, view I."
1943 Oct. 9.
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Gottscho-Schleisner Collection,
Reproduction Number LC-G612-T-44125 DLC.
(This view shows the east facade of the house.)**
**The Colonnades, as it appeared in the 1960s when it was
abandoned.
Wolfert's Dell, the Grinnell Mansion (later known as The
Arcades.) Circa 1850-1852.**
**Sketch by Edwin Whitefield from "The Hudson River and Rail road illustrated."
This illustration depicts the way "The Old House / Colonnades" may originally
have appeared.**
**Real estate advertisement, 1927.**
**Mansion, south facade and south fountain. Another early 1900s postcard.**
**View from similar perspective as above postcard;
photograph taken December 31, 2006.**
**Inside the basement of the garage.**
**Inscribed in the basement floor of the garage.**
**Large tree near the Hudson River, possibly over two-hundred years old.**
---
[](http://www.hudsonvalleyruins.org)
[Tarrytown
Ruins homepage](http://www.hudsonvalleyruins.org/yasinsac/tarrytown.html)
[Yaz Hudson Valley
Ruins and Abandoned Buildings, etc.](http://www.hudsonvalleyruins.org)
[E-mail Rob Yasinsac](http://www.hudsonvalleyruins.org/yasinsac/email.html)
---
*This page copyright ©1997 Robert J. Yasinsac.
All rights reserved.*
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mm_menu_0303193725_0.addMenuItem("VR1000 Appraisal","window.open('pdf/VR1000 assesment.pdf', '_blank');");
mm_menu_0303193725_0.addMenuItem("TR22 Appraisal","window.open('pdf/TR22 report.pdf', '_blank');");
mm_menu_0303193725_0.addMenuItem("Memos","window.open('memomenu.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303193725_0.addMenuItem("Tape Handling","window.open('tapehand.htm','_self');");
mm_menu_0303193725_0.fontStyle="italic";
mm_menu_0303193725_0.fontStyle="italic";
mm_menu_0303193725_0.hideOnMouseOut=true;
mm_menu_0303193725_0.bgColor='#000000';
mm_menu_0303193725_0.menuBorder=1;
mm_menu_0303193725_0.menuLiteBgColor='#ECE9D8';
mm_menu_0303193725_0.menuBorderBgColor='#ECE9D8';
window.mm_menu_0303193644_0 = new Menu("root",120,18,"Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif",12,"#000099","#FFFFFF","#FFFFFF","#000084","left","middle",3,0,100,-5,7,true,true,true,0,true,true);
mm_menu_0303193644_0.addMenuItem("Machines","window.open('nb01.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303193644_0.addMenuItem("Tapes","window.open('tapemenu.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303193644_0.addMenuItem("Bits & Pieces","window.open('nb03.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303193644_0.addMenuItem("Timeline","window.open('tlintro.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303193644_0.addMenuItem("Brochures","window.open('brochure.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303193644_0.addMenuItem("MD49","window.open('pdf/MD49.pdf', '_blank');");
mm_menu_0303193644_0.fontStyle="italic";
mm_menu_0303193644_0.hideOnMouseOut=true;
mm_menu_0303193644_0.bgColor='#000000';
mm_menu_0303193644_0.menuBorder=1;
mm_menu_0303193644_0.menuLiteBgColor='#ECE9D8';
mm_menu_0303193644_0.menuBorderBgColor='#ECE9D8';
window.mm_menu_0303193751_0 = new Menu("root",136,18,"Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif",12,"#000099","#FFFFFF","#FFFFFF","#000084","left","middle",3,0,100,-5,7,true,true,true,0,true,true);
mm_menu_0303193751_0.addMenuItem("Rome 1960","window.open('rome.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303193751_0.addMenuItem("Innsbruck 1964","window.open('innsbruck.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303193751_0.addMenuItem("Mexico 1968","window.open('mexico68.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303193751_0.addMenuItem("Munich 1972","window.open('munich.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303193751_0.addMenuItem("Christchurch 1974","window.open('chr.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303193751_0.addMenuItem("Edmonton 1978","window.open('edm.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303193751_0.addMenuItem("Moscow 1980","window.open('mosc.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303193751_0.addMenuItem("Brisbane 1982","window.open('bris.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303193751_0.addMenuItem("LA 1984","window.open('la.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303193751_0.addMenuItem("Edinburgh 1986","window.open('edin01.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303193751_0.addMenuItem("Seoul 1988","window.open('seoul.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303193751_0.addMenuItem("Barcelona 1992","window.open('barc.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303193751_0.fontStyle="italic";
mm_menu_0303193751_0.hideOnMouseOut=true;
mm_menu_0303193751_0.bgColor='#000000';
mm_menu_0303193751_0.menuBorder=1;
mm_menu_0303193751_0.menuLiteBgColor='#ECE9D8';
mm_menu_0303193751_0.menuBorderBgColor='#ECE9D8';
window.mm_menu_0303194200_0 = new Menu("root",87,18,"Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif",12,"#000099","#FFFFFF","#FFFFFF","#000084","left","middle",3,0,100,-5,7,true,true,true,0,true,true);
mm_menu_0303194200_0.addMenuItem("Apollo","window.open('apollo.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303194200_0.addMenuItem("Hot Line","window.open('hotline.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303194200_0.addMenuItem("QED","window.open('rbw.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303194200_0.addMenuItem("VT on TV","window.open('tv.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303194200_0.fontStyle="italic";
mm_menu_0303194200_0.hideOnMouseOut=true;
mm_menu_0303194200_0.bgColor='#000000';
mm_menu_0303194200_0.menuBorder=1;
mm_menu_0303194200_0.menuLiteBgColor='#ECE9D8';
mm_menu_0303194200_0.menuBorderBgColor='#ECE9D8';
window.mm_menu_0303194523_0 = new Menu("root",136,18,"Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif",12,"#000099","#FFFFFF","#FFFFFF","#000084","left","middle",3,0,100,-5,7,true,true,true,0,true,true);
mm_menu_0303194523_0.addMenuItem("Memories","window.open('mems.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303194523_0.addMenuItem("Confessions","window.open('confess.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303194523_0.addMenuItem("Alright leaving me!","window.open('alright.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303194523_0.addMenuItem("Cartoons","window.open('rixon00.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303194523_0.addMenuItem("VT Tea","window.open('vttea.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303194523_0.fontStyle="italic";
mm_menu_0303194523_0.hideOnMouseOut=true;
mm_menu_0303194523_0.bgColor='#000000';
mm_menu_0303194523_0.menuBorder=1;
mm_menu_0303194523_0.menuLiteBgColor='#ECE9D8';
mm_menu_0303194523_0.menuBorderBgColor='#ECE9D8';
window.mm_menu_0303194724_0 = new Menu("root",120,18,"Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif",12,"#000099","#FFFFFF","#FFFFFF","#000084","left","middle",3,0,100,-5,7,true,true,true,0,true,true);
mm_menu_0303194724_0.addMenuItem("Course photos","window.open('etd/etd.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303194724_0.addMenuItem("Winter","window.open('etd/etd1981.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303194724_0.addMenuItem("Careers 1963","window.open('etd/careers.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303194724_0.addMenuItem("Careers 1975","window.open('etd/careers2.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303194724_0.fontStyle="italic";
mm_menu_0303194724_0.hideOnMouseOut=true;
mm_menu_0303194724_0.bgColor='#000000';
mm_menu_0303194724_0.menuBorder=1;
mm_menu_0303194724_0.menuLiteBgColor='#ECE9D8';
mm_menu_0303194724_0.menuBorderBgColor='#ECE9D8';
window.mm_menu_0303194734_0 = new Menu("root",140,18,"Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif",12,"#000099","#FFFFFF","#FFFFFF","#000084","left","middle",3,0,100,-5,7,true,true,true,0,true,true);
mm_menu_0303194734_0.addMenuItem("Don Kershaw","window.open('donk01.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303194734_0.addMenuItem("Neil Pittaway","window.open('evolve.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303194734_0.addMenuItem("Will Wyatt","window.open('ww.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303194734_0.fontStyle="italic";
mm_menu_0303194734_0.hideOnMouseOut=true;
mm_menu_0303194734_0.bgColor='#000000';
mm_menu_0303194734_0.menuBorder=1;
mm_menu_0303194734_0.menuLiteBgColor='#ECE9D8';
mm_menu_0303194734_0.menuBorderBgColor='#ECE9D8';
window.mm_menu_0303194826_0 = new Menu("root",145,18,"Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif",12,"#000099","#FFFFFF","#FFFFFF","#000084","left","middle",3,0,100,-5,7,true,true,true,0,true,true);
mm_menu_0303194826_0.addMenuItem("Caps","window.open('caps.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303194826_0.addMenuItem("List of names","window.open('mastnam.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303194826_0.addMenuItem("Where are they now?","window.open('1994up01.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303194826_0.addMenuItem("Friends","window.open('fanda.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303194826_0.addMenuItem("Contacts","window.open('contacts01/captchaform.php', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303194826_0.fontStyle="italic";
mm_menu_0303194826_0.hideOnMouseOut=true;
mm_menu_0303194826_0.bgColor='#000000';
mm_menu_0303194826_0.menuBorder=1;
mm_menu_0303194826_0.menuLiteBgColor='#ECE9D8';
mm_menu_0303194826_0.menuBorderBgColor='#ECE9D8';
window.mm_menu_0303195346_0 = new Menu("root",125,18,"Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif",12,"#000099","#FFFFFF","#FFFFFF","#000084","left","middle",3,0,100,-5,7,true,true,true,0,true,true);
mm_menu_0303195346_0.addMenuItem("Christmas Lunch","window.open('motsmain.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303195346_0.addMenuItem("Latest Lunch","window.open('curlunch.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303195346_0.addMenuItem("Special Events","window.open('extra_events/voyage01.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303195346_0.addMenuItem("Lunch Archive","window.open('luncmenu.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0303195346_0.fontStyle="italic";
mm_menu_0303195346_0.hideOnMouseOut=true;
mm_menu_0303195346_0.bgColor='#000000';
mm_menu_0303195346_0.menuBorder=1;
mm_menu_0303195346_0.menuLiteBgColor='#ECE9D8';
mm_menu_0303195346_0.menuBorderBgColor='#ECE9D8';
window.mm_menu_0206114944_0 = new Menu("root",150,18,"Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif",12,"#000099","#FFFFFF","#FFFFFF","#000084","left","middle",3,0,100,-5,7,true,true,true,0,true,true);
mm_menu_0206114944_0.addMenuItem("Plan of the area","window.open('galleries/lgplan.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0206114944_0.addMenuItem("Late Night Dropout","window.open('galleries/lgmenu.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0206114944_0.addMenuItem("The Demolition","window.open('galleries/limegrovepix.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0206114944_0.addMenuItem("Blue Peter item","window.open('galleries/lgmenu.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0206114944_0.addMenuItem("Lime Grove Telecine","window.open('galleries/lgtk.htm', '_self');");
mm_menu_0206114944_0.fontStyle="italic";
mm_menu_0206114944_0.hideOnMouseOut=true;
mm_menu_0206114944_0.bgColor='#000000';
mm_menu_0206114944_0.menuBorder=1;
mm_menu_0206114944_0.menuLiteBgColor='#ECE9D8';
mm_menu_0206114944_0.menuBorderBgColor='#ECE9D8';
mm_menu_0206114944_0.writeMenus();
} // mmLoadMenus()
function MM_preloadImages() { //v3.0
var d=document; if(d.images){ if(!d.MM_p) d.MM_p=new Array();
var i,j=d.MM_p.length,a=MM_preloadImages.arguments; for(i=0; i<a.length; i++)
if (a[i].indexOf("#")!=0){ d.MM_p[j]=new Image; d.MM_p[j++].src=a[i];}}
}
function MM_swapImgRestore() { //v3.0
var i,x,a=document.MM_sr; for(i=0;a&&i<a.length&&(x=a[i])&&x.oSrc;i++) x.src=x.oSrc;
}
function MM_findObj(n, d) { //v4.01
var p,i,x; if(!d) d=document; if((p=n.indexOf("?"))>0&&parent.frames.length) {
d=parent.frames[n.substring(p+1)].document; n=n.substring(0,p);}
if(!(x=d[n])&&d.all) x=d.all[n]; for (i=0;!x&&i<d.forms.length;i++) x=d.forms[i][n];
for(i=0;!x&&d.layers&&i<d.layers.length;i++) x=MM_findObj(n,d.layers[i].document);
if(!x && d.getElementById) x=d.getElementById(n); return x;
}
function MM_swapImage() { //v3.0
var i,j=0,x,a=MM_swapImage.arguments; document.MM_sr=new Array; for(i=0;i<(a.length-2);i+=3)
if ((x=MM_findObj(a[i]))!=null){document.MM_sr[j++]=x; if(!x.oSrc) x.oSrc=x.src; x.src=a[i+2];}
}
function MM_nbGroup(event, grpName) { //v6.0
var i,img,nbArr,args=MM_nbGroup.arguments;
if (event == "init" && args.length > 2) {
if ((img = MM_findObj(args[2])) != null && !img.MM_init) {
img.MM_init = true; img.MM_up = args[3]; img.MM_dn = img.src;
if ((nbArr = document[grpName]) == null) nbArr = document[grpName] = new Array();
nbArr[nbArr.length] = img;
for (i=4; i < args.length-1; i+=2) if ((img = MM_findObj(args[i])) != null) {
if (!img.MM_up) img.MM_up = img.src;
img.src = img.MM_dn = args[i+1];
nbArr[nbArr.length] = img;
} }
} else if (event == "over") {
document.MM_nbOver = nbArr = new Array();
for (i=1; i < args.length-1; i+=3) if ((img = MM_findObj(args[i])) != null) {
if (!img.MM_up) img.MM_up = img.src;
img.src = (img.MM_dn && args[i+2]) ? args[i+2] : ((args[i+1])? args[i+1] : img.MM_up);
nbArr[nbArr.length] = img;
}
} else if (event == "out" ) {
for (i=0; i < document.MM_nbOver.length; i++) {
img = document.MM_nbOver[i]; img.src = (img.MM_dn) ? img.MM_dn : img.MM_up; }
} else if (event == "down") {
nbArr = document[grpName];
if (nbArr)
for (i=0; i < nbArr.length; i++) { img=nbArr[i]; img.src = img.MM_up; img.MM_dn = 0; }
document[grpName] = nbArr = new Array();
for (i=2; i < args.length-1; i+=2) if ((img = MM_findObj(args[i])) != null) {
if (!img.MM_up) img.MM_up = img.src;
img.src = img.MM_dn = (args[i+1])? args[i+1] : img.MM_up;
nbArr[nbArr.length] = img;
} }
}
function MM_openBrWindow(theURL,winName,features) { //v2.0
window.open(theURL,winName,features);
}
//-->
</script>
<link href="css/oldboy_1.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<script language="JavaScript" src="mm_menu.js"></script>
<style type="text/css">
<!--
.style1 {font-weight: bold}
-->
</style>
<script src="Scripts/AC_RunActiveContent.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script language="JavaScript1.2">mmLoadMenus();</script>
</head>
<body onLoad="StartClock12();StartDate(); MM_preloadImages('menus/menu006d.png','menus/menu029d.png','menus/menu030d.png','menus/menu035d.png')">
<table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td >
<table width="120" height="200" valign="top"border="0" align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="6">
<tr>
<td width="108"><table width="101" border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td width="101"><div align="center"><a href="javascript:;" onClick="MM_openBrWindow('latest.htm','','scrollbars=no,width=600,height=180,left=200,top=150,screenX=200,screenY=150')"><img src="menus/new.gif" alt="" width="69" height="68" border="0"></a></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="vtbodycentreditalic">
Latest update </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="vtbodycentreditalicsmall">1st November2022</td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="titles/historyhd.png" alt="Utilities" width="115" height="30"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><a href="begin.htm" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('Beginnings','','menus/menu001d.png',1);MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0303172616_0,100,0,null,'Beginnings')"><img src="menus/menu001.png" alt="Beginnings" name="Beginnings" width="100" height="22" border="0"></a></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><a href="1950.htm" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('Image35','','menus/menu002d.png',1);MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0303172622_0,100,0,null,'Image35')"><img src="menus/menu002.png" alt="The 1950s" name="Image35" width="100" height="22" border="0"></a></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><a href="1960.htm" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('1960s','','menus/menu003d.png',1);MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0303172617_0,100,0,null,'1960s')"><img src="menus/menu003.png" alt="The 1960s" name="1960s" width="100" height="22" border="0"></a></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><a href="1970.htm" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('1970s','','menus/menu004d.png',1);MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0303172618_0,100,0,null,'1970s')"><img src="menus/menu004.png" alt="The 1970s" name="1970s" width="100" height="22" border="0"></a></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><a href="1980.htm" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('1980s','','menus/menu005d.png',1);MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0303172619_0,100,0,null,'1980s')"><img src="menus/menu005.png" alt="The 1980s" name="1980s" width="100" height="22" border="0"></a></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><a href="1990.htm" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('1990s','','menus/menu006d.png',1);MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0303172620_0,100,0,null,'1990s')"><img src="menus/menu006.png" alt="The 1990s" name="1990s" width="100" height="22" border="0"></a></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><a href="tkmenu.htm" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('Image38','','menus/menu029d.png',1)"><img src="menus/menu029.png" alt="Telecine & FR" name="Image38" width="100" height="22" border="0"></a></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><a href="galleries/lgmenu.htm" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout();" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('Image37','','menus/menu007d.png',1);MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0206114944_0,100,0,null,'Image37')"><img src="menus/menu007.png" alt="Lime Grove" name="Image37" width="100" height="22" border="0"></a></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><a href="edit.htm" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('Editing','','menus/menu008d.png',1);MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0303192210_0,100,0,null,'Editing')"><img src="menus/menu008.png" alt="Editing" name="Editing" width="100" height="22" border="0"></a></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><a href="nbmenu.htm" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('Hardware','','menus/menu009d.png',1);MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0303193644_0,100,0,null,'Hardware')"><img src="menus/menu009.png" alt="Hardware" name="Hardware" width="100" height="22" border="0"></a></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><a href="dlkmenu.htm" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('Dons Legacy','','menus/menu010d.png',1);MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0303193725_0,100,0,null,'Dons Legacy')"><img src="menus/menu010.png" alt="Don's Legacy" name="Dons Legacy" width="100" height="22" border="0"></a></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><a href="trips.htm" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('Trips','','menus/menu011d.png',1);MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0303193751_0,100,0,null,'Trips')"><img src="menus/menu011.png" alt="Trips" name="Trips" width="100" height="22" border="0"></a></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><a href="progs.htm" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('Programmes','','menus/menu012d.png',1);MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0303194200_0,100,0,null,'Programmes')"><img src="menus/menu012.png" alt="Programmes" name="Programmes" width="100" height="22" border="0"></a></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><a href="memenu.htm" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('Memories','','menus/menu036d.png',1);MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0303194523_0,100,0,null,'Memories')"><img src="menus/menu036.png" alt="Memories" name="Memories" width="100" height="22" border="0"></a></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><a href="etd/etd.htm" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('ETD','','menus/menu014d.png',1)"><img src="menus/menu014.png" alt="ETD" name="ETD" width="100" height="22" border="0"></a></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><a href="thoughts.htm" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('Thoughts','','menus/menu015d.png',1);MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0303194734_0,100,0,null,'Thoughts')"><img src="menus/menu015.png" alt="Thoughts" name="Thoughts" width="100" height="22" border="0"></a></div></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table border="0" align="right" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="6">
<tr>
<td><div align="center" class="vtbodycentreditalic"><img src="menus/Big_and_small.gif" width="74" height="109"><br>
<img src="titles/refhd.png" alt="Utilities" width="115" height="30"><br>
</div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><a href="fevents.htm" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore()" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('Future events1','','menus/menu016d.png',1)"><img src="menus/menu016.png" alt="Future Events" name="Future events1" width="100" height="22" border="0" id="Future events1"></a></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><div align="center"><a href="events.htm" onMouseOut="MM_swapImgRestore();MM_startTimeout();" onMouseOver="MM_swapImage('Past events1','','menus/menu017d.png',1);MM_showMenu(window.mm_menu_0303195346_0,-130,0,null,'Past events1')"><img src="menus/menu017.png" alt="Past events" name="Past events1" width="100" height="22" border="0" id="Past events1"></a></div></td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<td><table width="100" border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<td class="vtbodycentreditalicsmall">1st November 2022</td>
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<td align="center"><font color="#000099" size="-2" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" class="vtbodycentreditalicsmall"><em>Visitor no:</em></font><br><!-- <!-- hitwebcounter Code START -->
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<p align="center"><img src="titles/main.png" alt="BBC vt - a record" width="560" height="114" align="top"></p>
<p class="vtbodycentreditalic"><img src="media/line up.gif" alt="lineup" width="600" height="457" border="1"><span class="vtbodycentreditalic"><br>
Many thanks to John Naulls all those years ago</span><br>
<br>
<br>
<table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<td><div align="center"><span class="vtbodycentreditalic">For those of you who wonder about the history of the animation on this page, click here <img src="menus/grcheck.gif" alt="Check" width="22" height="21" align="absmiddle" onClick="MM_openBrWindow('animation.htm','','width=600,height=240,left=200,top=170,screenX=200,screenY=150')">to find out more.</span></div></td>
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<td><hr></td>
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<tr>
<td class="vtbody"><a name="btm"></a>The 'Oldboys' web site began in 1998 which was the 40<sup>th</sup> 'birthday' of videotape in the BBC, and so it seemed appropriate to commemorate this with a small collection of pictures from the various decades. Since then it has expanded somewhat to over 2000 pages and nearly 6000 pictures and, in November 2020, we celebrate our<strong> twenty second birthday</strong>. <strong>The Credits</strong> <em>(now in the Reference section)</em> contains e-mail links to some of the people “featured”. Many thanks also to all who continue to send me updates and corrections.</td>
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<tr>
<td class="vtbody"><hr></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="vtbody">This website will continue as a record of VT in the BBC and there will be many more additions over the years. Any comments, reminiscences, or pictures would be welcome. You can contact me via the e-mail link, on the right where you will also find <strong>Happenings</strong>, which is a diary of contacts, news of events and comments. Sadly due to the ongoing Pandemic <strong>Future Events</strong> has been discontinued, but will resume as soon as there are any events to go to! In the meantime you can visit happier days in <strong>Past Events</strong>!
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<td class="vtcreditright">Chris Booth, <br>
November 2022</td>
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<td class="vtbody"><hr></td>
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<td class="vtbody"><table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<input name="Clock12" type="text" class="vtbodycentredtime" size="18">
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<td align="center"><a target="_blank" href="https://privacypolicies.com/privacy/view/JqhavJ">Privacy policy</a></td>
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BBC VT
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mm\_menu\_0303193751\_0.addMenuItem("Edinburgh 1986","window.open('edin01.htm', '\_self');");
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function MM\_openBrWindow(theURL,winName,features) { //v2.0
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-->
mmLoadMenus();
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| |
| --- |
| |
|
Latest update |
| 1st November2022 |
|
| Utilities |
| [Beginnings](begin.htm) |
| [The 1950s](1950.htm) |
| [The 1960s](1960.htm) |
| [The 1970s](1970.htm) |
| [The 1980s](1980.htm) |
| [The 1990s](1990.htm) |
| [Telecine & FR](tkmenu.htm) |
| [Lime Grove](galleries/lgmenu.htm) |
| [Editing](edit.htm) |
| [Hardware](nbmenu.htm) |
| [Don's Legacy](dlkmenu.htm) |
| [Trips](trips.htm) |
| [Programmes](progs.htm) |
| [Memories](memenu.htm) |
| [ETD](etd/etd.htm) |
| [Thoughts](thoughts.htm) |
| |
| --- |
|
Utilities
|
| [Future Events](fevents.htm) |
| [Past events](events.htm) |
| [Wanted](wanted.htm) |
| [Downloads](download.htm) |
| [Links](links.htm) |
| [Search](find.htm) |
| [Site Map](sitemap.htm) |
| [Email](mailto:[email protected]) |
| [Archives](arcmenu.htm) |
| [The Credits](namintro.htm) |
| [Obituaries](obits.htm) |
| [Rememberances](recoll.htm) |
| [Happenings](victor.htm) |
|
| |
| --- |
| 1st November 2022 |
| *Visitor no:*
[http://www.hitwebcounter.com/htmltutorial.php](http://www.hitwebcounter.com) |
|
BBC vt - a record
lineup
Many thanks to John Naulls all those years ago
| |
| --- |
| For those of you who wonder about the history of the animation on this page, click here Checkto find out more. |
|
---
|
| The 'Oldboys' web site began in 1998 which was the 40th 'birthday' of videotape in the BBC, and so it seemed appropriate to commemorate this with a small collection of pictures from the various decades. Since then it has expanded somewhat to over 2000 pages and nearly 6000 pictures and, in November 2020, we celebrate our **twenty second birthday**. **The Credits** *(now in the Reference section)* contains e-mail links to some of the people “featured”. Many thanks also to all who continue to send me updates and corrections. |
|
---
|
| This website will continue as a record of VT in the BBC and there will be many more additions over the years. Any comments, reminiscences, or pictures would be welcome. You can contact me via the e-mail link, on the right where you will also find **Happenings**, which is a diary of contacts, news of events and comments. Sadly due to the ongoing Pandemic **Future Events** has been discontinued, but will resume as soon as there are any events to go to! In the meantime you can visit happier days in **Past Events**!
| |
| --- |
| Chris Booth,
November 2022 |
|
|
---
|
|
| |
| --- |
|
---
|
| [Privacy policy](https://privacypolicies.com/privacy/view/JqhavJ) |
|
|
| http://www.vtoldboys.com/ |
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<p><big><font color="#0000FF"><strong>Welcome to 8th Day Skate, the new look Skating
Webpage.</strong></font></big></p>
<p>Well this page is constantly under construction but what would be good is if you people
coul actually contribute to the site. I'm going to go out and get stickers made for the
site soon so whoever contributes can get sa free sticker. Huh that sounds pretty good huh.
Well also I will soon be giving away prises in about three months to the person who can
contribute the most. (David, Mark, Brad, Corey and scott or anyone affiliated with them is
forbidden to enter the compitition)</p>
<p><strong>WAYS TO CONTRIBUTE</strong></p>
<p>Here are some ways that you can contribute to my page.</p>
<p>1. Link Inline8 to your own webpage</p>
<p>2. E-mail me reviews on Musik, Skate Videos, Skates especially, Gadjets, Pictures,
Pictures of graffiti anything of the kind.</p>
<p>3. Tell 5 friends about my site and they can e-mail me and tell me what they think.</p>
<p>EVERYTHING HAS TO HAVE E-MAIL PROOF <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>
</p>
<p>Points Scheme a points scheme will go like this.</p>
<p>Link
30
Points</p>
<p>Music Review 15
Points</p>
<p>Skate Video Review 20 Points</p>
<p>Skate Review
25
Points</p>
<p>Gadjet
20
Points</p>
<p>Picture of Graffiti 5 Points</p>
<p>Picture
15
Points</p>
<p>E-mail Friend
10
points per friend that e-mails me back</p>
<p>How To
30
Points Detailed and thorough</p>
<p> </p>
<p>ANYONE CAUGHT STEALING PICTURES FROM OTHER WEBSITES OR REVIEWS WILL BE DISQUALIFIED.</p>
<p>POINTS WILL BE ALLOCATED TOWARDS QUALITY AS WELL</p>
<p><a href="http://www.8thdayskate.itgo.com/cgi-bin/signup" target=_blank><img src=/fs_img/count/7seg/2.gif style='border:0px' alt=2><img src=/fs_img/count/7seg/7.gif style='border:0px' alt=7><img src=/fs_img/count/7seg/2.gif style='border:0px' alt=2><img src=/fs_img/count/7seg/5.gif style='border:0px' alt=5><img src=/fs_img/count/7seg/3.gif style='border:0px' alt=3><img src=/fs_img/count/7seg/3.gif style='border:0px' alt=3></a> </p>
<p> </p>
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| |
**Welcome to 8th Day Skate, the new look Skating
Webpage.**
Well this page is constantly under construction but what would be good is if you people
coul actually contribute to the site. I'm going to go out and get stickers made for the
site soon so whoever contributes can get sa free sticker. Huh that sounds pretty good huh.
Well also I will soon be giving away prises in about three months to the person who can
contribute the most. (David, Mark, Brad, Corey and scott or anyone affiliated with them is
forbidden to enter the compitition)
**WAYS TO CONTRIBUTE**
Here are some ways that you can contribute to my page.
1. Link Inline8 to your own webpage
2. E-mail me reviews on Musik, Skate Videos, Skates especially, Gadjets, Pictures,
Pictures of graffiti anything of the kind.
3. Tell 5 friends about my site and they can e-mail me and tell me what they think.
EVERYTHING HAS TO HAVE E-MAIL PROOF [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])
Points Scheme a points scheme will go like this.
Link
30
Points
Music Review 15
Points
Skate Video Review 20 Points
Skate Review
25
Points
Gadjet
20
Points
Picture of Graffiti 5 Points
Picture
15
Points
E-mail Friend
10
points per friend that e-mails me back
How To
30
Points Detailed and thorough
ANYONE CAUGHT STEALING PICTURES FROM OTHER WEBSITES OR REVIEWS WILL BE DISQUALIFIED.
POINTS WILL BE ALLOCATED TOWARDS QUALITY AS WELL
[272533](http://www.8thdayskate.itgo.com/cgi-bin/signup)
|
| |
| --- |
|
Send mail to [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]) with questions or comments about
this web site.
Copyright © 1999 Inline8
Last modified: August 29, 1999
|
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| http://www.8thdayskate.itgo.com/ |
<html>
<head><title>1989 World Superbike</title></head><body background="../race_b.jpg">
<!-- St-HP-H -->
<!-- En-HP-H -->
<center>
<div align=right><font=small>Last Update:1999/04/28</font></div>
<h1><font color="#0000ff">1989 POCARI SWEAT SUGO SUPERBIKE</font></h1>
<h2>Sportsland SUGO</h2>
<hr>
<p>
<table width=600>
<colgroup span=4 align=center width=25%>
<tr><td colspan=4 align=left><b>1989/08/26@ö®\Iú</b>
<tr><td colspan=4 align=left><b>GP500@@ÅIR[i[ÉÄ</b>
<tr><td colspan=4 align=left><img src="89wsb01.jpg" width=600 height=100>
<tr><td><a href="890119hm.jpg">{é@õ</a><td><a href="890120si.jpg">É¡@^ê</a><td><a href="890122sy.jpg">ªã@rñ</a><td><a href="890123st.jpg">Ò{@</a>
<tr><td>@
<tr><td colspan=4 align=left><b>GP250@@ÅIR[i[EæRR[i[ÉÄ</b>
<tr><td colspan=4 align=left><img src="89wsb02.jpg" width=600 height=100>
<tr><td><a href="890208th.jpg">{Ô@F</a><td><a href="890211ho.jpg">º@T</a><td><a href="890216kn.jpg">ïg@±i</a><td><a href="890218ts.jpg">X@rL</a>
<tr><td>@
<tr><td colspan=4 align=left><b>Superbike@@SPR[i[ÉÄ</b>
<tr><td colspan=4 align=left><img src="89wsb03.jpg" width=300 height=100>
<tr><td><a href="890304rp.jpg">qDtBX</a><td><a href="890313mc.jpg">lDLx</a>
<tr><td>@
<tr><td colspan=4 align=left><b>1989/08/27@ú@SPR[i[ÉÄ</b>
<tr><td colspan=4 align=left><b>Superbike@æPq[g</b>
<tr><td colspan=4 align=left><img src="89wsb04.jpg" width=600 height=100>
<tr><td><a href="890328dp.jpg">cD|[</a><td><a href="890328rp.jpg">qDtBX</a><td><a href="890403ki.jpg">â´@êY</a><td><a href="890405as.jpg">`DXCg</a>
<tr><td>@
<tr><td colspan=4 align=left><b>GP250</b>
<tr><td colspan=4 align=left><img src="89wsb05.jpg" width=450 height=100>
<tr><td><a href="890422th.jpg">{Ô@F</a><td><a href="890423to.jpg">ªc@V</a><td><a href="890428na.jpg">ÂØ@éÄ</a>
</table>
<hr>
<p>
<font size="+1"><a href="../">Race PhotoÖßé</a></font>
<div align=left><address>Copyright (C) TAKEYOSHI</address></div>
</center>
<br><br><br><hr>
<!-- St-HP-F -->
<table cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" bgColor=#FFFFFF border=0>
<tr>
<td width="30" valign="baseline"><a href="http://fc2.com/" target="_blank"><SPAN STYLE=" BACKGROUND: pink"><span style="font-size:11pt;" ><strong>SEO</strong></span></span></A></td>
<td width="450" valign="bottom"> <script language="JavaScript" src="http://textad.net:10001/cgi-bin/manager.cgi?category_id=0&i=1" charset="shit_jis"></SCRIPT>
<noscript>
<a href="http://bbs.fc2.com/" target="_blank"><b><font color="#0000FF">f¦Â</font></b></a>
</noscript></td>
<td align=right valign="bottom" noWrap style="font-size:12px";overflow:hidden;>[PR] <a href="https://blog.fc2.com/" target="_blank">¬!³¿uO</a> <a href="https://web.fc2.com/" target="_blank">³¿z[y[WJÝ</a> <a href="https://live.fc2.com/">³¿Cuú</a></td>
</tr><tr><td colSpan=4 height=1></td></tr>
</table>
<img src="http://media.fc2.com/counter_img.php?id=59">
<!-- En-HP-F --></body>
</html> |
1989 World Superbike
Last Update:1999/04/28
# 1989 POCARI SWEAT SUGO SUPERBIKE
## Sportsland SUGO
---
| **1989/08/26@ö®\Iú**| **GP500@@ÅIR[i[ÉÄ**| | [{é@õ](890119hm.jpg) [É¡@^ê](890120si.jpg) [ªã@rñ](890122sy.jpg) [Ò{@](890123st.jpg)| @
| **GP250@@ÅIR[i[EæRR[i[ÉÄ**| | [{Ô@F](890208th.jpg) [º@T](890211ho.jpg) [ïg@±i](890216kn.jpg) [X@rL](890218ts.jpg)| @
| **Superbike@@SPR[i[ÉÄ**| | [qDtBX](890304rp.jpg) [lDLx](890313mc.jpg)| @
| **1989/08/27@ú@SPR[i[ÉÄ**| **Superbike@æPq[g**| | [cD|[](890328dp.jpg) [qDtBX](890328rp.jpg) [â´@êY](890403ki.jpg) [`DXCg](890405as.jpg)| @
| **GP250**| | [{Ô@F](890422th.jpg) [ªc@V](890423to.jpg) [ÂØ@éÄ](890428na.jpg) | | |
|
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|
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|
|
---
[Race PhotoÖßé](../)
Copyright (C) TAKEYOSHI
---
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [**SEO**](http://fc2.com/) |
[**f¦Â**](http://bbs.fc2.com/)
| [PR] [¬!³¿uO](https://blog.fc2.com/) [³¿z[y[WJÝ](https://web.fc2.com/) [³¿Cuú](https://live.fc2.com/) |
| |
| http://zr1100a1.fc2web.com/1989sugo_sbk/89wsb.html |
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>FogCam - The World's Oldest Webcam</title>
<meta content="San Francisco State University, San Francisco, SFSU, oldest, webcam, fogcam, webdog, Humanities Building, Cafe Rosso, danno" name="keywords" /><meta content="15" http-equiv="Expires" /><!-- META HTTP-EQUIV="Pragma" CONTENT="no-cache" --><meta content="max-age=15" http-equiv="Cache-Control" /><!-- meta http-equiv="refresh" content="20" / -->
<style type="text/css"><!--
.caption {
font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size: 10px;
font-weight: normal;
text-align: center;
}
.subtitle {
margin: auto;
font-size: 12px;
margin-top: 12px;
margin-bottom: 12px;
text-align: center;
}
.blurb {
margin-top: 10px;
margin-bottom: 10px;
font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size: small;
}
p {
font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size: 12px;
font-weight: normal;
}
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font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size: 12px;
font-weight: normal;
}
h1 {
font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Trebuchet, sans-serif;
font-weight: bold;
color: #FB460A;
font-style: italic;
text-transform: none;
margin-bottom: 0px;
padding-bottom: 0px;
font-size: 40px;
text-align: center;
}
.faint {
font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size: x-small;
color: #333340;
text-decoration: underline overline;
}
.style1 {font-size: 10px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;}
-->
</style>
</head>
<body>
<table align="CENTER" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="640">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p></p>
<ul>
</ul>
<h1>The San Francisco FogCam!</h1>
<p class="subtitle">The world's oldest webcam. Live San Francisco views since 1994.</p>
<table bgcolor="DDDDDD" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" width="640">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="640"><script language="javascript">
var refreshrate=20; //SECONDS BETWEEN REFRESH
var image="fogcam2.jpg"; //IMAGE NAME
var imgheight=480; //IMAGE HEIGHT
var imgwidth=640; //IMAGE WIDTH
function refresh(){
document.images["pic"].src=image+"?"+new Date();
setTimeout('refresh()', refreshrate*1000);}
document.write('<IMG SRC="'+image+'" ALT="Fogcam image" NAME="pic" ID="pic" WIDTH="'+imgwidth+'" HEIGHT="'+imgheight+'" STYLE="border: 0px;">');
if(document.images)window.onload=refresh;
</script></td>
</tr>
<tr class="caption">
<td>FogCam! at San Francisco State University. Updates every 20 seconds.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>FogCam sprang to life in 1994 as a student project in the <a href="https://elsit.sfsu.edu/content/instructional-technologies-ma">Department of Instructional Technologies</a> at <a href="http://www.sfsu.edu/">San Francisco State University</a>. Fogcam! is the oldest continuously operating webcam in the world.</p>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam">Wikipedia confirms we are the oldest operating webcam</a>. You can even see FogCam on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_websites_founded_before_1995#1994">Wikipedia's list of oldest websites</a>.</p>
<p>We've slightly changed campus locations a few times as necessary over the years, to prevent being shut down by the university.</p>
<p>Historically, the first webcam actually predated the web. The <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-20439301">Trojan Room coffee pot cam</a> at the University of Cambridge came online way back in 1991. It was retired in 2001.</p>
<p>News articles about FogCam:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/02/us/san-francisco-fogcam.html">California University Steps In to Save Beloved Webcam</a> - <em>NY Times</em></li>
<li><a href="http://money.cnn.com/gallery/technology/innovation/2014/03/09/website-pioneers/5.html">9 Website Pioneers</a> - CNN Tech</li>
<li><a href="http://www.techtimes.com/articles/3907/20140302/www-turns-25-a-look-back-at-the-internets-early-days.htm">WWW turns 25: A look back at the Internet's early days</a></li>
<li><a href="HappyBirthdayFogcam/">Golden Gate [X]press 10th Anniversary of Fogcam</a> (archived version)</li>
</ul>
<p>FogCam! created by Jeff Schwartz (aka Webdog) and Dan Wong (aka Danno).<BR>Operated by <a href="https://at.sfsu.edu">Academic Technology<a> at San Francisco State University. <P> Danno still has some amusing <a href="http://danwong.org/gallery.html">1995 FogCam pictures</a> on his website. </P><a href="http://www.twitter.com/FogCam">Follow us on Twitter</a>.</p>
<p><span style="font-size:10px;">Last updated: March 23, 2021</span></p>
<p></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</body>
</html> |
FogCam - The World's Oldest Webcam
<!--
.caption {
font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size: 10px;
font-weight: normal;
text-align: center;
}
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margin-top: 12px;
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margin-top: 10px;
margin-bottom: 10px;
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font-weight: bold;
color: #FB460A;
font-style: italic;
text-transform: none;
margin-bottom: 0px;
padding-bottom: 0px;
font-size: 40px;
text-align: center;
}
.faint {
font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size: x-small;
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text-decoration: underline overline;
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.style1 {font-size: 10px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;}
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| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
The San Francisco FogCam!
The world's oldest webcam. Live San Francisco views since 1994.
| |
| --- |
|
var refreshrate=20; //SECONDS BETWEEN REFRESH
var image="fogcam2.jpg"; //IMAGE NAME
var imgheight=480; //IMAGE HEIGHT
var imgwidth=640; //IMAGE WIDTH
function refresh(){
document.images["pic"].src=image+"?"+new Date();
setTimeout('refresh()', refreshrate\*1000);}
document.write('<IMG SRC="'+image+'" ALT="Fogcam image" NAME="pic" ID="pic" WIDTH="'+imgwidth+'" HEIGHT="'+imgheight+'" STYLE="border: 0px;">');
if(document.images)window.onload=refresh;
|
| FogCam! at San Francisco State University. Updates every 20 seconds. |
FogCam sprang to life in 1994 as a student project in the [Department of Instructional Technologies](https://elsit.sfsu.edu/content/instructional-technologies-ma) at [San Francisco State University](http://www.sfsu.edu/). Fogcam! is the oldest continuously operating webcam in the world.
[Wikipedia confirms we are the oldest operating webcam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam). You can even see FogCam on [Wikipedia's list of oldest websites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_websites_founded_before_1995#1994).
We've slightly changed campus locations a few times as necessary over the years, to prevent being shut down by the university.
Historically, the first webcam actually predated the web. The [Trojan Room coffee pot cam](http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-20439301) at the University of Cambridge came online way back in 1991. It was retired in 2001.
News articles about FogCam:* [California University Steps In to Save Beloved Webcam](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/02/us/san-francisco-fogcam.html) - *NY Times*
* [9 Website Pioneers](http://money.cnn.com/gallery/technology/innovation/2014/03/09/website-pioneers/5.html) - CNN Tech
* [WWW turns 25: A look back at the Internet's early days](http://www.techtimes.com/articles/3907/20140302/www-turns-25-a-look-back-at-the-internets-early-days.htm)
* [Golden Gate [X]press 10th Anniversary of Fogcam](HappyBirthdayFogcam/) (archived version)
FogCam! created by Jeff Schwartz (aka Webdog) and Dan Wong (aka Danno).Operated by [Academic Technologyat San Francisco State University. Danno still has some amusing [1995 FogCam pictures](http://danwong.org/gallery.html) on his website. [Follow us on Twitter](http://www.twitter.com/FogCam).](https://at.sfsu.edu)
Last updated: March 23, 2021
|
| https://www.fogcam.org/ |
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
<html><head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<meta name="Author" content="Carsten S. Lundsten">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.79 [en] (Win98; U) [Netscape]">
<meta name="KeyWords" content="railroad, railway, railroad signaling, railway signalling, model railroad, model railway">
<title>Lundsten's Basement</title></head>
<body alink="#ffffff" background="we_monesssen.gif" bgcolor="#000000" link="#ffff00" text="#ffffff" vlink="#ffffff">
<center>
<h1>Lundsten's Basement</h1>
</center>
<center>
<h2>Welcome to <a href="lundsten.html">Carsten Lundsten's</a> private
quarters.</h2>
</center>
<center>
<p></p>
<hr width="100%"></center>
<center>
<table style="text-align: left; width: 90%;" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; width: 50%; text-align: center;">
<h3>Jernbanesignaler og sikkerhed<br>
</h3>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">
<h3>Railroad Signaling, Safety and Operations</h3>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><a href="dk_signaling/dksignal_dk.html">Danske
signaler (hovedsageligt på engelsk)<br>
</a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><a href="dk_signaling/dksignal.html">Danish
Railway Signaling</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><a href="us_signaling/index.html">Nordamerikansk signalering (kun engelsk
tekst)<br>
</a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><a href="us_signaling/index.html">North American Signaling</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</center>
<br>
<center>
<table style="text-align: left; width: 90%;" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 50%;">
<h3>Jernbanebilleder<br>
</h3>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">
<h3>Railfanning<br>
</h3>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="railfan_pa/" style="font-weight: bold;">Det vestlige
Pennsylvania (kun engelsk tekst)</a><br><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="railfan_dk/2008/">Diverse jernbanebilleder, 2008</a><br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="railfan_pa/" style="font-weight: bold;">Western Pennsylvania
Railfanning</a><br><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="railfan_dk/2008/">Misc rail pictures, 2008 (Danish captions only)</a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><a href="tour2002/">California, Arizona og New Mexico, sommeren 2002</a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="tour2002/"><span style="font-weight: bold;">CA, AZ and NM,
summer 2002 (Danish captions only)</span><br>
</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><a href="tour2003/">West Virginia og Pennsylvania, efterår 2003</a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="tour2003/"><span style="font-weight: bold;">WV and PA, fall 2003
(Danish captions only)</span><br>
</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><a href="tour2004a/">Colorado og New Mexico, forår 2004</a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="tour2004a/"><span style="font-weight: bold;">CO and NM, spring
2004 (Danish captions only)</span><br>
</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="tour2004b/" style="font-weight: bold;">Louisiana, Mississippi og
Texas, efterår 2004</a> <br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><a href="tour2004b/">Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas, fall 2004</a> <br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.lundsten.dk/tour2005a/" style="font-weight: bold;">Tyskland
og Belgien,
forår 2005</a><br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.lundsten.dk/tour2005a/" style="font-weight: bold;">Germany
and Belgium, spring
2005</a><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.lundsten.dk/tour2005b/" style="font-weight: bold;">Californien
og Arizona, efterår 2005</a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.lundsten.dk/tour2005b/" style="font-weight: bold;">California
and Arizona, fall
2005</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.lundsten.dk/tour2006a/" style="font-weight: bold;">Louisiana
og Texas, marts 2006<br>
</a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.lundsten.dk/tour2006a/" style="font-weight: bold;">Louisiana
and Texas, March 2006</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="tour2006b/"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Vestlige
Pensylvania, oktober 2006</span></a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="tour2006b/"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Western
Pensylvania, October 2006</span></a></td>
</tr>
<tr><td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="tour2008a/"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Syden og Midtvesten, maj 2008</span></a></td><td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="tour2008a/"><span style="font-weight: bold;">South and Midwest, May 2008</span></a></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://www.lundsten.dk/tour2009a/">England, maj 2009</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://www.lundsten.dk/tour2009a/">England, May 2009</a></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://www.lundsten.dk/tour2009b/">England, november 2009</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://www.lundsten.dk/tour2009b/">England, November 2009</a></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://www.lundsten.dk/tour2010a/">England, april 2010</a></td><td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://www.lundsten.dk/tour2010a/">England, April 2010</a></td></tr></tbody>
</table>
<br>
</center>
<center>
<table style="text-align: left; width: 90%;" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">
<h3>Modeljernbane</h3>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">
<h3>Model Railroading</h3>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 50%;"><a href="newlayout/index.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Mit nuværende
modeljernbaneprojekt (engelsk tekst)</span><br>
</a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><a href="newlayout/index.html">My current Model Railroad Project</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 50%;"><a href="oldlayout-dk/index.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Mit tidligere
modeljernbaneprojekt</span><br>
</a></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><a href="oldlayout/index.html">My previous Model Railroad Project</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br>
<table style="text-align: left; width: 90%;" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 50%;">
<h2><form action="http://lundsten.dk/contact.php" target="_blank" method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="subject" value="Indeksside" /><input type="hidden" name="style" value="black" />
<a href="#" onclick="parentNode.submit(); return false" >Kommentarer</a>
</form></h2>
</td><td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">
<h2><form action="http://lundsten.dk/contact.php" target="_blank" method="post">
<input type="hidden" name="subject" value="Index page" /><input type="hidden" name="style" value="black" />
<a href="#" onclick="parentNode.submit(); return false" >Comments</a>
</form></h2> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</center>
<hr width="100%">
</body></html> |
Lundsten's Basement
# Lundsten's Basement
## Welcome to [Carsten Lundsten's](lundsten.html) private
quarters.
---
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Jernbanesignaler og sikkerhed
| Railroad Signaling, Safety and Operations |
| [Danske
signaler (hovedsageligt på engelsk)](dk_signaling/dksignal_dk.html) | [Danish
Railway Signaling](dk_signaling/dksignal.html) |
| [Nordamerikansk signalering (kun engelsk
tekst)](us_signaling/index.html) | [North American Signaling](us_signaling/index.html) |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Jernbanebilleder
| Railfanning
|
| [Det vestlige
Pennsylvania (kun engelsk tekst)](railfan_pa/)[Diverse jernbanebilleder, 2008](railfan_dk/2008/) | [Western Pennsylvania
Railfanning](railfan_pa/)[Misc rail pictures, 2008 (Danish captions only)](railfan_dk/2008/) |
| [California, Arizona og New Mexico, sommeren 2002](tour2002/) | [CA, AZ and NM,
summer 2002 (Danish captions only)](tour2002/) |
| [West Virginia og Pennsylvania, efterår 2003](tour2003/) | [WV and PA, fall 2003
(Danish captions only)](tour2003/) |
| [Colorado og New Mexico, forår 2004](tour2004a/) | [CO and NM, spring
2004 (Danish captions only)](tour2004a/) |
| [Louisiana, Mississippi og
Texas, efterår 2004](tour2004b/) | [Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas, fall 2004](tour2004b/) |
| [Tyskland
og Belgien,
forår 2005](http://www.lundsten.dk/tour2005a/) | [Germany
and Belgium, spring
2005](http://www.lundsten.dk/tour2005a/) |
| [Californien
og Arizona, efterår 2005](http://www.lundsten.dk/tour2005b/) | [California
and Arizona, fall
2005](http://www.lundsten.dk/tour2005b/) |
| [Louisiana
og Texas, marts 2006](http://www.lundsten.dk/tour2006a/) | [Louisiana
and Texas, March 2006](http://www.lundsten.dk/tour2006a/) |
| [Vestlige
Pensylvania, oktober 2006](tour2006b/) | [Western
Pensylvania, October 2006](tour2006b/) |
| [Syden og Midtvesten, maj 2008](tour2008a/) | [South and Midwest, May 2008](tour2008a/) |
| [England, maj 2009](http://www.lundsten.dk/tour2009a/) | [England, May 2009](http://www.lundsten.dk/tour2009a/) |
| [England, november 2009](http://www.lundsten.dk/tour2009b/) | [England, November 2009](http://www.lundsten.dk/tour2009b/) |
| [England, april 2010](http://www.lundsten.dk/tour2010a/) | [England, April 2010](http://www.lundsten.dk/tour2010a/) |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Modeljernbane | Model Railroading |
| [Mit nuværende
modeljernbaneprojekt (engelsk tekst)](newlayout/index.html) | [My current Model Railroad Project](newlayout/index.html) |
| [Mit tidligere
modeljernbaneprojekt](oldlayout-dk/index.html) | [My previous Model Railroad Project](oldlayout/index.html) |
| | |
| --- | --- |
|
[Kommentarer](#)
|
[Comments](#)
|
---
| http://www.lundsten.dk/ |
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<br>
<table style="text-align: left; background-color: transparent;
width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
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<td style="text-align: center; width: 381px;"><a
href="http://www.DisasterAssistance.gov"><span
style="text-decoration: underline;">DisasterAssistance.gov</span></a><br>
<a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/Insurance%20Claim%20Reporting%20Information.html"
style=""><small>Disaster & Emergency Insurance Claim
Reporting Information</small></a><br>
<a
href="http://disastercenter.com/New%20Guide/Family%20Disaster%20Plan.html">Family
Disaster
Planning
Guide</a>. </td>
<td style="text-align: center; font-family: Times New
Roman,Times,serif; width: 333px;"><big> </big>
<h2><big>The Disaster Center</big></h2>
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href="http://www.dhs.gov/files/programs/ntas.shtm">National
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style="border: 0px solid ; width: 118px; height: 111px;"
alt="NOAA -- HPC"
src="http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/p168i_sm.jpg"></a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/html/sfcloop/ussatsfc_loopb.html"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 118px; height: 111px;"
alt="Surface Analysis Loop"
src="http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/html/sfcloop/ussat_animate.gif"><br>
</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.weather.gov/forecasts/graphical/sectors/"><img
style="border: 0px solid;" alt="Graphical Forecasts"
src="http://www.weather.gov/forecasts/graphical/images/conus/MaxT1_conus.png"
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<td style="text-align: center;"> <a
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href="https://www.nws.noaa.gov/outlook_tab.php"><img
moz-do-not-send="true"
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alt="National Forecast" width="154" height="111"
border="0"></a><br>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(255, 255,
204);"><a href="https://radar.weather.gov/#/"><img
style="border: 0px solid;" alt="The National Radar link
works. The NWS is cutting access to imagery hosted on
public sites"
src="https://radar.weather.gov/ridge/standard/CONUS_loop.gif"
moz-do-not-send="true" width="155" height="100"
border="0"></a><a
href="http://www.goes.noaa.gov/browsw.html"> </a></td>
<td> <a
href="https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/GOES/index.php"><img
style="border: 0px solid;" alt="The National Satellite
link works. The NWS is cutting access to imagery hosted
on public sites"
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border="0"></a></td>
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<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><small><a
href="http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/p168i.gif">7-Day
Total Precipitation</a><br>
</small></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/html/sfcloop/radsfcus_exp_test.html"><small>Surface
Analysis Loop</small></a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.weather.gov/forecasts/graphical/sectors/"><small>Graphical
Forecasts</small></a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.weather.gov/outlook_tab.php"><small>National
Forecast</small></a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><small><a
href="https://radar.weather.gov/#/">National Radar</a></small></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><small><a
href="https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/GOES/index.php">National
Satellite</a></small></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<font face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><a
href="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/yesterday.html">Yesterday's
Storm
Reports</a> - <a
href="http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/threats/threats.php">US
Weather
Hazards
Asses</a><a
href="http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/wwd/winter_wx.shtml">sments</a>
- </font><font face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"> - <a
href="http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/wwd/winter_wx.shtml">Winter
Forecasts</a> - <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/" style="">InciWeb Wildfire
Incident Information System</a> - </font><font face="Helvetica,
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Precipitation Forecasts</a> -<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.nifc.gov/">National Interagency Fire Center</a>
- <a href="http://volcano.wr.usgs.gov/vhpstatus.php">For Current
US and Russian Volcanoes</a> - <a
href="http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/">Worldwide USGS
Weekly VolcanDecic Activity Report</a> - <a
href="https://ocean.weather.gov/" moz-do-not-send="true">Ocean
Prediction Center </a> - <a
href="http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/rmd.shtml">National Data Buoy
Center</a> - <a href="http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/cmet.html">ARL
R.E.A.D.Y.</a> <a
href="http://diseasemaps.usgs.gov/wnv_us_human.html">Cases -
West Nile Virus</a> - <a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/laworder/laworder.htm">Historic
Executive
Orders And Laws<font face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"> R</font>elating
to National Emergencies</a> - <a
href="http://www.drc-group.com/project/jitt.html">Just In Time
Disaster Training</a> - </font><font style="color:
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href="http://mag.ncep.noaa.gov/model-guidance-model-area.php#">NWS
NECP
Model Guidance</a>-<span> </span><a
href="http://www2.epa.gov/ejscreen">EJSCREEN: Environmental
Justice Screening and Mapping Tool</a><span> </span>-<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="https://www.gdacs.org/">The Global
Disaster Alert and Coordination System</a> -<span> </span><a
href="http://www.fema.gov/data-visualization">FEMA Data
Visualization</a><span> </span>-<span> </span><span
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src="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/fire_wx/day1fireotlk.png"
style="border: 0px solid; width: 200px; height:
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href="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/fire_wx/fwdy2.html"><img
alt="Current Day 2 Fire Weather Outlook"
src="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/fire_wx/day2fireotlk_sm.png"
style="border: 0px solid; width: 190px; height:
129px;"></a><br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/fire_wx/">Fire
Weather Forecast</a><br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/exper/fire_wx/"><img
alt="Experimental Day 3-8 Fire Weather Forecast"
src="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/exper/fire_wx/day3-8fireotlk_sm.png"
style="border: 0px solid; width: 200px; height:
140px;"></a><br>
<a href="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/exper/fire_wx/">Experimental
Day
3-8 Fire Weather Forecast</a><br>
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<br>
<a
href="http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/610day/"><img
alt="6 to 10 Day Temperature Outlook"
src="http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/610day/610temp.new.gif"
style="border: 0px solid; width: 250px; height:
264px;"></a><br>
<a
href="http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/610day/">6
to 10 Day Temperature Outlook</a><br>
<br>
<a
href="http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/610day/"><img
alt="6 to 10 Day Precipitation Outlook"
src="http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/610day/610prcp.new.gif"
style="border: 0px solid; width: 250px; height:
264px;"></a><br>
<a
href="http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/610day/">6
to 10 Day Precipitation Outlook</a><br>
<br>
<a
href="http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/814day/"><img
alt="8 to 14 Day Temperature Outlook"
src="http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/814day/814temp.new.gif"
style="border: 0px solid; width: 250px; height:
264px;"></a><br>
<a
href="http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/814day/">8
to 14 Day Temperature Outlook</a><br>
<br>
<a
href="http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/814day/"><img
alt="8 to 14 Day Temperature Outlook"
src="http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/814day/814prcp.new.gif"
style="border: 0px solid; width: 250px; height:
264px;"></a><br>
<a
href="http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/814day/">8
to 14 Day Precipitation Outlook</a><br>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
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div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection</style><font size="3"><font face="times new
roman,times"><font face="times new roman,times">December
26, 2023<br>
New Significant Incidents/ Ongoing Ops:<br>
No significant incidents / ops<br>
<br>
Hazard Monitoring:<br>
Freezing Rain Northern Plains to the Northeast<br>
Heavy Snow Central Plains<br>
Mixed Precipitation Pacific Northwest to the
Northeast<br>
Heavy Rain / Flash Flooding North Carolina<br>
<br>
Disaster Declaration Activity:<br>
No new declaration activity</font></font></font><font
size="3"><font face="times new roman,times"><font
face="times new roman,times"><br>
</font></font></font><font size="3"><font face="times
new roman,times"><font face="times new roman,times"><br>
</font></font></font><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://disastercenter.com/FEMA%20Daily%20Operation%20Brief.pdf"><font
face="Arial"><font size="3"><font size="3" face="times
new roman,times"><font face="Arial">FEMA Daily
Situation Report Current</font></font></font></font></a><i><br>
<br>
<br>
October 12, 2023 -<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://consumer.ftc.gov/consumer-alerts/2023/10/your-tenant-background-check-shouldnt-have-mistakes?utm_source=govdelivery">Your
tenant background check shouldnt have mistakes!</a><br>
<br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://consumer.ftc.gov/consumer-alerts/2016/11/renting-apartment-be-prepared-background-check">Before
you rent an apartment, read about your rights </a><br>
</i><br>
<i><span style="color: rgb(27, 27, 27); font-family:
Inter, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial,
sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps:
normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal;
orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal;
background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);
text-decoration-thickness: initial;
text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color:
initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">If
you think a landlord or property manager violated your
rights,<span> </span></span><a
href="https://reportfraud.ftc.gov/#/"
style="box-sizing: inherit; background-color: rgb(255,
255, 255); color: rgb(0, 94, 162); text-decoration:
none; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(198, 202, 206);
overflow-wrap: anywhere; font-family: Inter,
"Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial,
sans-serif; font-size: 17px; font-style: normal;
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normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal;
orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal;">report
it to the FTC.</a></i> <br>
<br>
October 26, 2023 -- UNDRR Report --<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.undrr.org/media/90432/download?startDownload=true">2023
Global Survey on Persons with Disabilities and Disasters</a><br>
<br>
July 18, 2023 --<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://consumer.ftc.gov/consumer-alerts/2023/07/joining-forces-help-stop-scam-calls">Joining
forces to help stop scam calls</a><br>
Today, the FTC and its federal and state law enforcement
partners announced Operation Stop Scam Calls, the latest
joint effort in the fight against illegal robocalls.
Todays announcement outlines the enforcement actions to
stop multiple dishonest telemarketers, the companies that
hire them, and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) service
providers that supply the technology for telemarketers to
make millions of scam robocalls. Learn more at <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://consumer.ftc.gov/features/how-stop-unwanted-calls">FTC.gov/calls</a><br>
<br>
You should never wire money or send money using
platforms to: the<br>
<br>
Anyone claiming your account is
compromised<br>
Anyone asking you to send money to
yourself<br>
Anyone who claims to be from a
government agency<br>
Any stranger, no matter what reason
they give<br>
A telemarketer trying to sell you
something<br>
Unauthorized, unverified cryptocurrency
sites or salespeople<br>
<br>
<br>
November 3, 2022 - State's Flood Risk Disclosure Practices<br>
<blockquote><a
href="State%20flood%20risk%20disclosure.pdf"><img
moz-do-not-send="true"
src="NationalMapdisclosure.jpg" alt="Flood Risk
Disclosure Map" width="472" height="228" border="0"></a><br>
</blockquote>
Several states have mandated multiple flood risk
disclosures as part of their laws and/or disclosure forms.
As illustrated in dark blue five states (Louisiana, Texas,
South Carolina, Mississippi, and Delaware) have the most
flood risk disclosure requirements. According to FEMA,
fifteen States, including Florida, do not have any state
mandated flood disclosure requirement.<br>
Hurricane Fiona: Make your donations count<br>
By Cristina Miranda<br>
Consumer Education Specialist, FTC<br>
September 23, 2022<br>
Hurricane Fiona hit the southern part of Puerto Rico hard
leaving the island in the dark, flooded, and without
running water. And once again, islanders are coping and
cleaning up. As with any severe weather disaster, you may
be considering a charitable donation to help the people
and communities in Puerto Rico that were affected. A bit
of research and planning before you donate will ensure
that your money goes to organizations that are helping
Puerto Rico recover from this disaster and not scammers.<br>
<br>
Heres advice on donating wisely and avoiding charity
scams:<br>
<br>
Donate to charities you know and trust with a proven track
record with dealing with disasters.<br>
<br>
If you get a request to donate on social media, research
the organization yourself before you give. Dont assume
that charity messages posted on social media are
legitimate. Check out the charity on the Better Business
Bureau's (BBB) Wise Giving Alliance, Charity Navigator,
Charity Watch, or Candid. If the message was from a
friend, ask them if they know the organization themselves.<br>
<br>
Be cautious about giving to individuals on crowdfunding
sites. If considering crowdfunding, its safest to give to
someone you personally know and trust, and to review the
platforms policies and procedures. Keep in mind that
while some crowdfunding sites take measures to vet
postings for help after a disaster, others dont.<br>
<br>
If someone wants donations in cash, by gift card, by
wiring money or cryptocurrency, dont do it. Pay by credit
card, which offers more protections.<br>
<br>
When texting to donate, confirm the number with the source
before you donate. The charge will show up on your mobile
phone bill, but donations are not immediate.<br>
<br>
You can find this information and more at ftc.gov/charity.
Looking for information to help prepare for, deal with,
and recover from a natural disaster or severe weather
event? Visit ftc.gov/weatheremergencies.<br>
<br>
August 21, 2022 ---Digital money movement fraud on the
rise. A scammer can contact you requesting payment through
a Wire Transfer --these methods allow money to be sent
quickly, and the funds are often hard to trace and
recover. <br>
You should never wire money or send money to:
<br>
* Anyone who claims to be from a
government agency<br>
* Any stranger, no matter what reason
they give<br>
* A telemarketer trying to sell you
something<br>
* Anyone claiming your account is
compromised<br>
* Unauthorized, unverified
cryptocurrency sites or salespeople<br>
* Anyone asking you to send money to
yourself<br>
<br>
A kindle version of the Supreme Court Ruling in: <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0B4ZS969P/">NY RIFLE
& PISTOL Assoc. Inc v. BRUEN, of NY State Police is
available as an Amazon Kindle Book</a> and as a <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0B4S863XJ?ref_=pe_3052080_397514860">paperback</a>.<br>
<br>
<font size="3"><font face="Arial">August14, 2022
--FTC. </font></font><br>
<font face="Arial"><font size="3"><font size="3"
face="times new roman,times"><font face="Arial"><font
face="Arial">FTC lawsuit reminds businesses:
CAN-SPAM means CANT spam<br>
Can't "unsubscribe" from unwanted email? Tell
the FTC: <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="ReportFraud.ftc.gov">ReportFraud.ftc.gov</a><br>
</font> <br>
To join the National Do Not Call Registry, go to
www.donotcall.gov or call 1 (888) 382-1222.
<br>
</font></font></font></font><font face="Arial"><font
size="3"><font size="3" face="times new roman,times"><font
face="Arial"><br>
</font></font></font></font>
<div align="center"><a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://disastercenter.com/FEMA%20Daily%20Operation%20Brief.pdf"><font
face="Arial"><font size="3"><font size="3"
face="times new roman,times"><font face="Arial">FEMA
Daily
Situation Report Current</font></font></font></font></a><br>
</div>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://disastercenter.com/FEMA%20Daily%20Situation%20Report%20Archive%202022.html"
style="font-family: "Times New Roman";
font-size: medium; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps:
normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal;
orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">FEMA
Daily Situation Report Archive 2022</a><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New
Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps:
normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal;
orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
text-decoration-thickness: initial;
text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color:
initial; display: inline !important; float: none;"><span> </span>--
<span> </span></span><a
href="https://DisasterCenter/FEMA%20Daily%20Situation%20Report%20Archive%202021.html"
style="font-family: "Times New Roman";
font-size: medium; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps:
normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal;
orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">FEMA
Daily Situation Report Archive 2021</a><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New
Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps:
normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal;
orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
text-decoration-thickness: initial;
text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color:
initial; display: inline !important; float: none;"><span> </span>--
<span> </span></span><a
href="file:///C:/DisasterCenter/FEMA%20Daily%20Situation%20Report%20Archive%202020.html"
style="font-family: "Times New Roman";
font-size: medium; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps:
normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal;
orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">FEMA
Daily Situation Report Archive 2020<span> </span></a><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New
Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps:
normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal;
orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
text-decoration-thickness: initial;
text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color:
initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">--
<span> </span></span><a
href="file:///C:/DisasterCenter/FEMA%20Daily%20Situation%20Report%20Archive%202019.html"
style="font-family: "Times New Roman";
font-size: medium; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps:
normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal;
orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"> FEMA
Daily
Situation Report Archive 2019</a><span style="color:
rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New Roman";
font-size: medium; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps:
normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal;
orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
text-decoration-thickness: initial;
text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color:
initial; display: inline !important; float: none;"><span> </span>--
<span> </span></span><a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/FEMA%20Daily%20Situation%20Report%20Archive%202018.html"
style="font-family: "Times New Roman";
font-size: medium; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps:
normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal;
orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">FEMA
Daily Situation Report Archive 2018</a><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New
Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps:
normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal;
orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
text-decoration-thickness: initial;
text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color:
initial; display: inline !important; float: none;"><span> </span>--<span> </span></span><a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/FEMA%20Daily%20Situation%20Report%20Archive%202017.html"
style="font-family: "Times New Roman";
font-size: medium; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps:
normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal;
orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">FEMA
Daily Situation Report Archive 2017<span> </span></a><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New
Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps:
normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal;
orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
text-decoration-thickness: initial;
text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color:
initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">--
</span><a
href="file:///C:/DisasterCenter/FEMA%20Daily%20Situation%20Report%20Archive%202016.html"
style="font-family: "Times New Roman";
font-size: medium; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps:
normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal;
orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">FEMA
Daily Situation Report Archive 2016</a><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New
Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps:
normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal;
orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
text-decoration-thickness: initial;
text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color:
initial; display: inline !important; float: none;"><span> </span>--<span> </span></span><a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/FEMA%20Daily%20Situation%20Report%20Archive%202015.html"
style="font-family: "Times New Roman";
font-size: medium; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps:
normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal;
orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">FEMA
Daily Situation Report Archive 2015</a><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New
Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps:
normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal;
orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
text-decoration-thickness: initial;
text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color:
initial; display: inline !important; float: none;"><span> </span>-- <span> </span></span><a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/FEMA%20Daily%20Situation%20Report%20Archive%202014.html"
style="font-family: "Times New Roman";
font-size: medium; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps:
normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal;
orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">FEMA
Daily Situation Report Archive 2014</a><span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: "Times New
Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps:
normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal;
orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;
text-decoration-thickness: initial;
text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color:
initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">
-- <span> </span></span><a
href="file:///C:/DisasterCenter/FEMA%20Daily%20Situation%20Report%20Archive.html"
style="font-family: "Times New Roman";
font-size: medium; font-style: normal;
font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps:
normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal;
orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;
text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2;
word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">FEMA
Daily Situation Report Archive 2013</a><br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://mds.mennonite.net/volunteer/">Volunteer
with Mennonite Disaster Service -- it is a volunteer
network.</a><br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/">Crime
Reports pages</a>. The new pages integrate crime
and imprisonment by year and States.
<h4 style="border: 0px none ; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;
background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%;
-moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin:
initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;
font-weight: normal; font-size: 16px; vertical-align:
baseline; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family:
"Helvetica Neue",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
font-style: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2;
text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform:
none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing:
0px;"><a href="https://www.nvoad.org/howtohelp/">To
volunteer or donate to a National VOAD member
organization</a></h4>
<br>
<div align="center"><font size="+2"> </font>FEMA has
tools to help people. It also has a poor history
of maintaining link addresses, which is why we don't
have many links to FEMA's site. Let us know is
these links stop working. <a
href="https://egateway.fema.gov/ESF6/DRCLocator">Disaster
Recovery
Center (DRC) Locator</a> -- FEMA App. Download
it for free from the <a
href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/fema/id474807486?mt=8">App
Store</a> or <a
href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=gov.fema.mobile.android&hl=en">GooglePlay</a>.--
If
you are located in the area of a declared Major Disaster
you can register online at <a
href="www.DisasterAssistance.gov">www.DisasterAssistance.gov</a>
or by calling 800-621-3362 or TTY 800-462-7585. If you
use 711 or Video Relay Service (VRS), call 800-621-3362.
Operators are multilingual and calls are answered seven
days a week from 7 a.m. to 10 p.m. CDT.<br>
</div>
<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br>
We've been working on updating the State disaster pages.
Here they are, a work in progress:<br>
<a href="http://disastercenter.com/alabama/alabama.htm">Alabama</a>
-- <a href="http://disastercenter.com/alaska/alaska.htm">Alaska</a>
-- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/arizona/arizona.htm">Arizona</a>
-- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/arkansas/arkansas.htm">Arkansas</a>
-- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/californ/californ.htm">California</a>
-- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/colorado/colorado.htm">Colorado</a>
-- <a href="http://disastercenter.com/conn/conn.htm">Connecticut</a>
-- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/delaware/delaware.htm">Delaware</a>
-- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/florida/florida.htm">Florida</a>
-- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/georgia/georgia.htm">Georgia</a>
-- <a href="http://disastercenter.com/hawaii/hawaii.htm">Hawaii</a>
-- <a href="http://disastercenter.com/idaho/idaho.htm">Idaho</a>
-- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/illinois/illinois.htm">Illinois</a>
-- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/indiana/indiana.htm">Indiana</a>
-- <a href="http://disastercenter.com/iowa/iowa.htm">Iowa</a>
-- <a href="http://disastercenter.com/kansas/kansas.htm">Kansas</a>
-- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/kentucky/kentucky.htm">Kentucky</a>
-- <a href="http://disastercenter.com/louisa/louisa.htm">Louisiana</a>
-- <a href="http://disastercenter.com/maine/maine.htm">Maine</a>
-- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/maryland/maryland.htm">Maryland</a>
-- <a href="http://disastercenter.com/mass/mass.htm">Massachusetts</a>
-- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/michigan/michigan.htm">Michigan</a>
-- <a href="http://disastercenter.com/minn/minn.htm">Minnesota</a>
-- <a href="http://disastercenter.com/miss/miss.htm">Mississippi</a>
-- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/missouri/missouri.htm">Missouri</a>
-- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/montana/montana.htm">Montana</a>
-- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/nebraska/nebraska.htm">Nebraska</a>
-- <a href="http://disastercenter.com/nevada/nevada.htm">Nevada</a>
-- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/newhamp/newhamp.htm">New
Hampshire</a> -- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/newjersy/newjersy.htm">New
Jersey</a> -- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/newmexic/newmexic.htm">New
Mexico</a> -- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/newyork/newyork.htm">New
York</a> -- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/northcar/northcar.htm">North
Carolina</a> -- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/northdak/northdak.htm">North
Dakota</a> -- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/ohio/ohio.htm">Ohio</a>
-- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/oklahoma/oklahoma.htm">Oklahoma</a>
-- <a href="http://disastercenter.com/oregon/oregon.htm">Oregon</a>
-- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/pennsylv/pennsylv.htm">Pennsylvania</a>
-- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/rhodeisl/rhodeisl.htm">Rhode
Island</a> -- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/southcar/southcar.htm">South
Carolina</a> -- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/southdak/southdak.htm">South
Dakota</a> -- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/tennesse/tennesse.htm">Tennessee</a>
-- <a href="http://disastercenter.com/texas/texas.htm">Texas</a>
-- <a href="http://disastercenter.com/utah/utah.htm">Utah</a>
-- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/vermont/vermont.htm">Vermont</a>
-- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/virginia/virginia.htm">Virginia</a>
-- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/washingt/washingt.htm">Washington</a>
-- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/westvirg/westvirg.htm">West
Virginia</a> -- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/wisconsi/wisconsi.htm">Wisconsin</a>
-- <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/wyoming/wyoming.htm">Wyoming</a>
<br>
If you have any suggestions about how it can be improved,
please send an email to <a
href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a><br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.readyrating.org/">Ready Rating: A FREE
Service from the American Red Cross</a><br>
<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>The Red Cross,
Salvation Army and other volunteer organizations move
resources into position so as to be able to respond to
disasters. Please consider a donation to the Red Cross
You can text REDCROSS to 90999 to make a $10
donation or call 1-800 RED CROSS <br>
There are several ways you can donate to the Salvation
Army . By phone: Call 1-800-SAL-ARMY By
text: Text GIVE to 80888. Also, consider
volunteering or donating with <a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/agency.htm">Disaster
Relief Agencies and Nongovernment Organizations</a>.
<br>
<span style="font-weight: bold;"><big>Red Cross </big>--
After a disaster, letting your family and friends know
that you are safe and well can bring your loved ones
great peace of mind. <a
href="https://safeandwell.communityos.org/cms/index.php">This
website
is
designed to help make that communication easier. </a><br>
</span> <br>
<a style="font-weight: bold;"
href="http://www.ic3.gov/media/2011/110311.aspx"><big>FBI's
</big>"Tips on Avoiding Fraudulent Charitable
Contribution Schemes" </a><br>
<br>
If you want to suggest a link, please post to
[email protected]<br>
<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br>
The people affected will not lack clothing for long and
more will be donated than will ever be used. It will
end up in the local landfill, because there is no place to
store it. If you are going to collect clothing have
a garage sale with the proceeds going to the
victims. Be responsible, if you collect money get
proof that it was donated and make evidence available to
those who gave. Consider volunteering or donating
with <span style="font-weight: bold;"><span
style="text-decoration: underline;"></span><a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/agency.htm">Disaster
Relief
Agencies and Nongovernment Organizations</a>.</span>
<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br>
</span>WHO's CRED is reporting that in 2010 a total of 385
natural disasters killed more than 297,000 people
worldwide, affected over 217.0 million others and caused
US$ 123.9 billion of economic damages. <a
href="http://www.cred.be/sites/default/files/ADSR_2010.pdf">Annual
Disaster
Statistical
Review 2010: (PDF 4.2 MB) The Numbers and Trends.
Brussels: CRED</a>; 2011-Guha-Sapir D, Vos F, Below R,
with Ponserre S. <span style="font-weight:
bold;"></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span><br>
<br>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.safetyonline.com/article.mvc/NIST-Offering-Free-Access-To-Standards-For-0001">NIST
Offering
Free
Access to Standards for First Responders</a><br>
</div>
There is only one weather authority in the United States,
and that's the National Weather Service For
emergency information consult with your local NWS office
or your local emergency management agency. If you
want to suggest a link, please post to <a
href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a><br>
<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="head"></span>
</div>
<span class="head"><a href="http://www.saferproducts.gov/">SaferProducts.gov:</a>
A New World for Consumers, Businesses, and Researchers
-- This is a site that the US Chamber of Commerce wants
the government to shut down. <a
href="http://www.saferproducts.gov/">Take a Look...</a></span><br>
<div style="text-align: center;">The Disaster Center
supports the UN's International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction. <big>"<a
href="http://www.unisdr.org/preventionweb/files/15656_1msshadvguideprefinal0318101.pdf">One
million
safe
schools and hospitals campaign</a>"</big> [PDF 3.28
MB] <a
href="http://www.unisdr.org/preventionweb/files/15655_1msshguidenotesprefinal0313101.pdf"><big>guidance
note</big></a> [PDF 2.04 MB]<br>
<a
href="http://www.safe-schools-hospitals.net/en/Home.aspx">Schools
and
hospitals
are a great place to start building a world wide
disaster mitigation movement.</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.healthcare.gov/">HealthCare.gov</a>
--- <a
href="http://www.cuidadodesalud.gov/">CuidadosDeSalud.gov</a><br>
</div>
<br>
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:
"Times New Roman";">The Disaster Center
hosts a <a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/guide/guide.htm">Talking
About
Disaster:
Guide for Standard Messages</a><br>
The CDC has recently come out with its Social Media:
Preparedness 101: <a
href="http://emergency.cdc.gov/socialmedia/zombies.asp">Zombie
Apocalypse</a> Guide and announced a forthcoming
video contest. The idea that all these efforts
are concerned with is that you and your family be
prepared for disasters. In our estimation the
most important disaster readiness tool is a common
contact person outside of the disaster area.
Someone who, if conditions are so bad that
household members can't go home, that you might move
in with. After disasters most people do not stay
in shelters. They are sheltered by relatives and
friends. So what we are saying is that the greatest
tool after a disaster is a friend; get one; be one.
<br>
The Red Cross has created a teaching guide -- C<a
href="http://www.preventionweb.net/files/16726_16726childrenindisastersgamesandgui.pdf">hildren
in
disasters-
Games and guidelines to engage youth</a></span><a
href="http://www.preventionweb.net/files/16726_16726childrenindisastersgamesandgui.pdf"><span
style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">
in risk reduction</span></a><br>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:
"Times New Roman";">A new National Science
Foundation study has found that: <a
href="http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=117866&WT.mc_id=USNSF_51&WT.mc_ev=click">Drought
may
threaten
much of globe within decades</a> - NSF</span><br>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.news.iastate.edu/news/2010/sep/costofcrime">A
study</a> released by researchers at Iowa State
University calculated costs of five major crimes, and
found that each murder generated societal costs of
$17.25 million<br>
</div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New
Roman";"></span>States: <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/cdc/States%2010%20Leading%20Causes%20of%20Death.html">10
Leading
Causes
of Death</a><br>
<a href="http://www.disastercenter.com/Vital%20Records/">Vital
Records</a>: Locate your States' <a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/Vital%20Records/">sources
for
Birth,
Death, Marriage, and Divorce Records</a><b><font
color="#808080"> </font></b><br>
<br>
<br>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New
Roman";"></span>
<ul>
</ul>
<table style="width: 350px; text-align: left; margin-left:
auto; margin-right: auto;" cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="0" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td> <br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br>
<div style="text-align: center;">National Radar Mosaic
Sectors<br>
</div>
<table style="text-align: left; margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;" class="sector" cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="0" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center"><br>
<br>
</td>
<td>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
style="font-weight: bold;"
href="http://weather.noaa.gov/radar/mosaic.loop/DS.p19r0/ar.us.ak.shtml">Loop</a><br>
</div>
<a
href="http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/alaska.php"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 52px;
height: 50px;"
src="http://radar.weather.gov/graphics/alaskath.gif"
alt="Go to the Alaska sector"></a></td>
<td>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
style="font-weight: bold;"
href="http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/pacnorthwest_loop.php">Loop</a><br>
</div>
<a
href="http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/pacnorthwest.php"><img
src="http://radar.weather.gov/graphics/pacnorthwestth.gif" alt="Go to
the Pacific Northwest sector" width="52"
height="50" border="0"></a></td>
<td>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
style="font-weight: bold;"
href="http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/northrockies_loop.php">Loop</a><br>
</div>
<a
href="http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/northrockies.php"><img
src="http://radar.weather.gov/graphics/northrockiesth.gif" alt="Go to
the Northern Rockies sector" width="52"
height="50" border="0"></a></td>
<td>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
style="font-weight: bold;"
href="http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/uppermissvly_loop.php">Loop</a><br>
</div>
<a
href="http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/uppermissvly.php"><img
src="http://radar.weather.gov/graphics/uppermissvlyth.gif" alt="Go to
the Upper Mississippi Valley sector"
width="52" height="50" border="0"></a></td>
<td>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
style="font-weight: bold;"
href="http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/centgrtlakes_loop.php">Loop</a><br>
</div>
<a
href="http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/centgrtlakes.php"><img
src="http://radar.weather.gov/graphics/centgrtlakesth.gif" alt="Go to
the Central Great Lakes sector" width="52"
height="50" border="0"></a></td>
<td>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
style="font-weight: bold;"
href="http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/northeast_loop.php">Loop</a><br>
</div>
<a
href="http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/northeast.php"><img
src="http://radar.weather.gov/graphics/northeastth.gif" alt="Go to the
Northeast sector" width="52" height="50"
border="0"></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a
href="http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/hawaii.php"><img
src="http://radar.weather.gov/graphics/hawaiith.gif" alt="Go to the
Hawaii sector" width="52" height="50"
border="0"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center; font-weight:
bold;"><a
href="http://weather.noaa.gov/radar/mosaic.loop/DS.p19r0/ar.us.hi.shtml">Loop</a>
</div>
</td>
<td><a
href="http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/pacsouthwest.php"><img
src="http://radar.weather.gov/graphics/pacsouthwestth.gif" alt="Go to
the Pacific Southwest sector" width="52"
height="50" border="0"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center; font-weight:
bold;"><a
href="http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/pacsouthwest_loop.php">Loop</a>
</div>
</td>
<td><a
href="http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/southrockies.php">
<img
src="http://radar.weather.gov/graphics/southrockiesth.gif"
alt="Currently at the Southern Rockies sector"
width="52" height="50" border="0"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center; font-weight:
bold;"><a
href="http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/southrockies_loop.php">Loop</a>
</div>
</td>
<td><a
href="http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/southplains.php"><img
src="http://radar.weather.gov/graphics/southplainsth.gif" alt="Go to the
Southern Plains sector" width="52" height="50"
border="0"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center; font-weight:
bold;"><a
href="http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/southplains_loop.php">Loop</a>
</div>
</td>
<td> <a
href="http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/southmissvly.php"><img
src="http://radar.weather.gov/graphics/southmissvlyth.gif" alt="Go to
the Southern Mississippi Valley sector"
width="52" height="50" border="0"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center; font-weight:
bold;"><a
href="http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/southmissvly_loop.php">Loop</a>
</div>
</td>
<td><a
href="http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/southeast.php"><img
src="http://radar.weather.gov/graphics/southeastth.gif" alt="Go to the
Southeast sector" width="52" height="50"
border="0"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center; font-weight:
bold;"><a
href="http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/southeast_loop.php">Loop</a>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span><font
size="2" face="Arial"><span style="font-size: 12pt;
font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></font>September
19,
2011
-- We have added the <a
href="http://disastercenter.com/crime/">FBI's 2010 State
Uniform Crime Reports to our State data which now covers
from 1960 to 2010</a>, 50 years of crime statistics. <br>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-20029417-503543.html">CBS
News:
Is
Extreme Weather a Result of Global Warming?</a>
<br>
<a
href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=48882">NASA
Earth
Observery
Image of the Day: Arctic Oscillation Chills North
America, Warms Arctic</a> <br>
</div>
<span style="text-decoration: underline;"> </span> <span
style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><br>
</span> The National Terrorism Advisory System (NTAS) has
replaced the color codes of the <a
href="http://www.dhs.gov/files/programs/Copy_of_press_release_0046.shtm">Homeland
Security
Advisory
System (HSAS)</a>. The new alert system is currently
active, active alerts are also available on <a
href="http://twitter.com/ntasalerts">Twitter</a> and <a
href="http://www.facebook.com/homelandsecurity">Facebook</a><br>
<br>
Established 14 years ago, the Disaster Center site
has gone through a number of evolutions. A big part
of this work has provided coverage for disasters
affecting the United States. Big stories were
Hurricane <a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/Tropical%20Storm%20-%20Hurricane%20-%20Dennis.htm">Dennis</a>,
<a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/Tropical%20Storm%20-%20Hurricane%20-%20Rita.html">Rita</a>,
<a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/Tropical%20Storm%20-%20Hurricane%20-%20Katrina.html">Katrina</a>,
<a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/Tropical%20Storm%20-%20Hurricane%20-%20Wilma.html">Wilma,</a>
<a href="http://www.disastercenter.com/hurricf9.htm">Floyd</a>,
<a href="http://www.disastercenter.com/hurricmr.htm">Mitch</a>,
<a href="http://www.disastercenter.com/hurricb9.htm">Bret</a>
and many others. One of the most linked to areas on
the web site has been our graphics. The most popular of
these <a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/hurrican/floydanm.gif">Hurricane
Floyd</a> as it approached the US coast. <a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/hurricane/index.html">Current
and
Historic
Atlantic Tropical Storms and Hurricanes</a><small><a
href="An%20Implicate%20Structure%20of%20Psychological%20Development.html"><span
style="font-weight: bold;"></span></a><br>
<br>
</small> Our work of mitigating disasters involves
the preparation for them, responding to them, and
recovering from them. In an ideal world we would be
working on ways to <a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/terror/0_risk.htm">mitigate
risk </a><a> <br>
</a>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.sba.gov/disaster_recov/index.html"><small> SBA
Disaster
Recovery
Loans 1-800-659-2955</small></a> <small>--
SBA
makes
loans to home owners and business after Major
disasters<br>
<a
href="http://www.hud.gov/offices/cpd/communitydevelopment/programs/dri/">HUD
may
provide
disaster recovery assistance</a>. </small> </div>
<table style="width: 80%; text-align: left; margin-left:
auto; margin-right: auto;" cellspacing="0"
cellpadding="0" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><br>
</td>
<td><br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div style="text-align: center;"><br>
</div>
<div><br>
</div>
</div>
</td>
<td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: top; width:
286px;">
<div class="center-content">
<div class="one-sixth-first">
<div id="forecast-lookup">
<form name="getForecast" id="getForecast"
action="http://forecast.weather.gov/zipcity.php"
method="get"><label for="inputstring">Local forecast
by <br>
"City, St" or ZIP code</label> <input
id="inputstring" name="inputstring"
value="Enterlocation ..." onclick="this.value=''"
type="text"><input name="btnSearch" id="btnSearch" value="Go" type="submit">
<div id="txtError">
<div id="errorNoResults" style="display: none;">Sorry,
the
location you searched for was not found. Please
try another search.</div>
<div id="errorMultipleResults" style="display:
none;">Multiple locations were found. Please
select one of the following:</div>
<input id="btnCloseError" value="Close" style="display: none;" type="button">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
href="https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/"><img
moz-do-not-send="true"
src="https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/xgtwo/two_atl_0d0.png"
alt="Atlantic Hurricane" width="200"
height="134" border="0"></a><a
href="https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/">.</a><br>
<a href="http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/">National
Hurricane Center </a><br>
</div>
<br>
<div style="text-align: center;"> <a
href="http://pafg.arh.noaa.gov/"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 100px;
height: 113px;"
alt="http://pafg.arh.noaa.gov/"
src="http://forecast.weather.gov/wwamap/png/ak.png"></a><a
href="http://www.prh.noaa.gov/pr/hnl/"><img
src="http://forecast.weather.gov/wwamap/png/hi.png"
alt="http://forecast.weather.gov/wwamap/png/hi.png" style="border: 0px
solid ; width: 100px; height: 95px;"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.prh.noaa.gov/samoa/">American
Samoa</a> · <a
href="http://www.prh.noaa.gov/guam/">Guam</a>
· <a
href="http://www.srh.noaa.gov/sju/">Puerto
Rico/Virgin Islands</a><br>
</div>
<a
href="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/watch/"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 160px;
height: 116px;" alt="Current Convective
Watches"
src="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/watch/validww_sm.gif"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/watch/">Current
Conv</a><a
href="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/watch/">ective
Watch</a><br>
</div>
<a
href="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/outlook/day1otlk.html">1<img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 160px;
height: 120px;" alt="1 day outlook"
src="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/outlook/day1otlk_sm.gif"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/outlook/day1otlk.html">Day
1
Convection
Outlook</a><br>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/fill_94qwbg.gif"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 160px;
height: 120px;" alt="Day 1 QPF"
src="http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/fill_94qwbg.gif"></a><br>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/fill_94qwbg.gif">Day
One
Rainfall Forecast</a><br>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/outlook/day2otlk.html"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 160px;
height: 115px;" alt="Day Two Convection
Outlook"
src="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/outlook/day2otlk_sm.gif"></a><br>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/outlook/day1otlk.html">Day
2
Convection
Outlook</a><br>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/fill_98qwbg.gif"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 160px;
height: 120px;" alt="Day 2 QPF"
src="http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/fill_98qwbg.gif"></a><br>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/fill_98qwbg.gif">Day
Two
Rainfall Forecast</a><br>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/outlook/day3otlk.html"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 160px;
height: 115px;" alt="Day thre Convection
outlook"
src="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/outlook/day3otlk_sm.gif"
moz-do-not-send="true" width="190"
height="129" border="0"></a><br>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/outlook/day3otlk.html">Day
3
Convection
Outlook</a><br>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/fill_99qwbg.gif"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 160px;
height: 120px;" alt="Day 3 QPF"
src="https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/fill_99qwbg.gif"
moz-do-not-send="true" width="200"
height="140" border="0"></a><br>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/fill_99qwbg.gif">Day
Three
Rainfall Forecast</a><br>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
href="https://www.airnow.gov/national-maps/"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 160px;
height: 116px;" alt="National Outlook for
Air Quality"
src="https://gispub.epa.gov/airnow/images/current-pm-ozone.jpg"
moz-do-not-send="true" width="525"
height="400" border="0"></a><br>
<a href="https://www.airnow.gov/national-maps/"
moz-do-not-send="true">Current
Air Quality</a><br>
<a href="http://spaceweather.com/"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 128px;
height: 128px;" alt="Thumbnail image of SOHO
Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT)
full-field He II 304 Å images from NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center"
src="http://umbra.nascom.nasa.gov/images/latest_eit_304_thumbnail.gif"></a><br>
<a href="http://www.spaceweather.com/">Space
Weather </a><br>
<br>
<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="https://tsunami.gov/">US Tsunami Warning
Centers</a><br>
<a href="https://tsunami.gov/"
moz-do-not-send="true"> AWCTWC</a><br>
<a href="http://water.usgs.gov/waterwatch/"><br>
</a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><br>
<a
href="http://iwin.nws.noaa.gov/iwin/iwdspg1.html">NWS
Active/Special
Warnings</a><br>
<a
href="http://www.epa.gov/sunwise/uvindex.html"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 200px;
height: 200px;" alt="Current Ultraviolet
Index"
src="http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/stratosphere/uv_index/gif_files/uvi_usa_f1_wmo.gif"></a><br>
<a
href="http://www.epa.gov/sunwise/uvindex.html">Current
UV
Index</a><br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<div style="text-align: center; font-weight:
bold;"><span class="dailySunTitleText">Current
Auroral Oval</span></div>
<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 244px;
height: 244px;" alt="Current South Pole
Auroral Oval:"
src="https://services.swpc.noaa.gov/images/aurora-forecast-southern-hemisphere.jpg"
moz-do-not-send="true" width="259"
height="259" border="0"></a><a
href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 244px;
height: 244px;" alt="Current North Pole
Auroral Oval:"
src="http://services.swpc.noaa.gov/images/aurora-forecast-northern-hemisphere.jpg"
moz-do-not-send="true" width="250"
height="250" border="0"></a><br>
</div>
</div>
<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%;"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</form>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<a href="http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/"><img style="border:
0px solid ; width: 330px; height: 255px;" alt="US Drought
Monitor,"
src="http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/data/gif/6_week.gif"></a><a
href="http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/expert_assessment/sdo_summary.php"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 350px; height: 259px;"
alt="The Latest Seasonal Outlook"
src="http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/expert_assessment/sdohomeweb.png"></a><br>
<a style="font-weight: bold;"
href="http://www.fs.fed.us/land/wfas/kbdi.gif">Keetch-Byran
Drought Index</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> -- </span><small><small><font
size="+2"> </font></small></small><br>
<b><a href="http://gis.cdc.gov/ncehatsdrwebmaps/">Internet HazDat -
Site Activity Query Map</a></b><big><big> -</big></big>- <a
style="font-weight: bold;"
href="http://www.fly.faa.gov/flyfaa/usmap.jsp">FAA Flight
Delay Information </a><br>
<a style="font-weight: bold;"
href="http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/haz-usa1.html">Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry -- Internet HazDat - Site
Activity Query Map</a><br style="font-weight: bold;">
<a style="font-weight: bold;"
href="http://www.epa.gov/epahome/commsearch.htm">EPA -- Search
Your Community</a><br style="font-weight: bold;">
<a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://www.epa.gov/airdata/">EPA
-- Air Quality -- Use the Interactive Map</a><br>
<a style="font-weight: bold;"
href="http://www.epa.gov/sunwise/uvindex.html">EPA -- UV Index
Forecast Map</a><br>
<a style="font-weight: bold;"
href="http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/stratosphere/uv_index/uv_current_map.shtml">NOAA
-
Current UV
Index Forecast Ma</a><span style="font-weight: bold;">p -- <a
href="http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroidwatch/">JPL Asteroid Watch</a>
</span><br>
<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span> <br style="font-weight:
bold;">
<a style="font-weight: bold;"
href="http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/webstate.htm">State Transportation
Web Sites</a><br>
<a href="http://travel.state.gov/index.html"><br>
</a>
<div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><a
href="http://travel.state.gov/index.html">State Department
Travel Information</a> <a href="http://www.usembassy.gov/"><span
style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New
Roman";">Websites of U.S. Embassies, Consulates, and
Diplomatic Missions</span></a></div>
<p style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" class="tchd1"><a
href="http://www.who.int/csr/don/en/index.html">WHO -- Disease
Outbreak News</a> <a
href="http://www.un-spider.org/">UN-SPIDER Knowledge Portal</a></p>
<br>
<div style="text-align: center;"><input name="textsearch" size="16"
type="text"><input name="Go" value="Go" type="submit"> <b>Search
CVE
Vulnerabilities</b> Database<font size="1" face="Arial"
color="black"> Enter vendor, software, or keyword</font> </div>
<br>
<table style="width: 100px; text-align: left; margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><a
href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MODAL2_M_AER_OD"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 192px; height: 96px;"
alt="Aerosol Optical Depth"
src="http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/globalmaps/data/MODAL2_M_AER_OD/192/MODAL2_M_AER_OD_2011-04.JPEG"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center;">Aerosol Optical Depth</div>
</td>
<td><a
href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MODAL2_M_AER_RA"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 192px; height: 96px;"
alt="Aerosol Size"
src="http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/globalmaps/data/MODAL2_M_AER_RA/192/MODAL2_M_AER_RA_2011-04.JPEG"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center;">Aerosol Size</div>
</td>
<td><a
href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MOP_CO_M"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 192px; height: 96px;"
alt="Carbon Monoxide"
src="http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/globalmaps/data/MOP_CO_M/192/MOP_CO_M_2011-03.JPEG"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center;">Carbon Monoxide</div>
</td>
<td><a
href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MOD11C1_M_LSTDA"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 192px; height: 96px;"
alt="Land Surface Temperature"
src="http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/globalmaps/data/MOD11C1_M_LSTDA/192/MOD11C1_M_LSTDA_2011-04.JPEG"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center;">Land Surface Temperature</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a
href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MY1DMM_CHLORA"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 192px; height: 96px;"
alt="Chlorophyll"
src="http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/globalmaps/data/MY1DMM_CHLORA/192/MY1DMM_CHLORA_2011-03.JPEG"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center;">Chlorophyll</div>
</td>
<td><a
href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MODAL2_M_CLD_FR"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 192px; height: 96px;"
alt="Cloud Fraction"
src="http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/globalmaps/data/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR/192/MODAL2_M_CLD_FR_2011-04.JPEG"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center;">Cloud Fraction</div>
</td>
<td><a
href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MOD14A1_M_FIRE"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 192px; height: 96px;"
alt="Fire"
src="http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/globalmaps/data/MOD14A1_M_FIRE/192/MOD14A1_M_FIRE_2011-04.JPEG"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center;">Fire</div>
</td>
<td><a
href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=CERES_NETFLUX_M"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 192px; height: 96px;"
alt="Net Radiation"
src="http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/globalmaps/data/CERES_NETFLUX_M/192/CERES_NETFLUX_M_2011-04.JPEG"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center;">Net Radiation</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a
href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MOD_LSTAD_M"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 192px; height: 96px;"
alt="Land Surface Temperature Anomaly"
src="http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/globalmaps/data/MOD_LSTAD_M/192/MOD_LSTAD_M_2011-04.JPEG"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center;">Land Surface Temp. Anomaly</div>
</td>
<td><a
href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MYD28M"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 192px; height: 96px;"
alt="Sea Surface Temperature"
src="http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/globalmaps/data/MYD28M/192/MYD28M_2011-03.JPEG"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center;">Sea Surface Temperature</div>
</td>
<td><a
href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MOD17A2_M_PSN"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 192px; height: 96px;"
alt="Net Primary Productivity"
src="http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/globalmaps/data/MOD17A2_M_PSN/192/MOD17A2_M_PSN_2011-03.JPEG"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center;">Net Primary Productivity</div>
</td>
<td><a
href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=AMSRE_SSTAn_M"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 192px; height: 96px;"
alt="Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly"
src="http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/globalmaps/data/AMSRE_SSTAn_M/192/AMSRE_SSTAn_M_2011-04.JPEG"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center;">Sea Surface Temp. Anomaly</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a
href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MOD10C1_M_SNOW"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 192px; height: 96px;"
alt="Snow Cover"
src="http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/globalmaps/data/MOD10C1_M_SNOW/192/MOD10C1_M_SNOW_2011-04.JPEG"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center;">Snow Cover</div>
</td>
<td><a
href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MYDAL2_M_SKY_WV"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 192px; height: 96px;"
alt="Water Vapor"
src="http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/globalmaps/data/MYDAL2_M_SKY_WV/192/MYDAL2_M_SKY_WV_2011-04.JPEG"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center;">Water Vapor</div>
</td>
<td><a
href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=TRMM_3B43M"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 192px; height: 96px;"
alt="Total Rainfall"
src="http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/globalmaps/data/TRMM_3B43M/192/TRMM_3B43M_2011-03.JPEG"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center;">Total Rainfall</div>
</td>
<td><a
href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MOD13A2_M_NDVI"><img
style="border: 0px solid ; width: 192px; height: 96px;"
alt="Vegetation"
src="http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/globalmaps/data/MOD13A2_M_NDVI/192/MOD13A2_M_NDVI_2011-03.JPEG"></a><br>
<div style="text-align: center;">Vegetation</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Observatory">Earth
Observatory: Data & Images</a><br>
<br>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;"><br>
</div>
<br>
<br>
<div style="text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/US_States_Rate_Ranking.html"><big><big>US
States
Crime
2004 -2005 Crimes per 100,000 and Ranking</big></big></a></div>
<br>
<br>
<div style="font-family: Arial;"><font style="font-family: Tahoma;"
size="1"><a href="http://www.disastercenter.com">The Disaster
Center</a> provides online coverage of disasters in the United
States, compiling and providing links to disaster related
statistics and studies: </font><a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/"><font size="1">US
Crimes</font></a><font style="font-family: Tahoma;" size="1"><a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/"> Data from 1960</a></font><font
style="font-family: Tahoma;" size="1"> </font><a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/tornado.htm"><font size="1">Tornado,</font></a><font
style="font-family: Tahoma;" size="1"> </font><a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/work/injury.htm"><font
size="1">Nonfatal occupational Injuries and Illnesses,</font></a><font
style="font-family: Tahoma;" size="1"> </font><a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/work/fatal.htm"><font
size="1">Fatal Occupational Injuries,</font></a><a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/traffic/"><font size="1">
Motor Vehicle Traffic Injury and Fatality Data,</font></a><font
style="font-family: Tahoma;" size="1"> </font><a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/CPSC/nursery.html"><font
size="1">Child Nursery Equipment and Toys: Accident Rates by
Age,</font></a><font style="font-family: Tahoma;" size="1"> </font><a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/CPSC/sports.html"><font
size="1">Sports & Recreational Equipment: Injuries by Age
and Sex</font></a><font style="font-family: Tahoma;" size="1">,
</font><a href="http://www.disastercenter.com/CPSC/house.html"><font
size="1">Home, Heating, Plumbing, and Appliance: Injuries by
Cause, Age, and Rate,</font></a><font style="font-family:
Tahoma;" size="1"> </font><a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/CPSC/furnatur.html"><font
size="1">Furniture, furnishings, household, and personal use
items: Accident injury rates by Age</font></a><font
style="font-family: Tahoma;" size="1">, </font><a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/CPSC/homework.html"><font
size="1">Home, Work Tools and Misc. Items: Accident Injury
rates by Age.</font></a><font style="font-family: Tahoma;"
size="1"> </font><a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/cdc/"><font size="1">US
Cause of Death Data </font></a><font style="font-family:
Tahoma;" size="1">, </font><a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/terror/0_US_Anti-terrorism_Policy.htm"><font
size="1">US Anti-terrorism Threat/Risk Policy prior to
September 11, 2001,</font></a><font style="font-family:
Tahoma;" size="1"> </font><a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/nbc.htm"><font size="1">US
Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Terrorism Policy prior to
9-11</font></a><font style="font-family: Tahoma;" size="1"> </font><a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/hurricane/index.html"><font
size="1">Atlantic Hurricane pages and index</font></a><font
size="2"><font size="1">. <font style="font-family:
Arial;" size="2"><a
href="http://www.disastercenter.com/Student/School%20age%20violent%20deaths.html"><font
size="1">Total student, Number of school-associated
Violent Deaths and Number of Homicides and Suicides of
Youth Ages 519, by Location: 19922002 </font></a><font
size="3"><font style="font-family: Tahoma;" size="1"> </font>
</font></font></font></font></div>
<span style="font-weight: bold;"> <br>
</span><small><small><span style="font-family:
Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">The three
companies (Equifax, TransUnion, and Experian) have created a
central Web site where you can order your credit report (</span><a
style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-weight:
bold;" href="http://www.annualcreditreport.com/">www.annualcreditreport.com</a><span
style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-weight:
bold;">). You also can order it by calling (877) 322-8228.</span><br
style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-weight:
bold;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;
font-weight: bold;">You do not have to pay to receive the
report, nor do you have to pay for any service or product as a
condition of receipt</span></small>.<br>
<small style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family:
Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;" class="bodytable"> The National
Do Not Call Registry gives you a choice about whether to
receive telemarketing calls at home. If they do, you can
file a complaint at <a href="https://www.donotcall.gov">https://www.donotcall.gov</a>.
You can register your home or mobile phone for free. Your
registration will be effective for <a
href="http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/pubs/alerts/dncalrt.htm#5Year"
target="_blank" title="Your phone number registration is
good for five years" accesskey="5">five years</a>. </span></small></small><br>
<small><br>
</small>
<p><small>Here are some tips you can use to avoid becoming a victim
of cyber fraud:</small></p>
<ul>
<li><small>Do not respond to unsolicited (spam) e-mail.</small></li>
<li><small>Do not click on links contained within an unsolicited
e-mail.</small></li>
<li><small>Be cautious of e-mail claiming to contain pictures in
attached files; the files may contain viruses. Only open
attachments from known senders. Scan the attachments for
viruses if possible.</small></li>
<li><small>Avoid filling out forms contained in e-mail messages
that ask for personal information.</small></li>
<li><small>Always compare the link in the e-mail with the link to
which you are directed to determine if they match and will
lead you to a legitimate site.</small></li>
<li><small>Log directly onto a stores website identified in the
e-mail instead of linking to it from an unsolicited e-mail. If
the e-mail appears to be from your bank, credit card issuer,
or other company you deal with frequently, your statements or
official correspondence will provide the proper contact
information.</small></li>
<li><small>Contact the actual business that supposedly sent the
e-mail to verify if the e-mail is genuine.</small></li>
<li><small>If you are asked to act quickly, it may be a scam.
Fraudsters often create a false sense of urgency.</small></li>
<li><small>Verify any requests for personal information by calling
the business or financial institution using the phone numbers
listed on a billing statement or credit card.</small></li>
</ul>
<p>If you have received a suspicious e-mail, file a complaint with
the Internet Crime Complaint Center: <a
href="http://www.ic3.gov/">www.ic3.gov</a>.</p>
<p>For more information on e-scams, visit the FBIs E-Scams and
Warnings webpage: <a
href="http://www.fbi.gov/scams-safety/e-scams">www.fbi.gov/scams-safety/e-scams</a></p>
<br>
<br>
</body>
</html>
|
The Disaster Center - Home Page
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [DisasterAssistance.gov](http://www.DisasterAssistance.gov)
[Disaster & Emergency Insurance Claim
Reporting Information](http://www.disastercenter.com/Insurance%20Claim%20Reporting%20Information.html)
[Family
Disaster
Planning
Guide](http://disastercenter.com/New%20Guide/Family%20Disaster%20Plan.html). |
The Disaster Center
| [National
Terrorism
Advisory System (NTAS)](http://www.dhs.gov/files/programs/ntas.shtm)
flag
|
| | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [NOAA -- HPC](http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/p168i.gif) | [Surface Analysis Loop](http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/html/sfcloop/ussatsfc_loopb.html) | [Graphical Forecasts](http://www.weather.gov/forecasts/graphical/sectors/) | [National Forecast](https://www.nws.noaa.gov/outlook_tab.php) | [The National Radar link
works. The NWS is cutting access to imagery hosted on
public sites](https://radar.weather.gov/#/) | [The National Satellite
link works. The NWS is cutting access to imagery hosted
on public sites](https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/GOES/index.php) |
| [7-Day
Total Precipitation](http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/p168i.gif)
| [Surface
Analysis Loop](http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/html/sfcloop/radsfcus_exp_test.html) | [Graphical
Forecasts](http://www.weather.gov/forecasts/graphical/sectors/) | [National
Forecast](http://www.weather.gov/outlook_tab.php) | [National Radar](https://radar.weather.gov/#/) | [National
Satellite](https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/GOES/index.php) |
[Yesterday's
Storm
Reports](http://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/reports/yesterday.html) - [US
Weather
Hazards
Asses](http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/threats/threats.php)[sments](http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/wwd/winter_wx.shtml)
- - [Winter
Forecasts](http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/wwd/winter_wx.shtml) - [InciWeb Wildfire
Incident Information System](https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/) - [Quantitative
Precipitation Forecasts](https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/qpf2.shtml) -[National Interagency Fire Center](https://www.nifc.gov/)
- [For Current
US and Russian Volcanoes](http://volcano.wr.usgs.gov/vhpstatus.php) - [Worldwide USGS
Weekly VolcanDecic Activity Report](http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/) - [Ocean
Prediction Center](https://ocean.weather.gov/) - [National Data Buoy
Center](http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/rmd.shtml) - [ARL
R.E.A.D.Y.](http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/cmet.html) [Cases -
West Nile Virus](http://diseasemaps.usgs.gov/wnv_us_human.html) - [Historic
Executive
Orders And Laws Relating
to National Emergencies](http://www.disastercenter.com/laworder/laworder.htm) - [Just In Time
Disaster Training](http://www.drc-group.com/project/jitt.html) - [NWS
NECP
Model Guidance](http://mag.ncep.noaa.gov/model-guidance-model-area.php#)- [EJSCREEN: Environmental
Justice Screening and Mapping Tool](http://www2.epa.gov/ejscreen) -[The Global
Disaster Alert and Coordination System](https://www.gdacs.org/) - [FEMA Data
Visualization](http://www.fema.gov/data-visualization) - Add This Page To Favorites
- [Safe
Rooms
for Tornadoes and Hurricanes](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B098GVJD3D) - [FEMAs Earthquake
Safety at Home](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B089TS2DHR) We use SSL to secure communications to and
from this site. For the zip code weather forecast below, a zip
code you may enter is sent in the clear to the National Weather
Service.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| |
| --- |
|
[Google](http://www.google.com/)
|
|
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Web | Disaster
Center
|
|
[The USGS link still works. The USGS is cutting
access to imagery hosted on public sites](http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/)
[Recent
Earthquakes before turning to](http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/)
USGS stopped producing its earthquake maps in format that
can be easily incorporated on a web page. The link
still works. The effect is that it has made earthquake
information more difficult to access and distribute.
[WaterWatch -- Current water resources conditions](http://water.usgs.gov/waterwatch/?m=flood&w=map&r=us)
[Flood
Watch
Conditions](http://water.usgs.gov/waterwatch/?m=flood&w=map&r=us)
[Significant River Flood Outlook](http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/nationalfloodoutlook/index.html)
[Significant
River
Flood Outlook](http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/nationalfloodoutlook/index.html)
[National Weather Service -- Rivers](http://water.weather.gov/ahps/)
[NWS - Rivers](http://water.weather.gov/ahps/)
[ACE Real-Time Solar Wind Pages](https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/ace-real-time-solar-wind)
[ACE Real-Time Solar
Wind Pages](http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/SWN/sw_dials.html)
[WaterWatch -- Current water resources conditions](http://water.usgs.gov/waterwatch/)
[Real Time
Water Data](http://water.usgs.gov/waterwatch/)
[Fire Weather Forecasts](http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/fire_wx/)
[Current Day 2 Fire Weather Outlook](http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/fire_wx/fwdy2.html)
[Fire
Weather Forecast](http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/fire_wx/)
[Experimental Day 3-8 Fire Weather Forecast](http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/exper/fire_wx/)
[Experimental
Day
3-8 Fire Weather Forecast](http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/exper/fire_wx/)
[6 to 10 Day Temperature Outlook](http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/610day/)
[6
to 10 Day Temperature Outlook](http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/610day/)
[6 to 10 Day Precipitation Outlook](http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/610day/)
[6
to 10 Day Precipitation Outlook](http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/610day/)
[8 to 14 Day Temperature Outlook](http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/814day/)
[8
to 14 Day Temperature Outlook](http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/814day/)
[8 to 14 Day Temperature Outlook](http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/814day/)
[8
to 14 Day Precipitation Outlook](http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/predictions/814day/)
|
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div.WordSection1
{page:WordSectionDecember
26, 2023
New Significant Incidents/ Ongoing Ops:
No significant incidents / ops
Hazard Monitoring:
Freezing Rain Northern Plains to the Northeast
Heavy Snow Central Plains
Mixed Precipitation Pacific Northwest to the
Northeast
Heavy Rain / Flash Flooding North Carolina
Disaster Declaration Activity:
No new declaration activity
[FEMA Daily
Situation Report Current](https://disastercenter.com/FEMA%20Daily%20Operation%20Brief.pdf)*October 12, 2023 -[Your
tenant background check shouldnt have mistakes!](https://consumer.ftc.gov/consumer-alerts/2023/10/your-tenant-background-check-shouldnt-have-mistakes?utm_source=govdelivery)
[Before
you rent an apartment, read about your rights](https://consumer.ftc.gov/consumer-alerts/2016/11/renting-apartment-be-prepared-background-check)*
*If
you think a landlord or property manager violated your
rights, [report
it to the FTC.](https://reportfraud.ftc.gov/#/)*
October 26, 2023 -- UNDRR Report --[2023
Global Survey on Persons with Disabilities and Disasters](https://www.undrr.org/media/90432/download?startDownload=true)
July 18, 2023 --[Joining
forces to help stop scam calls](https://consumer.ftc.gov/consumer-alerts/2023/07/joining-forces-help-stop-scam-calls)
Today, the FTC and its federal and state law enforcement
partners announced Operation Stop Scam Calls, the latest
joint effort in the fight against illegal robocalls.
Todays announcement outlines the enforcement actions to
stop multiple dishonest telemarketers, the companies that
hire them, and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) service
providers that supply the technology for telemarketers to
make millions of scam robocalls. Learn more at [FTC.gov/calls](https://consumer.ftc.gov/features/how-stop-unwanted-calls)
You should never wire money or send money using
platforms to: the
Anyone claiming your account is
compromised
Anyone asking you to send money to
yourself
Anyone who claims to be from a
government agency
Any stranger, no matter what reason
they give
A telemarketer trying to sell you
something
Unauthorized, unverified cryptocurrency
sites or salespeople
November 3, 2022 - State's Flood Risk Disclosure Practices
[Flood Risk
Disclosure Map](State%20flood%20risk%20disclosure.pdf)
Several states have mandated multiple flood risk
disclosures as part of their laws and/or disclosure forms.
As illustrated in dark blue five states (Louisiana, Texas,
South Carolina, Mississippi, and Delaware) have the most
flood risk disclosure requirements. According to FEMA,
fifteen States, including Florida, do not have any state
mandated flood disclosure requirement.
Hurricane Fiona: Make your donations count
By Cristina Miranda
Consumer Education Specialist, FTC
September 23, 2022
Hurricane Fiona hit the southern part of Puerto Rico hard
leaving the island in the dark, flooded, and without
running water. And once again, islanders are coping and
cleaning up. As with any severe weather disaster, you may
be considering a charitable donation to help the people
and communities in Puerto Rico that were affected. A bit
of research and planning before you donate will ensure
that your money goes to organizations that are helping
Puerto Rico recover from this disaster and not scammers.
Heres advice on donating wisely and avoiding charity
scams:
Donate to charities you know and trust with a proven track
record with dealing with disasters.
If you get a request to donate on social media, research
the organization yourself before you give. Dont assume
that charity messages posted on social media are
legitimate. Check out the charity on the Better Business
Bureau's (BBB) Wise Giving Alliance, Charity Navigator,
Charity Watch, or Candid. If the message was from a
friend, ask them if they know the organization themselves.
Be cautious about giving to individuals on crowdfunding
sites. If considering crowdfunding, its safest to give to
someone you personally know and trust, and to review the
platforms policies and procedures. Keep in mind that
while some crowdfunding sites take measures to vet
postings for help after a disaster, others dont.
If someone wants donations in cash, by gift card, by
wiring money or cryptocurrency, dont do it. Pay by credit
card, which offers more protections.
When texting to donate, confirm the number with the source
before you donate. The charge will show up on your mobile
phone bill, but donations are not immediate.
You can find this information and more at ftc.gov/charity.
Looking for information to help prepare for, deal with,
and recover from a natural disaster or severe weather
event? Visit ftc.gov/weatheremergencies.
August 21, 2022 ---Digital money movement fraud on the
rise. A scammer can contact you requesting payment through
a Wire Transfer --these methods allow money to be sent
quickly, and the funds are often hard to trace and
recover.
You should never wire money or send money to:
\* Anyone who claims to be from a
government agency
\* Any stranger, no matter what reason
they give
\* A telemarketer trying to sell you
something
\* Anyone claiming your account is
compromised
\* Unauthorized, unverified
cryptocurrency sites or salespeople
\* Anyone asking you to send money to
yourself
A kindle version of the Supreme Court Ruling in: [NY RIFLE
& PISTOL Assoc. Inc v. BRUEN, of NY State Police is
available as an Amazon Kindle Book](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0B4ZS969P/) and as a [paperback](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0B4S863XJ?ref_=pe_3052080_397514860).
August14, 2022
--FTC.
FTC lawsuit reminds businesses:
CAN-SPAM means CANT spam
Can't "unsubscribe" from unwanted email? Tell
the FTC: <ReportFraud.ftc.gov>
To join the National Do Not Call Registry, go to
www.donotcall.gov or call 1 (888) 382-1222.
[FEMA
Daily
Situation Report Current](https://disastercenter.com/FEMA%20Daily%20Operation%20Brief.pdf)
[FEMA
Daily Situation Report Archive 2022](https://disastercenter.com/FEMA%20Daily%20Situation%20Report%20Archive%202022.html) --
[FEMA
Daily Situation Report Archive 2021](https://DisasterCenter/FEMA%20Daily%20Situation%20Report%20Archive%202021.html) --
[FEMA
Daily Situation Report Archive 2020](file:///C:/DisasterCenter/FEMA%20Daily%20Situation%20Report%20Archive%202020.html)--
[FEMA
Daily
Situation Report Archive 2019](file:///C:/DisasterCenter/FEMA%20Daily%20Situation%20Report%20Archive%202019.html) --
[FEMA
Daily Situation Report Archive 2018](http://www.disastercenter.com/FEMA%20Daily%20Situation%20Report%20Archive%202018.html) -- [FEMA
Daily Situation Report Archive 2017](http://www.disastercenter.com/FEMA%20Daily%20Situation%20Report%20Archive%202017.html)--
[FEMA
Daily Situation Report Archive 2016](file:///C:/DisasterCenter/FEMA%20Daily%20Situation%20Report%20Archive%202016.html) -- [FEMA
Daily Situation Report Archive 2015](http://www.disastercenter.com/FEMA%20Daily%20Situation%20Report%20Archive%202015.html) -- [FEMA
Daily Situation Report Archive 2014](http://www.disastercenter.com/FEMA%20Daily%20Situation%20Report%20Archive%202014.html)
-- [FEMA
Daily Situation Report Archive 2013](file:///C:/DisasterCenter/FEMA%20Daily%20Situation%20Report%20Archive.html)
[Volunteer
with Mennonite Disaster Service -- it is a volunteer
network.](https://mds.mennonite.net/volunteer/)
[Crime
Reports pages](http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/). The new pages integrate crime
and imprisonment by year and States.
[To
volunteer or donate to a National VOAD member
organization](https://www.nvoad.org/howtohelp/)
FEMA has
tools to help people. It also has a poor history
of maintaining link addresses, which is why we don't
have many links to FEMA's site. Let us know is
these links stop working. [Disaster
Recovery
Center (DRC) Locator](https://egateway.fema.gov/ESF6/DRCLocator) -- FEMA App. Download
it for free from the [App
Store](https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/fema/id474807486?mt=8) or [GooglePlay](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=gov.fema.mobile.android&hl=en).--
If
you are located in the area of a declared Major Disaster
you can register online at <www.DisasterAssistance.gov>
or by calling 800-621-3362 or TTY 800-462-7585. If you
use 711 or Video Relay Service (VRS), call 800-621-3362.
Operators are multilingual and calls are answered seven
days a week from 7 a.m. to 10 p.m. CDT.
We've been working on updating the State disaster pages.
Here they are, a work in progress:
[Alabama](http://disastercenter.com/alabama/alabama.htm)
-- [Alaska](http://disastercenter.com/alaska/alaska.htm)
-- [Arizona](http://disastercenter.com/arizona/arizona.htm)
-- [Arkansas](http://disastercenter.com/arkansas/arkansas.htm)
-- [California](http://disastercenter.com/californ/californ.htm)
-- [Colorado](http://disastercenter.com/colorado/colorado.htm)
-- [Connecticut](http://disastercenter.com/conn/conn.htm)
-- [Delaware](http://disastercenter.com/delaware/delaware.htm)
-- [Florida](http://disastercenter.com/florida/florida.htm)
-- [Georgia](http://disastercenter.com/georgia/georgia.htm)
-- [Hawaii](http://disastercenter.com/hawaii/hawaii.htm)
-- [Idaho](http://disastercenter.com/idaho/idaho.htm)
-- [Illinois](http://disastercenter.com/illinois/illinois.htm)
-- [Indiana](http://disastercenter.com/indiana/indiana.htm)
-- [Iowa](http://disastercenter.com/iowa/iowa.htm)
-- [Kansas](http://disastercenter.com/kansas/kansas.htm)
-- [Kentucky](http://disastercenter.com/kentucky/kentucky.htm)
-- [Louisiana](http://disastercenter.com/louisa/louisa.htm)
-- [Maine](http://disastercenter.com/maine/maine.htm)
-- [Maryland](http://disastercenter.com/maryland/maryland.htm)
-- [Massachusetts](http://disastercenter.com/mass/mass.htm)
-- [Michigan](http://disastercenter.com/michigan/michigan.htm)
-- [Minnesota](http://disastercenter.com/minn/minn.htm)
-- [Mississippi](http://disastercenter.com/miss/miss.htm)
-- [Missouri](http://disastercenter.com/missouri/missouri.htm)
-- [Montana](http://disastercenter.com/montana/montana.htm)
-- [Nebraska](http://disastercenter.com/nebraska/nebraska.htm)
-- [Nevada](http://disastercenter.com/nevada/nevada.htm)
-- [New
Hampshire](http://disastercenter.com/newhamp/newhamp.htm) -- [New
Jersey](http://disastercenter.com/newjersy/newjersy.htm) -- [New
Mexico](http://disastercenter.com/newmexic/newmexic.htm) -- [New
York](http://disastercenter.com/newyork/newyork.htm) -- [North
Carolina](http://disastercenter.com/northcar/northcar.htm) -- [North
Dakota](http://disastercenter.com/northdak/northdak.htm) -- [Ohio](http://disastercenter.com/ohio/ohio.htm)
-- [Oklahoma](http://disastercenter.com/oklahoma/oklahoma.htm)
-- [Oregon](http://disastercenter.com/oregon/oregon.htm)
-- [Pennsylvania](http://disastercenter.com/pennsylv/pennsylv.htm)
-- [Rhode
Island](http://disastercenter.com/rhodeisl/rhodeisl.htm) -- [South
Carolina](http://disastercenter.com/southcar/southcar.htm) -- [South
Dakota](http://disastercenter.com/southdak/southdak.htm) -- [Tennessee](http://disastercenter.com/tennesse/tennesse.htm)
-- [Texas](http://disastercenter.com/texas/texas.htm)
-- [Utah](http://disastercenter.com/utah/utah.htm)
-- [Vermont](http://disastercenter.com/vermont/vermont.htm)
-- [Virginia](http://disastercenter.com/virginia/virginia.htm)
-- [Washington](http://disastercenter.com/washingt/washingt.htm)
-- [West
Virginia](http://disastercenter.com/westvirg/westvirg.htm) -- [Wisconsin](http://disastercenter.com/wisconsi/wisconsi.htm)
-- [Wyoming](http://disastercenter.com/wyoming/wyoming.htm)
If you have any suggestions about how it can be improved,
please send an email to [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])
[Ready Rating: A FREE
Service from the American Red Cross](http://www.readyrating.org/)
The Red Cross,
Salvation Army and other volunteer organizations move
resources into position so as to be able to respond to
disasters. Please consider a donation to the Red Cross
You can text REDCROSS to 90999 to make a $10
donation or call 1-800 RED CROSS
There are several ways you can donate to the Salvation
Army . By phone: Call 1-800-SAL-ARMY By
text: Text GIVE to 80888. Also, consider
volunteering or donating with [Disaster
Relief Agencies and Nongovernment Organizations](http://www.disastercenter.com/agency.htm).
Red Cross --
After a disaster, letting your family and friends know
that you are safe and well can bring your loved ones
great peace of mind. [This
website
is
designed to help make that communication easier.](https://safeandwell.communityos.org/cms/index.php)
[FBI's
"Tips on Avoiding Fraudulent Charitable
Contribution Schemes"](http://www.ic3.gov/media/2011/110311.aspx)
If you want to suggest a link, please post to
[email protected]
The people affected will not lack clothing for long and
more will be donated than will ever be used. It will
end up in the local landfill, because there is no place to
store it. If you are going to collect clothing have
a garage sale with the proceeds going to the
victims. Be responsible, if you collect money get
proof that it was donated and make evidence available to
those who gave. Consider volunteering or donating
with [Disaster
Relief
Agencies and Nongovernment Organizations](http://www.disastercenter.com/agency.htm).
WHO's CRED is reporting that in 2010 a total of 385
natural disasters killed more than 297,000 people
worldwide, affected over 217.0 million others and caused
US$ 123.9 billion of economic damages. [Annual
Disaster
Statistical
Review 2010: (PDF 4.2 MB) The Numbers and Trends.
Brussels: CRED](http://www.cred.be/sites/default/files/ADSR_2010.pdf); 2011-Guha-Sapir D, Vos F, Below R,
with Ponserre S.
[NIST
Offering
Free
Access to Standards for First Responders](http://www.safetyonline.com/article.mvc/NIST-Offering-Free-Access-To-Standards-For-0001)
There is only one weather authority in the United States,
and that's the National Weather Service For
emergency information consult with your local NWS office
or your local emergency management agency. If you
want to suggest a link, please post to [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])
[SaferProducts.gov:](http://www.saferproducts.gov/)
A New World for Consumers, Businesses, and Researchers
-- This is a site that the US Chamber of Commerce wants
the government to shut down. [Take a Look...](http://www.saferproducts.gov/)
The Disaster Center
supports the UN's International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction. "[One
million
safe
schools and hospitals campaign](http://www.unisdr.org/preventionweb/files/15656_1msshadvguideprefinal0318101.pdf)" [PDF 3.28
MB] [guidance
note](http://www.unisdr.org/preventionweb/files/15655_1msshguidenotesprefinal0313101.pdf) [PDF 2.04 MB]
[Schools
and
hospitals
are a great place to start building a world wide
disaster mitigation movement.](http://www.safe-schools-hospitals.net/en/Home.aspx)
[HealthCare.gov](http://www.healthcare.gov/)
--- [CuidadosDeSalud.gov](http://www.cuidadodesalud.gov/)
The Disaster Center
hosts a [Talking
About
Disaster:
Guide for Standard Messages](http://www.disastercenter.com/guide/guide.htm)
The CDC has recently come out with its Social Media:
Preparedness 101: [Zombie
Apocalypse](http://emergency.cdc.gov/socialmedia/zombies.asp) Guide and announced a forthcoming
video contest. The idea that all these efforts
are concerned with is that you and your family be
prepared for disasters. In our estimation the
most important disaster readiness tool is a common
contact person outside of the disaster area.
Someone who, if conditions are so bad that
household members can't go home, that you might move
in with. After disasters most people do not stay
in shelters. They are sheltered by relatives and
friends. So what we are saying is that the greatest
tool after a disaster is a friend; get one; be one.
The Red Cross has created a teaching guide -- C[hildren
in
disasters-
Games and guidelines to engage youth](http://www.preventionweb.net/files/16726_16726childrenindisastersgamesandgui.pdf)[in risk reduction](http://www.preventionweb.net/files/16726_16726childrenindisastersgamesandgui.pdf)
A new National Science
Foundation study has found that: [Drought
may
threaten
much of globe within decades](http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=117866&WT.mc_id=USNSF_51&WT.mc_ev=click) - NSF
[A
study](http://www.news.iastate.edu/news/2010/sep/costofcrime) released by researchers at Iowa State
University calculated costs of five major crimes, and
found that each murder generated societal costs of
$17.25 million
States: [10
Leading
Causes
of Death](http://disastercenter.com/cdc/States%2010%20Leading%20Causes%20of%20Death.html)
[Vital
Records](http://www.disastercenter.com/Vital%20Records/): Locate your States' [sources
for
Birth,
Death, Marriage, and Divorce Records](http://www.disastercenter.com/Vital%20Records/)
| |
| --- |
| |
National Radar Mosaic
Sectors
| | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| [Loop](http://weather.noaa.gov/radar/mosaic.loop/DS.p19r0/ar.us.ak.shtml)
[Go to the Alaska sector](http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/alaska.php) | [Loop](http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/pacnorthwest_loop.php)
[Go to
the Pacific Northwest sector](http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/pacnorthwest.php) | [Loop](http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/northrockies_loop.php)
[Go to
the Northern Rockies sector](http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/northrockies.php) | [Loop](http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/uppermissvly_loop.php)
[Go to
the Upper Mississippi Valley sector](http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/uppermissvly.php) | [Loop](http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/centgrtlakes_loop.php)
[Go to
the Central Great Lakes sector](http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/centgrtlakes.php) | [Loop](http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/northeast_loop.php)
[Go to the
Northeast sector](http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/northeast.php) |
| [Go to the
Hawaii sector](http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/hawaii.php)
[Loop](http://weather.noaa.gov/radar/mosaic.loop/DS.p19r0/ar.us.hi.shtml)
| [Go to
the Pacific Southwest sector](http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/pacsouthwest.php)
[Loop](http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/pacsouthwest_loop.php)
| [Currently at the Southern Rockies sector](http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/southrockies.php)
[Loop](http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/southrockies_loop.php)
| [Go to the
Southern Plains sector](http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/southplains.php)
[Loop](http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/southplains_loop.php)
| [Go to
the Southern Mississippi Valley sector](http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/southmissvly.php)
[Loop](http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/southmissvly_loop.php)
| [Go to the
Southeast sector](http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/southeast.php)
[Loop](http://radar.weather.gov/Conus/southeast_loop.php)
|
September
19,
2011
-- We have added the [FBI's 2010 State
Uniform Crime Reports to our State data which now covers
from 1960 to 2010](http://disastercenter.com/crime/), 50 years of crime statistics.
[CBS
News:
Is
Extreme Weather a Result of Global Warming?](http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-20029417-503543.html)
[NASA
Earth
Observery
Image of the Day: Arctic Oscillation Chills North
America, Warms Arctic](http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=48882)
The National Terrorism Advisory System (NTAS) has
replaced the color codes of the [Homeland
Security
Advisory
System (HSAS)](http://www.dhs.gov/files/programs/Copy_of_press_release_0046.shtm). The new alert system is currently
active, active alerts are also available on [Twitter](http://twitter.com/ntasalerts) and [Facebook](http://www.facebook.com/homelandsecurity)
Established 14 years ago, the Disaster Center site
has gone through a number of evolutions. A big part
of this work has provided coverage for disasters
affecting the United States. Big stories were
Hurricane [Dennis](http://www.disastercenter.com/Tropical%20Storm%20-%20Hurricane%20-%20Dennis.htm),
[Rita](http://www.disastercenter.com/Tropical%20Storm%20-%20Hurricane%20-%20Rita.html),
[Katrina](http://www.disastercenter.com/Tropical%20Storm%20-%20Hurricane%20-%20Katrina.html),
[Wilma,](http://www.disastercenter.com/Tropical%20Storm%20-%20Hurricane%20-%20Wilma.html)
[Floyd](http://www.disastercenter.com/hurricf9.htm),
[Mitch](http://www.disastercenter.com/hurricmr.htm),
[Bret](http://www.disastercenter.com/hurricb9.htm)
and many others. One of the most linked to areas on
the web site has been our graphics. The most popular of
these [Hurricane
Floyd](http://www.disastercenter.com/hurrican/floydanm.gif) as it approached the US coast. [Current
and
Historic
Atlantic Tropical Storms and Hurricanes](http://www.disastercenter.com/hurricane/index.html)
Our work of mitigating disasters involves
the preparation for them, responding to them, and
recovering from them. In an ideal world we would be
working on ways to [mitigate
risk](http://www.disastercenter.com/terror/0_risk.htm)
[SBA
Disaster
Recovery
Loans 1-800-659-2955](http://www.sba.gov/disaster_recov/index.html) --
SBA
makes
loans to home owners and business after Major
disasters
[HUD
may
provide
disaster recovery assistance](http://www.hud.gov/offices/cpd/communitydevelopment/programs/dri/).
| | |
| --- | --- |
| | |
|
Local forecast
by
"City, St" or ZIP code
Sorry,
the
location you searched for was not found. Please
try another search.
Multiple locations were found. Please
select one of the following:
[Atlantic Hurricane](https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/)[.](https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/)
[National
Hurricane Center](http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/)
<http://pafg.arh.noaa.gov/>[http://forecast.weather.gov/wwamap/png/hi.png](http://www.prh.noaa.gov/pr/hnl/)
[American
Samoa](http://www.prh.noaa.gov/samoa/) · [Guam](http://www.prh.noaa.gov/guam/)
· [Puerto
Rico/Virgin Islands](http://www.srh.noaa.gov/sju/)
[Current Convective
Watches](http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/watch/)
[Current
Conv](http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/watch/)[ective
Watch](http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/watch/)
[11 day outlook](http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/outlook/day1otlk.html)
[Day
1
Convection
Outlook](http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/outlook/day1otlk.html)
[Day 1 QPF](http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/fill_94qwbg.gif)
[Day
One
Rainfall Forecast](http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/fill_94qwbg.gif)
[Day Two Convection
Outlook](http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/outlook/day2otlk.html)
[Day
2
Convection
Outlook](http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/outlook/day1otlk.html)
[Day 2 QPF](http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/fill_98qwbg.gif)
[Day
Two
Rainfall Forecast](http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/fill_98qwbg.gif)
[Day thre Convection
outlook](http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/outlook/day3otlk.html)
[Day
3
Convection
Outlook](http://www.spc.noaa.gov/products/outlook/day3otlk.html)
[Day 3 QPF](http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/fill_99qwbg.gif)
[Day
Three
Rainfall Forecast](http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/qpf/fill_99qwbg.gif)
[National Outlook for
Air Quality](https://www.airnow.gov/national-maps/)
[Current
Air Quality](https://www.airnow.gov/national-maps/)
[Thumbnail image of SOHO
Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT)
full-field He II 304 Å images from NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center](http://spaceweather.com/)
[Space
Weather](http://www.spaceweather.com/)
[US Tsunami Warning
Centers](https://tsunami.gov/)
[AWCTWC](https://tsunami.gov/)
[NWS
Active/Special
Warnings](http://iwin.nws.noaa.gov/iwin/iwdspg1.html)
[Current Ultraviolet
Index](http://www.epa.gov/sunwise/uvindex.html)
[Current
UV
Index](http://www.epa.gov/sunwise/uvindex.html)
Current
Auroral Oval
[Current South Pole
Auroral Oval:](https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/)[Current North Pole
Auroral Oval:](https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/)
| |
| --- |
| |
|
[](http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/)[](http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/expert_assessment/sdo_summary.php)
[Keetch-Byran
Drought Index](http://www.fs.fed.us/land/wfas/kbdi.gif) --
**[Internet HazDat -
Site Activity Query Map](http://gis.cdc.gov/ncehatsdrwebmaps/)** -- [FAA Flight
Delay Information](http://www.fly.faa.gov/flyfaa/usmap.jsp)
[Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry -- Internet HazDat - Site
Activity Query Map](http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/haz-usa1.html)
[EPA -- Search
Your Community](http://www.epa.gov/epahome/commsearch.htm)
[EPA
-- Air Quality -- Use the Interactive Map](http://www.epa.gov/airdata/)
[EPA -- UV Index
Forecast Map](http://www.epa.gov/sunwise/uvindex.html)
[NOAA
-
Current UV
Index Forecast Ma](http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/stratosphere/uv_index/uv_current_map.shtml)p -- [JPL Asteroid Watch](http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroidwatch/)
[State Transportation
Web Sites](http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/webstate.htm)
[State Department
Travel Information](http://travel.state.gov/index.html) [Websites of U.S. Embassies, Consulates, and
Diplomatic Missions](http://www.usembassy.gov/)
[WHO -- Disease
Outbreak News](http://www.who.int/csr/don/en/index.html) [UN-SPIDER Knowledge Portal](http://www.un-spider.org/)
**Search
CVE
Vulnerabilities** Database Enter vendor, software, or keyword
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [Aerosol Optical Depth](http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MODAL2_M_AER_OD)
Aerosol Optical Depth | [Aerosol Size](http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MODAL2_M_AER_RA)
Aerosol Size | [Carbon Monoxide](http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MOP_CO_M)
Carbon Monoxide | [Land Surface Temperature](http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MOD11C1_M_LSTDA)
Land Surface Temperature |
| [Chlorophyll](http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MY1DMM_CHLORA)
Chlorophyll | [Cloud Fraction](http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MODAL2_M_CLD_FR)
Cloud Fraction | [Fire](http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MOD14A1_M_FIRE)
Fire | [Net Radiation](http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=CERES_NETFLUX_M)
Net Radiation |
| [Land Surface Temperature Anomaly](http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MOD_LSTAD_M)
Land Surface Temp. Anomaly | [Sea Surface Temperature](http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MYD28M)
Sea Surface Temperature | [Net Primary Productivity](http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MOD17A2_M_PSN)
Net Primary Productivity | [Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly](http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=AMSRE_SSTAn_M)
Sea Surface Temp. Anomaly |
| [Snow Cover](http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MOD10C1_M_SNOW)
Snow Cover | [Water Vapor](http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MYDAL2_M_SKY_WV)
Water Vapor | [Total Rainfall](http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=TRMM_3B43M)
Total Rainfall | [Vegetation](http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MOD13A2_M_NDVI)
Vegetation |
[Earth
Observatory: Data & Images](http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Observatory)
[US
States
Crime
2004 -2005 Crimes per 100,000 and Ranking](http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/US_States_Rate_Ranking.html)
[The Disaster
Center](http://www.disastercenter.com) provides online coverage of disasters in the United
States, compiling and providing links to disaster related
statistics and studies: [US
Crimes](http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/) [Data from 1960](http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/) [Tornado,](http://www.disastercenter.com/tornado.htm) [Nonfatal occupational Injuries and Illnesses,](http://www.disastercenter.com/work/injury.htm) [Fatal Occupational Injuries,](http://www.disastercenter.com/work/fatal.htm)[Motor Vehicle Traffic Injury and Fatality Data,](http://www.disastercenter.com/traffic/) [Child Nursery Equipment and Toys: Accident Rates by
Age,](http://www.disastercenter.com/CPSC/nursery.html) [Sports & Recreational Equipment: Injuries by Age
and Sex](http://www.disastercenter.com/CPSC/sports.html),
[Home, Heating, Plumbing, and Appliance: Injuries by
Cause, Age, and Rate,](http://www.disastercenter.com/CPSC/house.html) [Furniture, furnishings, household, and personal use
items: Accident injury rates by Age](http://www.disastercenter.com/CPSC/furnatur.html), [Home, Work Tools and Misc. Items: Accident Injury
rates by Age.](http://www.disastercenter.com/CPSC/homework.html) [US
Cause of Death Data](http://www.disastercenter.com/cdc/) , [US Anti-terrorism Threat/Risk Policy prior to
September 11, 2001,](http://www.disastercenter.com/terror/0_US_Anti-terrorism_Policy.htm) [US
Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Terrorism Policy prior to
9-11](http://www.disastercenter.com/nbc.htm) [Atlantic Hurricane pages and index](http://www.disastercenter.com/hurricane/index.html). [Total student, Number of school-associated
Violent Deaths and Number of Homicides and Suicides of
Youth Ages 519, by Location: 19922002](http://www.disastercenter.com/Student/School%20age%20violent%20deaths.html)
The three
companies (Equifax, TransUnion, and Experian) have created a
central Web site where you can order your credit report ([www.annualcreditreport.com](http://www.annualcreditreport.com/)). You also can order it by calling (877) 322-8228.
You do not have to pay to receive the
report, nor do you have to pay for any service or product as a
condition of receipt.
The National
Do Not Call Registry gives you a choice about whether to
receive telemarketing calls at home. If they do, you can
file a complaint at <https://www.donotcall.gov>.
You can register your home or mobile phone for free. Your
registration will be effective for [five years](http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/pubs/alerts/dncalrt.htm#5Year "Your phone number registration is
good for five years").
Here are some tips you can use to avoid becoming a victim
of cyber fraud:
* Do not respond to unsolicited (spam) e-mail.
* Do not click on links contained within an unsolicited
e-mail.
* Be cautious of e-mail claiming to contain pictures in
attached files; the files may contain viruses. Only open
attachments from known senders. Scan the attachments for
viruses if possible.
* Avoid filling out forms contained in e-mail messages
that ask for personal information.
* Always compare the link in the e-mail with the link to
which you are directed to determine if they match and will
lead you to a legitimate site.
* Log directly onto a stores website identified in the
e-mail instead of linking to it from an unsolicited e-mail. If
the e-mail appears to be from your bank, credit card issuer,
or other company you deal with frequently, your statements or
official correspondence will provide the proper contact
information.
* Contact the actual business that supposedly sent the
e-mail to verify if the e-mail is genuine.
* If you are asked to act quickly, it may be a scam.
Fraudsters often create a false sense of urgency.
* Verify any requests for personal information by calling
the business or financial institution using the phone numbers
listed on a billing statement or credit card.
If you have received a suspicious e-mail, file a complaint with
the Internet Crime Complaint Center: [www.ic3.gov](http://www.ic3.gov/).
For more information on e-scams, visit the FBIs E-Scams and
Warnings webpage: [www.fbi.gov/scams-safety/e-scams](http://www.fbi.gov/scams-safety/e-scams)
| https://www.disastercenter.com/ |
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<P ALIGN="CENTER"><IMG SRC="banner/DevilhotAtomBanner.gif" WIDTH="650" HEIGHT="100"></P><TABLE WIDTH="95%" BORDER="1" HEIGHT="218" ALIGN="CENTER"><TR><TD><B><A HREF="atomic_energy/atomic_energy.htm"><FONT SIZE="5">Atomic
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Effects</A></FONT></B></TD><TD><B><FONT SIZE="5"><A HREF="nuclear_war/nuclear_war.htm">Nuclear
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VISITORS!</FONT></I></FONT></P><P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" COLOR="#FFFF66"><B><FONT COLOR="#FFFF66" FACE="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">This
glossary has been designed so that you can learn the vitals about nuclear power
in words and pictures simply by following through the ABCs.</FONT></B></FONT></P><P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" COLOR="#FFFF66"><B><FONT COLOR="#FFFF66" FACE="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">This
glossary as been designed to be best viewed at a screen resolution of 1024 by
768 dots, in a full color mode.</FONT></B></FONT></P><P ALIGN="LEFT"><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" COLOR="#FFFF66"><B>Over
300 documents, and at least as many web sites, were researched for this presentation.
Images have been presented from over 50 books, magazines, and web sites on nuclear
issues, which have been published by all sides in the past century.</B></FONT></P><P ALIGN="LEFT"><B><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" COLOR="#FFFF66">So
please enjoy! Anyone with pictures you would like to see added, please let me
know what you've got and what format they are in! Thank you in advance.</FONT></B></P><P ALIGN="LEFT"><B><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" COLOR="#FFFF66">Russell
Hoffman</FONT></B></P><P ALIGN="LEFT"><B><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" COLOR="#FFFF66">Concerned
Citizen</FONT></B></P><P ALIGN="LEFT"><B><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" COLOR="#FFFF66">Carlsbad,
CA </FONT></B></P><HR><P ALIGN="CENTER"><FONT SIZE="3" COLOR="#FFFF33"><B><FONT SIZE="4">If
you wish to add a link to this glossary or tell others about it, THANK YOU! Please
cut-and-paste the following URL:</FONT></B></FONT></P><P ALIGN="CENTER"><FONT SIZE="4"><B><FONT COLOR="#00FF00" SIZE="6">Internet
Glossary of Nuclear Terminology:</FONT><FONT COLOR="#FFFF33"><br><A HREF="index.htm">http://www.animatedsoftware.com/hotwords/index.htm</A></FONT></B></FONT></P><HR><P ALIGN="CENTER"><FONT COLOR="#66FF33"><B>First
published July, 2002</B></FONT></P><P ALIGN="CENTER"><FONT COLOR="#33FF00" SIZE="5"><I><B><FONT SIZE="4" COLOR="#99FF00">This
is a work in progress.</FONT></B></I></FONT></P><TABLE WIDTH=502 BORDER=1 CELLPADDING=0 CELLSPACING=0 ALIGN="center">
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Internet Glossary of Nuclear Terminology
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| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **[Atomic
Energy](atomic_energy/atomic_energy.htm)** | **[Health
Effects](health_effects/health_effects.htm)** | **[Nuclear
War](nuclear_war/nuclear_war.htm)** |
| **[Background
Radiation](background_radiation/background_radiation.htm)** | **[Last
Resorts](last_resorts/last_resort.htm)** | **[Over
A Barrel](over_a_barrel/over_a_barrel.htm)** |
| **[Contamination](decontaminate/decontaminate.htm)** | **[Mad
Scientists](mad_scientists/mad_scientists.htm)** | **[Spent
Fuel](spent_fuel/spent_fuel.htm)** |
| **[Control
Room](control_room/control_room.htm)** | **[Meltdown](meltdown/meltdown.htm)** | **[Waste
Repository](waste_repository/waste_repository.htm)** |
| **[Decontamination](decontaminate/decontaminate.htm)** | **[Memory](memories/memory.htm)** | **[What
You Can Do](what_you_can_do/what_you_can_do.htm)** |
| **[Downwinders](downwinders/downwinders.htm)** | **[Nevada](Nevada/Nevada.htm)** | **[Written
by...](written_by/written_by.htm)** |
| **[Fuel
Cycle](fuel_cycle/fuel_cycle.htm)** | **[Nuclear
Navy](nuclear_navy/nuclear_navy.htm)** | |
| **[Ground
Zero](ground_zero/ground_zero.htm)** | **[Nuclear
Reactor](nuclear_reactor/nuclear_reactor.htm)** | |
*WELCOME,
VISITORS!*
**This
glossary has been designed so that you can learn the vitals about nuclear power
in words and pictures simply by following through the ABCs.**
**This
glossary as been designed to be best viewed at a screen resolution of 1024 by
768 dots, in a full color mode.**
**Over
300 documents, and at least as many web sites, were researched for this presentation.
Images have been presented from over 50 books, magazines, and web sites on nuclear
issues, which have been published by all sides in the past century.**
**So
please enjoy! Anyone with pictures you would like to see added, please let me
know what you've got and what format they are in! Thank you in advance.**
**Russell
Hoffman**
**Concerned
Citizen**
**Carlsbad,
CA**
---
**If
you wish to add a link to this glossary or tell others about it, THANK YOU! Please
cut-and-paste the following URL:**
**Internet
Glossary of Nuclear Terminology:
[http://www.animatedsoftware.com/hotwords/index.htm](index.htm)**
---
**First
published July, 2002**
***This
is a work in progress.***
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | |
| http://www.animatedsoftware.com/hotwords/noframes.htm |
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<H1><IMG SRC="rulers.gif" ALIGN="Left" ALT="Rulers" USEMAP="#map" BORDER=0></H1>
This site contains lists of heads of state and heads of government (and, in certain cases, de facto leaders not occupying either of those formal positions) of all countries and territories, going back to about 1700 in most cases. Also included are the subdivisions of various countries (the links are at the bottom of the respective country entries), as well as a selection of international organizations. Foreign ministers of all countries are listed separately, while for selected countries all key ministers or even all ministers are covered (also linked at bottom of country sections).<P>
In cases where not even the exact year of the beginning or end of a ruler's term is known, the asterisk (<TT>*</TT>) is used to indicate dates at which the person is known to have been in office, <I>e.g.</I>, <TT>*1924 - 1925*</TT> means the term began in 1924 or earlier and ended in 1925 or later. All dates are New Style (Gregorian). <TT>(f)</TT> indicates female rulers. Birth and death years are also provided (<TT>b.</TT> = born, <TT>d.</TT> = died, <TT>s.a.</TT> = see above), but note that the given birth years may be questionable, as different sources often give contradictory information. In cases where it is particularly unclear, the birth year is followed by a question mark (<I>e.g.</I>, <TT>1923?</TT>) but that does not mean that the year is guaranteed to be correct when there is no question mark. Also, when no death year is given, it should not be taken for granted that the person is indeed still alive. More detailed birth and death information, along with full and alternative names, other positions held, etc., may be found in the Index, which, while not including every name occurring in the lists, contains over 45,000 entries, including a number of politically relevant persons not appearing in the lists. Some 3,000 larger biographical entries in the Index are directly linked in the lists.
<BR CLEAR=ALL><CENTER><P><B>Countries and territories:</B> <A HREF="rula1.html">Ab-Am</A> - <A HREF="rula2.html">An-Az</A> - <A HREF="rulb1.html">Ba-Bo</A> - <A HREF="rulb2.html">Br-Bu</A> - <A HREF="rulc1.html">Ca-Ce</A> - <A HREF="rulc2.html">Ch</A> - <A HREF="rulc3.html">Ci-Co</A> - <A HREF="rulc4.html">Cr-Cz</A> - <A HREF="ruld.html">D</A> - <A HREF="rule.html">E</A> - <A HREF="rulf.html">F</A> - <A HREF="rulg1.html">Ga-Gi</A> - <A HREF="rulg2.html">Go-Gu</A> - <A HREF="rulh.html">H</A> - <A HREF="ruli.html">I</A> - <A HREF="ruljk.html">JK</A> - <A HREF="rull.html">L</A> - <A HREF="rulm1.html">Ma</A> - <A HREF="rulm2.html">Me-My</A> - <A HREF="ruln1.html">Na-Ne</A> - <A HREF="ruln2.html">Ni-O</A> - <A HREF="rulp1.html">Pa-Pe</A> - <A HREF="rulp2.html">Ph-Pu</A> - <A HREF="rulqr.html">QR</A> - <A HREF="ruls1.html">Sa</A> - <A HREF="ruls2.html">Se-So</A> - <A HREF="ruls3.html">Sp-Sy</A> - <A HREF="rult.html">T</A> - <A HREF="rulu.html">U</A> - <A HREF="rulvw.html">VW</A> - <A HREF="rulyz.html">YZ</A> - <A HREF="syn.html">Synopsis</A> - <A HREF="map.html">Clickable map</A><BR>
<B>International organizations:</B> <A HREF="intorgs1.html">A-N</A> - <A HREF="intorgs2.html">O-W</A> -- <B>Foreign ministers:</B> <A HREF="fm1.html">A-D</A> - <A HREF="fm2.html">E-K</A> - <A HREF="fm3.html">L-R</A> - <A HREF="fm4.html">S-Z</A> -- <A HREF="relig.html"><B>Religious leaders</B></A>
<HR SIZE=1><B>Chronicle of relevant events since 1996</B><BR>
<TABLE><TR><TD><B>1996:</B> <A HREF="1996-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="1996-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="1996-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="1996-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="1996-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="1996-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="1996-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="1996-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="1996-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="1996-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="1996-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="1996-12.html">December</A><BR><B>1997:</B> <A HREF="1997-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="1997-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="1997-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="1997-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="1997-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="1997-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="1997-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="1997-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="1997-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="1997-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="1997-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="1997-12.html">December</A><BR><B>1998:</B> <A HREF="1998-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="1998-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="1998-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="1998-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="1998-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="1998-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="1998-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="1998-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="1998-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="1998-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="1998-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="1998-12.html">December</A><BR><B>1999:</B> <A HREF="1999-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="1999-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="1999-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="1999-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="1999-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="1999-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="1999-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="1999-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="1999-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="1999-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="1999-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="1999-12.html">December</A><BR><B>2000:</B> <A HREF="2000-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="2000-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="2000-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="2000-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="2000-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="2000-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="2000-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="2000-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="2000-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="2000-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="2000-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="2000-12.html">December</A><BR><B>2001:</B> <A HREF="2001-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="2001-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="2001-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="2001-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="2001-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="2001-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="2001-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="2001-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="2001-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="2001-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="2001-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="2001-12.html">December</A><BR><B>2002:</B> <A HREF="2002-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="2002-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="2002-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="2002-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="2002-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="2002-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="2002-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="2002-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="2002-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="2002-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="2002-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="2002-12.html">December</A><BR><B>2003:</B> <A HREF="2003-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="2003-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="2003-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="2003-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="2003-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="2003-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="2003-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="2003-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="2003-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="2003-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="2003-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="2003-12.html">December</A><BR><B>2004:</B> <A HREF="2004-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="2004-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="2004-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="2004-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="2004-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="2004-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="2004-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="2004-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="2004-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="2004-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="2004-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="2004-12.html">December</A><BR><B>2005:</B> <A HREF="2005-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="2005-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="2005-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="2005-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="2005-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="2005-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="2005-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="2005-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="2005-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="2005-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="2005-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="2005-12.html">December</A><BR><B>2006:</B> <A HREF="2006-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="2006-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="2006-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="2006-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="2006-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="2006-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="2006-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="2006-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="2006-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="2006-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="2006-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="2006-12.html">December</A><BR><B>2007:</B> <A HREF="2007-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="2007-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="2007-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="2007-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="2007-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="2007-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="2007-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="2007-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="2007-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="2007-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="2007-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="2007-12.html">December</A><BR><B>2008:</B> <A HREF="2008-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="2008-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="2008-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="2008-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="2008-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="2008-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="2008-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="2008-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="2008-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="2008-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="2008-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="2008-12.html">December</A><BR><B>2009:</B> <A HREF="2009-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="2009-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="2009-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="2009-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="2009-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="2009-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="2009-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="2009-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="2009-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="2009-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="2009-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="2009-12.html">December</A><BR><B>2010:</B> <A HREF="2010-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="2010-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="2010-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="2010-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="2010-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="2010-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="2010-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="2010-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="2010-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="2010-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="2010-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="2010-12.html">December</A><BR><B>2011:</B> <A HREF="2011-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="2011-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="2011-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="2011-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="2011-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="2011-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="2011-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="2011-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="2011-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="2011-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="2011-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="2011-12.html">December</A><BR><B>2012:</B> <A HREF="2012-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="2012-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="2012-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="2012-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="2012-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="2012-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="2012-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="2012-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="2012-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="2012-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="2012-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="2012-12.html">December</A><BR><B>2013:</B> <A HREF="2013-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="2013-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="2013-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="2013-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="2013-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="2013-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="2013-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="2013-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="2013-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="2013-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="2013-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="2013-12.html">December</A><BR><B>2014:</B> <A HREF="2014-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="2014-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="2014-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="2014-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="2014-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="2014-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="2014-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="2014-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="2014-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="2014-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="2014-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="2014-12.html">December</A><BR><B>2015:</B> <A HREF="2015-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="2015-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="2015-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="2015-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="2015-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="2015-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="2015-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="2015-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="2015-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="2015-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="2015-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="2015-12.html">December</A><BR><B>2016:</B> <A HREF="2016-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="2016-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="2016-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="2016-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="2016-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="2016-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="2016-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="2016-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="2016-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="2016-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="2016-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="2016-12.html">December</A><BR><B>2017:</B> <A HREF="2017-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="2017-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="2017-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="2017-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="2017-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="2017-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="2017-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="2017-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="2017-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="2017-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="2017-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="2017-12.html">December</A><BR><B>2018:</B> <A HREF="2018-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="2018-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="2018-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="2018-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="2018-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="2018-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="2018-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="2018-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="2018-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="2018-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="2018-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="2018-12.html">December</A><BR><B>2019:</B> <A HREF="2019-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="2019-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="2019-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="2019-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="2019-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="2019-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="2019-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="2019-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="2019-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="2019-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="2019-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="2019-12.html">December</A><BR><B>2020:</B> <A HREF="2020-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="2020-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="2020-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="2020-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="2020-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="2020-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="2020-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="2020-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="2020-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="2020-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="2020-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="2020-12.html">December</A><BR><B>2021:</B> <A HREF="2021-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="2021-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="2021-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="2021-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="2021-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="2021-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="2021-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="2021-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="2021-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="2021-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="2021-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="2021-12.html">December</A><BR><B>2022:</B> <A HREF="2022-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="2022-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="2022-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="2022-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="2022-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="2022-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="2022-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="2022-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="2022-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="2022-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="2022-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="2022-12.html">December</A><BR><B>2023:</B> <A HREF="2023-01.html">January</A> - <A HREF="2023-02.html">February</A> - <A HREF="2023-03.html">March</A> - <A HREF="2023-04.html">April</A> - <A HREF="2023-05.html">May</A> - <A HREF="2023-06.html">June</A> - <A HREF="2023-07.html">July</A> - <A HREF="2023-08.html">August</A> - <A HREF="2023-09.html">September</A> - <A HREF="2023-10.html">October</A> - <A HREF="2023-11.html">November</A> - <A HREF="2023-12.html">December</A></TR></TABLE><HR SIZE=1><B>Index</B><BR><A HREF="indexa1.html">Aa-Ag</A> - <A HREF="indexa2.html">Ah-Al</A> - <A HREF="indexa3.html">Am-Aq</A> - <A HREF="indexa4.html">Ar-As</A> - <A HREF="indexa5.html">At-Az</A> - <A HREF="indexb1.html">Ba</A> - <A HREF="indexb2.html">Bb-Bh</A> - <A HREF="indexb3.html">Bi-Bn</A> - <A HREF="indexb4.html">Bo</A> - <A HREF="indexb5.html">Br-Bz</A> - <A HREF="indexc1.html">Ca-Ce</A> - <A HREF="indexc2.html">Ch</A> - <A HREF="indexc3.html">Ci-Cl</A> - <A HREF="indexc4.html">Co-Cz</A> - <A HREF="indexd1.html">Da</A> - <A HREF="indexd2.html">Db-Dh</A> - <A HREF="indexd3.html">Di-Do</A> - <A HREF="indexd4.html">Dr-Dz</A> - <A HREF="indexe.html">E</A> - <A HREF="indexf1.html">Fa-Fl</A> - <A HREF="indexf2.html">Fo-Fy</A> - <A HREF="indexg1.html">Ga-Gb</A> - <A HREF="indexg2.html">Ge-Gj</A> - <A HREF="indexg3.html">Gl-Gq</A> - <A HREF="indexg4.html">Gr-Gz</A> - <A HREF="indexh1.html">Ha</A> - <A HREF="indexh2.html">He-Hn</A> - <A HREF="indexh3.html">Ho-Hy</A> - <A HREF="indexi.html">I</A> - <A HREF="indexj.html">J</A> - <A HREF="indexk1.html">Ka</A> - <A HREF="indexk2.html">Kc-Kj</A> - <A HREF="indexk3.html">Kl-Ky</A> - <A HREF="indexl1.html">La</A> - <A HREF="indexl2.html">Le-Lh</A> - <A HREF="indexl3.html">Li-Ll</A> - <A HREF="indexl4.html">Lo-Ly</A> - <A HREF="indexm1.html">Ma-Mam</A> - <A HREF="indexm2.html">Man-Maz</A> - <A HREF="indexm3.html">Mb-Me</A> - <A HREF="indexm4.html">Mf-Mn</A> - <A HREF="indexm5.html">Mo</A> - <A HREF="indexm6.html">Mp-Mz</A> - <A HREF="indexn1.html">Na-Ne</A> - <A HREF="indexn2.html">Ng-Nz</A> - <A HREF="indexo.html">O</A> - <A HREF="indexp1.html">Pa</A> - <A HREF="indexp2.html">Pe-Ph</A> - <A HREF="indexp3.html">Pi-Py</A> - <A HREF="indexq.html">Q</A> - <A HREF="indexr1.html">Ra</A> - <A HREF="indexr2.html">Re-Ri</A> - <A HREF="indexr3.html">Ro-Rz</A> - <A HREF="indexs1.html">Sa</A> - <A HREF="indexs2.html">Sc-Sf</A> - <A HREF="indexs3.html">Sh-Sl</A> - <A HREF="indexs4.html">Sm-Ss</A> - <A HREF="indexs5.html">St-Sz</A> - <A HREF="indext1.html">Ta-Ti</A> - <A HREF="indext2.html">Tj-Tz</A> - <A HREF="indexu.html">U</A> - <A HREF="indexv.html">V</A> - <A HREF="indexw1.html">Wa-We</A> - <A HREF="indexw2.html">Wh-Wy</A> - <A HREF="indexx.html">X</A> - <A HREF="indexy.html">Y</A> - <A HREF="indexz.html">Z</A><BR><SMALL><A HREF="index0.html">Frames version</A></SMALL><!--<HR SIZE=1><A HREF="whatsnew.html">Recent Additions</A>--></CENTER><P>
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Rulers
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# Rulers
This site contains lists of heads of state and heads of government (and, in certain cases, de facto leaders not occupying either of those formal positions) of all countries and territories, going back to about 1700 in most cases. Also included are the subdivisions of various countries (the links are at the bottom of the respective country entries), as well as a selection of international organizations. Foreign ministers of all countries are listed separately, while for selected countries all key ministers or even all ministers are covered (also linked at bottom of country sections).
In cases where not even the exact year of the beginning or end of a ruler's term is known, the asterisk (\*) is used to indicate dates at which the person is known to have been in office, *e.g.*, \*1924 - 1925\* means the term began in 1924 or earlier and ended in 1925 or later. All dates are New Style (Gregorian). (f) indicates female rulers. Birth and death years are also provided (b. = born, d. = died, s.a. = see above), but note that the given birth years may be questionable, as different sources often give contradictory information. In cases where it is particularly unclear, the birth year is followed by a question mark (*e.g.*, 1923?) but that does not mean that the year is guaranteed to be correct when there is no question mark. Also, when no death year is given, it should not be taken for granted that the person is indeed still alive. More detailed birth and death information, along with full and alternative names, other positions held, etc., may be found in the Index, which, while not including every name occurring in the lists, contains over 45,000 entries, including a number of politically relevant persons not appearing in the lists. Some 3,000 larger biographical entries in the Index are directly linked in the lists.
**Countries and territories:** [Ab-Am](rula1.html) - [An-Az](rula2.html) - [Ba-Bo](rulb1.html) - [Br-Bu](rulb2.html) - [Ca-Ce](rulc1.html) - [Ch](rulc2.html) - [Ci-Co](rulc3.html) - [Cr-Cz](rulc4.html) - [D](ruld.html) - [E](rule.html) - [F](rulf.html) - [Ga-Gi](rulg1.html) - [Go-Gu](rulg2.html) - [H](rulh.html) - [I](ruli.html) - [JK](ruljk.html) - [L](rull.html) - [Ma](rulm1.html) - [Me-My](rulm2.html) - [Na-Ne](ruln1.html) - [Ni-O](ruln2.html) - [Pa-Pe](rulp1.html) - [Ph-Pu](rulp2.html) - [QR](rulqr.html) - [Sa](ruls1.html) - [Se-So](ruls2.html) - [Sp-Sy](ruls3.html) - [T](rult.html) - [U](rulu.html) - [VW](rulvw.html) - [YZ](rulyz.html) - [Synopsis](syn.html) - [Clickable map](map.html)
**International organizations:** [A-N](intorgs1.html) - [O-W](intorgs2.html) -- **Foreign ministers:** [A-D](fm1.html) - [E-K](fm2.html) - [L-R](fm3.html) - [S-Z](fm4.html) -- [**Religious leaders**](relig.html)
---
**Chronicle of relevant events since 1996**
| |
| --- |
| **1996:** [January](1996-01.html) - [February](1996-02.html) - [March](1996-03.html) - [April](1996-04.html) - [May](1996-05.html) - [June](1996-06.html) - [July](1996-07.html) - [August](1996-08.html) - [September](1996-09.html) - [October](1996-10.html) - [November](1996-11.html) - [December](1996-12.html)**1997:** [January](1997-01.html) - [February](1997-02.html) - [March](1997-03.html) - [April](1997-04.html) - [May](1997-05.html) - [June](1997-06.html) - [July](1997-07.html) - [August](1997-08.html) - [September](1997-09.html) - [October](1997-10.html) - [November](1997-11.html) - [December](1997-12.html)**1998:** [January](1998-01.html) - [February](1998-02.html) - [March](1998-03.html) - [April](1998-04.html) - [May](1998-05.html) - [June](1998-06.html) - [July](1998-07.html) - [August](1998-08.html) - [September](1998-09.html) - [October](1998-10.html) - [November](1998-11.html) - [December](1998-12.html)**1999:** [January](1999-01.html) - [February](1999-02.html) - [March](1999-03.html) - 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<A HREF=music.html><b>Music </b></A>
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<A HREF="music/groups.html">All musicians</A></A>
<BR><A HREF=music.html><b>Rock </b></A>
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<A HREF=cdreview/index.html>Album reviews</A>
<BR><A HREF=ratings/index.html>Yearly ratings</A>
<BR><A HREF="history/long.html"> History of Rock Music </A>
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<A HREF="music/classic.html"> Classical masterpieces</A>
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<A HREF="politics/index.html"> <b>Politics</b></A>
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<BR><A HREF="politics/disaster.html"> Natural disasters </A>
<BR><A HREF="politics/dictat.html"> Dictators</A>
<BR><A HREF="politics/massacre.html"> Genocides</A>
<BR><A HREF="politics/20th.html">Timeline of the 20th Century</A>
<BR><A HREF="monument/silicon/cm.html">Visual history of computing</A>
<BR><A HREF="audio/audio.html">Audio interviews</A>
<BR><A HREF="know/history.html">History of Knowledge</A>
<BR><A HREF="know/history/index.html">History of Knowledge in slides</A>
<BR><A HREF="svhistory/index.html">History of Silicon Valley</A>
<BR><A HREF="univ/slideshot.html">History of Thought in slides</A>
</dir>
<A HREF=fiction.html><b>Literature</b></A>
<dir>
<A HREF="fiction/timeline.html">Timelines </A>
<BR><A HREF="fiction/greatest.html"> Greatest writers </A>
<BR><A HREF="fiction/modlit.html"> Modern literature</A>
<BR><A HREF=writers/index.html>World writers</A>
<BR><A HREF="fiction/histpoet.html"> History of poetry</A>
<BR><A HREF="poetry.html">My poetry</A>
</dir>
<A HREF=cogn.html><b>Science</b></A>
<dir>
<A HREF=cogn.html>My work in cognitive science</A>
<BR><A HREF=mind.html>Annotated bibliography on mind</A>
<BR><A HREF=mind/index.html>Book reviews</A>
<BR><A HREF=news/index.html>Cognitive Science news</A>
<BR><A HREF=science/20th.html>Timeline of modern science</A>
<BR><A HREF=nature/index.html>My book on consciousness</A>
<BR><A HREF="univ/slides.html">My book in slides</A>
<BR><A HREF=ucb.html> My seminar on consciousness</A>
<BR><A HREF=science/index.html>Papers</A>
<BR><A HREF="leonardo/index.html">Art/Science Evenings (LASERs)</A>
<BR><A HREF="audio/audio.html">Audio interviews</A>
<BR><A HREF=phi/psychology.html>A Timeline of Psychology</A>
<BR><A HREF=mind/ns.html>A Timeline of Neuroscience</A>
</dir>
<A HREF="art.html"><b>Art</b></A>
<dir>
<A HREF="art/artists.html">Painters</A>
<BR><A HREF="art/history/index.html" target=_blank>A Visual History of the Visual Arts - Part 1: From Impressionism to Surrealism</A>
<BR><A HREF="art/history/index.html" target=_blank>A Visual History of the Visual Arts - Part 2: From Abstract Art to Conceptual Art</A>
<BR><A HREF="art/history/index.html" target=_blank>A Visual History of the Visual Arts - Part 3: The Age of Globalization</A>
<BR><A HREF=art/greatest.html>Greatest paintings </A>
<BR><A HREF=art/histart.html>History of painting </A>
<BR><A HREF=art/sculptur.html>Sculpture</A>
<BR><A HREF=art/architec.html>Architecture</A>
<BR><A HREF=art/videogames.html>Videogames</A>
<BR><A HREF="art/comics.html">Comic Art</A>
<BR><A HREF="art/museums.html">Museums of the world</A>
<BR><A HREF="museums/index.html">Pictures of museums and artists</A>
<BR><A HREF=art/architec.html>Architecture</A>
<BR><A HREF=art/20th.html>Timeline of the 20th century</A>
<BR><A HREF="leonardo/index.html">Art/Science Evenings (LASERs)</A>
<BR><A HREF="last.html">LAST festival</A>
<BR><A HREF="audio/audio.html">Audio interviews</A>
<BR><A HREF="art.html">My art</A>
</dir>
<A HREF="phi.html"><b>Philosophy</b> </A>
<dir>
<A HREF=phi/index.html>Philosophers</A>
<BR><A HREF=phi/synessay.html>My essays</A>
<BR><A HREF=know/mileston.html>Milestone books</A>
<BR><A HREF="quotes.html">Quotes from my writings</A>
<BR><A HREF=quotes.html>Aphorisms</A>
</dir>
<A HREF=computer.html><b>Technology</b></A>
<dir>
<BR><A HREF="svhistory/index.html">History of Silicon Valley</A>
<BR><A HREF=singular/index.html>Artificial Intelligence</A>
<BR><A HREF=singular/human20.html>Human 2.0</A>
<BR><A HREF=know/human30.pft>Human 3.0</A>
<BR><A HREF=memejam/metaver.html>Metaverse</A>
<BR><A HREF=memejam/blockcha.html>Blockchain</A>
<BR><A HREF=memejam/index.html>Virtual Reality</A>
<BR><A HREF=mind/ai.html>A Timeline of Artificial Intelligence</A>
<BR><A HREF=singular/slides.html>A.I. slides</A>
<BR><A HREF=singular/human20.html>Future of Technology</A>
</dir>
<A HREF="birthday/index.html"><b>Tributes</b> </A>
<dir>
<A HREF=birthday/index.html>Birthdays: a secular calendar of saints</A>
<br><A HREF=centenni.html>Centennials</A>
<br><A HREF=history/calendar.html>50,40,30,20,10 Years Ago in Music</A>
<br><A HREF=music/wakeup.html>World, wake up</A>
<br><A HREF=friends/thinkers.html>The Thinkers</A>
<br><A HREF=friends/viewers.html>The Viewers</A>
<br><A HREF=friends/dancers.html>The Dancers</A>
<br><A HREF=music/newmusic.html>Modern music</A>
<br><A HREF=quotes.html>Self-tribute</A>
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<i><A HREF=biblio.html>Books</A></font></i>:
<P><A HREF=singular/purchase.html><img width=75 height=100 src=singular/cover.jpg></A> <BR><font size=-2>A.I.</font>
<P><A HREF=singular/human20.html><img src=singular/human20_small.jpg width=75 height=100></A> <BR><font size=-2>Technology</font>
<P><A HREF=poetry/synthesi.html><img src=poetry/synthesi.jpg width=75 height=100></A> <BR><font size=-2>Poetry</font>
<P><A HREF=nature/purchase.html><img width=75 height=100 src=nature/nature.jpg></A> <BR><font size=-2>Consciousness</font>
<P><A HREF=history/purchase.html><img width=75 height=100 src=history/rock2.jpg></A> <BR><font size=-2>Rock</font>
<P><A HREF=history/jazzp.html><img width=75 height=100 src=history/jazz.jpg></A> <BR><font size=-2>Jazz</font>
<P><A HREF=svhistory/purchase.html><img width=75 height=100 src=svhistory/cover3.jpg></A> <BR><font size=-2>Silicon Valley</font>
<P><A HREF=history/popp.html><img width=75 height=100 src=history/pop.jpg></A> <BR><font size=-2>Pop</font>
<P><A HREF=know/history.html><img width=75 height=100 src=know/history.jpg></A> <BR><font size=-2>Knowledge</font>
<P><A HREF=art/history/index.html><img width=75 height=100 src=art/history/visarts.jpg></A> <BR><font size=-2>Visual Arts</font>
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<b><i>Latest</i></b>
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<BR><font color=green>2023 lists </font>:
<A HREF=politics/year2023.html target=_blank>The year 2023 in review: deaths, heroes, books, albums, films</A>
<BR><font color=green>Music</font>:
<A HREF=cdreview/new.html target=_blank>Album reviews 2023</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema</font>:
<A HREF=director/q16h.html target=_blank>A History of Hungarian Cinema</A>
<BR><font color=green>Art</font>:
<A HREF=museums/shiota/index.html target=_blank>Chiharu Shiota</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema</font>:
<A HREF=director/q17p.html target=_blank>A History of Polish Cinema</A>
<BR><font color=green>Art</font>:
<A HREF=museums/shenzart/index.html target=_blank>Shenzhen Museum of Art</A>
<BR><font color=green>Event</font>:
Videos of the special event on Russia's alternative media art: <A HREF="https://youtu.be/AkB86gkS94Y"> Intro & Nina Czegledy </A>, <A HREF="https://youtu.be/W12isHiXJlw"> Anna Frants</A>, <A HREF="https://youtu.be/An8PO02pJG0"> Elena Gubanova </A>, <A HREF="https://youtu.be/hA8wKDmSTFw"> Natalia Kolodzei</A>, <A HREF="https://youtu.be/fIo_ljMnPt8"> Olga Shishko</A>, <A HREF="https://youtu.be/MxpsHxg12ZE"> Discussion</A>
<BR><font color=green>Art</font>:
<A HREF=museums/popkov/index.html target=_blank>Viktor Popkov</A>
<BR><font color=green>Music</font>:
<A HREF=history/rocco.html target=_blank>Recording dates of all top-rated albums</A>
<BR><font color=green>Art</font>:
<A HREF=museums/varo/index.html target=_blank>Remedios Varo</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema</font>:
<A HREF=director/q16c.html target=_blank>A History of Czech and Slovak Cinema</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/israel23.html#isr1023" target=_blank> <b>Netanyahu's War</b></A>
<BR><font color=green>New book</font>:
<A HREF=poetry/ddaallen.html target=_blank>Dialogue of the Lovers - A Poem in 105 Cantos</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema</font>:
<A HREF=cinema/best23.html target=_blank>Best films of 2023 so far</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema</font>:
<A HREF=director/q2r.html target=_blank>A History of Russian Cinema 1900-99</A>
<BR><font color=green>A.I.</font>:
<A HREF="https://youtu.be/Fp33LN2Mr-k" target=_blank> Michal Kosinski (Stanford Univ) on "Theory of Mind Might Have Spontaneously Emerged in Large Language Models" </A>
<BR><font color=green>Bioart</font>:
<A HREF="https://youtu.be/dCOi2XCeeV8" target=_blank> Amy Karle on "Digital Dreams and Bio-realities: Reimagining Humanity Through Art and Technology" at a Stanford LASER chaired by Piero Scaruffi</A>
<BR><font color=green>Neuroscience</font>:
<A HREF="https://youtu.be/G4rnBm5rQMk" target=_blank> Eti Ben Simon (UC Berkeley) on "The Emotional Brain in a Sleepless World"</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema</font>:
<A HREF=director/q8.html target=_blank>A History of Indian Cinema 1900-80</A>
<BR><font color=green>New book</font>:
<A HREF=svhistory/purchase.html>A History of Silicon Valley - Vol 1: The 20th Century (2023 Update)</A> (Amazon, 2023)
<BR><font color=green>New book</font>:
<A HREF=svhistory/purchase.html>A History of Silicon Valley - Vol 2: The 21st Century (2023 Update)</A> (Amazon, 2023)
<BR><font color=green>Cinema</font>:
<A HREF=cinema/national.html target=_blank>Best films by country</A>
<BR><font color=green>Computers</font>:
<A HREF=computer/win11ads.html target=_blank> To Disable all ads on Windows 11 </A>
<BR><font color=green>Rock</font>: Spotify playlists for the last five years - <A HREF="https://open.spotify.com/playlist/0NvfP0mgxjACTvKMTkpc9Z?si=6a890c554baa40be">(2018)</A>, <A HREF="https://open.spotify.com/playlist/4T2LUl6NLX74SLaeehjFUR?si=1daffdeced324c1c">(2019)</A>, <A HREF="https://open.spotify.com/playlist/4Ii6osT7JctrKLXQ20Gd9h?si=ed1e4090430c48c7">(2020)</A>, <A HREF="https://open.spotify.com/playlist/69FruWwcuROrHmBTT3Xlpm?si=4d735ce0491848d5">(2021)</A>, <A HREF="https://open.spotify.com/playlist/5QvtplyuVza1kKKVFpgAlw?si=4d5ecca28b6640c3">(2022)</A> (thanks Nick)
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/ukraine3.html" target=_blank> Ukraine between Russia and China: Thoughts on Russia's Invasion of Ukraine - Part III</A>
<BR><font color=green>Video</font>:
<A HREF="https://youtu.be/fXGXDuY5oVQ" target=_blank> Ukraine between Russia and China</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/usa23.html#usa0523b" target=_blank> Biden never won</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/usa23.html#usa0523" target=_blank> Trump 2024</A>
<BR><font color=green>Interviewed</font>:
<A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXUDi2I9XVY" target=_blank> Interviewed by Gerry Fialka</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/world23.html#world0523" target=_blank> Immigration is the biggest threat to Western democracies</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/usa23.html#usa0423" target=_blank> Why Stormy Daniels matters</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/ukraine23.html#ukr0523" target=_blank> John Mearsheimer is wrong on Ukraine</A>
<BR><font color=green>Event</font>:
<A HREF="leonardo/may2023.html" target=_blank> Ravi Majeti on "Stem Cells and Reprogramming in Human Acute Leukemia", Thomas Haakenson on "Kurt Schwitters and Dada Resistance", David Stork on "Computer-assisted analysis of Johannes Vermeer", Paige Emery on "On Divinatory Ecologies for More-Than-Human Time" </A>
<BR><font color=green>Computer Science</font>:
<A HREF="https://youtu.be/X3gtDGX7hIs" target=_blank> ChatGPT in Context. Part 1 - The Transformer, A Revolution in Computation (video) </A>
<BR><font color=green>Computer Science</font>:
<A HREF=" https://youtu.be/MjQbYwKJZzU " target=_blank> ChatGPT in Context. Part 2 - Social Impact (video) </A>
<BR><font color=green>Computer Science</font>:
<A HREF=" https://youtu.be/EI-PUFeJr6c " target=_blank> ChatGPT in Context. Part 3 - Philosophy (video) </A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/iran23.html#iran0423" target=_blank>The Saudi-Iranian Axis - Netanyahu and Biden humiliated</A>
<BR><font color=green>Interviewed</font>:
<A HREF="https://news.cgtn.com/news/2023-03-01/Live-Cutting-through-the-ChatGPT-hype-1hN8cCwokpy/index.html" target=_blank>I was interviewed on ChatGPt and Silicon Valley</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/usa23.html#usa0323 target=_blank> Why banning TikTok is a bad idea</A>
<BR><font color=green>Computer Science</font>:
<A HREF="https://youtu.be/97O7v2lARVg " target=_blank>Video: my version of the history of computers in 20 minutes </A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/russia23.html#rus0323 target=_blank>Putin's Radicalization and the Russian Jihad</A>
<BR><font color=green>Event</font>:
<A HREF="leonardo/feb2023.html" target=_blank> Videos of Jennifer Dionne (Stanford Univ) on "Silicon photonics", Alice Zhang (Media Artist) on "The Need for Intergenerational Tech" and Adegboyega Mabogunje (Stanford Univ) on "Children, Women, Sex and Bombs" </A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/britai23.html#brit0123 target=_blank> Britain should quickly rejoin the EU and adopt the euro</A>
<BR><font color=green>Philosophy</font>:
<A HREF=phi/syn215.html target=_blank>Expanded: "Fake News is the Hallmark of Human Civilization" (revised) </A>
<BR><font color=green>New book</font>:
<A HREF="https://www.amazon.es/dp/B0BSX92NC6/ref=sr_1_6?qid=1674553983&refinements=p_27%3APiero+Scaruffi&s=digital-text&sr=1-6&text=Piero+Scaruffi" target=_blank>My History of Rock & Dance Vol 2 in Spanish</A>
<BR><font color=green>New book</font>:
<A HREF="https://www.amazon.es/dp/B0BSX3FF3N/ref=sr_1_7?qid=1674553983&refinements=p_27%3APiero+Scaruffi&s=digital-text&sr=1-7&text=Piero+Scaruffi" target=_blank>My History of Rock & Dance Vol 1 in Spanish</A>
<BR><font color=green>Event</font>:
Conversation with <A HREF=" https://youtu.be/YMEFGLZa3v8" target=_blank> Annie Kritcher (Lawrence Livermore Lab)</A> on the state of nuclear fusion (video)
<BR><font color=green>Event</font>:
Conversation with <A HREF=" https://youtu.be/7bon6BjkgCY" target=_blank> Primavera De Filippi (National Center of Scientific Research, Paris)</A> on "Do blockchains dream of electronic flowers?" (video)
<BR><font color=green>2022 lists </font>:
<A HREF=politics/year2022.html target=_blank>The year 2022 in review: deaths, heroes, books, albums, films</A>
<BR><font color=green>Neuroscience</font>:
<A HREF="news/2022.html" target=_blank> Neuroscience news of 2022</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema stills</font>:
<A HREF=director/skolimow/index.html target=_blank>Jerzy Skolimowski</A>
<BR><font color=green>Video</font>:
<A HREF="https://youtu.be/eg30qYk4XRE" target=_blank>A Political Tour of the World</A>
<BR><font color=green>Video</font>:
<A HREF=" https://youtu.be/uQ6NC5iM6hc" target=_blank> When A.I. makes it, is it still Art?</A> </A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/tour22.html" target=_blank> A Political Tour of the World</A> </A>
<BR><font color=green>Music </font>:
<A HREF=music/groups.html target=_blank>Updated the overall index of rock, jazz, avantgarde: 9,600 musicians</A>
<BR><font color=green>Book Reviews</font>:
<A HREF=mind/index.html>Several books on cognitive science</A>
<BR><font color=green>Music</font>:
<A HREF=cdreview/new.html target=_blank>New album reviews </A>
<BR><font color=green>Tributes</font>:
<A HREF=politics/dead2022.html>Great minds we lost in 2022</A>
<BR><font color=green>Rock Music</font>:
<A HREF=history/playlist.html>Playlist for Cpt 5 of my history of rock</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/russia22.html#rus0822" target=_blank> Who's paying for the Western sanctions on Russia? </A>
<BR><font color=green>Philosophy</font>:
<A HREF=phi/syn228.html target=_blank> Life eats Life </A>
<BR><font color=green>Philosophy</font>:
<A HREF=phi/syn229.html target=_blank> All Men are Rapists </A>
<BR><font color=green>Philosophy</font>:
<A HREF=phi/syn230.html target=_blank> The Self does not Exist, Free Will does </A>
<BR><font color=green>Philosophy</font>:
<A HREF=phi/syn231.html target=_blank>Religion is Immortal</A>
<BR><font color=green>Philosophy</font>:
<A HREF=phi/syn232.html target=_blank>The Real "I" is not the Soul but the Deeds and it's Immortal </A>
<BR><font color=green>Music</font>:
Gustavo Necochea collected all the songs from "Songs" and "Extended Tracks" for the <A HREF=../ratings/index.html>Best of 1990 to 2021 </A> in: <A HREF="https://open.spotify.com/playlist/45vICW6Ljdp8KIgdkYP66D?si=67993b6b37d045b6">this playlist</A> and <A HREF="https://open.spotify.com/playlist/5Ed7xgjDvJYyenINcbabqC?si=ef388cf2bee34f6d">this playlist</A>.
<BR><font color=green>Book Reviews</font>:
<A HREF=mind/index.html> Max Tegmark's "Life 3.0" </A>
<BR><font color=green>Philosophy</font>:
<A HREF=phi/syn227.html target=_blank>Equations approximate Algorithms</A>
<BR><font color=green>Literature</font>:
<A HREF=" https://youtu.be/RKEnYDzHkP8 " target=_blank>My conversation with Marjorie Perloff on TS Eliot's "The Waste Land"</A>
<BR><font color=green>Book Reviews</font>:
<A HREF=mind/index.html> "To Be a Machine" (2017), "The Discrete Charm of the Machine" (2019), "The Voices Within" (2016), "Life Changing" (2020), "A Brief History of Death" (2014)</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/usa22.html#usa0622" target=_blank> The Supreme Court is on track to become the LEAST trusted institution in the USA </A>
<BR><font color=green>Video</font>:
<A HREF="https://youtu.be/W4iJ024EYAE" target=_blank> Rand Paul and Anthony Fauci on the lab origin of covid</A>
<BR><font color=green>Classical Music</font>:
<A HREF=music/modern.html target=_blank>Revised the chapters for a book on 20th century music</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema stills</font>:
<A HREF=director/kaurisma/index.html target=_blank>Aki Kaurismaki</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema stills</font>:
<A HREF=director/visconti/index.html target=_blank>Luchino Visconti</A>
<BR><font color=green>Literature </font>:
<A HREF=" https://youtu.be/_lNPt66ymkE " target=_blank>My conversation with Sarah Cole about James Joyce's Ulysses</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema stills</font>:
<A HREF=director/kurosawa/index.html target=_blank>Akira Kurosawa</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/usa22.html#usa0522" target=_blank>Not "if" but "When and Where" - Guns in the USA Part 653</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/russia22.html#rus0522" target=_blank> Thoughts on Russia's Invasion of Ukraine - Part II</A>
<BR><font color=green>History</font>:
<A HREF=univ/slideshot.html>Revised: Videos of my old class "A History of Knowledge"</A>
<BR><font color=green>History</font>:
<A HREF=news/prehisto.html>Revised: "A New History of Prehistory"</A>
<BR><font color=green>Literature </font>:
<A HREF=writers/joyce.html target=_blank>James Joyce</A>
<BR><font color=green>Book reviews </font>:
<A HREF=politics/books.html>Phelps' "Mass Flourishing" (2013), Mishra's "Age of Anger" (2017), Bacevich's "The Age of Illusions" (2020) and Ansary's "The Invention of Yesterday" (2019)</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/ukraine22.html#ukr0322 target=_blank> Putin's invasions</A> (also a <A HREF="https://youtu.be/cg-QVq-aHLQ" target=_blank>video interview</A>)
<BR><font color=green>Culture</font>:
<A HREF="https://youtu.be/U1dK0GgwJTY" target=_blank>Conversation with Ewa Domanska on "Prefigurative Art in the Age of Catastrophe" </A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema stills</font>:
<A HREF=director/cocteau/index.html target=_blank>Jean Cocteau</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/russia21.html#rus0721 target=_blank> Nations in Crisis: Russia</b></A> (worth reading again: i published it a few months ago)
<BR><font color=green>Book review</font>:
<A HREF=politics/sanger.html target=_blank>David Sanger's "The Perfect Weapon" (2018)</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/usa22.html#usa0222" target=_blank> Tucker Carlson and the Fifth Column</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/china22.html#china0222b" target=_blank> China Cracks down on Big Giants but Raises Little Giants</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/china22.html#china0222" target=_blank> China's Debt</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/arab22.html#arab0122 target=_blank> The Real Victim of Islam: Islamic Civilization</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema stills</font>:
<A HREF=director/makaveje/index.html target=_blank>Dusan Makavejev</A>
<BR><font color=green>Rock Music</font>:
<A HREF=history/playlist.html>Playlist for Cpt 4 of my history of rock</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/italy22.html#italy0122 target=_blank> Nations in Crisis: Italy</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/britai22.html#brit0122 target=_blank> Nations in crisis: Britain</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/france22.html#fran0122 target=_blank> Nations in crisis: France</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/usa22.html#usa0122c target=_blank> The USA never was a Democracy</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/usa22.html#usa0122d target=_blank> The US Slide towards One-party Rule</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/usa22.html#usa0122b target=_blank> Trump & the Shitholes</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/world22.html#world0122 target=_blank> Politically Incorrect Facts about the Covid Pandemic</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/russia22.html#russia0122 target=_blank> What if there is a Secret Russia-China Pact?</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/europe21.html#eu1221 " target=_blank> The Anti-nuclear Movement is Putin's Secret Weapon against Europe</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/europe22.html#eu0122 " target=_blank> The New Byzantium: The European Union</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/europe22.html#eu0122b " target=_blank> Europe's Many Crises</A>
<BR><font color=green>Art</font>:
<BR><A HREF="art/history/index.html" target=_blank>Updated volume 4 of "A Visual History of the Visual Arts"</A>
<BR><font color=green>Technology & Philosophy</font>:
<A HREF=memejam/metavers.html target=_blank> Cyberspace as Migration and Dematerialization</A>
<BR><font color=green>Rock Music</font>:
<A HREF=history/playlist.html>Another playlist for the history of rock</A>
<BR><font color=green>Technology & Philosophy</font>:
<A HREF=memejam/metavers.html target=_blank> A Critique of Immersion </A>
<BR><font color=green>Technology & Philosophy</font>:
<A HREF=memejam/metavers.html target=_blank> Postmodernism, Cybertime, Utopia</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema stills</font>:
<A HREF=director/stone/index.html target=_blank>Oliver Stone</A>
<BR><font color=green>Technology & Philosophy</font>:
<A HREF=memejam/metavers.html target=_blank> Death of the Author and of the Reader</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/usa21.html#usa1121b" target=_blank> Both Republicans and Democrats don't Understand that Trump is a Loser</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<BR><A HREF="politics/usa21.html#usa1121" target=_blank> Who covered up the origins of covid, China or Trump?</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<BR><A HREF=politics/climate21.html target=_blank> Ten (Politically Incorrect) Things you can do about your Carbon Footprint</A>
<BR><font color=green>Rock Music</font>:
<A HREF=cdreview/new.html target=_blank>Album reviews: La Novia, Land of Kush, Moor Mother, Madlib, Lingua Ignota, Morissette, Phair, etc </A>
<BR><font color=green>Ecology</font>:
<A HREF=news/sustain.html target=_blank>Will the human race succumb to overpopulation?</A>
<BR><font color=green>Technology</font>:
<A HREF="memejam/blockcha.html#dao" target=_blank> A Crypto-history of DAOs</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/chinaint.html> China and the world according to China's intellectuals.</A>
<BR><font color=green>Culture</font>:
<A HREF=leonardo/online.html target=_blank> Videos of recent LAST dialogues: Anastasia Raina on "Posthuman Polymythology", Warren Sack on "The Software Arts" Cindy Cohn on "Imagining A Future with Real Digital Privacy", Elizabeth Currid-Halkett on "Inconspicuous Consumption and Cultural Capital: the New Inequality", Alvy Ray Smith on "A Biography of the Pixel", David Kirby on Diegetic Prototypes, Alysson Muotri on Applications of Brain Organoids, Catherine Blish on Covid-19 and the Virusphere, Heather Barnett on "Compostulations: stories of interspecies encounters " , Clare Stanton on "Linkrot and Content Drift: The Irreversible Decay of Internet Content" , etc </A>
<BR><font color=green>Technology</font>:
<A HREF=memejam/blockcha.html target=_blank> A Crypto-history of Blockchain Technology </A>
<BR><font color=green>Society</font>:
<A HREF=politics/usa21.html#usa1021 target=_blank> Craigslist Killed the Local Newspaper... and Civility</A>
<BR><font color=green>Technology</font>:
<A HREF=memejam/metavers.html target=_blank>The Metaverse</A>
<BR><font color=green>Art</font>:
<A HREF="https://youtu.be/S9VunWGHNMk">My introduction to Leonardo DaVinci</A> (video)
<BR><font color=green>Technology</font>:
<A HREF=memejam/vr.html>Virtual and Augmented Reality</A>
<BR><font color=green>Science</font>:
<A HREF=news/origins.html>The Genetic Origins of Human Intelligence</A>
<BR><font color=green>Rock Music</font>:
<A HREF=history/playlist.html>Playlists for the history of rock</A>
<BR><font color=green>Science</font>:
<A HREF=news/2020.html>The biggest neuroscience news of 2020 </A>
<BR><font color=green>Technology</font>:
<A HREF=memejam/web30.html>An introduction to Web 3.0</A>
<BR><font color=green>Art</font>:
<A HREF=art/history/modarc.pdf> A Visual History of Modern Architecture</A> (downloadable pdf)
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/afghan21.html#afg0821> Was is Worth it? The Bush/Rice Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq 20 Years Later</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/china20.html" target=_blank>Added several topics to my article on China</A> (look for "2021 additions")
<BR><font color=green>Cinema stills</font>:
<A HREF=director/svankmaj/index.html target=_blank>Jan Svankmajer</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/china21.html#chi0821> Common Prosperity and Digital Billionaires: Why China is Cracking down on Big Tech</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/somali21.html#som0821> Nations in Crisis: Somalia</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/ethiopia.html#eth0821> Nations in Crisis: Ethiopia</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/brazil21.html#bra0821> Nations in Crisis: Brazil</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema stills</font>:
<A HREF=director/jiang/index.html target=_blank>Wen Jiang</A>
<BR><font color=green>Covid</font>:
<A HREF=politics/world21.html#wor0821> Vaccines don't work (the way we expected) and the way forward</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/mozambiq.html#moz0821> Nations in Crisis: Mozambique</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema stills</font>:
<A HREF=director/vlacil/index.html target=_blank>Frantisek Vlacil</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/afghan21.html#afg0721> Nations in Crisis: Afghanistan</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/libya21.html#lib0721> Nations in Crisis: Libya</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/lebano21.html#leb0721> Nations in Crisis: Lebanon</b></A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/usa21.html#usa0721> Joe Biden = Donald Trump part II </A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/venezu21.html#ven0721> Nations in Crisis: Venezuela</b></A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/yemen21.html#yem0721> Nations in Crisis: Yemen</b></A>
<BR><font color=green>Rock</font>:
<A HREF=history/playlist.html>A listening companion to my history of rock</A>
<BR><font color=green>History</font>:
<A HREF=politics/countrie.html>Timelines of Modern Countries</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/nigeria21.html#nig0721> Nations in Crisis: Nigeria</b></A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/turkey21.html#tur0721> Nations in Crisis: Turkey</b></A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/russia21.html#rus0721> Nations in Crisis: Russia</b></A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/paki21.html#pak0721> Nations in Crisis: Pakistan</b></A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/covidcon.html" target=_blank>Revised: Did covid-19 come out of a lab?</A>
<BR><font color=green>Art</font>:
<A HREF=museums/rego/index.html target=_blank>Paula Rego</A>
<BR><font color=green>Interviewed</font>:
<A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jN5KyBPYpK0" target=_blank>Interviewed by Abe Zbornik on dystopia of cloud computing, quantum computing, AI, China, etc</A>
<BR><font color=green>Art</font>:
<A HREF=art/videogames.html target=_blank>Updated: A History of Videogames</A> (also <A HREF=art/videogames.pdf>Download in pdf format</A>) - thank you Enrico and Bob for suggestions and corrections!
<BR><font color=green>Cinema stills</font>:
<A HREF=director/lang/index.html target=_blank>Fritz Lang</A>
<BR><font color=green>Literature </font>:
<A HREF=fiction/mynobel2.html target=_blank>Best novels of the 21st century</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema stills</font>:
<A HREF=director/to/index.html target=_blank>Johnnie To</A>
<BR><font color=green>Events</font>:
<A HREF="leonardo/apr2021.html" target=_blank> Conversations with Janine Randerson (Auckland University of Technology) on "Weather as a Medium"; and Jennie Lavine (Emory Univ) on "Will covid become endemic?"</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema stills</font>:
<A HREF=director/ruiz/index.html target=_blank>Raul Ruiz</A>
<BR><font color=green>Jazz</font>:
<A HREF=jazz/playlist.html target=_blank> A volunteer has compiled Spotify track lists for each chapter of my History of Jazz </A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema stills</font>:
<A HREF=director/miike/index.html target=_blank>Takashi Miike</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema stills</font>:
<A HREF=director/wong/index.html target=_blank>Karwai Wong</A>
<BR><font color=green>Literature </font>:
<A HREF=fiction/novels.html target=_blank>Best novels of all time in chronological order</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema stills</font>:
<A HREF=director/german/index.html target=_blank>Aleksei German</A>
<BR><font color=green>Events</font>:
<A HREF="leonardo/mar2021.html" target=_blank>Dialogues with Ian Duncan (UC Berkeley), Anastasia Raina (Rhode Island School of Design) and Christian Kohler (Lawrence Berkeley Labs) </A>
<BR><font color=green>Panel </font>:
<A HREF= "https://youtu.be/0lto3OfB-Aw" target=_blank>"The Algorithmic Society" with Irina Raicu, Michal Kosinski, Simina Mistreanu</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema stills</font>:
<A HREF=director/sternber/index.html target=_blank>Josef Sternberg</A>
<BR><font color=green>My talks</font>:
<A HREF=" https://youtu.be/7ZKhWtiNkKc " target=_blank> Interviewed about the Leonardo Art Science Evening Rendezvous program </A>
<BR><font color=green>Art</font>:
<A HREF=art/videogames.html target=_blank>Updated: A History of Videogames</A> (also <A HREF=art/videogames.pdf>Download in pdf format</A>) - thank you Enrico for suggestions and corrections!
<BR><font color=green>Dialogues </font>:
<A HREF=leonardo/index.html target=_blank> Maryam Razi (live from Iran), Mike Parker Pearson (UC London/ Archeology), Ian Duncan (UC Berkeley/ Literature), Anastasia Raina (Rhode Island School of Design), Christian Kohler (Lawrence Berkeley Labs), Monica Smith (UC Los Angeles/ Anthropology), Sophia Moskalenko (National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism), Brian Knutson (Stanford/ Neuroscience), etc </A>
<BR><font color=green>Literature </font>:
<A HREF=fiction/bestpo.html target=_blank>Best poetry of all time</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/trump.html target=_blank>Updated: The Trump Presidency in Pictures</A>
<BR><font color=green>Music </font>:
<A HREF=cdreview/new.html target=_blank>New album reviews: Government, RAIC, White Suns, Run The Jewels, etc</A>
<BR><font color=green>History </font>:
<A HREF=politics/history.html target=_blank>Revised all the national timelines</A>
<BR><font color=green>2020 lists </font>:
<A HREF=politics/year2020.html target=_blank>The year 2020 in review: deaths, heroes, books, albums, films</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema </font>:
<A HREF=cinema/best100.html target=_blank>Best films of all time</A>
<BR><font color=green>Director </font>:
<A HREF=cinema/director.html target=_blank>Best directors of all time</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/anthropo.html" target=_blank> For an Anthropological Study of Trump and FoxNews</A> (revised and expanded)
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/facemask2.html" target=_blank> The Further Adventures of the Face Mask</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema stills</font>:
<A HREF=director/fassbind/index.html target=_blank>Rainer Fassbinder</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/usa20.html#usa1020" target=_blank>Change the US constitution</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/blm.html target=_blank> Only Black Lives Matter?</A>
<BR><font color=green>Music </font>:
<A HREF=music/class950.html target=_blank>Classical composers born after 1949</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/cancelcu.html target=_blank> Decapitate Columbus? Decapitate yourself!</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema </font>:
<A HREF=cinema/chro970.html target=_blank>Ratings for the films of the 1970s</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/reparati.html target=_blank> Reparations? Maybe a good idea, but not what you think</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema stills</font>:
<A HREF=director/woo/index.html target=_blank>John Woo</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/usa20.html#usa1020e" target=_blank> The USA is playing with fire: The Rise of US Fascism</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema stills</font>:
<A HREF=director/depalma/index.html target=_blank>Brian DePalma</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/japan20.html#japa1020" target=_blank> East Asia's National (In)Security</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema </font>:
<A HREF=cinema/chro980.html target=_blank>Ratings for the films of the 1980s</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/world20.html#wor1020" target=_blank> The Great Decoupling: How Western Europe and the Far East could decouple from the USA</A>
<BR><font color=green>Art</font>:
<A HREF=museums/banksy/index.html target=_blank>Banksy </A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/usa20.html#usa1020c" target=_blank> Top issues of the USA</A>
<BR><font color=green>Cinema stills</font>:
<A HREF=director/zemeckis/index.html target=_blank>Robert Zemeckis</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/china20.html" target=_blank>Facts about China that may surprise you</A>
<BR><font color=green>Events</font>:
<A HREF="leonardo/oct2020.html" target=_blank>Dialogues with Piroska Kopar (Univ of Washington) and Milana Trounce (Stanford)</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/trumpscandals.html" target=_blank>Corruption, Incompetence, Racism, Treason and Madness in the White House</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/trumpcovid.html" target=_blank>If Trump is reelected, you will die</A>
<BR><font color=green>Art</font>:
<A HREF=museums/tanaami/index.html target=_blank>Keiichi Tanaami</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF="politics/usa20.html#usa0920" target=_blank> Who will win the US elections?</A>
<BR><font color=green>Events</font>:
<A HREF=" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1Kv_Q8SL88" target=_blank> Dialogue with Margot Gerritsen on Computational Mathematics </A>
<BR><font color=green>Book review</font>:
<A HREF=politics/lomborg.html>Bjorn Lomborg's "False Alarm"</A>
<BR><font color=green>Events</font>:
<A HREF=" https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCN1u9aGB6WaEwnqNEXHdrCw " target=_blank> Videos of my LAST dialogues </A>
<BR><font color=green>History</font>:
<A HREF=know/index.html target=_blank>Reorganized the tens of thousands of slides of my class on "History of Knowledge"</A>
<BR><font color=green>Event</font>:
<A HREF=leonardo/sep2020.html target=_blank>Brain-inspited AI and Ethics of AI (with a Chinese AI scientist, live from Beijing)</A>
<BR><font color=green>Politics</font>:
<A HREF=politics/trumptraitor.html target=_blank>Endless: i re-re-re-updated the Trump-Russia collusion dossier with the latest revelations (scroll down to September 2020)</A>
<BR><font color=green>Event</font>:
<A HREF=leonardo/aug2020.html target=_blank> "Revolution (in politics, art and science)" with historian Steve Harris, art historian Dawna Schuld and physicist Saul Perlmutter</A>
<BR><font color=green>Art</font>:
<A HREF=museums/shupliak/index.html target=_blank>Oleg Shupliak</A>
<BR><font color=green>Book review</font>:
<A HREF=politics/dawisha.html target=_blank> Karen Dawisha's "Putin's Kleptocracy" (2014)</A>
<BR><font color=green>Rock</font>:
<A HREF=cdreview/new.html target=_blank>Lots of album reviews</A>
<BR><font color=green>Science</font>:
<A HREF="politics/covid19.html" target=_blank>Updated: a timeline of Covid-19</A>
<hr><font color=green> Previous projects</font>:
<A HREF="projects.html" target=_blank>click here</A>
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*piero
scaruffi*
This website does NOT use cookies. Period.
[Science](cogn.html)
| [Rock](music.html)
| [Jazz](jazz/index.html)
| [Classical](music/classic.html)
| [Cinema](cinema.html)
| [Travel](travel.html)
| [Hiking](travel/hikes.html)
| [Politics](politics/usnews.html)
| [History](politics/history.html)
| [Literature](fiction.html)
| [Art](art.html)
| [Tech](computer.html)
| [Philosophy](phi.html)
| [Events](leonardo/events.html)
---
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
***Table of Contents***
| | or |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
[**Music**](music.html)
[All musicians](music/groups.html)
[**Rock**](music.html)
[Album reviews](cdreview/index.html)
[Yearly ratings](ratings/index.html)
[History of Rock Music](history/long.html)
[History of Pop Music](history/pop.html)
[Chronology](music/chrono.html)
[Best albums](music/best100.html)
[Best songs](music/songs.html)
[Best of Rock Music](music/bestsong.html)
[Greatest musicians](music/best.html)
[Bibliography](music/books.html)
[Database of musicians](music/groups.html)
[**Jazz**](jazz/index.html)
[Jazz musicians](jazz/musician.html)
[History of Jazz](history/jazz.html)
[History of Blues](history/blues.html)
[Chronology](jazz/chrono.html)
[Best albums](jazz/best100.html)
[News](jazz/news.html)
[**Classical**](music/classic.html)
[Classical masterpieces](music/classic.html)
[Discography](music/classica.html)
[History](music/histmus.html)
[20th Century](avant/1900.html)
[Avantgarde composers](avant/index.html)
[The Essentials](music/essentia.html)
[**Other genres**](music.html)
[History of Hip-hop music](history/hiphop.html)
[History of Country](history/country.html)
[History of Soul](history/soul.html)
[History of Musical](history/musical.html)
[History of Film Music](history/film.html)
[History of Blues](history/blues.html)
[New Age Music](newage/index.html)
[**Cinema**](cinema.html)
[Yearly ratings](cinema/chrono.html)
[Best movies](cinema/best100.html)
[Best by country](cinema/national.html)
[History of cinema](director/history.html)
[Filmmakers](director/index.html)
[Gallery of images](director/gallery.html)
[**Travel**](travel.html)
[Pictures of the world](monument/index.html)
[Wonders of the world](monument/wonders.html)
[Hiking in California](travel/hikes.html)
[Greatest places](travel/best.html)
[National guides](travel/guides.html)
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[**Science**](cogn.html)
[My work in cognitive science](cogn.html)
[Annotated bibliography on mind](mind.html)
[Book reviews](mind/index.html)
[Cognitive Science news](news/index.html)
[Timeline of modern science](science/20th.html)
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[My book in slides](univ/slides.html)
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[Papers](science/index.html)
[Art/Science Evenings (LASERs)](leonardo/index.html)
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[A Timeline of Psychology](phi/psychology.html)
[A Timeline of Neuroscience](mind/ns.html)
[**Art**](art.html)
[Painters](art/artists.html)
[A Visual History of the Visual Arts - Part 1: From Impressionism to Surrealism](art/history/index.html)
[A Visual History of the Visual Arts - Part 2: From Abstract Art to Conceptual Art](art/history/index.html)
[A Visual History of the Visual Arts - Part 3: The Age of Globalization](art/history/index.html)
[Greatest paintings](art/greatest.html)
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[History of Silicon Valley](svhistory/index.html)
[Artificial Intelligence](singular/index.html)
[Human 2.0](singular/human20.html)
[Human 3.0](know/human30.pft)
[Metaverse](memejam/metaver.html)
[Blockchain](memejam/blockcha.html)
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[A Timeline of Artificial Intelligence](mind/ai.html)
[A.I. slides](singular/slides.html)
[Future of Technology](singular/human20.html)
[**Tributes**](birthday/index.html)
[Birthdays: a secular calendar of saints](birthday/index.html)
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[50,40,30,20,10 Years Ago in Music](history/calendar.html)
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***Latest***
2023 lists :
[The year 2023 in review: deaths, heroes, books, albums, films](politics/year2023.html)
Music:
[Album reviews 2023](cdreview/new.html)
Cinema:
[A History of Hungarian Cinema](director/q16h.html)
Art:
[Chiharu Shiota](museums/shiota/index.html)
Cinema:
[A History of Polish Cinema](director/q17p.html)
Art:
[Shenzhen Museum of Art](museums/shenzart/index.html)
Event:
Videos of the special event on Russia's alternative media art: [Intro & Nina Czegledy](https://youtu.be/AkB86gkS94Y) , [Anna Frants](https://youtu.be/W12isHiXJlw), [Elena Gubanova](https://youtu.be/An8PO02pJG0) , [Natalia Kolodzei](https://youtu.be/hA8wKDmSTFw), [Olga Shishko](https://youtu.be/fIo_ljMnPt8), [Discussion](https://youtu.be/MxpsHxg12ZE)
Art:
[Viktor Popkov](museums/popkov/index.html)
Music:
[Recording dates of all top-rated albums](history/rocco.html)
Art:
[Remedios Varo](museums/varo/index.html)
Cinema:
[A History of Czech and Slovak Cinema](director/q16c.html)
Politics:
[**Netanyahu's War**](politics/israel23.html#isr1023)
New book:
[Dialogue of the Lovers - A Poem in 105 Cantos](poetry/ddaallen.html)
Cinema:
[Best films of 2023 so far](cinema/best23.html)
Cinema:
[A History of Russian Cinema 1900-99](director/q2r.html)
A.I.:
[Michal Kosinski (Stanford Univ) on "Theory of Mind Might Have Spontaneously Emerged in Large Language Models"](https://youtu.be/Fp33LN2Mr-k)
Bioart:
[Amy Karle on "Digital Dreams and Bio-realities: Reimagining Humanity Through Art and Technology" at a Stanford LASER chaired by Piero Scaruffi](https://youtu.be/dCOi2XCeeV8)
Neuroscience:
[Eti Ben Simon (UC Berkeley) on "The Emotional Brain in a Sleepless World"](https://youtu.be/G4rnBm5rQMk)
Cinema:
[A History of Indian Cinema 1900-80](director/q8.html)
New book:
[A History of Silicon Valley - Vol 1: The 20th Century (2023 Update)](svhistory/purchase.html) (Amazon, 2023)
New book:
[A History of Silicon Valley - Vol 2: The 21st Century (2023 Update)](svhistory/purchase.html) (Amazon, 2023)
Cinema:
[Best films by country](cinema/national.html)
Computers:
[To Disable all ads on Windows 11](computer/win11ads.html)
Rock: Spotify playlists for the last five years - [(2018)](https://open.spotify.com/playlist/0NvfP0mgxjACTvKMTkpc9Z?si=6a890c554baa40be), [(2019)](https://open.spotify.com/playlist/4T2LUl6NLX74SLaeehjFUR?si=1daffdeced324c1c), [(2020)](https://open.spotify.com/playlist/4Ii6osT7JctrKLXQ20Gd9h?si=ed1e4090430c48c7), [(2021)](https://open.spotify.com/playlist/69FruWwcuROrHmBTT3Xlpm?si=4d735ce0491848d5), [(2022)](https://open.spotify.com/playlist/5QvtplyuVza1kKKVFpgAlw?si=4d5ecca28b6640c3) (thanks Nick)
Politics:
[Ukraine between Russia and China: Thoughts on Russia's Invasion of Ukraine - Part III](politics/ukraine3.html)
Video:
[Ukraine between Russia and China](https://youtu.be/fXGXDuY5oVQ)
Politics:
[Biden never won](politics/usa23.html#usa0523b)
Politics:
[Trump 2024](politics/usa23.html#usa0523)
Interviewed:
[Interviewed by Gerry Fialka](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXUDi2I9XVY)
Politics:
[Immigration is the biggest threat to Western democracies](politics/world23.html#world0523)
Politics:
[Why Stormy Daniels matters](politics/usa23.html#usa0423)
Politics:
[John Mearsheimer is wrong on Ukraine](politics/ukraine23.html#ukr0523)
Event:
[Ravi Majeti on "Stem Cells and Reprogramming in Human Acute Leukemia", Thomas Haakenson on "Kurt Schwitters and Dada Resistance", David Stork on "Computer-assisted analysis of Johannes Vermeer", Paige Emery on "On Divinatory Ecologies for More-Than-Human Time"](leonardo/may2023.html)
Computer Science:
[ChatGPT in Context. Part 1 - The Transformer, A Revolution in Computation (video)](https://youtu.be/X3gtDGX7hIs)
Computer Science:
[ChatGPT in Context. Part 2 - Social Impact (video)]( https://youtu.be/MjQbYwKJZzU )
Computer Science:
[ChatGPT in Context. Part 3 - Philosophy (video)]( https://youtu.be/EI-PUFeJr6c )
Politics:
[The Saudi-Iranian Axis - Netanyahu and Biden humiliated](politics/iran23.html#iran0423)
Interviewed:
[I was interviewed on ChatGPt and Silicon Valley](https://news.cgtn.com/news/2023-03-01/Live-Cutting-through-the-ChatGPT-hype-1hN8cCwokpy/index.html)
Politics:
[Why banning TikTok is a bad idea](politics/usa23.html#usa0323)
Computer Science:
[Video: my version of the history of computers in 20 minutes](https://youtu.be/97O7v2lARVg )
Politics:
[Putin's Radicalization and the Russian Jihad](politics/russia23.html#rus0323)
Event:
[Videos of Jennifer Dionne (Stanford Univ) on "Silicon photonics", Alice Zhang (Media Artist) on "The Need for Intergenerational Tech" and Adegboyega Mabogunje (Stanford Univ) on "Children, Women, Sex and Bombs"](leonardo/feb2023.html)
Politics:
[Britain should quickly rejoin the EU and adopt the euro](politics/britai23.html#brit0123)
Philosophy:
[Expanded: "Fake News is the Hallmark of Human Civilization" (revised)](phi/syn215.html)
New book:
[My History of Rock & Dance Vol 2 in Spanish](https://www.amazon.es/dp/B0BSX92NC6/ref=sr_1_6?qid=1674553983&refinements=p_27%3APiero+Scaruffi&s=digital-text&sr=1-6&text=Piero+Scaruffi)
New book:
[My History of Rock & Dance Vol 1 in Spanish](https://www.amazon.es/dp/B0BSX3FF3N/ref=sr_1_7?qid=1674553983&refinements=p_27%3APiero+Scaruffi&s=digital-text&sr=1-7&text=Piero+Scaruffi)
Event:
Conversation with [Annie Kritcher (Lawrence Livermore Lab)]( https://youtu.be/YMEFGLZa3v8) on the state of nuclear fusion (video)
Event:
Conversation with [Primavera De Filippi (National Center of Scientific Research, Paris)]( https://youtu.be/7bon6BjkgCY) on "Do blockchains dream of electronic flowers?" (video)
2022 lists :
[The year 2022 in review: deaths, heroes, books, albums, films](politics/year2022.html)
Neuroscience:
[Neuroscience news of 2022](news/2022.html)
Cinema stills:
[Jerzy Skolimowski](director/skolimow/index.html)
Video:
[A Political Tour of the World](https://youtu.be/eg30qYk4XRE)
Video:
[When A.I. makes it, is it still Art?]( https://youtu.be/uQ6NC5iM6hc)
Politics:
[A Political Tour of the World](politics/tour22.html)
Music :
[Updated the overall index of rock, jazz, avantgarde: 9,600 musicians](music/groups.html)
Book Reviews:
[Several books on cognitive science](mind/index.html)
Music:
[New album reviews](cdreview/new.html)
Tributes:
[Great minds we lost in 2022](politics/dead2022.html)
Rock Music:
[Playlist for Cpt 5 of my history of rock](history/playlist.html)
Politics:
[Who's paying for the Western sanctions on Russia?](politics/russia22.html#rus0822)
Philosophy:
[Life eats Life](phi/syn228.html)
Philosophy:
[All Men are Rapists](phi/syn229.html)
Philosophy:
[The Self does not Exist, Free Will does](phi/syn230.html)
Philosophy:
[Religion is Immortal](phi/syn231.html)
Philosophy:
[The Real "I" is not the Soul but the Deeds and it's Immortal](phi/syn232.html)
Music:
Gustavo Necochea collected all the songs from "Songs" and "Extended Tracks" for the [Best of 1990 to 2021](../ratings/index.html) in: [this playlist](https://open.spotify.com/playlist/45vICW6Ljdp8KIgdkYP66D?si=67993b6b37d045b6) and [this playlist](https://open.spotify.com/playlist/5Ed7xgjDvJYyenINcbabqC?si=ef388cf2bee34f6d).
Book Reviews:
[Max Tegmark's "Life 3.0"](mind/index.html)
Philosophy:
[Equations approximate Algorithms](phi/syn227.html)
Literature:
[My conversation with Marjorie Perloff on TS Eliot's "The Waste Land"]( https://youtu.be/RKEnYDzHkP8 )
Book Reviews:
["To Be a Machine" (2017), "The Discrete Charm of the Machine" (2019), "The Voices Within" (2016), "Life Changing" (2020), "A Brief History of Death" (2014)](mind/index.html)
Politics:
[The Supreme Court is on track to become the LEAST trusted institution in the USA](politics/usa22.html#usa0622)
Video:
[Rand Paul and Anthony Fauci on the lab origin of covid](https://youtu.be/W4iJ024EYAE)
Classical Music:
[Revised the chapters for a book on 20th century music](music/modern.html)
Cinema stills:
[Aki Kaurismaki](director/kaurisma/index.html)
Cinema stills:
[Luchino Visconti](director/visconti/index.html)
Literature :
[My conversation with Sarah Cole about James Joyce's Ulysses]( https://youtu.be/_lNPt66ymkE )
Cinema stills:
[Akira Kurosawa](director/kurosawa/index.html)
Politics:
[Not "if" but "When and Where" - Guns in the USA Part 653](politics/usa22.html#usa0522)
Politics:
[Thoughts on Russia's Invasion of Ukraine - Part II](politics/russia22.html#rus0522)
History:
[Revised: Videos of my old class "A History of Knowledge"](univ/slideshot.html)
History:
[Revised: "A New History of Prehistory"](news/prehisto.html)
Literature :
[James Joyce](writers/joyce.html)
Book reviews :
[Phelps' "Mass Flourishing" (2013), Mishra's "Age of Anger" (2017), Bacevich's "The Age of Illusions" (2020) and Ansary's "The Invention of Yesterday" (2019)](politics/books.html)
Politics:
[Putin's invasions](politics/ukraine22.html#ukr0322) (also a [video interview](https://youtu.be/cg-QVq-aHLQ))
Culture:
[Conversation with Ewa Domanska on "Prefigurative Art in the Age of Catastrophe"](https://youtu.be/U1dK0GgwJTY)
Cinema stills:
[Jean Cocteau](director/cocteau/index.html)
Politics:
[Nations in Crisis: Russia](politics/russia21.html#rus0721) (worth reading again: i published it a few months ago)
Book review:
[David Sanger's "The Perfect Weapon" (2018)](politics/sanger.html)
Politics:
[Tucker Carlson and the Fifth Column](politics/usa22.html#usa0222)
Politics:
[China Cracks down on Big Giants but Raises Little Giants](politics/china22.html#china0222b)
Politics:
[China's Debt](politics/china22.html#china0222)
Politics:
[The Real Victim of Islam: Islamic Civilization](politics/arab22.html#arab0122)
Cinema stills:
[Dusan Makavejev](director/makaveje/index.html)
Rock Music:
[Playlist for Cpt 4 of my history of rock](history/playlist.html)
Politics:
[Nations in Crisis: Italy](politics/italy22.html#italy0122)
Politics:
[Nations in crisis: Britain](politics/britai22.html#brit0122)
Politics:
[Nations in crisis: France](politics/france22.html#fran0122)
Politics:
[The USA never was a Democracy](politics/usa22.html#usa0122c)
Politics:
[The US Slide towards One-party Rule](politics/usa22.html#usa0122d)
Politics:
[Trump & the Shitholes](politics/usa22.html#usa0122b)
Politics:
[Politically Incorrect Facts about the Covid Pandemic](politics/world22.html#world0122)
Politics:
[What if there is a Secret Russia-China Pact?](politics/russia22.html#russia0122)
Politics:
[The Anti-nuclear Movement is Putin's Secret Weapon against Europe](politics/europe21.html#eu1221 )
Politics:
[The New Byzantium: The European Union](politics/europe22.html#eu0122 )
Politics:
[Europe's Many Crises](politics/europe22.html#eu0122b )
Art:
[Updated volume 4 of "A Visual History of the Visual Arts"](art/history/index.html)
Technology & Philosophy:
[Cyberspace as Migration and Dematerialization](memejam/metavers.html)
Rock Music:
[Another playlist for the history of rock](history/playlist.html)
Technology & Philosophy:
[A Critique of Immersion](memejam/metavers.html)
Technology & Philosophy:
[Postmodernism, Cybertime, Utopia](memejam/metavers.html)
Cinema stills:
[Oliver Stone](director/stone/index.html)
Technology & Philosophy:
[Death of the Author and of the Reader](memejam/metavers.html)
Politics:
[Both Republicans and Democrats don't Understand that Trump is a Loser](politics/usa21.html#usa1121b)
Politics:
[Who covered up the origins of covid, China or Trump?](politics/usa21.html#usa1121)
Politics:
[Ten (Politically Incorrect) Things you can do about your Carbon Footprint](politics/climate21.html)
Rock Music:
[Album reviews: La Novia, Land of Kush, Moor Mother, Madlib, Lingua Ignota, Morissette, Phair, etc](cdreview/new.html)
Ecology:
[Will the human race succumb to overpopulation?](news/sustain.html)
Technology:
[A Crypto-history of DAOs](memejam/blockcha.html#dao)
Politics:
[China and the world according to China's intellectuals.](politics/chinaint.html)
Culture:
[Videos of recent LAST dialogues: Anastasia Raina on "Posthuman Polymythology", Warren Sack on "The Software Arts" Cindy Cohn on "Imagining A Future with Real Digital Privacy", Elizabeth Currid-Halkett on "Inconspicuous Consumption and Cultural Capital: the New Inequality", Alvy Ray Smith on "A Biography of the Pixel", David Kirby on Diegetic Prototypes, Alysson Muotri on Applications of Brain Organoids, Catherine Blish on Covid-19 and the Virusphere, Heather Barnett on "Compostulations: stories of interspecies encounters " , Clare Stanton on "Linkrot and Content Drift: The Irreversible Decay of Internet Content" , etc](leonardo/online.html)
Technology:
[A Crypto-history of Blockchain Technology](memejam/blockcha.html)
Society:
[Craigslist Killed the Local Newspaper... and Civility](politics/usa21.html#usa1021)
Technology:
[The Metaverse](memejam/metavers.html)
Art:
[My introduction to Leonardo DaVinci](https://youtu.be/S9VunWGHNMk) (video)
Technology:
[Virtual and Augmented Reality](memejam/vr.html)
Science:
[The Genetic Origins of Human Intelligence](news/origins.html)
Rock Music:
[Playlists for the history of rock](history/playlist.html)
Science:
[The biggest neuroscience news of 2020](news/2020.html)
Technology:
[An introduction to Web 3.0](memejam/web30.html)
Art:
[A Visual History of Modern Architecture](art/history/modarc.pdf) (downloadable pdf)
Politics:
[Was is Worth it? The Bush/Rice Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq 20 Years Later](politics/afghan21.html#afg0821)
Politics:
[Added several topics to my article on China](politics/china20.html) (look for "2021 additions")
Cinema stills:
[Jan Svankmajer](director/svankmaj/index.html)
Politics:
[Common Prosperity and Digital Billionaires: Why China is Cracking down on Big Tech](politics/china21.html#chi0821)
Politics:
[Nations in Crisis: Somalia](politics/somali21.html#som0821)
Politics:
[Nations in Crisis: Ethiopia](politics/ethiopia.html#eth0821)
Politics:
[Nations in Crisis: Brazil](politics/brazil21.html#bra0821)
Cinema stills:
[Wen Jiang](director/jiang/index.html)
Covid:
[Vaccines don't work (the way we expected) and the way forward](politics/world21.html#wor0821)
Politics:
[Nations in Crisis: Mozambique](politics/mozambiq.html#moz0821)
Cinema stills:
[Frantisek Vlacil](director/vlacil/index.html)
Politics:
[Nations in Crisis: Afghanistan](politics/afghan21.html#afg0721)
Politics:
[Nations in Crisis: Libya](politics/libya21.html#lib0721)
Politics:
[Nations in Crisis: Lebanon](politics/lebano21.html#leb0721)
Politics:
[Joe Biden = Donald Trump part II](politics/usa21.html#usa0721)
Politics:
[Nations in Crisis: Venezuela](politics/venezu21.html#ven0721)
Politics:
[Nations in Crisis: Yemen](politics/yemen21.html#yem0721)
Rock:
[A listening companion to my history of rock](history/playlist.html)
History:
[Timelines of Modern Countries](politics/countrie.html)
Politics:
[Nations in Crisis: Nigeria](politics/nigeria21.html#nig0721)
Politics:
[Nations in Crisis: Turkey](politics/turkey21.html#tur0721)
Politics:
[Nations in Crisis: Russia](politics/russia21.html#rus0721)
Politics:
[Nations in Crisis: Pakistan](politics/paki21.html#pak0721)
Politics:
[Revised: Did covid-19 come out of a lab?](politics/covidcon.html)
Art:
[Paula Rego](museums/rego/index.html)
Interviewed:
[Interviewed by Abe Zbornik on dystopia of cloud computing, quantum computing, AI, China, etc](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jN5KyBPYpK0)
Art:
[Updated: A History of Videogames](art/videogames.html) (also [Download in pdf format](art/videogames.pdf)) - thank you Enrico and Bob for suggestions and corrections!
Cinema stills:
[Fritz Lang](director/lang/index.html)
Literature :
[Best novels of the 21st century](fiction/mynobel2.html)
Cinema stills:
[Johnnie To](director/to/index.html)
Events:
[Conversations with Janine Randerson (Auckland University of Technology) on "Weather as a Medium"; and Jennie Lavine (Emory Univ) on "Will covid become endemic?"](leonardo/apr2021.html)
Cinema stills:
[Raul Ruiz](director/ruiz/index.html)
Jazz:
[A volunteer has compiled Spotify track lists for each chapter of my History of Jazz](jazz/playlist.html)
Cinema stills:
[Takashi Miike](director/miike/index.html)
Cinema stills:
[Karwai Wong](director/wong/index.html)
Literature :
[Best novels of all time in chronological order](fiction/novels.html)
Cinema stills:
[Aleksei German](director/german/index.html)
Events:
[Dialogues with Ian Duncan (UC Berkeley), Anastasia Raina (Rhode Island School of Design) and Christian Kohler (Lawrence Berkeley Labs)](leonardo/mar2021.html)
Panel :
["The Algorithmic Society" with Irina Raicu, Michal Kosinski, Simina Mistreanu](https://youtu.be/0lto3OfB-Aw)
Cinema stills:
[Josef Sternberg](director/sternber/index.html)
My talks:
[Interviewed about the Leonardo Art Science Evening Rendezvous program]( https://youtu.be/7ZKhWtiNkKc )
Art:
[Updated: A History of Videogames](art/videogames.html) (also [Download in pdf format](art/videogames.pdf)) - thank you Enrico for suggestions and corrections!
Dialogues :
[Maryam Razi (live from Iran), Mike Parker Pearson (UC London/ Archeology), Ian Duncan (UC Berkeley/ Literature), Anastasia Raina (Rhode Island School of Design), Christian Kohler (Lawrence Berkeley Labs), Monica Smith (UC Los Angeles/ Anthropology), Sophia Moskalenko (National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism), Brian Knutson (Stanford/ Neuroscience), etc](leonardo/index.html)
Literature :
[Best poetry of all time](fiction/bestpo.html)
Politics:
[Updated: The Trump Presidency in Pictures](politics/trump.html)
Music :
[New album reviews: Government, RAIC, White Suns, Run The Jewels, etc](cdreview/new.html)
History :
[Revised all the national timelines](politics/history.html)
2020 lists :
[The year 2020 in review: deaths, heroes, books, albums, films](politics/year2020.html)
Cinema :
[Best films of all time](cinema/best100.html)
Director :
[Best directors of all time](cinema/director.html)
Politics:
[For an Anthropological Study of Trump and FoxNews](politics/anthropo.html) (revised and expanded)
Politics:
[The Further Adventures of the Face Mask](politics/facemask2.html)
Cinema stills:
[Rainer Fassbinder](director/fassbind/index.html)
Politics:
[Change the US constitution](politics/usa20.html#usa1020)
Politics:
[Only Black Lives Matter?](politics/blm.html)
Music :
[Classical composers born after 1949](music/class950.html)
Politics:
[Decapitate Columbus? Decapitate yourself!](politics/cancelcu.html)
Cinema :
[Ratings for the films of the 1970s](cinema/chro970.html)
Politics:
[Reparations? Maybe a good idea, but not what you think](politics/reparati.html)
Cinema stills:
[John Woo](director/woo/index.html)
Politics:
[The USA is playing with fire: The Rise of US Fascism](politics/usa20.html#usa1020e)
Cinema stills:
[Brian DePalma](director/depalma/index.html)
Politics:
[East Asia's National (In)Security](politics/japan20.html#japa1020)
Cinema :
[Ratings for the films of the 1980s](cinema/chro980.html)
Politics:
[The Great Decoupling: How Western Europe and the Far East could decouple from the USA](politics/world20.html#wor1020)
Art:
[Banksy](museums/banksy/index.html)
Politics:
[Top issues of the USA](politics/usa20.html#usa1020c)
Cinema stills:
[Robert Zemeckis](director/zemeckis/index.html)
Politics:
[Facts about China that may surprise you](politics/china20.html)
Events:
[Dialogues with Piroska Kopar (Univ of Washington) and Milana Trounce (Stanford)](leonardo/oct2020.html)
Politics:
[Corruption, Incompetence, Racism, Treason and Madness in the White House](politics/trumpscandals.html)
Politics:
[If Trump is reelected, you will die](politics/trumpcovid.html)
Art:
[Keiichi Tanaami](museums/tanaami/index.html)
Politics:
[Who will win the US elections?](politics/usa20.html#usa0920)
Events:
[Dialogue with Margot Gerritsen on Computational Mathematics]( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1Kv_Q8SL88)
Book review:
[Bjorn Lomborg's "False Alarm"](politics/lomborg.html)
Events:
[Videos of my LAST dialogues]( https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCN1u9aGB6WaEwnqNEXHdrCw )
History:
[Reorganized the tens of thousands of slides of my class on "History of Knowledge"](know/index.html)
Event:
[Brain-inspited AI and Ethics of AI (with a Chinese AI scientist, live from Beijing)](leonardo/sep2020.html)
Politics:
[Endless: i re-re-re-updated the Trump-Russia collusion dossier with the latest revelations (scroll down to September 2020)](politics/trumptraitor.html)
Event:
["Revolution (in politics, art and science)" with historian Steve Harris, art historian Dawna Schuld and physicist Saul Perlmutter](leonardo/aug2020.html)
Art:
[Oleg Shupliak](museums/shupliak/index.html)
Book review:
[Karen Dawisha's "Putin's Kleptocracy" (2014)](politics/dawisha.html)
Rock:
[Lots of album reviews](cdreview/new.html)
Science:
[Updated: a timeline of Covid-19](politics/covid19.html)
---
Previous projects:
[click here](projects.html)
|
---
[(about me)](service/about.html) |
[(my books)](biblio.html) |
[(about this website)](service/aboutw.html) | [(E-mail/ Contact)](email.html)
---
[Recommended charities](charity.html) | [Support this website](support.html)
---
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<P>
<FONT color="olive" size="2">
<A href="../index.html" target="_top">WOODPECKER STUDIO (front door)</A> > index<BR>
<A href="top.html" target="_top">JAPNESE version "NIHON-GO"</A></FONT>
</P>
<BR>
<CENTER>
<P><IMG alt="WOODPECKER STUDIO" src="tp/e-taitoru2.gif" width="300" height="150"></P>
<P><B>Welcome to the WOODPECKER STUDIO !</B></P>
<TABLE border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="4" bordercolorlight="#deb887" bordercolordark="#8b4513">
<TR valign="middle" align="right">
<TD bgcolor="#ffe599" width="320">
<A href="../1anm/e-1anm.html">
<FONT size="4"><B>GIF ANIMATION</B></FONT>
<IMG align="middle" width="32" height="32" alt="Weasel" src="../1anm/133ok/okojyo2-bay.gif" border="0" hspace="8" vspace="2"></A><BR>
<DIV align="center">Animals, Birds, Flowers</DIV></TD></TR>
<TR valign="middle" align="left">
<TD bgcolor="#ffebcd">
<A href="../11ysi/e-sakuhin10.html">
<IMG align="middle" width="32" height="32" alt="Waremokou" src="../11ysi/104g/simarisu2-r.gif" border="0" hspace="8" vspace="2">
<FONT size="4"><B>JAPANESE WILD ANIMALS</B></FONT></A><BR>
<DIV align="center">Japanese animal illustrated guide</DIV></TD></TR>
<TR valign="middle" align="right">
<TD bgcolor="#ffe599">
<A href="../13hn/e-hana.html">
<FONT size="4"><B>FLOWER ICON</B></FONT>
<IMG align="middle" width="32" height="32" alt="Kisuge" src="../13hn/12hr/kisuge.gif" border="0" hspace="8" vspace="2"></A><BR>
<DIV align="center">Flowers of a field</DIV></TD></TR>
<TR valign="middle" align="left">
<TD bgcolor="#ffebcd">
<A href="../12okk/e-okkake.html">
<IMG align="middle" width="32" height="32" alt="Seal" src="../12okk/ok/azarasi.gif" border="0" hspace="8" vspace="2">
<FONT size="4"><B>RUNNING ANIMAL</B></FONT>
</A><BR>
<DIV align="center">Please play with Mouse</DIV></TD></TR>
<TR valign="middle" align="right">
<TD bgcolor="#ffe599">
<A href="../2hng/e-sakuhin2.html">
<FONT size="4"><B>WOODCUT PRINT</B></FONT>
<IMG align="middle" width="48" height="38" alt="Long-tailed tit" src="tp/enaga.jpg" border="0" hspace="8" vspace="2"></A><BR>
<DIV align="center">Woodcut print and Paper-cutting</DIV></TD></TR>
<TR valign="middle" align="left
">
<TD bgcolor="#ffebcd">
<A href="../3kmk/e-sakuhin3.html">
<IMG align="middle" width="48" height="38" alt="bear" src="tp/kuma.jpg" border="0" hspace="8" vspace="2">
<FONT size="4"><B>WOOD CARVING</B></FONT></A><BR>
<DIV align="center">Animal pair and family</TD></TR>
<TR valign="middle" align="right">
<TD bgcolor="#ffe599">
<A href="../4ppk/e-sakuhin4.html">
<FONT size="4"><B>PAPERCRAFT</B></FONT>
<IMG align="middle" width="48" height="38" alt="cat card" src="tp/neko.jpg" border="0" hspace="8" vspace="2"></A><BR>
<DIV align="center">Animal pop up card</DIV></TD></TR>
<TR valign="middle" align="left">
<TD bgcolor="#ffebcd">
<A href="../5grc/e-sakuhin5.html">
<IMG align="middle" width="48" height="38" alt="pengin" src="tp/pengin.gif" border="0" hspace="8" vspace="2">
<FONT size="4"><B>ILLUSTRATION</B></FONT></A><BR>
<DIV align="center">Animal picture postcard</DIV></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<BR>
<TABLE cellpadding="8" cellspacing="2" border="0">
<TH><B><FONT size="4" color="#000080">IT'S NEW</B></TH>
<TR valign="top">
<TD valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" width="350">
<DL>
<DT><FONT color="000080"><B>26 Nov. 2023</B></FONT> <IMG align="middle" src="tp/new.gif">
<DD>Added Sheep 2 color paper in <A href="../4ppk/e-sakuhin462.html">Papercraft Mobile</A>.
<DT><FONT color="000080"><B>25. Oct. 2023</B></FONT>
<DD>Added Camel, Leopard, Giant anteater in <A href="../4ppk/e-sakuhin45.html">Papercraft Bookmark</A>.
<DT><FONT color="000080"><B>20 Oct. 2023</B></FONT>
<DD>Added Reindeer in <A href="../4ppk/e-sakuhin462.html">Papercraft Mobile</A>.
<DT><FONT color="000080"><B>11 Oct. 2023</B></FONT>
<DD>Added White dragon and Rer dragon in <A href="../4ppk/e-sakuhin44.html">Papercraft The twelve animal signs of the Japanese zodiac</A>.
<DT><FONT color="000080"><B>27. Sep. 2023</B></FONT>
<DD>Added Lying Otter, Lying Dugong, Lying Seal, Lying Penguin in <A href="../4ppk/e-sakuhin452.html">Papercraft Memo holder</A>.
<DD>Added Polar bear, Arctic fox, Snowy owl in <A href="../4ppk/e-sakuhin45.html">Papercraft Bookmark</A>.
<DD>(29.Sep.)Added Northern fox (Red fox), Blakiston's owl, Shrew-mole, Amami rabbit, Ryukyu flying fox, Okinawa rail in <A href="../4ppk/e-sakuhin45.html">Papercraft Bookmark</A>.
<DD>(3.Oct.)Added Ryukyu long-tailed giant rat, Spiny Rat, Lizard, Harvest mouse, Hare, Marten in <A href="../4ppk/e-sakuhin45.html">Papercraft Bookmark</A>.
<DD>(9.Oct.)Added Gecko, Newt, Salamander in <A href="../4ppk/e-sakuhin45.html">Papercraft Bookmark</A>.
<DT><FONT color="000080"><B>17. Sep. 2023</B></FONT>
<DD>Added Stoat, Ptarmigan, Swan in <A href="../4ppk/e-sakuhin45.html">Papercraft Bookmark</A>.
<DT><FONT color="000080"><B> 2. Sep. 2023</B></FONT>
<DD>Added <A href="../3kmk/e-sakuhin323.html">Penguin family</A> in WOOD CARVING.
</DL>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR>
<TABLE border="2" cellpadding="8" cellspacing="1" bordercolorlight="#deb887" bordercolordark="#8b4513" width="350">
<TR><TD bgcolor="#ffebcd">
<P>
<CENTER><B><FONT size="4" color="#996600">From KITUTUKI, word</B></FONT></CENTER></P>
<P>
My name is KITUTUKI.<BR>
"KITUTUKI" means "woodpecker" in Japanese.<BR>
I am a craftsman of this studio.<BR>
I am making a work such as a woodcut print and papercraft,<BR>
wood carving, GIF animation by the hobby.<BR>
Those works are displayed at this site.<BR>
The GIF animation can be used free for private use. <BR>
Please ask me by e-mail, if you want to get the works.</P>
<P align="right">
self-portrait <IMG align="bottom" width="32" height="32" alt="The author's self-portrait, ture" src="tp/seiuti.gif" border="0"></A></P>
</TD></TR></TABLE>
<P align="center"><FONT color="green">
Change of the way of display.<BR>
<A href="e-index.html" target="_top">frame</A> | <A href="e-top.html" target="_top">no frame</A></FONT></P>
<P align="right">
<FONT size="2">English edition since 28.sep.2002</FONT></P>
<HR color="#800000" width="60%">
</CENTER>
<P>
<FONT color="olive" size="2"><A href="../index.html" target="_top">WOODPECKER STUDIO (front door)</A> > index<BR>
<A href="top.html" target="_top">JAPNESE version "NIHON-GO"</A></FONT>
</P>
<CENTER>
<P><A href="mailto:kitutuki0309(at)mail.goo.ne.jp"><IMG alt="mail to WOODPECKER STUDIO" border="0" src="tp/kitutuki-mail.gif" width="64" height="32"><BR>
<FONT size="2" color="black">e-mail:kitutuki0309(at)goo.jp</A><BR>Please rewrite (at) to @.</FONT><BR><BR>
<FONT size="2" color="broun">Copyright (C) WOODPECKER STUDIO 2000-2023 All rights reserved</FONT></P>
</CENTER>
</BODY>
</HTML> |
WOODPECKER STUDIO
BODY {background-color:#faebd7;
background-image:url("../13hn/40tr/kareha.gif");
background-position:left;
background-repeat:repeat-y;
background-attachment:fixed;
margin:5px 5px 5px 60px;
font:nomal nomal nomal 12pt/1.2;}
[WOODPECKER STUDIO (front door)](../index.html) > index
[JAPNESE version "NIHON-GO"](top.html)
**Welcome to the WOODPECKER STUDIO !**
| |
| --- |
| [**GIF ANIMATION**
Weasel](../1anm/e-1anm.html)
Animals, Birds, Flowers |
| [Waremokou
**JAPANESE WILD ANIMALS**](../11ysi/e-sakuhin10.html)
Japanese animal illustrated guide |
| [**FLOWER ICON**
Kisuge](../13hn/e-hana.html)
Flowers of a field |
| [Seal
**RUNNING ANIMAL**](../12okk/e-okkake.html)
Please play with Mouse |
| [**WOODCUT PRINT**
Long-tailed tit](../2hng/e-sakuhin2.html)
Woodcut print and Paper-cutting |
| [bear
**WOOD CARVING**](../3kmk/e-sakuhin3.html)
Animal pair and family |
| [**PAPERCRAFT**
cat card](../4ppk/e-sakuhin4.html)
Animal pop up card |
| [pengin
**ILLUSTRATION**](../5grc/e-sakuhin5.html)
Animal picture postcard |
**IT'S NEW** ||
**26 Nov. 2023**
Added Sheep 2 color paper in [Papercraft Mobile](../4ppk/e-sakuhin462.html).
**25. Oct. 2023**
Added Camel, Leopard, Giant anteater in [Papercraft Bookmark](../4ppk/e-sakuhin45.html).
**20 Oct. 2023**
Added Reindeer in [Papercraft Mobile](../4ppk/e-sakuhin462.html).
**11 Oct. 2023**
Added White dragon and Rer dragon in [Papercraft The twelve animal signs of the Japanese zodiac](../4ppk/e-sakuhin44.html).
**27. Sep. 2023**
Added Lying Otter, Lying Dugong, Lying Seal, Lying Penguin in [Papercraft Memo holder](../4ppk/e-sakuhin452.html).
Added Polar bear, Arctic fox, Snowy owl in [Papercraft Bookmark](../4ppk/e-sakuhin45.html).
(29.Sep.)Added Northern fox (Red fox), Blakiston's owl, Shrew-mole, Amami rabbit, Ryukyu flying fox, Okinawa rail in [Papercraft Bookmark](../4ppk/e-sakuhin45.html).
(3.Oct.)Added Ryukyu long-tailed giant rat, Spiny Rat, Lizard, Harvest mouse, Hare, Marten in [Papercraft Bookmark](../4ppk/e-sakuhin45.html).
(9.Oct.)Added Gecko, Newt, Salamander in [Papercraft Bookmark](../4ppk/e-sakuhin45.html).
**17. Sep. 2023**
Added Stoat, Ptarmigan, Swan in [Papercraft Bookmark](../4ppk/e-sakuhin45.html).
**2. Sep. 2023**
Added [Penguin family](../3kmk/e-sakuhin323.html) in WOOD CARVING.
|
| |
| --- |
|
**From KITUTUKI, word**
My name is KITUTUKI.
"KITUTUKI" means "woodpecker" in Japanese.
I am a craftsman of this studio.
I am making a work such as a woodcut print and papercraft,
wood carving, GIF animation by the hobby.
Those works are displayed at this site.
The GIF animation can be used free for private use.
Please ask me by e-mail, if you want to get the works.
self-portrait The author's self-portrait, ture |
Change of the way of display.
[frame](e-index.html) | [no frame](e-top.html)
English edition since 28.sep.2002
---
[WOODPECKER STUDIO (front door)](../index.html) > index
[JAPNESE version "NIHON-GO"](top.html)
[
e-mail:kitutuki0309(at)goo.jp](mailto:kitutuki0309(at)mail.goo.ne.jp)
Please rewrite (at) to @.
Copyright (C) WOODPECKER STUDIO 2000-2023 All rights reserved
| http://www.ne.jp/asahi/kitutuki/kobo/0top/e-top.html |
<! Copyright 1995,96,97,98,99,2000,01,02 Mike Ehlert !>
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<td width=5%> </td> <TD> <center> <img src=/pacific.gif HEIGHT=100 WIDTH=500><br> <font size=2> <br> <font size=6>File Areas<br><font size=4> </font> <HR> <font face="Verdana, Helvetica" size=2> <!a href=cd.html xx img src=cdrom.gif alt="BBS Archives available on CD-ROM"!><br>
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<br></font></font></font></center><font size=2><font size=6><font face="Verdana, Helvetica" size=2> <p><p><p> <center> <form method="post" action="/cgi-bin/search.pl"> <table border=0> <tr valign="center"> <td> <input type="text" name="text" value="Freeware"> </td> <td> <input type="radio" name="searchit" value="filename"><font size=1>Filename<Br> <input type="radio" name="searchit" value="desc" checked><font size=1>Description </font></font></td> <td> <input type="submit" value="Search"> </td> </tr></table></form> </center>
<blockquote> <blockquote> <img src=/folder.gif> <a href=/ra104a.htm> ACiD Art </a><br> <img src=/folder.gif> <a href=/ra105a.htm> ANSi Art </a><br> <img src=/folder.gif> <a href=/ra106a.htm> ANSi\TheDraw Fonts </a><br> <img src=/folder.gif> <a href=/ra107a.htm> ANSi\Avitar Utilities </a><br> <img src=/folder.gif> <a href=/ra31a.htm> Archive Compressors </a><br> <img src=/folder.gif> <a href=/ra85a.htm> Archive Processors and Doors </a><br> <img src=/folder.gif> <a href=/ra32a.htm> Archive Utilities
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</a><br> <img src=/folder.gif> <a href=/ra91a.htm> Door Games A-C </a><br> <img src=/folder.gif> <a href=/ra92a.htm> Door Games D-F </a><br> <img src=/folder.gif> <a href=/ra93a.htm> Door Games G-K <a><br> <img src=/folder.gif> </a></a><a><a href=/ra94a.htm> Door Games L-O </a><br> <img src=/folder.gif> <a href=/ra95a.htm> Door Games P-R </a><br> <img src=/folder.gif> <a href=/ra96a.htm> Door Games S-T <a><br> <img src=/folder.gif> </a></a><a><a href=/ra97a.htm> Door Games U-Z </a><br> <img src=/folder.gif> <a href=/ra98a.htm>
Door Games L.O.R.D. IGM's </a><br> <img src=/folder.gif> <a href=/ra99a.htm> Door Games L.O.R.D. Utils </a><br> <img src=/folder.gif> <a href=/ra100a.htm> Door Games DDO-FX </a><br> <img src=/folder.gif> <a href=/ra121a.htm> EleBBS Scripts and Utils </a><br> <img src=/folder.gif> <a href=/ra122a.htm> EzyCom Utilities </a><br> <img src=/folder.gif> <a href=/ra123a.htm> Falken BBS Utils </a><br> <img src=/folder.gif> <a href=/ra82a.htm> Fossil Drivers </a><br> <img src=/folder.gif> <a href=/ra90a.htm>
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<h1>The Web Site to Remember National Semiconductor's Series 32000 Family</h1>
<div class="navigation">
<ul id="nav">
<li style="width: 6em;"><a href="index.html">Home</a></li>
<li>Chips
<ul>
<li><a href="Introduction.html">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="CPUs.html">CPUs</a></li>
<li><a href="FPUs.html">FPUs</a></li>
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<li><a href="Support.html">Support Chips</a></li>
<li><a href="SecondS.html">Second Source</a></li>
<li><a href="Deskit.html">Design Kits</a></li>
<li><a href="Documents.html">Documents</a></li>
<li style="border: 1px solid black;"><a href="Diephotos.html">Die Photos</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Systems (1)
<ul>
<li><a href="Acorn.html">Acorn</a></li>
<li><a href="AEG.html">AEG</a></li>
<li><a href="AIS.html">AIS</a></li>
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<li><a href="Defhard.html">Definicon</a></li>
<li><a href="Delta.html">Delta Instrumentation</a></li>
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<li><a href="Indel.html">Indel AG</a></li>
<li><a href="Janz.html">Janz AG</a></li>
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<li><a href="Labtam.html">Labtam</a></li>
<li style="border: 1px solid black;"><a href="Lantronix.html">Lantronix</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Systems (2)
<ul>
<li><a href="Matrox.html">Matrox</a></li>
<li><a href="Mayon.html">MAYON Elektronik</a></li>
<li><a href="Multi.html">Multiple Vendors</a></li>
<li><a href="National.html">National Semiconductor</a></li>
<li><a href="Opus.html">Opus</a></li>
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</li>
<li>M32632
<ul>
<li><a href="Overview.html">Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="FPGA.html">FPGA</a></li>
<li><a href="Architecture.html">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="Performance.html">Performance</a></li>
<li><a href="Getting.html">Getting M32632</a></li>
<li><a href="Devhard.html">Development Hardware</a></li>
<li><a href="PC632M.html">PC632M</a></li>
<li><a href="PLAYER.html">PLAYER</a></li>
<li><a href="TRIPUTER.html">TRIPUTER</a></li>
<li><a href="TITAN6.html">TITAN6</a></li>
<li style="border: 1px solid black;"><a href="Project_C7.html">Project C7</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Software
<ul>
<li><a href="Crossass.html">Crossassembler</a></li>
<li><a href="Defsoft.html">Definicon</a></li>
<li><a href="Emulator.html">Emulator</a></li>
<li><a href="Gnutool.html">GNU Toolchain</a></li>
<li><a href="Linux.html">Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="NetBSD.html">NetBSD</a></li>
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<li><a href="Panos.html">PanOS</a></li>
<li style="border: 1px solid black;"><a href="Alexander.html">Alexander</a></li>
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<li id="last">Miscellaneous
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<li><a href="News.html">News</a></li>
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<li><a href="VCFe.html">VCFe</a></li>
<li><a href="ISE_Cable.html">ISE Cable</a></li>
<li style="border: 1px solid black;"><a href="Misc.html">Miscellaneous</a></li>
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<li style="width: 6em;"><a href="Impressum.html">Imprint</a></li>
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</div>
<div class="content">
<p>
</p>
<h2>Die Photos</h2>
<p>
It is always fascinating to see the die of a chip. During the 1980's the structures were clearly visible. Two layers
of metal were placed on top of most chips. They served as interconnects between the thousands of transistors
and delivered power, clock signals and all the many data signals. Today process technology is so advanced that
you can not longer identify any details.
</p>
<p>
<img src="images/Die_alle.jpg">
</p>
<p>Fig. 1. Family portrait of Series 32000 members in ceramic package - ideal to see what is inside.</p>
<p>
Some of the die photos presented here are the work of Pauli Rautakorpi from Finland. He is a highly skilled
photographer with a passion for die photos. He gave me the permisson to show his Series 32000 die photos here. His
really phantastic collection can be seen at wikimedia:
<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Birdman86" target="_blank">Birdman86</a>.
He is always on the look for new chips which are not yet portrayed.
</p>
<p>
Pauli presents not only one photo of each die. There are different resolutions available. To ease the
access I have set a link to the specific entry of his website behind the text of each of his photos.
</p>
<p>
Another "Thank You" goes to Herbert. He is now in retirement. If I get new chips in a plastic package it
will be very difficult to get die photos...
</p>
<h2>NS16032/NS32016 (CPU)</h2>
<p><img src="images/Die_016.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 2. The first NS16000 microprocessor: the NS16032.</p>
<p>
The die in Figure 2 is possibly coated with a polymide to protect its surface. Therefore the color is not metallic like
the other dies shown. The bond wires seem not to be made of gold as usual. At the top is the microcode ROM. The size
of the ROM is 1300 words by 18 bits according to a conference paper at the ISSCC 81. 127 words are used for self
test routines. At the bottom is the datapath.
The same die photo with 3 times higher resolution can be downloaded. Then you can see a date and
the chip name which is still 16032. Die size is around 7.5 mm * 7.3 mm = 54.75 mm².
</p>
<p><a href="images/Die_016_hires.jpg">NS16032 die in high resolution</a></p>
<p><img src="images/Die_016_Deckel.jpg"> <img src="images/Die_016_ganz.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 3/4. What do you expect to find under the lid with the marking of the left photo? Surprise, surprise ... it is
an NS16032 shown in the right photo.</p>
<p>
The dies in Figure 2 and 4 are obviously identical. But they are different in very small details, see Figure 5 and 6.
The word <b>ISRAEL</b> is not found in Figure 2 in the middle of the lower edge. <b>SLC</b> is not found in Figure 2
in the middle of the left edge. Maybe the die in Figure 4 was a very early internal version. This could be also the
reason for the strange marking without the complete product name, National Semiconductor logo and stepping code. I
would have been not interested in the chip if I didn't got the strong advice that this is a NS16000 device ...
</p>
<p><img src="images/Die_016_Israel.jpg"> <img src="images/Die_016_SLC.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 5/6. Two enlarged areas of the die in Figure 4 showing differences to the die in Figure 2.</p>
<p>
The meaning of <b>ISRAEL</b> is obvious which is not true for <b>SLC</b>. I got the info that it means the town <b>Salt
Lake City</b> in the US. It was the location of the fab of National Semiconductor where the NS16032 was manufactured.
</p>
<p>
The next photo shows the die of Figure 4 in a way which is not natural for a human being: black is becoming white.
This photo is made with equipment of a semiconductor company showing details which are otherwise not visible. Thank's
to Herbert!
</p>
<p><img src="images/Die_016_s.jpg">
<p>Fig. 7. This is the best photo of NS16032 I have ever seen!</p>
<p>
If someone is alreay impressed by the photo shown above he or she should download the larger version of it:
<a href="images/Die_016_hires_s.jpg">NS16032 die in super resolution</a>.
</p>
<h2>NS32032 (CPU)</h2>
<p><img src="images/Die_032.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 8. The first Series 32000 microprocessor with an external 32-bit data bus: the NS32032. Die size is
6.7 * 6.0 = 40.2 mm².
</p>
<p>
If you compare Figure 2 and 8 you see that the NS32032 is the big brother of the NS32016. From a programmer point
of view the chips behave identical. But the architecture of the NS32032 must be slightly different because of the 32-bit
data bus. In the middle of the right edge there are two power pads. You may think that one pad is for VCC and the other
pad is for GND. But the upper pad is GNDB for the buffer supply and the lower pad is GNDL for the
internal logic. This separation is done to avoid disturbances from the fast switching buffers. The disadvantage of this
solution is the risk of ESD damage during handling of the chips.
</p>
<p>From an electrical point of view it would be better to use a second wire (double bonding) on the GNDB pad.</p>
<p>
The date code of the device is S9206AB. Together with the small die size I assume that this device was built in 2.8
μm NMOS technology.
</p>
<h2>NS32C016 (CPU)</h2>
<p><img src="images/Die_C016.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 9. The first CMOS Series 32000 microprocessor: the NS32C016. Die size is 9.2 * 8.0 = 73.6 mm².
(<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NS_NS32C016_die.jpg" target="_blank">Birdman86:NS32C016</a>)</p>
<p>
The CMOS NS32C016 is obviously the successor of the NMOS NS32016 as can be seen in their die photos. The big long
microcode ROM of the NS32016 changed its shape to a square part of the NS32C016 die. This gave room for some
shiftings. For example the little memory (ROM ?) at the middle of the left edge of NS32016 moved to the upper right
corner of NS32C016. National Semiconductor seems to have rejected functional changes to the newer NS32C016
to avoid any risks. Clock-by-clock both CPUs are identical.
</p>
<p>
The large die size can only be explained with the 3 μm feature size of the used CMOS technology. Please note
the large company logo and the name of the company in the lower left corner. This kind of marking a die can be
found on the NS32382 MMU too.
</p>
<h2>NS32332 (CPU)</h2>
<p><img src="images/Die_332.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 10. The second generation Series 32000 microprocessor: the NS32332. Die size is 10.1 * 8.7 = 87.87 mm².</p>
<p>
The NS32332 was the first CPU of Series 32000 which had an address space of 4 Gbyte. The external address bus was
32 bits wide and was multiplexed with the 32 bits wide data bus. This CPU would have been a much better device for
all the companies who have built multiprocessor systems based on the NS32032. This CPU could only address 16 Mbytes.
But the NS32332 appeared to late for this market.
</p>
<p>
David Rand sent me the photo. It shows the die being part of a wafer! Unfortunately David has only the photo and
not the wafer ...
</p>
<p>
The layout of the NS32332 die looks similar to the NS32032 in Figure 8. For example the ROM in the upper left corner
is nearly identical in both dies. The outer metal ring delivers GND for the I/O pads. In the NS32332 the ring is cut
into 6 segments. Each of the four segments in the lower half of the die has 8 I/O pads and one GND pad. These four
segments make the 32-bit address/data bus. The double pads at the left and right edge deliver VCC resp. GND for the
internal logic.
</p>
<p>
The distance die-to-die on the wafer is around 150 μm. There are no test structures visible between the dies.
This is also true for the wafer in Figure 19. National Semiconductor didn't waste any valuable space on the wafer.
</p>
<p><span id="NS32332"><b>New photo of NS32332</b></p>
<p>
Antoine made a photo of an NS32332 in 2023 which has some test structures at the chip edges:
<a href="images/Die_332_big.jpg">NS32332 die</a>. It is difficult to find some differences between Figure 10 and the
new photo. For example the two pad positions at the lower left side of the microcode ROM are different.
</p>
<h2>NS32532 (CPU)</h2>
<p>
<img src="images/Die_532_x.jpg"> <img src="images/Die_532_y.jpg">
</p>
<p>Fig. 11/12. How big is the NS32532?</p>
<p>
The answer to the above question is : 11.5 mm * 14 mm = 161 mm². A huge die even for today! The wafer size in
the 80's was growing from 100 mm (4 inches) to 150 mm (6 inches). Today it is 300 mm (12 inches). I don't know what
National Semiconductor was using but even if you use 150 mm wafers you get less than 100 dies. The area of
a 150 mm wafer is 17,670 mm² but the wafer is round and the dies are square. Therefore you loose dies at the
edge. Programs are used to optimize the number of dies per wafer. And the next problem is defect density. This
number represents the qualtity of the wafer material measured in crystal errors per square centimeter. If you have a
defect density of 10 errors/cm² the probability that one of them will hit a transistor in the NS32532 is high.
And then you have a defect die which you can not sell.
</p>
<p>
Since I saw for the first time a die of the NS32532 I was wondering where were the different functions located. For me
it was not clear, what was a data ram, a tag ram, a microcode rom or an associative memory. In August 2017 I got a copy
of an article of 1989 that answered just these questions. The next Figure shows the die together with an identification
of the particular functions.
</p>
<p><img src="images/Die_532.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 13. The building blocks of the NS32532 and their location on the die.</p>
<p>
On the left side of the block called microcode inside the execution unit is the microcode ROM. Its size is 1K words by
44 bits.
</p>
<p><img src="images/Die_532_names.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 14. The designers of NS32532 placed their names on the first silicon.</p>
<p>
Figure 14 can be found in Figure 13 in the lower left corner. Later the designers were not allowed to do so again...
</p>
<p>
And now comes the absolut highlight : a die photo of the NS32532 with 10,560 by 8,560 pixel! This photo is taken by a
high quality optical tool from the semiconductor industry. The file size is 39 MB. Download and enjoy!
</p>
<p><a href="images/Die_NS32532.jpg">NS32532 die in very high resolution</a></p>
<p>
Obviously the die in Figure 13 and the one in high resolution are different. Figure 13 shows the die of the first silicon
which was fabricated in 1.5 μm CMOS technology. The die in high resolution is a production part and used a 1.25 μm
CMOS process. Initial parts run at 20 MHz and the shrinked parts could be rated at 25 and 30 MHz.
</p>
<p>
It is interesting to note that the production die has some empty area. The reason is that both dies are of the same size.
The engineers shrinked only the logic transistors and kept the die area the same because they needed the long edges for the
many pads. The semiconductor industry calls such a design "pad-limited". Another advantage is that the wafer test equipment
can be reused.
</p>
<h2><span id="NS32SF641">Swordfish (CPU)</h2>
<p><img src="images/Die_SF641.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 15. The next step of Series 32000: the NS32SF641</p>
<p>
The photo in Figure 15 shows according to the text the NS32SF641. This chip has 1.1 million transistors and is much more
complex than the NS32532. For the first time the FPU was integrated. The technology used was 0.8 μm CMOS.
In a conference paper it is written that the die size is 13 mm * 13 mm = 169 mm². Compare this
design to the die of the NS32016 and you get an impression of the progress in the semiconductor industry within one decade.
In 2020 such a chip would fit in less than one square millimeter...
</p>
<p>
The CMOS process of Swordfish had only two layers of metal. To build such a complex chip with only two layers is definitly
a disadvantage. Using a third layer of metal would shrink the die size significantly.
</p>
<p><img src="images/SF_modules.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 16. The modules of Swordfish.</p>
<p>
What is called the instruction emulator was intended to keep Swordfish's instruction set compatible to earlier Series 32000
processors. Later this unit translated only some special instuctions of Swordfish to a series of RISC instructions.
</p>
<p>
The size of the instruction cache is 4 kByte. The size of the data cache is 1 kByte. Swordfish contains no MMU.
</p>
<p><img src="images/SF_cavity.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 17. Swordfish in its 223 pin PGA package.</p>
<p><img src="images/SF_wafer.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 18. The 6 inch wafer of Swordfish shows only 56 potentially good chips! This is no good news for the price of
Swordfish.</p>
<p>
Maybe two more chips in the third row from the top are available. But it seems that their corners are not fully processed.
Some area could have been saved if the horizontal test structures between Swordfish dies were made smaller. Anyhow chips
near the edge of a wafer see often a process problem.
</p>
<p>
I doubt that the published die size of 13 * 13 mm square is correct. Then 10 dies would fit in the row at the center. The
real die size is nearly 15 * 15 mm square.
</p>
<p>
Maybe there was a plan to shrink the die...
</p>
<h2>NS32CG16 (CPU)</h2>
<p><img src="images/Die_CG16.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 19. The first Embedded Processor of Series 32000: the NS32CG16. Die size is 9.9 * 7.6 = 75.24 mm².</p>
<p>
David Rand sent me the photo of his NS32CG16 device in September 2016. This chip must be the very first silicon of
the NS32CG16 because of the large and complex test structures at the left and right edge. Normally simple and small
test structures like ring oscillators are used for process monitoring in the fab. But on this device some people
wanted to learn more ...
</p>
<p>
The core of the NS32CG16 is an unmodified NS32C016. The size of the microcode ROM was not changed because the new
graphics instructions replaced the instructions for the MMU. At the right edge some additional structures
are placed inside the pad ring. I guess that most of it is used for the block GRAPHICS SUPPORT LOGIC which is shown
in the block diagram on page 1 of the NS32CG16 datasheet. Part of the structure must be the integrated functionality
of the NS32201 TCU.
</p>
<p><img src="images/Die_CG16_2.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 20. This NS32CG16 is a production device with an optimized structure. Die size is 5.09 * 5.57 = 28.35 mm².</p>
<h2>NS32CG160 (CPU)</h2>
<p><img src="images/Die_CG160.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 21. The successor of the NS32CG16: the NS32CG160. Die size is 8 * 7.5 = 60 mm².</p>
<p>
The NS32CG160 was one of the last Series 32000 designs. It was implemented in 0.8 μm CMOS. The CPU core takes the
upper left area. The peripherals are placed at the right and at the bottom side of the die. Once again the IO structure
has been changed. The year of the design was 1989. The number can be found in the lower middle of the die.
</p>
<p>
The design is not very compact. One of the reasons was that only two layers of metal were available for wiring. The
situation changed dramatically when technological advancements allowed a third metal layer. To my knowledge there
was never a Series 32000 device done in three metal layer.
</p>
<p><img src="images/Die_CG160_1.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 22. An enhanced view of an area near the center of the die showing the clock generator. This view is rotated
by 90 degree.</p>
<p>
I didn't find the product name on the die. Only the internal design name MM47713 was placed in the metal 2 layer. The "B"
can be the design step. Metal 2 is the top most layer of the used technology. The number 10 for metal 2 can be a hint to
the total number of masks for this process. Both metal layers were made of aluminium. The layer 7, which should be the
contact layer to the gates and diffusions, has a subversion number of 1. Maybe the microcode ROM content is defined in
this layer.
</p>
<p>
The wiring between the blocks of logic has been done automatically. Although the results were always not perfect from an
engineering point of view, it saved a lot of time. And time is money!
</p>
<p><img src="images/Die_CG160_2.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 23. A more enhanced view of the output of the clock generator showing the big transistors on the left side
driving PHI1 and PHI2 at high speed.</p>
<p>
In Figure 23 the connections between metal 2 and metal 1 are visible as small dots. Each dot is a via, which is a hole in
the isolating oxide filled with aluminium. Due to technical reasons all vias have the same size. Even if the width of the
metal allows for a big hole an array of vias is used.
</p>
<p>
The external clock signal has twice the frequency of the CPU clock. The clock generator shown in Figure 22 and 23
produces two signals at the CPU frequency. PHI1 is high when PHI2 is low and vice-versa. This is called a two-phase clock
system. It is placed in a loop around the whole logic. Due to its limitations this clocking schema was later replaced
by the clock tree.
</p>
<p>
I don't know how National Semiconductor named the clocks. I choosed the names PHI1 and PHI2 by chance. VCC and GND can be
identified by following the wires to the pads and look for the names in the data sheet.
</p>
<h2>NS32GX32 (CPU)</h2>
<p><img src="images/Die_GX32.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 24. Surprise, surprise: the die of the NS32GX32 CPU looks like the NS32532 CPU. Yes, it is the same die,
but the MMU is not fully functional. Good trick to make money with a broken die...</p>
<h2>NS32GX32A (CPU)</h2>
<p>
A long time I speculated about the differences between NS32GX32 and NS32GX32A. One theory was that the chip uses
a newer technology. In December 2019 the X-ray image in Figure 25 confirmed this assumption: the die size of
NS32GX32A is much smaller.
</p>
<p><img src="images/Die_GX32A_1.png"></p>
<p>Fig. 25. The high quality X-ray image of the plastic package of the NS32GX32A shows even the bond wires between the
die and the carrier.</p>
<p><img src="images/Die_GX32A_2.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 26. A direct comparison of the NS32GX32 left and the "A" version right. Brute force was necessary to open the
plastic package. Pin A1 is in the lower left corners.</p>
<p><img src="images/Die_GX32A.png"></p>
<p>Fig. 27. The die size of the shrinked version is 9 mm * 9 mm = 81 mm² which is about half the size of
the NS32GX32. The design was done in 1991.</p>
<p>
Normally smaller technologies result in faster chips. But the NS32GX32A got the same speed selections like its
predecessor. Now the design is obviously pad-limited.
</p>
<p>
I think that the 1 kByte data cache is in the upper right corner. Below must be the TAG RAM. The instruction cache of
512 Byte is on the left side of the data cache. These blocks should have 32 bits wide busses to the pads. The memory
block in the lower left corner must be the microcode ROM.
</p>
<p><img src="images/Die_GX32A_3.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 28. A nice view of another NS32GX32A not being destroyed but not finally processed.</p>
<h2>NS16081/NS32081 (FPU)</h2>
<p>
<img src="images/Die_081_trio.jpg">
</p>
<p>Fig. 29. The first Series 32000 FPU NS16081 and the later versions of NS32081 in comparison.</p>
<p>
The NS32081 has a more compact layout compared to the NS16081. The die size of the NS16081 is around
7.0 mm * 6.4 mm = 44.8 mm². The die size of the NS32081D-10 is around 6.2 mm * 5.9 mm = 36.58
mm². The die size of the NS32081D-15 is around 4.8 mm * 4.5 mm = 21.6 mm². A smaller die
has lower production costs.
</p>
<p><img src="images/Die_16081.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 30. A closer look at the NS16081 FPU. Die size is 7.0 * 6.4 = 44.8 mm².
(<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NS_NS16081_die.jpg" target="_blank">Birdman86:NS16081</a>)</p>
<p>
The datapath is located in the left half of the die. The 8 * 32 bits register file of the FPU is placed in
the lower right corner. A ROM is placed in the upper right corner. The purpose of it is not clear to me.
</p>
<p>
On the left edge there are 7 bond wires. The one in the middle is not going to a pad but is connected
to the cavity of the package. It connects the on-chip back-bias generator to the backside of the die.
Maybe someone remembers the -5V pin of early digital NMOS chips. These pins could be eliminated with
the voltage generator placed on-chip. Modern CMOS technology does not require back-bias.
</p>
<p>
The NS16081 in Figure 30 has 13 additional pads for testing. They can be identified because there is no bond wire
attached to them. The purpose of test pads can be different. They may help
to shorten test time. This maybe true for the FPU because this device has too little ordinary pads. Test time
depends on the amount of data to be written into and to be read from a device. More pads means more bandwidth.
Or they are used for parametric testing to find speed critical paths.
</p>
<p><img src="images/Die_32081.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 31. A closer look at the NS32081 FPU. Interesting to note the different colour of the dies. Die size is
6.2 * 5.9 = 36.58 mm².
(<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NS_NS32081_die.jpg" target="_blank">Birdman86:NS32081</a>)</p>
<p>
The NS32081 in Figure 31 has the same number of test pads. But their locations have changed.
</p>
<p><img src="images/Die_32081_28.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 32. The NS32081 FPU in 2.8 μm technology. Die size is 4.8 * 4.5 = 21.6 mm².
(<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NS_NS32081_late_die.jpg" target="_blank">
Birdman86:NS32081 2.8 μm</a>)</p>
<p>
The NS32081 FPU in Figure 32 was built in 2.8 μm technology to achieve 15 MHz clock frequency. This was necessary
to support the NS32332 CPU. In a smaller technology the pad size can not be shrinked in the same ratio. This is
because bonding equipment is changed far less often then technology equipment. If you compare Figure 31 to Figure 32
you will notice a smaller pad distance. Surprisingly the newer FPU in Figure 32 has five pads with double bonding
whereas the FPU in Figure 31 has none. Some of them are even used for signal pads: /SPC on the top edge and CLK at
the top of the three double bonds on the right edge.
</p>
<p>
<img src="images/Waf_081.jpg">
</p>
<p>Fig. 33. A wafer full of NS16081.</p>
<p>
In November 2015 I got my first photo of a Series 32000 wafer - see Figure 33. Unfortunately the wafer was
broken. But I'm sure that somewhere on this planet a complete wafer exists.
</p>
<p>
The wafer in Figure 33 has a diameter of 10 cm or 4 inch. This wafer size was the standard for all NMOS products
of Series 32000. Around 150 dies of NS16081 could be placed on it.
</p>
<p>
In August 2016 I got two NS32081 FPUs from John with a very unusual date code of <b>S0925AD</b>. I was very curious
to see the die inside. Due to the plastic package I needed some professional help - thank's again to Herbert!
</p>
<p>
The analysis showed a die which is the newest version of the NS32081 FPU in 2.8 μm technology, see Figure 32. The
reason for the date code of 2009 remains unknown.
</p>
<p>
<img src="images/Die_081_open.jpg">
</p>
<p>Fig. 34. Acid is needed to free the die inside a plastic package. In this case the acid was carefully applied to
keep most of the package.</p>
<p>
<img src="images/Die_081_xray.jpg">
</p>
<p>Fig. 35. This X-ray image was made to see where the die is to apply the proper amount of acid. On the right edge
of the die the bond wire in the middle is attached to the die carrier to supply the back bias voltage. Pin 1 is in
the lower left corner.</p>
<p>
<img src="images/Die_081_logo.jpg">
</p>
<p>Fig. 36. It is very difficult to identify a chip if only the company logo and a year number is present. Below the
year number the "J" may be the design step.</p>
<p>
Herbert took a very impressive photo of the die. It has a resolution of 7,250 by 6,720 pixels and the size of the file
is 19 MB. I have put the functional names on the used pads.
</p>
<p><a href="images/Die_081_hires.jpg">NS32081 die in very high resolution</a></p>
<h2><span id="NS32381">NS32381 (FPU)</h2>
<p>
<img src="images/Die_381.jpg">
</p>
<p>Fig. 37. The second FPU design: the NS32381.</p>
<p>
In the upper half you see the datapath of the FPU. A datapath is usual build very regular due to the wide operands.
In the left part of the datapath sits the register file (8 by 64 bits). But this is only a guess. The double bonds
(two wires on one big pad) at the left and right edge are for power and ground supply. This double bonding helps in
reducing the parasitic inductance. There is a date of 1987 on the die near the right edge. Also at the right edge
you will find the company name National Semiconductor in full form. Die size is around 8.0 mm * 8.0 mm = 64.0 mm²
measured at the outer edge of the pad ring. This is three times bigger than the NS32081 in Figure 32 for only sligthly
improved functionality.
</p>
<p><a href="images/Die_381_hires.jpg">Another view of NS32381</a></p>
<h2>NS32580 (FPC)</h2>
<p>
<img src="images/Die_580.jpg">
</p>
<p>Fig. 38. The one and only floating-point controller: the NS32580. I got the photo from the designer of the chip
(Thanks to Shay!).</p>
<p>
The NS32580 FPC was designed to connect the Weitek WTL3164 FPU to the NS32532 CPU. Obviously the task did not
require that much logic because there is some free space on the die. The black areas contain neither wiring nor
transistors. But the design uses many pads and therefore the die is pad-limited. Some area at the upper and
lower edges may be dedicated to test logic because it is outside of the pad ring. This is the second device after
the NS32CG16 having such large test structures. Maybe first silicon at the end of the 1980's was build on multiple
project wafers. Die size is around 7.5 mm * 9.0 mm = 67.5 mm² including the test structures.
</p>
<h2>NS32082 (MMU)</h2>
<p><img src="images/Die_082.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 39. The first Series 32000 Memory Management Unit: the NS32082. Die size is 6.8 * 6.5 = 44.2 mm².
(<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NS_NS32082_die.jpg" target="_blank">Birdman86:NS32082</a>)</p>
<p>
The functionality of the MMU is not big as can be seen in the die photo of the NS32082. Its main purpose is to translate
virtual addresses to physical addresses. This is done by a mapping circuit: the Content Addressable Memory (CAM). It
is located in the upper right corner and has 32 entries. The shape of the padring is unusual. The big transistors are
located inside the padring. If you compare this layout to the layout of the NS32016 (the transistors are placed
between the pads) the conclusion is that the NS32082 is pad-limited.
</p>
<p>
In 1983 the architecture of the MMU was presented at the ISSCC conference. In the conference paper a die photo is
shown. Surprisingly the layout is completely different from Figure 39. Therefore I assume that Figure 39 shows a
2.8 μm version. This explains why the logic core is so small and the die is pad-limited. Of course it would be
interesting to find a version built in 3.5 μm technology.
</p>
<p>
Except for the NS32016 CPU the first generation of Series 32000 was shrunk from 3.5 μm to 2.8 μm. I believe
that this was done also for the NS32016. But I have no evidence. Maybe a newer device in a plastic package contains
a smaller die (see Figure 4 at <a href="CPUs.html#NS32016N">Chips/CPUs</a>). I have to ask John for a part ...
</p>
<h2>NS32382 (MMU)</h2>
<p><img src="images/Die_382.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 40. The second generation Series 32000 Memory Management Unit: the NS32382. Die size is
6.5 * 5.6 = 36.4 mm².
(<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NS_NS32382_die.jpg" target="_blank">Birdman86:NS32382</a>)</p>
<p>
What was said about the NS32082 MMU is perfectly true for the NS32382 MMU: the die is pad-limited. The pads are placed
at the minimum physical distance. The number of pins has grown significantly from the first generation to the second
generation: from 48 to 125. The reasons are the wider data bus of 32 bits and a new physical address bus of 32 bits. It
would be a perfect device if the MMU could have been integrated in the NS32332 CPU. But the 2.8 μm NMOS technology
did not allow this.
</p>
<h2>NS32201 (TCU)</h2>
<p><img src="images/Die_201.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 41. The Series 32000 Timing Control Unit: the NS32201. Die size is 4.0 * 4.5 = 18.0 mm².</p>
<p>
The photo in Figure 41 was taken by a scanner. This was the first time that I used this tool for chip photos. A
larger version of Figure 41 is shown in Figure 42. The quality of the photo was a surprise to me.
</p>
<p><img src="images/Die_201_1.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 42. A closer look at the TCU showing the bond wires.</p>
<p>
National Semiconductor knows the problem of wire inductance. Three bond wires are used for VCC (left) and GND
(right). The PHI1 and PHI2 pads have two bond wires each. This pads deliver the two clock phases for the CPU
and the MMU.
</p>
<p>
The cavity of the package is connected by three single bond wires to GND.
</p>
<p><img src="images/Die_201_2.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 43. The die of the TCU. The die is still named NS16201 which can be seen in the lower left corner.</p>
<p>
The die is surprisingly big. I had expected a die size of around 10 mm². Obviously much space is used for
wiring. Another expectation was to see big buffers/transistors for the clocks PHI1 and PHI2 at the lower left
edge. Again a mistake.
</p>
<p><img src="images/Die_201_3.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 44. A detail of the TCU die. I have no idea what it shows...</p>
<p>
The NS16201/NS32201 TCU was the only device in the Series 32000 which used bipolar technology. Maybe only this
technology was capable in the beginning of the 1980's to deliver sharp edges for clock signals.
</p>
<h2>NS32C201 (TCU)</h2>
<p><img src="images/Die_C201_1.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 45. The NS32C201 is the CMOS version of the NS32201. The die size is only 3.5 * 3.0 = 10.5 mm² which
is the smallest of all Series 32000 devices.</p>
<p><img src="images/Die_C201.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 46. The layout of the NS32C201 is in my view not nice. Some damage on the left side occured during the
opening of the package.</p>
<p>
The NS32C201 TCU used much less power than its bipolar predecessor. The highest operating frequency was 15 MHz
to support the NS32332 CPU. The NS32201 achieved only 10 MHz.
</p>
<p><img src="images/Die_C201_2.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 47. The layout of the power MOSFETs is interesting: the drain and source contacts are arranged in a chess
board style. Therefore the gate length becomes very long. The companies which I worked for never used such a design.
</p>
<h2>NS32202 (ICU)</h2>
<p><img src="images/Die_202.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 48. The Series 32000 Interrupt Control Unit: the NS32202. Die size is 6.4 * 5.9 = 37.76 mm².
(<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NS_NS32202_die.jpg" target="_blank">Birdman86:NS32202</a>)</p>
<p>
One of the simple companion chips of the Series 32000 microprocessors was the NS32202 ICU. It provided a mechanism
to control multiple interrupt sources in a system. Although it was a small die National Semiconductor took a lot of
money for it, see <a href="Prices.html">Miscellaneous/Prices</a>. Later the customers replaced the ICU by their own
designs. For example my NS32532 systems use programmable logic devices for this function.
</p>
<h2>NS32203 (DMAC)</h2>
<p><img src="images/Die_203.jpg"></p>
<p>Fig. 49. The Series 32000 Direct Memory Access Unit: the NS32203. Die size is 6.0 * 5.9 = 35.4 mm².
(<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NS_NS32203_die.jpg" target="_blank">Birdman86:NS32203</a>)</p>
<p>
The NS32203 DMAC is a complex chip. It supports four channels. They are identical and can be found in the
right half of the die placed from top to bottom. The DMAC supports 24 bit addresses. Therefore it was an useful device
only for the first generation of Series 32000 microprocessors.
</p>
<p>
In the lower left corner seven small testpads are placed inside the padring. This is an unusual location for testpads.
</p>
<p>
The die of this complex device is surprisingly small. Together with the late date code S9252AB it must being built in
2.8 μm NMOS technology.
</p>
<h2>Probe Card</h2>
<p>
I suppose that not everybody has seen a probe card. In germany such a thing is called "needle card". It is used for
testing chips which are still on the wafer. This is the first production test and each chip which does not pass this
test will not be packaged. Packages could be expensive, for example the 175 pin PGA of the NS32532. Figure 50 and 51
show a probe card of the year 2001. But the concept has not changed since many years.
</p>
<p>
<img src="images/Probe_front.jpg">
</p>
<p>Fig. 50. The front side of a probe card.</p>
<p>
Figure 50 shows a massive metal ring around the probe card. The ring is needed for mechanical stability. During a wafer
test the wafer is moved from die to die and the probe card is fixed. Each design has its own probe card.
</p>
<p>
<img src="images/Probe_back.jpg">
</p>
<p>Fig. 51. The back side of a probe card.</p>
<p>
If you can't see a single needle - don't worry. In a typical design 10 needles are placed in 1 mm!
</p>
<p><i>This chapter was last modified on 16 September 2023.</i> Next chapter: <a href="Acorn.html">Systems/Acorn</a></p>
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The Web Site to Remember National Semiconductor's Series 32000 Family
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# The Web Site to Remember National Semiconductor's Series 32000 Family
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* M32632
+ [Overview](Overview.html)
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* [Imprint](Impressum.html)
## Die Photos
It is always fascinating to see the die of a chip. During the 1980's the structures were clearly visible. Two layers
of metal were placed on top of most chips. They served as interconnects between the thousands of transistors
and delivered power, clock signals and all the many data signals. Today process technology is so advanced that
you can not longer identify any details.
Fig. 1. Family portrait of Series 32000 members in ceramic package - ideal to see what is inside.
Some of the die photos presented here are the work of Pauli Rautakorpi from Finland. He is a highly skilled
photographer with a passion for die photos. He gave me the permisson to show his Series 32000 die photos here. His
really phantastic collection can be seen at wikimedia:
[Birdman86](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Birdman86).
He is always on the look for new chips which are not yet portrayed.
Pauli presents not only one photo of each die. There are different resolutions available. To ease the
access I have set a link to the specific entry of his website behind the text of each of his photos.
Another "Thank You" goes to Herbert. He is now in retirement. If I get new chips in a plastic package it
will be very difficult to get die photos...
## NS16032/NS32016 (CPU)
Fig. 2. The first NS16000 microprocessor: the NS16032.
The die in Figure 2 is possibly coated with a polymide to protect its surface. Therefore the color is not metallic like
the other dies shown. The bond wires seem not to be made of gold as usual. At the top is the microcode ROM. The size
of the ROM is 1300 words by 18 bits according to a conference paper at the ISSCC 81. 127 words are used for self
test routines. At the bottom is the datapath.
The same die photo with 3 times higher resolution can be downloaded. Then you can see a date and
the chip name which is still 16032. Die size is around 7.5 mm \* 7.3 mm = 54.75 mm².
[NS16032 die in high resolution](images/Die_016_hires.jpg)
 
Fig. 3/4. What do you expect to find under the lid with the marking of the left photo? Surprise, surprise ... it is
an NS16032 shown in the right photo.
The dies in Figure 2 and 4 are obviously identical. But they are different in very small details, see Figure 5 and 6.
The word **ISRAEL** is not found in Figure 2 in the middle of the lower edge. **SLC** is not found in Figure 2
in the middle of the left edge. Maybe the die in Figure 4 was a very early internal version. This could be also the
reason for the strange marking without the complete product name, National Semiconductor logo and stepping code. I
would have been not interested in the chip if I didn't got the strong advice that this is a NS16000 device ...
 
Fig. 5/6. Two enlarged areas of the die in Figure 4 showing differences to the die in Figure 2.
The meaning of **ISRAEL** is obvious which is not true for **SLC**. I got the info that it means the town **Salt
Lake City** in the US. It was the location of the fab of National Semiconductor where the NS16032 was manufactured.
The next photo shows the die of Figure 4 in a way which is not natural for a human being: black is becoming white.
This photo is made with equipment of a semiconductor company showing details which are otherwise not visible. Thank's
to Herbert!
Fig. 7. This is the best photo of NS16032 I have ever seen!
If someone is alreay impressed by the photo shown above he or she should download the larger version of it:
[NS16032 die in super resolution](images/Die_016_hires_s.jpg).
## NS32032 (CPU)
Fig. 8. The first Series 32000 microprocessor with an external 32-bit data bus: the NS32032. Die size is
6.7 \* 6.0 = 40.2 mm².
If you compare Figure 2 and 8 you see that the NS32032 is the big brother of the NS32016. From a programmer point
of view the chips behave identical. But the architecture of the NS32032 must be slightly different because of the 32-bit
data bus. In the middle of the right edge there are two power pads. You may think that one pad is for VCC and the other
pad is for GND. But the upper pad is GNDB for the buffer supply and the lower pad is GNDL for the
internal logic. This separation is done to avoid disturbances from the fast switching buffers. The disadvantage of this
solution is the risk of ESD damage during handling of the chips.
From an electrical point of view it would be better to use a second wire (double bonding) on the GNDB pad.
The date code of the device is S9206AB. Together with the small die size I assume that this device was built in 2.8
μm NMOS technology.
## NS32C016 (CPU)
Fig. 9. The first CMOS Series 32000 microprocessor: the NS32C016. Die size is 9.2 \* 8.0 = 73.6 mm².
([Birdman86:NS32C016](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NS_NS32C016_die.jpg))
The CMOS NS32C016 is obviously the successor of the NMOS NS32016 as can be seen in their die photos. The big long
microcode ROM of the NS32016 changed its shape to a square part of the NS32C016 die. This gave room for some
shiftings. For example the little memory (ROM ?) at the middle of the left edge of NS32016 moved to the upper right
corner of NS32C016. National Semiconductor seems to have rejected functional changes to the newer NS32C016
to avoid any risks. Clock-by-clock both CPUs are identical.
The large die size can only be explained with the 3 μm feature size of the used CMOS technology. Please note
the large company logo and the name of the company in the lower left corner. This kind of marking a die can be
found on the NS32382 MMU too.
## NS32332 (CPU)
Fig. 10. The second generation Series 32000 microprocessor: the NS32332. Die size is 10.1 \* 8.7 = 87.87 mm².
The NS32332 was the first CPU of Series 32000 which had an address space of 4 Gbyte. The external address bus was
32 bits wide and was multiplexed with the 32 bits wide data bus. This CPU would have been a much better device for
all the companies who have built multiprocessor systems based on the NS32032. This CPU could only address 16 Mbytes.
But the NS32332 appeared to late for this market.
David Rand sent me the photo. It shows the die being part of a wafer! Unfortunately David has only the photo and
not the wafer ...
The layout of the NS32332 die looks similar to the NS32032 in Figure 8. For example the ROM in the upper left corner
is nearly identical in both dies. The outer metal ring delivers GND for the I/O pads. In the NS32332 the ring is cut
into 6 segments. Each of the four segments in the lower half of the die has 8 I/O pads and one GND pad. These four
segments make the 32-bit address/data bus. The double pads at the left and right edge deliver VCC resp. GND for the
internal logic.
The distance die-to-die on the wafer is around 150 μm. There are no test structures visible between the dies.
This is also true for the wafer in Figure 19. National Semiconductor didn't waste any valuable space on the wafer.
**New photo of NS32332**
Antoine made a photo of an NS32332 in 2023 which has some test structures at the chip edges:
[NS32332 die](images/Die_332_big.jpg). It is difficult to find some differences between Figure 10 and the
new photo. For example the two pad positions at the lower left side of the microcode ROM are different.
## NS32532 (CPU)
 
Fig. 11/12. How big is the NS32532?
The answer to the above question is : 11.5 mm \* 14 mm = 161 mm². A huge die even for today! The wafer size in
the 80's was growing from 100 mm (4 inches) to 150 mm (6 inches). Today it is 300 mm (12 inches). I don't know what
National Semiconductor was using but even if you use 150 mm wafers you get less than 100 dies. The area of
a 150 mm wafer is 17,670 mm² but the wafer is round and the dies are square. Therefore you loose dies at the
edge. Programs are used to optimize the number of dies per wafer. And the next problem is defect density. This
number represents the qualtity of the wafer material measured in crystal errors per square centimeter. If you have a
defect density of 10 errors/cm² the probability that one of them will hit a transistor in the NS32532 is high.
And then you have a defect die which you can not sell.
Since I saw for the first time a die of the NS32532 I was wondering where were the different functions located. For me
it was not clear, what was a data ram, a tag ram, a microcode rom or an associative memory. In August 2017 I got a copy
of an article of 1989 that answered just these questions. The next Figure shows the die together with an identification
of the particular functions.
Fig. 13. The building blocks of the NS32532 and their location on the die.
On the left side of the block called microcode inside the execution unit is the microcode ROM. Its size is 1K words by
44 bits.
Fig. 14. The designers of NS32532 placed their names on the first silicon.
Figure 14 can be found in Figure 13 in the lower left corner. Later the designers were not allowed to do so again...
And now comes the absolut highlight : a die photo of the NS32532 with 10,560 by 8,560 pixel! This photo is taken by a
high quality optical tool from the semiconductor industry. The file size is 39 MB. Download and enjoy!
[NS32532 die in very high resolution](images/Die_NS32532.jpg)
Obviously the die in Figure 13 and the one in high resolution are different. Figure 13 shows the die of the first silicon
which was fabricated in 1.5 μm CMOS technology. The die in high resolution is a production part and used a 1.25 μm
CMOS process. Initial parts run at 20 MHz and the shrinked parts could be rated at 25 and 30 MHz.
It is interesting to note that the production die has some empty area. The reason is that both dies are of the same size.
The engineers shrinked only the logic transistors and kept the die area the same because they needed the long edges for the
many pads. The semiconductor industry calls such a design "pad-limited". Another advantage is that the wafer test equipment
can be reused.
## Swordfish (CPU)
Fig. 15. The next step of Series 32000: the NS32SF641
The photo in Figure 15 shows according to the text the NS32SF641. This chip has 1.1 million transistors and is much more
complex than the NS32532. For the first time the FPU was integrated. The technology used was 0.8 μm CMOS.
In a conference paper it is written that the die size is 13 mm \* 13 mm = 169 mm². Compare this
design to the die of the NS32016 and you get an impression of the progress in the semiconductor industry within one decade.
In 2020 such a chip would fit in less than one square millimeter...
The CMOS process of Swordfish had only two layers of metal. To build such a complex chip with only two layers is definitly
a disadvantage. Using a third layer of metal would shrink the die size significantly.
Fig. 16. The modules of Swordfish.
What is called the instruction emulator was intended to keep Swordfish's instruction set compatible to earlier Series 32000
processors. Later this unit translated only some special instuctions of Swordfish to a series of RISC instructions.
The size of the instruction cache is 4 kByte. The size of the data cache is 1 kByte. Swordfish contains no MMU.
Fig. 17. Swordfish in its 223 pin PGA package.
Fig. 18. The 6 inch wafer of Swordfish shows only 56 potentially good chips! This is no good news for the price of
Swordfish.
Maybe two more chips in the third row from the top are available. But it seems that their corners are not fully processed.
Some area could have been saved if the horizontal test structures between Swordfish dies were made smaller. Anyhow chips
near the edge of a wafer see often a process problem.
I doubt that the published die size of 13 \* 13 mm square is correct. Then 10 dies would fit in the row at the center. The
real die size is nearly 15 \* 15 mm square.
Maybe there was a plan to shrink the die...
## NS32CG16 (CPU)
Fig. 19. The first Embedded Processor of Series 32000: the NS32CG16. Die size is 9.9 \* 7.6 = 75.24 mm².
David Rand sent me the photo of his NS32CG16 device in September 2016. This chip must be the very first silicon of
the NS32CG16 because of the large and complex test structures at the left and right edge. Normally simple and small
test structures like ring oscillators are used for process monitoring in the fab. But on this device some people
wanted to learn more ...
The core of the NS32CG16 is an unmodified NS32C016. The size of the microcode ROM was not changed because the new
graphics instructions replaced the instructions for the MMU. At the right edge some additional structures
are placed inside the pad ring. I guess that most of it is used for the block GRAPHICS SUPPORT LOGIC which is shown
in the block diagram on page 1 of the NS32CG16 datasheet. Part of the structure must be the integrated functionality
of the NS32201 TCU.
Fig. 20. This NS32CG16 is a production device with an optimized structure. Die size is 5.09 \* 5.57 = 28.35 mm².
## NS32CG160 (CPU)
Fig. 21. The successor of the NS32CG16: the NS32CG160. Die size is 8 \* 7.5 = 60 mm².
The NS32CG160 was one of the last Series 32000 designs. It was implemented in 0.8 μm CMOS. The CPU core takes the
upper left area. The peripherals are placed at the right and at the bottom side of the die. Once again the IO structure
has been changed. The year of the design was 1989. The number can be found in the lower middle of the die.
The design is not very compact. One of the reasons was that only two layers of metal were available for wiring. The
situation changed dramatically when technological advancements allowed a third metal layer. To my knowledge there
was never a Series 32000 device done in three metal layer.
Fig. 22. An enhanced view of an area near the center of the die showing the clock generator. This view is rotated
by 90 degree.
I didn't find the product name on the die. Only the internal design name MM47713 was placed in the metal 2 layer. The "B"
can be the design step. Metal 2 is the top most layer of the used technology. The number 10 for metal 2 can be a hint to
the total number of masks for this process. Both metal layers were made of aluminium. The layer 7, which should be the
contact layer to the gates and diffusions, has a subversion number of 1. Maybe the microcode ROM content is defined in
this layer.
The wiring between the blocks of logic has been done automatically. Although the results were always not perfect from an
engineering point of view, it saved a lot of time. And time is money!
Fig. 23. A more enhanced view of the output of the clock generator showing the big transistors on the left side
driving PHI1 and PHI2 at high speed.
In Figure 23 the connections between metal 2 and metal 1 are visible as small dots. Each dot is a via, which is a hole in
the isolating oxide filled with aluminium. Due to technical reasons all vias have the same size. Even if the width of the
metal allows for a big hole an array of vias is used.
The external clock signal has twice the frequency of the CPU clock. The clock generator shown in Figure 22 and 23
produces two signals at the CPU frequency. PHI1 is high when PHI2 is low and vice-versa. This is called a two-phase clock
system. It is placed in a loop around the whole logic. Due to its limitations this clocking schema was later replaced
by the clock tree.
I don't know how National Semiconductor named the clocks. I choosed the names PHI1 and PHI2 by chance. VCC and GND can be
identified by following the wires to the pads and look for the names in the data sheet.
## NS32GX32 (CPU)
Fig. 24. Surprise, surprise: the die of the NS32GX32 CPU looks like the NS32532 CPU. Yes, it is the same die,
but the MMU is not fully functional. Good trick to make money with a broken die...
## NS32GX32A (CPU)
A long time I speculated about the differences between NS32GX32 and NS32GX32A. One theory was that the chip uses
a newer technology. In December 2019 the X-ray image in Figure 25 confirmed this assumption: the die size of
NS32GX32A is much smaller.
Fig. 25. The high quality X-ray image of the plastic package of the NS32GX32A shows even the bond wires between the
die and the carrier.
Fig. 26. A direct comparison of the NS32GX32 left and the "A" version right. Brute force was necessary to open the
plastic package. Pin A1 is in the lower left corners.
Fig. 27. The die size of the shrinked version is 9 mm \* 9 mm = 81 mm² which is about half the size of
the NS32GX32. The design was done in 1991.
Normally smaller technologies result in faster chips. But the NS32GX32A got the same speed selections like its
predecessor. Now the design is obviously pad-limited.
I think that the 1 kByte data cache is in the upper right corner. Below must be the TAG RAM. The instruction cache of
512 Byte is on the left side of the data cache. These blocks should have 32 bits wide busses to the pads. The memory
block in the lower left corner must be the microcode ROM.
Fig. 28. A nice view of another NS32GX32A not being destroyed but not finally processed.
## NS16081/NS32081 (FPU)
Fig. 29. The first Series 32000 FPU NS16081 and the later versions of NS32081 in comparison.
The NS32081 has a more compact layout compared to the NS16081. The die size of the NS16081 is around
7.0 mm \* 6.4 mm = 44.8 mm². The die size of the NS32081D-10 is around 6.2 mm \* 5.9 mm = 36.58
mm². The die size of the NS32081D-15 is around 4.8 mm \* 4.5 mm = 21.6 mm². A smaller die
has lower production costs.
Fig. 30. A closer look at the NS16081 FPU. Die size is 7.0 \* 6.4 = 44.8 mm².
([Birdman86:NS16081](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NS_NS16081_die.jpg))
The datapath is located in the left half of the die. The 8 \* 32 bits register file of the FPU is placed in
the lower right corner. A ROM is placed in the upper right corner. The purpose of it is not clear to me.
On the left edge there are 7 bond wires. The one in the middle is not going to a pad but is connected
to the cavity of the package. It connects the on-chip back-bias generator to the backside of the die.
Maybe someone remembers the -5V pin of early digital NMOS chips. These pins could be eliminated with
the voltage generator placed on-chip. Modern CMOS technology does not require back-bias.
The NS16081 in Figure 30 has 13 additional pads for testing. They can be identified because there is no bond wire
attached to them. The purpose of test pads can be different. They may help
to shorten test time. This maybe true for the FPU because this device has too little ordinary pads. Test time
depends on the amount of data to be written into and to be read from a device. More pads means more bandwidth.
Or they are used for parametric testing to find speed critical paths.
Fig. 31. A closer look at the NS32081 FPU. Interesting to note the different colour of the dies. Die size is
6.2 \* 5.9 = 36.58 mm².
([Birdman86:NS32081](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NS_NS32081_die.jpg))
The NS32081 in Figure 31 has the same number of test pads. But their locations have changed.
Fig. 32. The NS32081 FPU in 2.8 μm technology. Die size is 4.8 \* 4.5 = 21.6 mm².
([Birdman86:NS32081 2.8 μm](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NS_NS32081_late_die.jpg))
The NS32081 FPU in Figure 32 was built in 2.8 μm technology to achieve 15 MHz clock frequency. This was necessary
to support the NS32332 CPU. In a smaller technology the pad size can not be shrinked in the same ratio. This is
because bonding equipment is changed far less often then technology equipment. If you compare Figure 31 to Figure 32
you will notice a smaller pad distance. Surprisingly the newer FPU in Figure 32 has five pads with double bonding
whereas the FPU in Figure 31 has none. Some of them are even used for signal pads: /SPC on the top edge and CLK at
the top of the three double bonds on the right edge.
Fig. 33. A wafer full of NS16081.
In November 2015 I got my first photo of a Series 32000 wafer - see Figure 33. Unfortunately the wafer was
broken. But I'm sure that somewhere on this planet a complete wafer exists.
The wafer in Figure 33 has a diameter of 10 cm or 4 inch. This wafer size was the standard for all NMOS products
of Series 32000. Around 150 dies of NS16081 could be placed on it.
In August 2016 I got two NS32081 FPUs from John with a very unusual date code of **S0925AD**. I was very curious
to see the die inside. Due to the plastic package I needed some professional help - thank's again to Herbert!
The analysis showed a die which is the newest version of the NS32081 FPU in 2.8 μm technology, see Figure 32. The
reason for the date code of 2009 remains unknown.
Fig. 34. Acid is needed to free the die inside a plastic package. In this case the acid was carefully applied to
keep most of the package.
Fig. 35. This X-ray image was made to see where the die is to apply the proper amount of acid. On the right edge
of the die the bond wire in the middle is attached to the die carrier to supply the back bias voltage. Pin 1 is in
the lower left corner.
Fig. 36. It is very difficult to identify a chip if only the company logo and a year number is present. Below the
year number the "J" may be the design step.
Herbert took a very impressive photo of the die. It has a resolution of 7,250 by 6,720 pixels and the size of the file
is 19 MB. I have put the functional names on the used pads.
[NS32081 die in very high resolution](images/Die_081_hires.jpg)
## NS32381 (FPU)
Fig. 37. The second FPU design: the NS32381.
In the upper half you see the datapath of the FPU. A datapath is usual build very regular due to the wide operands.
In the left part of the datapath sits the register file (8 by 64 bits). But this is only a guess. The double bonds
(two wires on one big pad) at the left and right edge are for power and ground supply. This double bonding helps in
reducing the parasitic inductance. There is a date of 1987 on the die near the right edge. Also at the right edge
you will find the company name National Semiconductor in full form. Die size is around 8.0 mm \* 8.0 mm = 64.0 mm²
measured at the outer edge of the pad ring. This is three times bigger than the NS32081 in Figure 32 for only sligthly
improved functionality.
[Another view of NS32381](images/Die_381_hires.jpg)
## NS32580 (FPC)
Fig. 38. The one and only floating-point controller: the NS32580. I got the photo from the designer of the chip
(Thanks to Shay!).
The NS32580 FPC was designed to connect the Weitek WTL3164 FPU to the NS32532 CPU. Obviously the task did not
require that much logic because there is some free space on the die. The black areas contain neither wiring nor
transistors. But the design uses many pads and therefore the die is pad-limited. Some area at the upper and
lower edges may be dedicated to test logic because it is outside of the pad ring. This is the second device after
the NS32CG16 having such large test structures. Maybe first silicon at the end of the 1980's was build on multiple
project wafers. Die size is around 7.5 mm \* 9.0 mm = 67.5 mm² including the test structures.
## NS32082 (MMU)
Fig. 39. The first Series 32000 Memory Management Unit: the NS32082. Die size is 6.8 \* 6.5 = 44.2 mm².
([Birdman86:NS32082](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NS_NS32082_die.jpg))
The functionality of the MMU is not big as can be seen in the die photo of the NS32082. Its main purpose is to translate
virtual addresses to physical addresses. This is done by a mapping circuit: the Content Addressable Memory (CAM). It
is located in the upper right corner and has 32 entries. The shape of the padring is unusual. The big transistors are
located inside the padring. If you compare this layout to the layout of the NS32016 (the transistors are placed
between the pads) the conclusion is that the NS32082 is pad-limited.
In 1983 the architecture of the MMU was presented at the ISSCC conference. In the conference paper a die photo is
shown. Surprisingly the layout is completely different from Figure 39. Therefore I assume that Figure 39 shows a
2.8 μm version. This explains why the logic core is so small and the die is pad-limited. Of course it would be
interesting to find a version built in 3.5 μm technology.
Except for the NS32016 CPU the first generation of Series 32000 was shrunk from 3.5 μm to 2.8 μm. I believe
that this was done also for the NS32016. But I have no evidence. Maybe a newer device in a plastic package contains
a smaller die (see Figure 4 at [Chips/CPUs](CPUs.html#NS32016N)). I have to ask John for a part ...
## NS32382 (MMU)
Fig. 40. The second generation Series 32000 Memory Management Unit: the NS32382. Die size is
6.5 \* 5.6 = 36.4 mm².
([Birdman86:NS32382](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NS_NS32382_die.jpg))
What was said about the NS32082 MMU is perfectly true for the NS32382 MMU: the die is pad-limited. The pads are placed
at the minimum physical distance. The number of pins has grown significantly from the first generation to the second
generation: from 48 to 125. The reasons are the wider data bus of 32 bits and a new physical address bus of 32 bits. It
would be a perfect device if the MMU could have been integrated in the NS32332 CPU. But the 2.8 μm NMOS technology
did not allow this.
## NS32201 (TCU)
Fig. 41. The Series 32000 Timing Control Unit: the NS32201. Die size is 4.0 \* 4.5 = 18.0 mm².
The photo in Figure 41 was taken by a scanner. This was the first time that I used this tool for chip photos. A
larger version of Figure 41 is shown in Figure 42. The quality of the photo was a surprise to me.
Fig. 42. A closer look at the TCU showing the bond wires.
National Semiconductor knows the problem of wire inductance. Three bond wires are used for VCC (left) and GND
(right). The PHI1 and PHI2 pads have two bond wires each. This pads deliver the two clock phases for the CPU
and the MMU.
The cavity of the package is connected by three single bond wires to GND.
Fig. 43. The die of the TCU. The die is still named NS16201 which can be seen in the lower left corner.
The die is surprisingly big. I had expected a die size of around 10 mm². Obviously much space is used for
wiring. Another expectation was to see big buffers/transistors for the clocks PHI1 and PHI2 at the lower left
edge. Again a mistake.
Fig. 44. A detail of the TCU die. I have no idea what it shows...
The NS16201/NS32201 TCU was the only device in the Series 32000 which used bipolar technology. Maybe only this
technology was capable in the beginning of the 1980's to deliver sharp edges for clock signals.
## NS32C201 (TCU)
Fig. 45. The NS32C201 is the CMOS version of the NS32201. The die size is only 3.5 \* 3.0 = 10.5 mm² which
is the smallest of all Series 32000 devices.
Fig. 46. The layout of the NS32C201 is in my view not nice. Some damage on the left side occured during the
opening of the package.
The NS32C201 TCU used much less power than its bipolar predecessor. The highest operating frequency was 15 MHz
to support the NS32332 CPU. The NS32201 achieved only 10 MHz.
Fig. 47. The layout of the power MOSFETs is interesting: the drain and source contacts are arranged in a chess
board style. Therefore the gate length becomes very long. The companies which I worked for never used such a design.
## NS32202 (ICU)
Fig. 48. The Series 32000 Interrupt Control Unit: the NS32202. Die size is 6.4 \* 5.9 = 37.76 mm².
([Birdman86:NS32202](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NS_NS32202_die.jpg))
One of the simple companion chips of the Series 32000 microprocessors was the NS32202 ICU. It provided a mechanism
to control multiple interrupt sources in a system. Although it was a small die National Semiconductor took a lot of
money for it, see [Miscellaneous/Prices](Prices.html). Later the customers replaced the ICU by their own
designs. For example my NS32532 systems use programmable logic devices for this function.
## NS32203 (DMAC)
Fig. 49. The Series 32000 Direct Memory Access Unit: the NS32203. Die size is 6.0 \* 5.9 = 35.4 mm².
([Birdman86:NS32203](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NS_NS32203_die.jpg))
The NS32203 DMAC is a complex chip. It supports four channels. They are identical and can be found in the
right half of the die placed from top to bottom. The DMAC supports 24 bit addresses. Therefore it was an useful device
only for the first generation of Series 32000 microprocessors.
In the lower left corner seven small testpads are placed inside the padring. This is an unusual location for testpads.
The die of this complex device is surprisingly small. Together with the late date code S9252AB it must being built in
2.8 μm NMOS technology.
## Probe Card
I suppose that not everybody has seen a probe card. In germany such a thing is called "needle card". It is used for
testing chips which are still on the wafer. This is the first production test and each chip which does not pass this
test will not be packaged. Packages could be expensive, for example the 175 pin PGA of the NS32532. Figure 50 and 51
show a probe card of the year 2001. But the concept has not changed since many years.
Fig. 50. The front side of a probe card.
Figure 50 shows a massive metal ring around the probe card. The ring is needed for mechanical stability. During a wafer
test the wafer is moved from die to die and the probe card is fixed. Each design has its own probe card.
Fig. 51. The back side of a probe card.
If you can't see a single needle - don't worry. In a typical design 10 needles are placed in 1 mm!
*This chapter was last modified on 16 September 2023.* Next chapter: [Systems/Acorn](Acorn.html)
| http://cpu-ns32k.net/Diephotos.html |
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<a href="http://wildwoodcanada.com">
<img align="top" width="165" height="140" src="z/templates/WWS_bottomMedalion.jpg" alt="Wildwood Canada group of sites" /></a></td>
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<a class="Links_FooterSites" href="http://wildwoodsurvival.com">Wildwood Survival</a></td>
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<td class="FooterSites">
<a class="Links_FooterSites" href="http://wildwoodtracking.com">Wildwood Tracking</a></td>
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<a class="Links_FooterSites" href="http://trackingquiz.com">Tracking Quiz</a></td>
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<a class="Links_FooterSites" href="http://trackertrail.com">Tracker Trail</a></td>
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<td class="FooterSites">
<a class="Links_FooterSites" href="http://ontariotrees.com">Ontario Trees
& Shrubs</a></td>
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<a class="Links_FooterSites" href="http://ontarioferns.com">Ontario Ferns</a></td>
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<td class="FooterSites">
<a class="Links_FooterSites" href="http://ontariograsses.com">Ontario Grasses</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="FooterSites">
<a class="Links_FooterSites" href="http://greybrucewildflowers.com">Grey-Bruce Wildflowers</a></td>
</tr>
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<td class="FooterSites">
<a class="Links_FooterSites" href="http://worldofmosses.com">World of Mosses</a></td>
</tr>
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<td class="FooterSites">
<a class="Links_FooterSites" href="http://ontarioinsects.com">Ontario Insects</a></td>
</tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%">
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<a class="Links_FooterSites" href="http://jamesbayroad.com">James Bay Road</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="FooterSites">
<a class="Links_FooterSites" href="http://routebaiejames.com">Route de la Baie James</a></td>
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<td class="FooterSites">
<a class="Links_FooterSites" href="http://rupertriver.com">Rupert River</a></td>
</tr>
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<td class="FooterSites">
<a class="Links_FooterSites" href="http://tlhwy.com">Trans-Labrador Hwy</a></td>
</tr>
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<td class="FooterSites">
<a class="Links_FooterSites" href="http://mopedtrip.com">Moped Trip</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="FooterSites">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
<td style="width: 163px" valign="top">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%">
<tr>
<td class="FooterSites">
<a class="Links_FooterSites" href="http://wildwoodcanada.com">Wildwood Canada</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="FooterSites">
<a class="Links_FooterSites" href="http://mumart.ca">Mumart</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="FooterSites">
<a class="Links_FooterSites" href="http://wildontario.com">Wild Ontario</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="FooterSites">
<a class="Links_FooterSites" href="http://earthcaretaker.com">Earth Caretaker</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="FooterSites">
<a class="Links_FooterSites" href="http://wildwoodtrackers.com">Wildwood Trackers</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="FooterSites" style="height: 18px">
<a class="Links_FooterSites" href="http://ontariotrackers.com">Ontario Trackers</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="FooterSites">
<a class="Links_FooterSites" href="http://orangeville.ontariotrackers.com">Orangeville Trackers</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
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<p align="center"><font size="1">The material on this
page is copyright © by the original
author/artist/photographer. This website is created,
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Muma</a><br><i>Please respect this copyright and
<a href="other/usephotos.html">ask permission</a>
before using or saving any of the content of this page
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Wilderness Survival, Tracking, Nature, Wilderness Mind
.auto-style1 {
font-size: xx-small;
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[Wildwood Survival website](index.html) |
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[HOME](index.html) |
[Forums](http://www.wildwoodsurvival.com/_jthy) |
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| [SURVIVAL](survival/index.html) |
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[Shelter](survival/shelter/index.html) |
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[Water](survival/water/index.html) |
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[Fire](survival/fire/index.html) |
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[Fishing](survival/fishing/index.html) |
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[Hunting](survival/hunting/index.html) |
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[Traps](survival/traps/index.html) |
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[Snares](survival/snares/index.html) |
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[Tools](survival/tools/index.html) |
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[Stone](survival/stone/index.html) |
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[Flintknapping](survival/flintknapping/index.html) |
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[Tracker
Knife](survival/trackerknife/index.html) |
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[Cordage](survival/cordage/index.html) |
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[Containers](survival/containers/index.html) |
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[Furniture](survival/furniture/index.html) |
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[Lights](survival/lights/index.html) |
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[Hides](survival/hides/index.html) |
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[Pitch & Glue](survival/pitchandglue/index.html) |
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[Winter](survival/winter/index.html) |
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[Health](survival/health/index.html) |
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[Lyme Disease](survival/health/lymedisease/index.html) |
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[Vision](survival/vision/index.html) |
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[Native People](nativepeople/index.html) |
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[Emergency Prep](survival/emergprep/index.html) |
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[Navigation](survival/navigation/index.html) |
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[Teaching](survival/teaching/index.html) |
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[Humour](humour/index.html) |
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[More](survival/misc/index.html) |
| [Wilderness Mind](wildernessmind/index.html) |
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| Wildwood Survival |
| The Wildwood Survival website contains information on wilderness survival skills from the viewpoint of the ancient philosophy of living in harmony with the Earth, which is what might be called "[wilderness mind](wildernessmind/index.html)".
There are over 500 pages on this site about various survival topics,
including fire, shelter, water, food, tools, and much much more!
Whether you travel in the wild areas by yourself or not, you never
know when you will be stranded somewhere and be forced to rely on
your own resources to stay comfortable or to even survive.
There is plenty of information here for the casual
internet browser, student of wilderness survival, naturalists, or
hard-core survivalist. Please take some time to browse around. Enjoy
your stay at Wildwood Survival!
As well, the famous **[Fire from a Can of Coke & a Chocolate Bar](survival/fire/cokeandchocolatebar/index.html)**
and
**[Fire From Ice](survival/fire/ice/index.html)** articles
are here on this site! |
| |
|
| | |
| --- | --- |
|
**[Fire from a Can of Coke & a Chocolate Bar](survival/fire/cokeandchocolatebar/index.html)**
[Fire from a can of Coke and a Chocolate Bar!](survival/fire/cokeandchocolatebar/index.html) |
**[Fire From Ice](survival/fire/ice/index.html)**
[Fire from Ice!](survival/fire/ice/index.html) |
|
| |
| |
|
|
| |
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| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [Giant Bowdrill :)](survival/fire/bowdrill/pmoc/index.html) |
| |
| --- |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
| | |
| --- | --- |
| | **WHAT'S NEW*** Mar 10/13: New site design and
colours
* Jan 23/13:
[Soapstone
Kudlik](survival/lights/soapstonekudlik.html)
* Oct 13/11:
[Finding Dry Tinder](survival/fire/tinder/findingdrytinder.html)
by Zeb Allison
* Feb 7/11: Site overhaul, new banner, new
colour. SAME great content.
* Jan 4/11:
[General
Winter Camping Tips](survival/winter/generalwintertips.html) and
[Some tips on
how to keep warm](survival/winter/howtokeepwarm.html).
* Aug 24/10:
[Wild
Teas](survival/food/CMwildteas.html)
* Aug 24/10:
[Realities of Harvesting Plants for Food](survival/food/CMrealities.html)
* Sep 5/09:
[The
Simplest Hunting Tool Since the Spear](survival/hunting/bowandarrow/simplestGMW.html) - Grey Man of the Woods
* Jul 14/09:
[Unsung
Foodstock](survival/food/unsungfoodstock.html) - Grey Man of the Woods
* May 17/09:
[Bow
Drill Miscellaneous Information and Tips](survival/fire/bowdrill/bowdrillmisctips.html); also
[Miscellaneous Tips and Information
about Fire](survival/fire/firemisctips.html)
* Feb 10/09: [Apache
Foot Hold Trap](survival/traps/apachefoothold.html) by "Coon"
|
|
| |
| *Wildwood Survival*
*is an independent website. Wildwood Survival*
*has no official or informal connection to the Tracker School or Tom Brown Jr. whatsoever. Wildwood
Survival is not a school or an organization,
nor does it sell Tom Brown's books, or anything else.*
**[PLEASE READ
THE DISCLAIMER](survival/disclaimer.html)** |
| |
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| --- |
| |
| | [Wildwood Canada group of sites](http://wildwoodcanada.com) | |
| |
| --- |
| |
| |
| |
| --- |
| [Wildwood Survival](http://wildwoodsurvival.com) |
| [Wildwood Tracking](http://wildwoodtracking.com) |
| [Stone Age Skills](http://stoneageskills.com) |
| [Tracking Quiz](http://trackingquiz.com) |
| [Tracker Trail](http://trackertrail.com) |
| |
|
| |
| --- |
| [Ontario Wildflowers](http://ontariowildflowers.com) |
| [Ontario Trees
& Shrubs](http://ontariotrees.com) |
| [Ontario Ferns](http://ontarioferns.com) |
| [Ontario Grasses](http://ontariograsses.com) |
| [Grey-Bruce Wildflowers](http://greybrucewildflowers.com) |
| [World of Mosses](http://worldofmosses.com) |
| [Ontario Insects](http://ontarioinsects.com) |
|
| |
| --- |
| [James Bay Road](http://jamesbayroad.com) |
| [Route de la Baie James](http://routebaiejames.com) |
| [Rupert River](http://rupertriver.com) |
| [Trans-Labrador Hwy](http://tlhwy.com) |
| [Moped Trip](http://mopedtrip.com) |
| |
|
| |
| --- |
| [Wildwood Canada](http://wildwoodcanada.com) |
| [Mumart](http://mumart.ca) |
| [Wild Ontario](http://wildontario.com) |
| [Earth Caretaker](http://earthcaretaker.com) |
| [Wildwood Trackers](http://wildwoodtrackers.com) |
| [Ontario Trackers](http://ontariotrackers.com) |
| [Orangeville Trackers](http://orangeville.ontariotrackers.com) |
|
| |
| The material on this
page is copyright © by the original
author/artist/photographer. This website is created,
maintained & copyright © by
[Walter
Muma](http://wmuma.com/other/wmbio/index.html)*Please respect this copyright and
[ask permission](other/usephotos.html)
before using or saving any of the content of this page
for any purpose.*THANK YOU
FOR VISITING! |
|
| http://wildwoodsurvival.com/ |
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<HTML>
<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8">
<title>Decode Systems</title>
</head>
<body>
<center>
<img src="decodesystems-logo.gif" ALT="Decode Systems">
<p>
Decode Systems is a consultancy and information resource center
for various communication, computer, and electronic subjects.
</p></center>
<hr align="left">
<p>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" width="90%">
<tbody><tr>
<td valign="top">
<table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4">
<tbody><tr><td bgcolor="#bbbbbb">
<center>
<font size="+1"><b> OPERATIONS </b></font>
</center>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<strong>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/wanted.html">Items Wanted</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/help-wanted/index.html">Items Needing Help</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/documentation-wanted.html">Documentation Wanted</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/timekeeping-wanted.html">Timekeeping Wanted</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/found.html">Items Found</a>
<br>
</strong><p>
</td></tr>
<tbody><tr><td bgcolor="#bbbbbb">
<center>
<font size="+1"><b> TECHNOLOGY </b></font>
</center>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<strong>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/calculators.html">Calculators</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/smartcards.html">Smart Cards</a>
<br>
</strong><p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#bbbbbb" valign="top">
<center>
<font size="+1"><b> COMMUNICATIONS </b></font>
</center>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<strong>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/pcs.html">PCS Information</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/cellular.html">Cellular Information</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/satellites.html">Satellites</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/gps.html">Global Positioning System (GPS)</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/paging.html">Paging</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/telephones.html">Telephones</a>
<br>
</strong><p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#bbbbbb" valign="top">
<center>
<font size="+1"><b> TIMEKEEPING </b></font>
</center>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<strong>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/hp01.html">Hewlett-Packard HP-01 calculator wristwatch</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/pulsar.html">Hamilton Pulsar wristwatch</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/heathkit-clocks.html">Heathkit Clocks</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/led-clocks.html">LED Clocks</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/stopwatches.html">Vintage Stopwatches</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/digital-clock-roundup-1976.html">Digital Clock Kits from 1976</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/oebc.html">Biorhythm Clock</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/vfdclock.html">Vacuum-Flourescent Clock</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/parabam/parabam.html">Parabam Digital Clock</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/ct7001.html">Cal-Tex CT7001</a>
<br>
</strong><p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#bbbbbb" valign="top">
<center>
<font size="+1"><b> VINTAGE COMPUTERS</b></font>
</center>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<strong>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/rescue.html">Computer Rescue</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/hp2000/index.html">HP 2000 ACCESS</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/cosmac/index.html">RCA COSMAC Microprocessor</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/periodicals.html">Vintage Periodicals</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/captain-zilog.html">Captain Zilog</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/mmd1.html">E&L MMD-1 Mini-Micro Designer</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/apple-gear.html">Apple Computer</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/je600.html">Vintage HEX Keypad</a>
<br>
</strong><p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#bbbbbb">
<center>
<font size="+1"><b> VINTAGE DISPLAYS </b></font>
</center>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<strong>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/nixie.html">Nixie Tubes</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/numitron.html">Numitron Readouts</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/crt.html">Cathode Ray Tubes</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/glow-lamps.html">Neon Glow Lamps</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/old-displays.html">Old LED Displays</a>
<br>
</strong>
</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#bbbbbb">
<center>
<font size="+1"><b> VINTAGE TECHNOLOGY </b></font>
</center>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<strong>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/lectron.html">Raytheon Lectron</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/old-ics.html">Old Semiconductors</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/tib0203.html">Magnetic Bubble Memory</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/delay-line-memory.html">Delay-Line Memory</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/games/simon.html">Simon Games</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/games/lightsout.html">Lights Out Games</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/games/index.html">Old Electronic Games</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/PSR-1A/index.html">AN/PSR-1A</a>
<br>
</strong><p>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#bbbbbb">
<center>
<font size="+1"><b> VINTAGE ARTICLES</b></font>
</center>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<strong>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/terminals-1973.html">Communications Terminals</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/re-core-memories.html">Core Memory</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/ce-punched-readers.html">Punched Tape Readers</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/aerovox.html">Binary Arithmetic</a>
<br>
</strong><p>
</p></td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor="#bbbbbb">
<center>
<font size="+1"><b> AUTHOR </b></font>
</center>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<strong>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/author.html">About Me</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/publications.html">Publications</a>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/rants.html">Random Rants</a>
<br>
</strong></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
<td width="3%"> </td>
<td valign="top">
<ul>
<li> <b>Calculators and Computers Wanted</b>
<br>
If you have any old (built before 1985)
calculators or computers made by Hewlett-Packard
that need a new home, I'm interested in talking to you.
<p>
My calculators page is <u><a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/calculators.html">here</a></u>.
<p>
My "computer rescue" page is <u><a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/rescue.html">here</a></u>.
<p>
A more comprehensive list of things I'm looking for can be seen
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/wanted.html">here</a>.
<p>
<li> <b>GPS Service Interruptions</b>
<br>
The United States Coast Guard maintains a webpage with
notices of GPS Service Interruptions that could disrupt
navigation with commercial GPS receivers. You can see the
current notices
<a href="http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=gpsServiceInterruptions">
here</a>.
<p>
<li> <b>Cellular Security</b>
<br>
Some of the encryption systems employed in cellular and PCS mobile
telephone
systems have been shown to be relatively easy to crack. More information
can be found in the <a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/cellular.html">Cellular</a> and
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/pcs.html">PCS</a> pages.
<p>
<li> <b>Telephone Number Database</b>
<br>
Paul Timmins has a database that allows you
to look up technical details on telephone numbers
in the United States, including service providers
and switch information. Try it out
<u><a href="http://www.telcodata.us/index.html">here</a></u>.
<p>
<li> <b>Mapping</b>
<br>
<ul>
<li>
The U.S. Department of the Interior has an interactive
mapping service for the United States that can generate useful
and informative maps. The <i>National Atlas of the United
States</i> is available <a href="http://nationalatlas.gov/">here</a>.
<p>
<li>
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has put
their nautical charts on-line
<u><a href="http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/">here</a></u>.
<p>
</ul>
<li> <b>Odds and Ends</b>
<br>
<ul>
<li>
Some <A HREF="http://www.decodesystems.com/yetms/index.html">screen shots</A>
of a user interface design - from a movie.
<P>
<li>
For a trip back to a more pleasant time, read
<u><a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/bell-courtesy.html">this</a></u> advertisement
from the Bell Telephone Company ("Ma Bell") circa 1940.
They actually advertise the pleasant demeanor of their operators!
<p>
<li> I received an interesting comic book produced by,
of all people, General Electric. It extoles the virtues
and nearly unlimited possibilities of atomic power - from
the vantage point of 1948.
Click <a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/atom-1948.html">here</a> to read more.
<p>
<li> Bell Labs has a fun
<a href="http://www.bell-labs.com/projects/tts/">text-to-speech</a>
demonstration that allows you to hear a synthesized voice speak
any phrase you enter in a variety of languages. As Joe Bob Briggs
would say, check it out.
<p>
<li> NASA has a interesting set of web pages
<a href="http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/computers/contents.html">
here</a>
describing early computers used in space missions.
<p>
<li> The Cable News Network (CNN) apparently does not have
anyone left who understands basic science. During their
coverage of the Space Shuttle Columbia re-entry accident they
had
<a href="http://www.decodesystems.com/cnn-columbia.jpg">this</a> graphic at the bottom of
the screen, reporting that the shuttle was moving at 18 times
the speed of light.
<P>
</ul>
<li> <b>Urban Life</b>
<br>
<ul>
<li>
<A HREF="http://www.decodesystems.com/Metro-Escrimador-s.jpg">
Escrimador at the Chinatown/Gallery Place Metro station</A>.
<P>
<li>
<A HREF="http://www.decodesystems.com/Big-Trucks-Only-s.jpg">
Do you measure up</A>?
<P>
<li>
<A HREF="http://www.decodesystems.com/Baltimore-Paternity-s.jpg">
A question you should not have to ask</A>.
<P>
<li>
<A HREF="http://www.decodesystems.com/Vending-Exploding-Soda-s.jpg">
Dangerous drink</A>.
<P>
</ul>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>
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<img src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/valid-html401" alt="Valid HTML 4.01 Transitional" height="31" width="88"></a>
</p>
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<address>
Send mail to <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Webmaster</a>
<br>
Last revised May 22, 2020
</address>
</body>
</html>
|
Decode Systems
Decode Systems is a consultancy and information resource center
for various communication, computer, and electronic subjects.
---
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| |
| --- |
|
**OPERATIONS**
|
| **[Items Wanted](http://www.decodesystems.com/wanted.html)
[Items Needing Help](http://www.decodesystems.com/help-wanted/index.html)
[Documentation Wanted](http://www.decodesystems.com/documentation-wanted.html)
[Timekeeping Wanted](http://www.decodesystems.com/timekeeping-wanted.html)
[Items Found](http://www.decodesystems.com/found.html)**
|
|
**TECHNOLOGY**
|
| **[Calculators](http://www.decodesystems.com/calculators.html)
[Smart Cards](http://www.decodesystems.com/smartcards.html)**
|
|
**COMMUNICATIONS**
|
| **[PCS Information](http://www.decodesystems.com/pcs.html)
[Cellular Information](http://www.decodesystems.com/cellular.html)
[Satellites](http://www.decodesystems.com/satellites.html)
[Global Positioning System (GPS)](http://www.decodesystems.com/gps.html)
[Paging](http://www.decodesystems.com/paging.html)
[Telephones](http://www.decodesystems.com/telephones.html)**
|
|
**TIMEKEEPING**
|
| **[Hewlett-Packard HP-01 calculator wristwatch](http://www.decodesystems.com/hp01.html)
[Hamilton Pulsar wristwatch](http://www.decodesystems.com/pulsar.html)
[Heathkit Clocks](http://www.decodesystems.com/heathkit-clocks.html)
[LED Clocks](http://www.decodesystems.com/led-clocks.html)
[Vintage Stopwatches](http://www.decodesystems.com/stopwatches.html)
[Digital Clock Kits from 1976](http://www.decodesystems.com/digital-clock-roundup-1976.html)
[Biorhythm Clock](http://www.decodesystems.com/oebc.html)
[Vacuum-Flourescent Clock](http://www.decodesystems.com/vfdclock.html)
[Parabam Digital Clock](http://www.decodesystems.com/parabam/parabam.html)
[Cal-Tex CT7001](http://www.decodesystems.com/ct7001.html)**
|
|
**VINTAGE COMPUTERS**
|
| **[Computer Rescue](http://www.decodesystems.com/rescue.html)
[HP 2000 ACCESS](http://www.decodesystems.com/hp2000/index.html)
[RCA COSMAC Microprocessor](http://www.decodesystems.com/cosmac/index.html)
[Vintage Periodicals](http://www.decodesystems.com/periodicals.html)
[Captain Zilog](http://www.decodesystems.com/captain-zilog.html)
[E&L MMD-1 Mini-Micro Designer](http://www.decodesystems.com/mmd1.html)
[Apple Computer](http://www.decodesystems.com/apple-gear.html)
[Vintage HEX Keypad](http://www.decodesystems.com/je600.html)**
|
|
**VINTAGE DISPLAYS**
|
| **[Nixie Tubes](http://www.decodesystems.com/nixie.html)
[Numitron Readouts](http://www.decodesystems.com/numitron.html)
[Cathode Ray Tubes](http://www.decodesystems.com/crt.html)
[Neon Glow Lamps](http://www.decodesystems.com/glow-lamps.html)
[Old LED Displays](http://www.decodesystems.com/old-displays.html)** |
|
**VINTAGE TECHNOLOGY**
|
| **[Raytheon Lectron](http://www.decodesystems.com/lectron.html)
[Old Semiconductors](http://www.decodesystems.com/old-ics.html)
[Magnetic Bubble Memory](http://www.decodesystems.com/tib0203.html)
[Delay-Line Memory](http://www.decodesystems.com/delay-line-memory.html)
[Simon Games](http://www.decodesystems.com/games/simon.html)
[Lights Out Games](http://www.decodesystems.com/games/lightsout.html)
[Old Electronic Games](http://www.decodesystems.com/games/index.html)
[AN/PSR-1A](http://www.decodesystems.com/PSR-1A/index.html)**
|
|
**VINTAGE ARTICLES**
|
| **[Communications Terminals](http://www.decodesystems.com/terminals-1973.html)
[Core Memory](http://www.decodesystems.com/re-core-memories.html)
[Punched Tape Readers](http://www.decodesystems.com/ce-punched-readers.html)
[Binary Arithmetic](http://www.decodesystems.com/aerovox.html)**
|
|
**AUTHOR**
|
| **[About Me](http://www.decodesystems.com/author.html)
[Publications](http://www.decodesystems.com/publications.html)
[Random Rants](http://www.decodesystems.com/rants.html)** |
| | * **Calculators and Computers Wanted**
If you have any old (built before 1985)
calculators or computers made by Hewlett-Packard
that need a new home, I'm interested in talking to you.
My calculators page is [here](http://www.decodesystems.com/calculators.html).
My "computer rescue" page is [here](http://www.decodesystems.com/rescue.html).
A more comprehensive list of things I'm looking for can be seen
[here](http://www.decodesystems.com/wanted.html).
* **GPS Service Interruptions**
The United States Coast Guard maintains a webpage with
notices of GPS Service Interruptions that could disrupt
navigation with commercial GPS receivers. You can see the
current notices
[here](http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=gpsServiceInterruptions).
* **Cellular Security**
Some of the encryption systems employed in cellular and PCS mobile
telephone
systems have been shown to be relatively easy to crack. More information
can be found in the [Cellular](http://www.decodesystems.com/cellular.html) and
[PCS](http://www.decodesystems.com/pcs.html) pages.
* **Telephone Number Database**
Paul Timmins has a database that allows you
to look up technical details on telephone numbers
in the United States, including service providers
and switch information. Try it out
[here](http://www.telcodata.us/index.html).
* **Mapping**
+ The U.S. Department of the Interior has an interactive
mapping service for the United States that can generate useful
and informative maps. The *National Atlas of the United
States* is available [here](http://nationalatlas.gov/).
+ The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has put
their nautical charts on-line
[here](http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/).* **Odds and Ends**
+ Some [screen shots](http://www.decodesystems.com/yetms/index.html)
of a user interface design - from a movie.
+ For a trip back to a more pleasant time, read
[this](http://www.decodesystems.com/bell-courtesy.html) advertisement
from the Bell Telephone Company ("Ma Bell") circa 1940.
They actually advertise the pleasant demeanor of their operators!
+ I received an interesting comic book produced by,
of all people, General Electric. It extoles the virtues
and nearly unlimited possibilities of atomic power - from
the vantage point of 1948.
Click [here](http://www.decodesystems.com/atom-1948.html) to read more.
+ Bell Labs has a fun
[text-to-speech](http://www.bell-labs.com/projects/tts/)
demonstration that allows you to hear a synthesized voice speak
any phrase you enter in a variety of languages. As Joe Bob Briggs
would say, check it out.
+ NASA has a interesting set of web pages
[here](http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/computers/contents.html)
describing early computers used in space missions.
+ The Cable News Network (CNN) apparently does not have
anyone left who understands basic science. During their
coverage of the Space Shuttle Columbia re-entry accident they
had
[this](http://www.decodesystems.com/cnn-columbia.jpg) graphic at the bottom of
the screen, reporting that the shuttle was moving at 18 times
the speed of light.* **Urban Life**
+ [Escrimador at the Chinatown/Gallery Place Metro station](http://www.decodesystems.com/Metro-Escrimador-s.jpg).
+ [Do you measure up](http://www.decodesystems.com/Big-Trucks-Only-s.jpg)?
+ [A question you should not have to ask](http://www.decodesystems.com/Baltimore-Paternity-s.jpg).
+ [Dangerous drink](http://www.decodesystems.com/Vending-Exploding-Soda-s.jpg).
|
---
Send mail to [Webmaster](mailto:[email protected])
Last revised May 22, 2020
| http://www.decodesystems.com/ |
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<h1>Welcome to our website of travel photos!</h1></FONT>
It started as a place for us to share vacation photos with family and friends. Now it has grown to become a valuable source of information for anyone interested in the vacation destinations we have visited.
<BR> <BR>
The emphasis was originally on timeshare resorts, but next we discovered the fun of going on wonderful cruises. And most recently, we bought an RV to explore this beautiful country while camping at wonderful national and state parks. So the site contains information for just about anyone who loves to travel.
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<A href="https://www.vacationlovers.net/alaska/alaska1.html">
<img src="https://www.vacationlovers.net/alaska_button.jpg"
ALT="Alaskan Cruise"><BR>
Alaskan<BR> Cruise</a>
</TD>
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ALT="Bahamas Vacation"><BR>
Bahamas</a>
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<A href="https://photos.vacationlovers.net/sets/bora-bora-2018/">
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ALT="Bora Bora Vacation"><BR>
Bora Bora</a>
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Down <BR>Under</a>
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alt="Hilton Head Vacation"><BR>
Hilton Head</a>
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Kauai</a>
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<meta name="description" content="This article shows how insects sense or emit outside stimuli by picking up or sending out infrared signals through their antennas, rather than through chemical pheromones, which do not apply in insects.">
<meta name="description" content="Quotations. 1. The Moth don't care when he sees The Flame. // He might get burned, but he's in the game. ( Aimee Mann).">
<meta name="description" content="Breakouts. 1. Insects live in an Infrared World. 2. The concept that Insects sense attractants or repellants via Pheromones is completely wrong.. 3. Insects signal by sending out infrared wave patterns with their antennas, rather than by emitting chemical 'pheromones'.">
<title> LB701: Insects Live in an Infrared World </title>
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LB701: Insects Live in an Infrared World
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<center><b>David Noel</b><br>
<[email protected]><br>
Ben Franklin Centre for Theoretical Research<br>
PO Box 27, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia.<br>
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<b><center>How Animals Smell</center></b>
We know a fair amount about how an animal's sense of smell operates, although there is still much to be discovered. The olfactory system, or sense of smell, is the part of the sensory system used for smelling (olfaction). Most mammals and reptiles have a main olfactory system and an accessory olfactory system. The main olfactory system detects airborne substances [1].
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<center><img src="[2] Smell mechanism.jpg"><br>
<i>Fig. LB701-F1. The mechanism of smell. From [2]. </i></center>
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Basically, smelling occurs when molecules of certain substances (for convenience called "odour molecules") come into contact with the mucous lining of the nostrils (the olfactory epithelium). This surface contains "olfactory receptor cells" which may be activated by odour molecules to fire off electrical signals along nerve cells connected with the brain.
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<b><center>The Mucous Lining</center></b>
The mucous lining, the layer of mucus which coats the inside of the nostrils and some adjacent parts (also called the olfactory membrane), is one of the 2 vital parts of the smell system. It is not a minor part of the metabolism; every day, the average human body produces over 1 kilogram of nasal mucus.
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Mucus is made by mucosal glands that line the body's respiratory tract, which includes the nose, the throat and the lungs [4]. When things are working properly, your body is pretty good at getting rid of it. The mucus in your nose, for example, is moved to the back of the nasal passages and then into the throat by tiny hairs on nasal cells called cilia. And from there, you gulp it down. That's right -- you're swallowing your snot all day, every day. You just don't notice it [4].
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And when you consider that an average human takes in about 2 kg of food and about 2 litres of liquid a day, mucus production is a major activity. Of course, the mucus is recycled, it's not used up. For a human, the mucous lining is a very important part. We know that it is vital for smelling -- in my view, it is also very important for protection against invading germs and the such, a part of the immune system.
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<b><center>Gas-Liquid Chromatography</center></b>
The mammalian smell system has some similarities with a method of chemical analysis called Gas-Liquid Chromatography. In GLC, an inert gas such as nitrogen is fed through a system of columns which have liquid or semi-liquid linings, similar in principle to those in the nasal passages.
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<center><img src="[3] Chroma1-glc2.gif"> . <img src="[3] Chroma2-glc3.gif"><br>
<i>Fig. LB701-F2. Liquid-lined columns and inert-gas flow in a gas-liquid chromatography setup. From [3]. </i></center>
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When the GLC setup has a steady flow of inert gas passing through it, a small sample of the substance to be analyzed (usually a mixture) is injected into the flow with a syringe. The essential feature of GLC, and of other chromatography techniques, is that different molecules pass through the setup at different rates -- movement through the liquid linings "smears out" the different components over time.
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The timing in arrival of different components at the outlet of the GLC can be detected and recorded with suitable instruments. Generally speaking, for a given GLC setup, the time of arrival of a given component will be the same, so the setup will give the amount of each component with an identified signal. Obviously, the nature of the liquid in the columns and the nature and speed of the carrier gas can be varied to pick up different ranges of components.
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<center><img src="[3] Chroma3-glc4.gif"><br>
<i>Fig. LB701-F3. Recorder response pattern from a GLC setup. From [3]. </i></center>
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A typical recorder pattern from a GLC is as shown. In this setup, some components appeared at the outlet within 5 minutes of injection, others took more than 25 minutes to appear. Generally, volatile (light) substances pass more rapidly. In this example, about 20 different major components and a similar number of minor components were detected in the mixture.
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<b><center>How Smelling is analyzed in the Brain</center></b>
While a GLC analyzer has just one detector, the mechanism by which odours are analyzed in the brain is enormously more complex. Signals from the scent receptors in the mucous lining go first to the two Olfactory Bulbs which lie above the nostrils.
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<center><img src="[5] Olfactory Bulb.jpg"><br>
<i>Fig. LB701-F4. The Olfactory Bulb. From [5]. </i></center>
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A lot of processing of these signals takes place in the Olfactory Bulbs. The outputs from this processing are then passed on to other parts of the brain, some for immediate action, others for longer-term analysis and recording (memory). In higher mammals, some immediate reactions to smell are triggered in the more primitive part of the brain, and would be classed as instinctive.
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The nature of these connections from the olfactory bulbs to other parts of the brain is quite involved. According to [1], the olfactory bulb connects to numerous areas of the amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, brain stem, retina, auditory cortex, and olfactory system. In total it has 27 inputs and 20 outputs.
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So the decoding of smells is a complex process, perhaps as complex as that of sight. While some reactions may be thought of as "built in", as when a baby antelope shies away from the scent of a lion it has never seen, other reactions will be learned through experience, as good or bad.
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For some types of animal, such as dogs, smell can be vitally important. Here are some extracts from <i>The Dog's Amazing Nose!</i> [6].
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<i>"The Olfactory Bulb is a bulb of neural tissue within the dog's brain. It is located in the fore-brain and is responsible for processing scents detected by cells in the nasal cavity. It is approximately 40 times larger in dogs than in humans, relative to total brain size. A human's brain is dominated by a large visual cortex whilst a dog's brain is dominated by the olfactory cortex. The Olfactory Bulb accounts for one eighth of the dog's brain.
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The Olfactory Bulb is extremely important to the dog due to its function of processing scent. Scent information travels from the Olfactory Bulb to the limbic system, which is the most primitive part of the brain (dealing with emotions, memory and behaviour). It also travels to the cortex (the cortex is the outer part of the brain that has to do with conscious thought). Because olfactory information goes to both the primitive and complex part of the brain it affects the dog's actions in more ways than we may think.
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A dog's sense of smell is probably more important to it than any other sense, with the possible exception of touch. The sense of smell and the sense of touch are the predominant senses for a dog and they are in place and fully functioning at birth, unlike hearing and sight, which develop later, and taste, which although present at birth and connected to smell, takes a back seat.
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A dog has around 220 million scent receptors in his nose -- that's 44 times the number of receptors in our own human nose. The bloodhound exceeds this standard with nearly 300 million scent receptors!"</i>
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<b><center>Bloodhounds, the Kings of Smell</center></b>
It will be apparent that for a better sense of smell, you need a bigger area of olfactory membrane containing more receptor cells, and bigger olfactory bulbs to process the increased amount of information. This is clear when the dog breed with the best sense of smell, the bloodhound, is compared with other breeds, or with humans. Here are some extracts from [7].
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<i>"The back of a dog's nasal cavity contains a membrane called olfactory mucosa. The olfactory mucosa membrane helps trap scents. The bigger the nose, the bigger the membrane. The membrane's size varies among breeds, from 45 cm<sup>2</sup> to almost 390 cm<sup>2</sup>. Once the scent molecules are trapped by the olfactory mucosa, smell- or scent-detecting cells process the scent molecules and send the information to the brain"</i>.
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<center><img src="[7] Bloodhound.jpg"><br>
<i>Fig. LB701-F5. The bloodhound is famous for his developed sense of smell. From [7]. </i></center>
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<i>"The bigger the dog's nose, the more smell-detecting cells it contains. The best noses for smell-detecting activity are long, wide noses because they can hold the most scent-detecting cells. The size of the dog doesn't matter as much as the size of the nose. A beagle, for example, has just as many smell-detecting cells as a German shepherd.
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The top scent-smelling dog is the bloodhound, a breed with a large and wide nose. That breed has 300 million scent-detecting cells, which is why bloodhounds have traditionally been used as hunting companions and to track humans both in search-and-rescue operations and to catch criminals. Besides the long, wide nose that helps the bloodhound pick up scents easily, the long neck allows the breed to follow a scent with the nose to the ground without becoming fatigued in the shoulders.
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The bloodhound has the most scent-detecting cells. His nose might not be the longest of all the breeds, but it is the most massive; it's long and wide. Combine that with the droopy ears that sometimes act to direct odors to the nose during tracking and trailing and with the neck that allows the bloodhound to remain with his nose to the ground for a long time, and you have a smelling machine. Compare the bloodhound with the German shepherd, who has 225 million scent-detecting cells, and the dachshund, with 125 million. People have only 5 million of them. Even a flat-nosed dog has a better sense of smell than humans, and likely has close to 100 million scent-detecting cells"</i>.
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<b><center>How Insects detect "Odours"</center></b>
Insect physiology is totally unlike that of a mammal, but insects too can apparently detect substances at considerable distances. Under the topic "Insect Pheromones", cases are described whereby male insects can "pick up the scent" of a female insect as far as 11 kilometres away [12].
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Moreover, the amount of scent produced is generally stated to be extremely little. In [12] it notes that <i>"Moths are popularly characterized by two remarkable traits associated with chemical communication in a sexual context. First is the apparent ability of males to detect and respond to female sex pheromones over impressively long distances, including one anecdotal report of 11 km in an emperor moth, even though females typically produce very small quantities of sex pheromone in the order of nanograms or even picograms"</i>. (A nanogram is a billionth of a gram, and a picogram is a trillionth of a gram).
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So, how do insects manage such long-range detection? In an article <i>How do Insects Smell?</i>, Debbie Hadley gives a typical explanation [8].
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<i>"Insects don't have noses the way mammals do, but that doesn't mean they don't smell things. Insects are able to detect chemicals in the air using their antennae or other sense organs. An insect's acute sense of smell enables it to find mates, locate food, avoid predators, and even gather in groups. Some insects rely on chemical cues to find their way to and from a nest, or to space themselves appropriately in a habitat with limited resources.
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Insects produce semiochemicals, or odor signals, to interact with one another. Insects actually use scents to communicate with each other. These chemicals send information on how to behave to the insect's nervous system. Plants also emit pheromone cues which dictate insect behaviors. In order to navigate such a scent-filled environment, insects require a fairly sophisticated system of odor detection"</i>.
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So some insects have an extremely powerful detection system, much more powerful than anything known in the animal world. How is this possible? Let's look at the standard explanation, and see what bits are reasonable, and what bits defy commonsense.
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First, insect detection systems are usually tied up with possession of elaborate antennas. There seems no doubt that the properties of their antennas, which may be extremely elaborate, govern insects' abilities to pick up signals from afar. In [12] it mentions that <i>"males of many species have beautiful and conspicuous feathery antennae"</i>.
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<center><img src="[11] antennae_30774_lg.jpg"><br>
<i>Fig. LB701-F6. Some types of insect antenna. From [11]. </i></center>
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Some scans of insect antennas have been made at very high magnification, using electron microscopes. These antennas may have intricate detail, with blends of long and short "hairs" of various thicknesses. Below is shown some of the detailed structure of a mosquito antenna.
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<center><img src="[10] Mosquito-antenna.jpg"><br>
<i>Fig. LB701-F7. Electron-microscope scans of mosquito antennas. From [10]. </i></center>
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<b><center>How Antennas work</center></b>
While antennas are certainly at the base of insect sensing systems, these clearly are totally unrelated to the smell detection systems of mammals. To obtain good smell detection, mammals have developed two main parts, a mucous membrane containing huge numbers of smell receptors, and olfactory lobes to process signals from the smell receptors and pass on processed outputs to other parts of the brain. Neither of these parts is present in any way in insects. Insect signal detection very obviously must operate with quite different mechanisms.
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We are familiar with the term "antenna" in radio and telecommunication systems, where antennas are used both to send out broadcast or beamed electromagnetic signals, and to receive such signals at a point of use. It is a feature of antennas that they have physical components of similar size to the wavelengths of the electromagnetic waves they handle. That is why, for example, home television receiving antennas have become smaller as television stations move to shorter-wavelength signals.
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And so also with insect antennas. Their complex and varying parts are the right size to pick up infrared electromagnetic radiation, radiation of longer wavelength and lower energy than the red light which human eyes can detect. While Dogs live largely in a world of smell, and Humans in a world of visible light, Insects live in an infrared world.
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Once the concept of Insect Infrared Sensing (IIS) is grasped, so much of what has been puzzling in the past becomes clear. On the old Pheromone Model, a tiny production of a chemical compound could be "smelled" up to 11 kilometres away. And smelled by a creature without the sensitive mucous membrane and brainpower of a mammal.
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But in the Infrared Sensing Model, information is being passed by electromagnetic waves, like light but a of a slightly longer wavelength. The infrared waves travel at the speed of light, and can be detected at great distances. A human being can detect visible light from the Great Andromeda Galaxy with the naked eye, and that light has travelled for some 2.3 million light-years, so the idea of detecting infrared light from 11 kilometres away is easy to accept.
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What we call "infrared" actually occupies a much wider band of the electromagnetic spectrum than does visible light -- some 40 times as wide. However, the "far infrared" portion is low-energy radiation which we perceive as heat, and this is given off by all matter at "room temperature", and would be of lesser use for passing signals.
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<center><img src="[13] irdiagram.png"><br>
<i>Fig. LB701-F8. The visible and infrared light spectrum. From [13]. </i></center>
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It's worth commenting on the sizes of the infrared wavelengths and radiating structures involved. If you look back at the mosquito-antenna photos, at the bottom of each picture is a small white bar. In the first photo, this bar is marked 100 μm, in the second and third the bar is 10 μm, in the fourth 1 μm. Here "μm" means micron or micrometre (one-millionth of a metre), so the longest "hairs" are about 200 microns long, the short horn about 5 microns long.
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Turning now to the visible-infrared spectrum shown just above, on the wavelength scale at the bottom, the near-infrared panel is marked "1 um", the long-wave infrared "10 um", and part way into the far infrared, "100 um". Here "um" also means micron. Since the wavelengths received or omitted by antennas are similar to the sizes of the physical structures involved, this tells us that mosquito antennas are sensitive to wavelength from short-wave infrared (around 5 microns) to the mid-far infrared (around 100 microns).
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It suggests also that as regards the far-infrared bands contain the normal thermal emissions which we perceive as heat, these will tend to drown out the longer waves which the mosquito can distinguish during the heat of the day. And just as we can only see the stars in the sky when daylight is withdrawn, so some Infrared emissions will only be useful to insects during the night. This explains why moths, mostly working at night, have elaborate feathery antennas, while butterflies, active during the day, do not.
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<center><img src="[14] Butterfly-moth antenna.gif"><br>
<i>Fig. LB701-F9. Antennas of moths, butterflies, and other insects. From [13]. </i></center>
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The concept that insect communication is by infrared, rather than pheromones, is not unknown, although very seldom acknowledged.
As an example of previous disclosures of this by Philip Callahan, as far back as 1965, this extract from an article about why moths suicide in candle flames [9] is interesting.
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<i>"The idea that antennal sensilla of insects are dielectric waveguides or resonators to electromagnetic energy presumes the emission of such energies from insect pheromones and host plant scents. Many organic molecules chemiluminesce in the far infrared and particularly in the 7--14 μm and 15--26 μm windows. Luminescence from the insect pheromone (sex scent) was predicted by P. S. Callahan in 1965. The prediction was based on the form, arrangement, and dielectric properties of the moth antenna sensilla (spines) -- in short, on morphology and antenna design alone. The male cabbage looper moth is attracted to the acetate molecule given off by the female. The exact same coded far infrared lines (17 μm region) are emitted by a candle flame. The male moth is highly attracted to and dies attempting to mate with the candle flame"</i>.
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There is another far-reaching implication of the Insect Infrared Sensor Model. Antennas typically work both in receiving and transmitting, the functioning of a given antenna depends on how it is connected to power. Instead of producing so-called pheromones, a female insect produces an infrared wave pattern which is picked up by the male. No complex chemical-production process in the female is needed.
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<b><center>Practical applications of the Insect Infrared Sensing Model</center></b>
Insect Infrared Sensing (IIS) technology will have enormous practical and commercial applications. It operates without any significant use of brainpower in the insect. If an infrared signal matching the insect's antenna structure is received, it's like a switch -- the insect has no choice but to react.
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This is unlike when a bait or lure is offered to an animal. The animal may react, but does so after processing the stimulus in the light of earlier encounters, and may decide to ignore the bait. The insect has no choice.
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For more on practical and commercial use of the Insect Infrared Sensing mechanism, see <a href="http://aoi.com.au/devices/Lurator/index.htm">DS902: The Lurator Device for controlling Insects using Infrared</a> [15].
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<center><b>References and Links</b></center>
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[1]. <b><i>Olfactory system. </i></b> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_system .
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[2]. <b><i>4.4 Tasting, Smelling, and Touching. </i></b> http://open.lib.umn.edu/intropsyc/chapter/4-4-tasting-smelling-and-touching/ .
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[3]. <b><i>Gas-Liquid Chromatography. </i></b> http://www.4college.co.uk/a/Cd/Glc.php .
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[4]. <b><i> Where Does All My Snot Come From?. </i></b> https://www.livescience.com/54745-why-do-i-have-so-much-snot.html .
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[5]. <b><i>The Sense of Smell. </i></b> http://www.humanphysiology.academy/Smell/Smell.html .
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[6]. <b><i>The Dog's Amazing Nose!. </i></b> http://www.balancebehaviour.org/blah-1/ .
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[7]. <b><i>Does the Length of a Dog's Nose Help It Smell Better?. </i></b> http://dogcare.dailypuppy.com/length-dogs-nose-smell-better-5927.html .
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[8]. <b>Debbie Hadley. <i>How Do Insects Smell?. </i></b> https://www.thoughtco.com/how-insects-smell-1968161.
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[9]. <b> Philip S. Callahan. <i> Moth and candle: the candle flame as a sexual mimic of the coded infrared wavelengths from a moth sex scent (pheromone) . </i></b> http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?id=21558 .
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[10]. <b>Y T Qiu.<i> Scanning electron micrographs of antennal sensilla of a female mosquito. </i></b> Chem. Senses, 2006:31:845-863.
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[11]. <b><i>Antennae. </i></b> http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/30700/30774/antennae_30774.htm .
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[12]. <b><i> Pheromone production, male abundance, body size, and the evolution of elaborate antennae in moths. </i></b> https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3297191/ .
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[13]. <b><i>UG101: Near Infrared and the Electromagnetic Spectrum. </i></b> http://dew.globalsystemsscience.org/key-messages/near-infrared-and-the-electromagnetic-spectrum .
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[14]. <b><i>Antenna: insects. </i></b> http://kids.britannica.com/students/article/insect/275066/media .
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[15]. <b>David Noel. <i>DS902: The Lurator Device for controlling Insects using Infrared. </i></b> http://aoi.com.au/devices/Lurator/index.htm .
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LB701: Insects Live in an Infrared World
**LB701: Insects Live in an Infrared World**
**David Noel**
<[email protected]>
Ben Franklin Centre for Theoretical Research
PO Box 27, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia.
**How Animals Smell**
We know a fair amount about how an animal's sense of smell operates, although there is still much to be discovered. The olfactory system, or sense of smell, is the part of the sensory system used for smelling (olfaction). Most mammals and reptiles have a main olfactory system and an accessory olfactory system. The main olfactory system detects airborne substances [1].
*Fig. LB701-F1. The mechanism of smell. From [2].*
Basically, smelling occurs when molecules of certain substances (for convenience called "odour molecules") come into contact with the mucous lining of the nostrils (the olfactory epithelium). This surface contains "olfactory receptor cells" which may be activated by odour molecules to fire off electrical signals along nerve cells connected with the brain.
**The Mucous Lining**
The mucous lining, the layer of mucus which coats the inside of the nostrils and some adjacent parts (also called the olfactory membrane), is one of the 2 vital parts of the smell system. It is not a minor part of the metabolism; every day, the average human body produces over 1 kilogram of nasal mucus.
Mucus is made by mucosal glands that line the body's respiratory tract, which includes the nose, the throat and the lungs [4]. When things are working properly, your body is pretty good at getting rid of it. The mucus in your nose, for example, is moved to the back of the nasal passages and then into the throat by tiny hairs on nasal cells called cilia. And from there, you gulp it down. That's right -- you're swallowing your snot all day, every day. You just don't notice it [4].
And when you consider that an average human takes in about 2 kg of food and about 2 litres of liquid a day, mucus production is a major activity. Of course, the mucus is recycled, it's not used up. For a human, the mucous lining is a very important part. We know that it is vital for smelling -- in my view, it is also very important for protection against invading germs and the such, a part of the immune system.
**Gas-Liquid Chromatography**
The mammalian smell system has some similarities with a method of chemical analysis called Gas-Liquid Chromatography. In GLC, an inert gas such as nitrogen is fed through a system of columns which have liquid or semi-liquid linings, similar in principle to those in the nasal passages.
 . 
*Fig. LB701-F2. Liquid-lined columns and inert-gas flow in a gas-liquid chromatography setup. From [3].*
When the GLC setup has a steady flow of inert gas passing through it, a small sample of the substance to be analyzed (usually a mixture) is injected into the flow with a syringe. The essential feature of GLC, and of other chromatography techniques, is that different molecules pass through the setup at different rates -- movement through the liquid linings "smears out" the different components over time.
The timing in arrival of different components at the outlet of the GLC can be detected and recorded with suitable instruments. Generally speaking, for a given GLC setup, the time of arrival of a given component will be the same, so the setup will give the amount of each component with an identified signal. Obviously, the nature of the liquid in the columns and the nature and speed of the carrier gas can be varied to pick up different ranges of components.
*Fig. LB701-F3. Recorder response pattern from a GLC setup. From [3].*
A typical recorder pattern from a GLC is as shown. In this setup, some components appeared at the outlet within 5 minutes of injection, others took more than 25 minutes to appear. Generally, volatile (light) substances pass more rapidly. In this example, about 20 different major components and a similar number of minor components were detected in the mixture.
**How Smelling is analyzed in the Brain**
While a GLC analyzer has just one detector, the mechanism by which odours are analyzed in the brain is enormously more complex. Signals from the scent receptors in the mucous lining go first to the two Olfactory Bulbs which lie above the nostrils.
*Fig. LB701-F4. The Olfactory Bulb. From [5].*
A lot of processing of these signals takes place in the Olfactory Bulbs. The outputs from this processing are then passed on to other parts of the brain, some for immediate action, others for longer-term analysis and recording (memory). In higher mammals, some immediate reactions to smell are triggered in the more primitive part of the brain, and would be classed as instinctive.
The nature of these connections from the olfactory bulbs to other parts of the brain is quite involved. According to [1], the olfactory bulb connects to numerous areas of the amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, brain stem, retina, auditory cortex, and olfactory system. In total it has 27 inputs and 20 outputs.
So the decoding of smells is a complex process, perhaps as complex as that of sight. While some reactions may be thought of as "built in", as when a baby antelope shies away from the scent of a lion it has never seen, other reactions will be learned through experience, as good or bad.
For some types of animal, such as dogs, smell can be vitally important. Here are some extracts from *The Dog's Amazing Nose!* [6].
*"The Olfactory Bulb is a bulb of neural tissue within the dog's brain. It is located in the fore-brain and is responsible for processing scents detected by cells in the nasal cavity. It is approximately 40 times larger in dogs than in humans, relative to total brain size. A human's brain is dominated by a large visual cortex whilst a dog's brain is dominated by the olfactory cortex. The Olfactory Bulb accounts for one eighth of the dog's brain.
The Olfactory Bulb is extremely important to the dog due to its function of processing scent. Scent information travels from the Olfactory Bulb to the limbic system, which is the most primitive part of the brain (dealing with emotions, memory and behaviour). It also travels to the cortex (the cortex is the outer part of the brain that has to do with conscious thought). Because olfactory information goes to both the primitive and complex part of the brain it affects the dog's actions in more ways than we may think.
A dog's sense of smell is probably more important to it than any other sense, with the possible exception of touch. The sense of smell and the sense of touch are the predominant senses for a dog and they are in place and fully functioning at birth, unlike hearing and sight, which develop later, and taste, which although present at birth and connected to smell, takes a back seat.
A dog has around 220 million scent receptors in his nose -- that's 44 times the number of receptors in our own human nose. The bloodhound exceeds this standard with nearly 300 million scent receptors!"*
**Bloodhounds, the Kings of Smell**
It will be apparent that for a better sense of smell, you need a bigger area of olfactory membrane containing more receptor cells, and bigger olfactory bulbs to process the increased amount of information. This is clear when the dog breed with the best sense of smell, the bloodhound, is compared with other breeds, or with humans. Here are some extracts from [7].
*"The back of a dog's nasal cavity contains a membrane called olfactory mucosa. The olfactory mucosa membrane helps trap scents. The bigger the nose, the bigger the membrane. The membrane's size varies among breeds, from 45 cm2 to almost 390 cm2. Once the scent molecules are trapped by the olfactory mucosa, smell- or scent-detecting cells process the scent molecules and send the information to the brain"*.
*Fig. LB701-F5. The bloodhound is famous for his developed sense of smell. From [7].*
*"The bigger the dog's nose, the more smell-detecting cells it contains. The best noses for smell-detecting activity are long, wide noses because they can hold the most scent-detecting cells. The size of the dog doesn't matter as much as the size of the nose. A beagle, for example, has just as many smell-detecting cells as a German shepherd.
The top scent-smelling dog is the bloodhound, a breed with a large and wide nose. That breed has 300 million scent-detecting cells, which is why bloodhounds have traditionally been used as hunting companions and to track humans both in search-and-rescue operations and to catch criminals. Besides the long, wide nose that helps the bloodhound pick up scents easily, the long neck allows the breed to follow a scent with the nose to the ground without becoming fatigued in the shoulders.
The bloodhound has the most scent-detecting cells. His nose might not be the longest of all the breeds, but it is the most massive; it's long and wide. Combine that with the droopy ears that sometimes act to direct odors to the nose during tracking and trailing and with the neck that allows the bloodhound to remain with his nose to the ground for a long time, and you have a smelling machine. Compare the bloodhound with the German shepherd, who has 225 million scent-detecting cells, and the dachshund, with 125 million. People have only 5 million of them. Even a flat-nosed dog has a better sense of smell than humans, and likely has close to 100 million scent-detecting cells"*.
**How Insects detect "Odours"**
Insect physiology is totally unlike that of a mammal, but insects too can apparently detect substances at considerable distances. Under the topic "Insect Pheromones", cases are described whereby male insects can "pick up the scent" of a female insect as far as 11 kilometres away [12].
Moreover, the amount of scent produced is generally stated to be extremely little. In [12] it notes that *"Moths are popularly characterized by two remarkable traits associated with chemical communication in a sexual context. First is the apparent ability of males to detect and respond to female sex pheromones over impressively long distances, including one anecdotal report of 11 km in an emperor moth, even though females typically produce very small quantities of sex pheromone in the order of nanograms or even picograms"*. (A nanogram is a billionth of a gram, and a picogram is a trillionth of a gram).
So, how do insects manage such long-range detection? In an article *How do Insects Smell?*, Debbie Hadley gives a typical explanation [8].
*"Insects don't have noses the way mammals do, but that doesn't mean they don't smell things. Insects are able to detect chemicals in the air using their antennae or other sense organs. An insect's acute sense of smell enables it to find mates, locate food, avoid predators, and even gather in groups. Some insects rely on chemical cues to find their way to and from a nest, or to space themselves appropriately in a habitat with limited resources.
Insects produce semiochemicals, or odor signals, to interact with one another. Insects actually use scents to communicate with each other. These chemicals send information on how to behave to the insect's nervous system. Plants also emit pheromone cues which dictate insect behaviors. In order to navigate such a scent-filled environment, insects require a fairly sophisticated system of odor detection"*.
So some insects have an extremely powerful detection system, much more powerful than anything known in the animal world. How is this possible? Let's look at the standard explanation, and see what bits are reasonable, and what bits defy commonsense.
First, insect detection systems are usually tied up with possession of elaborate antennas. There seems no doubt that the properties of their antennas, which may be extremely elaborate, govern insects' abilities to pick up signals from afar. In [12] it mentions that *"males of many species have beautiful and conspicuous feathery antennae"*.
*Fig. LB701-F6. Some types of insect antenna. From [11].*
Some scans of insect antennas have been made at very high magnification, using electron microscopes. These antennas may have intricate detail, with blends of long and short "hairs" of various thicknesses. Below is shown some of the detailed structure of a mosquito antenna.
*Fig. LB701-F7. Electron-microscope scans of mosquito antennas. From [10].*
**How Antennas work**
While antennas are certainly at the base of insect sensing systems, these clearly are totally unrelated to the smell detection systems of mammals. To obtain good smell detection, mammals have developed two main parts, a mucous membrane containing huge numbers of smell receptors, and olfactory lobes to process signals from the smell receptors and pass on processed outputs to other parts of the brain. Neither of these parts is present in any way in insects. Insect signal detection very obviously must operate with quite different mechanisms.
We are familiar with the term "antenna" in radio and telecommunication systems, where antennas are used both to send out broadcast or beamed electromagnetic signals, and to receive such signals at a point of use. It is a feature of antennas that they have physical components of similar size to the wavelengths of the electromagnetic waves they handle. That is why, for example, home television receiving antennas have become smaller as television stations move to shorter-wavelength signals.
And so also with insect antennas. Their complex and varying parts are the right size to pick up infrared electromagnetic radiation, radiation of longer wavelength and lower energy than the red light which human eyes can detect. While Dogs live largely in a world of smell, and Humans in a world of visible light, Insects live in an infrared world.
Once the concept of Insect Infrared Sensing (IIS) is grasped, so much of what has been puzzling in the past becomes clear. On the old Pheromone Model, a tiny production of a chemical compound could be "smelled" up to 11 kilometres away. And smelled by a creature without the sensitive mucous membrane and brainpower of a mammal.
But in the Infrared Sensing Model, information is being passed by electromagnetic waves, like light but a of a slightly longer wavelength. The infrared waves travel at the speed of light, and can be detected at great distances. A human being can detect visible light from the Great Andromeda Galaxy with the naked eye, and that light has travelled for some 2.3 million light-years, so the idea of detecting infrared light from 11 kilometres away is easy to accept.
What we call "infrared" actually occupies a much wider band of the electromagnetic spectrum than does visible light -- some 40 times as wide. However, the "far infrared" portion is low-energy radiation which we perceive as heat, and this is given off by all matter at "room temperature", and would be of lesser use for passing signals.
*Fig. LB701-F8. The visible and infrared light spectrum. From [13].*
It's worth commenting on the sizes of the infrared wavelengths and radiating structures involved. If you look back at the mosquito-antenna photos, at the bottom of each picture is a small white bar. In the first photo, this bar is marked 100 μm, in the second and third the bar is 10 μm, in the fourth 1 μm. Here "μm" means micron or micrometre (one-millionth of a metre), so the longest "hairs" are about 200 microns long, the short horn about 5 microns long.
Turning now to the visible-infrared spectrum shown just above, on the wavelength scale at the bottom, the near-infrared panel is marked "1 um", the long-wave infrared "10 um", and part way into the far infrared, "100 um". Here "um" also means micron. Since the wavelengths received or omitted by antennas are similar to the sizes of the physical structures involved, this tells us that mosquito antennas are sensitive to wavelength from short-wave infrared (around 5 microns) to the mid-far infrared (around 100 microns).
It suggests also that as regards the far-infrared bands contain the normal thermal emissions which we perceive as heat, these will tend to drown out the longer waves which the mosquito can distinguish during the heat of the day. And just as we can only see the stars in the sky when daylight is withdrawn, so some Infrared emissions will only be useful to insects during the night. This explains why moths, mostly working at night, have elaborate feathery antennas, while butterflies, active during the day, do not.
*Fig. LB701-F9. Antennas of moths, butterflies, and other insects. From [13].*
The concept that insect communication is by infrared, rather than pheromones, is not unknown, although very seldom acknowledged.
As an example of previous disclosures of this by Philip Callahan, as far back as 1965, this extract from an article about why moths suicide in candle flames [9] is interesting.
*"The idea that antennal sensilla of insects are dielectric waveguides or resonators to electromagnetic energy presumes the emission of such energies from insect pheromones and host plant scents. Many organic molecules chemiluminesce in the far infrared and particularly in the 7--14 μm and 15--26 μm windows. Luminescence from the insect pheromone (sex scent) was predicted by P. S. Callahan in 1965. The prediction was based on the form, arrangement, and dielectric properties of the moth antenna sensilla (spines) -- in short, on morphology and antenna design alone. The male cabbage looper moth is attracted to the acetate molecule given off by the female. The exact same coded far infrared lines (17 μm region) are emitted by a candle flame. The male moth is highly attracted to and dies attempting to mate with the candle flame"*.
There is another far-reaching implication of the Insect Infrared Sensor Model. Antennas typically work both in receiving and transmitting, the functioning of a given antenna depends on how it is connected to power. Instead of producing so-called pheromones, a female insect produces an infrared wave pattern which is picked up by the male. No complex chemical-production process in the female is needed.
**Practical applications of the Insect Infrared Sensing Model**
Insect Infrared Sensing (IIS) technology will have enormous practical and commercial applications. It operates without any significant use of brainpower in the insect. If an infrared signal matching the insect's antenna structure is received, it's like a switch -- the insect has no choice but to react.
This is unlike when a bait or lure is offered to an animal. The animal may react, but does so after processing the stimulus in the light of earlier encounters, and may decide to ignore the bait. The insect has no choice.
For more on practical and commercial use of the Insect Infrared Sensing mechanism, see [DS902: The Lurator Device for controlling Insects using Infrared](http://aoi.com.au/devices/Lurator/index.htm) [15].
**\* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \* \***
[](https://commentmaster.wordpress.com/comment-on-life-and-biology-articles/)
---
**References and Links**
[1]. ***Olfactory system.*** https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory\_system .
[2]. ***4.4 Tasting, Smelling, and Touching.*** http://open.lib.umn.edu/intropsyc/chapter/4-4-tasting-smelling-and-touching/ .
[3]. ***Gas-Liquid Chromatography.*** http://www.4college.co.uk/a/Cd/Glc.php .
[4]. ***Where Does All My Snot Come From?.*** https://www.livescience.com/54745-why-do-i-have-so-much-snot.html .
[5]. ***The Sense of Smell.*** http://www.humanphysiology.academy/Smell/Smell.html .
[6]. ***The Dog's Amazing Nose!.*** http://www.balancebehaviour.org/blah-1/ .
[7]. ***Does the Length of a Dog's Nose Help It Smell Better?.*** http://dogcare.dailypuppy.com/length-dogs-nose-smell-better-5927.html .
[8]. **Debbie Hadley. *How Do Insects Smell?.*** https://www.thoughtco.com/how-insects-smell-1968161.
[9]. **Philip S. Callahan. *Moth and candle: the candle flame as a sexual mimic of the coded infrared wavelengths from a moth sex scent (pheromone) .*** http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?id=21558 .
[10]. **Y T Qiu. *Scanning electron micrographs of antennal sensilla of a female mosquito.*** Chem. Senses, 2006:31:845-863.
[11]. ***Antennae.*** http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/30700/30774/antennae\_30774.htm .
[12]. ***Pheromone production, male abundance, body size, and the evolution of elaborate antennae in moths.*** https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3297191/ .
[13]. ***UG101: Near Infrared and the Electromagnetic Spectrum.*** http://dew.globalsystemsscience.org/key-messages/near-infrared-and-the-electromagnetic-spectrum .
[14]. ***Antenna: insects.*** http://kids.britannica.com/students/article/insect/275066/media .
[15]. **David Noel. *DS902: The Lurator Device for controlling Insects using Infrared.*** http://aoi.com.au/devices/Lurator/index.htm .
---
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<h2 class="
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<p>You probably want one of these. They include versions of
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</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">32-bit x86:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/puttytel.exe"><code>puttytel.exe</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/puttytel.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading"><code>plink.exe</code> (a command-line interface to the PuTTY back ends)</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">64-bit x86:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/plink.exe"><code>plink.exe</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/plink.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">64-bit Arm:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/plink.exe"><code>plink.exe</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/plink.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">32-bit x86:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/plink.exe"><code>plink.exe</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/plink.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading"><code>pageant.exe</code> (an SSH authentication agent for PuTTY, PSCP, PSFTP, and Plink)</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">64-bit x86:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/pageant.exe"><code>pageant.exe</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/pageant.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">64-bit Arm:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/pageant.exe"><code>pageant.exe</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/pageant.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">32-bit x86:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/pageant.exe"><code>pageant.exe</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/pageant.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading"><code>puttygen.exe</code> (a RSA and DSA key generation utility)</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">64-bit x86:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/puttygen.exe"><code>puttygen.exe</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/puttygen.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">64-bit Arm:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/puttygen.exe"><code>puttygen.exe</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/puttygen.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">32-bit x86:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/puttygen.exe"><code>puttygen.exe</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/puttygen.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading"><code>pterm.exe</code> (a PuTTY-style wrapper for Windows command prompts)</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">64-bit x86:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/pterm.exe"><code>pterm.exe</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/pterm.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">64-bit Arm:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/pterm.exe"><code>pterm.exe</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/pterm.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">32-bit x86:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/pterm.exe"><code>pterm.exe</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/pterm.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading"><code>putty.zip</code> (a .ZIP archive of all the above except PuTTYtel and pterm)</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">64-bit x86:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/putty.zip"><code>putty.zip</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/putty.zip.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">64-bit Arm:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/putty.zip"><code>putty.zip</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/putty.zip.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">32-bit x86:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/putty.zip"><code>putty.zip</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/putty.zip.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadlatesttopcolour
">Documentation</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadlatestbotcolour
">
<div class="downloadheading">Browse the documentation on the web</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">HTML:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/htmldoc/">Contents page</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">Downloadable documentation</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">Zipped HTML:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/puttydoc.zip"><code>puttydoc.zip</code></a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">Plain text:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/puttydoc.txt"><code>puttydoc.txt</code></a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">Windows HTML Help:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/putty.chm"><code>putty.chm</code></a></span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadlatesttopcolour
">Source code</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadlatestbotcolour
">
<div class="downloadheading">Unix source archive</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname"><code>.tar.gz</code>:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/putty-0.80.tar.gz"><code>putty-0.80.tar.gz</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/putty-0.80.tar.gz.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">Windows source archive</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname"><code>.zip</code>:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/putty-src.zip"><code>putty-src.zip</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/putty-src.zip.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">git repository</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">Clone:</span>
<span class="downloadgitlink"><code>https://git.tartarus.org/simon/putty.git</code></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">gitweb:</span>
<span class="downloadgitlink"><a href="https://git.tartarus.org/?p=simon/putty.git">main</a>
| <a href="https://git.tartarus.org/?p=simon/putty.git;a=commit;h=refs/tags/0.80"><code>0.80</code> release tag</a>
</span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadlatesttopcolour
">Downloads for 32-bit Windows on Arm</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadlatestbotcolour
">
<p>Compiled executable files for 32-bit Windows on Arm. We've had
reports that these can be useful on Windows IoT Core.
<div class="downloadheading">32-bit Windows on Arm installer</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/putty-arm32-0.80-installer.msi"><code>putty-arm32-0.80-installer.msi</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/putty-arm32-0.80-installer.msi.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">32-bit Windows on Arm individual executables</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/putty.exe"><code>putty.exe</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/putty.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/pscp.exe"><code>pscp.exe</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/pscp.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/psftp.exe"><code>psftp.exe</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/psftp.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/puttytel.exe"><code>puttytel.exe</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/puttytel.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/plink.exe"><code>plink.exe</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/plink.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/pageant.exe"><code>pageant.exe</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/pageant.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/puttygen.exe"><code>puttygen.exe</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/puttygen.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/pterm.exe"><code>pterm.exe</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/pterm.exe.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadheading">Zip file of all 32-bit Windows on Arm executables</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">32-bit Arm:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/putty.zip"><code>putty.zip</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/putty.zip.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
</div>
<h2 class="
downloadtop downloadlatesttopcolour
">Checksum files</h2>
<div class="
downloadbottom downloadlatestbotcolour
">
<div class="downloadheading">Cryptographic checksums for all the above files</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">MD5:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/md5sums"><code>md5sums</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/md5sums.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">SHA-1:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/sha1sums"><code>sha1sums</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/sha1sums.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">SHA-256:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/sha256sums"><code>sha256sums</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/sha256sums.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
<div class="downloadrow">
<span class="downloadname">SHA-512:</span>
<span class="downloadfile"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/sha512sums"><code>sha512sums</code></a></span>
<span class="downloadsig"><a href="https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/sha512sums.gpg">(signature)</a></span>
</div>
</div>
<p><hr>
If you want to comment on this web site, see the
<a href="feedback.html">Feedback page</a>.
<br>
(last modified on <!--LASTMOD-->Mon Dec 18 15:09:38 2023<!--END-->)
</BODY></HTML>
|
Download PuTTY: latest release (0.80)
# Download PuTTY: latest release (0.80)
[Home](./)
|
[FAQ](faq.html)
|
[Feedback](feedback.html)
|
[Licence](licence.html)
|
[Updates](maillist.html)
|
[Mirrors](mirrors.html)
|
[Keys](keys.html)
|
[Links](links.html)
|
[Team](team.html)
Download:
**Stable**
·
[Snapshot](snapshot.html)
|
[Docs](docs.html)
|
[Changes](changes.html)
|
[Wishlist](wishlist/)
This page contains download links for the latest released version of
PuTTY.
Currently this is 0.80, released on 2023-12-18.
When new releases come out, this page will update to contain the
latest, so this is a good page to bookmark or link to.
Alternatively, here is a
[permanent link to the 0.80 release](releases/0.80.html).
Release versions of PuTTY are versions we think are reasonably likely
to work well. However, they are often not the most up-to-date
version of the code available. If you have a problem with this
release, then it might be worth trying out
the [development snapshots](snapshot.html),
to see if the problem has already been fixed in those versions.
## Package files
You probably want one of these. They include versions of
all the PuTTY utilities (except the new and slightly experimental
Windows pterm).
(Not sure whether you want the 32-bit or the 64-bit version? Read the
[FAQ entry](faq.html#faq-32bit-64bit).)
We also publish the latest PuTTY installers for all Windows
architectures as a free-of-charge download at the
[Microsoft Store](https://apps.microsoft.com/store/detail/putty/XPFNZKSKLBP7RJ);
they usually take a few days to appear there after we release them.
MSI (‘Windows Installer’)
64-bit x86:
[`putty-64bit-0.80-installer.msi`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/putty-64bit-0.80-installer.msi)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/putty-64bit-0.80-installer.msi.gpg)
64-bit Arm:
[`putty-arm64-0.80-installer.msi`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/putty-arm64-0.80-installer.msi)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/putty-arm64-0.80-installer.msi.gpg)
32-bit x86:
[`putty-0.80-installer.msi`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/putty-0.80-installer.msi)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/putty-0.80-installer.msi.gpg)
Unix source archive
`.tar.gz`:
[`putty-0.80.tar.gz`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/putty-0.80.tar.gz)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/putty-0.80.tar.gz.gpg)
## Alternative binary files
The installer packages above will provide versions of all of these
(except PuTTYtel and pterm),
but you can download standalone binaries one
by one if you prefer.
(Not sure whether you want the 32-bit or the 64-bit version? Read the
[FAQ entry](faq.html#faq-32bit-64bit).)
`putty.exe` (the SSH and Telnet client itself)
64-bit x86:
[`putty.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/putty.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/putty.exe.gpg)
64-bit Arm:
[`putty.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/putty.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/putty.exe.gpg)
32-bit x86:
[`putty.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/putty.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/putty.exe.gpg)
`pscp.exe` (an SCP client, i.e. command-line secure file copy)
64-bit x86:
[`pscp.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/pscp.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/pscp.exe.gpg)
64-bit Arm:
[`pscp.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/pscp.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/pscp.exe.gpg)
32-bit x86:
[`pscp.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/pscp.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/pscp.exe.gpg)
`psftp.exe` (an SFTP client, i.e. general file transfer sessions much like FTP)
64-bit x86:
[`psftp.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/psftp.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/psftp.exe.gpg)
64-bit Arm:
[`psftp.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/psftp.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/psftp.exe.gpg)
32-bit x86:
[`psftp.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/psftp.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/psftp.exe.gpg)
`puttytel.exe` (a Telnet-only client)
64-bit x86:
[`puttytel.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/puttytel.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/puttytel.exe.gpg)
64-bit Arm:
[`puttytel.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/puttytel.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/puttytel.exe.gpg)
32-bit x86:
[`puttytel.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/puttytel.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/puttytel.exe.gpg)
`plink.exe` (a command-line interface to the PuTTY back ends)
64-bit x86:
[`plink.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/plink.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/plink.exe.gpg)
64-bit Arm:
[`plink.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/plink.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/plink.exe.gpg)
32-bit x86:
[`plink.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/plink.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/plink.exe.gpg)
`pageant.exe` (an SSH authentication agent for PuTTY, PSCP, PSFTP, and Plink)
64-bit x86:
[`pageant.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/pageant.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/pageant.exe.gpg)
64-bit Arm:
[`pageant.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/pageant.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/pageant.exe.gpg)
32-bit x86:
[`pageant.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/pageant.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/pageant.exe.gpg)
`puttygen.exe` (a RSA and DSA key generation utility)
64-bit x86:
[`puttygen.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/puttygen.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/puttygen.exe.gpg)
64-bit Arm:
[`puttygen.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/puttygen.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/puttygen.exe.gpg)
32-bit x86:
[`puttygen.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/puttygen.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/puttygen.exe.gpg)
`pterm.exe` (a PuTTY-style wrapper for Windows command prompts)
64-bit x86:
[`pterm.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/pterm.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/pterm.exe.gpg)
64-bit Arm:
[`pterm.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/pterm.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/pterm.exe.gpg)
32-bit x86:
[`pterm.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/pterm.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/pterm.exe.gpg)
`putty.zip` (a .ZIP archive of all the above except PuTTYtel and pterm)
64-bit x86:
[`putty.zip`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/putty.zip)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w64/putty.zip.gpg)
64-bit Arm:
[`putty.zip`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/putty.zip)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa64/putty.zip.gpg)
32-bit x86:
[`putty.zip`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/putty.zip)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/w32/putty.zip.gpg)
## Documentation
Browse the documentation on the web
HTML:
[Contents page](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/htmldoc/)
Downloadable documentation
Zipped HTML:
[`puttydoc.zip`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/puttydoc.zip)
Plain text:
[`puttydoc.txt`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/puttydoc.txt)
Windows HTML Help:
[`putty.chm`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/putty.chm)
## Source code
Unix source archive
`.tar.gz`:
[`putty-0.80.tar.gz`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/putty-0.80.tar.gz)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/putty-0.80.tar.gz.gpg)
Windows source archive
`.zip`:
[`putty-src.zip`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/putty-src.zip)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/putty-src.zip.gpg)
git repository
Clone:
`https://git.tartarus.org/simon/putty.git`
gitweb:
[main](https://git.tartarus.org/?p=simon/putty.git)
| [`0.80` release tag](https://git.tartarus.org/?p=simon/putty.git;a=commit;h=refs/tags/0.80)
## Downloads for 32-bit Windows on Arm
Compiled executable files for 32-bit Windows on Arm. We've had
reports that these can be useful on Windows IoT Core.
32-bit Windows on Arm installer
32-bit Arm:
[`putty-arm32-0.80-installer.msi`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/putty-arm32-0.80-installer.msi)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/putty-arm32-0.80-installer.msi.gpg)
32-bit Windows on Arm individual executables
32-bit Arm:
[`putty.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/putty.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/putty.exe.gpg)
32-bit Arm:
[`pscp.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/pscp.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/pscp.exe.gpg)
32-bit Arm:
[`psftp.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/psftp.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/psftp.exe.gpg)
32-bit Arm:
[`puttytel.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/puttytel.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/puttytel.exe.gpg)
32-bit Arm:
[`plink.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/plink.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/plink.exe.gpg)
32-bit Arm:
[`pageant.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/pageant.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/pageant.exe.gpg)
32-bit Arm:
[`puttygen.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/puttygen.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/puttygen.exe.gpg)
32-bit Arm:
[`pterm.exe`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/pterm.exe)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/pterm.exe.gpg)
Zip file of all 32-bit Windows on Arm executables
32-bit Arm:
[`putty.zip`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/putty.zip)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/wa32/putty.zip.gpg)
## Checksum files
Cryptographic checksums for all the above files
MD5:
[`md5sums`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/md5sums)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/md5sums.gpg)
SHA-1:
[`sha1sums`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/sha1sums)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/sha1sums.gpg)
SHA-256:
[`sha256sums`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/sha256sums)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/sha256sums.gpg)
SHA-512:
[`sha512sums`](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/sha512sums)
[(signature)](https://the.earth.li/~sgtatham/putty/latest/sha512sums.gpg)
---
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[Feedback page](feedback.html).
(last modified on Mon Dec 18 15:09:38 2023)
| https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/latest.html |
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<TITLE>Catalunatics Travel Photos and Recipes</TITLE>
<META name="description" content="Photos of 71 world cities in 21 countries focus on architecture, cathedrals, sculpture, art, journals,over 1000 recipes, continually updated. Belgium Denmark Egypt Estonia Finland France Greece Netherland Holland Italy Malta Monaco Morocco Norway Poland Portugal Russia Espana Spain Sweden Tunisia Turkey USA">
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<p><img src="Cat.jpg" width="700" height="100" border="0" usemap="#Map">
<map name="Map">
<area shape="rect" coords="322,66,447,94" href="index.htm">
</map>
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<td width="40" valign="top"> <div align="left"><a href="be/becp.htm"><img src="be/befl.jpg" width="45" height="25" border="0"></a>
</div></td>
<td valign="top"><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Belgium</font>
<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><a href="/be/Brg/brg.htm" target="_self">Bruges</a>
<a href="/be/Brg/brgj.htm" target="_self"><img src="journal.gif" alt="Travel Journal" width="18" height="18" border="0"></a>
<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><a href="/be/Brs/brs.htm" target="_self">Brussels</a>
<a href="/be/Brs/brsj.htm" target="_self"><img src="journal.gif" alt="Travel Journal" width="18" height="18" border="0"></a></font>
<a href="be/Ghe/ghe.htm">Ghent</a> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><a href="be/Ghe/ghej.htm" target="_blank"><img src="journal.gif" alt="Travel Journal" width="18" height="18" border="0"></a></font></font></td>
<td width="250" rowspan="22" valign="top"> <p align="center"><font color="#006666" size="3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><strong>Welcome!</strong></font></p>
<p align="center"><font color="#0000cc" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>
Cooking with Gala is Back!</b></font></p>
<p align="center"><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="cooking/index.htm">Cooking With GALA</a> </font></p>
<p align="center"><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Thanks
for your patience.</font></p>
<p align="center"><strong><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Thanks
for visiting!</font></strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong><font color="#0000CC" size="4" face="Curlz MT">Gala
& Sal</font></strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong><font color="#006666" size="2"><img src="catstiny.gif" width="52" height="42">
</font></strong></p>
<p align="center"><strong><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The
Catalunatics</font></strong></p>
<p align="center"> </p>
<div align="center">
<p><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Here are some links to some
recent photos of Barcelona:</font></p>
<p><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="es/bcn/head.htm">The
Great Giant Head</a></font></p>
<p><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="es/bcn/hats.htm">Hat
Trick</a></font></p>
<p><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="es/bcn/rc.htm">Ramon
Casas Posters</a></font></p>
<p><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="es/bcn/gr.htm">Gracia
Festa</a></font></p>
<p><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="es/bcn/me.htm">Merce
Festa</a></font></p>
<p><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="es/bcn/gen.htm">Generalitat,
the palace used for local government</a></font></p>
<p><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="es/bcn/mr.htm">Mercats</a></font></p>
<p><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="es/bcn/asia.htm">A
Walk in our neighborhood</a></font></p>
<p><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="es/bcn/mi.htm">Odds
& Ends</a></font></p>
<p><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="es/bcn/ar.htm">Architectural</a></font></p>
<p align="center"><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Llinks
to new photos from various countries:</font></p>
<p align="center"><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="es/Cat/gir.htm">Girona</a>
- Spain</font></p>
<p align="center"><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="it/Cagliari/cag.htm">Cagliari
</a>- Italy</font></p>
<p align="center"><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="it/2006tour/tour06.htm">Lucca
to Liguria Tour</a> - Italy</font></p>
<p align="center"><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="it/Palermo/p2.htm">Palermo</a>
- Italy</font></p>
<p align="center"><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="fr/Marseilles/ma.htm">Marseilles</a>
- France</font></p>
<p align="center"><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="nl/Delft/delft.htm">Delft</a>
- Netherlands</font></p>
<p align="center"><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Keukenhof
<a href="nl/KE/Anthuriums/index.htm">Anthuriums</a> - Netherlands</font></p>
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<tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<td width="40" valign="top"> <div align="left"><a href="dk/dkcp.htm"><img src="dk/dkfl.jpg" width="39" height="24" border="0"></a>
</div></td>
<td valign="top"><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Denmark</font>
<font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="dk/dk.htm" target="_self">Copenhagen</a></font>
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<td width="40" valign="top"> <p align="left"><a href="eg/egcp.htm"><img src="eg/egfl.jpg" width="47" height="34" border="0"></a>
</p></td>
<td width="374" valign="top"><p><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Egypt
<font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="eg/cairo.htm">Cairo</a></font><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
Memphis, Sakkara, Giza, Valley of the Kings, Luxor and Karnak Temples
-</font> </font><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana">A<font size="2">
<a href="eg/nile.htm">Nile</a></font> Cruise from Abu Simbel, Aswan,
Philae, Kom Ombo, Esna and Edfu</font><font face="Verdana" size="2">
<font color="#006666">- The Cairo <a href="eg/CMG.htm"><font size="2">Museum</font></a></font>
- <a href="eg/emyth.htm"><font size="2">Mythology</font></a> <a href="/eg/egj.htm"><img src="journal.gif" alt="Travel Journal" width="18" height="18" border="0"></a></font></p></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<td width="40" valign="top"> <div align="left"><a href="ee/eecp.htm"><img src="ee/eefl.jpg" width="37" height="22" border="1"></a>
</div></td>
<td valign="top"><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Estonia</font>
<font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="/ee/ee.htm" target="_self">Tallin</a></font>
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<td width="40" valign="top"> <div align="left"><a href="es/escp.htm"><img src="es/esfl.gif" width="51" height="34" border="0"></a></div></td>
<td valign="top"><p><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">España</font>
<font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="/es/Granada/granada.htm" target="_self">Andalucia
- Granada</a> <a href="/es/Granada/grj.htm" target="_self"><img src="journal.gif" alt="Travel Journal" width="18" height="18" border="0"></a>
- <a href="/es/CN/cn.htm">Cantabria</a>, <a href="/es/CP/cp.htm"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">El
Capricho</font></a> - Catalunya, <a href="/es/bcn/barcelona.htm" target="_self">Barcelona</a>
<a href="es/bcn/bcnj.htm" target="_self"><img src="journal.gif" alt="Travel Journal" width="18" height="18" border="0"></a>,
<a href="/es/Dali/dali.htm" target="_self">Dali Triangle</a>, <a href="es/Cat/gir.htm">Girona</a>,
<a href="/es/Montblanc/mblanc.htm" target="_self">Montblanc</a>, <a href="/es/Montserrat/MO.htm" target="_self">Montserrat</a>,
<a href="/es/Cat/RD.htm" target="_self">On the Road</a>, <a href="es/s/reallyhome.htm" target="_self">Sitges</a>,
<a href="/es/Tarragona/TA.htm" target="_self">Tarragona</a>,<a href="/es/Tortosa/TO.htm" target="_self">Tortosa</a>
- <a href="/es/GA/ga.htm" target="_self">Galicia</a> <a href="/es/GA/gaj.htm" target="_self"><img src="journal.gif" alt="Vigo Travel Journal" width="18" height="18" border="0"></a>
- <a href="/es/Madrid/Mad.htm" target="_self">Madrid </a> <a href="/es/Madrid/mdj.htm" target="_self"><img src="journal.gif" alt="Travel Journal" width="18" height="18" border="0"></a>-
<a href="/es/Mallorca/mal01.htm" target="_self"> Mallorca</a> <a href="/es/Mallorca/malj01.htm" target="_self"><img src="journal.gif" alt="Travel Journal" width="18" height="18" border="0"></a>
- <a href="/es/PV/pv.htm" target="_self">Pais Vasco</a> - <a href="es/Tenerife/ten.htm" target="_self">Santa
Cruz de Tenerife</a></font></p></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<td width="40" valign="top"> <div align="left"><a href="fi/ficp.htm"><img src="fi/fifl.gif" width="36" height="23" border="1"></a>
</div></td>
<td valign="top"><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Finland
</font><font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="/dk/dk.htm" target="_self">Helsinki</a></font>
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<td width="40" valign="top"> <div align="left"><a href="fr/frcp.htm"><img src="fr/frfl.jpg" alt="France Country Profile" width="48" height="34" border="1"></a>
</div></td>
<td valign="top"><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">France</font>
<font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="/fr/Corsica/corsica1001.htm" target="_self">Corsica</a></font>
- <font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="/fr/Nice/nice.htm" target="_self">Nice</a>
<a href="/fr/Nice/nicj01.htm" target="_self"><img src="journal.gif" alt="Travel Journal" width="18" height="18" border="0"></a></font>
- <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><a href="/fr/Rouen/rouen.htm" target="_self"><font color="#006666">Rouen</font></a>
<a href="/fr/Rouen/roj.htm" target="_self"><img src="journal.gif" alt="Travel Journal" width="18" height="18" border="0"></a>
<font color="#006666"><a href="fr/Marseilles/ma.htm">Marseilles </a><font color="#000000">-
<font color="#006666"><a href="fr/Martinique/Martinique.htm">Martinique</a></font></font></font>
</font></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<TD vAlign=top width=40> <DIV align=left><a href="gi/gicp.htm"><img src="gi/gi-flag.gif" width="53" height="34" border="0"></a>
</DIV></TD>
<TD vAlign=top><FONT size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Gibralter<font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana">
</font></FONT><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana"><a href="gi/gi.htm">Port</a></font></TD>
</TR>
<TR bgColor=#ffffff>
<td width="40" valign="top"> <div align="left"><a href="gr/grcp.htm"><img src="gr/grfl.jpg" width="47" height="32" border="0"></a></div></td>
<td valign="top"><p><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Greece</font>
<font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana"><a href="gr/athens.htm">Athens</a></font><font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana">
Lycabettus, the Acropolis and Agora, Museums and Around Town, Corinth,
Mycenae, Epidavros and Argolis</font><font face="Verdana" size="2">
- <font color="#006666" size="2"><a href="gr/isles.htm">The Isles</a></font>
<font color="#006666">Delos and Mykonos, Rhodos, Santorini and Kriti
and Saronikas (Idra, Poros and Egina</font>) <a href="/gr/grj.htm"><img src="journal.gif" alt="Travel Journal" width="18" height="18" border="0"></a></font></p></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<td width="40" valign="top"> <div align="left"><a href="it/itcp.htm"><img src="it/itfl.jpg" alt="Italy Country Profile" width="46" height="34" border="1"></a>
</div></td>
<td valign="top"><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Italy-
</font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><font color="#006666" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="it/Cagliari/cag.htm">Cagliari</a>
- </font></font> <font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="/it/Florence/fl.htm" target="_self">
</a></font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><font color="#006666" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="it/Emilia/er.htm">Emilia-Romagna</a>
Ferrara and Parma - <a href="it/Lombardy/lo.htm"></a></font></font><font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="/it/Florence/fl2.htm" target="_self">Florence</a></font>
<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><a href="/it/Florence/flj.htm" target="_self"><img src="journal.gif" alt="Travel Journal" width="18" height="18" border="0"></a></font>
<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><font color="#006666" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="it/Lombardy/lo.htm">Lombardy</a>
Mantova (Mantua) and Desenzano di Lago Garda - <a href="it/2006tour/tour06.htm">Lucca
to Sestri Levante</a> with Pisa, Genoa and Vernazza - </font></font>
<a href="/it/Napoli/Nap.htm" target="_self"><font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Napoli</font></a>
<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><font color="#006666" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">-
<a href="it/Palermo/p2.htm">Palermo</a> -</font></font> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><a href="/it/Rome/rome.htm" target="_self">Rome</a>
- <a href="/it/Umbria/UM.htm" target="_self">Umbria</a> - <font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Veneto</font>
<a href="/it/Veneto/vpj.htm" target="_self"><img src="journal.gif" alt="Veneto and Po RiverTravel Journal" width="18" height="18" border="0"></a>
- <font color="#006666" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="it/VenetoFriuli/vf.htm">Veneto-Friuli</a>
Padova (Padua), Verona and Valpolicella - <a href="it/Veneto/ve.htm">Venezia</a>
(Venice), Murano and Burano Islands </font></font></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<td width="40" valign="top"> <div align="left"><a href="mt/mtcp.htm"><img src="mt/mtfl.jpg" width="38" height="23" border="1"></a>
</div></td>
<td valign="top"><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Malta</font>
<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><a href="/mt/mt.htm" target="_self">Valetta</a></font>
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<TD vAlign=top width=40><a href="mc/mccp.htm"><img src="mc/mcfl.jpg" alt="Monaco Country Profile" width="26" height="24" border="1"></a></TD>
<TD vAlign=top><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Monaco</font>
<font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="/mc/mc.htm" target="_self">Monte
Carlo</a> </font> </TD>
</TR>
<TR bgColor=#ffffff>
<td width="40" valign="top"> <div align="left"><a href="ma/macp.htm"><img src="ma/mafl.jpg" width="40" height="25" border="0"></a>
</div></td>
<td valign="top"><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Morocco</font>
<font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="/ma/Tangier.htm" target="_self">Tangier</a></font></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<td width="40" valign="top"> <div align="left"> <font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="nl/nlcp.htm"><img src="nl/nlfl.jpg" width="54" height="35" border="0"></a>
</font> </div></td>
<td valign="top"><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Netherlands</font>
<font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="/nl/Amsterdam/Amsterdam.htm" target="_self">Amsterdam</a>
<a href="/nl/Amsterdam/amj.htm" target="_self"><img src="journal.gif" alt="Travel Journal" width="18" height="18" border="0"></a>
- <a href="nl/Delft/delft.htm">Delft</a> - <a href="/nl/Haarlem/haarlem.htm" target="_self">Haarlem</a>
<a href="nl/Haarlem/haarlemj.htm" target="_self"><img src="journal.gif" alt="Travel Journal" width="18" height="18" border="0"></a>
- <a href="/nl/KE/ke.htm" target="_self">Keukenhoff</a> <a href="/nl/KE/kej.htm" target="_self"><img src="journal.gif" alt="Travel Journal" width="18" height="18" border="0"></a>
<a href="nl/KE/Anthuriums/index.htm">Anthuriums</a> - <a href="nl/Utrecht/ut.htm" target="_blank">Utrecht</a>
<a href="nl/Utrecht/utj.htm" target="_blank"><img src="journal.gif" alt="Travel Journal" width="18" height="18" border="0"></a>
</font></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<td width="40" valign="top"><a href="no/nocp.htm"><img src="no/nofl.gif" width="49" height="34" border="0"></a></td>
<td valign="middle"><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Norway
</font><font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="/dk/dk.htm" target="_self">Oslo</a></font><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
</font></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<TD vAlign=top width=40><a href="pl/plcp.htm"><img src="pl/plfl.gif" width="39" height="23" border="1"></a></TD>
<TD vAlign=top><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Poland</font>
<font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="/pl/pl.htm" target="_self">Gdansk</a></font></TD>
</TR>
<TR bgColor=#ffffff>
<td width="40" valign="top"> <div align="left"> <font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="pt/ptcp.htm"><img src="pt/ptfl.jpg" width="45" height="25" border="0"></a></font>
</div></td>
<td valign="top"><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Portugal</font>
<font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="/pt/lisbon.htm" target="_self">Lisbon</a>
<a href="/pt/lij.htm" target="_self"><img src="journal.gif" alt="Travel Journal" width="18" height="18" border="0"></a></font>
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<td width="40" valign="top"> <div align="left"><a href="ru/rucp.htm"><img src="ru/rufl.gif" width="38" height="23" border="1"></a>
</div></td>
<td valign="top"><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Russia</font>
<font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="/ru/ru.htm" target="_self">St.
Petersburg</a></font> </td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<td width="40" valign="top"> <div align="left"><a href="se/secp.htm"><img src="se/sefl.gif" width="42" height="25" border="0"></a>
</div></td>
<td valign="top"><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Sweden</font>
<font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="/dk/dk.htm" target="_self">Stockholm</a></font></td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<td width="40" valign="top"> <div align="left"> <font size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="tn/tncp.htm"><img src="tn/tnfl.gif" width="38" height="25" border="0"></a></font></div></td>
<td valign="top"><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Tunisia</font>
<font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="/tn/tn.htm" target="_self">Tunis</a></font>
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<td width="40" valign="top"> <div align="left"><a href="tr/trcp.htm"><img src="tr/trfl.jpg" width="38" height="25" border="0"></a>
</div></td>
<td valign="top"><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Turkey</font>
<font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana"><a href="tr/tr.htm">Ephessos
and Istanbul</a></font><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">
<a href="/tr/trj.htm"><img src="journal.gif" alt="Travel Journal" width="18" height="18" border="0"></a></font>
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<td valign="top"> <div align="left"><a href="us/uscp.htm"><img src="us/usfl.jpg" width="43" height="25" border="0"></a>
</div>
<p align="center"> </p>
<p align="center"> </p></td>
<td valign="top"><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">USA</font>
<font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="/us/CA/cal.htm" target="_self">CA
- California</a> <a href="/us/CA/caj.htm" target="_self"><img src="journal.gif" alt="Travel Journal" width="18" height="18" border="0"></a></font>
- <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><a href="/us/Fl/florida.htm" target="_self">FL
- Florida</a> <a href="/us/Fl/flj.htm" target="_self"><img src="journal.gif" alt="Travel Journal" width="18" height="18" border="0"></a></font>
<font color="#006666" size="2" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="us/Fl/miami.htm" target="_self">Miami
Deco</a> </font>- <font face="Verdana" size="2"><a href="/us/LA/la.htm" target="_self">LA
- Louisiana</a> <a href="/us/LA/laj.htm" target="_self"><img src="journal.gif" alt="Travel Journal" width="18" height="18" border="0"></a>
- <a href="/us/NV/lasvegas.htm" target="_self">NV - Nevada</a> <a href="/us/NV/NVj.htm" target="_self"><img src="journal.gif" alt="Travel Journal" width="18" height="18" border="0"></a>
- <a href="/us/Wa/Seattle.htm" target="_self">WA - Washington</a></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
</div>
</BODY>
</HTML>
<font style="position: absolute;overflow: hidden;height: 0;width: 0">
<font style="position: absolute;overflow: hidden;height: 0;width: 0" id="1"></html> |
Catalunatics Travel Photos and Recipes
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
| Belgium
[Bruges](/be/Brg/brg.htm)
[Travel Journal](/be/Brg/brgj.htm)
[Brussels](/be/Brs/brs.htm)
[Travel Journal](/be/Brs/brsj.htm)
[Ghent](be/Ghe/ghe.htm) [Travel Journal](be/Ghe/ghej.htm) | **Welcome!**
**Cooking with Gala is Back!**
[Cooking With GALA](cooking/index.htm)
Thanks
for your patience.
**Thanks
for visiting!**
**Gala
& Sal**
**The
Catalunatics**
Here are some links to some
recent photos of Barcelona:
[The
Great Giant Head](es/bcn/head.htm)
[Hat
Trick](es/bcn/hats.htm)
[Ramon
Casas Posters](es/bcn/rc.htm)
[Gracia
Festa](es/bcn/gr.htm)
[Merce
Festa](es/bcn/me.htm)
[Generalitat,
the palace used for local government](es/bcn/gen.htm)
[Mercats](es/bcn/mr.htm)
[A
Walk in our neighborhood](es/bcn/asia.htm)
[Odds
& Ends](es/bcn/mi.htm)
[Architectural](es/bcn/ar.htm)
Llinks
to new photos from various countries:
[Girona](es/Cat/gir.htm)
- Spain
[Cagliari](it/Cagliari/cag.htm) - Italy
[Lucca
to Liguria Tour](it/2006tour/tour06.htm) - Italy
[Palermo](it/Palermo/p2.htm)
- Italy
[Marseilles](fr/Marseilles/ma.htm)
- France
[Delft](nl/Delft/delft.htm)
- Netherlands
Keukenhof
[Anthuriums](nl/KE/Anthuriums/index.htm) - Netherlands
|
|
| Denmark
[Copenhagen](dk/dk.htm) |
|
| Egypt
[Cairo](eg/cairo.htm)
Memphis, Sakkara, Giza, Valley of the Kings, Luxor and Karnak Temples
- A
[Nile](eg/nile.htm) Cruise from Abu Simbel, Aswan,
Philae, Kom Ombo, Esna and Edfu
- The Cairo [Museum](eg/CMG.htm)
- [Mythology](eg/emyth.htm) [Travel Journal](/eg/egj.htm) |
|
| Estonia
[Tallin](/ee/ee.htm) |
| | España
[Andalucia
- Granada](/es/Granada/granada.htm) [Travel Journal](/es/Granada/grj.htm)
- [Cantabria](/es/CN/cn.htm), [El
Capricho](/es/CP/cp.htm) - Catalunya, [Barcelona](/es/bcn/barcelona.htm)
[Travel Journal](es/bcn/bcnj.htm),
[Dali Triangle](/es/Dali/dali.htm), [Girona](es/Cat/gir.htm),
[Montblanc](/es/Montblanc/mblanc.htm), [Montserrat](/es/Montserrat/MO.htm),
[On the Road](/es/Cat/RD.htm), [Sitges](es/s/reallyhome.htm),
[Tarragona](/es/Tarragona/TA.htm),[Tortosa](/es/Tortosa/TO.htm)
- [Galicia](/es/GA/ga.htm) [Vigo Travel Journal](/es/GA/gaj.htm)
- [Madrid](/es/Madrid/Mad.htm) [Travel Journal](/es/Madrid/mdj.htm)-
[Mallorca](/es/Mallorca/mal01.htm) [Travel Journal](/es/Mallorca/malj01.htm)
- [Pais Vasco](/es/PV/pv.htm) - [Santa
Cruz de Tenerife](es/Tenerife/ten.htm) |
|
| Finland
[Helsinki](/dk/dk.htm) |
| [France Country Profile](fr/frcp.htm)
| France
[Corsica](/fr/Corsica/corsica1001.htm)
- [Nice](/fr/Nice/nice.htm)
[Travel Journal](/fr/Nice/nicj01.htm)
- [Rouen](/fr/Rouen/rouen.htm)
[Travel Journal](/fr/Rouen/roj.htm)
[Marseilles](fr/Marseilles/ma.htm) -
[Martinique](fr/Martinique/Martinique.htm)
|
|
| Gibralter
[Port](gi/gi.htm) |
| | Greece
[Athens](gr/athens.htm)
Lycabettus, the Acropolis and Agora, Museums and Around Town, Corinth,
Mycenae, Epidavros and Argolis
- [The Isles](gr/isles.htm)
Delos and Mykonos, Rhodos, Santorini and Kriti
and Saronikas (Idra, Poros and Egina) [Travel Journal](/gr/grj.htm) |
| [Italy Country Profile](it/itcp.htm)
| Italy-
[Cagliari](it/Cagliari/cag.htm)
- [Emilia-Romagna](it/Emilia/er.htm)
Ferrara and Parma - [Florence](/it/Florence/fl2.htm)
[Travel Journal](/it/Florence/flj.htm)
[Lombardy](it/Lombardy/lo.htm)
Mantova (Mantua) and Desenzano di Lago Garda - [Lucca
to Sestri Levante](it/2006tour/tour06.htm) with Pisa, Genoa and Vernazza -
[Napoli](/it/Napoli/Nap.htm)
-
[Palermo](it/Palermo/p2.htm) - [Rome](/it/Rome/rome.htm)
- [Umbria](/it/Umbria/UM.htm) - Veneto
[Veneto and Po RiverTravel Journal](/it/Veneto/vpj.htm)
- [Veneto-Friuli](it/VenetoFriuli/vf.htm)
Padova (Padua), Verona and Valpolicella - [Venezia](it/Veneto/ve.htm)
(Venice), Murano and Burano Islands |
|
| Malta
[Valetta](/mt/mt.htm) |
| [Monaco Country Profile](mc/mccp.htm) | Monaco
[Monte
Carlo](/mc/mc.htm) |
|
| Morocco
[Tangier](/ma/Tangier.htm) |
|
| Netherlands
[Amsterdam](/nl/Amsterdam/Amsterdam.htm)
[Travel Journal](/nl/Amsterdam/amj.htm)
- [Delft](nl/Delft/delft.htm) - [Haarlem](/nl/Haarlem/haarlem.htm)
[Travel Journal](nl/Haarlem/haarlemj.htm)
- [Keukenhoff](/nl/KE/ke.htm) [Travel Journal](/nl/KE/kej.htm)
[Anthuriums](nl/KE/Anthuriums/index.htm) - [Utrecht](nl/Utrecht/ut.htm)
[Travel Journal](nl/Utrecht/utj.htm)
|
| | Norway
[Oslo](/dk/dk.htm)
|
| | Poland
[Gdansk](/pl/pl.htm) |
|
| Portugal
[Lisbon](/pt/lisbon.htm)
[Travel Journal](/pt/lij.htm) |
|
| Russia
[St.
Petersburg](/ru/ru.htm) |
|
| Sweden
[Stockholm](/dk/dk.htm) |
| | Tunisia
[Tunis](/tn/tn.htm) |
|
| Turkey
[Ephessos
and Istanbul](tr/tr.htm)
[Travel Journal](/tr/trj.htm) |
|
| USA
[CA
- California](/us/CA/cal.htm) [Travel Journal](/us/CA/caj.htm)
- [FL
- Florida](/us/Fl/florida.htm) [Travel Journal](/us/Fl/flj.htm)
[Miami
Deco](us/Fl/miami.htm) - [LA
- Louisiana](/us/LA/la.htm) [Travel Journal](/us/LA/laj.htm)
- [NV - Nevada](/us/NV/lasvegas.htm) [Travel Journal](/us/NV/NVj.htm)
- [WA - Washington](/us/Wa/Seattle.htm) |
| http://www.catalunatics.com/ |
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Poet's Descent II page</TITLE>
<META NAME="description" CONTENT="Poet's Descent II page">
<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="games, add-ons, descent, descent ii, descent 2, planet poet">
</HEAD>
<BODY BACKGROUND="./image/wall3.gif"TEXT=#FFFF00 LINK=#00FFFF VLINK=#FF00FF>
<H1 ALIGN=center>Poet's Descent II Page</H1>
<IMG ALIGN=left SRC="./image/d2.gif" WIDTH=320 HEIGHT=240></IMG>
<TABLE>
<TR>
<TD>
<UL>
<LI><H4><A HREF=d2addons.html>Poet's Descent II add-ons</A></H4></LI>
<LI><H4><A HREF=news.html>News</A></H4></LI>
<LI><H4><A HREF=otheraddons.html>Add-ons by other people</A></H4></LI>
<LI><H4><A HREF=desclnks.html>Descent Links</A></H4></LI>
<LI><H4>E-mail:<BR>
<A HREF="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</A></H4></LI>
</UL>
</TD>
<TD>
<UL>
<LI><H4>Robots Section:</H4></LI>
<UL>
<LI><H4><A HREF=d1robots.html>Descent (1) Robots</A></H4></LI>
<LI><H4><A HREF=d2robots.html>Descent II Robots</A></H4></LI>
<LI><H4><A HREF=v_robots.html>Vertigo Robots</A></H4></LI>
<LI><H4><A HREF=table.htm>Table</A> of robots' weaponry<BR>
(best viewed at 1024 * 768)</H4></LI>
</UL>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<P> </P>
<P>The graphical images in the Descent section of my site are taken from the game.<BR>
The Descent series were the first games in which you had complete control in a true three dimensional environment.</P>
<P><A HREF=../index.html>^^BACK<<</A></P>
</BODY>
</HTML> |
Poet's Descent II page
# Poet's Descent II Page
| | |
| --- | --- |
| * [Poet's Descent II add-ons](d2addons.html)
* [News](news.html)
* [Add-ons by other people](otheraddons.html)
* [Descent Links](desclnks.html)
* E-mail:
[[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])
| * Robots Section:
+ [Descent (1) Robots](d1robots.html)
+ [Descent II Robots](d2robots.html)
+ [Vertigo Robots](v_robots.html)
+ [Table](table.htm) of robots' weaponry
(best viewed at 1024 \* 768)
|
The graphical images in the Descent section of my site are taken from the game.
The Descent series were the first games in which you had complete control in a true three dimensional environment.
[^^BACK<<](../index.html)
| https://www.poetsoftware.no/mods/descent_ii/ |
<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Mozilla/4.8 [en] (Win95; U) [Netscape]">
<meta name="Author" content="Nathan Lineback">
<meta name="Description" content="Its just zis page. You know?">
<meta name="KeyWords" content="Internet Explorer sucks,Internet Explorer blows,Internet Explorer is evil,MSIE sucks,MSIE blows,MSIE is evil,Windows sucks,Windows blows,Windows 98 sucks,Windows 98 blows,Windows 98 is evil,Web integration sucks,Bill Gates sucks,Bill Gates blows,Bill Gates is evil,Linux rules,Linux rocks,Linux kicks ass,Firefox rules,Firefox rocks,Firefox kicks ass,Uninstall IE,Uninstall Internet Explorer,Mozilla rules,Mozilla rocks,Mozilla kicks ass">
<title>Nathan's Toasty Technology Page</title>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000" background="graphics/back.jpg" nosave>
<center><a href="index.html"><img SRC="graphics/barhome.gif" ALT="Home" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=23 width=75></a><a href="evil/index.html"><img SRC="graphics/barevil.gif" ALT="IE 4 is EVIL!" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=23 width=121></a><a href="guis/index.html"><img SRC="graphics/barguis.gif" ALT="GUIs" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=23 width=65></a><a href="files/index.html"><img SRC="graphics/barfiles.gif" ALT="Files" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=23 width=67></a><a href="about/index.html"><img SRC="graphics/barabout.gif" ALT="About" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=23 width=73></a><a href="links/index.html"><img SRC="graphics/barlinks.gif" ALT="Links" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=23 width=74></a></center>
<table BORDER=0 COLS=2 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td><font size=+4>Nathan's Toasty Technology page</font></td>
<td WIDTH="3%">
<div align=right><img SRC="newlogo.png" height=148 width=180></div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table BORDER=0 WIDTH="100%" >
<tr>
<td BGCOLOR="#999999"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=+1>Current
features: </font></font></font></td>
<td WIDTH="3%" BGCOLOR="#999999"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><font size=+1><a href="guis/index.html">The Graphical User Interface
Gallery</a></font>
<br>Explore the history and evolution of the Graphical User Interface in
my GUI Gallery.
<p><font size=+1><a href="evil/index.html">Internet Explorer is EVIL!</a></font>
<br>Relive the controversy and the humor surrounding the introduction of
Microsoft Internet Explorer and the extreme, sometimes illegal, steps Microsoft
took to try to make everyone use it.
<p><font size=+1><a href="good/index.html">Mozilla Kicks Ass!</a></font>
<br>Mozilla is a killer web browser that evolved from the original Netscape
web browser. It is alive and kicking and ready to kick IE's ass!
<p><font size=+1><a href="files/index.html">Files and Downloads</a></font>
<br>A USB flash drive driver for Windows 95 OSR2, change the color of the
Windows 9x BSOD, turn off the 98/XP "throbber", and more on my files page.
<p><font size=+1><a href="doom/index.html">My DOOM Stuff</a></font>
<br>Some of my old screen shots and levels for the classic hit video game
DOOM
<p><font size=+1><a href="about/index.html">About Nathan </a></font>
<br>Want to know a little about me? Well, too bad. Here it is.
<p><u><font color="#000000"><font size=+1><a href="links/index.html">Links</a></font></font></u>
<br>Links to sites that I think are cool.
<br> </td>
<td WIDTH="3%">
<table BORDER COLS=1 WIDTH="3%" >
<tr>
<td><img SRC="sidebar.png" BORDER=0 height=368 width=158></td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td BGCOLOR="#999999"> </td>
<td BGCOLOR="#999999"> </td>
</tr>
</table>
<center>
<p><img SRC="get_80x15_01.png" height=15 width=80>
<br>E-mail: <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></center>
</body>
</html>
|
Nathan's Toasty Technology Page
[](index.html)[](evil/index.html)[](guis/index.html)[](files/index.html)[](about/index.html)[](links/index.html)
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Nathan's Toasty Technology page | |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Current
features: | |
| [The Graphical User Interface
Gallery](guis/index.html)
Explore the history and evolution of the Graphical User Interface in
my GUI Gallery.
[Internet Explorer is EVIL!](evil/index.html)
Relive the controversy and the humor surrounding the introduction of
Microsoft Internet Explorer and the extreme, sometimes illegal, steps Microsoft
took to try to make everyone use it.
[Mozilla Kicks Ass!](good/index.html)
Mozilla is a killer web browser that evolved from the original Netscape
web browser. It is alive and kicking and ready to kick IE's ass!
[Files and Downloads](files/index.html)
A USB flash drive driver for Windows 95 OSR2, change the color of the
Windows 9x BSOD, turn off the 98/XP "throbber", and more on my files page.
[My DOOM Stuff](doom/index.html)
Some of my old screen shots and levels for the classic hit video game
DOOM
[About Nathan](about/index.html)
Want to know a little about me? Well, too bad. Here it is.
[Links](links/index.html)
Links to sites that I think are cool.
|
| |
| --- |
| |
|
| | |
E-mail: [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])
| http://toastytech.com/index.html |
<!--Created 12/96 by AE-->
<!--Update 1 - 1/98-->
<!--Update 2 - 2/98-->
<!--Update 3 - 5/98-->
<!--Update 4 - 8/98-->
<!--Update 5 - 11/98-->
<!--Update 6 - 1/99-->
<!--Update 7 - 7/99-->
<!--Update 8 - 4/00-->
<!--Update 9 - 3/01-->
<!--Update 10 - 6/01-->
<!--Update 11 - 12/02-->
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<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Time Travel - A Discussion</TITLE>
<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="Time Travel">
<META NAME="description" CONTENT="This site discusses the possibility of
Time Travel and its associated paradoxes from a philosophical rather than a
purely scientific viewpoint. This is the Welcome page">
</HEAD>
<BODY LINK="#007700" VLINK="#AA0000" background="backwhite.gif">
<H1 ALIGN=CENTER><IMG SRC="ttt.GIF" WIDTH=416 HEIGHT=55 ALIGN=bottom
ALT="Time Travel Title (2K)"></H1>
<H3><P ALIGN=CENTER>"Time is nature's way to keep everything from happening all at once"<BR></H3></P>
<H5><P ALIGN=CENTER>Prof. John Wheeler - Princeton University</H5><BR></P>
<P><CENTER><FONT COLOR="#0000AF">This site last updated 7th May 2007</FONT></CENTER></P><BR>
<P><CENTER><FONT COLOR="#0000AF"> * * <A HREF="http://www.cix.co.uk/~antcom/interview.html">Radio interview</A> with <A HREF="http://www.todayfm.com/" TARGET=window>Ray D'Arcy of TodayFM<A/> added * *</FONT></CENTER></P><BR>
<P><CENTER><FONT COLOR="#0000AF">* * <A HREF="http://www.cix.co.uk/~antcom/links.html">Isaac And The Secret Chord (Part One)</A> * *</P><P>by FakeSensations added to the Links page</P><P>A brand new concept album on Time Travel</P><P> FREE TO DOWNLOAD!!</FONT></CENTER></P><BR>
<P><CENTER>To this site there have been
<IMG SRC="/cgi-bin/Count.cgi?ft=0&pad=0&dd=D&tr=T&trgb=black&srgb=green&prgb=red&df=x.dat"> accesses since January 1997</CENTER></P>
<P><CENTER>Accesses from unique IP addresses are now 1000-1200 per month</CENTER></P>
<HR>
<CENTER>
<TABLE BORDER=0 WIDTH=555><TR><TD><BR>
<H2>One of man's fantasies is to be able to travel through time.</H2>
<UL>
<LI><B><FONT SIZE=4>Maybe to visit a famous event such as a
battle.</FONT></B><FONT SIZE=5> </FONT><FONT SIZE=4>---
</FONT>Imagine gazing down over the fields of England and seeing the
arrow that struck King Harold in 1066.
<LI><B><FONT SIZE=4>Or to see the Great Exhibition of
1851.</FONT></B><FONT SIZE=5> </FONT><FONT SIZE=4>---
</FONT>Imagine walking down the central aisle of this amazing
glasshouse and seeing firsthand the latest works of art and
science from around the world.
<LI><B><FONT SIZE=4>Or to solve a mystery.</FONT></B><FONT SIZE=5>
</FONT><FONT SIZE=4>--- </FONT>Imagine watching the visit of
President Kennedy to Dallas in November 1963 to see if anybody was
on the grassy knoll.
<LI><B><FONT SIZE=4>Or to travel back to a time where the
countryside is unspoilt by the hand of
man.</FONT></B><FONT SIZE=5> </FONT><FONT SIZE=4>---
</FONT>Imagine walking on a sunny summers day through a meadow
full of wild flowers down to a bubbling clear water stream.
<LI><B><FONT SIZE=4>Or to travel to the
future.</FONT></B><FONT SIZE=5> </FONT><FONT SIZE=4>---
</FONT>Imagine witnessing events yet to happen. To see new
discoveries and inventions. To see the future of mankind.
</UL><BR>
<P><FONT SIZE=4>Unfortunately at present this form of Time Travel is
not possible. But lately there has been great interest shown by reputable
scientists like Prof. Kip Thorne, the late Prof. Carl Sagan, Prof. John Wheeler, Prof. Stephen Hawking and many others on whether Time Travel is feasible.</P>
<P>The very thought of its possibility throws up
many implications of the effect it would have on the Universe. Time
Travel today is restricted to the basic 'one way system'- remembering
yesterday and awaiting tomorrow. The process cannot be reversed and
can only be relatively speeded up with the aid of cryogenics -
suspending an individuals time while waiting for normal time to
pass.</P>
<P>On the pages at this site are my theories, thoughts
and opinions on the subject of Time Travel. They are deliberately
discussed more from a philosophical viewpoint than a scientific.
I have minimised references to anything about the Physics required.
This I prefer to leave to others far more qualified than myself. Mention
therefore of such words as Hyperspace, The Space -Time Continuum, Black Holes,
Worm Holes, Parallel Universes, Quarks, Quantum Theory, Tachyons,
Superstring Theory, etc., will be mentioned only briefly if they are
mentioned at all. If you want more on this type of information see
the
<A HREF="http://www.cix.co.uk/~antcom/links.html">Links
Page</A></P>
<BR>
If this is your first visit then I welcome you and suggest that you
visit the <A HREF="http://www.cix.co.uk/~antcom/intro.html">Introduction
Page</A> which will tell you exactly how the site
is set up and what you will find here. All graphics on this site are
as small as possible to maximise speed of downloading the important
textual information. The pages have been tested with Safari on
Apple computers. If you experience problems with access or downloads
please take the time to tell me - If I don't know it's broke I can't
fix it.</P>
<BR>
<H1 ALIGN=CENTER>
<A HREF="http://www.cix.co.uk/~antcom/contents.html" onMouseOver="window.status='Now it is Time to begin...'; return true"> Now it is Time to begin...<IMG SRC="bllarrir.gif" WIDTH=54 HEIGHT=20 ALIGN=top BORDER=0></A></H1>
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</CENTER>
<BR><P><FONT SIZE=3><HR>DISCLAIMER: All remarks at this site are strictly my own and have not been written deliberately to offend. Neither is it my
intention to misinform. If you have any comments or remarks to make
on any of the pages at this site whether they are regarding mistakes,
inaccuracies, out-of-date links or anything else then please e-mail
<A HREF="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</A><HR></FONT>
<FONT SIZE=1>Anthony Edwards - December 1996</FONT></P>
</BODY>
</HTML> |
Time Travel - A Discussion
# Time Travel Title (2K)
### "Time is nature's way to keep everything from happening all at once"
##### Prof. John Wheeler - Princeton University
This site last updated 7th May 2007
\* \* [Radio interview](http://www.cix.co.uk/~antcom/interview.html) with [Ray D'Arcy of TodayFM added \* \*](http://www.todayfm.com/)
\* \* [Isaac And The Secret Chord (Part One)](http://www.cix.co.uk/~antcom/links.html) \* \*
by FakeSensations added to the Links page
A brand new concept album on Time Travel
FREE TO DOWNLOAD!!
To this site there have been
 accesses since January 1997
Accesses from unique IP addresses are now 1000-1200 per month
---
| |
| --- |
|
One of man's fantasies is to be able to travel through time.* **Maybe to visit a famous event such as a
battle.** ---
Imagine gazing down over the fields of England and seeing the
arrow that struck King Harold in 1066.
* **Or to see the Great Exhibition of
1851.** ---
Imagine walking down the central aisle of this amazing
glasshouse and seeing firsthand the latest works of art and
science from around the world.
* **Or to solve a mystery.**
--- Imagine watching the visit of
President Kennedy to Dallas in November 1963 to see if anybody was
on the grassy knoll.
* **Or to travel back to a time where the
countryside is unspoilt by the hand of
man.** ---
Imagine walking on a sunny summers day through a meadow
full of wild flowers down to a bubbling clear water stream.
* **Or to travel to the
future.** ---
Imagine witnessing events yet to happen. To see new
discoveries and inventions. To see the future of mankind.
Unfortunately at present this form of Time Travel is
not possible. But lately there has been great interest shown by reputable
scientists like Prof. Kip Thorne, the late Prof. Carl Sagan, Prof. John Wheeler, Prof. Stephen Hawking and many others on whether Time Travel is feasible.
The very thought of its possibility throws up
many implications of the effect it would have on the Universe. Time
Travel today is restricted to the basic 'one way system'- remembering
yesterday and awaiting tomorrow. The process cannot be reversed and
can only be relatively speeded up with the aid of cryogenics -
suspending an individuals time while waiting for normal time to
pass.
On the pages at this site are my theories, thoughts
and opinions on the subject of Time Travel. They are deliberately
discussed more from a philosophical viewpoint than a scientific.
I have minimised references to anything about the Physics required.
This I prefer to leave to others far more qualified than myself. Mention
therefore of such words as Hyperspace, The Space -Time Continuum, Black Holes,
Worm Holes, Parallel Universes, Quarks, Quantum Theory, Tachyons,
Superstring Theory, etc., will be mentioned only briefly if they are
mentioned at all. If you want more on this type of information see
the
[Links
Page](http://www.cix.co.uk/~antcom/links.html)
If this is your first visit then I welcome you and suggest that you
visit the [Introduction
Page](http://www.cix.co.uk/~antcom/intro.html) which will tell you exactly how the site
is set up and what you will find here. All graphics on this site are
as small as possible to maximise speed of downloading the important
textual information. The pages have been tested with Safari on
Apple computers. If you experience problems with access or downloads
please take the time to tell me - If I don't know it's broke I can't
fix it.
[Now it is Time to begin...](http://www.cix.co.uk/~antcom/contents.html) |
---
| | |
| --- | --- |
| [Visit this WebRing's homepage](http://www.webring.org/cgi-bin/webring?home&ring=timetrav) |
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---
DISCLAIMER: All remarks at this site are strictly my own and have not been written deliberately to offend. Neither is it my
intention to misinform. If you have any comments or remarks to make
on any of the pages at this site whether they are regarding mistakes,
inaccuracies, out-of-date links or anything else then please e-mail
[[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])
---
Anthony Edwards - December 1996
| https://www.cix.co.uk/~antcom/welcome.html |
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Dolly's Clothing (ahem, Cloning) Emporium * HUMOR/SATIRE *</TITLE>
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<TD><IMG SRC="sheep1.gif" ALT="Baaaaa !" WIDTH=189 HEIGHT=207></TD>
<TD VALIGN=bottom><A HREF="d_eggs.htm"><IMG SRC="eggauction.gif" WIDTH=195 HEIGHT=95 border=0></A></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<IMG SRC="dolly.gif" ALT="Dolly's Cloning Emporium" WIDTH=536 HEIGHT=52><BR>
<H3><FONT COLOR="#800000">Hi. I'm Dolly -- welcome to my Emporium!</FONT></H3>
<P>
<STRONG><EM><H3>Where One Size Attempts to Fit All</H3></EM><BR>
(Amazingly enough, it turns out that cloned critters grow bigger than their DNA donating
mothers...)
<P>
With all the fooforall, you'd think I was merely a wolf in sheep's clothing. Well,
dahlings, I'll never tell. Meanwhile, if you haven't tried it, how can you know? </STRONG>
<P>
<H5><FONT COLOR="#000066">My URL: http://surf.to/cloning <BR>
<A HREF="http://come.to"><IMG SRC="v3sban.gif" ALT="http://come.to" WIDTH=88 HEIGHT=31 border=0></A><BR>
I got it for free at</FONT> <A HREF="http://come.to">http://come.to</A></H5>
</CENTER>
<P>
<CENTER><TABLE ALIGN=center WIDTH="94%" CELLSPACING=10>
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="47%">
<CENTER><H3><A HREF="d_eggs.htm"><EM>Eggs for Auction!!!</EM></A></H3></CENTER>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH="47%">
<CENTER><H4><A HREF="d_parent.htm">Who Is Dolly's Mommy??</A></H4></CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="47%">
<CENTER><H4><A HREF="d_res.htm">DNA Bio Research</A></H4></CENTER>
</TD>
<TD WIDTH="47%">
<CENTER><H4><A HREF="d_sheep.htm">Sheep Cloning</A></H4></CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>
<CENTER><H4><A HREF="d_kitch.htm">Cloning in Your Kitchen</A></H4></CENTER>
</TD>
<TD>
<CENTER><H4><A HREF="d_polly.htm">Polly Cloning</A></H4></CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>
<P>
<TR>
<TD>
<CENTER><H4><A HREF="d_frog.htm">Frog Technology</A></H4></CENTER>
</TD>
<TD>
<CENTER><H4><A HREF="d_mouse.htm">Mouse Cloning</A></H4></CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>
<CENTER><H4><A HREF="d_hist1.htm">History of Cloning</A></H4></CENTER>
</TD>
<TD>
<CENTER><H4><A HREF="d_wild.htm">Wildlife Cloning</A></H4></CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>
<CENTER><H4><A HREF="d_virtu.htm">Virtual Cloning</A></H4></CENTER>
</TD>
<TD>
<CENTER><H4><A HREF="d_cat.htm">Cat Cloning</A></H4></CENTER>
</TD>
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<TR>
<TD>
<CENTER><H4><A HREF="d_dna.htm">DNA Oddity News</A></H4></CENTER>
</TD>
<TD>
<CENTER><H4><A HREF="d_human.htm">Human Cloning</A></H4></CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>
<CENTER><H4><A HREF="d_faq.htm">Cloning FAQ</A></H4></CENTER>
</TD>
<TD>
<CENTER><H4><A HREF="lamb.htm">Lamb's Ear Cloning</A></H4></CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>
<CENTER><H4><A HREF="d_terms.htm">Terminology</A></H4></CENTER>
</TD>
<TD>
<CENTER><H4><A HREF="d_mutt.htm">Mutton Stew</A></H4></CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<DIV ALIGN=CENTER><BR></CENTER>
<P>
<CENTER><STRONG><A HREF="d_view.htm">Programs and Testimonials</A></STRONG></CENTER>
<P>
<CENTER><STRONG><A HREF="biotech.htm">The BioTech Disaster Page</A></STRONG></CENTER>
<P>
<P>
<CENTER>* <A HREF="d_source.htm"><STRONG>Cloning Resources & Links</STRONG></A> *<BR>
If you want something serious, look here.</CENTER>
<P>
<CENTER><H5>You can write to Dolly in care of <A HREF="mailto:[email protected]">Diann</A>. <BR>
Remove the "NOSPAM" portion of the address.<BR>
Your mail may or may not get forwarded to Dolly.<BR>
Holding your breath is ill-advised.
<P>
Or,<BR>
<a href=http://www.Lpage.com/wgb/wgbsign.dbm?owner=tdiann>Sign the Guestbook</a>
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height=31 width=88 alt="Guestbook by Lpage"></a>
<a href=http://www.Lpage.com/wgb/wgbview.dbm?owner=tdiann>View the Guestbook</a></H5><BR>
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<H2>Member of the <a target="_top" href="http://www.webring.org/cgi-bin/webring?ring=sciencehumor;home">Science Humor Webring</a></H2>
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<P>
<STRONG>Come back again and look on around! My Emporium constantly grows!<P>
<P>
While you're waiting, of course, you can go visit my
home, <A HREF="scotland.htm">Scotland</A>. <BR>
If you want to find out what's new
at my Emporium (as well as on the rest of Diann's pages), just check out her
<A HREF="whatsnew.htm">Whatsnew</A> page.</STRONG>
<P>
<STRONG>Diann's <A HREF="home2.htm"><IMG SRC="home.jpg" ALT="(home sweet home)" BORDER=0 WIDTH=88 HEIGHT=75>Home Page</A>
<P>
<A HREF="scribble.htm">Writings</A> | <A HREF="share.htm">Graphics</A> |
<A HREF="music.htm">Music</A> | <A HREF="friends.htm">Friends</A> | <A HREF="library.htm">Library</A> |
Uncloned <A HREF="cats.htm">Cats</A> | <A HREF="space.htm">Astronomy</A> </STRONG>
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<H5>Dolly's Cloning Emporium Last Bio-Updated 10/25/99</H5>
</CENTER>
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</BODY>
</HTML>
|
Dolly's Clothing (ahem, Cloning) Emporium \* HUMOR/SATIRE \*
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | Baaaaa ! | |
### Hi. I'm Dolly -- welcome to my Emporium!
***### Where One Size Attempts to Fit All*
(Amazingly enough, it turns out that cloned critters grow bigger than their DNA donating
mothers...)
With all the fooforall, you'd think I was merely a wolf in sheep's clothing. Well,
dahlings, I'll never tell. Meanwhile, if you haven't tried it, how can you know?**
##### My URL: http://surf.to/cloning
<http://come.to>
I got it for free at <http://come.to>
| | |
| --- | --- |
| [*Eggs for Auction!!!*](d_eggs.htm) | [Who Is Dolly's Mommy??](d_parent.htm) |
| [DNA Bio Research](d_res.htm) | [Sheep Cloning](d_sheep.htm) |
| [Cloning in Your Kitchen](d_kitch.htm) | [Polly Cloning](d_polly.htm) |
| [Frog Technology](d_frog.htm) | [Mouse Cloning](d_mouse.htm) |
| [History of Cloning](d_hist1.htm) | [Wildlife Cloning](d_wild.htm) |
| [Virtual Cloning](d_virtu.htm) | [Cat Cloning](d_cat.htm) |
| [DNA Oddity News](d_dna.htm) | [Human Cloning](d_human.htm) |
| [Cloning FAQ](d_faq.htm) | [Lamb's Ear Cloning](lamb.htm) |
| [Terminology](d_terms.htm) | [Mutton Stew](d_mutt.htm) |
**[Programs and Testimonials](d_view.htm)**
**[The BioTech Disaster Page](biotech.htm)**
\* [**Cloning Resources & Links**](d_source.htm) \*
If you want something serious, look here.
##### You can write to Dolly in care of [Diann](mailto:[email protected]).
Remove the "NOSPAM" portion of the address.
Your mail may or may not get forwarded to Dolly.
Holding your breath is ill-advised.
Or,
[Sign the Guestbook](http://www.Lpage.com/wgb/wgbsign.dbm?owner=tdiann)
[Guestbook by Lpage](http://www.Lpage.com/wguestbk)
[View the Guestbook](http://www.Lpage.com/wgb/wgbview.dbm?owner=tdiann)
---
**## Member of the [Science Humor Webring](http://www.webring.org/cgi-bin/webring?ring=sciencehumor;home)
[
[Previous 5 Sites](http://www.webring.org/cgi-bin/webring?ring=sciencehumor;id=13;prev5)
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---**
**Come back again and look on around! My Emporium constantly grows!
While you're waiting, of course, you can go visit my
home, [Scotland](scotland.htm).
If you want to find out what's new
at my Emporium (as well as on the rest of Diann's pages), just check out her
[Whatsnew](whatsnew.htm) page.**
**Diann's [Home Page](home2.htm)
[Writings](scribble.htm) | [Graphics](share.htm) |
[Music](music.htm) | [Friends](friends.htm) | [Library](library.htm) |
Uncloned [Cats](cats.htm) | [Astronomy](space.htm)**
---
##### Dolly's Cloning Emporium Last Bio-Updated 10/25/99
| http://users.rcn.com/tdiann/dolly.htm |
<head><title>Not Acceptable!</title></head><body><h1>Not Acceptable!</h1><p>An appropriate representation of the requested resource could not be found on this server. This error was generated by Mod_Security.</p></body></html> | Not Acceptable!# Not Acceptable!
An appropriate representation of the requested resource could not be found on this server. This error was generated by Mod\_Security.
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|
Badger Marble Show 2006 Photos
| | |
| --- | --- |
| |
|
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|
| |
| --- |
| [Home](../index.html) |
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| [Web Links](../links.html) |
| |
| Show Summaries
and Photos
: |
| [1999](../badger_marble_show1999.html) |
| [2000](../badger_marble_show2000.html) |
| [2001](../badger_marble_show2001.html) |
| [2002](../2002/index.html) |
| [2006](../badger_marble_show2006.html) |
| [2007](../badger_marble_show2007.html) |
| [2009](index.html) |
| |
| Badger
Marble Show 2009 Photo Gallery
| Click any image for a larger view |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | Click
any
image for a
larger view |
|
| |
| --- |
| [Home](http://www.badgermarbleclub.com) | [Marble Show](../marble_show.html) | [Meetings](../marble_club_meetings.html) | [Web Links](../links.html)
Show Summaries/Photos: [1999](../badger_marble_show1999.html) | [2000](../badger_marble_show2000.html) | [2001](../badger_marble_show2001.html) | [2002](../2002/index.html) | [2006](../2006/index.html) | [2007](../badger_marble_show2007.html) |
|
**e-mail concerning the Badger Marble Club should be sent to:
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|
|
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<head><title>Not Acceptable!</title></head><body><h1>Not Acceptable!</h1><p>An appropriate representation of the requested resource could not be found on this server. This error was generated by Mod_Security.</p></body></html> | Not Acceptable!# Not Acceptable!
An appropriate representation of the requested resource could not be found on this server. This error was generated by Mod\_Security.
| http://tagyerit.com/ |
<html>
<head>
<title>Isle of Tortuga</title>
</head>
<body background="achter.gif" text="#000000" link="990000" vlink="000099" alink = "FF0000">
<table border=0 width=100%>
<tr><td width=15%><center><img src="ship.gif" alt="Picture of Ship"></center></td><td width=5%> </td>
<td width=80%><center><img src="title2.gif" alt="Title Picture"></center></td></tr>
<tr><td width=15%><cite><b>"Not all men seek rest and peace, some are born with the spirit of the storm in their blood, restless harbingers of violence and bloodshed, knowing no other path."<p></b></cite></td>
<td width=5%></td>
<td width=80%>
<table border=0 width=100%>
<tr><td>
<table border=0>
<tr><td><img src="ball.gif" alt="Optie 0a.:"></td><td><a href="newsupd.htm"> News & Updates</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="ball.gif" alt="Optie 0.:"></td><td><a href="piracy.htm"> Introduction</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="ball.gif" alt="Optie 1.:"></td><td><a href="english.htm"> English definitions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="ball.gif" alt="Optie 2.:"></td><td><a href="dutch.htm"> Dutch definitions</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="ball.gif" alt="Optie 4.:"></td><td><a href="http://home.wanadoo.nl/m.bruyneel/archive/bblgrph.htm"> Bibliography</a><br></td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="ball.gif" alt="Optie 10.:"></td><td><a href="fulltext.htm"> Full-text Documents</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="ball.gif" alt="Optie 5.:"></td><td><a href="marque.htm"> Letters of Marque</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="geel.gif" alt="Optie 6.:"></td><td><a href="warning.htm"> <b>Warning for visitors to this site</b></a></td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="ball.gif" alt="Optie 7.:"></td><td><a href="ransom.htm"> The Rules for Ransoming</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="ball.gif" alt="Optie 8.:"></td><td><a href="songs.htm"> Songs</a></td></tr>
</table>
</td>
<td>
<table border=0>
<tr><td><img src="ball.gif" alt="Optie 9.:"></td><td><a href="articles.htm"> Pirates' Articles</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="ball.gif" alt="Optie 10.:"></td><td><a href="privata.htm"> Privateers and Pirates</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="ball.gif" alt="Optie 11.:"></td><td><a href="tortuga.htm"> History of Tortuga (1625-1688)</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="ball.gif" alt="Optie 12.:"></td><td><a href="beggars.htm"> The Dutch Sea Beggars</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="ball.gif" alt="Optie 13.:"></td><td><a href="http://home.wanadoo.nl/m.bruyneel/archive/modern/index.htm"> Modern day Piracy</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="ball.gif" alt="Optie 14.:"></td><td><a href="tntnstng.htm"> 1996 Exhibition in the Prins Hendrik Museum</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="ball.gif" alt="Optie 15.:"></td><td><a href="museum.htm"> Cuban Piracy Museum</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="ball.gif" alt="Optie 16.:"></td><td><a href="prclinks.htm"> Piracy Links</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="ball.gif" alt="Optie 17.:"></td><td><a href="joke.htm"> Pirate Joke</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><img src="ball.gif" alt="Optie 18.:"></td><td><a href="awards.htm"> Awards</a></td></tr>
</table>
</td></tr></table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td width=15%><h6>Source Quote: Description of the "Free Companions" from: The Stalker of the Sands [The Savage Sword Of Conan, the barbarian Vol.1 no. 54])</h6><br><br><br>
<a href="copyrght.htm">Terms of Use</a></td>
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</center></td><td><a href="http://www.cybersurfari.org/"><img src="peg2.gif" border=0 alt="CyberSurfari"><br><b>CyberSurfari</b></a></center></td><td colspan=3><center>Send comments to: <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></center></td></tr>
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|
Isle of Tortuga
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Picture of Ship | | Title Picture |
| **"Not all men seek rest and peace, some are born with the spirit of the storm in their blood, restless harbingers of violence and bloodshed, knowing no other path."** | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Optie 0a.: | [News & Updates](newsupd.htm) |
| Optie 0.: | [Introduction](piracy.htm) |
| Optie 1.: | [English definitions](english.htm) |
| Optie 2.: | [Dutch definitions](dutch.htm) |
| Optie 4.: | [Bibliography](http://home.wanadoo.nl/m.bruyneel/archive/bblgrph.htm) |
| Optie 10.: | [Full-text Documents](fulltext.htm) |
| Optie 5.: | [Letters of Marque](marque.htm) |
| Optie 6.: | [**Warning for visitors to this site**](warning.htm) |
| Optie 7.: | [The Rules for Ransoming](ransom.htm) |
| Optie 8.: | [Songs](songs.htm) |
|
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Optie 9.: | [Pirates' Articles](articles.htm) |
| Optie 10.: | [Privateers and Pirates](privata.htm) |
| Optie 11.: | [History of Tortuga (1625-1688)](tortuga.htm) |
| Optie 12.: | [The Dutch Sea Beggars](beggars.htm) |
| Optie 13.: | [Modern day Piracy](http://home.wanadoo.nl/m.bruyneel/archive/modern/index.htm) |
| Optie 14.: | [1996 Exhibition in the Prins Hendrik Museum](tntnstng.htm) |
| Optie 15.: | [Cuban Piracy Museum](museum.htm) |
| Optie 16.: | [Piracy Links](prclinks.htm) |
| Optie 17.: | [Pirate Joke](joke.htm) |
| Optie 18.: | [Awards](awards.htm) |
|
|
| Source Quote: Description of the "Free Companions" from: The Stalker of the Sands [The Savage Sword Of Conan, the barbarian Vol.1 no. 54])
[Terms of Use](copyrght.htm) | |
| | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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| | | |
| [CyberSurfari**CyberSurfari**](http://www.cybersurfari.org/) | Send comments to: [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]) |
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| http://zeerovery.nl/history/ |
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<img border="1" src="../../eikones/ortho-trad.PNG" width="309" height="68"></a>
<a href="http://www.iocs.cam.ac.uk/">
<img border="1" src="../../eikones/iocs.png" width="332" height="68"></a></font></p>
<div align="center"><center>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="10" width="66%" bgcolor="#FF0000"
bordercolor="#0000FF" bordercolordark="#808000"
bordercolorlight="#FFFF80" id="table10">
<tr>
<td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<div class="Section1">
<div align="center">
<div class="Section1">
<div align="center">
<p align="center">
<font size="6" face="Cambria" color="#CC0000">
<b><em style="font-style: normal">THE ORTHODOX SAINTS OF
THE ANCIENT CHURCH IN THE BRITISH ISLES AND IRELAND</em></b></font></div>
<div align="center">
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p align="center">
<font size="2" face="Cambria"><strong>Images and historical
information on the Bios of the
Saints have been gratefully borrowed
from various Orthodox sites, and
mainly from</strong></font><strong><font face="Cambria" size="2"><span lang="en-us">:
</span>www.allmercifulsavior.com<span lang="en-us">
and Wikipedia</span></font></strong><p align="center">
<strong><font face="Cambria" size="2">
<span style="background-color: #93FF93">Chart
last updated on : 9-3-2014</span></font></strong></blockquote>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</center></div>
<p><em style="font-style: normal"><span lang="en-us"><b>
<font face="Cambria">A</font></b></span><b><font face="Cambria">
long-delayed, serious overview of (only a few of)
the indigenous Orthodox Saints and Martyrs of the Ancient
Church - who lived and propagated the Faith in the British
Isles, Ireland and other lands, during the first millennium of
Christianity and prior to the Great Schism - has been
attempted in
the chart below, in a panoramic and concise form, in our
desire to inform our readers who may not be aware of the
significant
history, the labours or the martyrdom of this cloud of
Orthodox Saints of the original One, Holy, Catholic and
Apostolic Church of our Lord. </font></b></em></p>
<div class="Section1">
<div class="Section1">
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
<p><em style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">May we all have their
blessings!</font></b></em></p>
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
<address style="margin-left: 5px" align="center">
<font face="Cambria" size="4" color="#006600">
<b>"The
Church in The British Isles will only
begin to grow when She begins to again
venerate Her own Saints</b>"
</font>
</address>
<address style="margin-left: 5px" align="center">
<font size="4"><b>
<font face="Cambria">(Saint
Arsenios of Paros 1877)</font></b></font></address>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote></div>
<center>
<table border="1" cellpadding="10" width="96%" bgcolor="#FF0000"
bordercolor="#0000FF" bordercolordark="#808000"
bordercolorlight="#FFFF80" id="table5">
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#93FF93" height="0" align="center" width="0" bordercolordark="#000080" valign="top">
<div align="center">
<div class="Section1">
<address align="center"><font face="Cambria">
<img border="2" src="celtic%20stele%20left.jpg" width="81" height="134"> <span lang="en-us">
</span>
<img border="3" src="All-Saints-of-British-Isles-and-Ireland.jpg" width="333" height="387"> <span lang="en-us">
<a href="http://www.comeandseeicons.com/groups/drz19.htm">
<img border="3" src="../../biographies/eikones/All-Saints-of-Scotland.jpg" width="314" height="387"></a>
</span>
<img border="2" src="celtic%20stele%20right.jpg" width="82" height="137"><span lang="en-us">
</span> </font></address>
<address align="center">
<b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a onmouseover="window.status='© Aon-Celtic - Used with permission';return true;" onmouseout="window.status='Aon-Celtic - Used with permission';return true;" target="_blank" href="http://www.aon-celtic.com">
<img height="48" alt="Trinity-Celtic-knot" src="http://www.fantasy-ireland.com/images/Trinity-Celtic-knot.gif" width="46" align="middle" border="0"></a>
</font>
<span style="font-style: normal">
<font face="Cambria" size="2">ICON OF ALL SAINTS OF THE BRITISH ISLES
& IRELAN<span lang="en-us">D
- SYNAXIS OF ALL
SAINTS WHO SHONE FORTH IN SCOTLAND</span></font></span></b><font color="#006600" size="4" face="Cambria"><span style="font-style: normal"> </span>
</font>
<font face="Cambria" size="6" color="#006600"> </font><font face="Cambria"><b><a onmouseover="window.status='© Aon-Celtic - Used with permission';return true;" onmouseout="window.status='Aon-Celtic - Used with permission';return true;" target="_blank" href="http://www.aon-celtic.com"><img height="48" alt="Trinity-Celtic-knot" src="http://www.fantasy-ireland.com/images/Trinity-Celtic-knot.gif" width="46" align="middle" border="0"></a></b></font></address>
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
<address align="right">
<font face="Cambria" size="1" color="#006600">
Icon by </font><font size="1" color="#006666"><a href="http://www.comeandseeicons.com/drozdowski.htm"><font color="#006600" face="Cambria"><span style="text-decoration: none">Paul
Drozdowski</span></font></a></font><font size="1" face="Cambria" color="#006600">,
with the kind permission of </font>
</address>
<address align="right">
<font size="1" face="Cambria" color="#006600">
www.comeandseeicons.com</font></address>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<table border="3" bordercolordark="#000080" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" id="table13" height="0" cellspacing="7" width="947">
<tr>
<td bordercolordark="#000080" width="146" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<a name="1" href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Protomartyr_Alban.htm">
<img border="0" src="Alban.jpg" width="139" height="214"></a></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<font color="#006600" face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Protomartyr_Alban.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">The
Holy Protomartyr</span></a></font><font face="Cambria">
</font>
<font color="#006600" face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Protomartyr_Alban.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">Saint Alban</span></a></font></span></b><font size="2" face="Cambria">
</font><font color="#006600"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<font color="#CC0000">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Protomartyr_Alban.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(<font size="4"></font> 304)</span></a></font></span></font></b></font></span></address>
</td>
<td width="138" bordercolordark="#000080" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a name="10" href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Aristobulus_Apostle.htm">
<img border="0" src="Apostle_Aristobule.jpg" width="136" height="183"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b>
<font face="Cambria" color="#006600">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Aristobulus_Apostle.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">Saint Aristobulus, Apostle
of Britain</span></a></font><span style="text-decoration: none"><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Aristobulus_Apostle.htm"><span style="text-decoration: none"><font face="Cambria"> (</font></span></a></span><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span></font><span style="text-decoration: none"><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Aristobulus_Apostle.htm"><span style="text-decoration: none"><font face="Cambria">1st c)</font></span></a></span></b></span></address>
<address> </address>
</td>
<td bordercolordark="#000080" width="150" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<a name="3" href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Brendan_navigator.htm">
<img border="0" src="Brendan_Voyager.jpg" width="147" height="199"></a></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<font color="#006600">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Brendan_navigator.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">Saint Brendan
the Navigator, Clonfert,
Ireland</span></a></font><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Brendan_navigator.htm"><span style="text-decoration: none">
</span></a></font>
<font color="#CC0000" face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Brendan_navigator.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(</span></a></span></font><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span></font><span style="text-decoration: none"><font face="Cambria">
</font>
<font color="#CC0000" face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Brendan_navigator.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">577)</span></a></font><font face="Cambria">
</font></span></b></span>
</address>
</td>
<td bordercolordark="#000080" width="152" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a name="4" href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Piran_Cornwall.htm">
<img border="0" src="Piran-de-Padstowe.JPG" width="142" height="200"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font color="#006600" face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Piran_Cornwall.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">Saint Piran, Bishop of
Padstowe, Cornwall </span>
</a></font></b></span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Piran_Cornwall.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<font face="Cambria">(</font></span></a><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span>
</font>
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Piran_Cornwall.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<font face="Cambria">6th c.)</font></span></a></b></span></address>
</td>
<td bordercolordark="#000080" width="148" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a name="5" href="../../biographies/arxaioi/David_Wales.htm">
<img border="0" src="David_Wales2.jpg" width="144" height="186"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font color="#006600" face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/David_Wales.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">The Holy Hierarch</span></a></font><span style="text-decoration: none"><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/David_Wales.htm"><span style="text-decoration: none"><font face="Cambria">
Saint David
of Wales,
Bishop of Menevia</font></span><font face="Cambria"><span style="text-decoration: none"><span lang="en-us">
</span> </span></font></a></span><font face="Cambria"><span style="text-decoration: none"><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/David_Wales.htm"><span style="text-decoration: none">Confounder
of Pelagians</span></a></span></font></b><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/David_Wales.htm"><b><font face="Cambria"><span style="text-decoration: none">
</span></font></b>
<span style="text-decoration: none"><b>
<font face="Cambria">(</font></b></span></a><b><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span>
</font>
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/David_Wales.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<font face="Cambria">601)</font></span></a></b></span></address>
</td>
<td bordercolordark="#000080" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a name="6" href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Columba_Iona.htm">
<img border="0" src="Columba_Iona2.jpg" width="145" height="199"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font color="#006600" face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Columba_Iona.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">The Venerable Columba,
Abbot of Iona</span></a></font><span style="text-decoration: none"><font face="Cambria"><span lang="en-us">,
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Columba_Iona.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">Scotland</span></a></span><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Columba_Iona.htm"><span style="text-decoration: none"> </span>(</a></font></span><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4">
</font></span></font>
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Columba_Iona.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<font face="Cambria">597)</font></span></a><font face="Cambria">
</font></b></span>
</address>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="24" width="146" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Theodore_Canterbury.htm">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/eikones/Theodore_Canterbury2.jpg" width="139" height="180"></a></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font color="#006600" face="Cambria">
<font color="#006600">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Theodore_Canterbury.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">The
Holy Hierarch Saint Theodore,
Archbishop of Canterbury</span></a></span></font><span style="text-decoration: none"><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Theodore_Canterbury.htm"><span style="text-decoration: none">
(</span></a></span></font><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span></font><span style="text-decoration: none"><font face="Cambria">
</font>
<font color="#006600" face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Theodore_Canterbury.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">690)</span></a></font></span><font face="Cambria"></a></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td height="24" width="138" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a name="8" href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Patrick_Ireland.htm">
<img border="0" src="Patrick_Ireland2.jpg" width="133" height="165"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font color="#006600" face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Patrick_Ireland.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">The Holy Hierarch Saint Patrick,
Apostle of Ireland
(</span></a></font><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span>
</font>
<font color="#006600" face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Patrick_Ireland.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">493)</span></a></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td height="24" width="150" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a name="9" href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Melangell_Wales.htm">
<img border="0" src="Melangell.jpg" width="146" height="177"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<font color="#006600">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Melangell_Wales.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">The
Holy Virgin
<span lang="en-us">Saint
</span>Melangell,
Abbess in Wales</span></a></font><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Melangell_Wales.htm"><span style="text-decoration: none">
</span></a><span lang="en-us">
</span></font>
<font color="#CC0000" face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Melangell_Wales.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(</span></a></span></font><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span></font><span style="text-decoration: none"><font face="Cambria">
</font>
<font color="#CC0000" face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Melangell_Wales.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">641)</span></a></font></span></b></span></address>
</td>
<td height="24" width="152" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a name="2" href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Aidan_Lindisfarne.htm">
<img border="0" src="Aidan_Lindisfarne.jpg" width="152" height="181"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font color="#006600" face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<font color="#006600">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Aidan_Lindisfarne.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">The Holy Hierarch
<span lang="en-us">Saint
</span>Aidan,
Bishop of<span lang="en-us"> </span>Lindisfarne</span></a></font></span></font><font color="#CC0000" face="Cambria"><span style="text-decoration: none"><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Aidan_Lindisfarne.htm"><span style="text-decoration: none" lang="en-us">
</span><span style="text-decoration: none">(</span></a></span></font><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span></font><font color="#CC0000" face="Cambria"><span style="text-decoration: none"><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Aidan_Lindisfarne.htm"><span style="text-decoration: none">651)</span></a></span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td height="24" width="148" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a name="11" href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Brannoc_Devonshire.htm">
<img border="0" src="Brennock_Braunton.jpg" width="152" height="172"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<font color="#006600">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Brannoc_Devonshire.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">The
Holy Hierarch Saint
<span lang="en-us">Brannoc</span>,
Abbot of Braunton, </span>
</a></font>
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Brannoc_Devonshire.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none" lang="en-us">Devonshire
</span></a></font></b></span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font color="#CC0000" face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Brannoc_Devonshire.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(</span></a></font><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span></font><font color="#CC0000" face="Cambria"><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Brannoc_Devonshire.htm"><span style="text-decoration: none">
6th c.)</span></a></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td height="24" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a name="12" href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Bede_Author.htm">
<img border="0" src="bede6.jpg" width="105" height="200"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b>
<font face="Cambria" color="#006600">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Bede_Author.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">The Venerable
<span lang="en-us">Bede,</span>
Author, Confessor</span></a></font><span style="text-decoration: none"><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Bede_Author.htm"><font face="Cambria"><span lang="en-us" style="text-decoration: none">
</span></font></a></span></b></span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Bede_Author.htm">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(</span></font></a></span><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4">
</font></span></font>
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Bede_Author.htm">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">735)</span></font></a></span></b></span></address>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="146" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="Martyr_Winifreda2.jpg" width="138" height="196"></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">The
Holy Virgin-Martyr
<span lang="en-us">Saint Winifred</span>
of Wales<span lang="en-us">
</span><span style="text-decoration: none">(</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span style="text-decoration: none">
650)</span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="138" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="Drostan_Scotland.jpg" width="137" height="193"></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">Saint
<span lang="en-us">Drostan
of Aberdeen</span>,
Hermit
<span style="text-decoration: none">(</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span style="text-decoration: none">
6th c.)</span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="150" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="Nectan_Cornwall.jpg" width="143" height="195"></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">Holy Martyr Saint
<span lang="en-us">Nectan,
Celt Hermit, Devonshire</span><span style="text-decoration: none"><span lang="en-us"> </span>(</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span style="text-decoration: none">
6th c.)</span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="152" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a name="16" href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Hilda_Whitby.htm">
<img border="0" src="Hilda_Whitby2.jpg" width="140" height="208"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font color="#006600" face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Hilda_Whitby.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">The Venerable Hilda,
Abbess<span lang="en-us"> </span>of Whitby </span></a></span></font>
<font color="#CC0000" face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Protomartyr_Alban.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(</span></a></font><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4">
</font></span></font>
<font color="#CC0000" face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Protomartyr_Alban.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">680)</span></a></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="148" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a name="17" href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Donnan_Celt.htm">
<img border="0" src="Donan_Scotland.jpg" width="115" height="196"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<font color="#006600">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Donnan_Celt.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">Saint
<span lang="en-us">Donn</span>á<span lang="en-us">n</span>,
Celt Priest
<span lang="en-us">& </span>Martyr,
</span>
<span style="text-decoration: none" lang="en-us">Scotland</span></a></font><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Donnan_Celt.htm"><span style="text-decoration: none"> </span></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Donnan_Celt.htm">
<font face="Cambria"><span style="text-decoration: none">(</span></font></a><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span>
</font>
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Donnan_Celt.htm">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">617) </span>
</font></a><font face="Cambria">
<span lang="en-us">
</span></font></b></span>
</address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="eikones/Maelrubha_Scotland.jpg" width="116" height="197"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">Saint Maelrubha,
Celt
Abbot of Applecross,
Isle of Skye, Scotland (722)</font></b></span></address>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="146" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="Botolf_Boston.jpg" width="137" height="195"></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">Saint
<span lang="en-us">Botolph</span>,
Bishop, Protector of
Travellers<span style="text-decoration: none"> (</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span style="text-decoration: none">680)</span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="138" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Wereburga_Chester.htm">
<img border="0" src="Werburga_Chester.jpg" width="135" height="196"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Wereburga_Chester.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">Saint Werburga,
Abbess of
Chester (<font size="4"></font>
699)</span></a></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="150" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Alphege_Canterbury.htm">
<img border="0" src="Alphege_Canterbury.jpg" width="147" height="196"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Alphege_Canterbury.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">Saint Alphege, Archbishop
of
Canterbury (<font size="4">
</font>1012)</span></a></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="152" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Cuthbert_Lindisfarne.htm">
<img border="0" src="Cuthbert_Lindisfarne2.jpg" width="144" height="208"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font color="#006600" face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Cuthbert_Lindisfarne.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">The Holy Hierarch
<span lang="en-us">Saint
</span>Cuthbert, Bishop of Lindisfarne (</span></a></span></font><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4">
</font></span></font>
<font color="#006600" face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Cuthbert_Lindisfarne.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">687)</span></a></span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="148" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Bridget_Kildare.htm">
<img border="0" src="Brigid_Kildare.jpg" width="148" height="197"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Bridget_Kildare.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none; font-style:normal">Holy Abbess and
Wonder-worker
<span lang="en-us">Saint
</span>Bridget
of Kildare Ireland<span lang="en-us">
</span>(<font size="4"></font>
524)</span></a></font></b></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="Dunstan2.jpg" width="148" height="208"></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">Saint
Dunstan<span lang="en-us">,
Archbishop of</span>
<span lang="en-us">Canterbury</span><span style="text-decoration: none">
(</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span style="text-decoration: none">
988)</span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="146" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="Teilo_Wales.jpg" width="142" height="205"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">Saint
Teilo (Dillon), Bishop of
Llandaff, Wales<span lang="en-us">
</span><span style="text-decoration: none">(</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span style="text-decoration: none">
6th c.)</span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="138" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/eikones/colman-lindisfarn.jpg" width="132" height="197"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<span lang="en-us">Saint Colman of Lindisfarne </span></font></b>
</span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4">
</font></span>
<span style="text-decoration: none">676)</span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="150" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="Wilfridus_Hexham_York.jpg" width="138" height="214"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">Saint
Wilfrid, Archbishop of York,
England </font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4">
</font></span>
<span style="text-decoration: none">709)</span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="152" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<font size="1" color="#006666" face="Cambria">
<a href="http://www.comeandseeicons.com/d/inp17.htm">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/eikones/Donald_Confessor_Scotland.jpg" width="116" height="214"></a></font></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<font face="Cambria"><b>Holy
Confessor<span lang="en-us">,
Saint
</span>Donald </b></font><b>
<font face="Cambria">of Ogilvy, Scotland
<span style="text-decoration: none">
(</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span style="text-decoration: none">
8th c.) </span></font></b>
<font size="1" color="#006666" face="Cambria">By Iconographer Nicholas Papas with the kind
permission of www.comeandseeicons.com</font></span></address>
</td>
<td width="148" valign="top">
<address><span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Dyfrig_Wales.htm">
<img border="0" src="Dyfrig_Wales.jpg" width="150" height="219"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Dyfrig_Wales.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none; font-style:normal">Saint
Dyfrig, Archbishop of
Caerleon, Wales</span></a></font></b></address>
<address align="center">
<b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Dyfrig_Wales.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none; font-style:normal">(<font size="4"> </font>545)</span></a></font></b></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Dymphna_martyr.htm">
<img border="0" src="Dymphna_Ireland.jpg" width="141" height="211"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Dymphna_martyr.htm">Holy Martyr
<span lang="en-us">Saint
</span>Dymphna,
Patron Saint of Mental Illness<span lang="en-us" style="text-decoration: none">
</span></a></font></b>
</span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Dymphna_martyr.htm">(</a></span><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Dymphna_martyr.htm"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span style="text-decoration: none">
650)</span></a></font></b></span></address>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="146" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../brit_celt_orthodoxy/KILNINIAN.htm">
<img border="0" src="Ninian_Picts.jpg" width="146" height="198"></a></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../brit_celt_orthodoxy/KILNINIAN.htm">Saint Ninian
<span lang="en-us">Bishop
</span>of Whithorn, Apostle to the Picts</a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4">
</font></span>
<span style="text-decoration: none">432)</span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="138" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Felix_East_Anglia.htm">
<img border="0" src="Felix_East_Anglia.jpg" width="138" height="202"></a></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Felix_East_Anglia.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">Saint
Felix of Dunwich, Apostle of
East Anglia (<font size="4">
</font>647)</span></a></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="150" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Kentigern_scotland.htm">
<img border="0" src="eikones/kentigern_bishop_of_glasgow.jpg" width="150" height="198"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Kentigern_scotland.htm"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none" lang="en-us">Saint
</span>
<span style="text-decoration: none">Kentigern (Mungo,
Cyndeyrn</span></font></b><font face="Cambria"><b><span style="text-decoration: none">),
Abbot<span lang="en-us">,</span>
Bishop<span lang="en-us">
and founder</span> of
Glasgow<span lang="en-us">
</span>(<font size="4">
</font>614)</span></b></font></a></span></address>
</td>
<td width="152" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/eikones/Saint_Birinus_Wessex.jpg" width="144" height="209"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">Saint
Birinus (Brian) of
Dorchester, Apostle of Wessex
<span style="text-decoration: none">(</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span style="text-decoration: none">
7th c.)</span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="148" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="eikones/Elian_Cornwall.jpg" width="146" height="218"></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<span lang="en-us">Saint
</span>Elian (Alan, Eilan),
Hermit of
Cornwall<span style="text-decoration: none">
</span></font></b></span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
(</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span style="text-decoration: none">
7th c.)</span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<a href="http://www.irishcultureandcustoms.com/ASaints/Ita.html">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/eikones/ita.jpg" width="137" height="178"></a></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria" color="#0000FF">
<a href="http://www.irishcultureandcustoms.com/ASaints/Ita.html">
<span style="text-decoration: none">Saint Ita (Ida, Dorothy),
Hermitess in Limerick,
Ireland, and Foster-Mother
of Saint Brendan</span></a></font><a href="http://www.irishcultureandcustoms.com/ASaints/Ita.html"><font face="Cambria"><span style="text-decoration: none" lang="en-us">
</span><span style="text-decoration: none">(</span></font></a><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4">
</font></span></font>
<a href="http://www.irishcultureandcustoms.com/ASaints/Ita.html">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<span lang="en-us">570</span>)</span></font></a></b></span></address>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table border="2" bordercolordark="#000080" bgcolor="#CCFFFF" id="table14" height="0" cellspacing="7" width="965">
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="eikones/mewan_of_brittany_ascetic_monk.jpg" width="139" height="190"></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">Saint
Mewan, Celt evangelist,
founder of monastery</font></b><font face="Cambria"><span lang="en-us">
</span></font><b><font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span style="text-decoration: none"> 61<span lang="en-us">7</span>)</span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="eikones/Kevin.jpg" width="138" height="155"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<span lang="en-us">Saint
</span>Caoimhin</font></b><font size="2" face="Cambria">
</font><b>
<font face="Cambria">
(Kevin),
Abbot of Glendalough,
Ireland<span style="text-decoration: none"> </span></font></b>
</span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span style="text-decoration: none">
618) </span></font></b>
</span>
</address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Tydfil_wales.htm">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/eikones/Tydfil_Wales.jpg" width="151" height="181"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Tydfil_wales.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none" lang="en-us">Saint
</span>
<span style="text-decoration: none">Tydfil, Martyr of
Glamorgan, Wales, Kinswoman
of Saint Brychnan<span lang="en-us">
</span>(<font size="4"></font>
4<span lang="en-us">80</span>)</span></a></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="152" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="eikones/erkenwald%20london.jpg" width="145" height="193"></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">Saint Erkenwald, Bishop of
London, Abbot of Chertsey,
England<span lang="en-us">
</span><span style="text-decoration: none">(</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span style="text-decoration: none">
6<span lang="en-us">93</span>)</span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Chad_Lichfield.htm">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/arxaioi/Chad_of_Lichfield_-_A_Hart.jpg" width="145" height="209"></a></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Chad_Lichfield.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none" lang="en-us">Saint
</span>
<span style="text-decoration: none">Ceadda (Chad), Bishop
of Lichfield</span></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Chad_Lichfield.htm">(</a></span><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Chad_Lichfield.htm"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4">
</font></span>
<span style="text-decoration: none">672)</span></a></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/eikones/Twrog_Wales.jpg" width="144" height="217"></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria"> Saint Twrog of Wales
<span style="text-decoration: none"> (</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span style="text-decoration: none">
<span lang="en-us">6</span>th century)</span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td height="24" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/eikones/Comgall_Bangor.jpg" width="85" height="223"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<font face="Cambria"><b>
<span lang="en-us">Saint
Comgall</span>,
Abbot of </b><font size="4">8000</font><b> Monks at
Bangor (+603) </b></font></span></address>
</td>
<td height="24" width="142" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="eikones/Baldred_Lindisfarne.jpg" width="92" height="205"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<span lang="en-us">Saint
</span>Baldred (Balther)<span lang="en-us">,</span>
priest in Lindisfarne,
hermit at Tyningham
<span style="text-decoration: none"> (</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span style="text-decoration: none"><span lang="en-us"> 75</span>6)</span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td height="24" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="eikones/St_Kenneth%20KILKENNY.jpg" width="145" height="208"></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<span lang="en-us">Saint
</span>Cynedd (Kenneth),
Hermit<span lang="en-us">,</span>
Confessor of Gower, Wales<span lang="en-us" style="text-decoration: none"> </span></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span style="text-decoration: none">
<span lang="en-us">6</span>th c.)</span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td height="24" width="152" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="eikones/cedd_essex.jpg" width="143" height="210"></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">St. Cedd, Founder of
Lastingham, Bishop and
Apostle of the East Saxons
<span style="text-decoration: none"> (</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span style="text-decoration: none">
664)</span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td height="24" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="eikones/CoweyOfIreland.jpg" width="146" height="186"></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">Saint Cowey of Portaferry, Abbot of Moville, I<span lang="en-us">reland</span></font></b><font face="Cambria"><span lang="en-us"> </span></font></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span style="text-decoration: none">
<span lang="en-us">mid 8</span>th century)</span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td height="24" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="eikones/StMolaise-of-Holy-Island.jpg" width="144" height="204"></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">Saint Laserian (Molaise) of
Holy Isle in the Firth of
Clyde, Bishop & Abbot<span lang="en-us">
</span><span style="text-decoration: none">(</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span style="text-decoration: none">
6<span lang="en-us">39</span>)</span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria" color="#006600">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Kieran_Clonmacnoise.htm">
<img border="0" src="eikones/Kieran-of-Clonmacnois.jpg" width="141" height="185"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b>
<font face="Cambria" color="#0000FF">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Kieran_Clonmacnoise.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">Saint
Kieran, founder of Clonmacnoise
Monastery, Ireland</span></a></font><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Kieran.htm"><font face="Cambria"><span style="text-decoration: none" lang="en-us">
</span></font></a></b></span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Kieran.htm">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(</span></font></a><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Kieran_Clonmacnoise.htm"><span style="text-decoration: none"> 5<span lang="en-us">44</span>)</span></a></font></b><span lang="en-us"><b><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Kieran.htm"><font face="Cambria"><span style="text-decoration: none">
</span></font></a></b></span></span>
</address>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/arxaioi/walston.jpg" width="144" height="211"></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">Saint
Walstan
the Generous of Bawburgh
<span lang="en-us"> </span>
<span style="text-decoration: none">(</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span>
<span lang="en-us" style="text-decoration: none">1016)</span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="eikones/Moluac_Lismore.jpg" width="144" height="209"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<span lang="en-us"><b>
<font face="Cambria">Saint </font>
</b></span><b><font face="Cambria">
<span lang="en-us">Moluac of Lismore, founder
of Monasteries</span><span style="text-decoration: none"> (</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span style="text-decoration: none"> 5<span lang="en-us">92</span>)</span></font></b><span lang="en-us"><b><font face="Cambria">
</font></b></span></span>
</address>
</td>
<td width="152" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="eikones/Gwrnerth_and_Llywelyn.jpg" width="144" height="214"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<span lang="en-us">Saints
</span>Gwrnerth<span lang="en-us">
& </span>Llywelyn,
Monks of Bardsey Island,
Wales </font></b></span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
(<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span>
<span lang="en-us">6</span>th century)</font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria" color="#006600">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Colman.htm">
<img border="0" src="eikones/colman.jpg" width="144" height="199"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b>
<font face="Cambria" color="#0000FF">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Colman.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<span lang="en-us">Saint C</span>olman of Oughaval, Abbot </span></a>
</font>
<font color="#CC0000" face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Colman.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none"> <span lang="en-us">
</span></span></a></font></b></span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font color="#CC0000" face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Colman.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(</span></a></font><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span></font><font color="#CC0000" face="Cambria"><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Colman.htm"><span style="text-decoration: none">
<span lang="en-us">6</span>th century)</span></a></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="eikones/Kilian%20Irish%20evangelist%20of%20Germany.jpg" width="146" height="204"></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">Saint
Kilian (Cillian) of Ireland,
missionary, bishop and
Apostle of Franconia
(Bavaria) Germany (</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span style="text-decoration: none">
<span lang="en-us">689</span>)</span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/eikones/Cadoc_of_Llancarvan.jpg" width="91" height="202"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b>
<font face="Cambria" color="#0000FF">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<a href="http://saints.sqpn.com/saintc94.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">St </span></a></span></font></b></span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b>
<font face="Cambria" color="#0000FF">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<a href="http://saints.sqpn.com/saintc94.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none"> of Llancarvan,<span lang="en-us">
Wales,</span> Priest, monk,
martyr</span></a></span></font><font face="Cambria"></a></font><a href="http://saints.sqpn.com/saintc94.htm"><span lang="en-us"><font face="Cambria"><span style="text-decoration: none">
</span></font></span></a></b></span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<a href="http://saints.sqpn.com/saintc94.htm">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(</span></font></a><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span></font><a href="http://saints.sqpn.com/saintc94.htm"><font face="Cambria"><span style="text-decoration: none"> 5<span lang="en-us">92</span>)</span></font></a></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Augustine_Canterbury.htm">
<img border="0" src="eikones/Augustine_Canterbury.jpg" width="130" height="200"></a></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria" color="#0000FF">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Augustine_Canterbury.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">The Holy Hierarch Augustine, Archbishop of Canterbury
</span></a></font>
<font face="Cambria"> </font>
</b></span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font color="#CC0000" face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Augustine_Canterbury.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(</span></a></font><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span>
</font>
<font color="#CC0000" face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Augustine_Canterbury.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">604)
</span></a></font></b>
</span>
</address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/eikones/Brihtwald_of_Wilton.jpg" width="145" height="188"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b>
<font face="Cambria" color="#0000FF">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<a href="http://logismoitouaaron.blogspot.com/2009/02/monk-of-venerable-religionst-brihtwold.html">
<span style="text-decoration: none" lang="en-us">
<font color="#000000">Saint
</font>
</span><span style="text-decoration: none">
<font color="#000000">Brihtwold (Brithwald) of
Wilton,</font></span></a></span></font><font face="Cambria">
</font>
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<font face="Cambria" color="#0000FF">
<a href="http://logismoitouaaron.blogspot.com/2009/02/monk-of-venerable-religionst-brihtwold.html">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<font color="#000000">Benedictine monk at the
legendary Abbey</font></span></a></font><font face="Cambria">
of
</font>
<font face="Cambria" color="#0000FF">
<a href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06579a.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<font color="#000000">Glastonbury</font></span></a></font></span><font face="Cambria" color="#0000FF"><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Augustine_Canterbury.htm"><span style="text-decoration: none"><font color="#000000">
</font>
</span></a><font color="#000000"> </font></font><font color="#CC0000" face="Cambria"><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Augustine_Canterbury.htm"><span style="text-decoration: none"><font color="#000000">(</font></span></a></font><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4">
</font></span></font>
<font color="#CC0000" face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Augustine_Canterbury.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<span lang="en-us"><font color="#000000">1045</font></span><font color="#000000">)</font></span></a></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="152" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="Princess_Etheldreda.jpg" width="145" height="207"></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">Holy
<span lang="en-us">Queen
Saint </span>Etheldred,
Abbess of Ely<span style="text-decoration: none"><span lang="en-us">
</span>(</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span style="text-decoration: none"> 679)</span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="eikones/Alkmund.jpg" width="144" height="186"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none" lang="en-us">Saint
</span>
<span style="text-decoration: none">Alkmund
King<span lang="en-us">
</span>of Northumbria,
Martyr of Mercia</span></font></b><span style="text-decoration: none"><font face="Cambria"><b><span lang="en-us">
</span></b></font></span>
</span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<font face="Cambria"><b>
(</b></font><b><font size="4" face="Cambria"></font></b></span><font face="Cambria"><b><span style="text-decoration: none">
802)</span></b></font></span></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Angus%20of%20Culdee.htm">
<img border="0" src="eikones/St_Angus_of_Keld.jpg" width="99" height="234"></a></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font color="#0000FF" face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Angus%20of%20Culdee.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">S<span lang="en-us">ain</span>t
Angus (Oengus) </span>
<span style="text-decoration: none" lang="en-us">of Keld (Culdee)</span></a></font></b><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Angus%20of%20Culdee.htm"><span lang="en-us"><font face="Cambria" size="1"><span style="text-decoration: none">,
</span></font></span>
<span style="text-decoration: none"><b>
<font color="#0000FF" face="Cambria">Hermit</font></b><font face="Cambria" size="1">
</font></span><font face="Cambria">
<b><span style="text-decoration: none">
<span lang="en-us"> </span>(</span></b></font></a><b><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span></font></b><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Angus%20of%20Culdee.htm"><font face="Cambria"><b><span style="text-decoration: none">
<span lang="en-us">824</span>)</span></b></font></a></span></address>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Oswald_Martyr_king.htm">
<img border="0" src="King_Martyr_Oswald.jpg" width="110" height="247"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Oswald_Martyr_king.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none" lang="en-us">Saint
Oswald </span>
<span style="text-decoration: none">Martyr-King
of <span lang="en-us">Northumbria</span> </span></a></font></b>
</span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Oswald_Martyr_king.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(<font size="4"></font>
642)</span></a></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Edmund_Martyr_king.htm">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/eikones/St-Edmund-king-and-martyr.jpg" width="132" height="242"></a></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b>
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Edmund_Martyr_king.htm">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none" lang="en-us">Saint
Edmund </span>
<span style="text-decoration: none">Martyr-King
of </span> </font>
<span lang="en-us" style="text-decoration: none">
<font face="Cambria">East
Anglia </font></span></a></b>
</span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Edmund_Martyr_king.htm">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(<font size="4"></font>
<span lang="en-us">869</span>)</span></font></a></b></span></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="eikones/Ethelbert.jpg" width="152" height="186"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<span lang="en-us">Saint
Ethelbert </span>Martyr-King
<span lang="en-us">of</span>
<span lang="en-us">East
Anglia, first Christian king
in England</span></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span style="text-decoration: none">
<span lang="en-us">794</span>)</span></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Oswin_Martyr_king.htm">
<img border="0" src="King_Martyr_Oswin.jpg" width="145" height="218"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Oswin_Martyr_king.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none" lang="en-us">Saint
Oswin </span>
<span style="text-decoration: none">Martyr-King
of <span lang="en-us">Northumbria</span> </span></a></font></b>
</span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Oswin_Martyr_king.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(<font size="4"></font>
6<span lang="en-us">5</span>1)</span></a></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Eanswythe_Folkestone.htm">
<img border="0" src="eikones/eanswythe_of_folkestone.jpg" width="148" height="189"></a></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Eanswythe_Folkestone.htm">Saint Eanswythe</a>, </font></b>
</span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Eanswythe_Folkestone.htm"><b>
<font face="Cambria">Anglo-Saxon
princess, Folkestone</font></b><font face="Cambria"><span lang="en-us">
</span></font><font face="Cambria"><b>(<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4">
</font></span>
<span lang="en-us">640</span>)</b></font></a></span></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/edwin_northumbria.htm">
<img border="0" src="King_Martyr_Edwin.jpg" width="108" height="262"></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b>
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/edwin_northumbria.htm">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none" lang="en-us">Saint
Edwin </span>
<span style="text-decoration: none">Martyr-King<span lang="en-us">
</span>of <span lang="en-us">Northumbria</span> (<font size="4"></font>
6<span lang="en-us">33</span>)</span></font></a></b></span></address>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Constantine_Cornwall.htm">
<img border="0" src="eikones/King_Monk_Constantinus_Govan.jpg" width="138" height="181"></a></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Constantine_Cornwall.htm">
<font face="Cambria" color="#0000FF">
<span style="text-decoration: none" lang="en-us">Saint
</span>
<span style="text-decoration: none">Constantine of Govan,
King of Cornwall, Monk, and
Protomartyr of Scotland
</span></font>
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<font face="Cambria">
<span lang="en-us">
</span></font></span>
<font face="Cambria">
<span lang="en-us" style="text-decoration: none">(</span></font></a><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span></font><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Constantine_Cornwall.htm"><font face="Cambria"><span style="text-decoration: none">
<span lang="en-us">6th
c.</span>)</span></font></a></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="eikones/Cormac.jpg" width="139" height="177"></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<span lang="en-us">Saint
</span>Cormac of Cashel,
King of Munster, Ireland and
Bishop</font><span lang="en-us"><font face="Cambria"> </font></span></b>
</span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">(<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4">
</font></span>
<span lang="en-us">908</span>)</font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Petroc_Cornwall.htm">
<img border="0" src="eikones/Petroc_Cornwall.jpg" width="139" height="173"></a></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria" color="#0000FF">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Petroc_Cornwall.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">Saint Petroc<span lang="en-us">,
son of King Glywys </span>of
Wales<span lang="en-us"> and</span>
founder of monasteries </span>
</a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria" color="#0000FF">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Petroc_Cornwall.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">in
Cornwall </span>
</a></font></b>
</span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<a href="http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Saint_Petroc#encyclopedia">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none"><b>(</b></span></font></a><b><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span></font></b><a href="http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Saint_Petroc#encyclopedia"><font face="Cambria"><span style="text-decoration: none"><b>
<span lang="en-us">564</span>)</b></span></font></a></span></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="eikones/GwynllwOfWalesThePenitentKing.jpg" width="146" height="179"></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<span lang="en-us">Saint
</span>Gwynllw (Gundleus)
<span lang="en-us">t</span>he
Penitent King and Hermit of
Wales </font>
<span lang="en-us">
<font face="Cambria"> </font></span></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">(<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span> 523)</font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/eikones/RichardOfWessex2.jpg" width="146" height="235"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">Saint Richard, King of
Wessex, (<span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span lang="en-us" style="text-decoration: none"> 722</span>)</font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="147" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Edward_King_of_England.htm">
<img border="0" src="eikones/edward_king_of_england.jpg" width="147" height="183"></a></b></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Edward_King_of_England.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">Saint
Edward the Passion-Bearer,
King of England </span>
</a>
</font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Edward_King_of_England.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(martyr
<font size="4"></font>979) </span></a></font></b></span></address></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Laurence_Canterbury.htm">
<img border="0" src="eikones/Laurence_Canterbury.jpg" width="141" height="201"></a></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none" lang="en-us">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Laurence_Canterbury.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">Saint
</span></a>
</span>
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Laurence_Canterbury.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">Laurence
Archbishop of Canterbury </span></a></font>
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Laurence_Canterbury.htm">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none"> <span lang="en-us">(</span><font size="4"></font>
<span lang="en-us">619</span>)</span></font></a></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="142" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/eikones/Daniel_of_Bangor.jpg" width="142" height="197"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none; font-style:normal"> Saint
Daniel Bishop of Bangor, Wales </span></font></b>
</address>
<address align="center">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none; font-style:normal">( 545)</span></font></b></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/eikones/Pol_Aurelian_de_Leon.jpg" width="148" height="216"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">Saint Pol
(Paul) Aurelian of Cornwall ( 575)</font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Mawes_Cornwall.htm">
<img border="0" src="eikones/Maudetus.jpg" width="144" height="199"></a></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b>
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Mawes_Cornwall.htm">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none" lang="en-us">Saint
Mawes</span><span style="text-decoration: none"> (Maudetus,
Maudez)
<span lang="en-us">Monk,
preacher</span> Hermit of
Wales <span lang="en-us">(</span><font size="4"></font><span lang="en-us">6thc.</span>)</span></font></a></b></span></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/eikones/osyth_chich.jpg" width="147" height="169"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">Saint Osyth of
Chich, England, Abbess, Martyr (653)</font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="147" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/eikones/Tyssilio.jpg" width="71" height="207"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">Saint Tyssilio
of Wales, Prince and Abbot (640)</font></b></span></address>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Fursey_Ireland.htm">
<img border="0" src="../../brit_celt_orthodoxy/eikones/Saint_Fursey_Burgh_Castle.jpg" width="140" height="192"></a></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Fursey_Ireland.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none; font-style:normal">Saint Fursey of
Burgh Castle, Missionary in East Anglia (</span></a></font></b><span style="font-style: normal"><b><font face="Cambria"></font></b></span><b><font face="Cambria"><a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Fursey_Ireland.htm"><span style="text-decoration: none; font-style:normal">650) </span>
</a></font></b>
</address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../brit_celt_orthodoxy/eikones/Attracta-Ireland.JPG" width="140" height="182"></span></font></address>
<address align="center"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none; font-style:normal">Saint Attracta,
Abbess of Ireland </span></font></b>
</address>
<address align="center"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none; font-style:normal">(6th c.)</span></font></b></address>
</td>
<td width="151" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../brit_celt_orthodoxy/eikones/Pabo_Post_Prydain.jpg" width="149" height="200"></span></font></address>
<address align="center"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none; font-style:normal">Saint Pabo Post
Prydain, Wales</span></font></b></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../brit_celt_orthodoxy/eikones/Gwynog-of-Wales.jpg" width="141" height="208"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">St.Gwynog of
Wales, Bishop in Scotland </font></b>
</span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">(
838)</font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="154" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../brit_celt_orthodoxy/eikones/Gwen%20Teirbron%20Britain.JPG" width="133" height="227"></span></font></address>
<address align="center"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none; font-style:normal">St. Gwen
Teirbron of Britain - evangelist of Brittany (5th
c.)</span></font></b></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../brit_celt_orthodoxy/eikones/Guthlac%20Hermit.jpg" width="141" height="156"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">St.Guthlac,
wonder-working saint of East Anglia </font></b>
</span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">( 714)</font></b></span></address>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../brit_celt_orthodoxy/eikones/StGregory_dialogus.jpg" width="140" height="194"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">St.Gregory
Dialogus the Great, Apostle of England ( 604)</font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../brit_celt_orthodoxy/eikones/Gerald_Mayo_Ireland.jpg" width="141" height="199"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">St.Gerald,
Abbot, Bishop of Mayo, Ireland </font></b></span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">(731)</font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="151" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../brit_celt_orthodoxy/eikones/Geoffrey_Wearmouth_Jarrow.jpg" width="147" height="217"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">St.Geoffrey,
Abbot of Wearmouth/Jarrow (716)</font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../brit_celt_orthodoxy/eikones/Findlugan_Scotland.jpg" width="142" height="205"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">Saint Findlugan,
Hermit of Islay, Scotland
</font></b></span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">( early 7th century)</font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="154" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../brit_celt_orthodoxy/eikones/Aethelheard_Canterbury.jpg" width="147" height="220"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">St. Aethelheard,
Bishop of Canterbury (805)</font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../brit_celt_orthodoxy/eikones/Finan%20lindisfarne.jpg" width="143" height="227"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">St.Finan of
Lindisfarne (661)</font></b></span></address>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Aldhelm_Sherborne.htm">
<img border="0" src="../../brit_celt_orthodoxy/eikones/Aldhelm_Sherborne.jpg" width="137" height="188"></a></span></font></address>
<address align="center"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Aldhelm_Sherborne.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none; font-style: normal">St.Aldhelm,
Bishop of Sherborne </span></a></font></b>
</address>
<address align="center"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Aldhelm_Sherborne.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none; font-style: normal">(709)</span></a></font></b></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../brit_celt_orthodoxy/eikones/Betti-of-Wirksworth.jpg" width="135" height="185"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">St. Betti of
Wirksworth, priest-missionary & founder </font></b>
</span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">( ca.685)</font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="151" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../brit_celt_orthodoxy/eikones/erkenwald%20london.jpg" width="147" height="188"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">St. Erkenwald,
Bishop </font></b></span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">of London </font></b>
</span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">(693)</font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../brit_celt_orthodoxy/eikones/Saint_Columban.jpg" width="144" height="191"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">St.Columban (Columbanus)
Irish missionary </font></b></span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">to Europe </font></b>
</span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">(615)</font></b><font face="Cambria" size="1"> </font></span></address>
</td>
<td width="154" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../brit_celt_orthodoxy/eikones/declan2.jpg" width="151" height="194"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">St. Declan, Bishop & Abbot of Ardmore </font></b></span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">(5th c.)</font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/cebi_and_seiriol_wales.htm">
<img border="0" src="../../brit_celt_orthodoxy/eikones/St_Keby_and_St_Seriol.jpg" width="143" height="195"></a></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/cebi_and_seiriol_wales.htm">
<font face="Cambria"><b>
<span style="text-decoration: none; font-style: normal">St.Keby (Cybi or
Kebbi), (555) with St. Seiriol, Abbots in Wales</span></b></font><b><span style="font-style: normal"><font face="Cambria"><span style="text-decoration: none">
</span></font></span></b></a></address>
<address align="center">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/cebi_and_seiriol_wales.htm">
<b>
<span style="font-style: normal">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(St.Keby at left)</span></font></span></b></a></address>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Batilda.htm">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/arxaioi/Batildis-regina-Jan-30.jpg" width="122" height="247"></a></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Batilda.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">Saint
Bathilda, Queen, married to Clovis of France (680)</span></a></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Benedict_Biscop_Wearmouth.htm">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/arxaioi/St%20Benedict%20Biscop%201.jpg" width="129" height="205"></a></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Benedict_Biscop_Wearmouth.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">Saint Benedict Biscop, Abbot of
Wearmouth </span></a></font> </b></span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Benedict_Biscop_Wearmouth.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">& Jarrow
</span></a></font> </b></span>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Benedict_Biscop_Wearmouth.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(693)</span></a></font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="151" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Bertram_Mercia.htm">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/arxaioi/Bertram.jpg" width="133" height="222"></a></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Bertram_Mercia.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">Saint
Bertram, King and Hermit of Mercia</span></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Bertram_Mercia.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">( 7th-8th
c.)</span></a></span></font></b></address>
<address>
</address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/arxaioi/Beuno%20of%20Wales.jpg" width="147" height="164"></font></address>
<address align="center">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">Saint Beuno of
Wales</span></font></b></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">(640)</font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="154" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/herbert_derwentwater.htm">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/arxaioi/Herbert_Derwentwater.jpg" width="154" height="141"></a></font></address>
<address align="center">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/herbert_derwentwater.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">Saint Herbert
of Derwentwater </span></a> </span></font></b>
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/herbert_derwentwater.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(687)</span></a></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
</address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/arxaioi/john-beverley.jpg" width="143" height="194"></font></address>
<address align="center">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">Saint John of
Beverley, Bishop of Hexham </span></font></b>
</address>
<address align="center">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">(</span></font></b><span style="font-style: normal"><b><font face="Cambria"></font></b></span><b><font face="Cambria"><span style="font-style: normal">
721)</span></font></b></address>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Gall_apostle_switzerland.htm">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/arxaioi/Saint_Gall.jpg" width="137" height="182"></a></font></address>
<address align="center">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Gall_apostle_switzerland.htm">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none; font-style: normal">
Saint Gall,</span></font></b><span style="font-style: normal; text-decoration: none"><b><font face="Cambria">
</font></b></span></a>
</address>
<address align="center">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Gall_apostle_switzerland.htm">
<span style="font-style: normal; text-decoration: none">
<b><font face="Cambria">Irish
Apostle to Switzerland </font></b></span></a>
</address>
<address align="center">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Gall_apostle_switzerland.htm">
<span style="font-style: normal; text-decoration: none">
<b><font face="Cambria">(</font></b></span><b><font face="Cambria"><span style="text-decoration: none; font-style: normal">
635)</span></font></b></a></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Cadoc_Wales.htm">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/eikones/Cadoc_of_Llancarvan.jpg" width="101" height="251"></a></span></font></b></address>
<address align="center">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Cadoc_Wales.htm">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">Saint Cadoc,
Monastic father of Llancarvan, Wales </span>
</font></b><b>
<font face="Cambria"><span style="font-style: normal">(<span style="text-decoration: none"></span>
570)</span></font></b></a></address>
</td>
<td width="151" valign="top">
<p align="center">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Finnian_Clonard.htm">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/eikones/finnian_clonard.jpg" width="147" height="205"></a></p>
<address align="center">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Finnian_Clonard.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">Saint
Finnian Abbot of Clonard, Ireland ( 551)</span></a></span></font></b></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/arxaioi/Saint_Fursey.jpg" width="140" height="205"></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">Saint Fursey
of Yarmouth, missionary and founder of monastery
at Burgh Castle<br>
(</font></b></span><b><font face="Cambria"><span style="text-decoration: none; font-style: normal"></span></font></b><span style="font-style: normal"><b><font face="Cambria">
649)</font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="154" valign="top">
<p align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/arxaioi/Saint_Gerald.jpg" width="150" height="199"></font></p>
<p align="center"><span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">Saint Gerald,
Abbot of monastery in Mayo<br>
(</font></b></span><b><font face="Cambria"><span style="text-decoration: none; font-style: normal"></span></font></b><span style="font-style: normal"><b><font face="Cambria">
731)</font></b></span></td>
<td valign="top">
<p align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Mildred_Kent.htm">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/arxaioi/mildred_abs_of_minster.jpg" width="155" height="213"></a></font></p>
<p align="center"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<a href="../../biographies/arxaioi/Mildred_Kent.htm">
<span style="text-decoration: none">Saint Mildred,
Abbess of Minster-in-Thanet, Kent <br>
(732) </span></a></span></font></b>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/eikones/Tudwyl_Ireland.jpg" width="132" height="199"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">Saint Tugdual (Tudwyl) of
Ireland, <span lang="en-us">hermit,
</span>one of the
<span lang="en-us">7</span>
Founder Saints of Britta<span lang="en-us">ny</span></span></font></b><font face="Cambria" size="1"><span lang="en-us">
</span></font></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none"><b>(</b></span></font><b><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span></font></b><font face="Cambria"><span style="text-decoration: none"><b>
<span lang="en-us">564</span>)</b></span></font></span></address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/eikones/Cadfarch_Wales.jpg" width="87" height="209"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<span style="text-decoration: none">
<font face="Cambria"><b>Saint</b></font></span><b><font face="Cambria"><span style="text-decoration: none">
Cadfarch of Wales, Founder
of Churches</span></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<font face="Cambria"><b><span style="text-decoration: none">(</span></b></font><b><font face="Cambria"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span></font></b><font face="Cambria"><b><span style="text-decoration: none"><span lang="en-us">
</span>6th
c.)</span></b></font></span></address>
</td>
<td width="151" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<img border="0" src="Prince_Martyr_Kenelm.jpg" width="146" height="208"></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">Royal Child-Martyr Prince
Kenelm of Winchcombe</font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span><span style="text-decoration: none"> 821)</span></font></b></span></address>
<address align="center"> </address>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/eikones/wenna_Cornwall.jpg" width="107" height="214"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font face="Cambria">St. Wenna of Talgarth<span lang="en-us">
</span>(Gwen; Genuissa; Gwen)<span lang="en-us">,
Evangelist of Cornwall,
Martyr</span><span style="text-decoration: none"> (Born ca.463 AD)</span><br> </font></b></span></address>
</td>
<td width="154" valign="top">
<address align="center">
<font face="Cambria">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<img border="0" src="../../biographies/eikones/Cummian_Iona.jpg" width="144" height="201"></span></font></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">Saint Cummian "the White",<span lang="en-us">
"the Fair",</span> Abbot of
Iona, Writer </font></b></span></address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b><font face="Cambria">
<span style="text-decoration: none">(</span><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none"><font size="4"></font></span></font><span style="text-decoration: none"><font face="Cambria"><span lang="en-us">
669</span>)</font></span></b></span></address>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#008000">
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal"><b>
<font size="4" face="Cambria" color="#FFFF80">Some 1<span lang="en-us">OOO
</span>Holy<span lang="en-us">
</span>Martyrs Who
Suffered at Lichfield,<span lang="el">
</span>England, under
the persecution of Diocletian</font><font color="#FFFF80"><span style="text-decoration: none"><font size="4" face="Cambria"><span lang="en-us">
</span></font></span></font></b>
</span>
</address>
<address align="center"><b>
<span style="text-decoration: none; font-style:normal">
<font color="#FFFF80" face="Cambria" size="4">
<span lang="en-us">(</span><span lang="en-us">
30</span><span lang="el">4</span><span lang="en-us">
A.D.)</span></font></span></b></address>
<address align="center">
</address>
<address align="center">
<span style="font-style: normal">
<b>
<font face="Cambria" size="4">(Lyke<span lang="el">-</span>field:
the field of dead bodies)</font><font face="Cambria" color="#FFFF00" size="4">
</font></b></span>
</address>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p align="center"><font face="Cambria"><span lang="en-us"> </span></font></p>
<p align="center"> </p>
<p align="center"><b>
<font face="Cambria">
<a onmouseover="window.status='© Aon-Celtic - Used with permission';return true;" onmouseout="window.status='Aon-Celtic - Used with permission';return true;" target="_blank" href="http://www.aon-celtic.com">
<img height="48" alt="Trinity-Celtic-knot" src="http://www.fantasy-ireland.com/images/Trinity-Celtic-knot.gif" width="46" align="middle" border="0"></a></font><span lang="en-us"><font face="Cambria"> </font></span><font face="Cambria"><span style="text-decoration: none">( Compiled for OODE by K.N.
- dedicated with gratitude to a
perennial Teacher and Orthodox Celt, J.D.C. )<span lang="en-us">
</span></span><font size="2"> </font><a onmouseover="window.status='© Aon-Celtic - Used with permission';return true;" onmouseout="window.status='Aon-Celtic - Used with permission';return true;" target="_blank" href="http://www.aon-celtic.com"><img height="48" alt="Trinity-Celtic-knot" src="http://www.fantasy-ireland.com/images/Trinity-Celtic-knot.gif" width="46" align="middle" border="0"></a></font></b></p>
</div></div>
</td>
</tr>
</table></center></div>
<p align="center"><font face="Cambria"><font size="2"><span class="514533906-28062005">Article published in English
on: 2<span lang="en-us">4</span></span>-<span lang="en-us">9</span></font><font color="#000000" size="2">-2009</font></font></p>
<p align="center"><font color="#000000" size="2" face="Cambria">Last update: 7-<span lang="en-us">3</span>-2020</font></p>
<div align="center"><center>
<table border="5" width="20%"
bgcolor="#10BDEF" bordercolordark="#000000"
bordercolorlight="#C0C0C0" id="table12">
<tr>
<td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFF80"><a
href="#pano"><font color="#0000FF" size="2" face="Cambria"><b>UP</b></font></a></td>
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</html> |
THE ORTHODOX SAINTS OF THE ANCIENT CHURCH IN BRITAIN
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| | |
| --- | --- |
| **[Orthodox
Outlet for Dogmatic
Enquiries](../../index.htm)** | [Celtic and British Historical and General topics](../../brit_celt_orthodoxy/brit_celt_orthodoxy.htm) |
[](../../brit_celt_orthodoxy/brit_celt_orthodoxy.htm)
[](http://www.iocs.cam.ac.uk/)
| |
| --- |
|
***THE ORTHODOX SAINTS OF
THE ANCIENT CHURCH IN THE BRITISH ISLES AND IRELAND***
**Images and historical
information on the Bios of the
Saints have been gratefully borrowed
from various Orthodox sites, and
mainly from****:
www.allmercifulsavior.com
and Wikipedia**
**Chart
last updated on : 9-3-2014**
|
***A** **long-delayed, serious overview of (only a few of)
the indigenous Orthodox Saints and Martyrs of the Ancient
Church - who lived and propagated the Faith in the British
Isles, Ireland and other lands, during the first millennium of
Christianity and prior to the Great Schism - has been
attempted in
the chart below, in a panoramic and concise form, in our
desire to inform our readers who may not be aware of the
significant
history, the labours or the martyrdom of this cloud of
Orthodox Saints of the original One, Holy, Catholic and
Apostolic Church of our Lord.***
>
>
> >
> >
> > >
> > > ***May we all have their
> > > blessings!***
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > **"The
> > > > > Church in The British Isles will only
> > > > > begin to grow when She begins to again
> > > > > venerate Her own Saints**"
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > **(Saint
> > > > > Arsenios of Paros 1877)**
> > > > >
> > > >
> > > >
> > > >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> >
> >
> >
>
>
>
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
**[Trinity-Celtic-knot](http://www.aon-celtic.com)
ICON OF ALL SAINTS OF THE BRITISH ISLES
& IRELAND
- SYNAXIS OF ALL
SAINTS WHO SHONE FORTH IN SCOTLAND**
**[Trinity-Celtic-knot](http://www.aon-celtic.com)**
Icon by [Paul
Drozdowski](http://www.comeandseeicons.com/drozdowski.htm),
with the kind permission of
www.comeandseeicons.com
| | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
**[The
Holy Protomartyr](../../biographies/arxaioi/Protomartyr_Alban.htm)
[Saint Alban](../../biographies/arxaioi/Protomartyr_Alban.htm)**
**[( 304)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Protomartyr_Alban.htm)** |
**[Saint Aristobulus, Apostle
of Britain](../../biographies/arxaioi/Aristobulus_Apostle.htm)[(](../../biographies/arxaioi/Aristobulus_Apostle.htm)[1st c)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Aristobulus_Apostle.htm)**
|
**[Saint Brendan
the Navigator, Clonfert,
Ireland](../../biographies/arxaioi/Brendan_navigator.htm)
[(](../../biographies/arxaioi/Brendan_navigator.htm)
[577)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Brendan_navigator.htm)**
|
**[Saint Piran, Bishop of
Padstowe, Cornwall](../../biographies/arxaioi/Piran_Cornwall.htm)**
**[(](../../biographies/arxaioi/Piran_Cornwall.htm)
[6th c.)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Piran_Cornwall.htm)** |
**[The Holy Hierarch](../../biographies/arxaioi/David_Wales.htm) [Saint David
of Wales,
Bishop of Menevia](../../biographies/arxaioi/David_Wales.htm)[Confounder
of Pelagians](../../biographies/arxaioi/David_Wales.htm)**[**(**](../../biographies/arxaioi/David_Wales.htm)**
[601)](../../biographies/arxaioi/David_Wales.htm)** |
**[The Venerable Columba,
Abbot of Iona](../../biographies/arxaioi/Columba_Iona.htm),
[Scotland](../../biographies/arxaioi/Columba_Iona.htm)[(](../../biographies/arxaioi/Columba_Iona.htm)
[597)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Columba_Iona.htm)**
|
|
**[The
Holy Hierarch Saint Theodore,
Archbishop of Canterbury](../../biographies/arxaioi/Theodore_Canterbury.htm)[(](../../biographies/arxaioi/Theodore_Canterbury.htm)
[690)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Theodore_Canterbury.htm)** |
**[The Holy Hierarch Saint Patrick,
Apostle of Ireland
(](../../biographies/arxaioi/Patrick_Ireland.htm)
[493)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Patrick_Ireland.htm)** |
**[The
Holy Virgin
Saint
Melangell,
Abbess in Wales](../../biographies/arxaioi/Melangell_Wales.htm)
[(](../../biographies/arxaioi/Melangell_Wales.htm)
[641)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Melangell_Wales.htm)** |
**[The Holy Hierarch
Saint
Aidan,
Bishop of Lindisfarne](../../biographies/arxaioi/Aidan_Lindisfarne.htm)[(](../../biographies/arxaioi/Aidan_Lindisfarne.htm)[651)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Aidan_Lindisfarne.htm)** |
**[The
Holy Hierarch Saint
Brannoc,
Abbot of Braunton,](../../biographies/arxaioi/Brannoc_Devonshire.htm)
[Devonshire](../../biographies/arxaioi/Brannoc_Devonshire.htm)**
**[(](../../biographies/arxaioi/Brannoc_Devonshire.htm)[6th c.)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Brannoc_Devonshire.htm)** |
**[The Venerable
Bede,
Author, Confessor](../../biographies/arxaioi/Bede_Author.htm)**
**[(](../../biographies/arxaioi/Bede_Author.htm)
[735)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Bede_Author.htm)** |
|
**The
Holy Virgin-Martyr
Saint Winifred
of Wales
(
650)** |
**Saint
Drostan
of Aberdeen,
Hermit
(
6th c.)** |
**Holy Martyr Saint
Nectan,
Celt Hermit, Devonshire (
6th c.)** |
**[The Venerable Hilda,
Abbess of Whitby](../../biographies/arxaioi/Hilda_Whitby.htm)
[(](../../biographies/arxaioi/Protomartyr_Alban.htm)
[680)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Protomartyr_Alban.htm)** |
**[Saint
Donnán,
Celt Priest
& Martyr,
Scotland](../../biographies/arxaioi/Donnan_Celt.htm)**
**[(](../../biographies/arxaioi/Donnan_Celt.htm)
[617)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Donnan_Celt.htm)**
|
**Saint Maelrubha,
Celt
Abbot of Applecross,
Isle of Skye, Scotland (722)** |
|
**Saint
Botolph,
Bishop, Protector of
Travellers (680)** |
**[Saint Werburga,
Abbess of
Chester (
699)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Wereburga_Chester.htm)** |
**[Saint Alphege, Archbishop
of
Canterbury (
1012)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Alphege_Canterbury.htm)** |
**[The Holy Hierarch
Saint
Cuthbert, Bishop of Lindisfarne (](../../biographies/arxaioi/Cuthbert_Lindisfarne.htm)
[687)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Cuthbert_Lindisfarne.htm)** |
**[Holy Abbess and
Wonder-worker
Saint
Bridget
of Kildare Ireland
(
524)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Bridget_Kildare.htm)** |
**Saint
Dunstan,
Archbishop of
Canterbury
(
988)** |
|
**Saint
Teilo (Dillon), Bishop of
Llandaff, Wales
(
6th c.)** |
**Saint Colman of Lindisfarne**
**(
676)** |
**Saint
Wilfrid, Archbishop of York,
England**
**(
709)** |
**Holy
Confessor,
Saint
Donald** **of Ogilvy, Scotland
(
8th c.)**
By Iconographer Nicholas Papas with the kind
permission of www.comeandseeicons.com |
**[Saint
Dyfrig, Archbishop of
Caerleon, Wales](../../biographies/arxaioi/Dyfrig_Wales.htm)**
**[( 545)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Dyfrig_Wales.htm)** |
**[Holy Martyr
Saint
Dymphna,
Patron Saint of Mental Illness](../../biographies/arxaioi/Dymphna_martyr.htm)**
**[(](../../biographies/arxaioi/Dymphna_martyr.htm)[
650)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Dymphna_martyr.htm)** |
|
**[Saint Ninian
Bishop
of Whithorn, Apostle to the Picts](../../brit_celt_orthodoxy/KILNINIAN.htm)**
**(
432)** |
**[Saint
Felix of Dunwich, Apostle of
East Anglia (
647)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Felix_East_Anglia.htm)** |
[**Saint
Kentigern (Mungo,
Cyndeyrn****),
Abbot,
Bishop
and founder of
Glasgow
(
614)**](../../biographies/arxaioi/Kentigern_scotland.htm) |
**Saint
Birinus (Brian) of
Dorchester, Apostle of Wessex
(
7th c.)** |
**Saint
Elian (Alan, Eilan),
Hermit of
Cornwall**
**(
7th c.)** |
**[Saint Ita (Ida, Dorothy),
Hermitess in Limerick,
Ireland, and Foster-Mother
of Saint Brendan](http://www.irishcultureandcustoms.com/ASaints/Ita.html)[(](http://www.irishcultureandcustoms.com/ASaints/Ita.html)
[570)](http://www.irishcultureandcustoms.com/ASaints/Ita.html)** |
| | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
**Saint
Mewan, Celt evangelist,
founder of monastery**
**( 617)** |
**Saint
Caoimhin**
**(Kevin),
Abbot of Glendalough,
Ireland**
**(
618)**
|
**[Saint
Tydfil, Martyr of
Glamorgan, Wales, Kinswoman
of Saint Brychnan
(
480)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Tydfil_wales.htm)** |
**Saint Erkenwald, Bishop of
London, Abbot of Chertsey,
England
(
693)** |
**[Saint
Ceadda (Chad), Bishop
of Lichfield](../../biographies/arxaioi/Chad_Lichfield.htm)**
**[(](../../biographies/arxaioi/Chad_Lichfield.htm)[
672)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Chad_Lichfield.htm)** |
**Saint Twrog of Wales
(
6th century)** |
|
**Saint
Comgall,
Abbot of** 8000 **Monks at
Bangor (+603)** |
**Saint
Baldred (Balther),
priest in Lindisfarne,
hermit at Tyningham
( 756)** |
**Saint
Cynedd (Kenneth),
Hermit,
Confessor of Gower, Wales**
**(
6th c.)** |
**St. Cedd, Founder of
Lastingham, Bishop and
Apostle of the East Saxons
(
664)** |
**Saint Cowey of Portaferry, Abbot of Moville, Ireland**
**(
mid 8th century)** |
**Saint Laserian (Molaise) of
Holy Isle in the Firth of
Clyde, Bishop & Abbot
(
639)** |
|
**[Saint
Kieran, founder of Clonmacnoise
Monastery, Ireland](../../biographies/arxaioi/Kieran_Clonmacnoise.htm)**
**[(](../../biographies/arxaioi/Kieran.htm) [544)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Kieran_Clonmacnoise.htm)**
|
**Saint
Walstan
the Generous of Bawburgh
(
1016)** |
**Saint****Moluac of Lismore, founder
of Monasteries ( 592)**
|
**Saints
Gwrnerth
& Llywelyn,
Monks of Bardsey Island,
Wales**
**(
6th century)** |
**[Saint Colman of Oughaval, Abbot](../../biographies/arxaioi/Colman.htm)**
**[(](../../biographies/arxaioi/Colman.htm)[6th century)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Colman.htm)** |
**Saint
Kilian (Cillian) of Ireland,
missionary, bishop and
Apostle of Franconia
(Bavaria) Germany (
689)** |
|
**[St](http://saints.sqpn.com/saintc94.htm)**
**[of Llancarvan,
Wales, Priest, monk,
martyr](http://saints.sqpn.com/saintc94.htm)**
**[(](http://saints.sqpn.com/saintc94.htm) [592)](http://saints.sqpn.com/saintc94.htm)** |
**[The Holy Hierarch Augustine, Archbishop of Canterbury](../../biographies/arxaioi/Augustine_Canterbury.htm)**
**[(](../../biographies/arxaioi/Augustine_Canterbury.htm)
[604)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Augustine_Canterbury.htm)**
|
**[Saint
Brihtwold (Brithwald) of
Wilton,](http://logismoitouaaron.blogspot.com/2009/02/monk-of-venerable-religionst-brihtwold.html)
[Benedictine monk at the
legendary Abbey](http://logismoitouaaron.blogspot.com/2009/02/monk-of-venerable-religionst-brihtwold.html)
of
[Glastonbury](http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06579a.htm) [(](../../biographies/arxaioi/Augustine_Canterbury.htm)
[1045)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Augustine_Canterbury.htm)** |
**Holy
Queen
Saint Etheldred,
Abbess of Ely
( 679)** |
**Saint
Alkmund
King
of Northumbria,
Martyr of Mercia**
**(****** **802)** |
**[Saint
Angus (Oengus)
of Keld (Culdee)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Angus%20of%20Culdee.htm)**[,
**Hermit**
**(**](../../biographies/arxaioi/Angus%20of%20Culdee.htm)****[**824)**](../../biographies/arxaioi/Angus%20of%20Culdee.htm) |
|
**[Saint
Oswald
Martyr-King
of Northumbria](../../biographies/arxaioi/Oswald_Martyr_king.htm)**
**[(
642)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Oswald_Martyr_king.htm)** |
**[Saint
Edmund
Martyr-King
of
East
Anglia](../../biographies/arxaioi/Edmund_Martyr_king.htm)**
**[(
869)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Edmund_Martyr_king.htm)** |
**Saint
Ethelbert Martyr-King
of
East
Anglia, first Christian king
in England**
**(
794)** |
**[Saint
Oswin
Martyr-King
of Northumbria](../../biographies/arxaioi/Oswin_Martyr_king.htm)**
**[(
651)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Oswin_Martyr_king.htm)** |
**[Saint Eanswythe](../../biographies/arxaioi/Eanswythe_Folkestone.htm),**
[**Anglo-Saxon
princess, Folkestone**
**(
640)**](../../biographies/arxaioi/Eanswythe_Folkestone.htm) |
**[Saint
Edwin
Martyr-King
of Northumbria (
633)](../../biographies/arxaioi/edwin_northumbria.htm)** |
|
**[Saint
Constantine of Govan,
King of Cornwall, Monk, and
Protomartyr of Scotland
(](../../biographies/arxaioi/Constantine_Cornwall.htm)[6th
c.)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Constantine_Cornwall.htm)** |
**Saint
Cormac of Cashel,
King of Munster, Ireland and
Bishop**
**(
908)** |
**[Saint Petroc,
son of King Glywys of
Wales and
founder of monasteries](../../biographies/arxaioi/Petroc_Cornwall.htm)**
**[in
Cornwall](../../biographies/arxaioi/Petroc_Cornwall.htm)**
[**(**](http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Saint_Petroc#encyclopedia)****[**564)**](http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Saint_Petroc#encyclopedia) |
**Saint
Gwynllw (Gundleus)
the
Penitent King and Hermit of
Wales**
**( 523)** |
**Saint Richard, King of
Wessex, ( 722)** |
**[Saint
Edward the Passion-Bearer,
King of England](../../biographies/arxaioi/Edward_King_of_England.htm)**
**[(martyr
979)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Edward_King_of_England.htm)** |
|
**[Saint](../../biographies/arxaioi/Laurence_Canterbury.htm)
[Laurence
Archbishop of Canterbury](../../biographies/arxaioi/Laurence_Canterbury.htm)
[(
619)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Laurence_Canterbury.htm)** |
**Saint
Daniel Bishop of Bangor, Wales**
**( 545)** |
**Saint Pol
(Paul) Aurelian of Cornwall ( 575)** |
**[Saint
Mawes (Maudetus,
Maudez)
Monk,
preacher Hermit of
Wales (6thc.)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Mawes_Cornwall.htm)** |
**Saint Osyth of
Chich, England, Abbess, Martyr (653)** |
**Saint Tyssilio
of Wales, Prince and Abbot (640)** |
|
**[Saint Fursey of
Burgh Castle, Missionary in East Anglia (](../../biographies/arxaioi/Fursey_Ireland.htm)********[650)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Fursey_Ireland.htm)**
|
**Saint Attracta,
Abbess of Ireland**
**(6th c.)** |
**Saint Pabo Post
Prydain, Wales** |
**St.Gwynog of
Wales, Bishop in Scotland**
**(
838)** |
**St. Gwen
Teirbron of Britain - evangelist of Brittany (5th
c.)** |
**St.Guthlac,
wonder-working saint of East Anglia**
**( 714)** |
|
**St.Gregory
Dialogus the Great, Apostle of England ( 604)** |
**St.Gerald,
Abbot, Bishop of Mayo, Ireland**
**(731)** |
**St.Geoffrey,
Abbot of Wearmouth/Jarrow (716)** |
**Saint Findlugan,
Hermit of Islay, Scotland**
**( early 7th century)** |
**St. Aethelheard,
Bishop of Canterbury (805)** |
**St.Finan of
Lindisfarne (661)** |
|
**[St.Aldhelm,
Bishop of Sherborne](../../biographies/arxaioi/Aldhelm_Sherborne.htm)**
**[(709)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Aldhelm_Sherborne.htm)** |
**St. Betti of
Wirksworth, priest-missionary & founder**
**( ca.685)** |
**St. Erkenwald,
Bishop**
**of London**
**(693)** |
**St.Columban (Columbanus)
Irish missionary**
**to Europe**
**(615)** |
**St. Declan, Bishop & Abbot of Ardmore**
**(5th c.)** |
[**St.Keby (Cybi or
Kebbi), (555) with St. Seiriol, Abbots in Wales**](../../biographies/arxaioi/cebi_and_seiriol_wales.htm)
[**(St.Keby at left)**](../../biographies/arxaioi/cebi_and_seiriol_wales.htm) |
|
**[Saint
Bathilda, Queen, married to Clovis of France (680)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Batilda.htm)** |
**[Saint Benedict Biscop, Abbot of
Wearmouth](../../biographies/arxaioi/Benedict_Biscop_Wearmouth.htm)**
**[& Jarrow](../../biographies/arxaioi/Benedict_Biscop_Wearmouth.htm)**
**[(693)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Benedict_Biscop_Wearmouth.htm)** |
**[Saint
Bertram, King and Hermit of Mercia](../../biographies/arxaioi/Bertram_Mercia.htm)**
**[( 7th-8th
c.)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Bertram_Mercia.htm)**
|
**Saint Beuno of
Wales**
**(640)** |
**[Saint Herbert
of Derwentwater](../../biographies/arxaioi/herbert_derwentwater.htm)**
**[(687)](../../biographies/arxaioi/herbert_derwentwater.htm)**
|
**Saint John of
Beverley, Bishop of Hexham**
**(****** **721)** |
|
[**Saint Gall,**](../../biographies/arxaioi/Gall_apostle_switzerland.htm)
[**Irish
Apostle to Switzerland**](../../biographies/arxaioi/Gall_apostle_switzerland.htm)
[**(****
635)**](../../biographies/arxaioi/Gall_apostle_switzerland.htm) |
[**Saint Cadoc,
Monastic father of Llancarvan, Wales****(
570)**](../../biographies/arxaioi/Cadoc_Wales.htm) |
**[Saint
Finnian Abbot of Clonard, Ireland ( 551)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Finnian_Clonard.htm)** |
**Saint Fursey
of Yarmouth, missionary and founder of monastery
at Burgh Castle
(****** **649)** |
**Saint Gerald,
Abbot of monastery in Mayo
(****** **731)** |
**[Saint Mildred,
Abbess of Minster-in-Thanet, Kent
(732)](../../biographies/arxaioi/Mildred_Kent.htm)**
|
|
**Saint Tugdual (Tudwyl) of
Ireland, hermit,
one of the
7
Founder Saints of Brittany**
**(********564)** |
**Saint** **Cadfarch of Wales, Founder
of Churches**
**(********6th
c.)** |
**Royal Child-Martyr Prince
Kenelm of Winchcombe**
**( 821)**
|
**St. Wenna of Talgarth
(Gwen; Genuissa; Gwen),
Evangelist of Cornwall,
Martyr (Born ca.463 AD)** |
**Saint Cummian "the White",
"the Fair", Abbot of
Iona, Writer**
**(
669)** |
**Some 1OOO
Holy
Martyrs Who
Suffered at Lichfield,
England, under
the persecution of Diocletian**
**(
304
A.D.)**
**(Lyke-field:
the field of dead bodies)**
|
**[Trinity-Celtic-knot](http://www.aon-celtic.com) ( Compiled for OODE by K.N.
- dedicated with gratitude to a
perennial Teacher and Orthodox Celt, J.D.C. )
[Trinity-Celtic-knot](http://www.aon-celtic.com)**
|
Article published in English
on: 24-9-2009
Last update: 7-3-2020
| |
| --- |
| [**UP**](#pano) |
| https://www.oodegr.com/english/istorika/britain/British_saints.htm |
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| - SECTIONS -[News](news.html)[Tutorials](tutorials.html)[Contact](contact.html)[Links](links.html)- CONTENT -General<[Tools](tools.html)><[Game Demos](gamedemos.html)><[Patches](nec_patches.html)><[Misc](tnp_misc.html)>- User Content -<[Singleplayer](tnp_maps_sp.html)><[Kill At Will](tnp_maps_kaw.html)><[Patches](ms_patches.html)>- User Content -<[Singleplayer](ms_maps_sp.html)><[Slayfest](ms_maps_sf.html)> | Welcome!You have arrived at the Vampire Engine Workshop website! A place mainly for modding MageSlayer and Take No Prisoners. Both which are powered by Raven Software's Vampire Engine. Not only this site aims to preserve and document the modding, but the games overall.This engine was being developed by Raven Software during the mid-90s, debuting with the release of Necrodome on October 1996.Two more games using the Vampire Engine would release in 1997, MageSlayer would release on September 24, 1997 and Take No Prisoners around a month later (October 14, 1997)Some editing tools would be released by James Monroe on October 28, 1997 but was easily buried and forgotten due to the game's obscurity. About 26 years later, the tools (and the source codes for it) along with some interesting information was rediscovered using the Wayback Machine and shared on Doomworld Forums.Although it does involve using an ancient 3D modelling tool. (The levels were made using Kinetix 3D Studio MAX 1.2 and a plugin to export for further compiling)Who knows? Maybe one day, somebody will take the time to write a export plugin for modern editing tools like Blender or even converters for more well-documented formats like the Quake .MAP format.:-) |
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<p><font face="Times New Roman" color="red" size="4"><b>"The Quest for truth begins here."</b></font></p>
<p><font face="Verdana" color="black" size="2"><b>"Listen to everyone, read everything, believe nothing unless<br>
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<p><b><font face="Verdana" size="4">Hour of the Time: Shortwave Broadcasts</font></b></p>
<p><font face="Verdana" color="black" size="2">The Hour
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Standard Time Monday thru Friday and on low power FM stations
across America.</font></p>
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<p><b><font face="Verdana" size="4">Hour of the Time: Transcripts</font></b></p>
<p><font face="Verdana" color="black" size="2">Transcripts of the Hour of the Time are available <a href="hotttran.htm"><font face="Verdana" color="black">here.</font></a><b> </b></font></p>
<p></p>
<p><b><font face="Verdana" size="4">William Cooper: Biography</font></b></p>
<p><font face="Verdana" color="black" size="2">Learn the history behind <a href="william.htm"><font face="Verdana" color="black">William Cooper</font></a> - "The most dangerous radio host in America."</font></p>
<p><font face="Verdana" color="black" size="2">"William Cooper is the most dangerous radio host in America." - Rush Limbaugh during his broadcast quoting from a White House memo shortly after the Oklahoma City bombing. </font></p>
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<p><b><font face="Verdana" size="4">What others say...</font></b></p>
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<p><font face="Verdana" color="black" size="2">December 21, 1999 the <strong><em>Hour Of The Time</em></strong> ranked #1 talk show out of 2,461 Internet radio broadcasts in the same time slot. Rated against all other types of programming we were #7. - Shoutcast Statistics</font></p>
<p><font face="Verdana" color="black" size="2">"See folks it's not me... its this fellow William Cooper broadcasting from a store front in St. Johns, Arizona." Rush Limbaugh, Excellence In Broadcasting Network.</font></p>
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<p><font face="Verdana" color="black" size="2">" The only man in America who has all the pieces to the puzzle that has troubled so many for so long." Anthony J. Hilder, Radio Free America</font></p>
<p><font face="Verdana" color="black" size="2">"William Cooper may be one of America's greatest heroes and this story may be the biggest story in the history of the world." Mills Crenshaw, KTALK, Salt Lake City.</font></p>
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<p><font color="red" face="Verdana" size="2">It is forbidden
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**Hour of the Time**
**"The Quest for truth begins here."**
**"Listen to everyone, read everything, believe nothing unless
you can prove it in your own research." William Cooper**
"God bless my family. I love my wife & children more than life itself. Everything I do is for the future of all my children. They may not understand why I have sacrificed so much, why I am so dedicated to this work; but someday they will. I want them to know they are the most important People in my life, and how very, very much I love them." - William Cooper
**Hour of the Time: Shortwave Broadcasts**
The Hour
Of The Time broadcasts on [WBCQ
7.415 MHz](http://www.wbcq.com) Worldwide Shortwave 3 pm Eastern
Standard Time Monday thru Friday and on low power FM stations
across America.
**Hour of the Time: Transcripts**
Transcripts of the Hour of the Time are available [here.](hotttran.htm)
**William Cooper: Biography**
Learn the history behind [William Cooper](william.htm) - "The most dangerous radio host in America."
"William Cooper is the most dangerous radio host in America." - Rush Limbaugh during his broadcast quoting from a White House memo shortly after the Oklahoma City bombing.
**What others say...**
December 21, 1999 the ***Hour Of The Time*** ranked #1 talk show out of 2,461 Internet radio broadcasts in the same time slot. Rated against all other types of programming we were #7. - Shoutcast Statistics
"See folks it's not me... its this fellow William Cooper broadcasting from a store front in St. Johns, Arizona." Rush Limbaugh, Excellence In Broadcasting Network.
"Bill Cooper is the world's leading expert on UFOs." Billy Goodman, KVEG, Las Vegas
" The only man in America who has all the pieces to the puzzle that has troubled so many for so long." Anthony J. Hilder, Radio Free America
"William Cooper may be one of America's greatest heroes and this story may be the biggest story in the history of the world." Mills Crenshaw, KTALK, Salt Lake City.
It is forbidden
to broadcast the Hour Of The Time over any media including
the Internet without express written and signed permission
of HOTT. Violators will be prosecuted to the fullest extent
of the Law.
[Radio Broadcasting](radio.htm)
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<TITLE>Spontaneous Human Combustion</TITLE>
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<BODY TEXT="#FFFFFF" BGCOLOR="#E14900" LINK="#FFFFCC" VLINK="#FFFF99" ALINK="#FF0000" BACKGROUND="4.jpg">
<CENTER><B><U><FONT SIZE=+3>Spontaneous Human Combustion</FONT></U></B></CENTER>
<CENTER><B><U><FONT SIZE=+3></FONT></U></B> </CENTER>
<CENTER><B><U><FONT SIZE=+3></FONT></U></B> </CENTER>
<CENTER><TABLE BORDER=4 BGCOLOR="#CC0000" >
<TR>
<TD><B>Spontaneous human combustion is the mysterious phenomenon of a person
bursting into flame for no apparent reason. The flames burn very
hot and are very localized. They destroy most of the body but leave objects
in close proximity to the person relatively unburned. </B>
<P><B>These are the remains of Dr. John Bentley (on left)who died of spontaneous
combustion in <IMG SRC="spon1.jpg" HEIGHT=226 WIDTH=278 ALIGN=LEFT>Pennsylvania
in 1966. The spot where the body lay is burnt, but the rest of the
room, including the toilet, was not even scorched. This shows a quick,
hot flame that devoured the body in seconds. Only the bottom of one
leg remained to identify this as a person. On the right is
a picture of workers cleaning up the remains of Mrs. M H Reeser of Florida
who<IMG SRC="spon3.jpg" HEIGHT=220 WIDTH=252 ALIGN=RIGHT> apparently died
of spontaneous combustion in July of 1951. The only remains found
was her skull, shrunken to the size of an orange.</B>
<P><B>There are theories on this occurance but no one is sure how or why
it happens. It does happen even without scientific explanation.
One theory is ball lightning which would produce similar results, but many
of these instances seem to rule out this possibility just by the location
of the death. A majority of these deaths have the opposite characteristics
that one would see if a person was burned to death, such as the shrinking
of the skull.</B>
<P><B>Crematorium Specialist have viewed photos of combustion victims and
say they cannot duplicate the complete destruction of bones in such a short
period of time. They find it even harder to believe that this could
happen so completely in ordinary rooms such as living rooms, bathrooms,
etc. There are over 100 unexplained fire deaths a year just in England.
If just ten of these deaths are spontaneous combustion, then the number
world could be well over 100.</B>
<P><B>Does the body have chemical reactions that science has yet to discover
? It seems that an internal reaction of some kind is the most likely
explanation for these deaths, but what triggers it ? Can it be detected
? Avoided ? </B>
<P><IMG SRC="spon4.jpg" HEIGHT=240 WIDTH=320 ALIGN=LEFT>
<P><B>This picture is another case of spontaneous combustion that occurred
in London in 1964. </B> <B>One compiled database states the
following statistics on possible reported cases:</B>
<P><B>1950's - 11 cases</B>
<P><B>1960's - 7 cases</B>
<P><B>1970's - 13 cases</B>
<P><B>1980's - 22 cases</B> </TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></CENTER>
<CENTER><B><U><FONT SIZE=+3></FONT></U></B> </CENTER>
<CENTER><TABLE BORDER=4 BGCOLOR="#CC0000" >
<CAPTION><B><U><FONT SIZE=+2>More Cases of SHC</FONT></U></B></CAPTION>
<TR>
<TD><B><FONT COLOR="#FFFF80">1932: </FONT>Mrs. Charles Williamson suddenly
burst into flames on a Janurary morning in 1932. She lived in Bladenboro,
North Carolina. She had not been beside any kind of fire, and her dress
had not been in contact with any cleaning fluid or other flammable substances.
Her husband and daughter ripped the dress off her with their bare hands,
but not any of them were burned by the flames. Not to soon after a pair
of her husbands pants caught fire while hanging in the closet. The same
thing happened to a bed, and curtains in an unoccupied room. Although the
house was inspected by special investigators from gas and electric companies,
arson experts, and police, there could be found no logical explanation
for the sudden fires. The family described the flames as 'bluish, jetlike',
and other adjacent objects were not affected. There was no smell, and no
smoke and until the object was consumed the fire would not stop.</B> -
<B>sent in by [email protected]</B>
<P><B><FONT COLOR="#FFFF00">Jan. 13, 1943:</FONT> 52 year old Allen M.
Small was found burned to death in his Deer Isle, Maine home. The carpet
beneath his body was scorched, but there was no other sign of fire in the
house. Small's pipe was unlit and on a shelf, and his stove lids were all
still in place.</B> - <B>sent in by [email protected]</B><B></B>
<P><B><FONT COLOR="#FFFF00">March 1, 1953:</FONT> Waymon Wood's body was
discovered in the front seat of his closed car in Greenville, South Carolina.
His car was stationed on the site of Bypass Route 291. Little remained
of Wood, but his car was basically untouched, even though it contained
half a tank of gas. The windshield was the only damaged area; it had bubbled
and sagged inward, an affect from the intense heat. - sent in by [email protected]</B><B></B>
<P><B><FONT COLOR="#FFFF00">October, 1964:</FONT> Mrs. Olga Worth
Stephens, 75 years and a former actress suddenly burst into flames while
waiting in her parked car. The burns were fatal, and she was killed before
anyone could come to her aid. Firemen later concluded that nothing in the
car could have started the blaze, and her car was undamaged. - sent in
by [email protected]</B>
<BR><BR>
<BR>
<CENTER><B><FONT SIZE=+1><A HREF="http://www.sonic.net/~anomaly/articles/ga00003c.shtml">A
Chronology of SHC cases</A></FONT></B><BR>
<BR></CENTER>
<CENTER><B></B></CENTER>
<CENTER><B><FONT SIZE=+1><A HREF="http://www.sonic.net/~anomaly/articles/ga00003.shtml">More
info on SHC </A></FONT></B><BR>
<BR></CENTER>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE></CENTER>
<BR>
<BR>
<CENTER><B><FONT SIZE=+2><A HREF="mystery.htm">Back to Mysteries and The
Unknown</A></FONT></B><BR>
<BR></CENTER>
<CENTER><B><FONT SIZE=+2><A HREF="mystery.htm"></A></FONT></B></CENTER>
<CENTER><B><FONT SIZE=+2><A HREF="index.html">The Shadowlands Main Page</A></FONT></B></CENTER>
<P>
<HR><FONT SIZE=-1>The images on this page were obtained from publicly available
sources, and to the best of our knowledge, the images are in the public
domain. If you own the copyright on any image on this page, and you would
like us to remove it, please identify yourself and the image, and we will.
If you own the copyright and you are willing to give us permission to use
the image, we would like to know that also.</FONT>
<P><FONT SIZE=-1><U>Bibliography</U> - get these books, they are great
!</FONT>
<P><FONT SIZE=-1>Strange & Unexplained Mysteries of the 20th Century,
Randle,Jenny ; Sterling Publishing co, Inc, NY 1994 pp73-5</FONT>
<P><FONT SIZE=-1>Great Mysteries, Grant, John; Chartwell Books, Secaucus
NJ, 1988 pp67-9</FONT>
</BODY>
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|
Spontaneous Human Combustion
**Spontaneous Human Combustion**
| |
| --- |
| **Spontaneous human combustion is the mysterious phenomenon of a person
bursting into flame for no apparent reason. The flames burn very
hot and are very localized. They destroy most of the body but leave objects
in close proximity to the person relatively unburned.**
**These are the remains of Dr. John Bentley (on left)who died of spontaneous
combustion in Pennsylvania
in 1966. The spot where the body lay is burnt, but the rest of the
room, including the toilet, was not even scorched. This shows a quick,
hot flame that devoured the body in seconds. Only the bottom of one
leg remained to identify this as a person. On the right is
a picture of workers cleaning up the remains of Mrs. M H Reeser of Florida
who apparently died
of spontaneous combustion in July of 1951. The only remains found
was her skull, shrunken to the size of an orange.**
**There are theories on this occurance but no one is sure how or why
it happens. It does happen even without scientific explanation.
One theory is ball lightning which would produce similar results, but many
of these instances seem to rule out this possibility just by the location
of the death. A majority of these deaths have the opposite characteristics
that one would see if a person was burned to death, such as the shrinking
of the skull.**
**Crematorium Specialist have viewed photos of combustion victims and
say they cannot duplicate the complete destruction of bones in such a short
period of time. They find it even harder to believe that this could
happen so completely in ordinary rooms such as living rooms, bathrooms,
etc. There are over 100 unexplained fire deaths a year just in England.
If just ten of these deaths are spontaneous combustion, then the number
world could be well over 100.**
**Does the body have chemical reactions that science has yet to discover
? It seems that an internal reaction of some kind is the most likely
explanation for these deaths, but what triggers it ? Can it be detected
? Avoided ?**
**This picture is another case of spontaneous combustion that occurred
in London in 1964.** **One compiled database states the
following statistics on possible reported cases:**
**1950's - 11 cases**
**1960's - 7 cases**
**1970's - 13 cases**
**1980's - 22 cases** |
**More Cases of SHC**| **1932: Mrs. Charles Williamson suddenly
burst into flames on a Janurary morning in 1932. She lived in Bladenboro,
North Carolina. She had not been beside any kind of fire, and her dress
had not been in contact with any cleaning fluid or other flammable substances.
Her husband and daughter ripped the dress off her with their bare hands,
but not any of them were burned by the flames. Not to soon after a pair
of her husbands pants caught fire while hanging in the closet. The same
thing happened to a bed, and curtains in an unoccupied room. Although the
house was inspected by special investigators from gas and electric companies,
arson experts, and police, there could be found no logical explanation
for the sudden fires. The family described the flames as 'bluish, jetlike',
and other adjacent objects were not affected. There was no smell, and no
smoke and until the object was consumed the fire would not stop.** -
**sent in by [email protected]**
**Jan. 13, 1943: 52 year old Allen M.
Small was found burned to death in his Deer Isle, Maine home. The carpet
beneath his body was scorched, but there was no other sign of fire in the
house. Small's pipe was unlit and on a shelf, and his stove lids were all
still in place.** - **sent in by [email protected]**
**March 1, 1953: Waymon Wood's body was
discovered in the front seat of his closed car in Greenville, South Carolina.
His car was stationed on the site of Bypass Route 291. Little remained
of Wood, but his car was basically untouched, even though it contained
half a tank of gas. The windshield was the only damaged area; it had bubbled
and sagged inward, an affect from the intense heat. - sent in by [email protected]**
**October, 1964: Mrs. Olga Worth
Stephens, 75 years and a former actress suddenly burst into flames while
waiting in her parked car. The burns were fatal, and she was killed before
anyone could come to her aid. Firemen later concluded that nothing in the
car could have started the blaze, and her car was undamaged. - sent in
by [email protected]**
**[A
Chronology of SHC cases](http://www.sonic.net/~anomaly/articles/ga00003c.shtml)**
**[More
info on SHC](http://www.sonic.net/~anomaly/articles/ga00003.shtml)**
|
**[Back to Mysteries and The
Unknown](mystery.htm)**
**[The Shadowlands Main Page](index.html)**
---
The images on this page were obtained from publicly available
sources, and to the best of our knowledge, the images are in the public
domain. If you own the copyright on any image on this page, and you would
like us to remove it, please identify yourself and the image, and we will.
If you own the copyright and you are willing to give us permission to use
the image, we would like to know that also.
Bibliography - get these books, they are great
!
Strange & Unexplained Mysteries of the 20th Century,
Randle,Jenny ; Sterling Publishing co, Inc, NY 1994 pp73-5
Great Mysteries, Grant, John; Chartwell Books, Secaucus
NJ, 1988 pp67-9
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<h1>Boxart Gallery</h1>
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<li id="g-item-id-1219" class="g-item g-album g-thumbtype-sqr g-default g-portrait"><div class="g-thumbslide"><p class="g-thumbcrop"><a title="BoxArt Collection" style="margin-top: -0px;" class="g-thumblink" href="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection"><img src="/gallery/var/thumbs/Boxart-Collection/.album.jpg?m=1660715179" alt="BoxArt Collection" width="88" height="200"/></a></p><ul class="g-description g-overlay-bottom"><li class="g-title">BoxArt Collection</li></ul></div></li><li id="g-item-id-1225" class="g-item g-album g-thumbtype-sqr g-default g-landscape"><div class="g-thumbslide"><p class="g-thumbcrop"><a title="BOXART RESTORATION BEFORE AND AFTER" style="margin-top: 6px;" class="g-thumblink" href="/gallery/index.php/BOXART-RESTORATION-BEFORE--AND-AFTER"><img src="/gallery/var/thumbs/BOXART-RESTORATION-BEFORE-AND-AFTER/.album.jpg?m=1660715180" alt="BOXART RESTORATION BEFORE AND AFTER" width="200" height="187"/></a></p><ul class="g-description g-overlay-bottom"><li class="g-title">BOXART RESTORATION BEFORE AND AFTER</li></ul></div></li><li id="g-item-id-1224" class="g-item g-album g-thumbtype-sqr g-default g-landscape"><div class="g-thumbslide"><p class="g-thumbcrop"><a title="BOXART THAT NEVER WAS" style="margin-top: 18px;" class="g-thumblink" href="/gallery/index.php/BOXART-THAT-NEVER-WAS"><img src="/gallery/var/thumbs/BOXART-THAT-NEVER-WAS/.album.jpg?m=1660715180" alt="BOXART THAT NEVER WAS" width="200" height="164"/></a></p><ul class="g-description g-overlay-bottom"><li class="g-title">BOXART THAT NEVER WAS</li></ul></div></li><li id="g-item-id-1226" class="g-item g-album g-thumbtype-sqr g-default g-portrait"><div class="g-thumbslide"><p class="g-thumbcrop"><a title="BROCHURES POSTERS AND ADS" style="margin-top: -0px;" class="g-thumblink" href="/gallery/index.php/BROCHURES-POSTERS-AND-ADS"><img src="/gallery/var/thumbs/BROCHURES-POSTERS-AND-ADS/.album.jpg?m=1660715180" alt="BROCHURES POSTERS AND ADS" width="155" height="200"/></a></p><ul class="g-description g-overlay-bottom"><li class="g-title">BROCHURES POSTERS AND ADS</li></ul></div></li><li id="g-item-id-8533" class="g-item g-album g-thumbtype-sqr g-default g-portrait"><div class="g-thumbslide"><p class="g-thumbcrop"><a title="Classic Kits" style="margin-top: -0px;" class="g-thumblink" href="/gallery/index.php/Classic-Kits"><img src="/gallery/var/thumbs/Classic-Kits/.album.jpg?m=1660715180" alt="Classic Kits" width="151" height="200"/></a></p><ul class="g-description g-overlay-bottom"><li class="g-title">Classic Kits</li></ul></div></li><li id="g-item-id-65534" class="g-item g-album g-thumbtype-sqr g-default g-portrait"><div class="g-thumbslide"><p class="g-thumbcrop"><a title="MODEL KIT ARTICLES" style="margin-top: -0px;" class="g-thumblink" href="/gallery/index.php/MODEL-KIT-ARTICLES"><img src="/gallery/var/thumbs/MODEL-KIT-ARTICLES/.album.jpg?m=1660715179" alt="MODEL KIT ARTICLES" width="156" height="200"/></a></p><ul class="g-description g-overlay-bottom"><li class="g-title">MODEL KIT ARTICLES</li></ul></div></li><li id="g-item-id-40806" class="g-item g-album g-thumbtype-sqr g-default g-landscape"><div class="g-thumbslide"><p class="g-thumbcrop"><a title="MODEL KIT ARTISTS" style="margin-top: 35px;" class="g-thumblink" href="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists"><img src="/gallery/var/thumbs/Model-Kit-Artists/.album.jpg?m=1660715179" alt="MODEL KIT ARTISTS" width="200" height="129"/></a></p><ul class="g-description g-overlay-bottom"><li class="g-title">MODEL KIT ARTISTS</li></ul></div></li><li id="g-item-id-64783" class="g-item g-photo g-thumbtype-sqr g-default g-portrait"><div class="g-thumbslide"><p class="g-thumbcrop"><a title="z - Go To => Collections Gallery | 5 SEC WAIT" style="margin-top: -0px;" class="g-thumblink" href="/gallery/index.php/z-Collections-Gallery-Cover"><img src="/gallery/var/thumbs/z-Collections%20Gallery%20Cover.jpg?m=1660715179" alt="z - Go To => Collections Gallery | 5 SEC WAIT" width="143" height="200"/></a></p><ul class="g-description g-overlay-bottom"><li class="g-title">z - Go To => Collections Gallery | 5 SEC WAIT</li></ul></div></li><li id="g-item-id-64784" class="g-item g-photo g-thumbtype-sqr g-default g-portrait"><div class="g-thumbslide"><p class="g-thumbcrop"><a title="z - Go To => Reference Gallery | 5 SEC WAIT" style="margin-top: -0px;" class="g-thumblink" href="/gallery/index.php/Reference-Gallery-cover"><img src="/gallery/var/thumbs/Reference%20Gallery%20cover.jpg?m=1660715180" alt="z - Go To => Reference Gallery | 5 SEC WAIT" width="177" height="200"/></a></p><ul class="g-description g-overlay-bottom"><li class="g-title">z - Go To => Reference Gallery | 5 SEC WAIT</li></ul></div></li></ul>
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<select onchange="window.location=this.value">
<option value="/gallery/index.php/">Boxart Gallery</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection"> BoxArt Collection</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/ADAMS"> ADAMS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/Air-Lines"> Air Lines</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AIRFIX"> AIRFIX</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AIRFIX/AEROSPACE"> AEROSPACE</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AIRFIX/AEROSPACE/ROCKETS-AND-MISSILES"> ROCKETS AND MISSILES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AIRFIX/AEROSPACE/SPACE-EXPLORATION"> SPACE EXPLORATION</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AIRFIX/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT"> CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AIRFIX/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT/JET"> JET</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AIRFIX/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AIRFIX/CIVILIAN-SHIPS"> CIVILIAN SHIPS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AIRFIX/CIVILIAN-VEHICLES"> CIVILIAN VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AIRFIX/FIGURES"> FIGURES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AIRFIX/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT"> MILITARY AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AIRFIX/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/JET"> JET</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AIRFIX/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AIRFIX/MILITARY-SHIPS"> MILITARY SHIPS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AIRFIX/MILITARY-VEHICLES"> MILITARY VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AIRFIX/SCI-FI-AND-FANTASY"> SCI-FI AND FANTASY</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AMT"> AMT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AMT/AEROSPACE"> AEROSPACE</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AMT/AEROSPACE/SPACE-EXPLORATION"> SPACE EXPLORATION</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AMT/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT"> CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AMT/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AMT/CIVILIAN-VEHICLES"> CIVILIAN VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AMT/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT"> MILITARY AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AMT/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/JET"> JET</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AMT/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AMT/Military-Ships"> Military Ships</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AMT/SCI-FI-AND-FANTASY"> SCI-FI AND FANTASY</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/ARII"> ARII</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/Atlantis"> Atlantis</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AURORA"> AURORA</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AURORA/AEROSPACE"> AEROSPACE</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AURORA/AEROSPACE/CONCEPTUAL"> CONCEPTUAL</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AURORA/AEROSPACE/EXPERIMENTAL-AIRCRAFT"> EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AURORA/AEROSPACE/ROCKETS-AND-MISSILES"> ROCKETS AND MISSILES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AURORA/AEROSPACE/SPACE-EXPLORATION"> SPACE EXPLORATION</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AURORA/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT"> CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AURORA/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT/JET"> JET</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AURORA/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AURORA/CIVILIAN-SHIPS"> CIVILIAN SHIPS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AURORA/CIVILIAN-VEHICLES"> CIVILIAN VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AURORA/FIGURES"> FIGURES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AURORA/Gift-Sets"> Gift Sets</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AURORA/HO"> HO Accessories</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AURORA/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT"> MILITARY AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AURORA/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/HELICOPTER"> HELICOPTER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AURORA/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/JET"> JET</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AURORA/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AURORA/MILITARY-SHIPS"> MILITARY SHIPS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AURORA/MILITARY-VEHICLES"> MILITARY VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AURORA/SCI-FI-AND-FANTASY"> SCI-FI AND FANTASY</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/AURORA/Wraps"> Wraps</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/COMET"> COMET</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/COMET/Gift-Sets"> Gift Sets</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/DUBENA"> DUBENA</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/ENTEX"> ENTEX</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/FALLER"> FALLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/FROG"> FROG</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/FROG/AEROSPACE"> AEROSPACE</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/FROG/AEROSPACE/ROCKETS-AND-MISSILES"> ROCKETS AND MISSILES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/FROG/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT"> CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/FROG/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT/JET"> JET</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/FROG/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/FROG/CIVILIAN-SHIPS"> CIVILIAN SHIPS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/FROG/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT"> MILITARY AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/FROG/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/JET"> JET</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/FROG/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/FROG/MILITARY-SHIPS"> MILITARY SHIPS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/FROG/MILITARY-VEHICLES"> MILITARY VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/GLENCOE"> GLENCOE</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HASEGAWA"> HASEGAWA</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HAWK"> HAWK</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HAWK/AEROSPACE"> AEROSPACE</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HAWK/AEROSPACE/CONCEPTUAL"> CONCEPTUAL</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HAWK/AEROSPACE/ROCKETS-AND-MISSILES"> ROCKETS AND MISSILES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HAWK/AEROSPACE/SPACE-EXPLORATION"> SPACE EXPLORATION</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HAWK/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT"> CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HAWK/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT/JET"> JET</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HAWK/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HAWK/CIVILIAN-VEHICLES"> CIVILIAN VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HAWK/FIGURES"> FIGURES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HAWK/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT"> MILITARY AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HAWK/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/JET"> JET</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HAWK/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HAWK/MILITARY-VEHICLES"> MILITARY VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HAWK/SCI-FI-AND-FANTASY"> SCI-FI AND FANTASY</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HELLER"> HELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HELLER/AEROSPACE"> AEROSPACE</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HELLER/AEROSPACE/CONCEPTUAL"> CONCEPTUAL</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HELLER/AEROSPACE/ROCKETS-AND-MISSILES"> ROCKETS AND MISSILES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HELLER/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT"> CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HELLER/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT/JET"> JET</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HELLER/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HELLER/CIVILIAN-VEHICLES"> CIVILIAN VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HELLER/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT"> MILITARY AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HELLER/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/JET"> JET</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HELLER/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HELLER/Military-Ships"> Military Ships</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/Hobby-Craft"> Hobby Craft</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/HOBBYTIME"> HOBBYTIME</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/IMC"> IMC</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/Italeri"> Italeri</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/ITC"> ITC</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/ITC/AEROSPACE"> AEROSPACE</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/ITC/AEROSPACE/EXPERIMENTAL-AIRCRAFT"> EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/ITC/AEROSPACE/ROCKETS-AND-MISSILES"> ROCKETS AND MISSILES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/ITC/AEROSPACE/SPACE-EXPLORATION"> SPACE EXPLORATION</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/ITC/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT"> CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/ITC/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/ITC/CIVILIAN-SHIPS"> CIVILIAN SHIPS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/ITC/CIVILIAN-VEHICLES"> CIVILIAN VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/ITC/FIGURES"> FIGURES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/ITC/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT"> MILITARY AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/ITC/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/JET"> JET</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/ITC/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/ITC/MILITARY-SHIPS"> MILITARY SHIPS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/ITC/MILITARY-VEHICLES"> MILITARY VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/JoHan"> Jo-Han</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/JoHan/Civilian-Vehicles"> Civilian Vehicles</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/JoHan/Military-Aircraft"> Military Aircraft</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/JoHan/Military-Aircraft/Jet"> Jet</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/JoHan/Military-Aircraft/Propeller"> Propeller</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/KVZ"> KVZ</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/LIFELIKE"> LIFELIKE</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/LINCOLN"> LINCOLN</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/LINDBERG"> LINDBERG</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/LINDBERG/AEROSPACE"> AEROSPACE</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/LINDBERG/AEROSPACE/CONCEPTUAL"> CONCEPTUAL</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/LINDBERG/AEROSPACE/EXPERIMENTAL-AIRCRAFT"> EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/LINDBERG/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT"> CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/LINDBERG/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT/JET"> JET</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/LINDBERG/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/LINDBERG/CIVILIAN-SHIPS"> CIVILIAN SHIPS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/LINDBERG/CIVILIAN-VEHICLES"> CIVILIAN VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/LINDBERG/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT"> MILITARY AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/LINDBERG/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/JET"> JET</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/LINDBERG/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/LINDBERG/MILITARY-SHIPS"> MILITARY SHIPS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/LINDBERG/MILITARY-VEHICLES"> MILITARY VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/LINDBERG/SCI-FI-AND-FANTASY"> SCI-FI AND FANTASY</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/LINDBERG/Science"> Science</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/LS"> LS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/LS/Firearms"> Firearms</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/LS/Military-Aircraft"> Military Aircraft</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/LS/Military-Aircraft/Jet"> Jet</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/LS/Military-Aircraft/Propeller"> Propeller</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/Matchbox"> Matchbox</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/Matchbox/Civilian-Aircraft"> Civilian Aircraft</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/Matchbox/Civilian-Vehicles"> Civilian Vehicles</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/Matchbox/Military-Aircraft"> Military Aircraft</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/Matchbox/Military-Aircraft/Helicopter"> Helicopter</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/Matchbox/Military-Aircraft/Jet"> Jet</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/Matchbox/Military-Aircraft/Propeller"> Propeller</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/Matchbox/Wraps"> Wraps & Boxtops</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MONOGRAM"> MONOGRAM</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MONOGRAM/AEROSPACE"> AEROSPACE</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MONOGRAM/AEROSPACE/CONCEPTUAL"> CONCEPTUAL</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MONOGRAM/AEROSPACE/EXPERIMENTAL-AIRCRAFT"> EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MONOGRAM/AEROSPACE/ROCKETS-AND-MISSILES"> ROCKETS AND MISSILES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MONOGRAM/AEROSPACE/SPACE-EXPLORATION"> SPACE EXPLORATION</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MONOGRAM/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT"> CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MONOGRAM/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT/JET"> JET</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MONOGRAM/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MONOGRAM/Civilian-Ships"> Civilian Ships</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MONOGRAM/CIVILIAN-VEHICLES"> CIVILIAN VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MONOGRAM/FIGURES"> FIGURES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MONOGRAM/Gift-Sets"> Gift Sets</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MONOGRAM/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT"> MILITARY AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MONOGRAM/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/HELICOPTER"> HELICOPTER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MONOGRAM/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/JET"> JET</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MONOGRAM/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MONOGRAM/MILITARY-SHIPS"> MILITARY SHIPS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MONOGRAM/MILITARY-VEHICLES"> MILITARY VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MONOGRAM/UNCLASSIFIED-and-MISCELLANEOUS"> UNCLASSIFIED and MISCELLANEOUS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MONOGRAM/Wraps"> Wraps</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MPC"> MPC</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MPC/AEROSPACE"> AEROSPACE</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MPC/AEROSPACE/CONCEPTUAL"> CONCEPTUAL</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MPC/AEROSPACE/EXPERIMENTAL-AIRCRAFT"> EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MPC/AEROSPACE/ROCKETS-AND-MISSILES"> ROCKETS AND MISSILES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MPC/AEROSPACE/SPACE-EXPLORATION"> SPACE EXPLORATION</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MPC/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT"> CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MPC/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT/JET"> JET</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MPC/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MPC/CIVILIAN-VEHICLES"> CIVILIAN VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MPC/FIGURES"> FIGURES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MPC/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT"> MILITARY AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MPC/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/Helicopter"> Helicopter</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MPC/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/JET"> JET</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MPC/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MPC/MILITARY-VEHICLES"> MILITARY VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/MPC/SCI-FI-AND-FANTASY"> SCI-FI AND FANTASY</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/NITTO"> NITTO</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/NOVO"> NOVO</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/OTHER-COMPANIES"> OTHER COMPANIES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/PLASTICART"> PLASTICART</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/PLASTY"> PLASTY</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/PYRO"> PYRO</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/PYRO/CIVILIAN-SHIPS"> CIVILIAN SHIPS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/PYRO/CIVILIAN-VEHICLES"> CIVILIAN VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/PYRO/FIGURES"> FIGURES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/PYRO/MILITARY-SHIPS"> MILITARY SHIPS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/PYRO/UNCLASSIFIED-and-MISCELLANEOUS"> UNCLASSIFIED and MISCELLANEOUS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/RENWAL"> RENWAL</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/RENWAL/AEROSPACE"> AEROSPACE</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/RENWAL/AEROSPACE/CONCEPTUAL"> CONCEPTUAL</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/RENWAL/AEROSPACE/EXPERIMENTAL-AIRCRAFT"> EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/RENWAL/AEROSPACE/ROCKETS-AND-MISSILES"> ROCKETS AND MISSILES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/RENWAL/AEROSPACE/SPACE-EXPLORATION"> SPACE EXPLORATION</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/RENWAL/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT"> CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/RENWAL/CIVILIAN-SHIPS"> CIVILIAN SHIPS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/RENWAL/CIVILIAN-VEHICLES"> CIVILIAN VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/RENWAL/FIGURES"> FIGURES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/RENWAL/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT"> MILITARY AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/RENWAL/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/RENWAL/MILITARY-SHIPS"> MILITARY SHIPS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/RENWAL/MILITARY-VEHICLES"> MILITARY VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/RENWAL/UNCLASSIFIED-and-MISCELLANEOUS"> UNCLASSIFIED and MISCELLANEOUS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/REVELL"> REVELL</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/REVELL/AEROSPACE"> AEROSPACE</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/REVELL/AEROSPACE/CONCEPTUAL"> CONCEPTUAL</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/REVELL/AEROSPACE/EXPERIMENTAL-AIRCRAFT"> EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/REVELL/AEROSPACE/ROCKETS-AND-MISSILES"> ROCKETS AND MISSILES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/REVELL/AEROSPACE/SPACE-EXPLORATION"> SPACE EXPLORATION</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/REVELL/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT"> CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/REVELL/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT/JET"> JET</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/REVELL/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/REVELL/CIVILIAN-SHIPS"> CIVILIAN SHIPS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/REVELL/CIVILIAN-VEHICLES"> CIVILIAN VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/REVELL/FIGURES"> FIGURES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/REVELL/Gift-Sets"> Gift Sets</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/REVELL/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT"> MILITARY AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/REVELL/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/Helicopter"> HELICOPTER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/REVELL/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/JET"> JET</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/REVELL/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/REVELL/MILITARY-SHIPS"> MILITARY SHIPS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/REVELL/MILITARY-VEHICLES"> MILITARY VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/REVELL/SCI-FI-AND-FANTASY"> SCI-FI AND FANTASY</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/REVELL/UNCLASSIFIED-and-MISCELLANEOUS"> UNCLASSIFIED and MISCELLANEOUS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/REVELL/Wraps"> Wraps</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/STROMBECKER"> STROMBECKER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/STROMBECKER/AEROSPACE"> AEROSPACE</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/STROMBECKER/AEROSPACE/CONCEPTUAL"> CONCEPTUAL</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/STROMBECKER/AEROSPACE/EXPERIMENTAL-AIRCRAFT"> EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/STROMBECKER/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT"> CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/STROMBECKER/CIVILIAN-VEHICLES"> CIVILIAN VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/STROMBECKER/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT"> MILITARY AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/TAMIYA"> TAMIYA</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/TAMIYA/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT"> CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/TAMIYA/CIVILIAN-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/TAMIYA/CIVILIAN-VEHICLES"> CIVILIAN VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/TAMIYA/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT"> MILITARY AIRCRAFT</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/TAMIYA/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/JET"> JET</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/TAMIYA/MILITARY-AIRCRAFT/PROPELLER"> PROPELLER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/TAMIYA/MILITARY-SHIPS"> MILITARY SHIPS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/TAMIYA/MILITARY-VEHICLES"> MILITARY VEHICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/TRI-ANG"> TRI-ANG</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/UPC"> UPC</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Boxart-Collection/Williams-Brothers"> Williams Brothers</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/BOXART-RESTORATION-BEFORE--AND-AFTER"> BOXART RESTORATION BEFORE AND AFTER</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/BOXART-THAT-NEVER-WAS"> BOXART THAT NEVER WAS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/BROCHURES-POSTERS-AND-ADS"> BROCHURES POSTERS AND ADS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/BROCHURES-POSTERS-AND-ADS/Airfix"> Airfix</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/BROCHURES-POSTERS-AND-ADS/FROG"> FROG</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/BROCHURES-POSTERS-AND-ADS/Monogram"> Monogram</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/BROCHURES-POSTERS-AND-ADS/Revell"> Revell</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/BROCHURES-POSTERS-AND-ADS/OTHER-COMPANIES"> OTHER COMPANIES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/BROCHURES-POSTERS-AND-ADS/Real-Aircraft-Ads"> Real Aircraft Ads</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/BROCHURES-POSTERS-AND-ADS/Master-Modeler"> Model Master</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/BROCHURES-POSTERS-AND-ADS/Air-Lines"> Air Lines</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Classic-Kits"> Classic Kits</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/MODEL-KIT-ARTICLES"> MODEL KIT ARTICLES</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/MODEL-KIT-ARTICLES/Mike-Machat-Articles"> Mike Machat Articles</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/MODEL-KIT-ARTICLES/Mike-Machat-Articles/Interview-With-Mike-Machat"> Interview With Mike Machat</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/MODEL-KIT-ARTICLES/Mike-Machat-Articles/Models-of-Yesteryear"> Models of Yesteryear</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/MODEL-KIT-ARTICLES/Model-ing-Behavior"> Model(ing) Behavior</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists"> MODEL KIT ARTISTS</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/A-Scott-Eidson"> A. Scott Eidson</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/A-Scott-Eidson/Aircraft"> Aircraft</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/A-Scott-Eidson/Animals"> Animals</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/A-Scott-Eidson/Armor"> Armor</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/A-Scott-Eidson/Cars"> Cars</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/A-Scott-Eidson/Mayflower-Cards"> Mayflower Cards</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/A-Scott-Eidson/Missiles"> Missiles</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/A-Scott-Eidson/Richfield-Oil"> Richfield Oil</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/A-Scott-Eidson/Ships"> Ships</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/A-Scott-Eidson/Trains"> Trains</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/A-Scott-Eidson/Wagons"> Wagons</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/Bill-Campbell"> Bill Campbell</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/Bill-Campbell/Aircraft"> Aircraft</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/Bill-Campbell/Cars"> Cars</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/Bob-Paeth-Revell"> Bob Paeth & Revell's '55 Chevy kit</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/Don-Feight"> Don Feight</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/Ed-Marinelli"> Ed Marinelli</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/Hank-Caruso"> Hank Caruso</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/Hank-Caruso/Art"> Art</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/Jack-Leynnwood"> Jack Leynnwood</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/Jack-Leynnwood/Jack-Leynnwood-1959"> Jack Leynnwood 1959</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/Jack-Leynnwood/Jack-Leynnwood-1965"> Jack Leynnwood 1965</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/Jack-Leynnwood/Jack-Leynnwood-1983"> Jack Leynnwood 1983</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/Jack-Leynnwood/Jack-Leynnwood-1995"> Jack Leynnwood 1995</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/Jack-Leynnwood/Crowding-The-Box"> Crowding The Box 2005</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/Jack-Leynnwood/Art"> Art</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/Keith-Ferris"> Keith Ferris</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/Michael-Boss"> Michael Boss</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/Michael-Boss/Golden-Age"> Golden Age</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/Michael-Boss/Los-Angeles"> Los Angeles</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/Mike-Machat"> Mike Machat</option>
<option value="/gallery/index.php/Model-Kit-Artists/Roy-Cross"> Roy Cross</option>
</select>
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Boxart Gallery
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# Boxart Gallery
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#
## Album Tree
Boxart Gallery
BoxArt Collection
ADAMS
Air Lines
AIRFIX
AEROSPACE
ROCKETS AND MISSILES
SPACE EXPLORATION
CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT
JET
PROPELLER
CIVILIAN SHIPS
CIVILIAN VEHICLES
FIGURES
MILITARY AIRCRAFT
JET
PROPELLER
MILITARY SHIPS
MILITARY VEHICLES
SCI-FI AND FANTASY
AMT
AEROSPACE
SPACE EXPLORATION
CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT
PROPELLER
CIVILIAN VEHICLES
MILITARY AIRCRAFT
JET
PROPELLER
Military Ships
SCI-FI AND FANTASY
ARII
Atlantis
AURORA
AEROSPACE
CONCEPTUAL
EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT
ROCKETS AND MISSILES
SPACE EXPLORATION
CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT
JET
PROPELLER
CIVILIAN SHIPS
CIVILIAN VEHICLES
FIGURES
Gift Sets
HO Accessories
MILITARY AIRCRAFT
HELICOPTER
JET
PROPELLER
MILITARY SHIPS
MILITARY VEHICLES
SCI-FI AND FANTASY
Wraps
COMET
Gift Sets
DUBENA
ENTEX
FALLER
FROG
AEROSPACE
ROCKETS AND MISSILES
CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT
JET
PROPELLER
CIVILIAN SHIPS
MILITARY AIRCRAFT
JET
PROPELLER
MILITARY SHIPS
MILITARY VEHICLES
GLENCOE
HASEGAWA
HAWK
AEROSPACE
CONCEPTUAL
ROCKETS AND MISSILES
SPACE EXPLORATION
CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT
JET
PROPELLER
CIVILIAN VEHICLES
FIGURES
MILITARY AIRCRAFT
JET
PROPELLER
MILITARY VEHICLES
SCI-FI AND FANTASY
HELLER
AEROSPACE
CONCEPTUAL
ROCKETS AND MISSILES
CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT
JET
PROPELLER
CIVILIAN VEHICLES
MILITARY AIRCRAFT
JET
PROPELLER
Military Ships
Hobby Craft
HOBBYTIME
IMC
Italeri
ITC
AEROSPACE
EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT
ROCKETS AND MISSILES
SPACE EXPLORATION
CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT
PROPELLER
CIVILIAN SHIPS
CIVILIAN VEHICLES
FIGURES
MILITARY AIRCRAFT
JET
PROPELLER
MILITARY SHIPS
MILITARY VEHICLES
Jo-Han
Civilian Vehicles
Military Aircraft
Jet
Propeller
KVZ
LIFELIKE
LINCOLN
LINDBERG
AEROSPACE
CONCEPTUAL
EXPERIMENTAL AIRCRAFT
CIVILIAN AIRCRAFT
JET
PROPELLER
CIVILIAN SHIPS
CIVILIAN VEHICLES
MILITARY AIRCRAFT
JET
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<BR><BR>APOLLO / MIT ORGANIZATION CHART<BR><BR>
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<TABLE CLASS=text ALIGN=center>
<TR><TD CLASS="centertext">
<P CLASS="titletext">
<BR><BR>TALES FROM THE LUNAR MODULE GUIDANCE COMPUTER<BR><BR>
<A HREF="mailto:[email protected]"> Don Eyles </A><BR></P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=tightext>
<P CLASS=italitext>
<BR><BR>(A paper presented to the 27th annual Guidance and Control<BR>
Conference of the American Astronautical Society (AAS), in<BR>
Breckenridge, Colorado on February 6, 2004, and designated<BR>
AAS 04-064. This version includes additional illustrations and<BR>
comments, and several minor corrections.)<BR><BR></P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=dentext>
<P CLASS=textext>
ABSTRACT: The Apollo 11 mission succeeded in landing on the moon despite two computer-related problems that affected the Lunar Module during the powered descent. An uncorrected problem in the rendezvous radar interface stole approximately 13% of the computer's duty cycle, resulting in five program alarms and software restarts. In a less well-known problem, caused by erroneous data, the thrust of the LM's descent engine fluctuated wildly because the throttle control algorithm was only marginally stable. The explanation of these problems provides an opportunity to describe the operating system of the Apollo flight computers and the lunar landing guidance software.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<IMG SRC="[email protected]" STYLE="border-width: 0" HEIGHT="466px" WIDTH="450px"
ALT="Figure 1: The Lunar Module">
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Figure 1: The Lunar Module</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
LM-1, also known as Apollo 5, was a 6-hour unmanned mission in earth orbit for the Lunar Module (LM) only. The date was January 22, 1968. For those of us who developed the onboard software for the LM Guidance Computer (LGC) it was our first flight. An event that had once seemed impossibly distant was now upon us.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The mission included two firings of the LM's Descent Propulsion System (DPS). For the second "burn" Allan Klumpp, who designed the lunar landing guidance equations[1] based on work by George Cherry[2], had devised an earth-orbit version of the lunar landing guidance. It had three parts, meant to simulate the "braking" phase, "visibility" phase, and final landing phase of a real descent. But first there was a burn meant to simulate the descent orbit insertion maneuver that preceded the landing. This was to be the first in-flight firing of the LM's descent engine, lasting about 38 seconds.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The LGC was in Phase 9 of the "canned" LM-1 mission, the program for the first DPS burn. (Later missions were organized more flexibly and the first DPS burn was conducted in P40.) The LM had maneuvered to the burn attitude. The computer counted down to ignition. At thirty seconds a "task" called READACCS was executed for the first time. It read the accelerometers in the spacecraft's inertial measurement unit, scheduled a "job" called SERVICER to run immediately, and then scheduled itself to run again two seconds later. Having been initialized with state vectors from the onboard orbital integration software, SERVICER's "average-G" navigation equations began to use accelerometer data to update the position and velocity vectors. READACCS and SERVICER would repeat every two seconds throughout the powered-flight phase. Seven and a half seconds before ignition an "ullage" burn of the Reaction Control System (RCS) jets began, to settle the propellant in the DPS tanks. We leaned closer to the squawk box that connected us to mission control in Houston.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
We heard "Engine on"... several seconds passed... "Engine off". </P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Soon we understood what had happened. A small piece of code in SERVICER called the "delta-V monitor" had concluded that the engine had failed and sent an engine-off command. But why? To give the engine time to come up to thrust, the delta-V monitor always waited some period of time after engine-on before it began to monitor the engine. But this time, at the end of the grace period the engine was still not producing enough thrust to satisfy the monitor's thrust criterion.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Published accounts[3] have attributed the slow DPS thrust buildup to the fact that the LM's tanks were only partially pressurized. The author's investigations show that the problem was elsewhere. For the DPS fuel system, the normal procedure was to open the valve that allowed fuel to enter the propellant manifold at the time the engine was armed, several seconds before ignition. But on LM-1 the control valve that regulated the passage of fuel from the manifold into the engine was suspected of being leaky. To prevent the possible, premature entry of hypergolic propellant into the engine (which could have had explosive consequences) the decision was made, shortly before flight, to delay arming the engine until the time of ignition[4].</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The engine was slow to start not because the tanks were less pressurized, but because the propellant had further to travel to reach the engine. It would have been easy for us to adjust the parameter that controlled how long the delta-V monitor waited before testing the engine — but nobody told us.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Houston sent a signal to turn off the onboard computer. The main objectives of the LM-1 mission were achieved under ground control. We who programmed the LM's computer hung our heads in disappointment, and endured a public reaction that did not distinguish between a "computer error" and a mistake in the data. Yet, this was not the last time that a seemingly innocuous parameter, relating to the performance of the descent engine, would come perilously close to ruining a mission.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<P CLASS=textext>
* * *</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The job of designing the guidance system for the Apollo spacecraft had fallen to the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Under the leadership of its founder "Doc" Charles Stark Draper, the Lab had since 1939 played the preeminent role in perfecting inertial guidance systems. Our contract to design and program the Apollo Primary Guidance Navigation and Control System (PGNCS, pronounced "pings") was the first Apollo contract signed. Doc had volunteered to fly the mission himself.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=tightext>
<P CLASS=italitext>
(In 1970 the Instrumentation Laboratory was renamed the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, and in 1973 became independent from MIT, although the two institutions remain linked. The Draper Laboratory is still deeply involved in NASA's manned spaceflight programs.)</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The flight computer program for LM-1 was called SUNBURST. By the time LM-1 flew we were already working on SUNDANCE, the program that would fly the earth-orbital Apollo 9 mission. SUNDANCE in turn evolved into LUMINARY, the program for Apollo 10 and the lunar landing missions. It was LUMINARY revision 99 that flew the Apollo 11 mission in July, 1969. Revision 116 flew Apollo 12 in December, and so on.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=tightext>
<P CLASS=italitext>
(This paper follows nomenclature used during the Apollo Program. Program names, and the names of tags and variables within programs, were usually written in upper case.)</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Informally, the programs were called "ropes" because of the durable form of read-only memory into which they were transformed for flight, which resembled a rope of woven copper wire. For the lunar missions, 36K words of "fixed" (read-only) memory, each word consisting of 15 bits plus a parity bit, were available for the program. In addition there were 2K words of artfully timeshared "erasable" or RAM memory. Allowing for the identical Apollo guidance computer (AGC) in the Command Module (CM), containing a program called COLOSSUS, it is correct to say that we landed on the moon with 152 Kbytes of onboard computer memory. </P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<IMG SRC="[email protected]" STYLE="border-width: 0" HEIGHT="333" WIDTH="450"
ALT="Figure 2: Apollo LM Primary Guidance and Navigation System">
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Figure 2: Apollo LM Primary Guidance and Navigation System (PGNS)</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The AGC was packaged in a sturdy, sealed, aluminum-magnesium box, anodized in a gold color, that measured about six inches, by one foot, by two feet, weighed 70 pounds and consumed about 55 watts. Its logic was made up of 5600 3-input NOR gates packaged two-each in flat-pack integrated circuits. Eldon Hall, the machine's principal designer, has related the bold decision to use integrated circuit technology for this computer despite its immaturity in the early 1960's[5].</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The LGC (with related equipment) was mounted behind the astronauts at the back of the LM cabin. In front of the astronauts was a rigid structure called the "Nav Base" that held an alignment telescope and the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) in a fixed geometrical relationship. The computer's Display and Keyboard Unit (DSKY) was mounted like a desk between the two astronauts. Figure 2 illustrates the components and high-level interfaces of the LM's primary guidance system.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The IMU, packaged in a spherical case about a foot in diameter, was the heart of the guidance system. The heart of the IMU itself, enclosed by three nested gimbals, was the "stable member" — a small platform containing three accurate gyroscopes and three accelerometers — that could be "aligned" to an inertial orientation. Any deviation from the inertial alignment would be sensed by the gyros, and the gimbals would move to correct, all happening with such precision that no matter what attitude (orientation) the spacecraft took (almost), the stable member deep inside provided a steady attitude reference. A matrix called REFSMMAT expressed the stable-member alignment with respect to the reference inertial frame. The accelerometers were there to count velocity increments during powered flight in the coordinate system of the stable member. </P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<IMG SRC="[email protected]" STYLE="border-width: 0" HEIGHT="285" WIDTH="450"
ALT="Figure 3: Lunar Module Display and Keyboard Unit">
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Figure 3: Lunar Module Display and Keyboard Unit (DSKY)</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The DSKY (Figure 3) was the principal man-machine interface for the LGC. For display it provided three signed five-digit registers for general-purpose use, three two-digit registers to indicate the current phase (a number between 63 and 68 for the lunar landing), and the current "verb" and "noun". Verbs and nouns provided a primitive language for communication between the crew and the computer. Phases and verb/noun combinations were determined by the software in some cases, and in other cases were entered by the crew on a keyboard of 19 keys. The contents of the three general-purpose registers depended on the current verb and noun. The DSKY also contained an array of indicator lights that were under the control of the computer, and a computer-activity light that lit when the LGC was <I>not</I> in its idle state.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The AGCs in the LM and CM were programmed in two languages. The one we called "Basic", but more properly "Yul", was an assembler language of about 40 operations[6], authored by Hugh Blair-Smith. "Interpretive" was a list-processing interpretive language (essentially a set of subroutines) designed to facilitate guidance and navigation calculations involving double precision (30-bit fixed-point) vectors and matrices — at the cost of being very slow[7]. The Interpreter was written by Charles Muntz.
</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The memory-cycle time for the AGC was 11.7 microseconds. A single-precision addition in the assembler language took two memory cycles. A double-precision vector cross-product programmed in Interpretive took about 5 milliseconds. One of the challenges in programming the AGC was juggling the two languages to obtain the best blend of speed and compactness for the given situation.
</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The computer programs for Apollo were still small enough to fit into one listing — typically six inches thick on 11x15 inch fan-fold paper. The listing included symbol tables that allowed threads to be traced. With a single listing we always knew that the answer was there, when we had a bug to deal with, but it might be devilish to find.
</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<IMG SRC="[email protected]" STYLE="border-width: 0" HEIGHT="304" WIDTH="450"
ALT="Figure 4: Listing of LM Computer Program LUMINARY 131">
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Figure 4: Listing of LM Computer Program LUMINARY 131</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
With respect to units, the LGC was eclectic. Inside the computer we used metric units, at least in the case of powered-flight navigation and guidance. At the operational level NASA, and especially the astronauts, preferred English units. This meant that before being displayed, altitude and altitude-rate (for example) were calculated from the metric state vector maintained by navigation, and then were converted to feet and ft/sec. It would have felt weird to speak of spacecraft altitude in meters, and both thrust and mass were commonly expressed in pounds. Because part of the point of this paper is to show how things were <I>called</I> in this era of spaceflight, I shall usually express quantities in the units that it would have felt natural to use at the time.
</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<P CLASS=textext>
* * *</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
By now the area on the second floor of 75 Cambridge Parkway where we monitored missions had been moved to a larger space, but on July 20, 1969 the room was crowded despite efforts to keep it clear for those of us who were most involved in this phase of the mission. We listened to a squawk box in a nondescript classroom, while a quarter of a million miles away a manned spacecraft emerged from behind the moon and approached its orbital low-point (perilune) of about 50, 000 feet above the cratered surface, where the lunar landing burn would begin.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The crew keyed in Verb 37 to select P63, the phase that controlled the preparations for Powered Descent Initiation (PDI) and stayed in control until the burn achieved its first set of targets. The computer processed an algorithm to compute the exact time for ignition and the attitude the LM should be in at that time. Next the spacecraft maneuvered to that orientation. At the time of ignition the engine bell would be pointed almost dead ahead, directly opposing the spacecraft's orbital velocity.
</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Now the computer issued code 500. It thought the landing radar antenna was in the wrong position. The crew saw that the relevant switches were already in the right positions, but they cycled them anyway and the warning cleared. This had no connection with the events that would follow, but it nourished our suspicion of "discretes", those signals that told the computer some fact like the position of a switch or an antenna — but sometimes lied.
</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Control passed to BURNBABY — the master ignition routine that we wrote after LM-1 to save memory by exploiting the similarities among the powered flight phases in the period leading up to ignition. Verb 06 Noun 62 appeared on the DSKY. The middle register contained a time in minutes and seconds that began to count down toward light-up. At 35 seconds the display went blank, and at 30 seconds reappeared. This was a signal that Average-G had started. At seven and a half seconds, the ullage burn began. At five seconds, the display flashed to request a "go" from the crew. Buzz Aldrin, the LM Pilot, standing on the right side of the cockpit, had the main responsibility for working the DSKY. Now he keyed PROCEED.
</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
At Mission Elapsed Time (MET) 102:33:05 self-igniting propellants came together in the descent engine and it lit up at 10% throttle. Armstrong did not even feel the gentle push — less than 1/25 G. The display changed to Noun 63 and the three display registers now showed a total velocity of 5559.7 ft/sec, an altitude-rate of -2.2 ft/sec, and an altitude of 49971 feet[8]. The gimbals that pivoted the descent engine moved to align the thrust vector with the spacecraft's center of mass. Then, 26 seconds into the burn, the software throttled-up the DPS to its maximum thrust of 9870 pounds (43, 900 newtons), 94% of the engine's official rating of 10500 pounds, and at the same time enabled the descent guidance.
</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
P63 was called the braking phase because its only purpose was to shed horizontal velocity. It would end in about eight minutes when the spacecraft reached target conditions known as "high gate" at about 7400 feet altitude. Figure 5 illustrates the phases of the lunar landing.
</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<IMG SRC="[email protected]" STYLE="border-width: 0" HEIGHT="259" WIDTH="450"
ALT="Figure 5: Phases of the Lunar Landing">
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Figure 5: Phases of the Lunar Landing (Numbers Approximate)</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
At MET 102:36:55 Neil Armstrong, the Commander, standing on the left side of the LM cockpit, used his joystick to spin the spacecraft about its thrust axis so that the windows, which had allowed the astronauts to look down at the surface while hurtling forward feet first, would point out into space, where Earth was visible. But the spacecraft was rotating too slowly. Armstrong realized the autopilot rate switch was at 5 deg/sec and switched it to 25[9]. Just before the maneuver was complete the landing radar signaled "data good".</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
It was not possible to navigate so accurately as to touch down safely on the lunar surface with no local knowledge of its relative distance or velocity. The landing radar provided this information. Despite the "reasonability check" performed by the software, radar data could not be incorporated into the state vector without crew (and ground) approval. So about five minutes into the burn Aldrin keyed in Verb 16 Noun 68 — a request to monitor a noun whose third register showed the difference between the altitude sensed by the radar and the computed altitude. This number, called DELTAH, was about -2900 feet. This was within the range of expected altitude error. The radar data could gradually be folded into navigation without adversely affecting the shape of the trajectory.
</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Then we heard the words "program alarm". In Cambridge we looked at each other. Onboard, Aldrin saw the PROG light go on and the display switch back to Verb 06 Noun 63. He quickly keyed in Verb 5 Noun 9. Alarm code 1202 appeared on the DSKY. This was an alarm issued when the computer was overloaded — when it had more work to do than it had time for. In Cambridge the word went around, "Executive alarm, no core sets". Then Armstrong said, with an edge, "Give us a reading on the 1202 program alarm"[10].
</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
From here events moved very quickly, too fast for us to have any input from Cambridge. It was up to Mission Control in Houston. The story of what happened there has often been told — how it fell to a 26-year-old mission control guidance officer named Steve Bales to say "go" or "abort". Bales had participated in a recent review of LGC alarms that had deemed 1202 a "go" unless it occurred too often or the trajectory deviated. He was supported by Jack Garman of NASA and Russ Larson of MIT in the back room. Garman said, "go". Larson gave a thumbs-up. (He later said he was too scared to form words.) So Bales answered, "go", Flight Director Gene Krantz said
"go", and capsule communicator Charlie Duke passed it up to the crew. At MIT, where we realized that something mysterious was draining time from the computer, we were barely breathing.
</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Half a minute elapsed between the alarm and the "go" from Houston. During that time mission control approved the DELTAH, and Aldrin keyed in 57 to allow navigation to incorporate the landing radar measurements. Then he tried Verb 16 Noun 68 again and watched DELTAH decrease to 900 feet. Again a program alarm light. Again Verb 5 Noun 9 — 1202 alarm. Again "go" from the ground.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<IMG SRC="[email protected]" STYLE="border-width: 0" HEIGHT="279" WIDTH="450"
ALT="Figure 6: Commanded Versus Actual Thrust">
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Figure 6: Commanded (dotted line) Versus Actual Thrust<BR>
(solid line) During Powered Descent (Simulation Data)</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
At MET 102:39:31 the best possible confidence builder occurred — throttle down, right on time. "Ah! Throttle down... better than the simulator" commented Aldrin, "Throttle down on time!" exclaimed Armstrong, their excitement palpable. In the official transcript of communications between spacecraft and ground during the powered descent, these are the only exclamation points[11].</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The descent engine experienced excessive nozzle erosion if operated in the range between 65% and maximum thrust. Throttle down occurred when the thrust required by guidance sank to a level enough below that limit that a gradual increase through the end of the braking phase would not force a return to maximum (see Figure 6). Throttle down was a sensitive indicator of how well the guidance system was doing. It was also true that if the throttle stuck at maximum an abort might soon be necessary, because in about 40 seconds the guidance equations would command the spacecraft to invert. </P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
While the LM was still facing the lunar surface Armstrong had clocked landmarks that indicated the LM was further downrange than desired. He realized now that the computer did not know the lander was going long[12]. Otherwise the engine would have stayed at maximum thrust for longer as guidance tried to stop short.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
At MET 102:41:32, as the spacecraft passed through 7400 feet, sinking at 125 ft/sec, high gate was achieved. Guidance began using a new set of targets. The LM pitched forward so that the lunar surface was visible ahead. On the DSKY the mode register changed to 64 indicating the Visibility Phase, and Noun 64 replaced Noun 63. Two two-digit numbers replaced velocity in the top register. One was a "landing point designator" (LPD) angle that indicated where Armstrong should look along a reticle attached to his window to see where the LM would touch down if it were allowed to land automatically. The guidance system controlled yaw to keep the landing site along the line of the reticle. The crew could move a hand controller to shift the site. (Armstrong had stated before the flight that he planned not to use this capability, but there was apparently one inadvertant redesignation late in the visibility phase.) The second number gave the time remaining during which a redesignation could be input. With the redesignation logic now engaged, this was the busiest period of the landing.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
At MET 102:42:17 a 1201 alarm occurred. It was another Executive alarm — "No VAC areas available". About 24 seconds later there was another 1202. Just 16 seconds later, with the lander at 770 feet with a sink rate of 27 ft/sec, yet another 1202 occurred. Mission control in Houston called a "go" in each case. Neil Armstrong, whose heart rate rose from 120 to 150 during this period[13], put it this way:</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=dentext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Normally, in this time period, that is, from P64 onward, we'd be evaluating the landing site and starting LPD activity. However, the concern here was not with the landing area we were going into, but rather whether we could continue at all. Consequently, our attention was directed toward clearing the program alarms, keeping the machine flying, and assuring ourselves that control was adequate to continue without requiring an abort. Most of our attention was directed inside the cockpit during this time period and in my view this would account for our inability to study the landing site and final landing location during final descent[14].</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Nevertheless, Armstrong had time to notice that the LPD indicated "we were landing just short of a large rocky crater with very large rocks covering a high percentage of the surface"[15]. So at MET 102:43:08 (650 feet), after deciding that he could not stop short of the crater, Armstrong flipped the autopilot mode switch from AUTO to ATT HOLD to take manual control of the LM's attitude. He maneuvered to zero pitch to maintain horizontal velocity and skim over the rocky area.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=tightext>
<P CLASS=italitext>
(ATT HOLD meant the digital autopilot's Rate-Command Attitude-Hold mode, in which the astronaut could command an attitude rate by deflecting a joystick. After the stick was released the autopilot nulled rates to maintain the present attitude.)</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
At MET 102:43:20 (430 feet) Armstrong flicked a spring loaded toggle switch with his left hand, entering the rate-of-descent mode (P66). Now the computer controlled the spacecraft's thrust to maintain a rate-of-descent commanded by the ROD switch. A flick upward slowed the descent by one foot per second; a flick downward increased the descent rate by the same amount. Using the joystick, Armstrong tilted the LM to null out horizontal velocity and bring the LM to a safe area for touchdown. After some "possibly spastic" control motions because dust kicked up by the exhaust plume distorted his perception of translational velocity, at MET 102:45:40, Armstrong landed the spacecraft safely in the Sea of Tranquility.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<P CLASS=textext>
* * *</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Years before Apollo 11, when the guidance system was first being conceived, the onboard software was almost an afterthought — "Hal will take care of it" was the sentiment. In fact it ended up taking scores of people, with hundreds more in support, but to Hal Laning, in the early days, fell the job of figuring out how to organize the numerous software functions that must go on almost simultaneously in a real-time spacecraft control computer — in this case one of limited size and speed.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Hal's design avoided the pitfalls of a "boxcar" executive, in which the computations must be divided up explicitly between time slices. A boxcar executive is painful to implement because computations must be broken up arbitrarily. During development the allocation may need to be revised whenever any of its parts is modified or new functions are added. Worst of all, a boxcar executive is a <I>brittle</I> system during operation. It breaks down completely as soon as any function takes longer than the time it is allocated.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Instead, Laning envisioned a system in which software functions were allocated among various "jobs" that could be of any size and shape, as determined by the nature of their function. Each job was assigned a priority. The operating system always executed the job with the highest priority. Thus, if a low-priority job was executing and a high-priority job was scheduled, the low-priority job was suspended while the higher-priority job executed. This system gave the illusion that jobs ran simultaneously, although of course they merely took turns. Such a system was not deterministic in the sense that what executed when could be determined <I>a priori</I>, but its operation could be sufficiently understood and verified that in sum it enhanced reliability, safety, flexibility of use, and especially ease of development.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
In such a design the Executive function that orchestrated the execution of jobs had to provide each job with a set of registers in which its status could be saved if it was suspended during the execution of a higher priority job. The LGC contained an array of eight such "core sets" of 12 registers each, each register having 15 bits. A core set of this size was sufficient for many jobs, but jobs that used the Interpretive language to do vector and matrix computations required more space. For such jobs an additional area of 43 registers was allocated for the storage of intermediate results. There were five such "Vector Accumulator (VAC) areas" in the LGC.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
With a limited number of core sets and VAC areas, the allocation of functions to jobs had to be done thoughtfully. Functions that had a sequential relationship with each other were grouped into the same job. Thus the large SERVICER job that was active during the lunar landing (and other powered flight modes) first performed average-G navigation, then guidance equations, then throttle and attitude output, and then the updating of displays — each part using the outputs of the ones preceding.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The availability of core sets and VAC areas limited the number of jobs that could be in the queue at any time to eight, of which up to five could require VAC areas. In normal steady-state operation, the number of jobs executed equaled the number being scheduled and therefore the average usage of core sets and VAC areas was more of less steady, although jobs that occurred on a one-shot or asynchronous basis might cause the usage to fluctuate.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
However, if more jobs were being scheduled than were being finished, the number of core sets and VAC areas in use must rise. If the debit continued long enough, the resources would be exhausted. The next job request could not be fulfilled.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Cut to a time about a year before Apollo 11, when we software engineers, who thought we already had enough to do, were requested to write the lunar landing software in such a way that the computer could literally be turned off and back on without interrupting the landing or any other vital maneuver! This was called "restart protection". Other factors than power transients also caused restarts. A restart was triggered if the hardware thought the software was in an endless loop, or if there were a parity failure when reading fixed memory, or for several other reasons.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Restart protection was done by registering waypoints at suitable points during the operation of the software such that if processing happened to jump back to the last waypoint, no error would be introduced, as in the following example:
</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=equatext>
<P CLASS=textext>
NEW_X = X + 1<BR>
register waypoint<BR>
X = NEW_X
</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
It is evident that without the waypoint, going through this code a second time would cause X to be incremented twice.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Following a restart, such computations could be reconstructed. For each job, processing would commence at the last registered waypoint. If multiple copies of the same job were in the queue, only the most recent was restarted. Certain other computations that were not considered vital were not restart-protected. These would simply disappear if there were a restart.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Restart protection worked very well. On the control panel of our real-time "hybrid" simulator in Cambridge was a pushbutton that caused the AGC to restart. During simulations we sometimes pushed the button randomly, almost hoping for a failure that might lead us to one more bug. Invariably, once we got the restart protection working, operation continued seamlessly.
</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=tightext>
<P CLASS=italitext>
(The hybrid simulator combined SDS 9300 digital and Beckmann analog computers with a real AGC and realistic LM and CM cockpits.)</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Restart protection was prompted by the possibility that the hardware could cause a restart, but the software could also initiate a restart if it reached a point where it did not know how to continue. This was done by transferring control to the tag BAILOUT in the Alarms and Aborts software. An error code accompanied this call.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
This was the action taken by the Executive program if its resources were exceeded. If a job could not be scheduled because no "core sets" were available, the Executive called BAILOUT with alarm code 1202. If no "VAC areas" were available, BAILOUT was called with alarm code 1201.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Not all the functions executed in the LGC were "jobs". There was also a system of hardware interrupts, which could break in at any point (when not explicitly inhibited) to perform high priority functions. Interrupts were dedicated to particular functions including the digital autopilot, uplink and downlink, and keyboard operation.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Another interrupt could be used to execute any piece of code that had to be executed at a given time. Such functions, called "tasks", were scheduled by calling a subroutine called WAITLIST. A task had to be of very short duration.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Whereas jobs were scheduled to execute immediately at a given <I>priority</I>, tasks were scheduled to run at a given <I>time</I>. Tasks and jobs were often used together. A task might be scheduled to capture sensor data that needed to be read at a definite time, and the task in turn might schedule a job at an appropriate priority to perform processing based on the measurement.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
When Hal Laning designed the Executive and Waitlist system in the mid 1960's, he made it up from whole cloth with no examples to guide him. The design is still valid today. The allocation of functions among a sensible number of asynchronous processes, under control of a rate- and priority-driven preemptive executive, still represents the state of the art in real-time GN&C computers for spacecraft.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<P CLASS=textext>
* * *</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
To understand the root cause of the alarms on Apollo 11 during the powered descent, one must first look ahead to the rendezvous with the Command Module that followed the LM's ascent to lunar orbit. Just as it needed the landing radar to measure altitude and velocity with respect to the lunar surface during the landing, the LM, as the active vehicle during rendezvous with the CM in lunar orbit, needed the rendezvous radar (RR) to measure the range, range-rate, and direction of the other spacecraft. </P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The RR had several modes of operation, determined by the setting of its mode switch. As flown on Apollo 11, the available RR modes were SLEW, AUTO, and LGC. In SLEW and AUTO modes the radar operated under the control of the crew, independently of the LGC. This was the method that would be used during ascent and rendezvous if the primary guidance system failed. In SLEW mode the rendezvous radar antenna could be steered manually, but otherwise was stationary. Once the antenna was pointed near the target, the AUTO (automatic tracking) mode could be used to acquire and track the target. In these cases the RR range and range-rate, and the shaft and trunnion angles that defined where the RR antenna was pointing, were made available for display on cockpit cross-pointers and tape meters. Range and range-rate were also made available to the abort guidance system (AGS), a computer with only 6144 words of memory that was provided by TRW as a backup for use if the PGNS failed during lunar descent or ascent.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=tightext>
<P CLASS=italitext>
(The naming of the three rendezvous radar modes has been a source of confusion for some commentators. Based on crew input the designations were changed between LM-1 and the lunar landing missions. The mode called LGC on Apollo 11 was formerly called AUTO. The mode called AUTO on Apollo 11 was formerly MANUAL. SLEW was unchanged. Although it in no way contributed to the problem on Apollo 11, LUMINARY's internal documentation at this time still referred to the discrete in Channel 33 that indicated that the rendezvous radar was powered up in LGC mode as RR AUTO-POWER ON.)</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
If the PGNS was healthy (as it always was) the radar was controlled by the LGC, and in this case the RR mode switch was set to LGC. The RR interface electronics made available to the software the target range and range-rate measured by the radar, and the angles of the RR antenna's shaft and trunnion, from which the direction to the target could be determined. Programs running in the LGC used this information to guide the LM to a favorable rendezvous.
</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
It turned out that the rendezvous radar could also be operated during the powered descent, and this was done during Apollo 11. Crew procedures called for the RR to be switched on just before P63 was selected, and to be kept in SLEW or AUTO mode throughout the landing maneuver.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Many explanations have been offered for why the RR was configured in this way for the lunar landing. For example, a fanciful scheme for monitoring the landing by comparing RR data to a chart of expected readings may have been considered by some people in Houston. However, a simpler explanation is sufficient to explain the facts: The RR was on for no other purpose than to be warmed up if there were an abort, and it was in AUTO (while the LM was in a position to track the CM) or in SLEW (at other times), simply to keep the antenna from moving uselessly.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<IMG SRC="[email protected]" STYLE="border-width: 0" HEIGHT="311" WIDTH="450"
ALT="Figure 7: Interfaces Among PGNS, ATCA and the Rendezvous Radar">
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Figure 7: Interfaces Among PGNS, ATCA and the Rendezvous Radar</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The problem has also been attributed (including by the author previously) to a "checklist error". This formulation is no more accurate than calling the delta-V monitor's premature shutdown of the engine on LM-1 a "computer error", when it was actually caused by faulty documentation. In fact, the RR switch settings on Apollo 11 should not have caused any problem. That they did so can be traced to another case of... faulty documentation.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Years previously, an interface control document (ICD) had been written to define the electrical interface between the PGNS and an electronic assembly called the attitude and translation control assembly (ATCA) that was provided by Grumman Aerospace, the builder of the Moon lander. The ICD specified that the 28-volt 800-Hz voltages in the two systems be "frequency locked", but did <I>not</I> say, "phase synchronized". As built, the two voltages were locked in frequency by a "frequency sync" signal sent by the LGC. They were also locked into a constant phase relationship. However, the phase angle between the two signals was completely random, depending on the instant at which the LGC, which was always powered up <I>after</I> the ATCA, began sending the first frequency sync signal. These interfaces are pictured in Figure 7.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The 800-Hz phasing problem was detected during launch site testing of LM-3 and documented — but it was never corrected. As a result, when the RR mode switch was in AUTO or SLEW, the shaft and trunnion resolvers were being excited by an 800-Hz signal from the ATCA that was very likely to be out of phase with the 800-Hz waveform used as a reference by the coupling data units (CDUs) whose job was to make sense of the resolver signals, and in turn increment (or decrement) the counters inside the computer that told the software how the antenna was pointed.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
On Apollo 11, however, the CDUs were being asked to comprehend a contradiction. Because they were based on a separately controlled excitation voltage, the resolver signals as received by the CDUs indicated no known angle. The discomfiture of the CDUs was at its worst when the phase angle between the two 800-Hz waveforms was near 90 or 270 degrees — and Apollo 11 evidently hit one of these sweet spots. The response of the CDUs was to increment or decrement the counters in the LGC, nearly constantly, at the maximum rate of 6400 pulses per seconds for each angle. This phenomenon occurred whenever the RR mode was in SLEW or AUTO, regardless of whether the rendezvous radar itself was powered up.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The CDU interface counters in the LGC were incremented or decremented by means of external commands that were processed inside the computer as increment or decrement <I>operations</I> with names like PINC and MINC. Like the LGC's programmable operations, these took time, in this case one memory cycle of 11.7 microseconds, each. Moving at their maximum rate, the RR CDU counters consumed approximately 15% of the available computation time. At the time, conservatively, we assumed the time drain (called TLOSS) was about 13%, which was consistent with the behavior that was observed.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=tightext>
<P CLASS=italitext>
Following Apollo 11 Grumman engineers conducted tests in an attempt to duplicate the flight experience. They confirmed that even in the worst case the RR CDUs would, for brief periods, not count at their maximum rate. They arrived at a figure of 13.36% for the maximum TLOSS that could occur. Simulations at that rate experienced alarms similar to those that occurred in flight. This number is the best documentable estimate for the amount of TLOSS experienced by Apollo 11. [Clint Tillman, "Simulating the RR-CDU Interface When the RR is in the SLEW or AUTO (not LGC) Mode in the FMES/FCI Laboratory," August 9, 1969]</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
I am indebted to LM guidance systems expert George Silver for his patient explanations of the rendezvous radar interface. Silver's role was pivotal during the Apollo 11 mission. He was at Cape Canaveral for the launch, then flew to Boston to get ready for an assignment to monitor the lunar ascent in Cambridge. On July 20 he watched the lunar landing at home on television. He heard the alarms, grasped that something was stealing CPU time, and remembered the case he had seen during LM-3 systems testing in which the rendezvous radar interface had caused wild counter activity. After some additional analysis by the team monitoring the mission in Cambridge, Silver finally got through to the MIT representatives in Houston, on the morning of July 21, less than one hour before lunar liftoff.
</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<P CLASS=textext>
* * *</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The lunar landing was the busiest mission phase on Apollo. Landing guidance had to hit targets that were defined in position, velocity, acceleration (so the LM would stay right side up), jerk (the rate of change of acceleration), and one dimension of "snap" — as Klumpp was pleased to dub the rate of change of jerk (pointing to "crackle" and "pop" for the next two derivatives). During the visibility phase the software permitted the crew to redesignate the landing site. The throttle had to be controlled continuously. Navigation had to incorporate landing radar measurements. (Figure 8 shows the typical duty-cycle profile between the selection of P63 and touchdown.)</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<IMG SRC="[email protected]" STYLE="border-width: 0" HEIGHT="146" WIDTH="450"
ALT="Figure 8: Duty Cycle During Powered Descent">
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Figure 8: Duty Cycle During Powered Descent (Simulation Data)</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Even so, we had tried to make our programs fast enough to preserve some margin against TLOSS from an unknown source. The chief constraint was the two-second period that was built into the average-G navigation used during powered-flight. This was the frequency at which the READACCS <I>task</I> read the accelerometers and scheduled the big SERVICER <I>job</I> that used those readings as the starting point for a new round of navigation, guidance, throttle, attitude-command, and display. During the lunar descent, duty-cycle simply describes how much time was used in aggregate by jobs, tasks, and interrupts, during each 2-second period.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
During the braking phase, up to the time the landing radar locked onto the surface, the duty-cycle margin was over 15%. After the radar acquired, the extra computations involved in converting the body-referenced radar data to the navigation coordinate system lowered the margin to perhaps 13%. When a monitor display such as Verb 16 Noun 68 was added, the margin shrank again, to 10% or less. Buzz Aldrin was perceptive when he said after the second 1202 alarm, "It appears to come up when we have a 1668 up"[16].</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
With a 10% margin and a 13% drain, the LGC simply did not have enough CPU time to perform all the functions that were required. Thanks to the flexibility of the Executive design — and quite unlike what would have happened with a boxcar structure — there was no collapse. </P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<IMG SRC="[email protected]" STYLE="border-width: 0" HEIGHT="255" WIDTH="450"
ALT="Table 1: Jobs Active During the Lunar Landing">
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Table 1: Jobs Active During the Lunar Landing</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Table 1 lists the jobs that were active during the Apollo 11 powered descent. SERVICER carried the lowest priority, but was also by far the longest. The higher-priority jobs that could break in on SERVICER were all of relatively short duration.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Having a relatively low priority because of its size, SERVICER got last crack at the available computation time. With a negative time margin it was SERVICER that had not yet reached its conclusion when the next READACCS, running punctually, scheduled SERVICER again. Because it had not reached its end, the earlier SERVICER had not released its core set and VAC area — so the next time READACCS called FINDVAC to schedule SERVICER the Executive assigned a new core set and VAC area. That SERVICER also did not finish. After a short span of such operation the Executive exhausted its supply of core sets and/or VAC areas. When the next request was made the Executive, unable to comply, called BAILOUT with a 1201 or 1202 alarm code.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<IMG SRC="[email protected]" STYLE="border-width: 0" HEIGHT="167" WIDTH="450"
ALT="Figure 9: SERVICER Operation, With and Without TLOSS">
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Figure 9: SERVICER Operation, With and Without TLOSS</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Figure 9 illustrates how SERVICER behaves in the presence of severe TLOSS, and Figure 10 compares plots of core set and VAC area usage for a normal case, and a high TLOSS case in which restarts occur.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<IMG SRC="[email protected]" STYLE="border-width: 0" HEIGHT="207" WIDTH="450"
ALT="Figure 10: Effect of TLOSS on Executive and Waitlist Resources">
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Figure 10: Effect of TLOSS on Executive and Waitlist Resources During Lunar Descent<BR>
(Simulation data, starting in P63 before acquisition of radar velocity data,<BR>
ending at touchdown[17].)
</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The interesting effect of this train of events, during P63, was that the problem fixed itself. The software restart reconstructed only the most recent incarnation of the SERVICER job, and flushed the uncompleted SERVICER "stubs" that had accumulated. In addition, it terminated functions that had not been restart protected because they were not deemed critical — including the DELTAH monitor Verb 16 Noun 68. This is why, following the two alarms in P63, the display returned from Noun 68 to Noun 63.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Here a system of restart protection that was primarily motivated by the possibility of hardware glitches synergistically provided a means to shed computational load in response to a software logjam caused by TLOSS. We had devised a real-time control system that under certain conditions was "fault tolerant".</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
During P64 the situation was different. Added to the regular guidance equations was new processing that provided the capability to redesignate the landing site. With this addition, the essential software by itself left a duty-cycle margin of less than 10%. The alarms kept coming. There were three 1201 and 1202 alarms within 40 seconds. Each time, the software restart flushed the Executive queue but could not shed load.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
At MET 102:43:08, forestalling the next alarm, Armstrong switched the autopilot from AUTO to ATT HOLD mode, easing the computational burden, and then entered semi-manual mode P66, where the burden was still lighter. After 2 minutes and 20 seconds spent maneuvering in P66 without alarms, the LM landed.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<P CLASS=textext>
* * *</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Five months later Apollo 12 survived a lightning strike during boost and landed on the Moon. Thanks in part to a new noun (69) that we had defined to allow the crew to make position corrections based on ground tracking data during the braking phase, astronauts Pete Conrad and Alan Bean were able to land the LM within an easy walk of an unmanned Surveyor spacecraft that had landed on the Moon in April, 1967. Apollo 12's pinpoint landing paved the way for landings in more difficult terrain.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
It was only after Apollo 12 that we began to understand the other serious problem.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
It started when Clint Tillman of Grumman Aerospace (the builder of the Lunar Module) noticed throttle oscillations during simulations of the final descent, on the order of 5% of the DPS thrust. This prompted Tillman to examine telemetry data from Apollo 11 and 12, where he noticed throttle oscillations during the final landing phases that were on the order of 25% peak to peak. (See Figure 12.) This was the period when the Commander was simultaneously using the ROD switch to control altitude-rate and the joystick to maneuver the vehicle. Because plots of this data resembled the battlements and turrets of a castle (or a castellated nut) this problem got to be known as "throttle castellation".</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<IMG SRC="[email protected]" STYLE="border-width: 0" HEIGHT="365" WIDTH="450"
ALT="Figure 11: First Report of Throttle Castellations">
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Figure 11: First Report of Throttle Castellations</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Klumpp, in Cambridge, traced the excitation that caused the oscillations to a previously unrecognized phenomenon that came to be called "IMU bob"[18]. The IMU was located above, and about four feet in front of, the center-of-mass of the vehicle. Small but rapid pitch maneuvers, such as those required during final descent, slung the IMU in a way that was interpreted by the accelerometers as a change in the vertical velocity of the <I>vehicle</I>. This in turn affected the calculations of altitude-rate, and the estimate of thrust.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
But this theory only partially explained the throttle behavior observed in the flight data.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Rocket engines that can be throttled were and still are unusual, but a throttleable engine was a necessity for making a soft landing on the Moon. A fixed-thrust engine and a very simple guidance equation could put a spacecraft <I>through</I> a spot on the lunar surface. But to get there right side up, moving slowly, with visibility and the ability to hover while choosing a landing area, required an engne that could balance lunar gravity while varying its thrust as the vehicle's mass decreased, as the vertical component of the thrust vector changed during attitude maneuvers, and as the astronaut requested changes in the descent rate.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The guidance equations determined what acceleration was required, both in magnitude and direction. The autopilot maneuvered the vehicle to satisfy the thrust direction commanded by guidance. It was up to the throttle-control program to control the magnitude. Throttle-control started by computing the LM's mass. Knowing mass, it determined the magnitude of the thrust correction required to change vehicle acceleration from that measured by the accelerometers to that commanded by the guidance equations, converted this to the units used by the throttle assembly (about 2.8 pounds per pulse), and sent it to the hardware.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The accelerometers in the IMU did not really measure acceleration; they merely counted velocity increments since the last reading. Because a throttle change commanded on the previous guidance pass occurred at some time between the accelerometer readings, the measured delta-V did not show the full effect of the most recent adjustment.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<IMG SRC="[email protected]" STYLE="border-width: 0" HEIGHT="264" WIDTH="450"
ALT="Figure 12: Throttle Excursions During Apollo 12 P66">
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Figure 12: Throttle Excursions During Apollo 12 P66[19]</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Throttle control had to compensate for this effect. The amount of compensation depended on when during the guidance period throttle commands were issued, and it also depended upon the rapidity with which the engine followed the throttle command. The applicable ICD stated that the throttle time lag was 0.3 seconds.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
It fell to the author to program and test the throttle-control routine. In plots produced by a simulation that accurately modeled the DPS using the time lag of 0.3 seconds, I observed the oscillation that occurred in the actual thrust level after a large throttle change was commanded without compensation for the throttle lag. When I compensated for 0.1 second I saw that the oscillation was reduced. When I compensated for 0.2 seconds the oscillation appeared to be virtually eliminated. There the matter rested. Klumpp remembers me saying, "It's just like medicine, don't give it more compensation than it needs".</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Klumpp knew it was <i>not</I> "just like medicine", but he never insisted that I program the correct number. Examining his motives 15 years later, Klumpp wrote:</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=dentext>
<P CLASS=textext>
I thought it was important to nurture self-reliance, to let coworkers' decisions on small matters prevail, even when not optimum. So I withheld my thoughts and let Don's decision stand, at least until he might reconsider it independently[20].</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Examining my own motives, I believe that the annoyance I felt toward the compensation terms for cluttering up my throttle logic may have translated into a desire to compensate no more than necessary. Be that as it may, both Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 flew with 0.2 seconds of compensation for a 0.3 second throttle delay.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
But now both Klumpp's analysis[21], and an independent report prepared by J. A. Sorensen at Bellcomm[22], concluded that "The oscillatory character of the P66 throttle command was apparently due to the actual value of the descent engine time constant being smaller than that assumed" (Sorensen). Klumpp tracked it down. The performance of the descent engine had been improved, but the ICD was not modified accordingly. The actual time lag for the descent engine was about 0.075 seconds. It turned out we had overcompensated. As a result the throttle was barely stable.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Klumpp's analysis had an even more startling result. It showed that if the software had compensated at 0.3 seconds on Apollo 11, the throttle would have been unstable. The throttle oscillations, instead of settling down, would have become greater. Following throttle-down in P63, or perhaps in P66 under the excitation of IMU bob, the DPS engine would have rapidly oscillated between minimum and maximum thrust. No doubt mission control, quite logically, would have linked the throttle behavior to the 1202 alarms that were occurring for entirely independent reasons.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
An abort would have been inevitable. With all modesty, it appears to be the case that if the author had coded the "correct" compensation number in the throttle-control routine, Apollo 11 would not have landed. I invite someone with no personal stake and a grasp of the mathematics to reexamine this theory.
</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<P CLASS=textext>
* * *</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
We fixed IMU bob by removing the velocity changes caused by IMU motion from the acceleration measurements. We corrected the throttle time lag and simulations showed that this indeed fixed the throttle instability. Neither fix was on Apollo 13, but that mission was not able to attempt a lunar landing.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Curiously, a change made <I>before</I> the throttle problem came to light, which was on Apollo 13, would have offered a backup if the automatic throttle had failed. A new noun (92) was defined that the crew could select to see the throttle level desired by guidance. Logic that would have terminated automatic guidance if the throttle were (or appeared to be) switched to MANUAL was removed. These changes[23] let the astronaut take control of the throttle during P63 or P64 while guidance continued to command attitude. I do not know whether these difficult procedures were ever practiced.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The problem of the Executive overload alarms was dealt with several times over.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
The rendezvous radar mode switch was placed in LGC for ascent. For future missions the descent checklist was changed. Meanwhile we added logic to LUMINARY to check the rendezvous radar mode, and if it was not in LGC, send a signal to zero the rendezvous radar counters[24].</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Allan Klumpp studied the Executive problem from another angle. He discovered that under conditions in which TLOSS occurred intermittently, or when the level of computer activity fluctuated in the presence of TLOSS, it was possible for incomplete SERVICER jobs that had been interrupted during the issuance of attitude commands, but had not yet been flushed by a software restart, to be resumed at a later time — with the possibility that inappropriate attitude commands could be issued to the autopilot. In time for Apollo 13 Klumpp devised a fix in which an occasional whole SERVICER job would be dropped to catch up, if necessary.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
But for the future, none of these changes provided fundamental relief from the constraint of the fixed, two-second guidance period. A terrain model needed to be added to the landing radar routines to allow landing in difficult terrain. Guidance modifications were waiting in the wings. Where would the time come from?</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
We developed a concept we called "variable SERVICER", in which the guidance period was allowed to stretch if it needed to. Fears that the two-second interval was built inextricably into the software proved unfounded. It was only necessary to measure the guidance period and use that value explicitly in place of the two seconds that was implicit in a few calculations. We got variable SERVICER working in an offline version of LUMINARY, and demonstrated its immunity to very high levels of TLOSS[25].</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Freedom from the two-second straitjacket allowed other ideas to be considered. Astronaut John Young suggested a capability that we called P66 LPD. By now P66 had evolved into an even more flexible program than it was when Armstrong flew it on Apollo 11. One of its new features was that if the crew switched the attitude mode back from ATT HOLD to AUTO, guidance would then control the attitude to null the horizontal velocity. Young's idea was for the LGC to display an LPD angle (as during the visibility phase) that would show the Commander the spot over which the LM would come to hover, if at that instant the autopilot were switched to AUTO[26].</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
To make P66 LPD accurate, the software had to react instantly when the astronaut switched to AUTO — more quickly than the two-second period, or even the one-second period at which parts of P66 operated, allowed. We coded a version in which a job running every quarter of a second reacted to the change in autopilot mode by immediately issuing attitude and throttle commands, and responded far more quickly and precisely to inputs from the ROD switch as well. In manned simulations run at the LM Mission Simulator (LMS) at Cape Canaveral, with its fabulous terrain models visible in the LM's windows, we showed that this system facilitated very precise landings.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Neither variable SERVICER nor P66 LPD ever flew. NASA had made the decision that Apollo 17 would be the last landing. With so few missions remaining, the software control board made the conservative decision — no major changes to the landing software. By synchronizing the landing radar measurements with the time the accelerometers were read, Robert Covelli gained enough time to squeeze in the terrain model for Apollo 15, 16, and 17.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
Apollo 14 brought the author a brief notoriety. The abort switch on the instrument panel was sending a spurious signal that could have spoiled Alan Shepard and Ed Mitchell's landing. I had written the code that monitored this discrete. The workaround simply changed a few registers, first to fool the abort monitor into thinking that an abort was already in progress, and then to clean up afterward so that the landing could continue unaffected. The procedure radioed up and flawlessly executed by the astronauts involved 61 DSKY keystrokes. Perhaps the most interesting part of the Apollo 14 incident has been the number of differing versions that have been offered to history. But Apollo 14 is a story for another day.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
In December 1972 I traveled to Cape Canaveral for the launch of Apollo 17. At this moment spaceflight was hip. The writer Tom Wolfe was there with photographer Annie Leibovitz to write the four-part story for Rolling Stone magazine that was the precursor of "The Right Stuff"[27]. It was the only Apollo night launch. The misty Florida sky lit up orange from horizon to horizon as the huge Saturn V ripped downrange on a quarter-mile flame that licked at the end like a blowtorch.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
I spent a few days at the LMS testing some procedures that we called "erasable memory programs". These were snippets of code that could be installed in unused VAC areas to handle certain malfunctions — an idea that was a legacy of the Apollo 14 incident. Then I flew back to Cambridge for the landing itself.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
After that came the pleasure of listening in while Gene Cernan and Jack Schmitt, a geologist by training, explored the Moon in the lunar rover, venturing over 3 miles, out of sight of the spacecraft. And that was the last time anyone walked on the Moon.<BR><BR></P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<IMG SRC="[email protected]" STYLE="border-width: 0" HEIGHT="395" WIDTH="500"
ALT="Figure 13: Some of the People Involved">
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=centertext>
<P CLASS=textext STYLE="margin: 10px 15px 0px 15px">
Figure 13: Some of the People Involved.<BR><BR>
Large photo, front row: Vince Megna, "Doc" Charles Stark Draper, the author, Dave Moore, Tony Cook; back row: Phil Felleman, Larry Berman, Allan Klumpp,
Bob Werner, Robert Lones, Sam Drake. Small photo, front row: Larry Berman,
Peter Volante, the author; back row: Sam Drake, Bruce McCoy. Also involved but not present for either photo were Steve Copps, Romilly Gilbert, Ken Goodwin and Russ Larson.</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
<BR>__________________________</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
<BR>REFERENCES<BR>
</P>
</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS=widetext>
<P CLASS=textext>
[1] Klumpp, A. R.; "Apollo Lunar Descent Guidance"; MIT Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, R-695; June, 1971.<BR>
[2] Cherry, G. W.; "E-Guidance — A General Explicit, Optimizing Guidance Law for Rocket-Propelled Spacecraft"; MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, R-456; August, 1964.<BR>
[3] Brooks, Courtney G., et al; "Chariots for Apollo, A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft"; NASA; 1979.<BR>
[4] Silver, George; private communication; 2004.<BR>
[5] Hall, Eldon C.; "Journey to the Moon: The History of the Apollo Guidance Computer"; AIAA, 1996.<BR>
[6] Blair-Smith, Hugh; "Block II Instructions"; MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, AGC4 Memo 9; July 1, 1966.<BR>
[7] Muntz, Charles A.; "User's Guide to the Block II AGC/LGC Interpreter"; MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, R-489; April 1965.<BR>
[8] Apollo 11 Downlink Data.<BR>
[9] "Apollo 11 Technical Crew Debriefing"; NASA, July 31, 1969 [Debriefing].<BR>
[10] "Apollo 11 Technical Air-to-Ground Voice Transcription"; NASA, July 1969 [Voice].<BR>
[11] Voice.<BR>
[12] Debriefing.<BR>
[13] "Apollo 11 Mission Report"; NASA, SP-238.<BR>
[14] Debriefing.<BR>
[15] Debriefing.<BR>
[16] Voice.<BR>
[17] Klumpp, A.; untitled memo regarding real-time plot for monitoring computer activity; MIT Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, April 9, 1970.<BR>
[18] Klumpp, A. and Kalan, G.; "Elimination of Noise and Enhancement of Stability and Dynamic Response of the Apollo LM Rate-of-Descent Program"; MIT Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, E-2543, October 1970 [Noise].<BR>
[19] Noise.<BR>
[20] Klumpp, Allan; private communication; 1985.<BR>
[21] Noise.<BR>
[22] Sorensen, J. A.; "Linear Stability Analysis of LM Rate-of-Descent Guidance Equations"; Bellcomm Inc., B70 06074, June 25, 1970.<BR>
[23] Tindall, H.W. and Garman, Jack; "Remove check of Auto Throttle Discrete"; LUMINARY 1C Program Change Request (PCR) 285, September 30, 1969.<BR>
[24] Eyles, D.; "Prevent RR ECDUs from Stealing LGC Memory Cycles"; LUMINARY 1B PCR 848, July 23, 1969.<BR>
[25] Eyles, Don; "Description of Variable Servicer"; MIT Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Luminary Memo 139, March 3, 1970.<BR>
[26] Eyles, Don; "Apollo LM Guidance and Pilot-Assistance During the Final Stage of Lunar Descent"; MIT Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, E-2581; May 1971.<BR>
[27] Wolfe, Tom; "Post-Orbital Remorse"; Rolling Stone; January 4, 1973.</P>
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TALES FROM THE LUNAR MODULE GUIDANCE COMPUTER
[Don Eyles](mailto:[email protected]) |
|
(A paper presented to the 27th annual Guidance and Control
Conference of the American Astronautical Society (AAS), in
Breckenridge, Colorado on February 6, 2004, and designated
AAS 04-064. This version includes additional illustrations and
comments, and several minor corrections.) |
|
ABSTRACT: The Apollo 11 mission succeeded in landing on the moon despite two computer-related problems that affected the Lunar Module during the powered descent. An uncorrected problem in the rendezvous radar interface stole approximately 13% of the computer's duty cycle, resulting in five program alarms and software restarts. In a less well-known problem, caused by erroneous data, the thrust of the LM's descent engine fluctuated wildly because the throttle control algorithm was only marginally stable. The explanation of these problems provides an opportunity to describe the operating system of the Apollo flight computers and the lunar landing guidance software. |
| Figure 1: The Lunar Module |
|
Figure 1: The Lunar Module |
|
LM-1, also known as Apollo 5, was a 6-hour unmanned mission in earth orbit for the Lunar Module (LM) only. The date was January 22, 1968. For those of us who developed the onboard software for the LM Guidance Computer (LGC) it was our first flight. An event that had once seemed impossibly distant was now upon us. |
|
The mission included two firings of the LM's Descent Propulsion System (DPS). For the second "burn" Allan Klumpp, who designed the lunar landing guidance equations[1] based on work by George Cherry[2], had devised an earth-orbit version of the lunar landing guidance. It had three parts, meant to simulate the "braking" phase, "visibility" phase, and final landing phase of a real descent. But first there was a burn meant to simulate the descent orbit insertion maneuver that preceded the landing. This was to be the first in-flight firing of the LM's descent engine, lasting about 38 seconds. |
|
The LGC was in Phase 9 of the "canned" LM-1 mission, the program for the first DPS burn. (Later missions were organized more flexibly and the first DPS burn was conducted in P40.) The LM had maneuvered to the burn attitude. The computer counted down to ignition. At thirty seconds a "task" called READACCS was executed for the first time. It read the accelerometers in the spacecraft's inertial measurement unit, scheduled a "job" called SERVICER to run immediately, and then scheduled itself to run again two seconds later. Having been initialized with state vectors from the onboard orbital integration software, SERVICER's "average-G" navigation equations began to use accelerometer data to update the position and velocity vectors. READACCS and SERVICER would repeat every two seconds throughout the powered-flight phase. Seven and a half seconds before ignition an "ullage" burn of the Reaction Control System (RCS) jets began, to settle the propellant in the DPS tanks. We leaned closer to the squawk box that connected us to mission control in Houston. |
|
We heard "Engine on"... several seconds passed... "Engine off". |
|
Soon we understood what had happened. A small piece of code in SERVICER called the "delta-V monitor" had concluded that the engine had failed and sent an engine-off command. But why? To give the engine time to come up to thrust, the delta-V monitor always waited some period of time after engine-on before it began to monitor the engine. But this time, at the end of the grace period the engine was still not producing enough thrust to satisfy the monitor's thrust criterion. |
|
Published accounts[3] have attributed the slow DPS thrust buildup to the fact that the LM's tanks were only partially pressurized. The author's investigations show that the problem was elsewhere. For the DPS fuel system, the normal procedure was to open the valve that allowed fuel to enter the propellant manifold at the time the engine was armed, several seconds before ignition. But on LM-1 the control valve that regulated the passage of fuel from the manifold into the engine was suspected of being leaky. To prevent the possible, premature entry of hypergolic propellant into the engine (which could have had explosive consequences) the decision was made, shortly before flight, to delay arming the engine until the time of ignition[4]. |
|
The engine was slow to start not because the tanks were less pressurized, but because the propellant had further to travel to reach the engine. It would have been easy for us to adjust the parameter that controlled how long the delta-V monitor waited before testing the engine — but nobody told us. |
|
Houston sent a signal to turn off the onboard computer. The main objectives of the LM-1 mission were achieved under ground control. We who programmed the LM's computer hung our heads in disappointment, and endured a public reaction that did not distinguish between a "computer error" and a mistake in the data. Yet, this was not the last time that a seemingly innocuous parameter, relating to the performance of the descent engine, would come perilously close to ruining a mission. |
|
\* \* \* |
|
The job of designing the guidance system for the Apollo spacecraft had fallen to the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Under the leadership of its founder "Doc" Charles Stark Draper, the Lab had since 1939 played the preeminent role in perfecting inertial guidance systems. Our contract to design and program the Apollo Primary Guidance Navigation and Control System (PGNCS, pronounced "pings") was the first Apollo contract signed. Doc had volunteered to fly the mission himself. |
|
(In 1970 the Instrumentation Laboratory was renamed the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, and in 1973 became independent from MIT, although the two institutions remain linked. The Draper Laboratory is still deeply involved in NASA's manned spaceflight programs.) |
|
The flight computer program for LM-1 was called SUNBURST. By the time LM-1 flew we were already working on SUNDANCE, the program that would fly the earth-orbital Apollo 9 mission. SUNDANCE in turn evolved into LUMINARY, the program for Apollo 10 and the lunar landing missions. It was LUMINARY revision 99 that flew the Apollo 11 mission in July, 1969. Revision 116 flew Apollo 12 in December, and so on. |
|
(This paper follows nomenclature used during the Apollo Program. Program names, and the names of tags and variables within programs, were usually written in upper case.) |
|
Informally, the programs were called "ropes" because of the durable form of read-only memory into which they were transformed for flight, which resembled a rope of woven copper wire. For the lunar missions, 36K words of "fixed" (read-only) memory, each word consisting of 15 bits plus a parity bit, were available for the program. In addition there were 2K words of artfully timeshared "erasable" or RAM memory. Allowing for the identical Apollo guidance computer (AGC) in the Command Module (CM), containing a program called COLOSSUS, it is correct to say that we landed on the moon with 152 Kbytes of onboard computer memory. |
| Figure 2: Apollo LM Primary Guidance and Navigation System |
|
Figure 2: Apollo LM Primary Guidance and Navigation System (PGNS) |
|
The AGC was packaged in a sturdy, sealed, aluminum-magnesium box, anodized in a gold color, that measured about six inches, by one foot, by two feet, weighed 70 pounds and consumed about 55 watts. Its logic was made up of 5600 3-input NOR gates packaged two-each in flat-pack integrated circuits. Eldon Hall, the machine's principal designer, has related the bold decision to use integrated circuit technology for this computer despite its immaturity in the early 1960's[5]. |
|
The LGC (with related equipment) was mounted behind the astronauts at the back of the LM cabin. In front of the astronauts was a rigid structure called the "Nav Base" that held an alignment telescope and the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) in a fixed geometrical relationship. The computer's Display and Keyboard Unit (DSKY) was mounted like a desk between the two astronauts. Figure 2 illustrates the components and high-level interfaces of the LM's primary guidance system. |
|
The IMU, packaged in a spherical case about a foot in diameter, was the heart of the guidance system. The heart of the IMU itself, enclosed by three nested gimbals, was the "stable member" — a small platform containing three accurate gyroscopes and three accelerometers — that could be "aligned" to an inertial orientation. Any deviation from the inertial alignment would be sensed by the gyros, and the gimbals would move to correct, all happening with such precision that no matter what attitude (orientation) the spacecraft took (almost), the stable member deep inside provided a steady attitude reference. A matrix called REFSMMAT expressed the stable-member alignment with respect to the reference inertial frame. The accelerometers were there to count velocity increments during powered flight in the coordinate system of the stable member. |
| Figure 3: Lunar Module Display and Keyboard Unit |
|
Figure 3: Lunar Module Display and Keyboard Unit (DSKY) |
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The DSKY (Figure 3) was the principal man-machine interface for the LGC. For display it provided three signed five-digit registers for general-purpose use, three two-digit registers to indicate the current phase (a number between 63 and 68 for the lunar landing), and the current "verb" and "noun". Verbs and nouns provided a primitive language for communication between the crew and the computer. Phases and verb/noun combinations were determined by the software in some cases, and in other cases were entered by the crew on a keyboard of 19 keys. The contents of the three general-purpose registers depended on the current verb and noun. The DSKY also contained an array of indicator lights that were under the control of the computer, and a computer-activity light that lit when the LGC was *not* in its idle state. |
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The AGCs in the LM and CM were programmed in two languages. The one we called "Basic", but more properly "Yul", was an assembler language of about 40 operations[6], authored by Hugh Blair-Smith. "Interpretive" was a list-processing interpretive language (essentially a set of subroutines) designed to facilitate guidance and navigation calculations involving double precision (30-bit fixed-point) vectors and matrices — at the cost of being very slow[7]. The Interpreter was written by Charles Muntz.
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The memory-cycle time for the AGC was 11.7 microseconds. A single-precision addition in the assembler language took two memory cycles. A double-precision vector cross-product programmed in Interpretive took about 5 milliseconds. One of the challenges in programming the AGC was juggling the two languages to obtain the best blend of speed and compactness for the given situation.
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The computer programs for Apollo were still small enough to fit into one listing — typically six inches thick on 11x15 inch fan-fold paper. The listing included symbol tables that allowed threads to be traced. With a single listing we always knew that the answer was there, when we had a bug to deal with, but it might be devilish to find.
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| Figure 4: Listing of LM Computer Program LUMINARY 131 |
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Figure 4: Listing of LM Computer Program LUMINARY 131 |
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With respect to units, the LGC was eclectic. Inside the computer we used metric units, at least in the case of powered-flight navigation and guidance. At the operational level NASA, and especially the astronauts, preferred English units. This meant that before being displayed, altitude and altitude-rate (for example) were calculated from the metric state vector maintained by navigation, and then were converted to feet and ft/sec. It would have felt weird to speak of spacecraft altitude in meters, and both thrust and mass were commonly expressed in pounds. Because part of the point of this paper is to show how things were *called* in this era of spaceflight, I shall usually express quantities in the units that it would have felt natural to use at the time.
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\* \* \* |
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By now the area on the second floor of 75 Cambridge Parkway where we monitored missions had been moved to a larger space, but on July 20, 1969 the room was crowded despite efforts to keep it clear for those of us who were most involved in this phase of the mission. We listened to a squawk box in a nondescript classroom, while a quarter of a million miles away a manned spacecraft emerged from behind the moon and approached its orbital low-point (perilune) of about 50, 000 feet above the cratered surface, where the lunar landing burn would begin. |
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The crew keyed in Verb 37 to select P63, the phase that controlled the preparations for Powered Descent Initiation (PDI) and stayed in control until the burn achieved its first set of targets. The computer processed an algorithm to compute the exact time for ignition and the attitude the LM should be in at that time. Next the spacecraft maneuvered to that orientation. At the time of ignition the engine bell would be pointed almost dead ahead, directly opposing the spacecraft's orbital velocity.
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Now the computer issued code 500. It thought the landing radar antenna was in the wrong position. The crew saw that the relevant switches were already in the right positions, but they cycled them anyway and the warning cleared. This had no connection with the events that would follow, but it nourished our suspicion of "discretes", those signals that told the computer some fact like the position of a switch or an antenna — but sometimes lied.
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Control passed to BURNBABY — the master ignition routine that we wrote after LM-1 to save memory by exploiting the similarities among the powered flight phases in the period leading up to ignition. Verb 06 Noun 62 appeared on the DSKY. The middle register contained a time in minutes and seconds that began to count down toward light-up. At 35 seconds the display went blank, and at 30 seconds reappeared. This was a signal that Average-G had started. At seven and a half seconds, the ullage burn began. At five seconds, the display flashed to request a "go" from the crew. Buzz Aldrin, the LM Pilot, standing on the right side of the cockpit, had the main responsibility for working the DSKY. Now he keyed PROCEED.
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At Mission Elapsed Time (MET) 102:33:05 self-igniting propellants came together in the descent engine and it lit up at 10% throttle. Armstrong did not even feel the gentle push — less than 1/25 G. The display changed to Noun 63 and the three display registers now showed a total velocity of 5559.7 ft/sec, an altitude-rate of -2.2 ft/sec, and an altitude of 49971 feet[8]. The gimbals that pivoted the descent engine moved to align the thrust vector with the spacecraft's center of mass. Then, 26 seconds into the burn, the software throttled-up the DPS to its maximum thrust of 9870 pounds (43, 900 newtons), 94% of the engine's official rating of 10500 pounds, and at the same time enabled the descent guidance.
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P63 was called the braking phase because its only purpose was to shed horizontal velocity. It would end in about eight minutes when the spacecraft reached target conditions known as "high gate" at about 7400 feet altitude. Figure 5 illustrates the phases of the lunar landing.
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| Figure 5: Phases of the Lunar Landing |
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Figure 5: Phases of the Lunar Landing (Numbers Approximate) |
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At MET 102:36:55 Neil Armstrong, the Commander, standing on the left side of the LM cockpit, used his joystick to spin the spacecraft about its thrust axis so that the windows, which had allowed the astronauts to look down at the surface while hurtling forward feet first, would point out into space, where Earth was visible. But the spacecraft was rotating too slowly. Armstrong realized the autopilot rate switch was at 5 deg/sec and switched it to 25[9]. Just before the maneuver was complete the landing radar signaled "data good". |
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It was not possible to navigate so accurately as to touch down safely on the lunar surface with no local knowledge of its relative distance or velocity. The landing radar provided this information. Despite the "reasonability check" performed by the software, radar data could not be incorporated into the state vector without crew (and ground) approval. So about five minutes into the burn Aldrin keyed in Verb 16 Noun 68 — a request to monitor a noun whose third register showed the difference between the altitude sensed by the radar and the computed altitude. This number, called DELTAH, was about -2900 feet. This was within the range of expected altitude error. The radar data could gradually be folded into navigation without adversely affecting the shape of the trajectory.
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Then we heard the words "program alarm". In Cambridge we looked at each other. Onboard, Aldrin saw the PROG light go on and the display switch back to Verb 06 Noun 63. He quickly keyed in Verb 5 Noun 9. Alarm code 1202 appeared on the DSKY. This was an alarm issued when the computer was overloaded — when it had more work to do than it had time for. In Cambridge the word went around, "Executive alarm, no core sets". Then Armstrong said, with an edge, "Give us a reading on the 1202 program alarm"[10].
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From here events moved very quickly, too fast for us to have any input from Cambridge. It was up to Mission Control in Houston. The story of what happened there has often been told — how it fell to a 26-year-old mission control guidance officer named Steve Bales to say "go" or "abort". Bales had participated in a recent review of LGC alarms that had deemed 1202 a "go" unless it occurred too often or the trajectory deviated. He was supported by Jack Garman of NASA and Russ Larson of MIT in the back room. Garman said, "go". Larson gave a thumbs-up. (He later said he was too scared to form words.) So Bales answered, "go", Flight Director Gene Krantz said
"go", and capsule communicator Charlie Duke passed it up to the crew. At MIT, where we realized that something mysterious was draining time from the computer, we were barely breathing.
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Half a minute elapsed between the alarm and the "go" from Houston. During that time mission control approved the DELTAH, and Aldrin keyed in 57 to allow navigation to incorporate the landing radar measurements. Then he tried Verb 16 Noun 68 again and watched DELTAH decrease to 900 feet. Again a program alarm light. Again Verb 5 Noun 9 — 1202 alarm. Again "go" from the ground. |
| Figure 6: Commanded Versus Actual Thrust |
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Figure 6: Commanded (dotted line) Versus Actual Thrust
(solid line) During Powered Descent (Simulation Data) |
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At MET 102:39:31 the best possible confidence builder occurred — throttle down, right on time. "Ah! Throttle down... better than the simulator" commented Aldrin, "Throttle down on time!" exclaimed Armstrong, their excitement palpable. In the official transcript of communications between spacecraft and ground during the powered descent, these are the only exclamation points[11]. |
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The descent engine experienced excessive nozzle erosion if operated in the range between 65% and maximum thrust. Throttle down occurred when the thrust required by guidance sank to a level enough below that limit that a gradual increase through the end of the braking phase would not force a return to maximum (see Figure 6). Throttle down was a sensitive indicator of how well the guidance system was doing. It was also true that if the throttle stuck at maximum an abort might soon be necessary, because in about 40 seconds the guidance equations would command the spacecraft to invert. |
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While the LM was still facing the lunar surface Armstrong had clocked landmarks that indicated the LM was further downrange than desired. He realized now that the computer did not know the lander was going long[12]. Otherwise the engine would have stayed at maximum thrust for longer as guidance tried to stop short. |
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At MET 102:41:32, as the spacecraft passed through 7400 feet, sinking at 125 ft/sec, high gate was achieved. Guidance began using a new set of targets. The LM pitched forward so that the lunar surface was visible ahead. On the DSKY the mode register changed to 64 indicating the Visibility Phase, and Noun 64 replaced Noun 63. Two two-digit numbers replaced velocity in the top register. One was a "landing point designator" (LPD) angle that indicated where Armstrong should look along a reticle attached to his window to see where the LM would touch down if it were allowed to land automatically. The guidance system controlled yaw to keep the landing site along the line of the reticle. The crew could move a hand controller to shift the site. (Armstrong had stated before the flight that he planned not to use this capability, but there was apparently one inadvertant redesignation late in the visibility phase.) The second number gave the time remaining during which a redesignation could be input. With the redesignation logic now engaged, this was the busiest period of the landing. |
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At MET 102:42:17 a 1201 alarm occurred. It was another Executive alarm — "No VAC areas available". About 24 seconds later there was another 1202. Just 16 seconds later, with the lander at 770 feet with a sink rate of 27 ft/sec, yet another 1202 occurred. Mission control in Houston called a "go" in each case. Neil Armstrong, whose heart rate rose from 120 to 150 during this period[13], put it this way: |
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Normally, in this time period, that is, from P64 onward, we'd be evaluating the landing site and starting LPD activity. However, the concern here was not with the landing area we were going into, but rather whether we could continue at all. Consequently, our attention was directed toward clearing the program alarms, keeping the machine flying, and assuring ourselves that control was adequate to continue without requiring an abort. Most of our attention was directed inside the cockpit during this time period and in my view this would account for our inability to study the landing site and final landing location during final descent[14]. |
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Nevertheless, Armstrong had time to notice that the LPD indicated "we were landing just short of a large rocky crater with very large rocks covering a high percentage of the surface"[15]. So at MET 102:43:08 (650 feet), after deciding that he could not stop short of the crater, Armstrong flipped the autopilot mode switch from AUTO to ATT HOLD to take manual control of the LM's attitude. He maneuvered to zero pitch to maintain horizontal velocity and skim over the rocky area. |
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(ATT HOLD meant the digital autopilot's Rate-Command Attitude-Hold mode, in which the astronaut could command an attitude rate by deflecting a joystick. After the stick was released the autopilot nulled rates to maintain the present attitude.) |
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At MET 102:43:20 (430 feet) Armstrong flicked a spring loaded toggle switch with his left hand, entering the rate-of-descent mode (P66). Now the computer controlled the spacecraft's thrust to maintain a rate-of-descent commanded by the ROD switch. A flick upward slowed the descent by one foot per second; a flick downward increased the descent rate by the same amount. Using the joystick, Armstrong tilted the LM to null out horizontal velocity and bring the LM to a safe area for touchdown. After some "possibly spastic" control motions because dust kicked up by the exhaust plume distorted his perception of translational velocity, at MET 102:45:40, Armstrong landed the spacecraft safely in the Sea of Tranquility. |
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\* \* \* |
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Years before Apollo 11, when the guidance system was first being conceived, the onboard software was almost an afterthought — "Hal will take care of it" was the sentiment. In fact it ended up taking scores of people, with hundreds more in support, but to Hal Laning, in the early days, fell the job of figuring out how to organize the numerous software functions that must go on almost simultaneously in a real-time spacecraft control computer — in this case one of limited size and speed. |
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Hal's design avoided the pitfalls of a "boxcar" executive, in which the computations must be divided up explicitly between time slices. A boxcar executive is painful to implement because computations must be broken up arbitrarily. During development the allocation may need to be revised whenever any of its parts is modified or new functions are added. Worst of all, a boxcar executive is a *brittle* system during operation. It breaks down completely as soon as any function takes longer than the time it is allocated. |
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Instead, Laning envisioned a system in which software functions were allocated among various "jobs" that could be of any size and shape, as determined by the nature of their function. Each job was assigned a priority. The operating system always executed the job with the highest priority. Thus, if a low-priority job was executing and a high-priority job was scheduled, the low-priority job was suspended while the higher-priority job executed. This system gave the illusion that jobs ran simultaneously, although of course they merely took turns. Such a system was not deterministic in the sense that what executed when could be determined *a priori*, but its operation could be sufficiently understood and verified that in sum it enhanced reliability, safety, flexibility of use, and especially ease of development. |
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In such a design the Executive function that orchestrated the execution of jobs had to provide each job with a set of registers in which its status could be saved if it was suspended during the execution of a higher priority job. The LGC contained an array of eight such "core sets" of 12 registers each, each register having 15 bits. A core set of this size was sufficient for many jobs, but jobs that used the Interpretive language to do vector and matrix computations required more space. For such jobs an additional area of 43 registers was allocated for the storage of intermediate results. There were five such "Vector Accumulator (VAC) areas" in the LGC. |
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With a limited number of core sets and VAC areas, the allocation of functions to jobs had to be done thoughtfully. Functions that had a sequential relationship with each other were grouped into the same job. Thus the large SERVICER job that was active during the lunar landing (and other powered flight modes) first performed average-G navigation, then guidance equations, then throttle and attitude output, and then the updating of displays — each part using the outputs of the ones preceding. |
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The availability of core sets and VAC areas limited the number of jobs that could be in the queue at any time to eight, of which up to five could require VAC areas. In normal steady-state operation, the number of jobs executed equaled the number being scheduled and therefore the average usage of core sets and VAC areas was more of less steady, although jobs that occurred on a one-shot or asynchronous basis might cause the usage to fluctuate. |
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However, if more jobs were being scheduled than were being finished, the number of core sets and VAC areas in use must rise. If the debit continued long enough, the resources would be exhausted. The next job request could not be fulfilled. |
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Cut to a time about a year before Apollo 11, when we software engineers, who thought we already had enough to do, were requested to write the lunar landing software in such a way that the computer could literally be turned off and back on without interrupting the landing or any other vital maneuver! This was called "restart protection". Other factors than power transients also caused restarts. A restart was triggered if the hardware thought the software was in an endless loop, or if there were a parity failure when reading fixed memory, or for several other reasons. |
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Restart protection was done by registering waypoints at suitable points during the operation of the software such that if processing happened to jump back to the last waypoint, no error would be introduced, as in the following example:
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NEW\_X = X + 1
register waypoint
X = NEW\_X
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It is evident that without the waypoint, going through this code a second time would cause X to be incremented twice. |
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Following a restart, such computations could be reconstructed. For each job, processing would commence at the last registered waypoint. If multiple copies of the same job were in the queue, only the most recent was restarted. Certain other computations that were not considered vital were not restart-protected. These would simply disappear if there were a restart. |
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Restart protection worked very well. On the control panel of our real-time "hybrid" simulator in Cambridge was a pushbutton that caused the AGC to restart. During simulations we sometimes pushed the button randomly, almost hoping for a failure that might lead us to one more bug. Invariably, once we got the restart protection working, operation continued seamlessly.
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(The hybrid simulator combined SDS 9300 digital and Beckmann analog computers with a real AGC and realistic LM and CM cockpits.) |
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Restart protection was prompted by the possibility that the hardware could cause a restart, but the software could also initiate a restart if it reached a point where it did not know how to continue. This was done by transferring control to the tag BAILOUT in the Alarms and Aborts software. An error code accompanied this call. |
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This was the action taken by the Executive program if its resources were exceeded. If a job could not be scheduled because no "core sets" were available, the Executive called BAILOUT with alarm code 1202. If no "VAC areas" were available, BAILOUT was called with alarm code 1201. |
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Not all the functions executed in the LGC were "jobs". There was also a system of hardware interrupts, which could break in at any point (when not explicitly inhibited) to perform high priority functions. Interrupts were dedicated to particular functions including the digital autopilot, uplink and downlink, and keyboard operation. |
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Another interrupt could be used to execute any piece of code that had to be executed at a given time. Such functions, called "tasks", were scheduled by calling a subroutine called WAITLIST. A task had to be of very short duration. |
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Whereas jobs were scheduled to execute immediately at a given *priority*, tasks were scheduled to run at a given *time*. Tasks and jobs were often used together. A task might be scheduled to capture sensor data that needed to be read at a definite time, and the task in turn might schedule a job at an appropriate priority to perform processing based on the measurement. |
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When Hal Laning designed the Executive and Waitlist system in the mid 1960's, he made it up from whole cloth with no examples to guide him. The design is still valid today. The allocation of functions among a sensible number of asynchronous processes, under control of a rate- and priority-driven preemptive executive, still represents the state of the art in real-time GN&C computers for spacecraft. |
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\* \* \* |
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To understand the root cause of the alarms on Apollo 11 during the powered descent, one must first look ahead to the rendezvous with the Command Module that followed the LM's ascent to lunar orbit. Just as it needed the landing radar to measure altitude and velocity with respect to the lunar surface during the landing, the LM, as the active vehicle during rendezvous with the CM in lunar orbit, needed the rendezvous radar (RR) to measure the range, range-rate, and direction of the other spacecraft. |
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The RR had several modes of operation, determined by the setting of its mode switch. As flown on Apollo 11, the available RR modes were SLEW, AUTO, and LGC. In SLEW and AUTO modes the radar operated under the control of the crew, independently of the LGC. This was the method that would be used during ascent and rendezvous if the primary guidance system failed. In SLEW mode the rendezvous radar antenna could be steered manually, but otherwise was stationary. Once the antenna was pointed near the target, the AUTO (automatic tracking) mode could be used to acquire and track the target. In these cases the RR range and range-rate, and the shaft and trunnion angles that defined where the RR antenna was pointing, were made available for display on cockpit cross-pointers and tape meters. Range and range-rate were also made available to the abort guidance system (AGS), a computer with only 6144 words of memory that was provided by TRW as a backup for use if the PGNS failed during lunar descent or ascent. |
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(The naming of the three rendezvous radar modes has been a source of confusion for some commentators. Based on crew input the designations were changed between LM-1 and the lunar landing missions. The mode called LGC on Apollo 11 was formerly called AUTO. The mode called AUTO on Apollo 11 was formerly MANUAL. SLEW was unchanged. Although it in no way contributed to the problem on Apollo 11, LUMINARY's internal documentation at this time still referred to the discrete in Channel 33 that indicated that the rendezvous radar was powered up in LGC mode as RR AUTO-POWER ON.) |
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If the PGNS was healthy (as it always was) the radar was controlled by the LGC, and in this case the RR mode switch was set to LGC. The RR interface electronics made available to the software the target range and range-rate measured by the radar, and the angles of the RR antenna's shaft and trunnion, from which the direction to the target could be determined. Programs running in the LGC used this information to guide the LM to a favorable rendezvous.
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It turned out that the rendezvous radar could also be operated during the powered descent, and this was done during Apollo 11. Crew procedures called for the RR to be switched on just before P63 was selected, and to be kept in SLEW or AUTO mode throughout the landing maneuver. |
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Many explanations have been offered for why the RR was configured in this way for the lunar landing. For example, a fanciful scheme for monitoring the landing by comparing RR data to a chart of expected readings may have been considered by some people in Houston. However, a simpler explanation is sufficient to explain the facts: The RR was on for no other purpose than to be warmed up if there were an abort, and it was in AUTO (while the LM was in a position to track the CM) or in SLEW (at other times), simply to keep the antenna from moving uselessly. |
| Figure 7: Interfaces Among PGNS, ATCA and the Rendezvous Radar |
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Figure 7: Interfaces Among PGNS, ATCA and the Rendezvous Radar |
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The problem has also been attributed (including by the author previously) to a "checklist error". This formulation is no more accurate than calling the delta-V monitor's premature shutdown of the engine on LM-1 a "computer error", when it was actually caused by faulty documentation. In fact, the RR switch settings on Apollo 11 should not have caused any problem. That they did so can be traced to another case of... faulty documentation. |
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Years previously, an interface control document (ICD) had been written to define the electrical interface between the PGNS and an electronic assembly called the attitude and translation control assembly (ATCA) that was provided by Grumman Aerospace, the builder of the Moon lander. The ICD specified that the 28-volt 800-Hz voltages in the two systems be "frequency locked", but did *not* say, "phase synchronized". As built, the two voltages were locked in frequency by a "frequency sync" signal sent by the LGC. They were also locked into a constant phase relationship. However, the phase angle between the two signals was completely random, depending on the instant at which the LGC, which was always powered up *after* the ATCA, began sending the first frequency sync signal. These interfaces are pictured in Figure 7. |
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The 800-Hz phasing problem was detected during launch site testing of LM-3 and documented — but it was never corrected. As a result, when the RR mode switch was in AUTO or SLEW, the shaft and trunnion resolvers were being excited by an 800-Hz signal from the ATCA that was very likely to be out of phase with the 800-Hz waveform used as a reference by the coupling data units (CDUs) whose job was to make sense of the resolver signals, and in turn increment (or decrement) the counters inside the computer that told the software how the antenna was pointed. |
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On Apollo 11, however, the CDUs were being asked to comprehend a contradiction. Because they were based on a separately controlled excitation voltage, the resolver signals as received by the CDUs indicated no known angle. The discomfiture of the CDUs was at its worst when the phase angle between the two 800-Hz waveforms was near 90 or 270 degrees — and Apollo 11 evidently hit one of these sweet spots. The response of the CDUs was to increment or decrement the counters in the LGC, nearly constantly, at the maximum rate of 6400 pulses per seconds for each angle. This phenomenon occurred whenever the RR mode was in SLEW or AUTO, regardless of whether the rendezvous radar itself was powered up. |
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The CDU interface counters in the LGC were incremented or decremented by means of external commands that were processed inside the computer as increment or decrement *operations* with names like PINC and MINC. Like the LGC's programmable operations, these took time, in this case one memory cycle of 11.7 microseconds, each. Moving at their maximum rate, the RR CDU counters consumed approximately 15% of the available computation time. At the time, conservatively, we assumed the time drain (called TLOSS) was about 13%, which was consistent with the behavior that was observed. |
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Following Apollo 11 Grumman engineers conducted tests in an attempt to duplicate the flight experience. They confirmed that even in the worst case the RR CDUs would, for brief periods, not count at their maximum rate. They arrived at a figure of 13.36% for the maximum TLOSS that could occur. Simulations at that rate experienced alarms similar to those that occurred in flight. This number is the best documentable estimate for the amount of TLOSS experienced by Apollo 11. [Clint Tillman, "Simulating the RR-CDU Interface When the RR is in the SLEW or AUTO (not LGC) Mode in the FMES/FCI Laboratory," August 9, 1969] |
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I am indebted to LM guidance systems expert George Silver for his patient explanations of the rendezvous radar interface. Silver's role was pivotal during the Apollo 11 mission. He was at Cape Canaveral for the launch, then flew to Boston to get ready for an assignment to monitor the lunar ascent in Cambridge. On July 20 he watched the lunar landing at home on television. He heard the alarms, grasped that something was stealing CPU time, and remembered the case he had seen during LM-3 systems testing in which the rendezvous radar interface had caused wild counter activity. After some additional analysis by the team monitoring the mission in Cambridge, Silver finally got through to the MIT representatives in Houston, on the morning of July 21, less than one hour before lunar liftoff.
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\* \* \* |
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The lunar landing was the busiest mission phase on Apollo. Landing guidance had to hit targets that were defined in position, velocity, acceleration (so the LM would stay right side up), jerk (the rate of change of acceleration), and one dimension of "snap" — as Klumpp was pleased to dub the rate of change of jerk (pointing to "crackle" and "pop" for the next two derivatives). During the visibility phase the software permitted the crew to redesignate the landing site. The throttle had to be controlled continuously. Navigation had to incorporate landing radar measurements. (Figure 8 shows the typical duty-cycle profile between the selection of P63 and touchdown.) |
| Figure 8: Duty Cycle During Powered Descent |
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Figure 8: Duty Cycle During Powered Descent (Simulation Data) |
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Even so, we had tried to make our programs fast enough to preserve some margin against TLOSS from an unknown source. The chief constraint was the two-second period that was built into the average-G navigation used during powered-flight. This was the frequency at which the READACCS *task* read the accelerometers and scheduled the big SERVICER *job* that used those readings as the starting point for a new round of navigation, guidance, throttle, attitude-command, and display. During the lunar descent, duty-cycle simply describes how much time was used in aggregate by jobs, tasks, and interrupts, during each 2-second period. |
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During the braking phase, up to the time the landing radar locked onto the surface, the duty-cycle margin was over 15%. After the radar acquired, the extra computations involved in converting the body-referenced radar data to the navigation coordinate system lowered the margin to perhaps 13%. When a monitor display such as Verb 16 Noun 68 was added, the margin shrank again, to 10% or less. Buzz Aldrin was perceptive when he said after the second 1202 alarm, "It appears to come up when we have a 1668 up"[16]. |
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With a 10% margin and a 13% drain, the LGC simply did not have enough CPU time to perform all the functions that were required. Thanks to the flexibility of the Executive design — and quite unlike what would have happened with a boxcar structure — there was no collapse. |
| Table 1: Jobs Active During the Lunar Landing |
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Table 1: Jobs Active During the Lunar Landing |
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Table 1 lists the jobs that were active during the Apollo 11 powered descent. SERVICER carried the lowest priority, but was also by far the longest. The higher-priority jobs that could break in on SERVICER were all of relatively short duration. |
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Having a relatively low priority because of its size, SERVICER got last crack at the available computation time. With a negative time margin it was SERVICER that had not yet reached its conclusion when the next READACCS, running punctually, scheduled SERVICER again. Because it had not reached its end, the earlier SERVICER had not released its core set and VAC area — so the next time READACCS called FINDVAC to schedule SERVICER the Executive assigned a new core set and VAC area. That SERVICER also did not finish. After a short span of such operation the Executive exhausted its supply of core sets and/or VAC areas. When the next request was made the Executive, unable to comply, called BAILOUT with a 1201 or 1202 alarm code. |
| Figure 9: SERVICER Operation, With and Without TLOSS |
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Figure 9: SERVICER Operation, With and Without TLOSS |
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Figure 9 illustrates how SERVICER behaves in the presence of severe TLOSS, and Figure 10 compares plots of core set and VAC area usage for a normal case, and a high TLOSS case in which restarts occur. |
| Figure 10: Effect of TLOSS on Executive and Waitlist Resources |
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Figure 10: Effect of TLOSS on Executive and Waitlist Resources During Lunar Descent
(Simulation data, starting in P63 before acquisition of radar velocity data,
ending at touchdown[17].)
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The interesting effect of this train of events, during P63, was that the problem fixed itself. The software restart reconstructed only the most recent incarnation of the SERVICER job, and flushed the uncompleted SERVICER "stubs" that had accumulated. In addition, it terminated functions that had not been restart protected because they were not deemed critical — including the DELTAH monitor Verb 16 Noun 68. This is why, following the two alarms in P63, the display returned from Noun 68 to Noun 63. |
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Here a system of restart protection that was primarily motivated by the possibility of hardware glitches synergistically provided a means to shed computational load in response to a software logjam caused by TLOSS. We had devised a real-time control system that under certain conditions was "fault tolerant". |
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During P64 the situation was different. Added to the regular guidance equations was new processing that provided the capability to redesignate the landing site. With this addition, the essential software by itself left a duty-cycle margin of less than 10%. The alarms kept coming. There were three 1201 and 1202 alarms within 40 seconds. Each time, the software restart flushed the Executive queue but could not shed load. |
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At MET 102:43:08, forestalling the next alarm, Armstrong switched the autopilot from AUTO to ATT HOLD mode, easing the computational burden, and then entered semi-manual mode P66, where the burden was still lighter. After 2 minutes and 20 seconds spent maneuvering in P66 without alarms, the LM landed. |
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\* \* \* |
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Five months later Apollo 12 survived a lightning strike during boost and landed on the Moon. Thanks in part to a new noun (69) that we had defined to allow the crew to make position corrections based on ground tracking data during the braking phase, astronauts Pete Conrad and Alan Bean were able to land the LM within an easy walk of an unmanned Surveyor spacecraft that had landed on the Moon in April, 1967. Apollo 12's pinpoint landing paved the way for landings in more difficult terrain. |
|
It was only after Apollo 12 that we began to understand the other serious problem. |
|
It started when Clint Tillman of Grumman Aerospace (the builder of the Lunar Module) noticed throttle oscillations during simulations of the final descent, on the order of 5% of the DPS thrust. This prompted Tillman to examine telemetry data from Apollo 11 and 12, where he noticed throttle oscillations during the final landing phases that were on the order of 25% peak to peak. (See Figure 12.) This was the period when the Commander was simultaneously using the ROD switch to control altitude-rate and the joystick to maneuver the vehicle. Because plots of this data resembled the battlements and turrets of a castle (or a castellated nut) this problem got to be known as "throttle castellation". |
| Figure 11: First Report of Throttle Castellations |
|
Figure 11: First Report of Throttle Castellations |
|
Klumpp, in Cambridge, traced the excitation that caused the oscillations to a previously unrecognized phenomenon that came to be called "IMU bob"[18]. The IMU was located above, and about four feet in front of, the center-of-mass of the vehicle. Small but rapid pitch maneuvers, such as those required during final descent, slung the IMU in a way that was interpreted by the accelerometers as a change in the vertical velocity of the *vehicle*. This in turn affected the calculations of altitude-rate, and the estimate of thrust. |
|
But this theory only partially explained the throttle behavior observed in the flight data. |
|
Rocket engines that can be throttled were and still are unusual, but a throttleable engine was a necessity for making a soft landing on the Moon. A fixed-thrust engine and a very simple guidance equation could put a spacecraft *through* a spot on the lunar surface. But to get there right side up, moving slowly, with visibility and the ability to hover while choosing a landing area, required an engne that could balance lunar gravity while varying its thrust as the vehicle's mass decreased, as the vertical component of the thrust vector changed during attitude maneuvers, and as the astronaut requested changes in the descent rate. |
|
The guidance equations determined what acceleration was required, both in magnitude and direction. The autopilot maneuvered the vehicle to satisfy the thrust direction commanded by guidance. It was up to the throttle-control program to control the magnitude. Throttle-control started by computing the LM's mass. Knowing mass, it determined the magnitude of the thrust correction required to change vehicle acceleration from that measured by the accelerometers to that commanded by the guidance equations, converted this to the units used by the throttle assembly (about 2.8 pounds per pulse), and sent it to the hardware. |
|
The accelerometers in the IMU did not really measure acceleration; they merely counted velocity increments since the last reading. Because a throttle change commanded on the previous guidance pass occurred at some time between the accelerometer readings, the measured delta-V did not show the full effect of the most recent adjustment. |
| Figure 12: Throttle Excursions During Apollo 12 P66 |
|
Figure 12: Throttle Excursions During Apollo 12 P66[19] |
|
Throttle control had to compensate for this effect. The amount of compensation depended on when during the guidance period throttle commands were issued, and it also depended upon the rapidity with which the engine followed the throttle command. The applicable ICD stated that the throttle time lag was 0.3 seconds. |
|
It fell to the author to program and test the throttle-control routine. In plots produced by a simulation that accurately modeled the DPS using the time lag of 0.3 seconds, I observed the oscillation that occurred in the actual thrust level after a large throttle change was commanded without compensation for the throttle lag. When I compensated for 0.1 second I saw that the oscillation was reduced. When I compensated for 0.2 seconds the oscillation appeared to be virtually eliminated. There the matter rested. Klumpp remembers me saying, "It's just like medicine, don't give it more compensation than it needs". |
|
Klumpp knew it was *not* "just like medicine", but he never insisted that I program the correct number. Examining his motives 15 years later, Klumpp wrote: |
|
I thought it was important to nurture self-reliance, to let coworkers' decisions on small matters prevail, even when not optimum. So I withheld my thoughts and let Don's decision stand, at least until he might reconsider it independently[20]. |
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Examining my own motives, I believe that the annoyance I felt toward the compensation terms for cluttering up my throttle logic may have translated into a desire to compensate no more than necessary. Be that as it may, both Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 flew with 0.2 seconds of compensation for a 0.3 second throttle delay. |
|
But now both Klumpp's analysis[21], and an independent report prepared by J. A. Sorensen at Bellcomm[22], concluded that "The oscillatory character of the P66 throttle command was apparently due to the actual value of the descent engine time constant being smaller than that assumed" (Sorensen). Klumpp tracked it down. The performance of the descent engine had been improved, but the ICD was not modified accordingly. The actual time lag for the descent engine was about 0.075 seconds. It turned out we had overcompensated. As a result the throttle was barely stable. |
|
Klumpp's analysis had an even more startling result. It showed that if the software had compensated at 0.3 seconds on Apollo 11, the throttle would have been unstable. The throttle oscillations, instead of settling down, would have become greater. Following throttle-down in P63, or perhaps in P66 under the excitation of IMU bob, the DPS engine would have rapidly oscillated between minimum and maximum thrust. No doubt mission control, quite logically, would have linked the throttle behavior to the 1202 alarms that were occurring for entirely independent reasons. |
|
An abort would have been inevitable. With all modesty, it appears to be the case that if the author had coded the "correct" compensation number in the throttle-control routine, Apollo 11 would not have landed. I invite someone with no personal stake and a grasp of the mathematics to reexamine this theory.
|
|
\* \* \* |
|
We fixed IMU bob by removing the velocity changes caused by IMU motion from the acceleration measurements. We corrected the throttle time lag and simulations showed that this indeed fixed the throttle instability. Neither fix was on Apollo 13, but that mission was not able to attempt a lunar landing. |
|
Curiously, a change made *before* the throttle problem came to light, which was on Apollo 13, would have offered a backup if the automatic throttle had failed. A new noun (92) was defined that the crew could select to see the throttle level desired by guidance. Logic that would have terminated automatic guidance if the throttle were (or appeared to be) switched to MANUAL was removed. These changes[23] let the astronaut take control of the throttle during P63 or P64 while guidance continued to command attitude. I do not know whether these difficult procedures were ever practiced. |
|
The problem of the Executive overload alarms was dealt with several times over. |
|
The rendezvous radar mode switch was placed in LGC for ascent. For future missions the descent checklist was changed. Meanwhile we added logic to LUMINARY to check the rendezvous radar mode, and if it was not in LGC, send a signal to zero the rendezvous radar counters[24]. |
|
Allan Klumpp studied the Executive problem from another angle. He discovered that under conditions in which TLOSS occurred intermittently, or when the level of computer activity fluctuated in the presence of TLOSS, it was possible for incomplete SERVICER jobs that had been interrupted during the issuance of attitude commands, but had not yet been flushed by a software restart, to be resumed at a later time — with the possibility that inappropriate attitude commands could be issued to the autopilot. In time for Apollo 13 Klumpp devised a fix in which an occasional whole SERVICER job would be dropped to catch up, if necessary. |
|
But for the future, none of these changes provided fundamental relief from the constraint of the fixed, two-second guidance period. A terrain model needed to be added to the landing radar routines to allow landing in difficult terrain. Guidance modifications were waiting in the wings. Where would the time come from? |
|
We developed a concept we called "variable SERVICER", in which the guidance period was allowed to stretch if it needed to. Fears that the two-second interval was built inextricably into the software proved unfounded. It was only necessary to measure the guidance period and use that value explicitly in place of the two seconds that was implicit in a few calculations. We got variable SERVICER working in an offline version of LUMINARY, and demonstrated its immunity to very high levels of TLOSS[25]. |
|
Freedom from the two-second straitjacket allowed other ideas to be considered. Astronaut John Young suggested a capability that we called P66 LPD. By now P66 had evolved into an even more flexible program than it was when Armstrong flew it on Apollo 11. One of its new features was that if the crew switched the attitude mode back from ATT HOLD to AUTO, guidance would then control the attitude to null the horizontal velocity. Young's idea was for the LGC to display an LPD angle (as during the visibility phase) that would show the Commander the spot over which the LM would come to hover, if at that instant the autopilot were switched to AUTO[26]. |
|
To make P66 LPD accurate, the software had to react instantly when the astronaut switched to AUTO — more quickly than the two-second period, or even the one-second period at which parts of P66 operated, allowed. We coded a version in which a job running every quarter of a second reacted to the change in autopilot mode by immediately issuing attitude and throttle commands, and responded far more quickly and precisely to inputs from the ROD switch as well. In manned simulations run at the LM Mission Simulator (LMS) at Cape Canaveral, with its fabulous terrain models visible in the LM's windows, we showed that this system facilitated very precise landings. |
|
Neither variable SERVICER nor P66 LPD ever flew. NASA had made the decision that Apollo 17 would be the last landing. With so few missions remaining, the software control board made the conservative decision — no major changes to the landing software. By synchronizing the landing radar measurements with the time the accelerometers were read, Robert Covelli gained enough time to squeeze in the terrain model for Apollo 15, 16, and 17. |
|
Apollo 14 brought the author a brief notoriety. The abort switch on the instrument panel was sending a spurious signal that could have spoiled Alan Shepard and Ed Mitchell's landing. I had written the code that monitored this discrete. The workaround simply changed a few registers, first to fool the abort monitor into thinking that an abort was already in progress, and then to clean up afterward so that the landing could continue unaffected. The procedure radioed up and flawlessly executed by the astronauts involved 61 DSKY keystrokes. Perhaps the most interesting part of the Apollo 14 incident has been the number of differing versions that have been offered to history. But Apollo 14 is a story for another day. |
|
In December 1972 I traveled to Cape Canaveral for the launch of Apollo 17. At this moment spaceflight was hip. The writer Tom Wolfe was there with photographer Annie Leibovitz to write the four-part story for Rolling Stone magazine that was the precursor of "The Right Stuff"[27]. It was the only Apollo night launch. The misty Florida sky lit up orange from horizon to horizon as the huge Saturn V ripped downrange on a quarter-mile flame that licked at the end like a blowtorch. |
|
I spent a few days at the LMS testing some procedures that we called "erasable memory programs". These were snippets of code that could be installed in unused VAC areas to handle certain malfunctions — an idea that was a legacy of the Apollo 14 incident. Then I flew back to Cambridge for the landing itself. |
|
After that came the pleasure of listening in while Gene Cernan and Jack Schmitt, a geologist by training, explored the Moon in the lunar rover, venturing over 3 miles, out of sight of the spacecraft. And that was the last time anyone walked on the Moon. |
| Figure 13: Some of the People Involved |
|
Figure 13: Some of the People Involved.
Large photo, front row: Vince Megna, "Doc" Charles Stark Draper, the author, Dave Moore, Tony Cook; back row: Phil Felleman, Larry Berman, Allan Klumpp,
Bob Werner, Robert Lones, Sam Drake. Small photo, front row: Larry Berman,
Peter Volante, the author; back row: Sam Drake, Bruce McCoy. Also involved but not present for either photo were Steve Copps, Romilly Gilbert, Ken Goodwin and Russ Larson. |
|
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
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REFERENCES
|
|
[1] Klumpp, A. R.; "Apollo Lunar Descent Guidance"; MIT Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, R-695; June, 1971.
[2] Cherry, G. W.; "E-Guidance — A General Explicit, Optimizing Guidance Law for Rocket-Propelled Spacecraft"; MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, R-456; August, 1964.
[3] Brooks, Courtney G., et al; "Chariots for Apollo, A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft"; NASA; 1979.
[4] Silver, George; private communication; 2004.
[5] Hall, Eldon C.; "Journey to the Moon: The History of the Apollo Guidance Computer"; AIAA, 1996.
[6] Blair-Smith, Hugh; "Block II Instructions"; MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, AGC4 Memo 9; July 1, 1966.
[7] Muntz, Charles A.; "User's Guide to the Block II AGC/LGC Interpreter"; MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, R-489; April 1965.
[8] Apollo 11 Downlink Data.
[9] "Apollo 11 Technical Crew Debriefing"; NASA, July 31, 1969 [Debriefing].
[10] "Apollo 11 Technical Air-to-Ground Voice Transcription"; NASA, July 1969 [Voice].
[11] Voice.
[12] Debriefing.
[13] "Apollo 11 Mission Report"; NASA, SP-238.
[14] Debriefing.
[15] Debriefing.
[16] Voice.
[17] Klumpp, A.; untitled memo regarding real-time plot for monitoring computer activity; MIT Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, April 9, 1970.
[18] Klumpp, A. and Kalan, G.; "Elimination of Noise and Enhancement of Stability and Dynamic Response of the Apollo LM Rate-of-Descent Program"; MIT Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, E-2543, October 1970 [Noise].
[19] Noise.
[20] Klumpp, Allan; private communication; 1985.
[21] Noise.
[22] Sorensen, J. A.; "Linear Stability Analysis of LM Rate-of-Descent Guidance Equations"; Bellcomm Inc., B70 06074, June 25, 1970.
[23] Tindall, H.W. and Garman, Jack; "Remove check of Auto Throttle Discrete"; LUMINARY 1C Program Change Request (PCR) 285, September 30, 1969.
[24] Eyles, D.; "Prevent RR ECDUs from Stealing LGC Memory Cycles"; LUMINARY 1B PCR 848, July 23, 1969.
[25] Eyles, Don; "Description of Variable Servicer"; MIT Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Luminary Memo 139, March 3, 1970.
[26] Eyles, Don; "Apollo LM Guidance and Pilot-Assistance During the Final Stage of Lunar Descent"; MIT Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, E-2581; May 1971.
[27] Wolfe, Tom; "Post-Orbital Remorse"; Rolling Stone; January 4, 1973.
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NEC CORPORATION : ANNUAL REPORT
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[](http://www.nec.com/)
Founded in 1899, NEC Corporation is a leading international supplier of electronic products that comprise primarily communications systems and equipment, computers and industrial electronic systems, and electron devices.
All of NEC's activities are based on its synergistic business concept of "C&C," the integration of computers and communications.
In Japan, NEC maintains a network of 89 consolidated subsidiaries, 62 plants, and more than 430 sales offices. Overseas, NEC's 102 subsidiaries and affiliates in 31 nations operate 45 plants in 19 countries as well as marketing, service, and research and development facilities in 30 countries.
 [Financial Highlights](high/index.html)
 [An Interview with the Management](inter/index.html)
 [Review of Operations](review/index.html)
 [Major Products and Services](major/major.html)
 [Financial Section](section/index.html)
 [Directors and Corporate Auditors](director/director.html)
 [Corporate Directory](corpo/corpo.html)
 [NEC Worldwide](world/world.html)
 [Shareholder Information](info/info.html)
| https://www.nec.com/en/global/ir/library/annual/1996/ |
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<p>Welcome to <b>Pete’s QBasic / QuickBasic Site</b>. <span style="align:right;"><em>Latest update: October 12th, 2018.</em></span></p>
<p>This site is here to keep the QBasic dream alive! As of 2018, we are celebrating 20 years online.</p>
<p>Pete's QB Site is currently an archive — it is no longer actively updated, but I plan to keep it online forever as a resource for programmers.</p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<h3><b>What you can find here:</b>
</h3>
<li>700+ <a href="/sections/tutorials/tutorials.shtml">QBasic Tutorials</a></li>
<li>QBasic Game <a href="/reviews/reviews.shtml">Reviews</a> / <a href="/downloads/downloads.shtml">Downloads</a></li>
<li><a href="/phpBB3/">QBasic Forum</a> - still semi-active; if you have QB questions, post here and you may just get a response</li>
<li><a href="/sections/express/express.shtml">QB Express Magazine</a> (2004-2008)</li>
<li><a href="/sections/zines/zines.shtml">QB Zines Archive</a></li>
<li>Download <a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/introduction/qbasic11.zip">QBasic 1.1</a> / <a href="/sections/introduction/qb45.zip">QuickBasic 4.5</a> / <a href="/sections/introduction/pds71.zip">PDS 7.1</a></li>
<li>Lots and lots more... just do some digging...</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<h3><b>What is QBasic / QuickBasic?</b></h3>
<p>QBasic is an old-school, vintage programming language that was designed for beginners. QBasic ran on MS-DOS, and was a more advanced version of BASIC. QB was a lot of people’s first foray into programming (particularly those of us who grew up in the ‘80s and ‘90s). Therefore, a lot of people look back at QBasic with nostalgia.
</p>
<p>From about 1995 - 2010 or so, there was a very active QBasic community online, primarily focused on making home brew games and RPGs. The QBasic scene has since largely disbanded, but still exists in spirit with <a href="http://www.qb64.org">QB64</a> and <a href="http://www.freebasic.net">Freebasic</a>.</p>
<p>
Check out our <a href="http://petesqbsite.com/sections/introduction/intro.shtml">Intro To QBasic</a> page for a more information about the different iterations, or to download QuickBasic.</p>
<p> </p>
<h3><b>What’s the deal with QBasic in 2018?</b></h3>
<p>QBasic is an outdated programming language and compiler, that is sadly no longer compatible with today’s computers. Back in the Windows 3.x / 95 / 98 / ME days, computers still booted into MS-DOS before they booted into Windows, so QB ran fairly seamlessly. It was also included for free with every version of Windows up through ’98. With the release of Windows XP in 2001, and the subsequent releases of Windows Vista and Windows 7 and Windows 10, QBasic is no longer properly supported.
However, a few modern alternatives have been developed that have maintained QBasic’s syntax...</p>
<p> </p>
<h3><b>What are the alternatives?</b></h3>
<p>QBasic isn’t dead! It lives on through two leading QBasic-compatible compilers that run on modern computers: <b><a href="http://www.freebasic.net">Freebasic</a></b> and <b><a href="http://qb64.org">QB64</a></b>.</p>
<div style="width:100%;"><center><a href="http://www.freebasic.net"><img src="/images/freebasic_logo.png" alt="Freebasic" border=1 style="width:30%; padding:10px;"></a> <a href="http://www.qb64.org"><img src="/images/qb64_logo-white.png" border=1 alt="QB64" style="width:30%; padding:10px;"></a></center></div>
<p>Both QB64 and Freebasic are designed to run QBasic code on today's computers (Windows 7 or 10, Linux, and Mac) with little to no modifications! They also have relatively active communities...much more active than QBasic these days. If you are looking into learning BASIC, I highly recommend checking out one or both of these compilers.</p>
<p> </p>
<h3><b>Where are all the people at?</b></h3>
<p>The “QMunity” still has remnants in a few places around the web. These are the most active QBasic forums left:</p>
<ul>
<li><b><a href="https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/qbasic/">Tapatalk QBasic Forum</a></b> (Formerly Network54 / QBasic.com forum) - The most active pure QBasic forum left.</li>
<li><b><a href="http://www.qb64.org/forum/">QB64.org Forum</a></b> - Very active, devoted to QB64.</li>
<li><b><a href="https://www.freebasic.net/forum/">Freebasic.net Forum</a></b> - Somewhat active, the home of Freebasic.</li>
<li><b><a href="http://forum.qbasicnews.com/index.php">QBasicNews Forum</a></b> - Pretty quiet these days, but a lot of the old guard checks in here every once in a while.</li>
<li>Other forums with occasional posts: <b><a href="http://games.freebasic.net/forum">Freebasic Games Directory</a></b>, <b><a href="http://www.neobasic.net">NeoBasic</a></b>, <b><a href="http://forum.phatcode.net/">Phatcode.net</a></b>, and of course: <b><a href="/phpBB3/">Pete's QB Site Forum</a></b></li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<h3><b>I’m looking for QBasic Games! Where can I find them?
</b></h3>
<p>The best places to find QBasic games online:</p>
<ul>
<li><b><a href="http://games.phatcode.net/">QBasic Games Directory</a></b> - The single most complete archive of QBasic Games, which was collected by Dean Janjic. It includes 486 QBasic games, all reviewed on a ten point scale, with short summaries, and screenshots. (Final update 2017.) There is also a sister site worth checking out - <b><a href="http://games.freebasic.net/">Freebasic Games Directory</a></b> with 200+ FB games.</li>
<li><b><a href="http://vplanet.petesqbsite.com">V Planet!</a></b> - Around 150 QB games with full in-depth reviews, and screenshots. If a QB game was any good, it will be found here. (Mirror from 2004)</li>
<li><b><a href="https://qb45.org">QB45.org</a></b> and <b><a href="http://qb45.blarg.ca">QB45</a> (Bigfoot Edition)</b> - Two different mirrors of the old QB45.com website, from different iterations. QB45.com, formerly known as "Future Software," has always has one of the biggest collections of QBasic downloads ever collected (1700+ files), and thankfully has been mirrored.</li>
<li><b><a href="http://qbrpgs.blarg.ca">QBRPGs.com</a></b> - QBRPGs is home to 131 different QBasic RPGs, along with tutorials and utilities to help you make your own RPG. (Mirror, circa 2003)</li>
<li><b><a href="https://www.qbasic.net">QuickBasic Cafe</a></b> - German QBasic site with a large collection of games, and still occasionally updated as recently as 2018.</li>
<li><b><a href="http://www.phatcode.net/">Phatcode.net</a></b> - A small collection of downloads at this site, but Plasma from PhatCode gets a special shoutout for providing free hosting for many smaller QBasic websites. Check out his site for links to a few dozen QB sites that are still online.</li>
</ul>
<p>Not to mention our own collection of several hundred QBasic games right here at Pete's QB Site! <b><a href="/reviews/reviews.shtml">Reviews</a></b> / <b><a href="/downloads/downloads.shtml">Downloads</a></b></p>
<p>You can also <a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=qbasic&and%5B%5D=subject%3A%22QBasic+games%22&page=4">play many classic QB games right in your browser</a>, thanks to Archive.org! Give it a try!</p>
<p> </p>
<h3><b>How can I run these QBasic games?</b></h3>
<p>It’s tricky, but it’s not impossible. The most success I’ve had is via emulating DOS with <a href="https://www.dosbox.com">DOSBox</a>, though it can be slow and glitchy. Luckily, Quickbasic Cafe wrote a <a href="https://www.qbasic.net/en/qbasic-tutorials/dosbox/qbasic-dosbox-1.htm">Tutorial on using DOSBOX</a> to run QBasic games.
</p>
<p>If you’re running an earlier version of Windows (Vista or earlier), check out this <a href="
http://games.phatcode.net/runningQBG_old.php
">"Running QBasic Games FAQ"</a> written a few years ago by Dean Janjic. This teaches you some tricks to deal with memory or sound issues, and various hardware compatibility problems.</p>
<p> </p>
<h3><b>What happened to all of the old QB sites from the good old days?</b></h3>
<p>There used to be hundreds of QB sites on the Internet (see my <a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/links/main.shtml">giant collection of over 500 dead links</a>). Now, nearly all of them are no longer online, mostly due to free web hosts like GeoCities shutting down.
However, there are a few QB sites that are still online. The best sites that are still up, as of 2018, are the ones linked above. Another decent list is Plasma's links page of QB/FB websites found <a href="http://www.phatcode.net/links.php?sub=programming">here</a>. Many of the older websites are sadly lost forever, or only available via Archive.org.</p>
<p> </p>
<h3><b>What about all the old QBasic Zines?
</b></h3>
<p>You’re in luck! I’ve archived most of the old QBasic Zines I've been able to get my hands on, which are a wonderful time capsule. Check out the <a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/zines/zines.shtml">Zines section</a>, or click one of these links:</p>
<p><a href="/sections/zines/zines.shtml#back2basic">Back 2 Basic</a> - <a href="/sections/zines/zines.shtml#basicgaming">Basic Gaming</a> - <a href="/sections/zines/zines.shtml#basix">BASIX Fanzine</a> - <a href="/sections/zines/zines.shtml#basix_newsletter">BASIX Newsletter</a> - <a href="/sections/zines/zines.shtml#pcopy">PCOPY!</a> - <a href="/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qbdf">QBasic Developers Forum</a> - <a href="/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qbgazette">QBasic Gazette</a> - <a href="/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qbtm">QBasic: The Magazine</a> - <a href="/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qbxl">QB Accelerator</a> - <a href="/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qbchronicles">QB Chronicles</a> - <a href="/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qbcm">QB Cult Magazine</a> - <a href="/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qbgamer">QB Gamer Magazine</a> - <a href="/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qbinq">QB Inquirer</a> - <a href="/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qbnews">QB News</a> - <a href="/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qboa">QB On Acid</a> - <a href="/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qbtimes">QB Times</a> - <a href="/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qfiles">QFiles</a> - <a href="/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qnews">QNews QBasic Newsletter</a> - <a href="/sections/zines/zines.shtml#razor">Razor Diskmag</a> - <a href="/sections/zines/zines.shtml#vplanet">V Planet!</a> - <a href="/sections/zines/zines.shtml#vsnews">VSNews</a> - <a href="/sections/zines/zines.shtml#others">Other Magazines</a></p>
<p> </p>
<h3><b>I have some old QBasic Content / Website, and I’m looking for a host!
</b></h3>
<p>If you have some an old QB site looking for a home, I would love to archive it here for free. Email me at <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>, and we’ll talk!
</p>
<p>Wishlist of QB websites I'm currently looking for archives of: QBasic.com (classic site); NeoZones Productions; GBGames.com.
<p> </p>
<h3><b>What’s the deal with this website?
</b></h3>
<p>I started Pete’s QBasic Site in 1998 when I was 13 years old. (Now I’m in my 30s.) This site has always had a focus on QBasic gaming, at first being known for QBasic game reviews, and later, for our zine QB Express. I also gathered a massive collection of QB programming tutorials, which at this point is probably our greatest resource. I've kept this website up because there aren't too many other QBasic resources still online and operating, and I hope to keep this archive online for a long time to come. More than anything, this is an exercise in nostalgia for the few members of the QBasic community who still come around, but who knows, maybe someone else will find this content useful.</p>
<p> </p>
<h3><b>
Pete, what are you up to these days?</b></h3>
<p>
I am a TV Producer, and I like to travel. Check out <a href="http://www.peteberg.net">my personal website</a> to see what I’ve been up to!</a></p>
<p>
You can also find me on social media: <a href="http://www.facebook.com/peteberg">Facebook</a> - <a href="https://www.instagram.com/bandergrove/">Instagram</a>
- <a href="https://twitter.com/bandergrove">Twitter</a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/bandergrove">YouTube</a></p>
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<a name="newsitemEVFAFkFEuZaQCYCGbP"></a><font size=3><b>October 12, 2018</b></font><br>
<b>Twenty Year Anniversary Update</b><br>
My oh my, does time fly! Pete's QB Site is now TWENTY years old... and it has been a full decade since the last update. (Yikes!)<br><br>Although I retired from updating this site and publishing QB Express in 2008, I've always intended to keep this site online forever as a resource. Pete's QB Site is here for the few diehards out there, who are still puttering away with BASIC almost two decades into the 21st century.<br><br>It's pretty quiet around here these days. Since the last update ten years ago, the QBasic community has all but scattered. It has a lot to do with computers no longer supporting QBasic the way they used to. The <a href="http://www.freebasic.net">Freebasic</a> community grew, peaked, and then slowed down to a crawl. And <a href="http://www.qb64.org">QB64</a> was launched and grew its own small but loyal following of nostalgic programmers. (QB64 seems to be where the most activity is these days in the QB world.)<br><br>What is new here? Well, the front page is the main update. I've turned it into a FAQ / "Landing Page" for people looking for information about QBasic in 2018. It will help direct new users to QB64 and Freebasic, as well as the handful of sites where the last vestiges and archives of the old Qmunity remain.<br><br>The other major update was to the <a href="/sections/zines/zines.shtml">Zines</a> archive. Since 2008, there were three major QB/FB zines that were published, and I have archived them here to make sure that they are preserved for posterity: <b><a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/zines/zines.shtml#pcopy">PCOPY!</a></b> (2006-2008), <b><a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/zines/zines.shtml#back2basic">Back2Basic</a></b>(2010-2012) and <b><a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/zines/zines.shtml#basicgaming">Basic Gaming</a></b> (2011-2012).<br><br>Additionally, I've restored an archive of <b><a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/zines/zines.shtml#vplanet">V Planet!</a></b>, one of the most loved QB magazines and game review sites of all time. Also, Fling-master recently uploaded archives of <a href="http://qb45.blarg.ca">QB45.com</a> and <a href="http://qbrpgs.blarg.ca">QBRPGs.com</a>.<br><br>Finally, I urge everyone to check out Lachie Dazdarian's <b><a href=" http://games.freebasic.net/forum/index.php?topic=623.0">"A Love Letter To FreeBASIC" Competition (Oct 2018 - Jan 2019)</a></b>. This final competition from the <a href="http://games.freebasic.net">Freebasic Games Directory</a>, has a $250 prize, and is "a chance for them to give one final farewell to FreeBASIC." The competition encourages programmers who were once active in the Freebasic scene to make one final FB game to say goodbye to this community and language that was so near and dear to us.
<p align="right"><font size="-1"><b>Posted by Pete</b> |
</font></p>
<hr><a name="newsitemEkkuupVZEugRzcULVa"></a><font size=3><b>October 19, 2008</b></font><br>
<b>Pete's QBasic Site celebrates TEN YEARS</b><br>
Pete's QB Site is now a decade old!<br><br>On the rainy day of October 12, 1998, Pete's QBasic Site was born. I was thirteen years old, and never expected that ten years later this website would still exist, or that it would still be updated. But here I am, here you are, and Pete's QBasic Site is still alive and kickin'!<br><br>You can read an article I wrote about the past ten years of Pete's QB Site in <a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/express/express.shtml#petesqb10years">the latest issue of QB Express</a>.<br><br>Also, this site was featured a few days ago on the front page of Reddit.com: <a href="http://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/759nl/share_qbasic_or_it_dies/">Share QBasic or it dies</a>. A user posted a link to the <a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/philosophy/philosophy.shtml">QB Philosophy</a> section, where several visitors shared their answers to the question: "Why do you still program in QBasic?" It sent thousands visitors to this site, and spurred a great discussion where people shared some of their own QBasic memories.<br><br>Here's to another ten years! See you in 2018!
<p align="right"><font size="-1"><b>Posted by Pete</b> |
<a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=2795">Comments ()</a><br>
</font></p>
<hr><a name="newsitemEkkEAElpuAKDPBaDSP"></a><font size=3><b>September 20, 2008</b></font><br>
<b>QB Express #29 Now Available</b><br>
Published from the colorful mountains of Tibet, <a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/express/issue29/index.html">QB Express #29</a> is here!<br><br>Although I'm in the middle of a 6-month trek around the world, I've found the time to put together another fantastic issue of QB Express. This is a very special issue: Not only is it the first time we've published from central Asia, it also celebrates the tenth anniversary of Pete's QB Site!<br><br>Articles this month include "Before Releasing Your Game" by Nalin Kanwar; "Mini Game of the Month" by Lachie Dazdarian; a look at the Y2K bug by Moneo; an interview with Lachie by HexDude; "Kiyotewolf on a Variety of Subjects" and more. The tutorials section includes a look at CGI and also Shuffling Algorithms by Samanddeanus; Part two of Wallyfblu's Window Procedure series; "Using 7x7x16 Tricks" by Kiyotewolf; and "The Pimpl Idiom" by stylin. Not to mention all the News Briefs, the Gallery, and letters sections that you've come to expect from QBE.<br><br>Read it all in <a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/express/issue29/index.html">QB Express #29</a>!
<p align="right"><font size="-1"><b>Posted by Pete</b> |
<a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=2769">Comments ()</a><br>
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<hr><a name="newsitemEkEpVVEVlpFLakkfhn"></a><font size=3><b>May 11, 2008</b></font><br>
<b>QB Express #28</b><br>
It's May, <a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/express/issue28/index.html">QB Express #28</a> is here!<br><br>This issue is full of wonderful things, like SEVEN tutorials and FIVE articles, all about QBasic and FreeBasic.<br><br>Pritchard teaches us about Game Camera Systems; Imortis Inglorian brings us "Bitflags and You"; Kiyote Wolf gives us the rundown on his method of "Amazing Cheap Texturemapping"; Lachie Dazdarian contemplates the eternal struggle of "The Game Developer versus the Programmer"; Mac gives us the skinny on the QBasic.com forums; notthecheatr starts his series on "Scripting Solutions for Games" with "Part I: Rolling your own interpreter"; and Pritchard talks to us "About Design."<br><br>It's a fun-filled, jam-packed issue. Read it all in <a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/express/issue28/index.html">QB Express #28</a>!
<p align="right"><font size="-1"><b>Posted by Pete</b> |
<a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=2673">Comments ()</a><br>
</font></p>
<hr><a name="newsitemEkpVpFAEpVaudVXddF"></a><font size=3><b>March 9, 2008</b></font><br>
<b>QB Express #27</b><br>
The <a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/express/issue27/index.html">March issue</a> of QB Express is here!<br><br>This month, we've got a collection of fantastic articles and tutorials that pack quite a whallop -- so watch out! This may not be the biggest QB Express issue that's ever come out, but it certainly is no slouch... with SEVEN tutorials and THREE articles, as well as one of the biggest news briefs sections we've had in a long time.<br><br>MystikShadows reviews Dabooda's game Sokoban; h4tt3n gives us the second part of his series on Spring Simulation in Freebasic; Mentat brings us "Going Deep: Football and 3D Graphics"; Hezad teaches us how to generate awesome moving plasmas using the Electric Field equation; Wallyfblu teaches us about Window Procedure; Dean Menezes brings us "CGI and QBasic"; and Kiyote Wolf helps us reinvent the Commodore Wedge. And as always, we've got all the latest news from around the QB and FB community, and much, much more.<br><br>Read it while it's hot -- <a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/express/issue27/index.html">QB Express #27</a> truly delivers a knock-out punch!
<p align="right"><font size="-1"><b>Posted by Pete</b> |
<a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=2618">Comments ()</a><br>
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<hr><a name="newsitemEkpkVAlFuVBdxAfuhk"></a><font size=3><b>February 9, 2008</b></font><br>
<b>QB Express #26</b><br>
The <a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/express/issue26/index.html">February issue</a> of QB Express is now available!<br><br>It's been over three months since the last issue, but it definitely was worth the wait. This issue features one of our largest News Brief segments ever, as well as NINE articles/tutorials, covering topics such as "The Art of Rounding"; creating your own Worms-like scrolling engine; using FMOD to play sound in your Freebasic programs; Database indexing; programming spring physics in FB; and functions with local variables.<br><br>QB Express is definitely getting back on track, and I think this issue will prove that.<br><br>You can read it all in <a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/express/issue26/index.html">QB Express #26</a>!
<p align="right"><font size="-1"><b>Posted by Pete</b> |
<a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=2593">Comments ()</a><br>
</font></p>
<hr><a name="newsitemEEAllAuAuEPDnttrks"></a><font size=3><b>December 28, 2007</b></font><br>
<b>Freebasic Forum Opens</b><br>
The last few months, there has been a <a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2479">lot of debate</a> over whether this site is a dedicated exclusively to QBasic/QuickBasic, or whether we cover Freebasic as well.<br><br>If you haven't noticed, QB Express has been covering Freebasic ever since the day it was first released, and now more than half of our content is consistently Freebasic-related! I have also made (slow) progress toward adding new Freebasic sections to Pete's QB Site. The way I see it, <b>Freebasic is almost like the next natural version of QuickBasic</b> -- only it wasn't released by Microsoft.<br><br>FreeBasic was created by members of the QBasic community, and almost all of its users are former QB programmers. From the beginning, a major goal was to keep FreeBasic as compatible with QuickBasic as possible, while enhancing its functionality and abilities. This is the important distinction between FB and other dialects of BASIC you'll find online: FB was designed by QB programmers to be the next logical step in the QBasic lineage. That's why I have decided to expand my site to include Freebasic in addition to QBasic.<br><br>Tonight, I created a new forum for <a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/forum/viewforum.php?f=5">FreeBasic Questions & Answers</a>, where you are free to ask questions about and discuss FB without fear that the "QB establishment" will hound you. Likewise, I expect the FB fans out there to stop bullying QB programmers by recommending that they switch over to FB. From now on, let's just try to help each other and get along!
<p align="right"><font size="-1"><b>Posted by Pete</b> |
<a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=2551">Comments ()</a><br>
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<hr><a name="newsitemEEAFlyuEkZCbAJciFh"></a><font size=3><b>October 31, 2007</b></font><br>
<b>QB Express #25</b><br>
Happy Halloween! The <a href="/sections/express/issue25/index.html">October Issue</a> of QB Express is now available.<br><br>This special Halloween edition has very little to do with pumpkins or ghosts, but is bursting through the seams with what you all really crave: QuickBasic and Freebasic! There are EIGHT tutorials this month, covering everything from floormapping and sphere mapping, to recursion, to peek and poke, to particle engines, to acceleration. We've also got some cool articles on User Oriented Programming, accessibility and file names, and "The multi-faceted nature of games."<br><br>All this and more in <a href="/sections/express/issue25/index.html">QB Express #25</a>. Check it out!
<p align="right"><font size="-1"><b>Posted by Pete</b> |
<a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=2484">Comments ()</a><br>
</font></p>
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<tr><td><div class=darkrow3 align=center><font size="+1"><b>SonicX v2.3</b></font></div><div class="post2"><font size="-2"><center><img src="http://www.petesqbsite.com/reviews/action/sonicx3.gif" width=268 height=168></center>An early version of Joe's Sonic clone, which sports a level editor and a few simple levels to test your skill with your favorite speedy favorite Hedgehog! <b>:: <a href="http://www.petesqbsite.com/reviews/action/sonicx.html">Read review!</a></b> ::<hr><table width="100%" border=0><tr><td width=*><font size="-2"><b>Programmer:</b> Joe<br><b>Reviewer:</b> Pete</font></td><td width=40 valign="top"><font size="+1"><b>80%</b></font></td></tr></table></div></TD></tr>
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<div class=darkrow3 align=center><font size="+1"><b>LONG</b></font></div><b>Syntax:</b> LONG<br><b>Function:</b> Specifies that a variable is a 4-byte(32-bit) signed integer.
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<div class=darkrow3 align=center><font size="+1" face="Courier New"><b>Gypsy Bill's Pad</b></font></div><font size="-2"><b>Description:</b> A humorous personal site with an odd QB section. Odd I say because the programs include <i>An Alien</i> which "walks around and pees on stuff", and games by such dubious names as <i>Death by Salt</i> and <i>Ballz of Hell</i>.<br><b>Unique Features:</b> There are a total of seven programs here.<table width="100%" border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0><tr><td align="center"><a href="http://members.tripod.com/~Gypsy_Bill/index.html" target="_new"><img src="/sections/links/gypsy.gif" border=0 width=88 height=31></a></td><td align="center"><img src="/images/1star.png" width=75 height=15></td></tr></table></font>
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Founded in 1998 by <a href="http://www.peteberg.net">Pete Berg</a>, Pete's QBASIC Site was the first dedicated QB game reviews site, and also provides tutorials, scene news and an active message forum. In 2004, <a href="/sections/express/express.shtml">QB Express Magazine</a> was launched, and this site also began covering QB's sister language, <a href="/freebasic">Freebasic</a>. Pete's QBASIC Site is a resource for QBASIC and QuickBasic programmers, and seeks to promote and perpetuate the QuickBasic programming language and online community.
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<b>Copyright © Pete's QBASIC / QuickBasic Site, 1998-2018.</b><br>
<font size="-2">All rights reserved. Site owned and operated by <a href="http://www.peteberg.net">Pete Berg</a>. Programs and submitted content are property of their creators, and appear on this site by direct or implied permission. Pete's QBasic Site is powered by <a href="http://coranto.gweilo.org">Coranto</a>. This site was created entirely in Notepad.</font>
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Pete's QBASIC / QuickBasic Site
**[Home](/index.php) |
[Tutorials](/sections/tutorials/tutorials.shtml) |
[Downloads](/downloads/downloads.shtml) |
[Reviews](/reviews/reviews.shtml) |
[QB Express](/sections/express/express.shtml) |
[Zines](/sections/zines/zines.shtml) |
[Forum](/phpBB3/)**
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| Female enemy from Mini RPG 2 | **Main Sections** Main Character from Mini RPG 3 | |
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[Home](/index.php)
[Site Updates](/coranto/main_page_news-archive.shtml)
[QB News](/coranto/qbnews/qbnews.shtml)
****Programs****
[Reviews](/reviews/reviews.shtml)
[Downloads](/downloads/downloads.shtml)
[Projects](/sections/projects/projects.shtml)
[Top Ten](/sections/topten/topten.shtml)
[Articles](/sections/articles/articles.shtml)
****Links****
[Links](/sections/links/main.shtml)
[Old Links](/sections/oldlinks/links1.shtml)
[Affiliates](/sections/affiliates/affiliates.shtml)
[Webrings](/sections/webrings/webrings.shtml)
****Magazines****
[QB Express](/sections/express/express.shtml)
[QB Zines](/sections/zines/zines.shtml)
[QHumor](/sections/qhumor/qhumor.shtml)
[Philosophy](/sections/philosophy/philosophy.shtml)
[QB Comics](/sections/qbcomics/qbcomics.shtml)
[Hall of Fame](/sections/halloffame/halloffame.shtml)
[QBasic Dance](/sections/qbdance/qbdance.html)
[Old Sections](/sections/oldsects/oldsects.shtml)
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| Sumo Wrestler | **Learn QBasic** Sumo Wrestler | |
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[What is QBasic?](/sections/introduction/intro.shtml)
****[Tutorials](/sections/tutorials/tutorials.shtml)****
[Beginners](/sections/tutorials/beginners.shtml)
[Assembly](/sections/tutorials/assembly.shtml)
[Game Design](/sections/tutorials/gamedesign.shtml)
[Graphics](/sections/tutorials/graphics.shtml)
[Sound](/sections/tutorials/sound.shtml)
[Miscellaneous](/sections/tutorials/misc.shtml)
[Pete's Tutorials](/sections/tutorials/petestuts.shtml)
[QBasic FAQ](/sections/faq/faq.shtml)
[Challenges](/sections/challenges/challenges.shtml)
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| Electric Rat | **Interact** | |
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[Forum](/phpBB3/)
[QBChat](/sections/qbchat/qbchat.shtml)
****Contribute****
[QB News](/sections/submit/qbnews.shtml)
[Content](/sections/submit/submit.shtml)
[Monthly Poll](/sections/survey/oldsurveys.php)
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| Warrior from Terran | **Site Info** Indian from Terran | |
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[History](/sections/history/history.shtml)
[About Pete](/sections/history/pete.shtml)
****Awards****
[Awards](/sections/awards/awards.html)
[Five Star Award](/sections/awards/fivestar.shtml)
[Old Awards](/sections/awards/myawards.html)
[Link to us](/sections/linkme/linkme.shtml)
[Contact](/sections/contact/contact.shtml)
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| Welcome to Pete's QBasic Site |
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Welcome to **Pete’s QBasic / QuickBasic Site**. *Latest update: October 12th, 2018.*
This site is here to keep the QBasic dream alive! As of 2018, we are celebrating 20 years online.
Pete's QB Site is currently an archive — it is no longer actively updated, but I plan to keep it online forever as a resource for programmers.
**What you can find here:**
* 700+ [QBasic Tutorials](/sections/tutorials/tutorials.shtml)
* QBasic Game [Reviews](/reviews/reviews.shtml) / [Downloads](/downloads/downloads.shtml)
* [QBasic Forum](/phpBB3/) - still semi-active; if you have QB questions, post here and you may just get a response
* [QB Express Magazine](/sections/express/express.shtml) (2004-2008)
* [QB Zines Archive](/sections/zines/zines.shtml)
* Download [QBasic 1.1](http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/introduction/qbasic11.zip) / [QuickBasic 4.5](/sections/introduction/qb45.zip) / [PDS 7.1](/sections/introduction/pds71.zip)
* Lots and lots more... just do some digging...
**What is QBasic / QuickBasic?**
QBasic is an old-school, vintage programming language that was designed for beginners. QBasic ran on MS-DOS, and was a more advanced version of BASIC. QB was a lot of people’s first foray into programming (particularly those of us who grew up in the ‘80s and ‘90s). Therefore, a lot of people look back at QBasic with nostalgia.
From about 1995 - 2010 or so, there was a very active QBasic community online, primarily focused on making home brew games and RPGs. The QBasic scene has since largely disbanded, but still exists in spirit with [QB64](http://www.qb64.org) and [Freebasic](http://www.freebasic.net).
Check out our [Intro To QBasic](http://petesqbsite.com/sections/introduction/intro.shtml) page for a more information about the different iterations, or to download QuickBasic.
**What’s the deal with QBasic in 2018?**
QBasic is an outdated programming language and compiler, that is sadly no longer compatible with today’s computers. Back in the Windows 3.x / 95 / 98 / ME days, computers still booted into MS-DOS before they booted into Windows, so QB ran fairly seamlessly. It was also included for free with every version of Windows up through ’98. With the release of Windows XP in 2001, and the subsequent releases of Windows Vista and Windows 7 and Windows 10, QBasic is no longer properly supported.
However, a few modern alternatives have been developed that have maintained QBasic’s syntax...
**What are the alternatives?**
QBasic isn’t dead! It lives on through two leading QBasic-compatible compilers that run on modern computers: **[Freebasic](http://www.freebasic.net)** and **[QB64](http://qb64.org)**.
[Freebasic](http://www.freebasic.net) [QB64](http://www.qb64.org)
Both QB64 and Freebasic are designed to run QBasic code on today's computers (Windows 7 or 10, Linux, and Mac) with little to no modifications! They also have relatively active communities...much more active than QBasic these days. If you are looking into learning BASIC, I highly recommend checking out one or both of these compilers.
**Where are all the people at?**
The “QMunity” still has remnants in a few places around the web. These are the most active QBasic forums left:
* **[Tapatalk QBasic Forum](https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/qbasic/)** (Formerly Network54 / QBasic.com forum) - The most active pure QBasic forum left.
* **[QB64.org Forum](http://www.qb64.org/forum/)** - Very active, devoted to QB64.
* **[Freebasic.net Forum](https://www.freebasic.net/forum/)** - Somewhat active, the home of Freebasic.
* **[QBasicNews Forum](http://forum.qbasicnews.com/index.php)** - Pretty quiet these days, but a lot of the old guard checks in here every once in a while.
* Other forums with occasional posts: **[Freebasic Games Directory](http://games.freebasic.net/forum)**, **[NeoBasic](http://www.neobasic.net)**, **[Phatcode.net](http://forum.phatcode.net/)**, and of course: **[Pete's QB Site Forum](/phpBB3/)**
**I’m looking for QBasic Games! Where can I find them?**
The best places to find QBasic games online:
* **[QBasic Games Directory](http://games.phatcode.net/)** - The single most complete archive of QBasic Games, which was collected by Dean Janjic. It includes 486 QBasic games, all reviewed on a ten point scale, with short summaries, and screenshots. (Final update 2017.) There is also a sister site worth checking out - **[Freebasic Games Directory](http://games.freebasic.net/)** with 200+ FB games.
* **[V Planet!](http://vplanet.petesqbsite.com)** - Around 150 QB games with full in-depth reviews, and screenshots. If a QB game was any good, it will be found here. (Mirror from 2004)
* **[QB45.org](https://qb45.org)** and **[QB45](http://qb45.blarg.ca) (Bigfoot Edition)** - Two different mirrors of the old QB45.com website, from different iterations. QB45.com, formerly known as "Future Software," has always has one of the biggest collections of QBasic downloads ever collected (1700+ files), and thankfully has been mirrored.
* **[QBRPGs.com](http://qbrpgs.blarg.ca)** - QBRPGs is home to 131 different QBasic RPGs, along with tutorials and utilities to help you make your own RPG. (Mirror, circa 2003)
* **[QuickBasic Cafe](https://www.qbasic.net)** - German QBasic site with a large collection of games, and still occasionally updated as recently as 2018.
* **[Phatcode.net](http://www.phatcode.net/)** - A small collection of downloads at this site, but Plasma from PhatCode gets a special shoutout for providing free hosting for many smaller QBasic websites. Check out his site for links to a few dozen QB sites that are still online.
Not to mention our own collection of several hundred QBasic games right here at Pete's QB Site! **[Reviews](/reviews/reviews.shtml)** / **[Downloads](/downloads/downloads.shtml)**
You can also [play many classic QB games right in your browser](https://archive.org/search.php?query=qbasic&and%5B%5D=subject%3A%22QBasic+games%22&page=4), thanks to Archive.org! Give it a try!
**How can I run these QBasic games?**
It’s tricky, but it’s not impossible. The most success I’ve had is via emulating DOS with [DOSBox](https://www.dosbox.com), though it can be slow and glitchy. Luckily, Quickbasic Cafe wrote a [Tutorial on using DOSBOX](https://www.qbasic.net/en/qbasic-tutorials/dosbox/qbasic-dosbox-1.htm) to run QBasic games.
If you’re running an earlier version of Windows (Vista or earlier), check out this ["Running QBasic Games FAQ"](
http://games.phatcode.net/runningQBG_old.php
) written a few years ago by Dean Janjic. This teaches you some tricks to deal with memory or sound issues, and various hardware compatibility problems.
**What happened to all of the old QB sites from the good old days?**
There used to be hundreds of QB sites on the Internet (see my [giant collection of over 500 dead links](http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/links/main.shtml)). Now, nearly all of them are no longer online, mostly due to free web hosts like GeoCities shutting down.
However, there are a few QB sites that are still online. The best sites that are still up, as of 2018, are the ones linked above. Another decent list is Plasma's links page of QB/FB websites found [here](http://www.phatcode.net/links.php?sub=programming). Many of the older websites are sadly lost forever, or only available via Archive.org.
**What about all the old QBasic Zines?**
You’re in luck! I’ve archived most of the old QBasic Zines I've been able to get my hands on, which are a wonderful time capsule. Check out the [Zines section](http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/zines/zines.shtml), or click one of these links:
[Back 2 Basic](/sections/zines/zines.shtml#back2basic) - [Basic Gaming](/sections/zines/zines.shtml#basicgaming) - [BASIX Fanzine](/sections/zines/zines.shtml#basix) - [BASIX Newsletter](/sections/zines/zines.shtml#basix_newsletter) - [PCOPY!](/sections/zines/zines.shtml#pcopy) - [QBasic Developers Forum](/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qbdf) - [QBasic Gazette](/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qbgazette) - [QBasic: The Magazine](/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qbtm) - [QB Accelerator](/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qbxl) - [QB Chronicles](/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qbchronicles) - [QB Cult Magazine](/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qbcm) - [QB Gamer Magazine](/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qbgamer) - [QB Inquirer](/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qbinq) - [QB News](/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qbnews) - [QB On Acid](/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qboa) - [QB Times](/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qbtimes) - [QFiles](/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qfiles) - [QNews QBasic Newsletter](/sections/zines/zines.shtml#qnews) - [Razor Diskmag](/sections/zines/zines.shtml#razor) - [V Planet!](/sections/zines/zines.shtml#vplanet) - [VSNews](/sections/zines/zines.shtml#vsnews) - [Other Magazines](/sections/zines/zines.shtml#others)
**I have some old QBasic Content / Website, and I’m looking for a host!**
If you have some an old QB site looking for a home, I would love to archive it here for free. Email me at [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]), and we’ll talk!
Wishlist of QB websites I'm currently looking for archives of: QBasic.com (classic site); NeoZones Productions; GBGames.com.
**What’s the deal with this website?**
I started Pete’s QBasic Site in 1998 when I was 13 years old. (Now I’m in my 30s.) This site has always had a focus on QBasic gaming, at first being known for QBasic game reviews, and later, for our zine QB Express. I also gathered a massive collection of QB programming tutorials, which at this point is probably our greatest resource. I've kept this website up because there aren't too many other QBasic resources still online and operating, and I hope to keep this archive online for a long time to come. More than anything, this is an exercise in nostalgia for the few members of the QBasic community who still come around, but who knows, maybe someone else will find this content useful.
**Pete, what are you up to these days?**
I am a TV Producer, and I like to travel. Check out [my personal website](http://www.peteberg.net) to see what I’ve been up to!
You can also find me on social media: [Facebook](http://www.facebook.com/peteberg) - [Instagram](https://www.instagram.com/bandergrove/)
- [Twitter](https://twitter.com/bandergrove) - [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/c/bandergrove)
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| Latest Updates |
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**October 12, 2018**
**Twenty Year Anniversary Update**
My oh my, does time fly! Pete's QB Site is now TWENTY years old... and it has been a full decade since the last update. (Yikes!)Although I retired from updating this site and publishing QB Express in 2008, I've always intended to keep this site online forever as a resource. Pete's QB Site is here for the few diehards out there, who are still puttering away with BASIC almost two decades into the 21st century.It's pretty quiet around here these days. Since the last update ten years ago, the QBasic community has all but scattered. It has a lot to do with computers no longer supporting QBasic the way they used to. The [Freebasic](http://www.freebasic.net) community grew, peaked, and then slowed down to a crawl. And [QB64](http://www.qb64.org) was launched and grew its own small but loyal following of nostalgic programmers. (QB64 seems to be where the most activity is these days in the QB world.)What is new here? Well, the front page is the main update. I've turned it into a FAQ / "Landing Page" for people looking for information about QBasic in 2018. It will help direct new users to QB64 and Freebasic, as well as the handful of sites where the last vestiges and archives of the old Qmunity remain.The other major update was to the [Zines](/sections/zines/zines.shtml) archive. Since 2008, there were three major QB/FB zines that were published, and I have archived them here to make sure that they are preserved for posterity: **[PCOPY!](http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/zines/zines.shtml#pcopy)** (2006-2008), **[Back2Basic](http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/zines/zines.shtml#back2basic)**(2010-2012) and **[Basic Gaming](http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/zines/zines.shtml#basicgaming)** (2011-2012).Additionally, I've restored an archive of **[V Planet!](http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/zines/zines.shtml#vplanet)**, one of the most loved QB magazines and game review sites of all time. Also, Fling-master recently uploaded archives of [QB45.com](http://qb45.blarg.ca) and [QBRPGs.com](http://qbrpgs.blarg.ca).Finally, I urge everyone to check out Lachie Dazdarian's **["A Love Letter To FreeBASIC" Competition (Oct 2018 - Jan 2019)]( http://games.freebasic.net/forum/index.php?topic=623.0)**. This final competition from the [Freebasic Games Directory](http://games.freebasic.net), has a $250 prize, and is "a chance for them to give one final farewell to FreeBASIC." The competition encourages programmers who were once active in the Freebasic scene to make one final FB game to say goodbye to this community and language that was so near and dear to us.
**Posted by Pete** |
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**October 19, 2008**
**Pete's QBasic Site celebrates TEN YEARS**
Pete's QB Site is now a decade old!On the rainy day of October 12, 1998, Pete's QBasic Site was born. I was thirteen years old, and never expected that ten years later this website would still exist, or that it would still be updated. But here I am, here you are, and Pete's QBasic Site is still alive and kickin'!You can read an article I wrote about the past ten years of Pete's QB Site in [the latest issue of QB Express](http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/express/express.shtml#petesqb10years).Also, this site was featured a few days ago on the front page of Reddit.com: [Share QBasic or it dies](http://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/759nl/share_qbasic_or_it_dies/). A user posted a link to the [QB Philosophy](http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/philosophy/philosophy.shtml) section, where several visitors shared their answers to the question: "Why do you still program in QBasic?" It sent thousands visitors to this site, and spurred a great discussion where people shared some of their own QBasic memories.Here's to another ten years! See you in 2018!
**Posted by Pete** |
[Comments ()](http://www.petesqbsite.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=2795)
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**September 20, 2008**
**QB Express #29 Now Available**
Published from the colorful mountains of Tibet, [QB Express #29](http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/express/issue29/index.html) is here!Although I'm in the middle of a 6-month trek around the world, I've found the time to put together another fantastic issue of QB Express. This is a very special issue: Not only is it the first time we've published from central Asia, it also celebrates the tenth anniversary of Pete's QB Site!Articles this month include "Before Releasing Your Game" by Nalin Kanwar; "Mini Game of the Month" by Lachie Dazdarian; a look at the Y2K bug by Moneo; an interview with Lachie by HexDude; "Kiyotewolf on a Variety of Subjects" and more. The tutorials section includes a look at CGI and also Shuffling Algorithms by Samanddeanus; Part two of Wallyfblu's Window Procedure series; "Using 7x7x16 Tricks" by Kiyotewolf; and "The Pimpl Idiom" by stylin. Not to mention all the News Briefs, the Gallery, and letters sections that you've come to expect from QBE.Read it all in [QB Express #29](http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/express/issue29/index.html)!
**Posted by Pete** |
[Comments ()](http://www.petesqbsite.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=2769)
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**May 11, 2008**
**QB Express #28**
It's May, [QB Express #28](http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/express/issue28/index.html) is here!This issue is full of wonderful things, like SEVEN tutorials and FIVE articles, all about QBasic and FreeBasic.Pritchard teaches us about Game Camera Systems; Imortis Inglorian brings us "Bitflags and You"; Kiyote Wolf gives us the rundown on his method of "Amazing Cheap Texturemapping"; Lachie Dazdarian contemplates the eternal struggle of "The Game Developer versus the Programmer"; Mac gives us the skinny on the QBasic.com forums; notthecheatr starts his series on "Scripting Solutions for Games" with "Part I: Rolling your own interpreter"; and Pritchard talks to us "About Design."It's a fun-filled, jam-packed issue. Read it all in [QB Express #28](http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/express/issue28/index.html)!
**Posted by Pete** |
[Comments ()](http://www.petesqbsite.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=2673)
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**March 9, 2008**
**QB Express #27**
The [March issue](http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/express/issue27/index.html) of QB Express is here!This month, we've got a collection of fantastic articles and tutorials that pack quite a whallop -- so watch out! This may not be the biggest QB Express issue that's ever come out, but it certainly is no slouch... with SEVEN tutorials and THREE articles, as well as one of the biggest news briefs sections we've had in a long time.MystikShadows reviews Dabooda's game Sokoban; h4tt3n gives us the second part of his series on Spring Simulation in Freebasic; Mentat brings us "Going Deep: Football and 3D Graphics"; Hezad teaches us how to generate awesome moving plasmas using the Electric Field equation; Wallyfblu teaches us about Window Procedure; Dean Menezes brings us "CGI and QBasic"; and Kiyote Wolf helps us reinvent the Commodore Wedge. And as always, we've got all the latest news from around the QB and FB community, and much, much more.Read it while it's hot -- [QB Express #27](http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/express/issue27/index.html) truly delivers a knock-out punch!
**Posted by Pete** |
[Comments ()](http://www.petesqbsite.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=2618)
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**February 9, 2008**
**QB Express #26**
The [February issue](http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/express/issue26/index.html) of QB Express is now available!It's been over three months since the last issue, but it definitely was worth the wait. This issue features one of our largest News Brief segments ever, as well as NINE articles/tutorials, covering topics such as "The Art of Rounding"; creating your own Worms-like scrolling engine; using FMOD to play sound in your Freebasic programs; Database indexing; programming spring physics in FB; and functions with local variables.QB Express is definitely getting back on track, and I think this issue will prove that.You can read it all in [QB Express #26](http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/express/issue26/index.html)!
**Posted by Pete** |
[Comments ()](http://www.petesqbsite.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=2593)
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**December 28, 2007**
**Freebasic Forum Opens**
The last few months, there has been a [lot of debate](http://www.petesqbsite.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2479) over whether this site is a dedicated exclusively to QBasic/QuickBasic, or whether we cover Freebasic as well.If you haven't noticed, QB Express has been covering Freebasic ever since the day it was first released, and now more than half of our content is consistently Freebasic-related! I have also made (slow) progress toward adding new Freebasic sections to Pete's QB Site. The way I see it, **Freebasic is almost like the next natural version of QuickBasic** -- only it wasn't released by Microsoft.FreeBasic was created by members of the QBasic community, and almost all of its users are former QB programmers. From the beginning, a major goal was to keep FreeBasic as compatible with QuickBasic as possible, while enhancing its functionality and abilities. This is the important distinction between FB and other dialects of BASIC you'll find online: FB was designed by QB programmers to be the next logical step in the QBasic lineage. That's why I have decided to expand my site to include Freebasic in addition to QBasic.Tonight, I created a new forum for [FreeBasic Questions & Answers](http://www.petesqbsite.com/forum/viewforum.php?f=5), where you are free to ask questions about and discuss FB without fear that the "QB establishment" will hound you. Likewise, I expect the FB fans out there to stop bullying QB programmers by recommending that they switch over to FB. From now on, let's just try to help each other and get along!
**Posted by Pete** |
[Comments ()](http://www.petesqbsite.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=2551)
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**October 31, 2007**
**QB Express #25**
Happy Halloween! The [October Issue](/sections/express/issue25/index.html) of QB Express is now available.This special Halloween edition has very little to do with pumpkins or ghosts, but is bursting through the seams with what you all really crave: QuickBasic and Freebasic! There are EIGHT tutorials this month, covering everything from floormapping and sphere mapping, to recursion, to peek and poke, to particle engines, to acceleration. We've also got some cool articles on User Oriented Programming, accessibility and file names, and "The multi-faceted nature of games."All this and more in [QB Express #25](/sections/express/issue25/index.html). Check it out!
**Posted by Pete** |
[Comments ()](http://www.petesqbsite.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=2484)
---
Comment on news at the [Message Forum](/phpBB3/viewforum.php?f=2)!
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**[News Archives](coranto/main_page_news-archive.shtml)**
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| Featured Review |
| **SonicX v2.3**An early version of Joe's Sonic clone, which sports a level editor and a few simple levels to test your skill with your favorite speedy favorite Hedgehog! **:: [Read review!](http://www.petesqbsite.com/reviews/action/sonicx.html)** ::
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| **Programmer:** Joe**Reviewer:** Pete | **80%** |
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| Featured QB Command |
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**LONG****Syntax:** LONG**Function:** Specifies that a variable is a 4-byte(32-bit) signed integer.
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| QB Site of the Moment |
| **Gypsy Bill's Pad****Description:** A humorous personal site with an odd QB section. Odd I say because the programs include *An Alien* which "walks around and pees on stuff", and games by such dubious names as *Death by Salt* and *Ballz of Hell*.**Unique Features:** There are a total of seven programs here.
| | |
| --- | --- |
| | |
|
|
**[More QBASIC Links](sections/links/main.shtml)**
|
| |
| --- |
| About Pete's QBASIC Site |
|
Founded in 1998 by [Pete Berg](http://www.peteberg.net), Pete's QBASIC Site was the first dedicated QB game reviews site, and also provides tutorials, scene news and an active message forum. In 2004, [QB Express Magazine](/sections/express/express.shtml) was launched, and this site also began covering QB's sister language, [Freebasic](/freebasic). Pete's QBASIC Site is a resource for QBASIC and QuickBasic programmers, and seeks to promote and perpetuate the QuickBasic programming language and online community.
|
|
**[Pete's QB Site History](sections/history/history.shtml)**
|
|
| |
| --- |
| **Copyright © Pete's QBASIC / QuickBasic Site, 1998-2018.**
All rights reserved. Site owned and operated by [Pete Berg](http://www.peteberg.net). Programs and submitted content are property of their creators, and appear on this site by direct or implied permission. Pete's QBasic Site is powered by [Coranto](http://coranto.gweilo.org). This site was created entirely in Notepad. |
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<meta name="KeyWords" content="Drachental, Drachenhöhle, Drachenhoehle, Drachenland, Drachenbilder, Drachen-Bilder, Netzroman, Fantasy, Phantasie, Story, Stories, Geschichte, Geschichten, Literatur, schreiben, Text, texten, interaktiv, Roman, kreativ, History, Mystery, Ija Macar, Ija Makar, Ijamacar, SF, Science Fiction, Moordrache, Sumpfdrache, Vulkandrache, Feuerdrache, Zwerg, Elb, Riesen, sagenhaft, sagenumwoben, mitschreiben, Zauber, Magie, Gsolm, Magier, Zauberer, magisch, mysteriös, mysterioes, Phantasiewelt, Fantasywelt, Liake, Toth, Legende, Legenden, Saga, Sage, Abenteuer, Rollenspiel, Adventure, Drache, Drachen, Einhorn, Einhörner, Einhoerner, Troll, Trolle, Kobold, Kobolde, Gnom, Gnome, Dämon, Daemon, gestalten, mitgestalten, kreieren, Schriftsteller, Autor, Autoren, Autorin, Autorinnen, Phantasia, witzig, lustig, humorvoll, Humor, Spaß, Spass, Literatur, literarisch, Webfehler, grenzenlos, Drachenleben, Drachen-Leben, Hort, Drachenhort, kostenlos, Freizeit, Hobby, Phantasie-Welt, selberschreiben">
<title>Das Drachental --- Homepage von und für Drachen und Fantasy-Stories-Schreiber</title>
</head>
<body text="#333333" bgcolor="#FFFF99" link="#3333FF" vlink="#00A0FF" alink="#FF9900" background="images/bg_yel13.jpg" nosave>
<link rel="STYLESHEET" href="style1.css" type="text/css"><a NAME="top"></a>
<center><b><font color="#990000"><font size=+1>Herzlich Willkommen</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#000099">im</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#CC0000"><font size=+4>Drachental</font></font></b>
<br><img SRC="gallery/sundrac1.gif" ALT="Herzlich Willkommen im Drachental!" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=400 width=600>
<br><font color="#000000"><font size=-1>© </font><font size=-2>des
Drachen: siehe unten! / © of dragon: see below ("Bildquellen-Nachweis")!</font></font>
<p><font color="#FFFF99">.</font>
<br><b><font color="#000099"><font size=+1>Das Tal, in dem es von </font></font><i><font color="#CC0000"><font size=+2>Drachen
und FantasyStories</font></font></i><font color="#000099"><font size=+1>
nur so <i>wimmelt!</i></font></font></b><font color="#000099"><font size=+1>
;-)</font></font>
<br><b><font color="#000099"><font size=+1>Hier gibt's viel zu entdecken
und noch mehr zu lesen.</font></font></b>
<br><font size=-1><font color="#000000">Diese Website hat </font><font color="#990000">absolut
nichts</font><font color="#000000"> mit dem "Drachen<i>th</i>al" von Wolfgang
Hohlbein zu tun!</font></font>
<br><font color="#FFFF99">.</font>
<p><b><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>Bis zum nächsten Update
mit neuen Stories usw. wird es leider noch etwas dauern, tut mir
leid... :-(</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#660000"><font size=-1>Ich kann nichts versprechen,
hoffe aber, im Laufe der nächsten Monate</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#660000"><font size=-1>wenigstens das eine oder andere
kleine Update durchführen zu können.</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>Bitte auch den Hinweis im <a href="#ibox">weißen
Info-Kasten</a> unten zum Wettbewerb beachten, danke.</font></font></b>
<p><font color="#FFFF99">.</font></center>
<center><table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=7 WIDTH="66%" BGCOLOR="#FF0000" NOSAVE >
<tr>
<td>
<center><table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=9 COLS=1 WIDTH="100%" BGCOLOR="#FFEE55" >
<tr>
<td>
<center><font color="#FFFF00"><font size=-1>.</font></font>
<br><b><font color="#000099">Derzeit findet leider</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#000099"><i>kein</i> Drachentaler Wettbewerb statt.</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#000099">Die Gründe sind kurz im weißen
Kasten unten erklärt.</font></b>
<br><font color="#FFFF99">.</font>
<br><a href="dtaler_i.htm"><img SRC="banner/dratal51.gif" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=40 width=400></a>
<p><b><font color="#000000"><font size=-1>Die Ergebnisse der Wettbewerbsjahre
<a href="dtaler_i.htm#erg_alt">2000
bis 2008</a> stehen natürlich weiterhin <nobr>zur Verfügung</nobr>.
Diese sind über die <a href="dtaler_i.htm">Wettbewerbs-Info-Seite</a>
zu erreichen.</font></font></b>
<br><font color="#FFFF00">.</font><a NAME="ibox"></a></center>
<center><table BORDER=5 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=15 COLS=1 WIDTH="85%" BGCOLOR="#FFFFCC" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=CENTER><b><font color="#000099">Hinweise zum Wettbewerb<font size=+1>
2011</font>:</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#FF0000"><font size=+1>Wichtig:</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#FF0000">Der Drachentaler Wettbewerb wird leider</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#FF0000">auch im Jahr 2011 ganz ausfallen.</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#990000"><font size=-1>Aus unterschiedlichen Gründen
fehlte mir 2009 und 2010</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#990000"><font size=-1>die Zeit sowohl für den
weiteren Drachental-Umbau</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#990000"><font size=-1>und für Drachental-Updates
im allgemeinen</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#990000"><font size=-1>als auch für die Durchführung
des Wettbewerbs.</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#990000"><font size=-1>Da es leider noch etwas dauern
wird, bis der 'Ausfall'</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#990000"><font size=-1>der vergangenen Jahre halbwegs
kompensiert sein wird</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#990000"><font size=-1>und auch der Umbau nicht 'sofort'
fortgesetzt werden kann,</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#990000"><font size=-1>macht auch für 2011 ein
Wettbewerb keinen großen Sinn.</font></font></b>
<br><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=-1>.</font></font>
<br><b><font size=-1><font color="#990000">Aber keine Sorge, das Drachental
verabschiedet sich </font><font color="#000000">nicht</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#990000"><font size=-1>still und leise aus den unendlichen
Weiten des Internets!</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>Sobald ich wieder mehr Zeit
habe, geht es hier auch weiter.</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#CC0000"><font size=-1>Versprochen!</font></font></b>
<br><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=-1>.</font></font>
<br><b><font color="#009900"><font size=+1>***</font></font></b>
<br><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=-1>.</font></font>
<br><b><font color="#333333"><font size=-1>Voraussichtliche Aufteilung
der Kategorien</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#333333"><font size=-1>auf die Staffeln des Wettbewerbs
2012(?),</font></font></b>
<br><b><font size=-1><i><font color="#CC0000">falls</font></i><font color="#333333">
der Wettbewerb dann wieder stattfindet:</font></font></b>
<br><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=-1>.</font></font>
<br><b><font size=-1><font color="#990000">1. Staffel (Start </font><font color="#000000">ca.
Januar/Februar/März</font><font color="#990000">?? 2012):</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#990000"><font size=-1><a href="storyinx.htm#storyd">'deutsche
Stories'</a> und <a href="storyinx.htm#storyproj">'Projekt-Stories'</a></font></font></b>
<br><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=-1>.</font></font>
<br><b><font size=-1><font color="#990000">2. Staffel (Start </font><font color="#000000">ca.
August/September</font><font color="#990000"> 2012):</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#990000"><font size=-1><a href="storyinx.htm#f_romane">'Fortsetzungs-Stories'</a>
und - <i>evtl.!</i> - <a href="storyinx.htm#gedichte">'Gedichte'</a></font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#990000"><font size=-1>Die Kategorie 'Netzroman-Kapitel'
nimmt 2012</font></font></b>
<br><b><font size=-1><font color="#990000">sehr wahrscheinlich </font><font color="#000000">nicht</font><font color="#990000">
am Wettbewerb teil.</font></font></b>
<br><font color="#FFFFFF"><font size=-1>.</font></font>
<br><b><font color="#000000"><font size=-1><a href="dtaler_i.htm">Weitere
Infos sind auf der Info-Seite zum Wettbewerb zu finden!</a></font></font></b>
<br><font color="#000000"><font size=-1>(leider momentan absolut nicht
aktuell)</font></font></td>
</tr>
</table></center>
<center><nobr><font color="#FFFF00"><font size=-1>.</font></font></nobr></center>
</td>
</tr>
</table></center>
</td>
</tr>
</table></center>
<center><font color="#FFFF99">.</font></center>
<center><table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=3 WIDTH="60%" BGCOLOR="#FF9900" >
<tr>
<td>
<center><table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=7 COLS=1 WIDTH="100%" BGCOLOR="#FFFF99" >
<tr>
<td ALIGN=CENTER><b><font color="#000099">Zum Thema 'Projekt-Stories' gibt
es <a href="umfr_01.htm">eine kleine Umfrage</a></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#000099">zur zukünftigen Präsentation derselben
im 'neuen Drachental'.</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#000099">Ich würde mich auch über <i>deine</i>
Meinung sehr freuen :-)</font></b></td>
</tr>
</table></center>
</td>
</tr>
</table></center>
<center><font color="#FFFF99">.</font>
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<br><b><font color="#990000"><font size=+1>Ohne Euch mit weiteren langen
Vorreden aufzuhalten,</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#990000"><font size=+1>kommt nun aber gleich eine grobe
Übersicht vom...</font></font></b>
<br><b><i><font color="#CC0000"><font size=+3>Inhalt:</font></font></i></b>
<br><b><font color="#CC0000">;-)</font></b></center>
<font color="#FFFF99">.</font>
<div ALIGN=right><table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=2 WIDTH="99%" >
<tr>
<td WIDTH="38%"><a href="history.htm#news"><img SRC="images/dracico2.gif" ALT="Was gibt es Neues im Drachental? - und Altes ;-) (23.12.2009)" NOSAVE BORDER=0 title="Was gibt es Neues im Drachental? - und Altes ;-) (23.12.2009)" height=47 width=53 align=ABSCENTER></a><b><a href="history.htm#news"><font size=-1>Drachental-</font><font size=+1>News</font></a><nobr><font color="#000000"><font size=-1>(halbwegs)
23. 12. 09</font></font></nobr></b></td>
<td><a href="drachtal.htm"><img SRC="images/dracico2.gif" ALT="Einiges Wissenswertes über das REALE Drachental" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=47 width=53 align=ABSCENTER></a><b><a href="drachtal.htm">Erst
einmal: wo und was ist das <i><font size=+1>Drachental</font></i>?</a></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN=RIGHT WIDTH="38%"></td>
<td><a href="gal_inx.htm"><img SRC="images/dracico2.gif" ALT="Was wäre eine Drachen-Seite ohne entsprechende Bilder?" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=47 width=53 align=ABSCENTER></a><b><font color="#990000"><a href="gal_inx.htm">Die
Seiten mit den <font size=+1><i>Drachen-</i>Bildern</font>...</a> </font><font color="#000000"><font size=-1>(20.12.'08)</font></font></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td WIDTH="38%"><a href="dracindx.htm"><img SRC="images/dracico2.gif" ALT="Was jeder schon immer über ... wissen wollte (Drachen natürlich!!!)" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=47 width=53 align=ABSCENTER></a><b><a href="dracindx.htm">Drachen-Index
<font size=-1>(-Infos)</font></a></b></td>
<td><a href="proj_inx.htm"><img SRC="images/dracico2.gif" ALT="Hier könnt Ihr interaktiv mitwirken, mitschreiben!" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=47 width=53 align=ABSCENTER></a><b><a href="proj_inx.htm">Die
<font size=+1>Mitschreib</font>-(Drachen)-Projekte</a></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td WIDTH="38%"></td>
<td><a href="storyinx.htm"><img SRC="images/dracico2.gif" ALT="Fantasy- (und andere) Geschichten von mir und anderen... (nicht immer mit Drachen) -- auch als ZIPs" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=47 width=53 align=ABSCENTER></a><b><a href="storyinx.htm"><font size=+1>Fantasy-Stories</font>,
-Gedichte und -Sagas</a></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td WIDTH="38%"><a href="links_d.htm"><img SRC="images/dracico2.gif" ALT="Einige ausgewählte Seiten mit, über, für oder von Drachen... und sonstige Fantasy (momentan leider nicht auf aktuellem Stand!)" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=47 width=53 align=ABSCENTER></a><b><a href="links_d.htm">Drachen-Links</a></b></td>
<td><a href="ijamacar/im_index.htm"><img SRC="images/dracico2.gif" ALT="Der Netzroman! Mit und ohne Drachen. Schaut rein, schreibt mit!" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=47 width=53 align=ABSCENTER></a><b><a href="ijamacar/im_index.htm">Der
Netz-Roman: <i>Magische Welt <font size=+1>Íja Macár</font></i></a></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td WIDTH="38%"></td>
<td><a href="moordrac.htm"><img SRC="images/dracico2.gif" ALT="Wer oder was bin ich, der hier diese Seiten gestaltet?" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=47 width=53 align=ABSCENTER></a><b><a href="moordrac.htm">Der
Moordrache, wer/was ist das eigentlich?</a></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td WIDTH="38%"><a href="links_a.htm"><img SRC="images/dracico2.gif" ALT="Ein paar Links, die mir wichtig sind und nichts mit Fantasy zu tun haben (momentan leider nicht auf aktuellem Stand!)" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=47 width=53 align=ABSCENTER></a><b><a href="links_a.htm">Andere
Links</a></b></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td ALIGN=RIGHT WIDTH="38%"><font size=-1><b><font color="#990000">Ergebnis
der 1. Staffel 2008 online!</font></b><font color="#FFFFCC">.</font></font></td>
<td><a href="dtaler_i.htm"><img SRC="images/dracico2.gif" ALT="Der Drachentaler Fantasy-Wettbewerb!" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=47 width=53 align=LEFT></a><a href="dtaler_i.htm" target="_blank"><b><font size=+1>Der
Drachental</font></b>er<b><font size=+1> Schreib-Wettbewerb</font></b></a>.
<br><b><font color="#000000"><font size=-1>Mit den (derzeit wenig aktuellen)
Infos zum Wettbewerb 2008!</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#990000"><font size=-1>Hier geht's direkt <a href="dterg08a.htm">zum
Endergebnis</a> der 1. Staffel <u>2008</u>!</font></font></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td WIDTH="38%" HEIGHT="50"><a href="webrings.htm"><img SRC="images/dracico2.gif" ALT="Ich bin auch Mitglied in 4 Webringen..." NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=47 width=53 align=ABSCENTER></a><b><font size=+1><a href="webrings.htm">Webringe...</a></font></b></td>
<td ALIGN=CENTER VALIGN=BOTTOM></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td WIDTH="38%"><a href="meinung2.htm"><img SRC="images/dracico2.gif" ALT="Umfrage: was ist Euch beim Lesen/Schreiben von Stories am wichtigsten?" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=47 width=53 align=ABSCENTER></a><b><font size=+1><a href="meinung2.htm">Leser-Umfrage</a></font></b></td>
<td><a href="http://www.onlinewebservice4.de/gastbuch.php?id=2325" target="_blank"><img SRC="images/dracico2.gif" ALT="Das Gästebuch des Drachentals" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=47 width=53 align=LEFT></a><b><a href="http://www.onlinewebservice4.de/gastbuch.php?id=2325" target="_blank"><font size=+1>Das
Drachental-</font><font size=+2>Gästebuch</font></a></b>
<br><b><font color="#000099"><font size=-1>Anregungen (aber natürlich
auch Lob *g*) sind immer willkommen.</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#666666"><font size=-1>Bitte stört Euch nicht
an einigen etwas 'eigenartig- einzigartigen' Einträgen ;-))</font></font></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td WIDTH="38%" HEIGHT="60"><a href="banner.htm"><img SRC="images/dracico2.gif" ALT="Wer etwas Werbung für das Drachental machen möchte, ist hier richtig..." NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=47 width=53 align=ABSCENTER></a><b><a href="banner.htm">Drachental-Banner</a></b></td>
<td><a href="http://gaestebuch-2000.de/guestbook.php?id=185" target="_blank" title="Hier bitte nichts mehr reinschreiben! Danke!"><img SRC="images/dracico2.gif" ALT="Das alte Gästebuch zum Lesen. Für Einträge bitte das neue benutzen..." NOSAVE BORDER=0 titel="Das alte Gästebuch zum Lesen. Für Einträge bitte das neue benutzen..." height=26 width=29 align=LEFT></a><a href="http://gaestebuch-2000.de/guestbook.php?id=185" target="_blank" title="Hier bitte nichts mehr reinschreiben! Danke!"><font size=-1>Das
</font><b><i><font size=+1>alte</font></i></b><font size=-1>
Drachental-Gästebuch</font></a><font size=-1>.</font>
<br><b><font color="#990000"><font size=-1>Natürlich könnt Ihr
in den alten Einträgen und Kommentaren stöbern,</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#990000"><font size=-1>aber bitte </font></font><font color="#FF0000">hier
nichts mehr hineinschreiben!</font><font color="#990000"><font size=-1>
Danke!</font></font></b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td VALIGN=BOTTOM WIDTH="38%" HEIGHT="60"><a href="drahort.htm"><img SRC="images/dracico2.gif" ALT="Moordraches gesammelte Schätze ;-)" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=47 width=53 align=ABSCENTER></a><b><a href="drahort.htm"><font size=+1>Drachenhort</font><font size=-1>
(Awards etc.)</font></a></b></td>
<td ALIGN=CENTER><font color="#FFFF99">.</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td WIDTH="38%"></td>
<td><a href="wss01.htm"><img SRC="images/dracico2.gif" ALT="Ein ganz besonderer Buchtipp ;-)" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=47 width=53 align=ABSCENTER></a><b><a href="wss01.htm">Der
exklusive Drachental-<font size=+1>Buchtipp</font> ;-)</a></b></td>
</tr>
<tr VALIGN=BOTTOM>
<td WIDTH="38%" HEIGHT="90"><b><font color="#000099"><font size=-1>...und
das Drachental empfiehlt:</font></font></b>
<br><a href="http://drachenland.bplaced.net" target="_blank"><img SRC="banner/drland_b.png" ALT="Drachenland -- neues Drachen-RPG (neue Adresse!)" NOSAVE BORDER=0 title="Drachenland - das neue Drachen-RPG (neue Adresse!)" height=50 width=200></a></td>
<td ALIGN=RIGHT><a href="http://www.thyla.de/page12.html" target="_blank"><img SRC="banner/empthyla.jpg" ALT="'Das Drachental' ist eine Literaturempfehlung THYLAs" NOSAVE BORDER=0 title="'Das Drachental' ist eine Literaturempfehlung THYLAs" height=50 width=111></a></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
<font color="#FFFF99">.<a NAME="lidewo"></a></font><font color="#FFFF00">.</font>
<br>
<center><table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=0 BACKGROUND="images/lightor6.gif" NOSAVE >
<caption><b><font color="#000099">Moordraches</font></b></caption>
<tr ALIGN=CENTER>
<td WIDTH="24" HEIGHT="24"><font color="#FFCC33">.</font></td>
<td><font color="#CC0000"><font size=+1><b>Tipp für </b>(angehende)<b>
Autoren:</b></font></font></td>
<td WIDTH="24"><font color="#FFCC33">.</font></td>
</tr>
<tr ALIGN=CENTER NOSAVE>
<td><font color="#FFCC33">.</font></td>
<td BACKGROUND="images/lightge4.gif" NOSAVE><a href="http://www.fantasyautoren.de/" target="_blank"><img SRC="banner/fautoren.gif" ALT="Fantasyautoren.de - Treffpunkt für Autoren, hier steht ernsthafte Textarbeit, also die Besprechung/Verbesserung neuer Texte, im Mittelpunkt (im Forum), nicht Veröffentlichungen" HSPACE=15 VSPACE=15 NOSAVE BORDER=0 title="Fantasyautoren.de - Treffpunkt für Autoren, hier steht ernsthafte Textarbeit, also die Besprechung/Verbesserung neuer Texte, im Mittelpunkt (im Forum), nicht Veröffentlichungen" height=80 width=307></a></td>
<td><font color="#FFCC33">.</font></td>
</tr>
<tr ALIGN=CENTER>
<td HEIGHT="24"><font color="#FFCC33">.</font></td>
<td><font color="#FFCC33">.</font></td>
<td><font color="#FFCC33">.</font></td>
</tr>
</table></center>
<center><font color="#000000"><font size=-1><a href="lidewo.htm">(War einmal:
'Link des Monats')</a></font></font>
<p><font color="#FFFFCC">.</font></center>
<center><table BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10 WIDTH="72%" BGCOLOR="#CC0000" >
<tr ALIGN=CENTER>
<td><b><font color="#FFFF99">Hinweis:</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#FFFF99">Es ist grundsätzlich nicht erlaubt, die
im Drachental veröffentlichten Geschichten, Gedichte und sonstigen
Texte ohne ausdrückliche schriftliche Erlaubnis des jeweiligen Autors
auf anderen Internet-Seiten oder in sonstigen Medien zu veröffentlichen!
Dies gilt auch für alle von den Autoren kreierten Bilder, Karten und
sonstiges Bildmaterial.</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#FFFFCC"><font size=-1>Die EMail-Adressen der Autoren
für entsprechende Anfragen sind bei ihren Texten zu finden.</font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table></center>
<center>
<p><font color="#FFFFCC">.</font>
<br><b><font color="#CC6600"><font size=+3>.</font></font></b>
<br><font color="#FFFF99">.</font></center>
<center><table BORDER=0 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=0 COLS=3 WIDTH="70%" >
<tr ALIGN=CENTER>
<td><a href="http://www.aktion-zivilcourage.de" target="_blank"><img SRC="zcourage/zivlogo1.jpg" ALT="Wer nichts tut, macht mit!" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=31 width=88></a></td>
<td><a href="webrings.htm#3x1"><img SRC="banner/anwlogo.jpg" ALT="artnetwork 3/x+1" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=52 width=43></a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.freedomforlinks.de" target="_blank"><img SRC="banner/free1.gif" ALT="Abmahnwahn? Nein Danke!" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=31 width=88></a></td>
</tr>
</table></center>
<center>
<p><font color="#FFFF99">.</font>
<br><b><font color="#000099"><font size=-1>Besucher seit 25. 04. 1999:</font></font></b>
<br><a href="http://www.webcounter.goweb.de" target="_blank"><img SRC="http://webcounter.goweb.de/43823" ALT="WEBCounter by GOWEB" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=19 width=130></a>
<p><font color="#FFFF99">.</font>
<br><b><font color="#000000"><font size=-1>Letzte Aktualisierung: 24./25.
02. 2011 (allerdings keine Stories usw.)</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#000000"><font size=-1>Ach ja, natürlich gibt's
hier auch eine </font><i><a href="history.htm">News & History-Seite</a></i></font></b>
<p><font color="#FFFF99">.</font>
<br><b><font color="#000000"><font size=+1>>> Hosted by <a href="http://www.level-2.de" target="_blank">Level-2.de</a>
<<</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#CC6600"><font size=+3>.</font></font></b>
<p><b><font color="#CC0000">Auch weiterhin wichtig:</font></b>
<p><a href="http://www.zauberfee.de/johanna/" target="_blank"><img SRC="johanna/hanna_g4.jpg" ALT="Johanna durfte ihren 9. Geburtstag leider nicht erleben..." NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=60 width=468></a>
<br><b><font color="#CC0000">Trotzdem wird auch weiter Hilfe benötigt!</font><font color="#000000">
Infos <a href="johanna/johanna.htm">hier</a> oder bei <a href="http://www.zauberfee.de/johanna/">Zauberfee.de</a>!</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#990000">Immer wieder werden Kinder und Jugendliche
entführt, missbraucht, ermordet.</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#990000">Wie oft muss so etwas noch geschehen?</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#990000">Neben der <a href="http://www.aktion-zivilcourage.de" target="_blank">Aktion-Zivilcourage</a>
und <a href="http://www.vermisste-kinder.de" target="_blank">vermisste-Kinder</a>
kann möglicherweise auch</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#990000"><a href="zcourage/zivcou1.htm">mein bescheidener
Beitrag zu diesem Thema</a> ein wenig hilfreich sein...(?)</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#CC6600"><font size=+3>.</font></font></b>
<p><b><font color="#000000">Wenn Ihr eigene (Kurz-) Geschichten mit dem
Thema Fantasy (o.ä.) habt,</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#000000">und wenn Ihr sie hier veröffentlicht
sehen wollt...</font></b>
<br><b><i><font color="#000099">dann schickt mir die doch einfach ins </font><font color="#000000"><a href="mailto:[email protected]?subject=Story fürs Drachental">Drachental</a>!</font></i></b>
<br><b><font color="#000000">Natürlich bleiben sämtliche Rechte
(v.a. das Copyright) bei Euch.</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#000000">Ich würde mich sehr über Eure Stories
freuen...</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#000000">Wenn Ihr mehr zu diesem Thema (Geschichten/Gedichte
einsenden) wissen wollt,</font></b>
<br><b><font color="#000000">dann schaut doch mal auf der <a href="storyinx.htm#mitmach">Stories-Seite</a>
vorbei... :-)</font></b>
<p><b><font color="#000000"><font size=-1>Ich behalte mir das Recht vor,
Stories mit unerwünschtem Inhalt (z.B. Rassismus, Beleidigungen etc.)</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#000000"><font size=-1>sofort und ohne Vorwarnung zu
löschen bzw. nicht zu veröffentlichen!</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#000000"><font size=-1>Ich werde von diesem Recht natürlich
Gebrauch machen, falls ich solche Stories erhalte.</font></font></b>
<p><font color="#FFFF99">.</font></center>
<center><table BORDER CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10 WIDTH="88%" >
<tr ALIGN=CENTER BGCOLOR="#FFFF99">
<td><b><i><font color="#000099">Hinweis:</font></i></b>
<br><b><font color="#000099"><font size=-1>Ich übernehme keinerlei
Verantwortung für die Inhalte von Homepages und deren Gestaltung,
zu denen Links vom Drachental (www.drachental.de) führen, distanziere
mich davon und mache sie mir nicht zu Eigen! Das gilt auch insbesondere
für Links, die vom Gästebuch ausgehen.</font></font></b></td>
</tr>
</table></center>
<center><b><font color="#CC6600"><font size=+3>.</font></font></b>
<p><b><font color="#990000"><font size=-1>Die meisten Bilder und Grafiken
im Drachental stammen natürlich nicht von mir.</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#990000">Deshalb gibt es nun einen <a href="bqn_dt.htm">Bildquellen-Nachweis</a>...</font></b>
<br><font color="#990000"><font size=-1>...zumindest habe ich mal damit
angefangen ;-)</font></font>
<p><b><font color="#000000"><font size=-1>Text und restliches Design: ©
by <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Moordrache</a></font></font></b>
<p><font color="#FFFF99">.</font>
<br><b><font size=-1><font color="#000000">Sämtliche Seiten im </font><font color="#000099">Drachental</font><font color="#000000">
sehen am besten aus mit </font></font><font color="#000099">Netscape 6.x/7.x
<font size=-1>(etc.)
</font>bzw.
Firefox</font><font color="#000000"><font size=-1>,</font></font></b>
<br><b><font size=-1><font color="#000000">aber auch mit dem </font><font color="#000099">MS-IE
5.x/6.x</font><font color="#000000"> gibt es eigentlich keine größeren
Probleme</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#000000"><font size=-1>(MS-IE: Schriftgrad (Menü:
<i>Ansicht</i>)
bitte - zumindest z.B. bei 800x600 - auf 'mittel' einstellen!)</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#666666"><font size=-1>Auf diesen Seiten werden nur
sehr wenige CascadingStyleSheets (CSS) oder JavaScripts verwendet,</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#666666"><font size=-1>weshalb es sich gar nicht erst
lohnt, den IE für das Drachental zu starten ;-))</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#666666"><font size=-1>...zumindest, wenn <i>beide</i>
Browser installiert sind *g*</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#000000"><font size=-1>Auch Opera und sonstige Browser
sollten problemlos funktionieren,</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#000000"><font size=-1>bei reinen Text-Browsern sind
allerdings nicht alle Bereiche des Drachentals (z.B. Stories) erreichbar,</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#000000"><font size=-1>weil teilweise Grafiken als
Verlinkung dorthin verwendet werden.</font></font></b>
<p><b><font color="#666666"><font size=-1>Links sind im Drachental (außer,
während der Mauszeiger über den Link wandert)</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#666666"><font size=-1>nicht unterstrichen (sofern
Dein Browser CSS unterstützt)</font></font></b>
<br><b><font size=-1><font color="#666666">und haben folgende Farben: </font><font color="#3333FF">normaler
Link</font><font color="#666666"> bzw. </font><font color="#00A0FF">besuchter
Link</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#666666"><font size=-1>Für normale (unverlinkte)
Texte werden diese beiden Farben nicht verwendet,</font></font></b>
<br><b><font size=-1><font color="#666666">wohl aber teilweise ein </font><font color="#000099">dunkleres
Blau</font><font color="#666666">... ;-)</font></font></b>
<p><b><font color="#000000"><font size=-1>Alle Seiten sind optimal mit
800x600 (oder mehr) Pixeln darstellbar,</font></font></b>
<br><b><font color="#000000"><font size=-1>aber auch 640x480 sollte in
den allermeisten Fällen keine Probleme bei der Darstellung verursachen.</font></font></b></center>
<div align=right><a href="#top"><img SRC="images/pf_up3.gif" ALT="ganz nach oben" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=11 width=21></a></div>
<font size=-1>.</font>
</body>
</html> |
Das Drachental --- Homepage von und für Drachen und Fantasy-Stories-Schreiber
**Herzlich Willkommen**
**im**
**Drachental**
© des
Drachen: siehe unten! / © of dragon: see below ("Bildquellen-Nachweis")!
.
**Das Tal, in dem es von *Drachen
und FantasyStories*
nur so *wimmelt!***
;-)
**Hier gibt's viel zu entdecken
und noch mehr zu lesen.**
Diese Website hat absolut
nichts mit dem "Drachen*th*al" von Wolfgang
Hohlbein zu tun!
.
**Bis zum nächsten Update
mit neuen Stories usw. wird es leider noch etwas dauern, tut mir
leid... :-(**
**Ich kann nichts versprechen,
hoffe aber, im Laufe der nächsten Monate**
**wenigstens das eine oder andere
kleine Update durchführen zu können.**
**Bitte auch den Hinweis im [weißen
Info-Kasten](#ibox) unten zum Wettbewerb beachten, danke.**
.
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
| | |
| --- | --- |
| .
**Derzeit findet leider**
***kein* Drachentaler Wettbewerb statt.**
**Die Gründe sind kurz im weißen
Kasten unten erklärt.**
.
**Die Ergebnisse der Wettbewerbsjahre
[2000
bis 2008](dtaler_i.htm#erg_alt) stehen natürlich weiterhin zur Verfügung.
Diese sind über die [Wettbewerbs-Info-Seite](dtaler_i.htm)
zu erreichen.**
.
| |
| --- |
| **Hinweise zum Wettbewerb
2011:**
**Wichtig:**
**Der Drachentaler Wettbewerb wird leider**
**auch im Jahr 2011 ganz ausfallen.**
**Aus unterschiedlichen Gründen
fehlte mir 2009 und 2010**
**die Zeit sowohl für den
weiteren Drachental-Umbau**
**und für Drachental-Updates
im allgemeinen**
**als auch für die Durchführung
des Wettbewerbs.**
**Da es leider noch etwas dauern
wird, bis der 'Ausfall'**
**der vergangenen Jahre halbwegs
kompensiert sein wird**
**und auch der Umbau nicht 'sofort'
fortgesetzt werden kann,**
**macht auch für 2011 ein
Wettbewerb keinen großen Sinn.**
.
**Aber keine Sorge, das Drachental
verabschiedet sich nicht**
**still und leise aus den unendlichen
Weiten des Internets!**
**Sobald ich wieder mehr Zeit
habe, geht es hier auch weiter.**
**Versprochen!**
.
**\*\*\***
.
**Voraussichtliche Aufteilung
der Kategorien**
**auf die Staffeln des Wettbewerbs
2012(?),**
***falls*
der Wettbewerb dann wieder stattfindet:**
.
**1. Staffel (Start ca.
Januar/Februar/März?? 2012):**
**['deutsche
Stories'](storyinx.htm#storyd) und ['Projekt-Stories'](storyinx.htm#storyproj)**
.
**2. Staffel (Start ca.
August/September 2012):**
**['Fortsetzungs-Stories'](storyinx.htm#f_romane)
und - *evtl.!* - ['Gedichte'](storyinx.htm#gedichte)**
**Die Kategorie 'Netzroman-Kapitel'
nimmt 2012**
**sehr wahrscheinlich nicht
am Wettbewerb teil.**
.
**[Weitere
Infos sind auf der Info-Seite zum Wettbewerb zu finden!](dtaler_i.htm)**
(leider momentan absolut nicht
aktuell) |
. |
|
.
| | |
| --- | --- |
|
| |
| --- |
| **Zum Thema 'Projekt-Stories' gibt
es [eine kleine Umfrage](umfr_01.htm)**
**zur zukünftigen Präsentation derselben
im 'neuen Drachental'.**
**Ich würde mich auch über *deine*
Meinung sehr freuen :-)** |
|
.
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**Ohne Euch mit weiteren langen
Vorreden aufzuhalten,**
**kommt nun aber gleich eine grobe
Übersicht vom...**
***Inhalt:***
**;-)**
.
| | |
| --- | --- |
| [Was gibt es Neues im Drachental? - und Altes ;-) (23.12.2009)](history.htm#news)**[Drachental-News](history.htm#news)(halbwegs)
23. 12. 09** | [Einiges Wissenswertes über das REALE Drachental](drachtal.htm)**[Erst
einmal: wo und was ist das *Drachental*?](drachtal.htm)** |
| | [Was wäre eine Drachen-Seite ohne entsprechende Bilder?](gal_inx.htm)**[Die
Seiten mit den *Drachen-*Bildern...](gal_inx.htm) (20.12.'08)** |
| [Was jeder schon immer über ... wissen wollte (Drachen natürlich!!!)](dracindx.htm)**[Drachen-Index
(-Infos)](dracindx.htm)** | [Hier könnt Ihr interaktiv mitwirken, mitschreiben!](proj_inx.htm)**[Die
Mitschreib-(Drachen)-Projekte](proj_inx.htm)** |
| | [Fantasy- (und andere) Geschichten von mir und anderen... (nicht immer mit Drachen) -- auch als ZIPs](storyinx.htm)**[Fantasy-Stories,
-Gedichte und -Sagas](storyinx.htm)** |
| [Einige ausgewählte Seiten mit, über, für oder von Drachen... und sonstige Fantasy (momentan leider nicht auf aktuellem Stand!)](links_d.htm)**[Drachen-Links](links_d.htm)** | [Der Netzroman! Mit und ohne Drachen. Schaut rein, schreibt mit!](ijamacar/im_index.htm)**[Der
Netz-Roman: *Magische Welt Íja Macár*](ijamacar/im_index.htm)** |
| | [Wer oder was bin ich, der hier diese Seiten gestaltet?](moordrac.htm)**[Der
Moordrache, wer/was ist das eigentlich?](moordrac.htm)** |
| [Ein paar Links, die mir wichtig sind und nichts mit Fantasy zu tun haben (momentan leider nicht auf aktuellem Stand!)](links_a.htm)**[Andere
Links](links_a.htm)** | |
| **Ergebnis
der 1. Staffel 2008 online!**. | [Der Drachentaler Fantasy-Wettbewerb!](dtaler_i.htm)[**Der
Drachental**er **Schreib-Wettbewerb**](dtaler_i.htm).
**Mit den (derzeit wenig aktuellen)
Infos zum Wettbewerb 2008!**
**Hier geht's direkt [zum
Endergebnis](dterg08a.htm) der 1. Staffel 2008!** |
| [Ich bin auch Mitglied in 4 Webringen...](webrings.htm)**[Webringe...](webrings.htm)** | |
| [Umfrage: was ist Euch beim Lesen/Schreiben von Stories am wichtigsten?](meinung2.htm)**[Leser-Umfrage](meinung2.htm)** | [Das Gästebuch des Drachentals](http://www.onlinewebservice4.de/gastbuch.php?id=2325)**[Das
Drachental-Gästebuch](http://www.onlinewebservice4.de/gastbuch.php?id=2325)**
**Anregungen (aber natürlich
auch Lob \*g\*) sind immer willkommen.**
**Bitte stört Euch nicht
an einigen etwas 'eigenartig- einzigartigen' Einträgen ;-))** |
| [Wer etwas Werbung für das Drachental machen möchte, ist hier richtig...](banner.htm)**[Drachental-Banner](banner.htm)** | [Das alte Gästebuch zum Lesen. Für Einträge bitte das neue benutzen...](http://gaestebuch-2000.de/guestbook.php?id=185 "Hier bitte nichts mehr reinschreiben! Danke!")[Das
***alte***
Drachental-Gästebuch](http://gaestebuch-2000.de/guestbook.php?id=185 "Hier bitte nichts mehr reinschreiben! Danke!").
**Natürlich könnt Ihr
in den alten Einträgen und Kommentaren stöbern,**
**aber bitte hier
nichts mehr hineinschreiben!
Danke!** |
| [Moordraches gesammelte Schätze ;-)](drahort.htm)**[Drachenhort
(Awards etc.)](drahort.htm)** | . |
| | [Ein ganz besonderer Buchtipp ;-)](wss01.htm)**[Der
exklusive Drachental-Buchtipp ;-)](wss01.htm)** |
| **...und
das Drachental empfiehlt:**
[Drachenland -- neues Drachen-RPG (neue Adresse!)](http://drachenland.bplaced.net) | ['Das Drachental' ist eine Literaturempfehlung THYLAs](http://www.thyla.de/page12.html) |
..
**Moordraches**| . | **Tipp für** (angehende)**Autoren:** | . |
| . | [Fantasyautoren.de - Treffpunkt für Autoren, hier steht ernsthafte Textarbeit, also die Besprechung/Verbesserung neuer Texte, im Mittelpunkt (im Forum), nicht Veröffentlichungen](http://www.fantasyautoren.de/) | . |
| . | . | . |
[(War einmal:
'Link des Monats')](lidewo.htm)
.
| |
| --- |
| **Hinweis:**
**Es ist grundsätzlich nicht erlaubt, die
im Drachental veröffentlichten Geschichten, Gedichte und sonstigen
Texte ohne ausdrückliche schriftliche Erlaubnis des jeweiligen Autors
auf anderen Internet-Seiten oder in sonstigen Medien zu veröffentlichen!
Dies gilt auch für alle von den Autoren kreierten Bilder, Karten und
sonstiges Bildmaterial.**
**Die EMail-Adressen der Autoren
für entsprechende Anfragen sind bei ihren Texten zu finden.** |
.
**.**
.
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [Wer nichts tut, macht mit!](http://www.aktion-zivilcourage.de) | [artnetwork 3/x+1](webrings.htm#3x1) | [Abmahnwahn? Nein Danke!](http://www.freedomforlinks.de) |
.
**Besucher seit 25. 04. 1999:**
[](http://www.webcounter.goweb.de)
.
**Letzte Aktualisierung: 24./25.
02. 2011 (allerdings keine Stories usw.)**
**Ach ja, natürlich gibt's
hier auch eine *[News & History-Seite](history.htm)***
.
**>> Hosted by [Level-2.de](http://www.level-2.de)
<<**
**.**
**Auch weiterhin wichtig:**
[](http://www.zauberfee.de/johanna/)
**Trotzdem wird auch weiter Hilfe benötigt!
Infos [hier](johanna/johanna.htm) oder bei [Zauberfee.de](http://www.zauberfee.de/johanna/)!**
**Immer wieder werden Kinder und Jugendliche
entführt, missbraucht, ermordet.**
**Wie oft muss so etwas noch geschehen?**
**Neben der [Aktion-Zivilcourage](http://www.aktion-zivilcourage.de)
und [vermisste-Kinder](http://www.vermisste-kinder.de)
kann möglicherweise auch**
**[mein bescheidener
Beitrag zu diesem Thema](zcourage/zivcou1.htm) ein wenig hilfreich sein...(?)**
**.**
**Wenn Ihr eigene (Kurz-) Geschichten mit dem
Thema Fantasy (o.ä.) habt,**
**und wenn Ihr sie hier veröffentlicht
sehen wollt...**
***dann schickt mir die doch einfach ins [Drachental](mailto:[email protected]?subject=Story fürs Drachental)!***
**Natürlich bleiben sämtliche Rechte
(v.a. das Copyright) bei Euch.**
**Ich würde mich sehr über Eure Stories
freuen...**
**Wenn Ihr mehr zu diesem Thema (Geschichten/Gedichte
einsenden) wissen wollt,**
**dann schaut doch mal auf der [Stories-Seite](storyinx.htm#mitmach)
vorbei... :-)**
**Ich behalte mir das Recht vor,
Stories mit unerwünschtem Inhalt (z.B. Rassismus, Beleidigungen etc.)**
**sofort und ohne Vorwarnung zu
löschen bzw. nicht zu veröffentlichen!**
**Ich werde von diesem Recht natürlich
Gebrauch machen, falls ich solche Stories erhalte.**
.
| |
| --- |
| ***Hinweis:***
**Ich übernehme keinerlei
Verantwortung für die Inhalte von Homepages und deren Gestaltung,
zu denen Links vom Drachental (www.drachental.de) führen, distanziere
mich davon und mache sie mir nicht zu Eigen! Das gilt auch insbesondere
für Links, die vom Gästebuch ausgehen.** |
**.**
**Die meisten Bilder und Grafiken
im Drachental stammen natürlich nicht von mir.**
**Deshalb gibt es nun einen [Bildquellen-Nachweis](bqn_dt.htm)...**
...zumindest habe ich mal damit
angefangen ;-)
**Text und restliches Design: ©
by [Moordrache](mailto:[email protected])**
.
**Sämtliche Seiten im Drachental
sehen am besten aus mit Netscape 6.x/7.x
(etc.)
bzw.
Firefox,**
**aber auch mit dem MS-IE
5.x/6.x gibt es eigentlich keine größeren
Probleme**
**(MS-IE: Schriftgrad (Menü:
*Ansicht*)
bitte - zumindest z.B. bei 800x600 - auf 'mittel' einstellen!)**
**Auf diesen Seiten werden nur
sehr wenige CascadingStyleSheets (CSS) oder JavaScripts verwendet,**
**weshalb es sich gar nicht erst
lohnt, den IE für das Drachental zu starten ;-))**
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<HTML>
<HEAD>
<Title> Cinnamaldehyde - The Smell and Flavour of Cinnamon </Title>
<Meta Name="description" Content="Cinnamaldehyde molecule of the month web page
<Meta name="Keywords" Content="Cinnamaldehyde, cinnamon, Smell, Flavour, Essential oils">
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR="FFEBCD" TEXT="Brown">
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<center><table>
<tr><td align="center"><img src="cinnamon.jpg" alt="Cinnamon, image taken from: http://www.culinarycafe.com" align=middle width=150 height=149 hspace=20 border=0></td>
<td align="center"><H1><Font face="Arial">CINNAMALDEHYDE</font></H1>
<H3><Font face="Arial">The smell and flavour of cinnamon</font></H3></td>
<td align="center"><img src="cinnamon.jpg" alt="Cinnamon, image taken from: http://www.culinarycafe.com" align=middle width=150 height=149 hspace=20 border=0></td></tr>
</table></center>
<HR SIZE="-1" WIDTH="65%"COLOR="Brown"><Font face="Arial"><font size="4">
<P Align="center"><a href="mailto:[email protected]">Paul M. Burnham</a><br>
<a href="http://www.sheffcol.ac.uk/index.cfm?ID=1498a64a-d9e8-4580-9368-06e41d7d03cc">Hillsborough College, Sheffield, UK</a></P>
<HR SIZE="-1" WIDTH="65%" COLOR="Brown">
<p align="center">Molecule of the Month - August 2006</p>
<p align=center><font size=-1 face="ARIAL" COLOR="Brown">Also available: <a href="cinnc.htm">Chime Enhanced</a>, <a href="cinnv.htm">VRML</a> and <a href="cinnjm.htm">JMol</a> versions.</font></p>
<HR SIZE="-1" WIDTH="65%" COLOR="Brown">
<br>
<!----Cinnamon Intro section---->
<table width="90%" border="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td width="80%"><Font face="Arial" size="4"><b>CINNAMON</b></font></td>
<td width="20%"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80%"><p align="justify"><font face="Arial" size="3"><b>The spice we know as cinnamon is the dried bark of the small evergreen tree <i>Cinnamomum zeylanicum</i> which grows in Sri Lanka and southern India (pictured right). The bark of this tree is often referred to as "Ceylon cinnamon" or "true cinnamon".
This is to differentiate it from the bark of a related tree, <i>Cinnamomum cassia (L.) Presl</I>, the bark of which is often referred to as "Chinese cinnamon".
Although the spices from the two trees taste similar, connoisseurs suggest that Chinese cinnamon has a slightly bitter flavour compared to Ceylon cinnamon.
Most commercial ground cinnamon is often a mixture of true cinnamon and cassia.
In some cases it may be entirely cassia.</b></font></P></td>
<td width="20%" align="right"><img src="Cinnamon bark.jpg" alt="Cinnamon bark, taken from http://www.feenkraut.de/herbs/zimt.html" ></td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<!----Cinnamon Uses section---->
<table width="90%" border="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td width="22%"><Font face="Arial" size="4"><b>USES OF CINNAMON</b></font></td>
<td width="78%"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="20%" align="center"><img src="Nero.jpg" alt="Emperor Nero, taken from http://en.wikipedia.org"></td>
<td width="80%"><p align="justify"><font face="Arial" size="3"><b>Cinnamon has been known of for many years and its uses are wide ranging. It was regarded as a spice of high value by many different civilisations. In biblical times it was used as a perfume in anointing oil and also for beds. The fragrance of cinnamon was also exploited by the Egyptians who are believed to have used the spice when embalming mummies.
The Romans also placed a high value on cinnamon. It is said that the emperor Nero (shown left) burned a years supply of the spice at the funeral of his second wife, Poppaea Sabina. This act was carried out to indicate the extent of the remorse he felt after allegedly murdering her (it is thought that he kicked her to death).</b></font></P></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="90%" border="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td width="80%"><p align="justify"><font face="Arial" size="3"><b> Cinnamon is reported to have many desirable medicinal and soothing effects and is thus used frequently in Chinese herbal medicine. It is claimed that cinnamon can be used to treat diarrhoea and arthritis. It can also be used to alleviate the symptoms of colds. Cinnamon is also widely used in cooking due to its intense aroma and flavour. It can be used in its bark state (cinnamon sticks) or ground to a fine powder. It is a versatile ingredient and can be added to enhance the flavour of both savoury and sweet dishes. Sweet manufacturers often use cinnamon flavourings when making hot and spicy sweets.</b></font></P></td>
<td width="20%" align="right"><a href="http://www.tainmuseum.org.uk/images/objects/medicine%200380-23.JPG"><img src="Cold Relief.jpg" alt="Cinnamon cold relief, click for full size image. Taken from http://www.tainmuseum.org.uk/images/objects/medicine%200380-23.JPG" border="0" /></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<!----Cinnamaldehyde section---->
<table width="90%" border="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td width="100%"><Font face="Arial" size="4"><b>CINNAMALDEHYDE</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="100%"><p align="justify"><font face="Arial" size="3"><b>The flavour and aroma of cinnamon is due to an essential oil which makes up between 1 and 4% of the bark of the <i>Cinnamomum zeylanicum</i> tree. This oil contains many different compounds but the most abundant (65 to 75% of the oil) is cinnamaldehyde, shown below.</b></font></P></td>
<br>
<table width="50%" border="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td width="48%" align="center"><a href="cinnamaldehyde.mol"><img src="cinnamaldehyde skeletal.gif" Alt="Skeletal formula of cinnamaldehyde, click for 3D structure" border="0"></a></td>
<td width="4%"> </td>
<td width="48%"><a href="cinnamaldehyde.mol"><img src="cinnamaldehyde spacefill.gif" width="300" height="250" Alt="Space filling model of cinnamaldehyde, click for 3D structure" border="0"></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="50%" border="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td width="100%" align="center"><font face="Arial" size="3"><b>Cinnamaldehyde, C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O</b></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
</table>
<table width="90%" border="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td width="100%"><p align="justify"><font face="Arial" size="3"><b>Cinnamaldehyde, or 3-phenylprop-2-enal to use its IUPAC name, is an oily yellow liquid at room temperature with a boiling point of 246 °C.
Cinnamaldehyde can be made synthetically but is more commonly obtained from the steam distillation of the oil of cinnamon bark which is a much more efficient process.
It is mainly used as a flavouring agent or as a scent for candles.
It is non-toxic but can irritate skin if in contact for too long.
As with many components of essential oils cinnamaldehyde displays antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal properties.
It is also reported to be a good pesticide.
These properties support the medicinal and soothing properties of cinnamon bark.
A minor component of cinnamon oil is eugenol (shown below).
This compound makes up about 10% of the oil and displays antiseptic and analgesic properties which may also contribute to cinnamon's soothing effect.</b></font></P></td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<table width="33%" border="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td width="100%" align="center"><a href="Eugenol.mol"><img src="Eugenol.gif" Alt="Skeletal formula of eugenol, click for 3D structure" border="0"></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="33%" border="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td width="100%" align="center"><font face="Arial" size="3"><b>Eugenol, C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>2</sub></b></font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<br>
<!----Bibliography---->
<table width="90%" border="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td width="100%"><Font face="Arial" size="4"><b>BIBLIOGRAPHY</b></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="100%><font face="Arial" size="3"><b>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/index.html">Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.feenkraut.de/herbs/zimt.html">Zimt Cinnamomum zeylanicum</a></li>
<li><a href="http://homecooking.about.com/library/weekly/aa042798a.htm">about.com</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.spurlock.uiuc.edu/explorations/online/mummification/Pages/materials1.html">Spurlock Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/cinna.htm">Ethnobotanical Leaflets</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.tainmuseum.org.uk/welcome_g.asp?page=1">Tain Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/CI/cinnamaldehyde.html">MSDS Safety Datasheet</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.positivehealth.com/permit/Articles/Aromatherapy/baud55.htm">Positive Health.com</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=11053">Medical News Today.com</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.chemicalland21.com/specialtychem/perchem/EUGENOL.htm">Chemical Land 21.com</a></li>
</ul></b></td>
</tr>
</table>
<HR SIZE="-1" WIDTH="65%"COLOR="Brown">
<!----Paul Burnham July 2006---->
<p><img style="vertical-align:middle; float:right" src="/cgi-bin/Count.cgi?df=cinnh.dat|md=7|pad=Y|dd=D" alt="counter" /><img src="/backto.gif" width="29" height="29" alt="" class="mid" /> <a href="../motm.htm">Back to Molecule of the Month page</a>. [DOI:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.5433391">10.6084/m9.figshare.5433391</a>]</p>
</body>
</html> |
Cinnamaldehyde - The Smell and Flavour of Cinnamon
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Cinnamon, image taken from: http://www.culinarycafe.com | CINNAMALDEHYDE
The smell and flavour of cinnamon | Cinnamon, image taken from: http://www.culinarycafe.com |
---
[Paul M. Burnham](mailto:[email protected])
[Hillsborough College, Sheffield, UK](http://www.sheffcol.ac.uk/index.cfm?ID=1498a64a-d9e8-4580-9368-06e41d7d03cc)
---
Molecule of the Month - August 2006
Also available: [Chime Enhanced](cinnc.htm), [VRML](cinnv.htm) and [JMol](cinnjm.htm) versions.
---
| | |
| --- | --- |
| **CINNAMON** | |
| **The spice we know as cinnamon is the dried bark of the small evergreen tree *Cinnamomum zeylanicum* which grows in Sri Lanka and southern India (pictured right). The bark of this tree is often referred to as "Ceylon cinnamon" or "true cinnamon".
This is to differentiate it from the bark of a related tree, *Cinnamomum cassia (L.) Presl*, the bark of which is often referred to as "Chinese cinnamon".
Although the spices from the two trees taste similar, connoisseurs suggest that Chinese cinnamon has a slightly bitter flavour compared to Ceylon cinnamon.
Most commercial ground cinnamon is often a mixture of true cinnamon and cassia.
In some cases it may be entirely cassia.** | Cinnamon bark, taken from http://www.feenkraut.de/herbs/zimt.html |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| **USES OF CINNAMON** | |
| Emperor Nero, taken from http://en.wikipedia.org | **Cinnamon has been known of for many years and its uses are wide ranging. It was regarded as a spice of high value by many different civilisations. In biblical times it was used as a perfume in anointing oil and also for beds. The fragrance of cinnamon was also exploited by the Egyptians who are believed to have used the spice when embalming mummies.
The Romans also placed a high value on cinnamon. It is said that the emperor Nero (shown left) burned a years supply of the spice at the funeral of his second wife, Poppaea Sabina. This act was carried out to indicate the extent of the remorse he felt after allegedly murdering her (it is thought that he kicked her to death).** |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| **Cinnamon is reported to have many desirable medicinal and soothing effects and is thus used frequently in Chinese herbal medicine. It is claimed that cinnamon can be used to treat diarrhoea and arthritis. It can also be used to alleviate the symptoms of colds. Cinnamon is also widely used in cooking due to its intense aroma and flavour. It can be used in its bark state (cinnamon sticks) or ground to a fine powder. It is a versatile ingredient and can be added to enhance the flavour of both savoury and sweet dishes. Sweet manufacturers often use cinnamon flavourings when making hot and spicy sweets.** | [Cinnamon cold relief, click for full size image. Taken from http://www.tainmuseum.org.uk/images/objects/medicine%200380-23.JPG](http://www.tainmuseum.org.uk/images/objects/medicine%200380-23.JPG) |
| |
| --- |
| **CINNAMALDEHYDE** |
| **The flavour and aroma of cinnamon is due to an essential oil which makes up between 1 and 4% of the bark of the *Cinnamomum zeylanicum* tree. This oil contains many different compounds but the most abundant (65 to 75% of the oil) is cinnamaldehyde, shown below.** |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [Skeletal formula of cinnamaldehyde, click for 3D structure](cinnamaldehyde.mol) | | [Space filling model of cinnamaldehyde, click for 3D structure](cinnamaldehyde.mol) |
| |
| --- |
| **Cinnamaldehyde, C9H8O** |
| |
| --- |
| **Cinnamaldehyde, or 3-phenylprop-2-enal to use its IUPAC name, is an oily yellow liquid at room temperature with a boiling point of 246 °C.
Cinnamaldehyde can be made synthetically but is more commonly obtained from the steam distillation of the oil of cinnamon bark which is a much more efficient process.
It is mainly used as a flavouring agent or as a scent for candles.
It is non-toxic but can irritate skin if in contact for too long.
As with many components of essential oils cinnamaldehyde displays antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal properties.
It is also reported to be a good pesticide.
These properties support the medicinal and soothing properties of cinnamon bark.
A minor component of cinnamon oil is eugenol (shown below).
This compound makes up about 10% of the oil and displays antiseptic and analgesic properties which may also contribute to cinnamon's soothing effect.** |
| |
| --- |
| [Skeletal formula of eugenol, click for 3D structure](Eugenol.mol) |
| |
| --- |
| **Eugenol, C10H12O2** |
| |
| --- |
| **BIBLIOGRAPHY** |
| *** [Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages](http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/index.html)
* [Zimt Cinnamomum zeylanicum](http://www.feenkraut.de/herbs/zimt.html)
* [about.com](http://homecooking.about.com/library/weekly/aa042798a.htm)
* [Spurlock Museum](http://www.spurlock.uiuc.edu/explorations/online/mummification/Pages/materials1.html)
* [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org)
* [Ethnobotanical Leaflets](http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/cinna.htm)
* [Tain Museum](http://www.tainmuseum.org.uk/welcome_g.asp?page=1)
* [MSDS Safety Datasheet](http://www.physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/CI/cinnamaldehyde.html)
* [Positive Health.com](http://www.positivehealth.com/permit/Articles/Aromatherapy/baud55.htm)
* [Medical News Today.com](http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=11053)
* [Chemical Land 21.com](http://www.chemicalland21.com/specialtychem/perchem/EUGENOL.htm)** |
---
| https://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/cinnamaldehyde/cinnh.htm |
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>VtM - Rules: The Church Knights</TITLE>
<!-- HTML conversion and layout by Louis Granboulan -->
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<CENTER>
<H1 ALIGN=CENTER>Church Knights</H1>
<H1 ALIGN=CENTER>The Cainite Crusade</H1>
</CENTER>
<P><B><I>by James Seidel (Jul 94)</I></B></P>
<P>
"The nosferatu do not die like the bee when he stings once.
His is only stronger; and being stronger, have yet more power to work evil.
This vampire which is amongst us is of himself so strong in
person as twenty men;
he is of cunning more than mortal, for his cunning be the growth of ages;
. . . he can direct the elements, the storm, the fog, the thunder;
he can command all meaner things; the rat, and the wolf; he can grow and
become small;
and he can at times vanish and come unknown.
How then are we to begin our strike against him?"<BR>
- from Bram Stoker's, <CITE>Dracula</CITE>.
</P>
<CENTER>
<P ALIGN=CENTER>
<A HREF="illus1.jpg"><IMG ALT="The Church Knights"
SRC="illus1-icon.gif"></A>
</P>
</CENTER>
<H2> Preface </H2>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
"To avoid confusing our warriors with that soldiery which
belongs to the Devil rather than God we will now speak briefly of
the life these Knights of Christ lead on campaign or in the
Convent, what it is they prize, and why soldiers of God are so
different of those of the world."<BR>
- St Bernard of Clairvaux, <CITE>De Laude Novae Militiae</CITE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P> All hope appears lost - with evil rampant in the Gothic Punk
world. The control of the vampires is almost complete, with
governments, churches, charities - all under their domination.
But even in such a despairing and apathetic world there must be
light: light enough to counter-balance the darkness.
This light can be found in True Faith.
Among the most devoted to restoring humanity's control over
their destiny are the Church Knights. These mortal warriors of
the Sword and the Word are blessed with Holy powers to give
them a chance to change the world.
But in game-play terms the Knights present an alternative and a
tool. People uncomfortable with the role of Vampire may prefer
that of righteous warrior. Vampires that have become too
enamoured with their own power may become exposed to an
opponent worthy of their fear.
Nothing enforces the Masquerade more effectively than the threat
of a Holy sword hanging above one's neck.
Much emphasis is placed on the historical character of the Militant
Orders. This is to facilitate game play in Medieval Times, when
the Church Knights did not have to operate underground and
enjoyed wide public and political support. Historical scenarios
can be rich in mood and meaning - and serve to set the
groundwork for contemporary scenarios.
Most Vampire settings are in current times. Thus, a modern
version of the Warriors of Christ is also presented.
In both worlds, the Church Knights struggle to free the
oppressed from the Cainite yolk. It is a daunting task, but those
of the Sword have placed their fate in the hands of their God.</P>
<H2> Contents </H2>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="Announce.html">Announcement on the mailing list</A>
<LI><A HREF="Copyright.html">Copyright info</A>
<LI><A HREF="Sword-Word.html">Fiction: The Sword and the Word</A>
<LI> Book One: <A HREF="Book1.html">The Genesis</A> (47k file)
<LI> Book Two: <A HREF="Book2.html">Knights of Christ</A> (82k file)
<LI> Book Three: <A HREF="Book3.html">The Orders</A> (57k file)
<LI> Book Four: <A HREF="Book4.html">Revelations</A> (94k file)
<LI> Book Five: <A HREF="Book5.html">Appendices</A> (63k file)
<LI> <A HREF="Campaign.html">Idea of Campaign</A>
</UL>
</BODY>
</HTML>
|
VtM - Rules: The Church Knights
# Church Knights
# The Cainite Crusade
***by James Seidel (Jul 94)***
"The nosferatu do not die like the bee when he stings once.
His is only stronger; and being stronger, have yet more power to work evil.
This vampire which is amongst us is of himself so strong in
person as twenty men;
he is of cunning more than mortal, for his cunning be the growth of ages;
. . . he can direct the elements, the storm, the fog, the thunder;
he can command all meaner things; the rat, and the wolf; he can grow and
become small;
and he can at times vanish and come unknown.
How then are we to begin our strike against him?"
- from Bram Stoker's, Dracula.
[](illus1.jpg)
## Preface
>
> "To avoid confusing our warriors with that soldiery which
> belongs to the Devil rather than God we will now speak briefly of
> the life these Knights of Christ lead on campaign or in the
> Convent, what it is they prize, and why soldiers of God are so
> different of those of the world."
>
> - St Bernard of Clairvaux, De Laude Novae Militiae
>
All hope appears lost - with evil rampant in the Gothic Punk
world. The control of the vampires is almost complete, with
governments, churches, charities - all under their domination.
But even in such a despairing and apathetic world there must be
light: light enough to counter-balance the darkness.
This light can be found in True Faith.
Among the most devoted to restoring humanity's control over
their destiny are the Church Knights. These mortal warriors of
the Sword and the Word are blessed with Holy powers to give
them a chance to change the world.
But in game-play terms the Knights present an alternative and a
tool. People uncomfortable with the role of Vampire may prefer
that of righteous warrior. Vampires that have become too
enamoured with their own power may become exposed to an
opponent worthy of their fear.
Nothing enforces the Masquerade more effectively than the threat
of a Holy sword hanging above one's neck.
Much emphasis is placed on the historical character of the Militant
Orders. This is to facilitate game play in Medieval Times, when
the Church Knights did not have to operate underground and
enjoyed wide public and political support. Historical scenarios
can be rich in mood and meaning - and serve to set the
groundwork for contemporary scenarios.
Most Vampire settings are in current times. Thus, a modern
version of the Warriors of Christ is also presented.
In both worlds, the Church Knights struggle to free the
oppressed from the Cainite yolk. It is a daunting task, but those
of the Sword have placed their fate in the hands of their God.
## Contents
* [Announcement on the mailing list](Announce.html)* [Copyright info](Copyright.html)* [Fiction: The Sword and the Word](Sword-Word.html)* Book One: [The Genesis](Book1.html) (47k file)
* Book Two: [Knights of Christ](Book2.html) (82k file)
* Book Three: [The Orders](Book3.html) (57k file)
* Book Four: [Revelations](Book4.html) (94k file)
* Book Five: [Appendices](Book5.html) (63k file)
* [Idea of Campaign](Campaign.html)
| http://vampirerpg.free.fr/Rules/CK/ |
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<p><font color="#FFFFFF" size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
Welcome to the Ryukyu Cultural Archives.<br>
On this site we are making a digital record of Okinawa's history<br>
and cultural properties.<br>
The assembled information is being made available electronically<br>
as a database and as reference material.</font></p>
</div>
<div align="left">
<p><font color="#FFFFFF" size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">•
Looking at Okinawa’s History through Images and Photographs<br>
• The Century of Emigration</font></p>
<p><font color="#FFFFFF" size="3" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">•
<a href="#spanish">Siglo de la Emigración</a></font></p>
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<b><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="4" color="#FF6666">CONTENTS</font></b>
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<tr>
<td colspan="2">
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<td width="80"><a href="city-2000/outline/index.html" target="_parent"><img src="image/menuimage/con00_im.jpg" width="66" height="57" border="0"></a></td>
<td width="320" valign="top"><font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="city-2000/outline/index.html" target="_parent"><b>The outline of Ryukyu culture</b></a></font><br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The outline of Ryukyu culture (in such cases as the history, the nature, the fine arts, industrial arts, the performance arts and the folklore) is introduced.</font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="400" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<hr size="3" width="400">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"><a href="history/index.html" target="_parent"><img src="image/menuimage/con01_im.jpg" width="66" height="57" border="0"></a></td>
<td width="320" valign="top"><font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="history/index.html" target="_parent"><b>History
of OKINAWA</b></a></font><br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">A history and culture of Okinawa,
small islands, is introduced from pre-historic age through today.</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<hr size="2" width="400">
</td>
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<td width="80"><a href="art/index.html" target="_parent"><img src="image/menuimage/con09_im.jpg" width="66" height="57" border="0"></a></td>
<td width="320" valign="top"><font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="art/index.html" target="_parent"><b>Okinawan
Fine Arts after World War II</b></a></font><br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Reviews the Okinawan art from
after the World War II through today. <br>
Also introduces Okinawan artists and their works.</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<hr size="2" width="400">
</td>
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<tr>
<td width="80"><a href="music/index.html" target="_parent"><img src="image/menuimage/con10_im.jpg" width="66" height="57" border="0"></a></td>
<td width="320" valign="top"><font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="music/index.html" target="_parent"><b>Okinawan
Music</b></a></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
It is a Okinawan Music journey of a thousand years of musical freedom.</font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="400" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center">
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<td colspan="2">
<hr size="3" width="400">
</td>
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<td width="80"><a href="city-2000/ryubu/index.html" target="_parent"><img src="image/menuimage/con11_im.jpg" width="66" height="57" border="0"></a></td>
<td width="320" valign="top"><font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="city-2000/ryubu/index.html" target="_parent"><b>Ryukyuan
Dance</b></a></font><br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Brilliant reds and yellows that
dazzle and delight the eye.<br>
Ryukyuan dance overflows with love for humanity, it is the flower of Okinawa.</font></td>
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<hr size="2" width="400">
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<td width="80"><a href="city-2000/japanese/index.html" target="_parent"><img src="image/menuimage/con07_im.jpg" width="66" height="57" border="0"></a></td>
<td width="320" valign="top"><font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="city-2000/japanese/index.html" target="_parent"><b>Ryukyu
lacquer ware</b></a></font><br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The history of Ryukyu lacquer ware, a technique and a manufacture process introduce the charm of the lacquer art itself and so on with a typical work and so on.</font></td>
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</table>
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<td width="80"><a href="city-2001/his/index.html" target="_parent"><img src="image/menuimage/con14_im.jpg" width="66" height="57" border="0"></a></td>
<td width="320" valign="top"><font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="city-2001/his/index.html" target="_parent"><b>Looking
at Okinawa’s History through Images and Photographs</b></a></font><br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">A simple explanation of 50 years
of postwar Okinawa, from U.S. rule and reversion to the present, through
images and photographs.</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<hr size="2" width="400">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"><a href="city-2001/emigration-e/index.html" target="_parent"><img src="image/menuimage/con15_im.jpg" width="66" height="57" border="0"></a></td>
<td width="320" valign="top"><font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="city-2001/emigration-e/index.html" target="_parent"><b>The
Century of Emigration</b></a></font><br>
<font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Okinawa, the homeland of thousands
of emigrants. The 100-year history of the first Okinawan emigrants arriving
in Hawaii.</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<hr size="2" width="400">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="80"><a name="spanish"></a><a href="city-2001/emigration-s/index.html" target="_parent"><img src="image/menuimage/con15_im.jpg" width="66" height="57" border="0"></a></td>
<td width="320" valign="top"><font size="4" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="city-2001/emigration-s/index.html" target="_parent"><b>Siglo
de la Emigración</b></a></font><font face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br>
Desde Okinawa partieron muchísimos emigrantes. Los cien años
de historia desde que el primer emigrante arribó a Hawai.</font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<table width="400" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center">
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<hr size="3" width="400">
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div align="center">
<br>
<table width="640" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2"><a href="mailto:[email protected]">If
you have any inquiries or comments send them here to us at the Ryukyu
Cultural Archives.</a></font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><font color="#FFFFFF" size="2">It is expressly forbidden to copy or reproduce any or all texts,photoes
and other materials displayed on this homepage without prior permission.</font></td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr width="640" size="3">
<p><font color="#FFFFFF" size="3"><b>Okinawa Prefectural Board of Education</b></font>
</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
|
Ryukyu Cultural Archives
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| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | |
| |
| |
| |
| --- |
|
Welcome to the Ryukyu Cultural Archives.
On this site we are making a digital record of Okinawa's history
and cultural properties.
The assembled information is being made available electronically
as a database and as reference material.
•
Looking at Okinawa’s History through Images and Photographs
• The Century of Emigration
•
[Siglo de la Emigración](#spanish)
|
**CONTENTS**
| |
| --- |
|
---
|
| | [**The outline of Ryukyu culture**](city-2000/outline/index.html)
The outline of Ryukyu culture (in such cases as the history, the nature, the fine arts, industrial arts, the performance arts and the folklore) is introduced. |
| |
| --- |
|
---
|
| | [**History
of OKINAWA**](history/index.html)
A history and culture of Okinawa,
small islands, is introduced from pre-historic age through today. |
|
---
|
| | [**Okinawan
Fine Arts after World War II**](art/index.html)
Reviews the Okinawan art from
after the World War II through today.
Also introduces Okinawan artists and their works. |
|
---
|
| | [**Okinawan
Music**](music/index.html)
It is a Okinawan Music journey of a thousand years of musical freedom. |
| |
| --- |
|
---
|
| | [**Ryukyuan
Dance**](city-2000/ryubu/index.html)
Brilliant reds and yellows that
dazzle and delight the eye.
Ryukyuan dance overflows with love for humanity, it is the flower of Okinawa. |
|
---
|
| | [**Ryukyu
lacquer ware**](city-2000/japanese/index.html)
The history of Ryukyu lacquer ware, a technique and a manufacture process introduce the charm of the lacquer art itself and so on with a typical work and so on. |
| |
| --- |
|
---
|
| | [**Looking
at Okinawa’s History through Images and Photographs**](city-2001/his/index.html)
A simple explanation of 50 years
of postwar Okinawa, from U.S. rule and reversion to the present, through
images and photographs. |
|
---
|
| | [**The
Century of Emigration**](city-2001/emigration-e/index.html)
Okinawa, the homeland of thousands
of emigrants. The 100-year history of the first Okinawan emigrants arriving
in Hawaii. |
|
---
|
| | [**Siglo
de la Emigración**](city-2001/emigration-s/index.html)
Desde Okinawa partieron muchísimos emigrantes. Los cien años
de historia desde que el primer emigrante arribó a Hawai. |
| |
| --- |
|
---
|
| |
| --- |
| [If
you have any inquiries or comments send them here to us at the Ryukyu
Cultural Archives.](mailto:[email protected]) |
| |
| It is expressly forbidden to copy or reproduce any or all texts,photoes
and other materials displayed on this homepage without prior permission. |
---
**Okinawa Prefectural Board of Education**
| http://rca.open.ed.jp/web_e/ |
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**WELCOME!**
t**Here at** **Biblical-data.org,
you will find a growing collection of**
**essays and
academic resources for use in your**
**study of the
Bible. This is the page where you begin your research.**
**Each topic/cell below
is a LINK to another page - on
this site.
(currently work on rare 20th century English Bibles is well underway - see below)**
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| **[Bible
Studies for Believers](BIBLE_studies.htm)** | [**THE BATTLE FOR THE
BIBLE**](BATTLE.html) | [**SOME
.GOOD..SOFTWARE(S)
& Drivers**](SOFTWARES.html) |
|
[**TEXTUAL. CRITICISM..
RESOURCES**](textual.htm)
|
[**ANCIENT
VERSIONS**](ANCIENT_ver.html)
|
[**ON.. NT .GREEK..MANUSCRIPTS**](NT_GRK_MSS.html)
|
| [**New
Discoveries Amongst the Manuscripts**](NEW_discoveries.html) |
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ON..BIBLICAL TEXTS**](Biblical_readings.html) **and GRAMMAR** |
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[**20th CENTURY ENGLISH
BIBLES - REVIEWED**](Bible_Collectors_HOMEPAGE.htm)
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="/default.css">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/favicon.png">
</head>
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<header>
<div class="title" style="float: left;">The Very Large Array, NM</div>
<div class="logo" style="float: right;"> a c r a s i s . n e t </div>
</header>
<main>
<p>
Visiting the the <a href="http://www.vla.nrao.edu/">VLA</a>
on December 14, 2002.
<p/>
<div class="picture-list">
<div class="picture">
<div class="pic-image">
<a href="01-vla-approach.jpg">
<img alt="01-vla-approach-thumb.jpg" src="01-vla-approach-thumb.jpg"
width="267" height="200">
</a>
</div>
<div class="pic-caption">
Approaching the VLA.
</div>
</div>
<div class="picture evenrow">
<div class="pic-image">
<a href="02-vla-sign1.jpg">
<img alt="02-vla-sign1-thumb.jpg" src="02-vla-sign1-thumb.jpg"
width="267" height="200">
</a>
</div>
<div class="pic-caption">
The welcome sign.
</div>
</div>
<div class="picture">
<div class="pic-image">
<a href="03-vla-sign2.jpg">
<img alt="03-vla-sign2-thumb.jpg" src="03-vla-sign2-thumb.jpg"
width="267" height="200">
</a>
</div>
<div class="pic-caption">
To the Tour.
</div>
</div>
<div class="picture evenrow">
<div class="pic-image">
<a href="04-vla-dish1.jpg">
<img alt="04-vla-dish1-thumb.jpg" src="04-vla-dish1-thumb.jpg"
width="200" height="267">
</a>
</div>
<div class="pic-caption">
A dish.
</div>
</div>
<div class="picture">
<div class="pic-image">
<a href="05-vla-dish2.jpg">
<img alt="05-vla-dish2-thumb.jpg" src="05-vla-dish2-thumb.jpg"
width="200" height="267">
</a>
</div>
<div class="pic-caption">
The same dish, after rotating about 90 degrees. Just after I took the previous picture, all the dishes began slowly turning in unison, searching some other area of the sky.
</div>
</div>
<div class="picture evenrow">
<div class="pic-image">
<a href="06-vla-dishes.jpg">
<img alt="06-vla-dishes-thumb.jpg" src="06-vla-dishes-thumb.jpg"
width="267" height="200">
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<div class="pic-caption">
More dishes.
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The Very Large Array, NM - acrasis.net
The Very Large Array, NM
a c r a s i s . n e t
Visiting the the [VLA](http://www.vla.nrao.edu/)
on December 14, 2002.
[](01-vla-approach.jpg)
Approaching the VLA.
[](02-vla-sign1.jpg)
The welcome sign.
[](03-vla-sign2.jpg)
To the Tour.
[](04-vla-dish1.jpg)
A dish.
[](05-vla-dish2.jpg)
The same dish, after rotating about 90 degrees. Just after I took the previous picture, all the dishes began slowly turning in unison, searching some other area of the sky.
[](06-vla-dishes.jpg)
More dishes.
* [Bakersfield, CA](/pics/bakersfield/)
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*The Very Large Array, NM* updated on 2018-04-04 11:58 PYT.
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<head>
<meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 4.0">
<title>Bandai Pippin</title>
</head>
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<h1>Computer Closet Collection</h1>
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<h2>Bandai Pippin</h2>
<p>See below for <a href="FairchildChannelFSystemII.htm#Specifications and information">specifications
and information</a> on this system.</p>
<p><img border="0" src="PippinMain.jpg" width="748" height="550"></p>
<p><a name="Specifications and information"><font size="4"><em><strong>Specifications and
information</strong></em></font></a></p>
<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>Introduced:</td>
<td>1997</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Original Price:</td>
<td>Unknown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CPU:</td>
<td>PowerPC 603 RISC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Controls:</td>
<td>Modular controllers with directional pads and trackballs, other
controllers optional, including keyboard</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Games:</td>
<td>CD-based games and web browsing software</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The Bandai Pippin is one of the most rare video game systems in existence.
It's essentially an Apple Power Macintosh in a set-top-box configuration with
game-style controllers. It can display video either on a computer monitor or a
TV set (see the rear panel connections below). A floppy drive was optional, as
was a keyboard. The Pippin shipped with Internet connectivity software, and
connected to a standard Macintosh external modem (there is no built-in modem).</p>
<p>The front panel bears the legend, "ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY BY APPLE
COMPUTER". Note that a "pippin", of course, is a variety of apple
(yes, the kind that grow on trees -- the Bandai version certainly doesn't grow
on trees, it's rare as hen's teeth!).</p>
<p>The Pippin concept was essentially a Apple copy of Commodore's idea for their
CD32 console. Like Commodore, Apple thought they could capture some of the game
console market by simply repackaging the PowerMac as a gaming machine. At the
time, it looked like the <a href="PanasonicREAL3DO.htm">3DO</a> was a serious
competitor, and Sega was making noises about a Net Link internet access package
for their <a href="SegaSaturn.htm">Saturn</a> system. The Commodore CD32, a game
console package of the <a href="commodoreamiga500.htm">Amiga</a> computer, was
reasonably successful in Europe but less so in the United States (mostly due to
a lackluster US advertising campaign by Commodore).</p>
<p>The future looked bright for the Pippin. Unfortunately, two big hits came
back to back. First, the 3DO turned out to be a flash in the pan. Nobody wanted
an "edutainment/multimedia" system for the home, they wanted the new,
cheaper real personal computers. Around the same time, the internet was really
taking off. Anyone who introduced a product without an internet spin on it would
be largely ignored. So, Apple and Bandai re-spun the Pippin as an internet
appliance that also played games. That didn't work either, because, by the time
the Pippin was ready to go, PC prices had dropped even more.</p>
<p>The Pippin simply wasn't enough of a price break from a real computer, and
the public wasn't ready to surf the web from their television sets. It's
believed that less than 12,000 Pippin machines were sold in the United States,
and most of those to developers anticipating a more wide release of the
platform.</p>
<p>The optional Pippin floppy dock:</p>
<p><img border="0" src="PippinFloppyDock.jpg" width="500" height="321"></p>
<p>Here's what the Pippin looks like with the floppy dock attached:</p>
<p><img border="0" src="PippinWithFloppy.jpg" width="500" height="329"></p>
<p>The Pippin controller pad:</p>
<p><img border="0" src="PippinController.jpg" width="500" height="349"></p>
<p>Pippin Software:</p>
<p><img border="0" src="PippinSoftware.jpg" width="500" height="402"></p>
<p>The optional Pippin keyboard with touchscreen:</p>
<p><img border="0" src="PippinKeyboard.jpg" width="500" height="450"></p>
<p>And the Pippin rear panel connections. Note the small switch that configures
the Pippin for either VGA or NTSC composite video output.</p>
<p><img border="0" src="PippinBackPanel.jpg" width="600" height="148"></p>
<p><a href="gameindex.htm">Return to Video Games Index</a></p>
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<p><font size="1">Send mail to <a href="mailto:[email protected]"><strong>CompanyWebmaster</strong></a> with
questions or comments about this web site.<br>
Copyright © 1997-1999 <strong>CompanyLongName</strong><br>
Last modified: April 17, 2003</font></p>
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<h5> </h5>
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Bandai Pippin
# Computer Closet Collection
[ [Home](index.html) | [FAQ](FAQ.htm)
| [News](news.htm) | [Contents](toc.htm) |
[Indexes](index.html#The Computer Closet Collection)
]
---
## Bandai Pippin
See below for [specifications
and information](FairchildChannelFSystemII.htm#Specifications and information) on this system.
***Specifications and
information***
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Introduced: | 1997 |
| Original Price: | Unknown |
| CPU: | PowerPC 603 RISC |
| Controls: | Modular controllers with directional pads and trackballs, other
controllers optional, including keyboard |
| Games: | CD-based games and web browsing software |
The Bandai Pippin is one of the most rare video game systems in existence.
It's essentially an Apple Power Macintosh in a set-top-box configuration with
game-style controllers. It can display video either on a computer monitor or a
TV set (see the rear panel connections below). A floppy drive was optional, as
was a keyboard. The Pippin shipped with Internet connectivity software, and
connected to a standard Macintosh external modem (there is no built-in modem).
The front panel bears the legend, "ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY BY APPLE
COMPUTER". Note that a "pippin", of course, is a variety of apple
(yes, the kind that grow on trees -- the Bandai version certainly doesn't grow
on trees, it's rare as hen's teeth!).
The Pippin concept was essentially a Apple copy of Commodore's idea for their
CD32 console. Like Commodore, Apple thought they could capture some of the game
console market by simply repackaging the PowerMac as a gaming machine. At the
time, it looked like the [3DO](PanasonicREAL3DO.htm) was a serious
competitor, and Sega was making noises about a Net Link internet access package
for their [Saturn](SegaSaturn.htm) system. The Commodore CD32, a game
console package of the [Amiga](commodoreamiga500.htm) computer, was
reasonably successful in Europe but less so in the United States (mostly due to
a lackluster US advertising campaign by Commodore).
The future looked bright for the Pippin. Unfortunately, two big hits came
back to back. First, the 3DO turned out to be a flash in the pan. Nobody wanted
an "edutainment/multimedia" system for the home, they wanted the new,
cheaper real personal computers. Around the same time, the internet was really
taking off. Anyone who introduced a product without an internet spin on it would
be largely ignored. So, Apple and Bandai re-spun the Pippin as an internet
appliance that also played games. That didn't work either, because, by the time
the Pippin was ready to go, PC prices had dropped even more.
The Pippin simply wasn't enough of a price break from a real computer, and
the public wasn't ready to surf the web from their television sets. It's
believed that less than 12,000 Pippin machines were sold in the United States,
and most of those to developers anticipating a more wide release of the
platform.
The optional Pippin floppy dock:
Here's what the Pippin looks like with the floppy dock attached:
The Pippin controller pad:
Pippin Software:
The optional Pippin keyboard with touchscreen:
And the Pippin rear panel connections. Note the small switch that configures
the Pippin for either VGA or NTSC composite video output.
[Return to Video Games Index](gameindex.htm)
Send mail to [**CompanyWebmaster**](mailto:[email protected]) with
questions or comments about this web site.
Copyright © 1997-1999 **CompanyLongName**
Last modified: April 17, 2003
#####
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<div id="e18" style="position: absolute; left: 29px; top: 1391px; width: 450px; height: 600px;"><!--$img %ImageAssetImpl:/test34_029.jpg$--><img src="test34_029-450x600.jpg" alt="" height="600" width="450"></div> <div id="e19" style="position: absolute; left: 5px; top: 1994px; width: 600px; height: 450px;"><!--$img %ImageAssetImpl:/test34_023.jpg$--><img src="test34_023-600x450.jpg" alt="" height="450" width="600"></div> <div id="e20" style="position: absolute; left: 963px; top: 1160px; width: 128px; height: 49px;">
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<td bgcolor="#ff0066" height="49" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><a href="http://www.curveslocal.com/2131/"><b><font color="#cccc00" size="6"><span style="font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px;">Curves !!<br soft=""></span></font></b></a></span></td>
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<div id="e21" style="position: absolute; left: 899px; top: 1062px; width: 218px; height: 83px;">
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<td bgcolor="#6600cc" height="83" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><font color="#99ffff" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">please click Curves to <br soft="">visit the Curves Site !!<br>Yay !! Judy !! ~*~*~*<br soft=""></span></font></span></td>
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<div id="e22" style="position: absolute; left: 20px; top: 2447px; width: 600px; height: 450px;"><!--$img %ImageAssetImpl:/test34_033.jpg$--><img src="test34_033-600x450.jpg" alt="" height="450" width="600"></div> <div id="e23" style="position: absolute; left: 22px; top: 2908px; width: 600px; height: 450px;"><!--$img %ImageAssetImpl:/test34_030.jpg$--><img src="test34_030-600x450.jpg" alt="" height="450" width="600"></div> <div id="e24" style="position: absolute; left: 26px; top: 717px; width: 197px; height: 52px;">
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<td bgcolor="#cccccc" height="52" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><a href="#"><b><font color="#cc00cc" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">ASYNCRITUS <br soft=""></span></font></b></a><a href="#"><b><font color="#cc00cc" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">PHOTOGRAPHY<br soft=""></span></font></b></a></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#330033" height="24" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#ccccff" size="3"><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;">visit our friend Michael @<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#ff66ff" height="130" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><a indepth="true" href="gownz1a.html"><b><font color="#ffffff" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">please </span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="gownz1a.html"><b><font color="#ffffff" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">c</span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="gownz1a.html"><b><font color="#ffffff" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">lick <br soft=""></span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="gownz1a.html"><b><font color="#ffffff" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">here to </span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="gownz1a.html"><b><font color="#ffffff" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">see <br soft=""></span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="gownz1a.html"><b><font color="#ffffff" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">images </span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="gownz1a.html"><b><font color="#ffffff" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">of <br soft=""></span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="gownz1a.html"><b><font color="#ffffff" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">gowns @ <br soft=""></span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="gownz1a.html"><b><font color="#ffffff" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">Yvette's !!<br soft=""></span></font></b></a></span></td>
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<div id="e27" style="position: absolute; left: 280px; top: 598px; width: 293px; height: 48px;">
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<td bgcolor="#333333" height="48" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><i><font color="#ff00ff" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Yvette's</span></font></i></b><font color="#ffccff" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;"> sells tuxedos !!<br soft=""></span></font></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#000000" height="136" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#00ff99"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;">BRIDAL<br>FORMAL<br></span></font></b><b><font color="#ffcccc"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;">PAGEANT<br>PROM<br></span></font></b><b><font color="#ffffcc"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;">HOMECOMING<br>CRUISE<br></span></font></b><b><font color="#ff66ff"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;">HOLIDAY<br>CELEBRATE<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<div id="e29" style="position: absolute; left: 967px; top: 607px; width: 189px; height: 289px;"><span class="text"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;">wedding gown<br>wedding dress<br>wedding dress<br>wedding dress<br>wedding dress<br>wedding dress<br>wedding dress<br>wedding dress<br>panama city florida<br>wedding dress<br>bridesmaid<br>brides maids<br>bridesmaids<br>brides maid<br>brides maid<br>wedding dress<br>wedding gown<br soft=""></span></span> </div>
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<td bgcolor="#660000" height="32" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#ff0033" size="4"><span style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px;">Nous aimons la France.<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#660033" height="25" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#ffcccc" size="4"><span style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px;">ÐÑ Ð»Ñбим РоÑÑиÑ.<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#000033" height="30" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#33ff33" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">Yvette's habla poquito espanol !!~<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<div id="e33" style="position: absolute; left: 747px; top: 421px; width: 697px; height: 450px;"><!--$img %ImageAssetImpl:/Orient1.bmp$--><img src="orient1-697x450.png" alt="" height="450" width="697"></div> <div id="e34" style="position: absolute; left: 985px; top: 0pt; width: 600px; height: 419px;"><!--$img %ImageAssetImpl:/DePlane.jpg$--><img src="deplane-600x419.jpg" alt="" height="419" width="600"></div> <div id="e35" style="position: absolute; left: 183px; top: 126px; width: 213px; height: 19px;">
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<td bgcolor="#000000" height="19" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#66ffff" size="3"><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;">Miss</span></font></b><b><font color="#ff3366" size="3"><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;"> Fire</span></font></b><b><font color="#ffff00" size="3"><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;">cracker </span></font></b><b><font color="#ffcc00" size="3"><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;">Pageant<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<div id="e36" style="position: absolute; left: 70px; top: 787px; width: 114px; height: 114px;">
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<td bgcolor="#330099" height="114" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><a href="http://yourmagicalmoments.com/"><b><font color="#ff3366" size="3"><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;">cl</span></font></b></a><a href="http://yourmagicalmoments.com/"><b><font color="#ff3333" size="3"><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;">ick here to <br soft=""></span></font></b></a><a href="http://yourmagicalmoments.com/"><b><font color="#ff3333" size="3"><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;">visit our friend <br soft=""></span></font></b></a><a href="http://yourmagicalmoments.com/"><b><font color="#ff3333" size="3"><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;">C</span></font></b></a><a href="http://yourmagicalmoments.com/"><b><font color="#ff3333" size="3"><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;">at @ </span></font></b></a><a href="http://yourmagicalmoments.com/"><b><font color="#66ff66" size="3"><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;">Magical <br soft=""></span></font></b></a><a href="http://yourmagicalmoments.com/"><b><font color="#66ff66" size="3"><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;">Moments</span></font></b></a><a href="http://yourmagicalmoments.com/"><b><font color="#ff3333" size="3"><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;"> <br soft="">Photography<br soft=""></span></font></b></a></span></td>
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<div id="e37" style="position: absolute; left: 182px; top: 15px; width: 167px; height: 35px;"><span class="text"><b><font color="#ffff33"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;">Miss Sunshine Pageant<br soft=""></span></font></b></span> </div>
<div id="e38" style="position: absolute; left: 4px; top: 279px; width: 170px; height: 139px;">
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<td bgcolor="#003366" height="139" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><a indepth="true" href="plussizes1.html"><b><font color="#ff66ff" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Yvette's</span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="plussizes1.html"><b><font color="#ffff33" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;"> has <br soft=""></span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="plussizes1.html"><b><font color="#66ff33" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Gorgeous</span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="plussizes1.html"><b><font color="#ff0033" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;"> <br soft="">Gowns</span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="plussizes1.html"><b><font color="#ffff33" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;"> full <br soft=""></span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="plussizes1.html"><b><font color="#ffff33" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">figure!!</span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="plussizes1.html"><b><font color="#00ffff"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;">click</span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="plussizes1.html"><b><font color="#00ffff"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;"> here<br soft=""></span></font></b></a></span></td>
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<div id="e39" style="position: absolute; left: 266px; top: 230px; width: 331px; height: 35px;"><span class="text"><b><font color="#33ff33"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;">Luxury Name Brand~* </span></font></b><b><font color="#ff3333"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;">Designer Fabrique`~*<br></span></font></b><b><font color="#ff66ff"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;">Fashion Label~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span> </div>
<div id="e40" style="position: absolute; left: 773px; top: 1016px; width: 324px; height: 26px;">
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<td bgcolor="#999900" height="26" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><a href="http://www.wildroseminiatures.com/"><b><font color="#33ffff" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">www.wildroseminiatures.com<br soft=""></span></font></b></a></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#00cccc" height="137" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><a indepth="true" href="blb1.html"><b><font color="#ffff33" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">Lauren, Brooke </span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="blb1.html"><b><font color="#ffff33" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">& <br soft=""></span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="blb1.html"><b><font color="#ffff33" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">Brittany </span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="blb1.html"><b><font color="#0066ff" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">trying on</span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="blb1.html"><b><font color="#ffff33" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;"> <br soft="">Gowns</span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="blb1.html"><b><font color="#ffff33" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;"> @ <br soft=""></span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="blb1.html"><b><font color="#ff33cc" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">Yvette's</span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="blb1.html"><b><font color="#ffff33" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">,</span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="blb1.html"><b><font color="#ff6666" size="3"><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;"> click here</span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="blb1.html"><b><font color="#ffff33" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;"> <br soft="">~*</span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="blb1.html"><b><font color="#ffff33" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">~*~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></a></span></td>
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<div id="e45" style="position: absolute; left: 1158px; top: 874px; width: 450px; height: 600px;"><!--$img %ImageAssetImpl:/test114_099.jpg$--><img src="test114_099-450x600.jpg" alt="" height="600" width="450"></div> <div id="e46" style="position: absolute; left: 633px; top: 1299px; width: 450px; height: 600px;"><!--$img %ImageAssetImpl:/test114_103.jpg$--><img src="test114_103-450x600.jpg" alt="" height="600" width="450"></div> <div id="e47" style="position: absolute; left: 633px; top: 1936px; width: 450px; height: 600px;"><!--$img %ImageAssetImpl:/test116_085.jpg$--><img src="test116_085-450x600.jpg" alt="" height="600" width="450"></div> <div id="e48" style="position: absolute; left: 630px; top: 2533px; width: 450px; height: 600px;"><!--$img %ImageAssetImpl:/test116_050.jpg$--><img src="test116_050-450x600.jpg" alt="" height="600" width="450"></div> <div id="e49" style="position: absolute; left: 633px; top: 3137px; width: 450px; height: 600px;"><!--$img %ImageAssetImpl:/test116_038.jpg$--><img src="test116_038-450x600.jpg" alt="" height="600" width="450"></div> <div id="e50" style="position: absolute; left: 188px; top: 3304px; width: 592px; height: 229px;">
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<td bgcolor="#006666" height="229" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#ff33ff" size="7"><span style="font-size: 48px; line-height: 56px;">Yvette's </span></font></b><b><font color="#ffff66" size="6"><span style="font-size: 36px; line-height: 43px;">Salutes</span></font></b><b><font color="#33cc00" size="6"><span style="font-size: 36px; line-height: 43px;"> ea</span></font></b><b><font color="#ccffcc" size="6"><span style="font-size: 36px; line-height: 43px;">ch</span></font></b><b><font color="#33cc00" size="6"><span style="font-size: 36px; line-height: 43px;"> a</span></font></b><b><font color="#cc9900" size="6"><span style="font-size: 36px; line-height: 43px;">nd</span></font></b><b><font color="#33ffff" size="6"><span style="font-size: 36px; line-height: 43px;"> ev</span></font></b><b><font color="#6666ff" size="6"><span style="font-size: 36px; line-height: 43px;">ery<br soft=""></span></font></b><b><font color="#33ffff" size="6"><span style="font-size: 36px; line-height: 43px;"> one </span></font></b><b><font color="#ff9966" size="6"><span style="font-size: 36px; line-height: 43px;">of</span></font></b><b><font color="#33ffff" size="6"><span style="font-size: 36px; line-height: 43px;"> our</span></font></b><b><font color="#ccccff" size="6"><span style="font-size: 36px; line-height: 43px;"> Gorgeo</span></font></b><b><font color="#33cc00" size="6"><span style="font-size: 36px; line-height: 43px;">us, </span></font></b><b><font color="#ff0033" size="6"><span style="font-size: 36px; line-height: 43px;">Glamorous</span></font></b><b><font color="#33cc00" size="6"><span style="font-size: 36px; line-height: 43px;"> <br soft="">Hi</span></font></b><b><font color="#0099ff" size="6"><span style="font-size: 36px; line-height: 43px;">g</span></font></b><b><font color="#ffff00" size="6"><span style="font-size: 36px; line-height: 43px;">h</span></font></b><b><font color="#33cc00" size="6"><span style="font-size: 36px; line-height: 43px;"> F</span></font></b><b><font color="#00ffcc" size="6"><span style="font-size: 36px; line-height: 43px;">ashi</span></font></b><b><font color="#33cc00" size="6"><span style="font-size: 36px; line-height: 43px;">on Mod</span></font></b><b><font color="#ff33ff" size="6"><span style="font-size: 36px; line-height: 43px;">els</span></font></b><b><font color="#ff33ff" size="7"><span style="font-size: 48px; line-height: 56px;"> ~*!!</span></font></b><b><font color="#99f433" size="6"><span style="font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px;">~*!!~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<div id="e51" style="position: absolute; left: 27px; top: 136px; width: 140px; height: 131px;">
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<td bgcolor="#ff00cc" height="131" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><a indepth="true" href="glamorlist1.html"><b><font color="#66ff00" size="6"><span style="font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px;">Y</span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="glamorlist1.html"><b><font color="#66ff00" size="6"><span style="font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px;">vette's <br soft=""></span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="glamorlist1.html"><b><font color="#66ff00" size="6"><span style="font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px;">Fashion</span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="glamorlist1.html"><b><font color="#66ff00" size="6"><span style="font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px;"> <br soft="">Models</span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="glamorlist1.html"><b><font color="#66ff00" size="6"><span style="font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px;">!!</span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="glamorlist1.html"><b><font color="#66ff00" size="6"><span style="font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px;">,<br></span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="glamorlist1.html"><b><font color="#66ff00" size="3"><span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 19px;">click here~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></a></span></td>
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<div id="e52" style="position: absolute; left: 997px; top: 4012px; width: 450px; height: 600px;"><!--$img %ImageAssetImpl:/test118_050.jpg$--><img src="test118_050-450x600.jpg" alt="" height="600" width="450"></div> <div id="e53" style="position: absolute; left: 1110px; top: 3401px; width: 450px; height: 600px;"><!--$img %ImageAssetImpl:/test118_066.jpg$--><img src="test118_066-450x600.jpg" alt="" height="600" width="450"></div> <div id="e54" style="position: absolute; left: 1007px; top: 1733px; width: 600px; height: 450px;"><!--$img %ImageAssetImpl:/test113_073.jpg$--><img src="test113_073-600x450.jpg" alt="" height="450" width="600"></div> <div id="e55" style="position: absolute; left: 733px; top: 1071px; width: 134px; height: 97px;">
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<td bgcolor="#3333ff" height="232" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><a indepth="true" href="jewelry1a.html"><b><font color="#ffff33" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Jewelry,</span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="jewelry1a.html"><b><font color="#66ffff" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;"> Pearls, <br soft=""></span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="jewelry1a.html"><b><font color="#66ffff" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Swarovski <br soft=""></span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="jewelry1a.html"><b><font color="#66ffff" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Crystals, <br soft=""></span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="jewelry1a.html"><b><font color="#66ffff" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Necklaces, <br soft=""></span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="jewelry1a.html"><b><font color="#66ffff" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Earrings, <br soft=""></span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="jewelry1a.html"><b><font color="#66ffff" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Bracelets, <br soft=""></span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="jewelry1a.html"><b><font color="#66ffff" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Aurora Borealis <br soft=""></span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="jewelry1a.html"><b><font color="#66ffff" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Stones, </span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="jewelry1a.html"><font color="#ffff33"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;">click here ~*<br soft=""></span></font></a></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#ffcccc" height="26" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><font color="#ff00ff" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">Yvette's phone number: </span></font><b><font color="#cc00cc" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">(850)~871~3000<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#000099" height="64" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#ff33ff" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Yvette's</span></font></b><b><font color="#ff3333" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;"> sells Veils & Bridal HeadPieces in Panama City Florida ~*<br>Veils in Panama City Florida ~* Ring Pillows Friendly Helpful ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#990066" height="59" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#ff33ff" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Yvette's</span></font></b><b><font color="#ffcccc" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;"> appreciates you all ~* Thank you for giving us the <br soft="">opportunity to serve you all ~* Thank you one and all ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#3399ff" height="183" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#ff33ff" size="6"><span style="font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px;">Yvette's</span></font></b><b><font color="#33ff33" size="6"><span style="font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px;"> sells shoes in Panama City Florida ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~*<br></span></font></b><b><font color="#ff33ff" size="6"><span style="font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px;">Yvette's</span></font></b><b><font color="#33ff33" size="6"><span style="font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px;"> sells Bridal shoes in Panama City Florida ~* ~* ~* ~*<br></span></font></b><b><font color="#ff33ff" size="6"><span style="font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px;">Yvette's</span></font></b><b><font color="#33ff33" size="6"><span style="font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px;"> sells Tuxedo Shoes in Panama City Florida ~* ~* ~* ~* `* ~*<br>World's Most Beautiful Beaches ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~* ~*<br>High Fashion Designer FootWear ~*Fine Fashions </span></font></b><b><font color="#ff33ff" size="6"><span style="font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px;">Yvette's</span></font></b><b><font color="#33ff33" size="6"><span style="font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px;"> ~*~*~*~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#cc99ff" height="75" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><a indepth="true" href="designerbridalgownsyvettes1.html"><b><font color="#33ffff" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">Yvette's</span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="designerbridalgownsyvettes1.html"><b><font color="#66ffcc" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;"> sells<br></span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="designerbridalgownsyvettes1.html"><b><font color="#66ffcc" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">Kitty Chen Couture,<br></span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="designerbridalgownsyvettes1.html"><b><font color="#ffff33"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;">click here ~*</span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="designerbridalgownsyvettes1.html"><b><font color="#ffff33" size="4"><span style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px;">Sensational !!~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></a></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#cc99ff" height="50" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#00ffff" size="4"><span style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px;">Formal Panama City Florida ~*<br>Formal Wear Panama City Florida ~</span></font></b><font color="#00ffff"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;">*<br soft=""></span></font></span></td>
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<div id="e111" style="position: absolute; left: 539px; top: 50px; width: 110px; height: 44px;"><span class="text"><b><font color="#33ff33" size="4"><span style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px;">Established<br>1980<br soft=""></span></font></b></span> </div>
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<td bgcolor="#00ff00" height="127" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#ffcc33" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Dress Shop Panama City ~* ~* ~* ~*<br>Beautiful Dress Shop Panama City ~*<br>Prom Dress Panama City ~* ~* ~* ~*<br>Prom Dress Panama City Florida ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#ff9933" height="61" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#cc33ff" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Complimentary Garter with the <br soft="">purchase of your Gown !! ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#ffff33" height="53" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#ff33ff" size="4"><span style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px;">Happiness ~* ~* ~* ~*<br>Feeling Good ~* ~* ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#ff00cc" height="106" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#ffccff" size="6"><span style="font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px;">Yvette's</span></font></b><font color="#ffff33" size="6"><span style="font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px;"> has a <br soft="">Passion for <br soft="">Fashion ~*<br soft=""></span></font></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#00ffcc" height="52" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#ff00ff" size="6"><span style="font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px;">Yvette's has a Passion for Fashion !!! ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#00ffcc" height="46" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#ff00ff" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Yvette's has a Passion for Fashion !!!~* Passion Fruit ~ Passion Flower ~* Sweet Treat Recipe ~ Shopping Pleasure ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#00ffff" height="88" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#ff00ff" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Fine Art Panama City !! ~* Portrait Painting ~*<br>Yvette's Portrait Painter will be Happy to <br soft="">Paint your Portrait in Oil on Canvas !! ~* ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#ff9966" height="59" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#ffff00" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Oil Painting Panama City !! ~*<br>Beautiful Panama City !! ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#ff33cc" height="71" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#00ffff" size="6"><span style="font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px;">*~ Follow the Pink Links to Yvette's !! ~*<br></span></font></b><b><font color="#ffff33" size="6"><span style="font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px;">*~ Yvette's is the Prom Store !! ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#ff33cc" height="100" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#00ffcc" size="7"><span style="font-size: 60px; line-height: 70px;">*~ Exotic !! ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#00ffff" height="34" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><a indepth="true" href="yvettesbridal.html"><b><font color="#ff33cc" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Follow the Pink Links to Yvette's !! ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></a></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#ffff33" height="28" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#3333ff" size="4"><span style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px;">Wedding invitations Panama City Florida ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#ffff33" height="92" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><a indepth="true" href="yvettesguestbook1.html"><b><font color="#cc00ff" size="4"><span style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px;">CLICK HERE TO <br soft=""></span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="yvettesguestbook1.html"><b><font color="#cc00ff" size="4"><span style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px;">SIGN YVETTE'S <br soft=""></span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="yvettesguestbook1.html"><b><font color="#cc00ff" size="4"><span style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px;">GUEST~BOOK !! <br soft=""></span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="yvettesguestbook1.html"><b><font color="#cc00ff" size="4"><span style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px;">~*</span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="yvettesguestbook1.html"><b><font color="#cc00ff" size="4"><span style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px;">~*~*~*~*~*~*~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></a></span></td>
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<div id="e126" style="position: absolute; left: 0pt; top: 9673px; width: 1023px; height: 715px;"><!--$img %ImageAssetImpl:/LindseySean2.bmp$--><img src="lindseysean2-1023x715.png" alt="" height="715" width="1023"></div> <div id="e127" style="position: absolute; left: 0pt; top: 10333px; width: 1178px; height: 56px;">
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<td bgcolor="#ff00cc" height="56" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#33ffff" size="6"><span style="font-size: 36px; line-height: 43px;">Yvette's cares about YOU !! ~* Yvette's wants YOU to be HAPPY !! ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<div id="e128" style="position: absolute; left: 1096px; top: 9677px; width: 450px; height: 600px;"><!--$img %ImageAssetImpl:/test202_262.jpg$--><img src="test202_262-450x600.jpg" alt="" height="600" width="450"></div> <div id="e129" style="position: absolute; left: 507px; top: 10572px; width: 422px; height: 86px;"><span class="text"><b><font color="#ff00ff" size="7"><span style="font-size: 72px; line-height: 84px;">Yvette's ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span> </div>
<div id="e130" style="position: absolute; left: 146px; top: 10541px; width: 573px; height: 30px;"><span class="text"><b><font color="#33ff33" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Thank you for being here with us at Yvette's !! ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span> </div>
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<td bgcolor="#33ffff" height="30" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#ff00cc" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Yvette's treasures the opportunity to serve you ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<div id="e132" style="position: absolute; left: 1137px; top: 10419px; width: 450px; height: 600px;"><!--$img %ImageAssetImpl:/test202_283.jpg$--><img src="test202_283-450x600.jpg" alt="" height="600" width="450"></div> <div id="e133" style="position: absolute; left: 518px; top: 10688px; width: 600px; height: 450px;"><!--$img %ImageAssetImpl:/test202_267.jpg$--><img src="test202_267-600x450.jpg" alt="" height="450" width="600"></div> <div id="e134" style="position: absolute; left: 540px; top: 107px; width: 112px; height: 22px;"><span class="text"><b><font color="#ffccff"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;">Sensational !! ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span> </div>
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<td bgcolor="#ff0099" height="30" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#33ffff" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Tuxedo Shop Panama City Florida !! ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#669900" height="29" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><a indepth="true" href="applepierecipeyvettes1.html"><b><font color="#ffff33" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Apple Pie , </span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="applepierecipeyvettes1.html"><b><font color="#ffccff"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;">please click here ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></a></span></td>
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<div id="e139" style="position: absolute; left: 46px; top: 8953px; width: 848px; height: 79px;"><span class="text"><b><font color="#66ff33" size="6"><span style="font-size: 30px; line-height: 35px;">Yvette's sells Wedding Gowns in Panama City Florida !! ~*<br>Yvette's sells Prom Dresses in Panama City Florida !! ~*~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span> </div>
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<td bgcolor="#ff0099" height="30" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#33ffff" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Prom Gowns Panama City !! ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<div id="e141" style="position: absolute; left: 61px; top: 7525px; width: 413px; height: 64px;"><span class="text"><b><font color="#ffff33" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Tux Rental Panama City !! ~*<br>Tux Rental Panama City Florida !! ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span> </div>
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<td bgcolor="#ff00ff" height="59" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#66ffcc" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Life is rich and sweet and good and healthy like a warm, soothing, scented essential oils <br soft="">massage in a steamy hot~springs bath~house ~* Aspen, Alice, Alpine ~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<div id="e143" style="position: absolute; left: 1128px; top: 11031px; width: 480px; height: 600px;"><!--$img %ImageAssetImpl:/YvettesFlamingos13.jpg$--><img src="yvettesflamingos13-480x600.jpg" alt="" height="600" width="480"></div> <div id="e144" style="position: absolute; left: 478px; top: 11300px; width: 622px; height: 59px;">
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<td bgcolor="#3399ff" height="59" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#ffff00" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Healthy communication increases access to the <br soft="">Wealth which Life offers us all *~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#33ff00" height="117" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#ff99ff" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Healthy Success Happy <br soft="">Contentment Pleasing <br soft="">Atmosphere Excellent Personal <br soft="">Charming Party Sweetly Natural ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#00ffcc" height="84" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#ff00ff" size="7"><span style="font-size: 72px; line-height: 84px;">Yvette's ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#00ffff" height="30" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#ff00cc" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Yvette's is here for YOU !! ~*~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#ff00cc" height="33" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#99ffff" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">times !! ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#ffccff" height="31" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><b><font color="#33ff33" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Yvette's is here to serve YOU !! ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span></td>
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<td bgcolor="#ffff33" height="29" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><a indepth="true" href="yerza_kultoria_gallery_of_fine_arts.html"><b><font color="#ff33cc" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Call to Artists !! ~*</span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="yerza_kultoria_gallery_of_fine_arts.html"><b><font color="#ff33cc" size="4"><span style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px;"> please click here !! ~</span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="yerza_kultoria_gallery_of_fine_arts.html"><b><font color="#ff33cc" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">*<br soft=""></span></font></b></a></span></td>
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<div id="e153" style="position: absolute; left: 46px; top: 9032px; width: 479px; height: 44px;"><span class="text"><b><font color="#33ff33" size="4"><span style="font-size: 18px; line-height: 22px;">Bridal Salons Panama City Florida<br>Bridal Salons Florida<br soft=""></span></font></b></span> </div>
<div id="e154" style="position: absolute; left: 24px; top: 9261px; width: 205px; height: 43px;"><span class="text"><b><font color="#33ff33"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;">Wedding Shops Panama City<br>Wedding Shops Florida<br soft=""></span></font></b></span> </div>
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<div id="e156" style="position: absolute; left: 478px; top: 9212px; width: 173px; height: 39px;"><span class="text"><b><font color="#33ff33"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 17px;">Bridal Boutiques <br soft="">Panama City Florida<br soft=""></span></font></b></span> </div>
<div id="e157" style="position: absolute; left: 317px; top: 1862px; width: 339px; height: 30px;"><span class="text"><a href="http://www.laurasmidiheaven.com/"><b><font color="#66ff66" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">www.laurasmidiheaven.com<br soft=""></span></font></b></a></span> </div>
<div id="e158" style="position: absolute; left: 413px; top: 1914px; width: 240px; height: 42px;"><!--$media asset="%SoundAssetImpl:MapleLeafRag.mid" autoStart="true" loop="false" showControls="true" height="42" width="240" mediaPlayer="com.yahoo.sitebuilder.media.WindowMediaPlayer" type="0"$-->
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<div id="e159" style="position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 11495px; width: 436px; height: 104px;"><span class="text"><b><font color="#33ff33" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">Bridal Gowns Panama City Florida !! ~*~*<br>Bridal Gowns Florida !! ~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*<br>Bridal Dresses Panama City Florida !! ~*~*<br>Bridal Dresses Florida !! ~*~*~*~*~*~*~*~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span> </div>
<div id="e160" style="position: absolute; left: 1143px; top: 11488px; width: 453px; height: 121px;"><span class="text"><b><font color="#33ff33" size="4"><span style="font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px;">Bridal Gown Panama City Florida !! ~*<br>Bridal Gown Florida !! ~*<br>Bridal Dress Florida !! ~*<br>Bridal Dress Panama City Florida !! ~*<br>Cathedral Train !! ~* Royal Train !! ~*~*~*~*~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></span> </div>
<div id="e161" style="position: absolute; left: 602px; top: 1224px; width: 480px; height: 59px;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="480">
<tbody><tr>
<td bgcolor="#cc99ff" height="59" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><a href="http://www.panamacityliving.com/"><b><font color="#ffff33" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">please click here to visit<br></span></font></b></a><a href="http://www.panamacityliving.com/"><b><font color="#ffff33" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Panama City Living Magazine online !! ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></a></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div id="e162" style="position: absolute; left: 638px; top: 268px; width: 314px; height: 59px;">
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<td bgcolor="#00ffcc" height="59" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><a indepth="true" href="psychological_thriller_horror_success.html"><b><font color="#ff00cc" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">Psychological Thriller !! ~* <br soft=""></span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="psychological_thriller_horror_success.html"><b><font color="#ff00cc" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">please click here !! ~*</span></font></b></a><a indepth="true" href="psychological_thriller_horror_success.html"><b><font color="#ff00cc" size="5"><span style="font-size: 24px; line-height: 29px;">~*~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></a></span></td>
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<div id="e163" style="position: absolute; left: 187px; top: 50px; width: 220px; height: 92px;">
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<td bgcolor="#00ff66" height="92" nowrap="nowrap" valign="top"><span class="text"><a indepth="true" href="yvettes_new_location1.html"><b><font color="#ff00ff" size="4"><span style="font-size: 22px; line-height: 26px;">Yvette's moved to a <br soft="">NEW LOCATION!, <br soft="">please click here !! ~*<br soft=""></span></font></b></a></span></td>
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Yvette's [site archive from 08 APR 2010]
[](default.html) **YVETTES with
an apostrophe '**
YVETTES WITH AN APOSTROPHE '
**YVETTES with an
apostrophe '**
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[ENTER YVETTE'S](default.html)
beautiful
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| [**\*~Pink Links to**](pinklinks1.html) [**Y**](pinklinks1.html)[**our DESIGNERS~\***](pinklinks1.html) |
**Welcome to** **Yvette's** **!!!**
***Yvette's*** **HOURS:****Monday thru Saturday 10:00 a.m. ~ 6:00 p.m.**
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| [**Point'n'Click**](signup1.html) [**here to**](signup1.html) [**see**](signup1.html) [**Yvette's**](signup1.html) [**SIGN**](signup1.html)[**S**](signup1.html) [**being**](signup1.html) [**installed by**](signup1.html) [**Signs Unlimited**](signup1.html) [**of Bay**](signup1.html) [**County!!**](signup1.html) [**~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*~\***](signup1.html) |
[](signup1.html)
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Pageants
Valentine's Day Pageant
Sweetheart Pageant
Sunburst Pageant
Firecracker Pageant
Evening Gowns
Prom Gowns
!!!!!!!
[**Tuxedo rentals**](tuxedo1.html)[**starting @**](tuxedo1.html)[**$65.00 ~\***](tuxedo1.html)
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| **Yvette's is** **here for YOU !!! ~\*~\*~\*let's Celebrate! it's Prom 2010 !!! ~\*~\*** |
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| ***Yvette's***[**P**](fine_art_for_sale_panama_city1.html)[**aintings for sale !!,**](fine_art_for_sale_panama_city1.html)[**please click here !! ~\***](fine_art_for_sale_panama_city1.html) |
 
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| [**Curves !!**](http://www.curveslocal.com/2131/) |
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| please click Curves to visit the Curves Site !!Yay !! Judy !! ~\*~\*~\* |
 
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| [**ASYNCRITUS**](#) [**PHOTOGRAPHY**](#) |
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| **visit our friend Michael @** |
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| [**please**](gownz1a.html) [**c**](gownz1a.html)[**lick**](gownz1a.html) [**here to**](gownz1a.html) [**see**](gownz1a.html) [**images**](gownz1a.html) [**of**](gownz1a.html) [**gowns @**](gownz1a.html) [**Yvette's !!**](gownz1a.html) |
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| ***Yvette's*** sells tuxedos !! |
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| **BRIDALFORMAL****PAGEANTPROM****HOMECOMINGCRUISE****HOLIDAYCELEBRATE** |
wedding gown
wedding dress
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| **Nous aimons la France.** |
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| **ÐÑ Ð»Ñбим РоÑÑиÑ.** |
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| **Yvette's habla poquito espanol !!~** |
 
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| **Miss** **Fire****cracker** **Pageant** |
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| [**cl**](http://yourmagicalmoments.com/)[**ick here to**](http://yourmagicalmoments.com/) [**visit our friend**](http://yourmagicalmoments.com/) [**C**](http://yourmagicalmoments.com/)[**at @**](http://yourmagicalmoments.com/) [**Magical**](http://yourmagicalmoments.com/) [**Moments**](http://yourmagicalmoments.com/) [**Photography**](http://yourmagicalmoments.com/) |
**Miss Sunshine Pageant**
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| [**Yvette's**](plussizes1.html) [**has**](plussizes1.html) [**Gorgeous**](plussizes1.html) [**Gowns**](plussizes1.html) [**full**](plussizes1.html) [**figure!!**](plussizes1.html)[**click**](plussizes1.html) [**here**](plussizes1.html) |
**Luxury Name Brand~\*****Designer Fabrique`~\*****Fashion Label~\***
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| [**www.wildroseminiatures.com**](http://www.wildroseminiatures.com/) |
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| [**Lauren, Brooke**](blb1.html) [**&**](blb1.html) [**Brittany**](blb1.html) [**trying on**](blb1.html) [**Gowns**](blb1.html) [**@**](blb1.html) [**Yvette's**](blb1.html)[**,**](blb1.html) [**click here**](blb1.html) [**~\***](blb1.html)[**~\*~\***](blb1.html) |
    
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| **Yvette's** **Salutes** **ea****ch** **a****nd** **ev****ery** **one** **of** **our** **Gorgeo****us,** **Glamorous** **Hi****g****h** **F****ashi****on Mod****els** **~\*!!****~\*!!~\*** |
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| [**Y**](glamorlist1.html)[**vette's**](glamorlist1.html) [**Fashion**](glamorlist1.html) [**Models**](glamorlist1.html)[**!!**](glamorlist1.html)[**,**](glamorlist1.html)[**click here~\***](glamorlist1.html) |
  
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| [**RoadStar**](roadstar1.html)[**\***](roadstar1.html) [**@**](roadstar1.html)[**Yvette's**](roadstar1.html)[**!**](roadstar1.html) [**~\***](roadstar1.html) [**click here**](roadstar1.html) [**~\***](roadstar1.html) |
  
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     **Designs by****DudeOtep~\***
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  **Private Label by G**
        
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       [](http://smallbusiness.yahoo.com/webhosting/)
 prom dress
prom dress
prom dress
| |
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| [**Prom**](prom.html) [**for EVERYONE !! ~\***](prom.html)[**Panama City Prom**](prom.html) [**!! ~\*~\***](prom.html)**Prom World Wide !! ~\*promPanama City Beach Promprom !! ~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*** |
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| |
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| [**Invitations !!**](carlsoncraft3.html) [**please**](carlsoncraft3.html) [**click here ~\***](carlsoncraft3.html) |
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Panama City Sweet Sixteen
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| |
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| [**Jewelry,**](jewelry1a.html) [**Pearls,**](jewelry1a.html) [**Swarovski**](jewelry1a.html) [**Crystals,**](jewelry1a.html) [**Necklaces,**](jewelry1a.html) [**Earrings,**](jewelry1a.html) [**Bracelets,**](jewelry1a.html) [**Aurora Borealis**](jewelry1a.html) [**Stones,**](jewelry1a.html) [click here ~\*](jewelry1a.html) |
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| Yvette's phone number: **(850)~871~3000** |
**Yvette's** **sells Bridal accessories in Panama City Florida** **~\*****please purchase your Bridal accessories @ Yvette's in Panama City Florida ~\***Bridal accessories Panama City
Panama City Bridal accessories
**Yvette's Bridal Gowns**
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| **Yvette's** **sells Invitations in Panama City Florida ~\*** |
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| **Yvette's** **sells** **Sassy South** **Jewelry in Panama City Florida ~\*** |
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| **Yvette's** **sells Veils & Bridal HeadPieces in Panama City Florida ~\*Veils in Panama City Florida ~\* Ring Pillows Friendly Helpful ~\*** |
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| **Yvette's** **appreciates you all ~\* Thank you for giving us the opportunity to serve you all ~\* Thank you one and all ~\*** |
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| **Yvette's** **sells shoes in Panama City Florida ~\* ~\* ~\* ~\* ~\* ~\*****Yvette's** **sells Bridal shoes in Panama City Florida ~\* ~\* ~\* ~\*****Yvette's** **sells Tuxedo Shoes in Panama City Florida ~\* ~\* ~\* ~\* `\* ~\*World's Most Beautiful Beaches ~\* ~\* ~\* ~\* ~\* ~\* ~\*High Fashion Designer FootWear ~\*Fine Fashions** **Yvette's** **~\*~\*~\*~\*** |
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| [**Yvette's**](designerbridalgownsyvettes1.html) [**sells**](designerbridalgownsyvettes1.html)[**Kitty Chen Couture,**](designerbridalgownsyvettes1.html)[**click here ~\***](designerbridalgownsyvettes1.html)[**Sensational !!~\***](designerbridalgownsyvettes1.html) |
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| **Formal Panama City Florida ~\*Formal Wear Panama City Florida ~**\* |
**Established
1980**
**Formalwear Panama City**
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| **Dress Shop Panama City ~\* ~\* ~\* ~\*Beautiful Dress Shop Panama City ~\*Prom Dress Panama City ~\* ~\* ~\* ~\*Prom Dress Panama City Florida ~\*** |
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| **Complimentary Garter with the purchase of your Gown !! ~\*** |
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| **Happiness ~\* ~\* ~\* ~\*Feeling Good ~\* ~\* ~\*** |
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| **Yvette's** has a Passion for Fashion ~\* |
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| **Yvette's has a Passion for Fashion !!! ~\*** |
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| **Yvette's has a Passion for Fashion !!!~\* Passion Fruit ~ Passion Flower ~\* Sweet Treat Recipe ~ Shopping Pleasure ~\*** |
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| **Fine Art Panama City !! ~\* Portrait Painting ~\*Yvette's Portrait Painter will be Happy to Paint your Portrait in Oil on Canvas !! ~\* ~\*** |
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| **Oil Painting Panama City !! ~\*Beautiful Panama City !! ~\*** |
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| **\*~ Follow the Pink Links to Yvette's !! ~\*****\*~ Yvette's is the Prom Store !! ~\*** |
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| **\*~ Exotic !! ~\*** |
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| [**Follow the Pink Links to Yvette's !! ~\***](yvettesbridal.html) |
| |
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| **Wedding invitations Panama City Florida ~\*** |
| |
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| [**CLICK HERE TO**](yvettesguestbook1.html) [**SIGN YVETTE'S**](yvettesguestbook1.html) [**GUEST~BOOK !!**](yvettesguestbook1.html) [**~\***](yvettesguestbook1.html)[**~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*~\***](yvettesguestbook1.html) |
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| **Yvette's cares about YOU !! ~\* Yvette's wants YOU to be HAPPY !! ~\*** |
 **Yvette's ~\***
**Thank you for being here with us at Yvette's !! ~\***
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| **Yvette's treasures the opportunity to serve you ~\*** |
  **Sensational !! ~\***
 **Beautiful
Flying
Cessna !! ~\***
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| **Tuxedo Shop Panama City Florida !! ~\*** |
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| [**Apple Pie ,**](applepierecipeyvettes1.html) [**please click here ~\***](applepierecipeyvettes1.html) |
**Yvette's sells Wedding Gowns in Panama City Florida !! ~\*
Yvette's sells Prom Dresses in Panama City Florida !! ~\*~\***
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| **Prom Gowns Panama City !! ~\*** |
**Tux Rental Panama City !! ~\*
Tux Rental Panama City Florida !! ~\***
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| **Life is rich and sweet and good and healthy like a warm, soothing, scented essential oils massage in a steamy hot~springs bath~house ~\* Aspen, Alice, Alpine ~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*** |
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| **Healthy communication increases access to the Wealth which Life offers us all \*~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*** |
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| **Healthy Success Happy Contentment Pleasing Atmosphere Excellent Personal Charming Party Sweetly Natural ~\*** |
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| **Yvette's ~\*** |
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| **Yvette's is here for YOU !! ~\*~\*** |
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| **this Yvette's page has been visited** |
| |
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| **times !! ~\*** |
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| **Yvette's is here to serve YOU !! ~\*** |
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| [**Call to Artists !! ~\***](yerza_kultoria_gallery_of_fine_arts.html) [**please click here !! ~**](yerza_kultoria_gallery_of_fine_arts.html)[**\***](yerza_kultoria_gallery_of_fine_arts.html) |
**Bridal Salons Panama City Florida
Bridal Salons Florida**
**Wedding Shops Panama City
Wedding Shops Florida**
**Bridal Shops Panama City
Bridal Shops Florida**
**Bridal Boutiques
Panama City Florida**
[**www.laurasmidiheaven.com**](http://www.laurasmidiheaven.com/)
**Bridal Gowns Panama City Florida !! ~\*~\*
Bridal Gowns Florida !! ~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*
Bridal Dresses Panama City Florida !! ~\*~\*
Bridal Dresses Florida !! ~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*~\*~\***
**Bridal Gown Panama City Florida !! ~\*
Bridal Gown Florida !! ~\*
Bridal Dress Florida !! ~\*
Bridal Dress Panama City Florida !! ~\*
Cathedral Train !! ~\* Royal Train !! ~\*~\*~\*~\*~\***
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| [**please click here to visit**](http://www.panamacityliving.com/)[**Panama City Living Magazine online !! ~\***](http://www.panamacityliving.com/) |
| |
| --- |
| [**Psychological Thriller !! ~\***](psychological_thriller_horror_success.html) [**please click here !! ~\***](psychological_thriller_horror_success.html)[**~\*~\***](psychological_thriller_horror_success.html) |
| |
| --- |
| [**Yvette's moved to a NEW LOCATION!, please click here !! ~\***](yvettes_new_location1.html) |
| https://yvettesbridalformal.p1r8.net/ |
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<base target="_top">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="dollt.css" media="all">
<title>Boy Dolls</title>
</head>
<body>
<center>
<div class="bxt">
<h1>Boy Dolls<br>
<a href="anime/abeno.html"><img src="top.jpg" alt="Abeno Yasuaki doll"></a></h1>
<p class="lrp tl">Welcome to my handcrafted dolls' gallery.</p>
<p class="lrp tl">I've made lots of cloth dolls.<br>
Every doll is unique and elaborate.<br>
Boys, anime character dolls, game related dolls, life-size dolls, kimono dolls, girls, cute nekomimi dolls, mermaids and mermen, stuffed animals, and so on.</p>
<p class="lrp tl"><script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
<!-- new1 -->
<ins class="adsbygoogle"
style="display:block"
data-ad-client="ca-pub-3285186691325602"
data-ad-slot="2867649724"
data-ad-format="auto"
data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins>
<script>
(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
</script></p>
<h2>Dolls Menu</h2>
<div class="bxt1 ml mt"><a href="https://dolls.nunodoll.com/wedding/"><img src="t_wed.jpg" alt="Wedding couple"><br>
Bridal dolls</a></div>
<div class="bxt1 ml1 mr1"><a href="gallery.html">Doll gallery<br>
<img src="t_gallery.jpg" alt="Handcraft dolls"></a></div>
<div class="bxt1 mt"><a href="https://dolls.nunodoll.com/nekomimi/"><img src="t_nekomimi.jpg" alt="Cat eared dolls"><br>
Nekomimi dolls</a></div>
<br clear="all">
<div class="bxt1"><a href="https://dolls.nunodoll.com/anime/"><img src="t_anime.jpg" alt="Manga anime"><br>
Anime dolls</a></div>
<div class="bxt2"><img src="star.gif" alt="star"><br>
<a href="https://dolls.nunodoll.com/guest/">Privacy policy,<br>FAQ, email</a></div>
<div class="bxt3"><a href="https://mermaid.nunodoll.com/"><img src="t_aqua.jpg" alt="Mermaid merman dolls"><br>
Mermaid Fantasy</a></div>
<br clear="all">
<div class="bxt1 ml"><a href="https://dolls.nunodoll.com/stuffed/"><img src="t_toy.jpg" alt="Dogs cats toy"><br>
Stuffed animals</a></div>
<div class="bxt1 mr1 ml1 mt1 mb2e"><a href="clothes.html"><img src="t_clothes.jpg" alt="Doll clothes"><br>
Clothes for dolls</a></div>
<div class="bxt1"><a href="https://kids.nunodoll.com/lifesize/"><img src="t_kid.jpg" alt="Baby kid doll"><br>
Life-size Dolls</a></div>
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<h3>Dolls Picks</h3>
<center>
<div class="bx mb3e">
<div class="bxs"><a href="anime/lelouch.html"><img src="anime/lelouch.jpg" alt="Lelouch doll"><br>
Lelouch</a></div>
<div class="bxs"><a href="jesus.html"><img src="doll/jesush.jpg" alt="Jesus Christ"><br>
Jesus</a></div>
<div class="bxs"><a href="nekomimi/cat_xmas.html"><img src="nekomimi/silvercat.jpg" alt="Christmas tree costume"><br>
Silver cat</a></div>
<div class="bxs"><a href="tshirt_girl.html"><img src="doll/tshirtgirl.jpg" alt="Half size girl doll"><br>
T-shirt girl</a></div>
<br clear="left">
</div>
</center>
<h3>Links</h3>
<p><a href="https://dollmaker.nunodoll.com/"><img src="t_kimono.jpg" alt="Kimono doll"><br>
Cloth Doll Making</a><br>
Instructions and patterns of dolls & toys.<br>
Make dolls and enjoy your creative life.</p>
<p><a href="https://sew-ing.com/hanky/">Hanty</a> handmade underwear sewing.<br>
<a href="https://underwear.sew-ing.com/">Cute Underwear Making</a> for cute men.<br>
<a href="https://nuno-runo.blogspot.com/">Nuno Life</a> blog. Bunka doll, felt goods.<br>
<a href="https://sew-ing.com/make/">Sewing</a> gloves, caps, bags, baby goods.</p>
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<p class="mb3e fsm">Copyright © Runo.<br>
All dolls and stuffed toys made by Runo, a doll artist.<br>
You may not use my contents nor pictures on your site.</p>
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Boy Dolls
# Boy Dolls
[Abeno Yasuaki doll](anime/abeno.html)
Welcome to my handcrafted dolls' gallery.
I've made lots of cloth dolls.
Every doll is unique and elaborate.
Boys, anime character dolls, game related dolls, life-size dolls, kimono dolls, girls, cute nekomimi dolls, mermaids and mermen, stuffed animals, and so on.
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## Dolls Menu
[
Bridal dolls](https://dolls.nunodoll.com/wedding/)
[Doll gallery
](gallery.html)
[
Nekomimi dolls](https://dolls.nunodoll.com/nekomimi/)
[
Anime dolls](https://dolls.nunodoll.com/anime/)
[Privacy policy,
FAQ, email](https://dolls.nunodoll.com/guest/)
[
Mermaid Fantasy](https://mermaid.nunodoll.com/)
[
Stuffed animals](https://dolls.nunodoll.com/stuffed/)
[
Clothes for dolls](clothes.html)
[
Life-size Dolls](https://kids.nunodoll.com/lifesize/)
### Dolls Picks
[
Lelouch](anime/lelouch.html)
[
Jesus](jesus.html)
[
Silver cat](nekomimi/cat_xmas.html)
[
T-shirt girl](tshirt_girl.html)
### Links
[
Cloth Doll Making](https://dollmaker.nunodoll.com/)
Instructions and patterns of dolls & toys.
Make dolls and enjoy your creative life.
[Hanty](https://sew-ing.com/hanky/) handmade underwear sewing.
[Cute Underwear Making](https://underwear.sew-ing.com/) for cute men.
[Nuno Life](https://nuno-runo.blogspot.com/) blog. Bunka doll, felt goods.
[Sewing](https://sew-ing.com/make/) gloves, caps, bags, baby goods.
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Copyright © Runo.
All dolls and stuffed toys made by Runo, a doll artist.
You may not use my contents nor pictures on your site.
| https://dolls.nunodoll.com/ |
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1">
<meta name="generator" content="Adobe GoLive 4">
<title>Trapped in a Lyric They Never Wrote!</title>
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<body bgcolor="#66ffcc">
<img height="39" width="100%" src="nuffsaidbanner.gif">
<div align="left">
<p><img src="trapped.gif" width="499" height="111" naturalsizeflag="0" align="BOTTOM"> <font color="red" size="6"><i><b>or</b></i></font><img src="crisis.gif" width="300" height="246" align="RIGHT" naturalsizeflag="3"></p>
</div>
<div align="right">
<p><font color="#330099" size="4"><tt><b>by Ken Gale</b></tt></font></p>
</div>
<p><font size="2" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Here's my list of hundreds of songs that mention comic book and strip characters. This list <i>doesn't</i> include all the versions of the <i>Batman</i> TV show theme from the 60s (except for The Jam and The Who versions), the soundtrack to <i>Superman</i> or any of the other comic-inspired Broadway plays nor the various Power records of comic book dramatizations. The lyrics <i>though</i> for the Broadway musical <i>It's a Bird, It's a Plane, It's a Superman!</i> <b>have</b> just been located and should be up <i>one</i> day!</font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">There are a lot of comic characters with names like Rainbow, Storm, Beast, Lightning, etc., and those songs are not listed unless they're specifically about the character, so don't go looking for "Somewhere Over the Rainbow," "Riders on the Storm," "Beast of Burden" or "Lightning Strikes." Many mentions are not specifically about a comic character, but I include them because I don't think a generic Superman would be put into too many songs if </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><img src="mkyjam.gif" width="147" height="167" align="LEFT" naturalsizeflag="0"></font><font size="2" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">there wasn't a specific Superman that became popular. Tarzan was listed in the first draft, but I took him out because he was originally a prose character, not a comic character. Some songs, like Black Sabbath's "Iron Man," are on the list because so many people think of the comic character and suggested the song for the list. Included are animated characters that have had a substantial run in either newspaper comics or comic books, whether or not they first appeared on film or television.</font></p>
<p><font color="#ff0099" size="2" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">(Updated December 2007) Special thanks go to Eugene A, Fabio Balaguer, Chris Brown, Kasey Castleberry, Chris Companik, Des Devlin, Stephen Engelfried, Todd Enoch, Mike Forrester, Steve Freitag, Marc Glasser, Erich Heinemann, Patti Hemeleski, John Jayne, Mark Ameen Johnson, James Kelly, Pat Kelly, Mike Kuypers, Jules Langley, Arthur Lewandowski, Danny Lieberman, Tommy C. Lim, Jr., Ed Menje, James Mobius, Steve Molinari, Chip Nanco, Cole Odell, Paula O'Keefe, Toby James Petty, Frank Plowright, Vince Ripol, Rob Rudderham, Rob Rundle, James Spielberg, Howard Stangroom, Mercy Van Vlack, Steve Whitaker, Susan Winson and Hillel M. Zelman for help with the research. </font></p>
<p><font size="2" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">The "rockin' chimp" is of course a tribute to the proliferation of simians in the DC Universe of the 60s. He himself was probably a member of the Teen Titans at some point. Any additions or corrections would be greatly welcomed and appreciated (especially if the lyric is missing)! Just drop<a href="http://www.billboard.com/chartbeat/chat.asp"><img height="69" width="141" src="billboardcom.gif" border="0" align="left"></a> Chris Companik (this page's designer) an <a href="mailto:[email protected]">e-mail</a>. </font></p>
<p></p>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><a href="http://www.billboard.com/chartbeat/chat.asp"><font size="2"><img height="45" width="340" src="fred.gif" border="0"></font></a></font><font size="2" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">A great number of folks ... who <b>know</b> their lyrics ... quickly jumped onto the bandwagon and their personal collections, thanks to Fred Bronson's CHART BEAT column on BILLBOARD Magazine's online site. Normally a plug here wouldn't go in, but Fred made a cool reference to "Metropolis Mailbag" so he's earned his place right here.</font></p>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>Either scroll on down, or click on any of the letters to jump-skip to your favorite character!</b></font></p>
<center>
<p><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#ADDAMS"><img height="43" width="44" src="a.gif" border="0"></a><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#BABY"><img height="43" width="44" src="b.gif" border="0"></a><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#CAPTAIN"><img height="44" width="44" src="c.gif" border="0"></a><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#DAISY"><img height="43" width="45" src="d.gif" border="0"></a><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#EGO"><img height="43" width="45" src="e.gif" border="0"></a><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#FABULOUS"><img height="43" width="45" src="f.gif" border="0"></a><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#GHOST"><img height="43" width="45" src="g.gif" border="0"></a><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#HAGAR"><img height="43" width="45" src="h.gif" border="0"></a><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#ICEMAN"><img height="44" width="45" src="i.gif" border="0"></a><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#JETSONS"><img height="43" width="44" src="j.gif" border="0"></a><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#KRAVEN"><img height="43" width="45" src="k.gif" border="0"></a><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#LISA"><img height="43" width="45" src="l.gif" border="0"></a><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#MAGNETO"><img height="43" width="45" src="m.gif" border="0"></a><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#NAMOR"><img height="43" width="45" src="n.gif" border="0"></a><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#OLIVE"><img height="44" width="44" src="o.gif" border="0"></a><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#PENGUIN"><img height="44" width="45" src="p.gif" border="0"></a><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#RICHIE"><img height="44" width="44" src="r.gif" border="0"></a><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#SABRETOOTH"><img height="44" width="45" src="s.gif" border="0"></a><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#TEENAGE"><img height="44" width="45" src="t.gif" border="0"></a><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#UFO"><img height="44" width="44" src="u.gif" border="0"></a><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#VENDETTA"><img height="44" width="44" src="v.gif" border="0"></a><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#WATCHMEN"><img height="43" width="45" src="w.gif" border="0"></a><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#X-MEN"><img height="44" width="44" src="x.gif" border="0"></a><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#YOGI"><img height="44" width="44" src="y.gif" border="0"></a><a href="http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#ZATANNA"><img height="44" width="44" src="z.gif" border="0"></a></p>
</center>
<p><font size="2" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Characters are listed alphabetically, songs listed alphabetically then by artist (and you can argue the alphabetizing all you want, "Lois Lane" is alphabetized under "Lois" and not "Lane.") Album title in italics, then the lyric, all when available.</font></p>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>ADDAMS FAMILY</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The Addams Family" from the TV series <i>The Addams Family </i></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"We're going to take a call on the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Addams Family</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Addams Groove" from Hammer (formerly M.C. Hammer) from the movie soundtrack <i>The Addams Family</i></font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">The current reggae-pop version from the 1998-99 Fox Family Channel revival
</font> </ul>
<p><img src="alleyoop.gif" alt="" height="120" width="150" align="bottom" border="0"><b><font face="Comic Sans MS">ALLEY OOP</font></b></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Alley Oop" by the Hollywood Argyles
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Prologue (Little Shop of Horrors)" from <i>Little Shop of Horrors</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Alley Oop</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, haul it off the stoop."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>ANGEL (Also see X-Men)</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Comic Book Heroes" by the Tearjerkers' <i>Through the Back Door</i> . </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Cyclops, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Angel</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, and Dr. Strange, I wanna be like them."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b><img height="163" width="133" src="animaniacs.gif" align="left" hspace="11" vspace="5">ANIMANIACS </b></font><b> </b><font color="#330099" size="2"><i>llustration by Chip Nanco</i></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Animaniacs" theme song from <i>Animaniacs</i>. </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"We're </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Animaniacs</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, we have pay-for-play contracts."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>ARCHIE</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Comic Books" from Blondie's <i>Def, Dumb & Blonde</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superman, Batman and the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Archie</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> gang"</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>AQUAMAN</b></font><b> </b><font color="#330099" size="2"><i>llustration from the DC website<img src="aquaman.jpg" width="182" height="229" align="RIGHT" naturalsizeflag="3" hspace="10"></i></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"One Week" from Barenaked Ladies' <i>Stunt</i> </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Makes you think you're looking at </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Aquaman</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I am </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Aquaman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and nobody better mess with me/ I may be nothing to you but I am a king beneath the sea/ Let's see you get by under water as well as I do on the ground/ I am </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Aquaman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and you better not mess around"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The Ballad of Aquaman" by the Social Bedders. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superman can fly up in the sky and Batman has a genius brain, Wonder Woman, the amazon, has got a invisible magic plane. The Flash runs quick as a comet, Green Lantern's got a glowing ring, they all bring great power, but what does </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Aquaman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> bring?"</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>ASTRO</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Hound Dog" from Rockapella's <i>Rockapella Two from NY</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You're like Snoopy, you're like Goofy, you're like </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Astro</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, you're like Pluto"</font>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><img src="astroboy.gif" width="50" height="77" align="LEFT" naturalsizeflag="3" hspace="20"><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>ASTROBOY</b></font> <font color="#330099" size="2"><i>llustration by Mercy Van Vlack</i></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Astroboy (and the Proles on Parade)" from The Buggles' <i>The Age of Plastic. </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Astroboy</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, I'm watching the proles on parade."</font>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b><img height="236" width="183" src="avengers.gif" align="left">AVENGERS, The </b></font><b> </b><font color="#330099" size="2"><i>llustration by Chip Nanco</i></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Comic Book Heroes" from The Tearjerkers <i>Through the Back Door</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"X-Men, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Avengers</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Fantastic Four, I wanna be like them."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>BABY HUEY</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Baby Huey" Harvey Comics single giveaway
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>BARBARELLA</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Theme to Barbarella" from Bob Crewe's soundtrack to <i>Barbarella</i> (sung by Crewe and the Glitterhouse, written by Crewe and Charles Fox
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Electric Barbarella" from Duran Duran (album possibly also called <i>Electric Barbarella</i>)
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Tower One" from the Legendary Pink Dots' <i>Tower</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"And </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Barbarella</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Shelly, Napoleon..."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Gangster Glam" from Prince's <i>Diamonds and Pearls</i></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Godfather III meets </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Barbarella</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>BARNEY GOOGLE</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Barney Google" in versions by both Ernest Hare & Billy Jones, and by Georgia Price. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"It's </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Barney Google</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, with the goo-goo-googly eyes."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>BARNEY RUBBLE (see The Flintstones)</b></font></p>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>BART SIMPSON</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Do the Bartman" by "Bart Simpson" (voiced by Nancy Cartwright)
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>BATMAN (also see Bruce Wayne)</b></font><b> </b><font color="#330099" size="2"><i>llustration by Neal Adams/Dick Giordano</i></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Balbinattor Edzy" from Acid Drinker's <i>Vile Vicious Drinkers</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">! Howya doin' brother, I can't stand smoking grass"</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Coast II Coast" by the Alkoholics from the <i>Friday</i> soundtrack.</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> Lyrics mention Batman (with samples from the 60s TV show)
</font> <li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Adam West" by the Cape Club (a parody of the Escape Club's "Wild Wild West"). </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I comb the <i>TV Guide</i> for </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> fests."</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Gotta ask the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, gotta ask Adam West!"</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Super-Gran" by Billy Connoly. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Stand back, Superman, Iceman and Spider-Man, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> & Robin, too."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Comic Books" from Blondie's <i>Def, Dumb & Blonde</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superman, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and the Archie gang"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><img src="batman.gif" width="300" height="146" align="LEFT" naturalsizeflag="3" hspace="20" vspace="20"></font><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Acid Batman" from Malachi Crunch's <i>I Hate the Itching. </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"And Otto Preminger, who had played Mr. Freeze on that night's episode of </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Flatland" from Drunken Boat's <i>See Ruby Falls</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Flatland. </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">. See now. Shut it down."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Blood on the Rooftops" from Genesis' <i>Wind and Wuthering</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Hypnotized by </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">... still surprised."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Batman and His Grandmother" by Dickie Goodman. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"While Gotham City sleeps, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">'s grandmother is being kidnapped by the arch cirminal known as..." </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Commissioner Gordon, Robin and the Batmobile are also mentioned.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Ain't Go No" from <i>Hair</i></font><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> "LSD, 007s, Supermans, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">s..."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Tarmac" from Hazeldine's <i>How Bees Fly <font color="blue">"</font></i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Hold me close and kiss me now and fuck me like </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><i>Batman" </i>by Neal Hefti (TV theme song). Released also by the Marketts. Also covered on The Who's <i>Rareties Vol. 1</i></font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><i>"Batman</i> Theme" from the Jam's <i>In the City</i></font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><i>Jan and Dean Meet Batman </i>by Jan and Dean
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superman" from Mickey Jupp's <i>Some People Can't Dance </i>Batman is also mentioned in the lyrics.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Flossin' Season" from Immature's <i>400 Degreez </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The bike I got come out in the year two thousand ten eleven fifty zoop with the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> fin"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Four Eyes" from Lovin' Spoonful's <i>Greatest Hits</i>. "You're so blind they call you </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Here Comes the Batman" by Scotty McKay. </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">! Look in the sky! </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">! It's the Bat-Signal light! It's </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">!"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">'s got an attitude everybody takes him seriously"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Talking Pop Art" from Tom Paxton's <i>Outward Bound </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"So here I stand in a Superman suit... if I'd have a chance I'd rather be </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Ramblin' On" from Procol Harum's <i>Shine On Brightly "</i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">A local picture house was showing a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> movie"</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Batdance" from Prince's <i>Batman</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I like </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The Future" from Prince's <i>Batman</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"What are you? I'm </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">!"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Good Bat Nightman" from the Scaffold. Satire of the <i>Batman</i> TV show.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Sarah Jockman" from Allen Sherman. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I'd rather be with </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The Ballad of Aquaman" by the Social Bedders. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superman can fly up in the sky and </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> has a genius brain, Wonder Woman, the amazon, has got a invisible magic plane. The Flash runs quick as a comet, Green Lantern's got a glowing ring, they all bring great power, but what does Aquaman bring?"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Batman and Robin" by the Spotlights
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Danger is My Business" from Stetz' <i>Bark! Bark! Bark!</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I'll tell the Joker who </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> is."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Last Time" from Suicide's <i>Why Be Blue</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">'s coming for the last time."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Galaxy" by War. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superman, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, going all night, go one on one with a meteorite."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Do the Batman" by Fred Wesley and the JBs
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Ex-Lion Tamer" from Wire's <i>Wire</i></font><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> Batman is mentioned as the Caped Crusader in the lyrics.</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I Am Your Batman" from a Chinese group, sung half in Chinese and half in English. Artist unknown.</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>BATMOBILE, The</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Kids WB" from the Barenaked Ladies' WB promo (their own parody of "One Week.") </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batmobile</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> needs new wheels, watch it peels on its wheels and wash the window, and we check the ejection seat."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Adam West" by the Cape Cub (a parody of the Escape Club's "Wild Wild West"). </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I always cheer, I always squeal, when he cries out, 'To the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batmobile</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">!'"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Batman and His Grandmother" by Dickie Goodman. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"While Gotham City sleeps, Batman's grandmother is being kidnapped by the arch cirminal known as..." </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Commissioner Gordon, Robin and the Batmobile are also mentioned.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Batman's got the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batmobile</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Bango" from Todd Terry Project's <i>To the Batmobile</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Let's go to the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batmobile</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, let's go bango bango."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I'm a Rocker" from Bruce Sprinsgteen's <i>The River</i></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I got a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batmobile</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> so I can reach ya' in a fast shake."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"She Drives Like Crazy" from "Weird" Al Yankovic's <i>UHF</i></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Thinks she's driving the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Batmobile</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>BAT-SIGNAL, The</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Batman" by Scotty McKay </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"It's the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Bat-signal</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> light! It's Batman!"</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>BLACK CANARY</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Green Arrow’s got his </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Black Canary</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
</ul>
<p><img src="boop.gif" width="40" height="69" naturalsizeflag="0" align="LEFT" hspace="15" vspace="15"><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>BETTY BOOP</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"My Fist, Your Face" from Aersomith's <i>Done with Mirrors</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Betty Boop</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, you got me drooling."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Give a Little" from L.A. Guns' <i>Cocked and Loaded</i></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Betty Boop</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> what u doing to me."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Drop Dead Legs" from Van Halen's <i>1984</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Nice white teeth, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Betty Boop</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><img src="brainiac.gif" alt="" height="158" width="120" border="0" hspace="20"><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>BRAINIAC </b></font><font color="#330099" size="2"><i>llustration byCurt Swan/Murphy Anderson</i></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The Intro and the Outro" from the Bonzo Dog Doo Dah Band's <i>Gorilla</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"And </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Brainiac</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> on xylophone"</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Brainiac's Daughter" from the Dukes of Stratosphear's <i>Psionic Psunspots</i>. Brainiac mentioned throughout the song, as well as the bottled city of Kandor</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok.</font><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I know that I'm no </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Brainiac</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> but I'm no fool"</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Spinderella is Not a Fella" from Salt N Pepa's <i>A Salt with a Deadly Pepa</i> "</font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Mixes like a maniac, clever as a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Brainiac</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Brainiac" from the Patti Smith Group.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Debra Kadabra" from Frank Zappa's <i>Bongo Fury</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Make me grow </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Brainiac</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> fingers."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Soul-Crusher" from White Zombie's <i>La Sexorcisto</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Devil come a stepp'n, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Brainiac</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> a look'n below."</font>
</ul>
<p><img src="brendastarr.gif" alt="" height="146" width="180" align="left" border="0" hspace="10" vspace="10"><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>BRENDA STARR</b></font><b> </b><font color="#330099" size="2"><i>llustration by June Brigman</i></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Rip Her to Shreds" from Blondie's <i>Blondie</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"She thinks she's </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Brenda Starr</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>BRUCE WAYNE </b>(also see Batman)</font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Even millionaire </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Bruce Wayne</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> has that thing on the side with his ward Dick Grayson"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Can U Dig It?" from Pop Will Eat Itself's <i>This is the Day... This is the Hour... This is This </i>Mentions the Furry Freak Brothers, Marvel Comics, DC Comics, Alan Moore, Bruce Wayne and V for Vendetta
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Batdance" from Prince's <i>Batman</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Hi, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Bruce Wayne</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, I've tried to avoid all this, but I can't."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>BORIS BADANOV </b>(see Rocky and Bullwinkle)</font></p>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>BULLWINKLE </b>(also see Rocky and Bullwinkle)</font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The Revolution Will Not Be Televised" from Gil Scott Heron's <i>The Revolution Will Not Be Televised</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"And will not star Natalie Wood and Steve McQueen or </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Bullwinkle</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and Julia"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><i>Rocky Horror Picture Show Audience Participation Album</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Bullwinkle</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">!"</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> is shouted after Frank shouts "Rocky!"
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><img src="captain.gif" width="125" height="148" align="LEFT" naturalsizeflag="2" hspace="5" vspace="5"><b>CAPTAIN AMERICA</b></font><b> </b><font color="#330099" size="2"><i>illustration by Mercy Van Vlack</i></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Captain America" from Jimmy Buffett. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Can you tell me where I might find my friend and companion, he looks a little different from anything you see, He likes to be the base strong for justice and salvation....</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Captain America</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, we love you...."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Paradise City" from Guns N' Roses' <i>Appetite for Destruction</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Captain America</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> is torn apart."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Happy Time" from Daniel Johnston's <i>Fin</i></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"My favorite was </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Captain America</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Catch Me Now I'm Falling" from the Kinks' <i>Low Budget</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"This is </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Captain America</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> calling."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Captain America" by Moe
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Captain America" from the mid60s *badly* animated series. While Thor, Hulk, and the other Marvel characters all had their distinctively trite theme songs, who can forget </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"When </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Captain America</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> throws his mighty shield/ All those who chose to oppose his shield must yield/ If he's led to a fight and a duel is due/ Then the red and the white and the blue will come through/ When </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Captain America</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> throws his mighty shield!"</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>CAPTAIN HURRICANE</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"War Stories" from Starjets' <i>God Bless the Starjets</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"War stories, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Captain Hurricane</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>CAPTAIN MARVEL</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Bungalo Bill" from The Beatles' <i>The Beatles </i>(commonly known as "The White Album") </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"So </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Captain Marvel</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> zapped them right between the eyes."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Super Powers" by Ookla the Mok. Captain Marvel is not mentioned by name, but this lyric would likely be "sung" by him: </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I got the wisdom of Solomon and the strenght from Hercules, I have memorized what SHAZAM was But I still fight evil in my red pajamas.""</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>CAROL FERRIS</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Green Lantern" by J-Sin Starr </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Carol Ferris</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, where are you now, trapped inside your Sapphire tower". </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">(Carol Ferris was from time to time the Green Lantern foe Star Sapphire.)
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b><img src="casper.gif" width="50" height="88" align="LEFT" naturalsizeflag="3" hspace="10">CASPER the Friendly Ghost</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Square Biz" from Teena Marie's <i>It Must Be Magic</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I've been called </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Casper</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Casper, Casper (Whatcha Doin' on the Moon)". Harvey Comics single giveaway
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font></p>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>CATWOMAN</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Adam West" by the Cape Cub (a parody of the Escape Club's "Wild Wild West"). </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I'll find </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Catwoman</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, we'll get down."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>CHARLIE BROWN</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Not the Red Baron" from Tori Amos' <i>Boys for Pele</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Not the Red Baron, Not </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Charlie Brown</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Same Thing" from Barenaked Ladies' <i>Born on a Pirate Ship. </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Musta been the same thing </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Charlie Brown</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> went through."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Hello" from Beloved's <i>Happiness</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Charlie Parker, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Charlie Brown</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Leslie Crowder, come on down."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Good Grief, Charlie Brown" from Carter the Unstoppable Sex Machine's <i>101 Dalmations</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Like the good old </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Charlie Brown</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"My Rhyme Ain't Done" from L. L. Cool J.'s <i>Bigger and Deffer</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Goes to comic strip land and meets He-Man, Donald Duck, Spider-Man, The Hulk, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Charlie Brown</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Snoopy, Tom & Jerry and Mickey Mouse."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown" from the Broadway musical <i>You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown</i></font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>CHEECH WIZARD</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Sure Shot" from the Beastie Boys'<i> Ill Communication</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"On rock the microphone, and then I'm gone, I'm Like Vaughn Bode, I'm a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Cheech Wizard</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Never quitting, so won't you listen."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>CHEMICAL KING</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Spine of God" from Monster Magnet. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Peace is what you get from the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Chemical King</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>CLARK KENT</b> (also see SUPERMAN)<img height="162" width="150" src="clarkkent.gif" align="right" hspace="5" vspace="5"></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"What's Next to the Moon?" by AC/DC's <i>Powerage</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superman was out of town... </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Clark Kent</b> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">was looking for a free ride."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The Superman Song" from the Crash Test Dummies' first album. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"But </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Clark Kent</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, there was a real gent."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"We Wanna Party" from Dana Dare's <i>We Wanna Party</i></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"And my man </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Clark Kent</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> on the DJ set"</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Fire Escape" from Fastball's <i>All the Pain That Money Can Buy</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I don't wanna be president, Superman or </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Clark Kent</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Here on Planet Krypton" from Norton & Rich. Clark and Lois are mentioned often, a later version by Kim Norton later included Superman.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Clark Kent</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> wouldn’t be the same if he didn’t have his Lois Lane"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Mary Mary" from Run-DMC's <i>Tougher than Leather</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Dee was Lois Lane and I was </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Clark Kent</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Lois Lane" from Uncle Bonsai's <i>Boys Want Sex in the Morning</i> The song is about Superman, Lois Lane and Clark Kent.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">The band Klark Kent (Andy Summers' side project)
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>COMIC BOOK HEROES</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">a "concept" album by The Capes & Masks
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><i>Comic Book Heroes</i> from Rick Springfield. No one we seem knows much about this album, but VH1's <i>Behind the Music</i> claims it was Rick's first US album in 1974. A snippet of the song played had the line </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I wanna fly like a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>comic book hero</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> The guess is "Comic Book Heroes" is also the name of the song.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Comic Book Heroes" from The Tearjerkers <i>Through the Back Door</i> mentions X-Men, Avengers, Fantastic Four, Dr. Von Doom and Magneto.
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>COMIC BOOKS themselves</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Budda Budda" from Rick Rock's <i>Mondo Montage</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The enemy planes in </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>comic books</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> go budda budda"</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>COMMISSIONER GORDON</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Adam West" by the Cape Cub (a parody of the Escape Club's "Wild Wild West"). </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Commissioner</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">'s on the Bat-Phone, talking to the duo."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Batman and His Grandmother" by Dickie Goodman. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"While Gotham City sleeps, Batman's grandmother is being kidnapped by the arch cirminal known as..." </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Commissioner Gordon, Robin and the Batmobile are also mentioned.
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><img src="cosmicboy.gif" width="100" height="86" align="right" naturalsizeflag="3" hspace="5" vspace="5"><b>COSMIC BOY</b></font><b> </b><font color="#330099" size="2"><i>llustration by Mercy Van Vlack</i></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Cosmic Boy" from Spock's <i>Alien Worlds</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">" </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Cosmic Boy, Cosmic Boy</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, looking for action, looking for joy."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>CRIMSON DYNAMO</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Magneto and Titanium Man" from Wings' <i>Venus and Mars. </i></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"And the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Crimson Dynamo</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> came along."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>CYCLOPS (Also see X-Men)</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"X-Men: A Little Prayer" by Modern Humorist. </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Professor X, Sabretooth, Senator Kelly and Cyclops are mentioned throughtout the song "sung" by Wolverine
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Comic Book Heroes" by the Tearjerkers' <i>Through the Back Door</i> . </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Cyclops</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Angel, and Dr. Strange, I wanna be like them."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>DAISY DUCK</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"A Jolly Holiday with Rudy" from the original cast album <i>Forbidden Broadwat Cleans Up Its Act.</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"A </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Daisy Duck</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> displaces ev'ry whore."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>DAN DARE</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"D.J." from David Bowie's <i>Lodger</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I feel like </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Dan Dare</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> lies down."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Dan Dare: Pilot of the Future" from Elton John's <i>Rock of the Westies</i></font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>DAREDEVIL</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Not mentioned in a song, but the band As the Teardrop Explodes got its name from the title of a 60s Daredevil story.
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>DIANA PRINCE (Also see Wonder Woman)</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Diana</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">'s got her invisible jet"</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>DICK GRAYSON (Also see Robin)</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Even millionaire Bruce Wayne has that thing on the side with his ward </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Dick Grayson</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>DICK TRACY</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Now I'm Following You" by Madonna fromthe <i>Dick Tracy</i> soundtrack </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Calling </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Dick Tracy</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, calling </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Dick Tracy</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Theme to <i>Dick Tracy</i> from the Ventures"Pros Cons" from Roger Waters' Pros Cons </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Do you remember </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Dick Tracy</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">?"</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>DOCTOR OCTOPUS</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Comic Book Heroes" from The Tearjerkers <i>Through the Back Door</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Doc Ock</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Von Doom, and Magneto, don't wanna be like them."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>DOCTOR STRANGE</b></font><b> </b><font color="#330099" size="2"><i>llustration by Chris Companik</i></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><img height="359" width="300" src="drstrange.jpg" align="left" vspace="10">"Dr. Strange" by the Afterburn. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Dr. Strange</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, what is happening to me? It was just one day ago, she put me under her control"</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Dr. Strange" by Burning Rain. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Doctor Strange</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, coming through his dark hallway."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superbird" from Country Joe and the Fish's <i>Electric Music for Mind and Body </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I've got the Fantastic Four and </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Doctor Strange</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> to help him on his way."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Time for a Change" from Peter Hamill's <i>PH7</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"So tell </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Doctor Strange</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> it's time for a change."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Please Don't Kill Doctor Strange" from the Pineapples</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Cymbaline" from Pink Floyd's <i>More</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Doctor Strange</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> is always changing size."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Master of the Mystic Arts" from 3-D Invisibles' <i>Jump off the Screen</i></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> The whole song is about him.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Mambo Sun" from T. Rex's <i>Electric Warrior</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I'm </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Dr. Strange</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> for you."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Comic Book Heroes" by the Tearjerkers' <i>Through the Back Door</i> . </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Cyclops, Angel, and </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Dr. Strange</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, I wanna be like them."</font>
</ul>
<p><font color="black" face="Comic Sans MS"><b>DOCTOR DOOM</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font color="black">"</font><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Def.Con.One" from Pop Will Eat Itself's <i>This Is the Day</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Goodbye city, hello moon, Hands up, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Doctor Doom</b>!</font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Comic Book Heroes" from The Tearjerkers <i>Through the Back Door</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Doc Ock,</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b> Von Doom</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, and Magneto, don't wanna be like them."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Dear Dr. Doom..." by the 13th Floor Elevators.
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>DOCTOR FATE</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"My comic book's been cancelled more than </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Dr. Fate</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b><img src="donald.gif" width="75" height="104" align="LEFT" naturalsizeflag="3" hspace="5" vspace="5">DONALD DUCK</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Hooray for Hollywood" by Johnny "Scat" Davis from <i>Hollywood Hotel</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Come on and try your luck, you could be </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Donald Duck</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Donald Duck" from the Kinks' <i>The Village Green Preservation Society</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"God save </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Donald Duck</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Vaudeville, and Variety."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"My Rhyme Ain't Done" from L. L. Cool J.'s <i>Bigger and Deffer</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Goes to comic strip land and meets He-Man, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Donald Duck</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Spider-Man, The Hulk, Charlie Brown, Snoopy, Tom & Jerry and Mickey Mouse."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You Can't Dance" from LL Cool J's <i>You Can't Dance</i></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You look like Ralph Kramden or a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Donald Duck</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> cartoon."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Who's the Leader of the Band?" by the Mousketeers. Donald is sung as the "retort."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Barbapappa & Ankan Kalle" from Raped Teenagers' <i>Kalas Puffar</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Barbarapappa and </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Donald Duck</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> have imaginations in each otheir heads."</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> (translated from Swedish)
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Piggy in the Middle" from the Rutles' <i>The Rutles</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Donald Duck </b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">and Mickey Mouse, even Pluto, too"</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The Tide Is Turning" from Roger Waters' <i>Radio Kaos</i></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"In the glow of their </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Donald Duck</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> light."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>DURAN DURAN</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">The band got its name from a scientist in the <i>Barbarella</i> comic strip
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>EGO, THE LIVING PLANET</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Ego, the Living Planet" from Monster Magnet's <i>Dopes to Infinity</i></font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>ELMIRA (character from Animaniacs)</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Kids WB" from the Barenaked Ladies' WB promo (their own parody of "One Week." </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"We're gettin' squeezed by </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Elmira</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, she'll wash and dry ya, until your mouth is really squeaky clean."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>FABULOUS FURRY FREAK BROTHERS</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Can U Dig It?" from Pop Will Eat Itself's <i>This is the Day... This is the Hour... This is This </i>Mentions the Furry Freak Brothers, Marvel Comics, DC Comics, Alan Moore, Bruce Wayne and V for Vendetta
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>FANTASTIC FOUR</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Same Thing" by Barenaked Ladies. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I'm in a comic store, someone has mistaken me a price comic I could make a fortune on, and walks the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Fantastic Four</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, say don't go, that last issue is cool"</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superbird" from Country Joe and the Fish's <i>Electric Music for Mind and Body </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I've got the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Fantastic Four</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and Dr. Strange to help </font><font color="#041394" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">him</font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> on his </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">way</font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Comic Book Heroes" from The Tearjerkers <i>Through the Back Door</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"X-Men, Avengers, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Fantastic Four</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, I wanna be like them."</font>
</ul>
<p><img src="flash.jpg" alt="" height="231" width="197" border="0" hspace="20"><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>FLASH, The </b></font><font color="#330099" size="2"><i>llustration by Carmine Infantino</i></font></p>
<ul>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok.</font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> "And all the second-rate heroes get their own TV shows even the Pre-Crisis </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Flash</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Stop Talking about Comics or I'll Kill You" by Ookla the Mok. Comic related lyrics mention Hulk, Man of Steel, Steve Rogers, Logan, Kraven, Spider-Man, </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Flash</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Zero Hour, X-Men, Jack Kirby, <i>Overstreet Price Guide, Comic Buyer's Guide, Wizard</i> magazine and The Invisibles.
</font> <li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The Ballad of Aquaman" by the Social Bedders. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superman can fly up in the sky and Batman has a genius brain, Wonder Woman, the amazon, has got a invisible magic plane. </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>The Flash</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> runs quick as a comet, Green Lantern's got a glowing ring, they all bring great power, but what does Aquaman bring?"</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>FLASH GORDON</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Flash's Theme" from Queen's soundtrack to <i>Flash Gordon.<b> </b></i></font><font color="#041394" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Flash Gordon</b></font><font color="#041394" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, savior of the universe!"</font><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> (and of course the immortal line "Flash, Flash, I love you, but we only have 14 hours to save the universe!")</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Science Fiction Double Feature" from the soundtrack and cast albums of <i>The Rocky Horror (Picture) Show</i>. </font><font color="#041394" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Flash Gordon</b></font><font color="#041394" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">was there in silver underwear, Claude Rains was the Invisible Man."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>FLINTSTONES</b></font><b> </b><font color="#330099" size="2"><i>llustration by Chris Companik</i></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Meet the Flintstones" from the BC-52's (a.k.a. the B-52's). Remake of the TV theme song </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Meet the</font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Flintstones</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><img src="flintstones.gif" width="100" height="134" align="RIGHT" naturalsizeflag="3"></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">they're the modern stone age family."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Rock with the Caveman" by Big Audio Dynamite </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Wilma, I'm home!"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Bowling with Bedrock Barnie from the Dickies' <i>We Aren't the World, The Roir Sessions (Live) </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"So I'm bowling with Bedrock Barney, Barney/ He is the life of the party, Barney/ He like's to party hardy, that Barney."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I Wanna Be a Film Star" from Screaming Blue Messiahs' <i>Bikini Red</i> The whole song is about them.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I Wanna Be a Flintstone" from the Screaming Blue Messiahs. A parody of their own song above on <i>The Flintstones</i> soundtrack
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Prehistoric Daze" by Shakespear's Sister & the Holy Ghost </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Barney Rubble, Fred Flinstone, trading places."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Footprints" from Squeeze's <i>Babylon and On </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I watched </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><i><b>The Flintstones</b></i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and I turned my dial."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I Showed a Caveman How to Rock" from US3 featuring Def Jam</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I met this guy name Freddie, didn't wear no socks, he had a part time gig at the gravel pit slinging rocks."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Bedrock Anthem" from "Weird Al" Yankovic's <i>Jurassic Park</i></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> Song uses tune of both "Under the Bridge" and "Give It Away" and mentions entire cast
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>GHOST RIDER</b></font><b> </b><i>t<font color="#7f014b">he motorcycle-riding flaming headed super-hero</font></i></p>
<ul>
<li>"Ghost Rider" by the Rollins Band from the soundtrack of <i>The Crow </i><font color="blue">"Riding down the street with your head on FIRE ... </font><font color="red"><b>Ghost Rider</b></font><font color="blue">!"</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>GOOFY</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li>"Hound Dog" from Rockapella's <i>Rockapella Two from NY</i> <font color="blue">"You're like Snoopy, you're like </font><font color="red"><b>Goofy</b></font><font color="blue">, you're like Astro, you're like Pluto"</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>GOTHAM CITY</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Gotham City" by R. Kelly from the <i>Batman and Robin</i> soundtrack. </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular" color="blue">"A city of justice, a city of love, a city of peace for every one of us, we all need it, can't live without it, </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular" color="red"><b>Gotham City</b></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular" color="blue">, yeah".</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>GREEN ARROW</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok.</font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> "</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Green Arrow</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">'s sharp but I couldn't be any duller"<img height="343" width="250" src="greenlantern.gif" align="right"></font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>GREEN LANTERN </b></font><font color="#781180" size="2"><i>illustration by Gil Kane</i></font></p>
<div align="left">
<ul>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Green Lantern Remix" by Blue Harvest. "It fell a thousand years ago, Green Fire, so hot - A commie and a man and a superplan and his name was Alan Scott. Man without fear and that's for sure, he got his ring from Abin-Sur, he fought all the evil hordes, he's the real one, Hal Jordan" Song also mentions Guy Gardner, John Stewart and Kyle Rayner</font>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Sunshine Superman" from Donovan's <i>Sunshine Superman</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superman and </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Green Lantern</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> ain't got nothing on me."</font>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Green Lantern" by Evenrude. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Green Lantern</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, super-light, please don't hurt me... "</font>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Green Lantern" by J-Sin Starr </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"All my power comes from my will, trapped inside this emerald ring. With it I could rule the world, but instead I've become superhero. In the brightest day, in the darkest night, no evil shall escape my sight, let those who worship evil's might, beware my power, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Green Lantern</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">'s light!""</font>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Super Powers" from Ookla the Mok. The song does not mentioned Green Lantern by name but the lyrics include </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I got a alien who helped me acessorize."</font>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The Ballad of Aquaman" by the Social Bedders. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superman can fly up in the sky and Batman has a genius brain, Wonder Woman, the amazon, has got a invisible magic plane. The Flash runs quick as a comet, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Green Lantern</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">'s got a glowing ring, they all bring great power, but what does Aquaman bring?</font><font color="blue">"</font></ul>
</ul>
</div>
<ul>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>HAGAR THE HORRIBLE and HELGA</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I Ain't Workin' Anymore" from David Johansen's <i>Sweet Revenge</i>. "</font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">We could live like </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Hagar and Helga</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>HALO JONES</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Malaria" from Shriekback's <i>Oil and Gold</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I wanna live like </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Halo Jones</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Hanging Out with Halo Jones" from Transvision Vamp's <i>Pop Art</i></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> The whole song is about the character.
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>HE-MAN</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"My Rhyme Ain't Done" from L. L. Cool J.'s <i>Bigger and Deffer</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Goes to comic strip land and meets </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>He-Man</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Donald Duck, Spider-Man, The Hulk, Charlie Brown, Snoopy, Tom & Jerry and Mickey Mouse."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>HUCKLEBERRY HOUND</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Easy Rider" from the first album by Big Brother and the Holding Company </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"He watches </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Huckleberry Hound</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> on his TV."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The Nameless One" from Wendy James' <i>Now Ain't the Time for Your Tears</i></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Huckleberry Hound</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and Huckleberry Finn"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Hound Dog" from Rockapella's <i>Rockapella Two from NY</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You're like Lassie, Checkers and </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Huckleberry Hound</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Charlie M" from Space's <i>Spiders</i></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Over the hill comes </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Huckleberry Hound</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
</ul>
<p><img src="hulk.gif" alt="" height="224" width="99" align="left" border="0"><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>THE HULK</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"My Name Is" from Enimen's <i>Slim Shady</i>. </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Clothes red like the Incredible</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b> Hulk</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"My Rhyme Ain't Done" from L. L. Cool J.'s <i>Bigger and Deffer</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Goes to comic strip land and meets He-Man, Donald Duck, Spider-Man, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>The Hulk</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Charlie Brown, Snoopy, Tom & Jerry and Mickey Mouse."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Stop Talking about Comics or I'll Kill You" by Ookla the Mok. Comic related lyrics mention Hulk, Man of Steel, Steve Rogers, Logan, Kraven, Spider-Man, Flash, Zero Hour, X-Men, Jack Kirby, <i>Overstreet Price Guide, Comic Buyer's Guide, Wizard</i> magazine and The Invisibles.
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>THE HUMAN TORCH</b></font><b> </b></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"If You Love Somebody, Set Them on Fire" from the Dead Milkmen's <i>Metaphysical Graffiti</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Your dad called me the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Human Torch</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Earl of Roseland" from Styx' <i>Styx II</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Spider-Man and the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Human Torch</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, they cover bodies to stand."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>HOT STUFF</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Hot Stuff" Harvey Comics single giveaway
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>HOWARD THE DUCK</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Thomas Dolby and the Cube's soundtrack to </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><i><b>Howard the Duck</b></i></font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Precious" from the Pretenders' <i>The Pretenders</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Howard the Duck</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">... trapped in a world he never made."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>ICEMAN</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Super-Gran" by Billy Connoly. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Stand back, Superman, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Iceman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and Spider-Man, Batman & Robin, too."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The Iceman Comes" fom Gary Numan's <i>Warriors</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Iceman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> comes, someone is out there."</font><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> (probably not about the X-Men's Iceman, but with Numan, who knows?)</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>INVISIBLES, The</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Stop Talking about Comics or I'll Kill You" by Ookla the Mok. Comic related lyrics mention Hulk, Man of Steel, Steve Rogers, Logan, Kraven, Spider-Man, Flash, Zero Hour, X-Men, Jack Kirby, <i>Overstreet Price Guide, Comic Buyer's Guide, Wizard</i> magazine and </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">The Invisibles</font>.
</ul>
<p><img src="ironman.gif" alt="" height="185" width="100" border="0"><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>IRON MAN</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Iron Man" from Black Sabbath's <i>Paranoid</i>. Not about the character, but everyone reminds me of this one. Song was recetnly covered by Busta Rhymes on <i>Extinction Level Event - The Final World Front</i></font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Over the Top" from Pete Townshend's <i>Iron Man</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I've no idea where my life began but I am a fearless </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Iron Man</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> (since the lyrics capitalize the name, it's included)
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Who's the One" from Winger's <i>Pull</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"When the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Iron Man</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> begins to rust."</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> (same explanation as above)
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>JETSONS, GEORGE and JANE</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"X, Y, and Z" from Pop Will Eat Itself's <i>Cure for Insanity. "</i></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You be </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Jane</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, I'm </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>George Jetson</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>JIMMY OLSEN </b></font><font color="#330099" size="2"><i>Technically, Jimmy first appeared on the Superman radio serial, not in the comic books</i></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Jimmy Olsen's Blues" from the Spin Doctors' <i>A Pocketful of Kryptonite</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Oh Lois Lane, please put me in your plan, no, you don't need no Superman."</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> Oddly enough, Jimmy is only mentioned in the song title!
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>JOHNNY THUNDER</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Johnny Thunder" from The Kinks' <i>Village Green Preservation Society</i></font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>JOKER, The</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Adam West" by the Cape Cub (a parody of the Escape Club's "Wild Wild West"). "</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Joker</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> has escaped again, babe, just got to learn."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><i>Jan and Dean Meet Batman </i>by Jan and Dean. The Joker is mentioned throughout this album.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Vicki Waiting" from Prince's <i>Batman</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"People, people, whatever floats this </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Joker</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">'s boat or whatever this </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Joker</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> will bang"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Good Bat Nightman" from the Scaffold. Satire of the <i>Batman</i> TV show. Mentions the Joker.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The Whole Wide World" from the Soup Dragons. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Do you know who the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Joker</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> is?"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Danger is My Business" from Stetz' <i>Bark! Bark! Bark!</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I'll tell the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Joker</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> who Batman is."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>JOSIE AND THE PUSSYCATS</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Josie and the Pussycats" originally sung by Cheryl Lynn Stoppelmoor (later changed her name to Cheryl Ladd) and then covered on <i>Saturday Morning Classics<b> </b></i>by Tanya Donnelly and Juliana Hatfield
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>JUDGE DREDD</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I am the Law" by Anthrax. (The whole song is about him.)
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Judge Dredd on a BSA" from Martin Degville's <i>World War Four</i></font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Mutants in Megacity One" from the Fink Brothers (single only)
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I Am the Law" from the Human League's <i>Dare</i> (The whole song is about him.)
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>JUSTICE LEAGUE OF AMERICA </b>(Also see individual members.)</font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"All the other members of the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Justice League</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">/ Say I have useless super powers and make fun of me"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Melt the Guns" from XTC's <i>English Settlement</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I'm speaking to the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Justice League of America</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>KRAVEN THE HUNTER</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Stop Talking about Comics or I'll Kill You" by Ookla the Mok. Comic related lyrics mention Hulk, Man of Steel, Steve Rogers, Logan, </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Kraven</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Spider-Man, Flash, Zero Hour, X-Men, Jack Kirby, <i>Overstreet Price Guide, Comic Buyer's Guide, Wizard</i> magazine and The Invisibles</font>. </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>KRYPTONITE</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li type="disc"><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superbird" from Country Joe and the Fish's <i>Electric Music for Mind and Body </i>"</font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Lyndon Johnson chased by </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Kryptonite</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Party Up (Up in Here)" by DMX </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I got the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Kryptonite</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, should I smack him with my dick and the mic?"</font>
<li type="disc"><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The Carpet Crawlers" from Genesis' <i>Lamb Lies Down on Broadway</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Mild-mannered Supermen are held in </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Kryptonite</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"This Must Be Wrong" by Janis Ian. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I ain't no Lois Lane, before I get my </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Kryptonite</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Spin Doctors' <i>A Pocketful of <font color="red"><b>Kryptonite</b></font></i></font>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I'm Your Superman" from Rick Springfield's <i>Comic Book Heroes</i> Kryptonite is mentioned in the lyrics.
</font> <li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Kryptonite" from 3 Doors Down's <i>3 Doors Down </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"My love is </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Kryptonite</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">... yeah, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Kryptonite</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">!"</font>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Ten Feet Tall and Bulletproof" by Travis Tritt </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I start to feel like Superman when I pick a fight, only to find that my opponent's holding </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Kryptonite</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">!"</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>LISA SIMPSON</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Lisa, It's Your Birthday" by Michael Jackson from <i>The Simpsons</i></font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>LINUS</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Good Grief, Charlie Brown" from Carter the Unstoppable Sex Machine's <i>101 Dalmations</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Like the good old Charlie Brown, you think </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Linus</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> could be right."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>LITTLE AUDREY</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Here Comes Little Audrey" Harvey Comics single giveaway
</font> </ul>
<p><img src="orphanannie.gif" alt="" height="159" width="169" border="0" hspace="15"><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>LITTLE ORPHAN ANNIE</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Little Orphan Annie" by the Coon-Sanders Orchestra (used on the original radio serial). </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Who's that little chatterbox / The one with pretty auburn locks / Who can it be? / It's </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Little Orphan Annie</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">!"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Annie's Favorite Show Tune: from the original cast album <i>Forbidden Briadway Original Cast</i></font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Annie II" from the original cast album <i>Forbidden Broadway Volume 2</i>, </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Maybe Mister Charmin will bring </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><i><b>Annie</b></i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> back again, tomorrow, tomorrow."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Annie's not an Orphan Anymore" from Rochell & the Candles' "Little Orphan Annie" (single) "
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Officer Krupke" from <i>West Side Story </i></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Leapin' Lizards, what a thing to do!"</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> (The phrase "Leapin' Lizards" was one of Annie's favorite exclamations.
</font> </ul>
<div align="left">
<p><img src="littlenemo.gif" width="193" height="222" align="baseline" naturalsizeflag="3"> <font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>LITTLE NEMO IN SLUMBERLAND </b></font><font color="#330099" size="2"><i>llustration by Windsor McKay</i></font></p>
</div>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Scenes from a Night's Dream" from Genesis' <i>Wind and Wuthering</i> (song about him)
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>LOIS LANE</b></font><img src="loislane.jpg" width="248" height="240" align="LEFT" naturalsizeflag="3" hspace="20" vspace="20"> <font color="#330099" size="2"><i>llustration byJoe Shuster</i></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"What's Next to the Moon" from AC/DC's <i>Powerage</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Think about </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Lois Lane</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Kids WB" from the Barenaked Ladies' WB promo (their own parody of "One Week.") </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Lois Lane</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">'s got the fly right, kickin', drive you off a cliff and your heart starts tickin'."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"This Must Be Wrong" by Janis Ian. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I ain't no </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Lois Lane</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, before I get my Kryptonite."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Hercules Unchained" from Steve Hackett's <i>Extra Tracks</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Guess we'd better move the scene to Superman and </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Lois Lane</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Donquixote" from Nik Kershaw's <i>The Riddle</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Here I am, Superman, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Lois Lane</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, saved the world, back again."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">The Dutch duo of Suzanne and Monique Klemann perform as </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Lois Lane</b></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, though their released CD in the US was credited to Lois-L</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Clark Kent wouldn’t be the same if he didn’t have his </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Lois Lane</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Deeply Dippy" from Right Said Fred's <i>Up</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Deeply dippy, I'm your Superman. I'll explain, you're my </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Lois Lane</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"My Mother's Clothes" from Romanovsky & Phillips' <i>Emotional Rollercoaster </i>(also appeared on their album <i>Brave Boys</i> and in the off-Broadway musical <i>Jayson) </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"We can be Miss </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Lois Lane</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">... oh Superman!!"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Mary Mary" from Run-DMC's <i>Tougher than Leather</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Dee was </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Lois Lane</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and I was Clark Kent."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Jimmy Olsen's Blues" from the Spin Doctors' <i>A Pocketful of Kryptonitte</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Oh </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Lois Lane</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, please put me in your plan, no, you don't need no Superman."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Delilah Delilah" from Stewart Tony's <i>Supersam</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Why a Superman would give his strength to win his </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Lois Lane</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">?</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Rapper's Delight" from the Sugarhill Gang's <i>Rapper's Delight</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Said I go by the name of </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Lois Lane</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Impressed" from Tonio K's <i>Romeo Unchained</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Ken and Barbie, Dick and Jane, Superman and </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Lois Lane</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Here on Planet Krypton" from Norton & Rich. Clark and Lois are mentioned often, a later version by Kim Norton later included Superman.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superman" from REM's <i>Life's Rich Pageant. </i>Lois is mentioned in the song.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I Can Be an American" from Screaming Blue Messiahs' <i>Bikini Red</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I can speak American just like Charlie Chan, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Lois Lane</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, and Superman."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Ladies" from Sparks' <i>Introducing Sparks</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Lois Lane</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> will be here soon."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Lois Lane" from Uncle Bonsai's <i>Boys Want Sex in the Morning</i> The song is about Superman, Lois Lane and Clark Kent.
</font> </ul>
<p><img height="245" width="345" src="love-n-rockets.gif" align="left" hspace="10"></p>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>LOVE AND ROCKETS </b></font><font color="#781180" size="2"><i>illustration by Jaime Hernandez</i></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Love and Rockets" by Penny Century
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">The band Love and Rockets
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>MAGNETO</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Wolverine Sings His Happy Song" by Baltimore McCree. The song is sung first person by Wolverine, and the lyrics also mention Professor X, Magneto, and Sabretooth.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Comic Book Heroes" from The Tearjerkers <i>Through the Back Door</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Doc Ock, Von Doom, and </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Magneto</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, don't wanna be like them."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Magneto and Titanium Man" from Wings' <i>Venus and Mars.</i></font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>MARMADUKE</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Hound Dog" from Rockapella's <i>Rockapella Two from NY </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I said you're like Scooby Doo and </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Marmaduke</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>MARVELMAN</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Catch Me Now I'm Falling" from the Kinks' <i>Live</i>. Intro includes </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"In the beginning, there was Superman, Spider-Man, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Marvelman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>MEN IN BLACK</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Men in Black" by Will Smith from the <i>Men in Black</i> soundtrack. (Did originally appear as a comic book)
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>MICKEY MOUSE</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Mother's Pride" from Beautiful South's <i>Choke</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mickey Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> meets Jack the Lad."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Mascot Mania" from Biafra Jello's <i>Prairie Home Invasion</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mickey Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> beans with tiger ears."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Mickey's Son and Daughter" by the Bonzo Dog Doo Dah Band
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Do You Wanna Hold Me" from Bow Wow Wow's <i>When the Going Gets Tough...</i> "</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mickey Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, he's as big as a house!"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Life on Mars?" from David Bowie's <i>Singles</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"That </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mickey Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> has grown up a cow."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><img src="mickey.gif" width="100" height="183" align="LEFT" naturalsizeflag="3" vspace="10">"Hurry Down Doomsday (The Bugs are Taking Over) from Elvis Costello's <i>Mighty Like a Rose</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Forget about </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mickey Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Marlboro and Coca Cola"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"<i>The Lion King</i> Segment" from the original cast album <i>Forbidden Broadway Cleans Up Its Act</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"And </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mickey Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> will eat you when you're dead."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Gagtime" from the original cast album <i>Forbidden Broadway Cleans Up Its Act</i> "</font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">You can't stop the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">-ification of Times Square."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Schoolgirls" from the Headboys' <i>The Headboys</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You take the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mickey</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Minnie Mouse"</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Your Turn" from Helloween's <i>Pink Bubbles Go Ape</i></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Until there is this day when </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mickey Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> must go away."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Mickey Mouse" by the Norwegian band Holy Toy</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"My Rhyme Ain't Done" from L. L. Cool J.'s <i>Bigger and Deffer</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Goes to comic strip land and meets He-Man, Donald Duck, Spider-Man, The Hulk, Charlie Brown, Snoopy, Tom & Jerry and </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mickey Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Who's the Leader of the Band?" from the Mousketeers. "</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>M-I-C-K-E-Y M-O-U-S-E</b></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You're the Top" written by Cole Porter, covered by many artists. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You're a Bendel bonnet, You're a Shakespeare sonnet, you're </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mickey Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Boll Weevil" from the Presidents of the United States' <i>Presidents of the United States</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I tried to coach him out with </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mickey Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> chocolate pies."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Dance On" from Prince's <i>Lovesexy</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"M&M killers playin' </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mickey Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> games."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Alex Chilton" from the Replacements' <i>Pleased to Meet Me</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Runnin' 'round the house, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mickey Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and the Tarot cards."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Over the Moon (The Lot)" from the original cast recording of <i>Rent </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Pushed over a cliff by a suicidal </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mickey Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Alex Chilton" from the Replacements' <i>Pleased to Meet Me</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Around the house, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mickey Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and Tarot cards"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Piggy in the Middle" from The Rutles' <i>The Rutles</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Donald Duck and </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mickey Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, even Pluto, too."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Different Story" by Peter Schilling </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Where oh Where Is </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mickey Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">?"</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> (may be either the single's or album's title)
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Mickey Mouse" from Sparks' <i>Angst in my Pants</i></font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The Day the Country Died" from the Subhumans' <i>The Day the Country Died</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mickey Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> is dead, got kicked in the head."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Disgracelands" from Therpay's <i>Nurse</i></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mickey Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> needs speed."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Nowhere" from Thirty Odd Foot of Grunts (Russell Crowe's band) </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Cross the bridges, cross the country, cross your heart and hope to live in a big white house with Cap'n Blood and </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mickey Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Madman" from Ugly Kid Joe's <i>America's Least Wanted</i></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I sure as hell ain't </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mickey Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><i>"</i>Life is Good in the Greenhouse" from XTC's <i>Go 2</i></font><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> "</font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Rather be a plant than be your </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mickey Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>MINNIE MOUSE</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Schoolgirls" from the Headboys' <i>The Headboys</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You take the Mickey, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Minnie Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Mickey Mouse" from Sparks' <i>Angst in my Pants </i>Minnie is also mentioned in the song
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Life Is a Minstrone" from 10cc's <i>The Original Soundtrack</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Minnie Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> has got it all sewn up."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Charlie M" from Space's <i>Spider</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Tryin' to cure his hang-up 'bout screwing </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Minnie Mouse</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>MISTER BURNS</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Happy Birthday, Mr. Burns" by the Ramones from <i>The Simpsons</i></font>
</ul>
<p><img src="miracle.gif" width="100" height="105" align="LEFT" naturalsizeflag="3"></p>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>MISTER MIRACLE</b></font><b> </b><font color="#781180" size="2"><i>illustration by Joe Phillips</i></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Trashed" from Black Sabbath's <i>Born Again </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mr. Miracle</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, you saved me some pain... </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mr. Miracle</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, I won't get trashed again."</font>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>MODESTY BLAISE</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Modesty Plays" from Sparks' <i>Music You Can Dance To</i>. The whole song is about her.
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>MODOK</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Baby Gotterdamerung" by Monster Magnet on their album <i>Power Trip.</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"What would </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>MODOK</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> do?"</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>MXYZPTLK</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Does Your Chewing Gum Lose Its Flavor on the Bedpost Overnight?" from the Star-Spangled Washboard Band's <i>A Collector's Item</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Mxyzptlk</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> spelled backwards is natures... back tothe 5th dimension."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>NAMOR/SUB-MARINER</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Raise the Roof" from Public Enemy's <i>Yo! Raise the Roof! </i>"Meet </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Namor</b></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Sea Lord Prince of the Deep"
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Song to Orphans" from Bruce Springsteen's <i>Songs to Orphans 1</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"He's gonna be a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Sub-Mariner</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>NEMESIS </b>(the British character)</font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Nemesis" from Shriekback's <i>Oil and Gold</i>.. </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Big black </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Nemesis</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, parthenogenesis, everybody happy 'till the sun comes down."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>OLIVE OYL</b> (see POPEYE)</font></p>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>PENGUIN, The</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Adam West" by the Cape Cub (a parody of the Escape Club's "Wild Wild West"). </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Penguin</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b> </b>and his 10 goons are plotting in a back room."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b><img height="333" width="231" src="pinkybrain.gif" align="left" hspace="30">PINKY AND THE BRAIN </b></font><b> </b></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Pinky and the Brain" from <i>Pinky and the Brain</i> (and originally <i>Animaniacs</i>) </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"They're </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Pinky and the Brain</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> (Brain, Brain... ")</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>PLASTIC MAN</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Chump" from Green Day's <i>Dookie</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Magic Man, Egocentric </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Plastic Man</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, yet you still got one over on me."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Plastic Man" by the Kinks
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Don't Ask Me" from Public Image Ltd.'s <i>Greatest Hits So Far</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You shouldn't ought'a listen to the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Plastic Man</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>PLUTO</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Piggy in the Middle" from the Rutles' <i>The Rutles</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Donald Duck and Mickey Mouse, even </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Pluto</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> too."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Hound Dog" from Rockapella's <i>Rockapella Two from NY</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You're like Snoopy, you're like Goofy, you're like Astro, you're like </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Pluto</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>POPEYE & OLIVE OYL</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Professor Booty" from the Beastie Boys' <i>Check Your Head</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"'Cause writin' rhymes to me is like </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Popeye</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> to spinach."<img height="117" width="100" src="popeye.gif" align="right" hspace="20" vspace="15"></font>
<div align="left">
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Popeye (The Hitchhiker)" by Chubby Checker. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Hitchhike Hitchhike </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Popeye</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> / Standing on the side of the street, uh huh / Hitchhike Hitchhike </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Popeye</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> / Clapping both his hand to the beat, oh yeah / </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Popeye</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> / Well now, clap your hands and thumb your thumbs / That’s how the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Popeye</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> dance is done, yeah."</font>
</div>
<div align="left">
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"¿Que Pasa, Que Pasa?" from Kid Creole Presents Coati Mundi's <i>Coati Mundi.</i></font><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Me no </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Popeye</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, you no </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Olive Oyl</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
</div>
<div align="left">
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You Pay Your Money and You Take Your Chance" from Bruce Cockburn's <i>81 Inner City Front, </i>also appeared on his <i>Waiting for a Miracle</i></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Just a deaf kid talking like </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Popeye</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> to a large fleshy laughing man in a blue shirt."</font>
</div>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Ain't Got No" from <i>Hair</i></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Pop paper, pop up, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Popeye</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, poppers..."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Just a Touch" from REM's <i>Lifes Rich Pageant</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I can't see where to worship </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Popeye</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, love Al Green."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Popeye Rap" from The White Boys Crew's <i>Boston Goes Def</i> Both characters are mentioned throughout.</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>PREACHER/JESSE CUTTER</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Jesse Cutter" from Daredevil's <i>3rd Degree Burnout</i>. Songs mentions Jesse, Cassidy, and the Saint of Killers in the lyrics.
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>PROFESSOR X (Also see X-Men)</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Wolverine Sings His Happy Song" by Baltimore McCree. The song is sung first person by Wolverine, and the lyrics also mention Professor X, Magneto, and Sabretooth.
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>RICHIE RICH</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Coast II Coast" by the Alkoholics from the <i>Friday</i> soundtrack. Richie is mentioned in the lyrics.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Richie Rich (The Richest Kid in the World)" Harvey Comics single giveaway
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>RIDDLER, The</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Adam West" by the Cape Cub (a parody of the Escape Club's "Wild Wild West"). </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"He's beaten up the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Riddler</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, the Joker, and the others."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The Riddler" by Frank Gorshin (yes, he did record his own song)
</font> </ul>
<p><img src="robin.gif" width="147" height="153" align="LEFT" naturalsizeflag="3" hspace="10" vspace="20"><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>R</b><b>OBIN</b></font><b> </b><font color="#330099" size="2"><i>illustration by Mercy Van Vlack</i></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Super-Gran" by Billy Connoly. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Stand back, Superman, Iceman and Spider-Man, Batman & </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Robin</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, too."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Batman and His Grandmother" by Dickie Goodman. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"While Gotham City sleeps, Batman's grandmother is being kidnapped by the arch cirminal known as..." </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Commissioner Gordon, Robin and the Batmobile are also mentioned.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><i>Jan and Dean Meet Batman </i>by Jan and Dean. Robin is mentioned throughout this album.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Thick as a Brick" from Jethro Tull's <i>Thick as a Brick"</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superman for president, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Robin</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> save the day."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Ex-Lion Tamer" from Wire's <i>Wire</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"At hand most Caped Crusader of all... </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Robin</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">'s flown the nest."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>ROCKY & BULLWINKLE</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Hey Rocky" from Boris Badanov's 1987 novelty single. Song mentions </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Rocky, Bullwinkle, Boris</b></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, etc.
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>RORSHACH (Also see The Watchmen)</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Rorshach" (?) by Julian Cope
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>RUPERT THE BEAR </b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Rupert" by Jackie Lee (single only)
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>SABRETOOTH</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Wolverine Sings His Happy Song" by Baltimore McCree. The song is sung first person by Wolverine, and the lyrics also mention Professor X, Magneto, and Sabretooth.
</font> <li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"X-Men: A Little Prayer" by Modern Humorist. </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Professor X, Sabretooth, Senator Kelly and Cyclops are mentioned throughtout the song "sung" by Wolverine
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>SAD SACK</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"If I'm on the Late Side" from Faces <i>Ooh La La</i></font><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I don't want a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Sad Sack</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Jailhouse Rock" by Elvis Presley (countless albums) </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Sad Sack</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> was sitting on a block of stone."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>SALLY (from <i>Peanuts</i>)</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"My New Philosophy" from <i>You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown</i> (1998 revival) </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You're grades are going down, Miss </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Sally</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> Brown."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>SATURN GIRL</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Saturn Girl" from Society. Not about the Legionnaire as this one radiates heat and electricity.
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>SCOOBY DOO</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Scooby Snacks" by Fun Lovin' Criminals from the <i>Pulp Fiction</i> soundtrack. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Running around, robbing banks, all wacked out on </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Scooby</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> snacks."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Girl on T.V." by LFO mentions several times in the lyrics </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Scooby</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> Snacks."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Hound Dog" from Rockapella's <i>Rockapella Two from NY </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I said you're like </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Scooby Doo</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and Marmaduke."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Scooby Doo" theme song performed by Matthew Sweet on <i>Saturday Morning Classics</i></font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>SENATOR KELLY</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"X-Men: A Little Prayer" by Modern Humorist. </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Professor X, Sabretooth, Senator Kelly and Cyclops are mentioned throughtout the song "sung" by Wolverine
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>SENTINELS, The</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"X-Men: A Little Prayer" by Modern Humorist. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Cold, shiny claws, pop out from the paws, to slay the evil mutants, but they can't stop anti-mutant laws, who spread with such virulence". "My mutant chromosomes and the strong metal in my bones help me fight </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Sentinel</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> robot drones and I heal very quickly".</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>SGT. FURY</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"War Stories" from Starjets' <i>God Bless the Starjets</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"War stories, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Sgt. Fury</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>SGT. ROCK</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Sgt. Rock (Is Going to Help Me)" from XTC's <i>Black Sea</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Sgt. Rock</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> is going to help me."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>SHEENA, QUEEN OF THE JUNGLE</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Sheena is a Punk Rocker" from the Ramones' <i>Rocket to Russia</i> The whole song is about her, creator Jerry Iger loved it.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Crush on You" from Bruce Springsteen's <i>The River</i></font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Punk Rock Girl" from That Dog's <i>That Dog</i></font><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"A candle can't be held by </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Sheena</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b><img height="116" width="95" src="saludigby.gif" hspace="20">SHRINKING VIOLET </b></font><font color="#330099" size="2"><i>llustration by Jeff Moy</i></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"So Long Mom" from Tom Lehrer's <i>That Was the Year That Was. </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Little Johnny Jones, he was a U.S. pilot and no </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>shrinking violet</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> was he"</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> (hee hee)
</font> </ul>
<div align="left">
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b><img height="223" width="159" src="silversurfer.gif" align="left">SILVER SURFER</b></font></p>
</div>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Silver Surfer" by Grover. No lyrics per se, occasional whisper of Silver Surfer over the instrumentals
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Last of the New Wave Riders" from Utopia's <i>Adventures in Utopia </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Here comes that </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Silver Surfer</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> now."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><i>Surfing with the Alien<b> </b></i>from Joe Satriani. Instrumental, but entire album is about him.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Teenage Dream" from T. Rex's <i>Zinc Alloy</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Silver Surfer </b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">and the ragged kid are all sad and rusted."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>SNOOPY</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"My Rhyme Ain't Done" from L. L. Cool J.'s <i>Bigger and Deffer</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Goes to comic strip land and meets He-Man, Donald Duck, Spider-Man, The Hulk, Charlie Brown, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Snoopy</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Tom & Jerry and Mickey Mouse."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Hound Dog" from Rockapella's <i>Rockapella Two from NY</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You're like </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Snoopy</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, you're like Goofy, you're like Astro, you're like Pluto"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Snoopy Vs. the Red Baron" from the Royal Guardsmen's <i>Snoopy vs. the Red Baron </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Snoopy</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> fired once, and he fired twice and that Bloody Red Baron went spinning out of sight"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Return of the Red Baron" from the Royal Guardsmen.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Snoopy's Christmas" from the Royal Guardsmen
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Snoopy for President" from the Royal Guardsmen
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>SOLOMON GRUNDY</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The Superman Song" from the Crash Test Dummies' first album. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superman never made any money, saving the world from </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Solomon Grundy</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
</ul>
<p><img src="speedy.gif" width="50" height="72" align="LEFT" naturalsizeflag="3" hspace="10"></p>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>SPEEDY GONZALES</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Speedy Gonzales" by both David Dante and Pat Boone
</font> </ul>
<p> </p>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>SPIDER-MAN</b></font><b> </b><font color="#330099" size="2"><i>llustration by John Romita</i></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Spider-Man" from the 60s TV show, covered by the Ramones on <i>Saturday Morning Classics</i>, by the lounge band Frenchy on their <i>Bumps and Grinds</i>, and Moxy Fruvous' <i>Bargainville</i> (though they being a British band, list their lyric as </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"friendly neighbourhood </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Spider-Man</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Coast II Coast" by the Alkoholics from the <i>Friday </i>soundtrack. Mentions Spider-Man
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Cameras and Spiders" from Bodies in Panic. A weird version of the animated series theme includes </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"He's got radiocative sperm."</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><img src="spider.gif" width="360" height="294" align="RIGHT" naturalsizeflag="3"></font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Super-Gran" by Billy Connoly. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Stand back, Superman, Iceman and </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Spider-Man</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Batman & Robin, too."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Lullaby" from The Cure's <i>Disintegration</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"On candy stripe legs </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Spider-Man</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> comes"</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Spider-Man" by Peter Griffin</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Vambo" from the Sensational Alex Harvey Band's <i>Live</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Vambo is a cross between Santa Claus and </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Spider-Man</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Spider-Man" from Katrina and the Waves</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Catch Me Now I'm Falling" from the Kinks' <i>Live</i>. Intro includes </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"In the beginning, there was Superman, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Spider-Man</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Marvelman"</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"What's the Name of This Funk (Spider-Man)?" by Ramsey Lewis</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Dune Buggy" from the Presidents of the United States' <i>The Presidents of the United States</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Spider-Man</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> squintin' at the sand and the sky."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"What's the Name of this Funk Spider-Man?" by Ramsey Lewis (1975 disco single)</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"My Rhyme Ain't Done" from L. L. Cool J.'s <i>Bigger and Deffer</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Goes to comic strip land and meets He-Man, Donald Duck, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Spider-Man</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, The Hulk, Charlie Brown, Snoopy, Tom & Jerry and Mickey Mouse."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Stop Talking about Comics or I'll Kill You" by Ookla the Mok. Comic related lyrics mention Hulk, Man of Steel, Steve Rogers, Logan, Kraven, </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Spider-Man</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Flash, Zero Hour, X-Men, Jack Kirby, <i>Overstreet Price Guide, Comic Buyer's Guide, Wizard</i> magazine and The Invisibles.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Happy New Year (the Street) from the original cast recording of <i>Rent. </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Where's everyone?/Off playing </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Spider-Man</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Spider Fan's Lament" by S&M. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You know God, I've been thinking, about this new </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Spidey</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> flick that they're making. I'm not so sure it's a good idea, and some nights I just wake up shaking. With the history and the track record of Marvel movies we've been sent, I think you can easily understand why I sing, Spider fan's lament".</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Earl of Roseland" from Styx' <i>Styx II</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Spider-Man</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and the Human Torch, they cover bodies to stand."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Lynda" from Steve Warner. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You could be my Wonder Woman, and I could be your </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Spider-Man</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Spider-Man '79" from Veruca Salt's <i>American Thighs</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"And tack you to the wall, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Spider-Man, Spider-Man</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The Biggest Ball of Twine in Minnesota" from "Weird" Al Yankovic's <i>UHF</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Crossword puzzles, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Spider-Man</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> comics, and momma's homemade rhubarb pie."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>SPIDER-WOMAN</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Dune Buggy" from the Presidents of the United States' <i>The Presidents of the United States</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Spider-Woman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> in the front seat, screamin' 'Go, go, go!'"</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>STAR SAPPHIRE (See Carol Ferris)</b></font></p>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>STEVE ROGERS (Also see Captain America)</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Stop Talking about Comics or I'll Kill You" by Ookla the Mok. Comic related lyrics mention Hulk, Man of Steel, Steve Rogers, Logan, Kraven, Spider-Man, Flash, Zero Hour, X-Men, Jack Kirby, <i>Overstreet Price Guide, Comic Buyer's Guide, Wizard</i> magazine and The Invisibles.
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>SUPERBOY</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superboy" by the Bears.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superboy" from Nina Hagen's EP <i>Superboy</i> (in German)
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"U.S. Forces" from Shriekback's <i>10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1... </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superboy</b></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">takes a plutonium wife."</font>
</ul>
<p><img src="supergirl-crying.jpg" width="183" height="408" align="LEFT" naturalsizeflag="3"><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>SUPERGIRL </b></font><font color="#330099" size="2"><i>llustration byCurt Swan/Murphy Anderson</i></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Supergirl" from Graham Bonney
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Supergirl" by Krystal Harris from <i>The Princess Diaries</i> soundtrack. (Though the song is only about an "iconic" Supergirl and not any from the actual comics.)
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Supergirl" from Joey McIntyre. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Baby it's your world, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Supergirl</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Lynda" from Steve Warner. Song is about Supergirl though only Wonder Woman and Spider-Man are mentioned by name
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"That's Really Super, Supergirl" from XTC's <i>Skylarking</i> The whole song is about her, the Fortress of Solitude is also mentioned.
</font> </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>SUPER HEROES (in general)</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Secret Wars" from the Last Emperor. This song can be downloaded (if there's not a lot of web traffic) at <a href="http://www.tha-real.com/reviews/archives/november995.shtml">http://www.tha-real.com/reviews/archives/november995.shtml</a> The song has super-heroes fighting rappers.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Super-Heroes" by the Firm
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superhoes" by Funkdoobiest from the <i>Friday </i>soundtrack
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"99 Red Balloons" from Nena's <i>Nena</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Everyone's a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>super-hero</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, everyone's a Captain Kirk."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>SUPERMAN </b>(also see CLARK KENT)<img src="superman.gif" width="350" height="225" align="RIGHT" naturalsizeflag="3"></font> <font color="#330099" size="2"><i> First illustration by Curt Swan/Murphy Anderson, second by Jose Garcia-Lopez</i></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"What's Next to the Moon?" from AC/DC's <i>Powerage</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> was out of town... </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Clark Kent</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> was looking for a free ride."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Can't Stop This Thing" from Bryan Adams' <i>So Far So Good </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I'm not </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and I can't fly."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Dream Man" from Fascinating Aida's <i>A Load of Old Sequins </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"From Bogart to </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Sunshine Superman" from Alice Donut's <i>Alice Comes Alive</i>. (title of song only)
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I'm Your Superman" by the All Sports Band (reached #91)
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Step Out of Your Mind" by the American Breed. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Do your living in a comic book, be a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> or a Captain Hook."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"O Superman" from Laurie Anderson's <i>Big Science</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"O </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, O Judge, O Mom and Dad"</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Do What You Want" from Bad Religion's <i>Do What You Want" </i>"</font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">And go to hell with </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and die a champion, ya hee!"</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superman" by Celi Bee and the Buzzy Bunch. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, I love you </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, do it to me </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superman" from Black Sabbath. The whole song is about him.</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Spiral Architect" from Black Sabbath's <i>Sabbath Bloody Sabbath</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Sadness kills the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Comic Books" from Blondie's <i>Def, Dumb & Blonde</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Batman and the Archie gang"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I Like 'Em Big and Stupid" from Julie Brown's <i>Trapped in a Body of a White Girl </i>"</font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">What kind of guy does a lot for me/ </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> with a lobotomy!"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Adam West" by the Cape Cub (a parody of the Escape Club's "Wild Wild West"). </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You can have your Mr. Spock, you can have your </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Used to Be" by Charlene and Stevie Wonder (album?) </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> was killed in Dallas, there's no love left in the palace."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Male Monster from the Id" by The Chills. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"It'd take a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> to supervise."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Super-Gran" by Billy Connoly. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Stand back, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Iceman and Spider-Man, Batman & Robin, too."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superbird" from Country Joe and the Fish's <i>Electric Music for Mind and Body </i>"</font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Lyndon Johnson chased by Kryptonite."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You Don't Mess Around with Jim" from Jim Croce's <i>Life and Times.</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You don't tug on </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">'s cape."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The Superman Song" from the Crash Test Dummies' <i>The Ghosts That Haunted Me</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> never made any money, saving the world from Solomon Grundy."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Love is Stronger than Superman" from the deFranco Family's <i>Superman</i></font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Sunset Superman" from Dio's <i>Dream Evil </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Before someone cuts it all away, Sunset </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Party Up (Up in Here) by DMX </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"So whatever it is you puffin' on that got you think that you </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Sunshine Superman" from Donovan's <i>Sunshine Superman</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and Green Lantern ain't got nothing on me."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Sun King" from Eggstone's <i>In San Diego</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"from sleeping under an instant sun, it makes me feel like </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I've Got a Lover (Back in Japan)" from Eurythmics' <i>Savage</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"He's got tattoos, he's my </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Revival" from Eurythmics' <i>Savage</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Well, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, I've got news for you... "</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superman" by Donna Fargo. While only a #41 hit on the pop chart, it did top the country chart in 1973</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Fire Escape" from Fastball's <i>All the Pain That Money Can Buy</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I don't wanna be president, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> or Clark Kent."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superman (It's Not Easy)" by Five for Fighting. The song is a first person account by Superman but does not mention him by name.</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Mister Sandman" from The Flirtations' <i>Live Out on the Road</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Mister Sandman (Sandman), won't you believe/We want a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> like Christopher Reeve."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"A Wonderful Day in a One-Way World" from Peter Gabriel's <i>Peter Gabriel</i> (second album). </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"No respect for </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> in Supermarket."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Spaceeaster" from Gamma Ray's <i>Heading for Tomorrow</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You're drowning in a lusty whirl, be </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> or Wonder Girl."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The Carpet Crawlers" from Genesis' <i>Lamb Lies Down on Broadway</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Mild-mannered </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Supermen</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> are held in Kryptonite."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Land of Confusion" from Genesis' <i>Invisible Touch</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Oh </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, where are you now?"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Sex Boy" from the Germs' <i>Complete Anthology</i></font><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I take it anywhere, anytime I can, I am the fucking son of a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Ride, Superman, Ride" from Stomp Gordon (1956 r&b novelty song)
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Jubilee" from Norman Greenbaum's <i>Spirit in the Sky</i></font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Hercules Unchained" from Steve Hackett's <i>Extra Tracks</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Guess we'd better move the scene to </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and Lois Lane."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Ain't Go No" from <i>Hair</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"LSD, 007s, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">s, Batmans..."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Orgone Accumulator" from Hawkwind's <i>Lyric Book</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"But an orgone accumulator is a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> creator."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Contenders" from Heaven 17's <i>Pleasure One</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, if you're listening, help us out."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><i>Superman</i> by Jimi Hendryx (album title)</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"There Ain't No Superman" from Gil Scot Heron's <i>Greatest Hits</i></font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superman" from Robyn Hitchcock & the Egyptians' <i>Queen Elvis</i></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman, Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, crunchy little </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, found you in a Corn Flakes box."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Lifestyles of the Rich and Infamous" from Ice T's <i>O G</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I in't human no more, I'm a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superman" from the Ides of March. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Great Caesar's Ghost, I'll be your </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"White Wedding" from Billy Idol's <i>Billy Idol</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Hey, little sister, who's your </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">?"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Jungle Superman" from the Individuals
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Thick as a Brick" from Jethro Tull's <i>Thick as a Brick"</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> for president, let Robin save the day."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Hercules" from Elton John's <i>Honky Chateau</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"No </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> gonna ruin my plans playing with my toys."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Satellite" from Elton John's <i>Ice on Fire</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"If you want a miracle, call up a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superman" from Mickey Jupp's <i>Some People Can't Dance</i></font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Donquixote" from Nik Kershaw's <i>The Riddle</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Here I am, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Lois Lane, saved the world, back again."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Can You Read My Mind (Love Theme from <i>Superman</i>)" from Margot Kidder
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superman" from The Kingston Trio's <i>The Kingston Trio at Large</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Dress me up in crazy colors so I look like </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman" from the Kinks' <i>Low Budget</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Gotta be a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> to survive."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Catch Me Now I'm Falling" from the Kinks' <i>Live</i>. Intro includes </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"In the beginning, there was </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Spider-Man, Marvelman"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Blessed is the Rain" Johnny Maestro and Brooklyn Bridge
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Save Me" by Aimee Man from the <i>Magnolia</i> soundtack. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Like Peter Pan or </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> you will come to save me."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superman" from Herbie Mann's <i>Super Mann</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, I love you </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, do it to me </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Real Life" from Matchbox 20's <i>You or Someone Like You</i>. While the song does not specifically mention Superman by name, lyrics include "I wish I could be a super-hero" then goes on listing many of Superman's powers.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Reward" from the Meat Puppets' <i>Meat Puppets.</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"A righteous man will receive a righteous man's reward, a year's subscription to </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><i><b>Superman</b></i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> comics."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"L.U.V." from John Mellencamp's <i>Dance Naked</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Wait a minute, let me check my tan, am I the same color as </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">?"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Ollie Shred (Contra Shuffle)" from NSC. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Hey, Ollie North, he's just like </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Here on Planet Krypton" from Norton & Rich. Clark and Lois are mentioned often, a later version by Kim Norton later included Superman.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Philthy Phil Philantropist" from Nofx' <i>Heavy Petting Zoo</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Replace </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> with Joe the Ordinary."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Rite of Sping" from Mike Oldfield (B-side of "Moonlight Shadow") </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Break away like </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"And </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> never made any money well try to tell that to DC"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Super Powers" by Ookla the Mok" While Superman is not mentioned by name, one lyric is </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I'm given superpowers by the yellow sun"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Stop Talking about Comics or I'll Kill You" by Ookla the Mok. Comic related lyrics mention Hulk, the Man of Steel, Steve Rogers, Logan, Kraven, Spider-Man, Flash, Zero Hour, X-Men, Jack Kirby, <i>Overstreet Price Guide, Comic Buyer's Guide, Wizard</i> magazine and The Invisibles.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superman's Dead" from Our Lady Peace's <i>Clumsy</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Why is </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> dead, is it in my head?"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Maskinen I Mig" from Page's <i>Page Iso</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Jag är en </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, vill visa vad jag kan"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Talking Pop Art" from Tom Paxton's <i>Outward Bound </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"So here I stand in a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> suit... if I'd have a chance I'd rather be Batman."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Supernvova" from Liz Phair's <i>Whip Smart</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">'' 'Cause you're a human supernova, a solar </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">''</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Masterplan" from the Plasmatics' <i>Metal Priestess</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Masterplan. </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">. Masterplan."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Michael Michael Superman" from Dory Previn's <i>On My Way to Where? </i>"</font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Michael Michael </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"My Baby Wants to Rock and Roll" from Iggy Pop's <i>Brick by Brick</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"She's shoppin' wild and she's comin' down, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> couldn't turn her around."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Dance of the Mad" from Pop Will Eat Itself's <i>Cure for Sanity</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Heard about the bird, 'bout the plane and the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">?"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Can U Dig It?" from Pop Will Eat Itself's <i>This is the Day... This is the Hour... This is This </i>Mentions the Furry Freak Brothers, Marvel Comics, DC Comics, and Bruce Wayne
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Bicycle Race" from Queen's <i>Jazz</i> (also appears on <i>Greatest Hits</i> and <i>Live Killers</i>) </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I don't believe in Peter Pan, Frankenstein or </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superman" from REM's <i>Life's Rich Pageant</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I am </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, and I can do anything."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Deeply Dippy" from Right Said Fred's <i>Up</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Deeply dippy, I'm your </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">. I'll explain, you're my Lois Lane."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"New York Script" from <i>The Rocky Horror Picture Show Audience Participation Album</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"It's </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">!"</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> (when Brad takes off his glasses and says "Ungrateful?!?"
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Crazy Lover" from the Rollins Band's <i>Hot Animal Machine</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I'm even super than a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"My Mother's Clothes" from Romanovsky & Phillips' <i>Emotional Rollercoaster </i>(also appeared on their album <i>Brave Boys</i> and in the off-Broadway musical <i>Jayson) </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"We can be Miss Lois Lane... oh </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">!!"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I Can Be an American" from Screaming Blue Messiahs' <i>Bikini Red</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I can speak American just like Charlie Chan, Lois Lane, and </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Here I Am" from Skid Row's <i>Skid Row</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Close your eyes and I'll be </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Halo of Flies" from Skyclad's <i>The Silent Whales of Lunar Sea</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I'll never pass for a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The Ballad of Aquaman" by the Social Breeders. "</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">can fly up in the sky and Batman has a genius brain, Wonder Woman, the amazon, has got a invisible magic plane. The Flash runs quick as a comet, Green Lantern's got a glowing ring, they all bring great power, but what does Aquaman bring?"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Jimmy Olsen's Blues" from the Spin Doctors' <i>A Pocketful of Kryptonitte</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Oh Lois Lane, please put me in your plan, no, you don't need no </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I'm Your Superman" from Rick Springfield's <i>Comic Book Heroes</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I'm your </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> Kryptonite is also mentioned.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Out on the Street" from Starfighters' <i>In-Flight Movie</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Out on the street, I might see </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Garbage!" from Bill Steele's <i>Garbage!</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"While the kids do homework with a TV in one ear while </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> for thousandth time."</font><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"While </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> for the thousandth time sells talking dolls and conuqers crime."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"All for Love" from Steelheart's <i>Tangled in Reins</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You make me feel like </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Glamour Profession" from Steely Dan's <i>Gaucho</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"One on one, he's schoolyard </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Supersam" from Stewart Tony's <i>Supersam</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"But by the Spirit of the Lord he became a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Delilah Delilah" from Stewart Tony's <i>Supersam</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Why a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> would give his strength to win his Lois Lane?</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Silver Gun Superman" from the Stone Temple Pilots' <i>Purple</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The 'little one' </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> with silver gun"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><img src="superman2.gif" alt="" height="367" width="300" align="left" border="0">"Superman" from Barbra Streisand's <i>Superman</i></font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Pantomine Horse" from Suede's <i>Suede</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I was conned by a circus hand, tragic as the son of </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Rapper's Delight" from the Sugarhill Gang's <i>Rapper's Delight</i> "</font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Just let me quit my boyfriend called </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Ayatollah" from the Swingers' <i>Practical Jokers</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"There's a new </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Ayatollah Khomeini"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Kryptonite" from 3 Doors Down's <i>3 Doors Down</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Would I still be your </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">?"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Impressed" from Tonio K's <i>Romeo Unchained</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Ken and Barbie, Dick and Jane, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and Lois Lame."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Ten Feet Tall and Bulletproof" by Travis Tritt </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I start to feel like </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> when I pick a fight, only to find that my opponent's holding Kryptonite!"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Day of the Eagle" from Robin Trower's <i>Brdige of Sighs</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"These people seem to think I'm </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Holding out for a Hero" by Bonnie Tyler from the <i>Footloose</i> soundtrack. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"It's gonna take a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> to sweep me off my feet."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Lois Lane" from Uncle Bonsai's <i>Boys Want Sex in the Morning</i> The song is about Superman, Lois Lane and Clark Kent.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The God Song" from Underworld's <i>Undeneath the Radar</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Beat the drum for Mr. Accusation, the hypoctrical </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Set Me Free" from Utopia's <i>Adventures in Utopia</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Well I ain't no </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You're No Good" from Van Halen's <i>Van Halen II </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"???? </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> baby"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Galaxy" by War. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Batman, going all night, go one on one with a meteorite."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Heaven" from Warrant's <i>Heaven</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I don't need to be a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Undone (the Sweater Song)" from Weezer's <i>Undone</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Hate to see you lyin' there in your </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> skivvies."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I Believe in You" from Don Williams' <i>I Believe in You</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"That </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and Robin Hood are still alive in Hollywood."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Man of Steel" by Hank Williams, Jr. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Some people call me </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Hollow Hills" </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">'s here so sad."</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> (Artist, anyone?)
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">an unidentified song with the lyric </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"We don't pay </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Superman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> enough money to do the job he does."</font>
</ul>
<p><font color="black" face="Comic Sans MS"><b>SUPER SKRULL</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Theme from Super Skrull by Ookla the Mok</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>SUPERWOMAN</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li type="disc"><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Superwoman" from Li'l Mo. (Though the song is more about an iconic "superwoman" rather a reference to either of the two obscure Superwoman character in the comics.)</font>
</ul>
<p><font color="black" face="Comic Sans MS"><b>SYLVESTER (see Tweety and Sylvester)</b></font></p>
<p><font color="black" face="Comic Sans MS"><b>TEENAGE NINJA MUTANT TURTLES</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Turtle Crazy" from Toy Dolls' <i>Fat Bob's Feet</i></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> The whole song is about them.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Teenage Mutant Ninja Rap" by Vanilla Ice from the movie <i>Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles</i></font>
</ul>
<p><font color="black" face="Comic Sans MS"><b>THOMPSON TWINS</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Group named themselves after characters in the Belgian comic strip <i>Tin-Tin</i></font>
</ul>
<p><font color="black" face="Comic Sans MS"><b>THOR</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Thor (the Powerhead) by Manowar. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I heard the Heaven scream his name, I watch as he's shouting, to the giants who died that day, he held up his hammer high, I call to Odin for a sign. </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Thor</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> - the mighty, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Thor</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> - the brave, crush the infidels in your way.." </font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Odin and Mjolnir are also mentioned in the lyrics.
</font> </ul>
<p><font color="black" face="Comic Sans MS"><b>TINKERBELL</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Nemesis" from Shriekback's <i>Oil and Gold</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"In a jungle of the senses, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Tinkerbell</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and Jack the Ripper."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>TITANIUM MAN</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Magneto and Titanium Man" from Wings' <i>Venus and Mars.</i></font>
</ul>
<div align="left">
<p><font color="black" face="Comic Sans MS"><b><img src="tomjerry.gif" width="199" height="180" align="left" naturalsizeflag="3">TOM AND JERRY</b></font></p>
</div>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Do You Wanna Hold Me" from Bow Wow Wow's <i>When the Going Gets Tough... </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Tom and Jerry</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">'s no solution."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Cheer Up, It Might Never Happen" from Carter the Unstoppable Sex Machine's <i>Post-Historic Monsters</i></font><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Tom and Jerry</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> built to a moronic riff."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Talk Some" by Billy Ray Cyrus' <i>Talk Some</i></font><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I'm getting tired of this game of </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Tom and Jerry</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<div align="left">
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"My Rhyme Ain't Done" from L. L. Cool J.'s <i>Bigger and Deffer</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Goes to comic strip land and meets He-Man, Donald Duck, Spider-Man, The Hulk, Charlie Brown, Snoopy, </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Tom & Jerry</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and Mickey Mouse."</font>
</div>
</ul>
</div>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b><img height="143" width="100" src="triplicate.gif" align="left" hspace="10">TRIPLICATE GIRL</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Triplicate Girl's Third Self" from Sex in Miami. This unsigned rock band performed this in the early 70s or 80s</font>. </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>TWEETY AND SYLVESTER</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Kids WB" from the Barenaked Ladies' WB promo (their own parody of "One Week.") </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I see </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Tweety</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, he's a sweeties, and a treaty for </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Sylvester</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> who need meaty, open wide for his naked feet."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>2000 A.D. (A British comic book)</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"2000 A.D." from the Rezillos' <i>Can't Stand the Rezillos</i>.
</font> </ul>
<p><font color="black" face="Comic Sans MS"><b>UFO, The (German comics character)</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><i>Wm Thoeke Presents the Ufo. (Hit Parade)</i></font>
</ul>
<p><font color="black" face="Comic Sans MS"><b>V FOR VENDETTA</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Can U Dig It?" from Pop Will Eat Itself's <i>This is the Day... This is the Hour... This is This </i>Mentions the Furry Freak Brothers, Marvel Comics, DC Comics, Alan Moore, Bruce Wayne and V for Vendetta
</font> </ul>
<p><font color="black" face="Comic Sans MS"><b>VICKI VALE</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Batdance" from Prince's <i>Batman</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Who's that? </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Vicki Vale</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">... "</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Vicki Waiting" from Prince's <i>Batman</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Still I keep </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Vicki</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> waiting..."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>WATCHMEN, The (also see Rorshach)<img height="117" width="200" src="watchmen.gif" align="right"></b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The Watchmen" from 3-D Invisibles' <i>Vampires a Go-Go</i> The whole song is about them, each member is mentioned</font>. </ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>WERNER-BEINHAT</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Weiner-Beinhat," a song from the late 50s about the German comic character
</font> </ul>
<p><font color="black" face="Comic Sans MS"><b>WOLVERINE (Also see X-Men)</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Wolverine Sings His Happy Song" by Baltimore McCree. The song is sung first person by Wolverine, and the lyrics also mention Professor X, Magneto, and Sabretooth.
</font> <li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Stop Talking about Comics or I'll Kill You" by Ookla the Mok. Comic related lyrics mention Hulk, Man of Steel, Steve Rogers, Logan [Wolverine], Kraven, Spider-Man, Flash, Zero Hour, X-Men, Jack Kirby, <i>Overstreet Price Guide, Comic Buyer's Guide, Wizard</i> magazine and The Invisibles.
</font> </ul>
<p><img src="wondergirlcardyvanvlack.jpg" alt="" height="292" width="250" border="0"><font color="black" face="Comic Sans MS"><nobr><b>WONDER GIRL</b></nobr></font><font color="black"><b> </b></font><font color="#006600" size="2"><i>i</i></font><font color="#330099" size="2"><i>llustration by Mercy Van Vlack</i></font></p>
<ul>
<li type="disc"><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Spaceeaster" from Gamma Ray's <i>Heading for Tomorrow</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You're drowning in a lusty whirl, be Superman or </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Wonder Girl</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li type="disc"><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Randy Scouse Git" from the Monkees' <i>Headquarters</i>. </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The being known as </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Wonder Girl</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> is speaking, I believe."</font>
</ul>
<p><font color="black" face="Comic Sans MS"><b>WONDER WOMAN (Also see Diana Prince) </b></font><font color="#330099" size="2"><i>llustration from DC Web Site</i></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"No One Knows for Sure" from Peter Alsop's <i>Wha'd'ya Wanna Do?</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"And McCaffree might see<img height="344" width="262" src="wonderwoman.gif" align="right" hspace="20"> </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Wonder Woman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> and she might have her rope."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Lamb Lies Down on Broadway" from Genesis' <i>Lamb Lies Down on Broadway</i>. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Wonder Women</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, draw your blinds."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Wonder Woman's Belt" by Andrew Kerr. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"My sister, wears a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Wonder Woman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> belt, a cruelty-free jacket, very confortable shoes, Lynda Carter only played you on TV, while you were sleeping in the bedroom"</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. "Diana's got her invisible jet"
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Wonder Woman" from Ramona Silver's "Wonder Woman" </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I want </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Wonder Woman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> every single working day."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Lynda" from Steve Warner. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You could be my </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Wonder Women</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, and I could be your Spider-Man"</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Let Your Man Fly" from Max Webster's <i>Mutiny Up My Sleeve</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I know you're a </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Wonder Woman</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Wonder Woman" theme song from the Lynda Carter TV show. </font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Wonder Woman</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>! </b>Get us out from under<b>, </b></font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Wonder Woman</b></font><font color="#1822cd" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>!</b>"</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"><b>WOODY WOODPECKER</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Woody Boogie" from Baltimora's <i>Living in the Background</i>. This song is about </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Woody Woodpecker</b></font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"The Woody Woodpecker Song" by Kay Kaiser. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Ha-ha-ha-HA-ha! Ha-ha-ha-HA-ha! Oh, that's the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Woody Woodpecker</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> song!"</font>
</ul>
<p><font color="black" face="Comic Sans MS"><b><img height="378" width="300" src="xmen.gif" align="left" hspace="20" vspace="20">X-MEN, The (Also see Wolverine, Professor X, Cyclops, Angel) </b></font><font color="#330099" size="2"><i>llustration by members of X-APA</i></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"X-Men: A Little Prayer" by Modern Humorist. </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Cold, shiny claws, pop out from the paws, to slay the evil mutants, but they can't stop anti-mutant laws, who spread with such virulence". "My mutant chromosomes and the strong metal in my bones help me fight Sentinel robot drones and I heal very quickly".</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> Professor X, Sabretooth, Senator Kelly and Cyclops are mentioned throughtout the song.
</font> <li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Stop Talking about Comics or I'll Kill You" by Ookla the Mok. Comic related lyrics mention Hulk, Man of Steel, Steve Rogers, Logan, Kraven, Spider-Man, Flash, Zero Hour, </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">X-Men</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Jack Kirby, <i>Overstreet Price Guide, Comic Buyer's Guide, Wizard</i> magazine and The Invisibles.
</font> <li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"How Long" from Poe (live only) </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Just like the </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>X-Men</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"> in the comics."</font>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Comic Book Heroes" from The Tearjerkers <i>Through the Back Door. </i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>X-Men</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, Avengers, Fantastic Four, I wanna be like them."</font>
</ul>
<p><font color="black" face="Comic Sans MS"><b>YOGI BEAR</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Al N Yetta" from Allan Sherman's <i>Al N Yetta</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"And fourth reuns of </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><i><b>Yogi Bear</b></i></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"My Mike Sounds Nice" from Salt N Pepa's <i>Hot, Cool and Vicious</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"I'm lovable and huggable like </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Yogi Bear.</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"In the Mind of the Bourgeois Reader" from Sonic Youth's <i>Experimental Jet Set Trash and No Star</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"All praise due Queen and </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Yogi Bear</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Al N Yetta" from Allan Sherman's <i>Al N Yetta</i> "And fourth reruns of Yogi Bear."</font>
<li><font color="black" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"What's Going On?" from Al Stewart's <i>Modern Times</i> </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"You walk like Greta Garbo but you talk like </font><font color="red" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><b>Yogi Bear</b></font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">."</font>
</ul>
<p><font face="Comic Sans MS"> <b>ZERO HOUR</b></font></p>
<ul>
<li><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">"Stop Talking about Comics or I'll Kill You" by Ookla the Mok. Comic related lyrics mention Hulk, Man of Steel, Steve Rogers, Logan, Kraven, Spider-Man, Flash, </font><font color="blue" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">Zero Hour</font><font face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular">, X-Men, Jack Kirby, <i>Overstreet Price Guide, Comic Buyer's Guide, Wizard</i> magazine and The Invisibles.
</font> </ul>
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Trapped in a Lyric They Never Wrote!
 ***or***
**by Ken Gale**
Here's my list of hundreds of songs that mention comic book and strip characters. This list *doesn't* include all the versions of the *Batman* TV show theme from the 60s (except for The Jam and The Who versions), the soundtrack to *Superman* or any of the other comic-inspired Broadway plays nor the various Power records of comic book dramatizations. The lyrics *though* for the Broadway musical *It's a Bird, It's a Plane, It's a Superman!* **have** just been located and should be up *one* day!
There are a lot of comic characters with names like Rainbow, Storm, Beast, Lightning, etc., and those songs are not listed unless they're specifically about the character, so don't go looking for "Somewhere Over the Rainbow," "Riders on the Storm," "Beast of Burden" or "Lightning Strikes." Many mentions are not specifically about a comic character, but I include them because I don't think a generic Superman would be put into too many songs if there wasn't a specific Superman that became popular. Tarzan was listed in the first draft, but I took him out because he was originally a prose character, not a comic character. Some songs, like Black Sabbath's "Iron Man," are on the list because so many people think of the comic character and suggested the song for the list. Included are animated characters that have had a substantial run in either newspaper comics or comic books, whether or not they first appeared on film or television.
(Updated December 2007) Special thanks go to Eugene A, Fabio Balaguer, Chris Brown, Kasey Castleberry, Chris Companik, Des Devlin, Stephen Engelfried, Todd Enoch, Mike Forrester, Steve Freitag, Marc Glasser, Erich Heinemann, Patti Hemeleski, John Jayne, Mark Ameen Johnson, James Kelly, Pat Kelly, Mike Kuypers, Jules Langley, Arthur Lewandowski, Danny Lieberman, Tommy C. Lim, Jr., Ed Menje, James Mobius, Steve Molinari, Chip Nanco, Cole Odell, Paula O'Keefe, Toby James Petty, Frank Plowright, Vince Ripol, Rob Rudderham, Rob Rundle, James Spielberg, Howard Stangroom, Mercy Van Vlack, Steve Whitaker, Susan Winson and Hillel M. Zelman for help with the research.
The "rockin' chimp" is of course a tribute to the proliferation of simians in the DC Universe of the 60s. He himself was probably a member of the Teen Titans at some point. Any additions or corrections would be greatly welcomed and appreciated (especially if the lyric is missing)! Just drop[](http://www.billboard.com/chartbeat/chat.asp) Chris Companik (this page's designer) an [e-mail](mailto:[email protected]).
[](http://www.billboard.com/chartbeat/chat.asp)A great number of folks ... who **know** their lyrics ... quickly jumped onto the bandwagon and their personal collections, thanks to Fred Bronson's CHART BEAT column on BILLBOARD Magazine's online site. Normally a plug here wouldn't go in, but Fred made a cool reference to "Metropolis Mailbag" so he's earned his place right here.
**Either scroll on down, or click on any of the letters to jump-skip to your favorite character!**
[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#ADDAMS)[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#BABY)[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#CAPTAIN)[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#DAISY)[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#EGO)[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#FABULOUS)[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#GHOST)[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#HAGAR)[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#ICEMAN)[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#JETSONS)[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#KRAVEN)[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#LISA)[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#MAGNETO)[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#NAMOR)[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#OLIVE)[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#PENGUIN)[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#RICHIE)[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#SABRETOOTH)[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#TEENAGE)[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#UFO)[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#VENDETTA)[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#WATCHMEN)[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#X-MEN)[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#YOGI)[](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped.html#ZATANNA)
Characters are listed alphabetically, songs listed alphabetically then by artist (and you can argue the alphabetizing all you want, "Lois Lane" is alphabetized under "Lois" and not "Lane.") Album title in italics, then the lyric, all when available.
**ADDAMS FAMILY**
* "The Addams Family" from the TV series *The Addams Family* "We're going to take a call on the **Addams Family**."* "Addams Groove" from Hammer (formerly M.C. Hammer) from the movie soundtrack *The Addams Family** The current reggae-pop version from the 1998-99 Fox Family Channel revival
**ALLEY OOP**
* "Alley Oop" by the Hollywood Argyles
* "Prologue (Little Shop of Horrors)" from *Little Shop of Horrors* "**Alley Oop**, haul it off the stoop."
**ANGEL (Also see X-Men)**
* "Comic Book Heroes" by the Tearjerkers' *Through the Back Door* . "Cyclops, **Angel**, and Dr. Strange, I wanna be like them."
**ANIMANIACS** *llustration by Chip Nanco*
* "Animaniacs" theme song from *Animaniacs*. "We're **Animaniacs**, we have pay-for-play contracts."
**ARCHIE**
* "Comic Books" from Blondie's *Def, Dumb & Blonde* "Superman, Batman and the **Archie** gang"
**AQUAMAN***llustration from the DC website*
* "One Week" from Barenaked Ladies' *Stunt* "Makes you think you're looking at **Aquaman**"* "Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. "I am **Aquaman** and nobody better mess with me/ I may be nothing to you but I am a king beneath the sea/ Let's see you get by under water as well as I do on the ground/ I am **Aquaman** and you better not mess around"* "The Ballad of Aquaman" by the Social Bedders. "Superman can fly up in the sky and Batman has a genius brain, Wonder Woman, the amazon, has got a invisible magic plane. The Flash runs quick as a comet, Green Lantern's got a glowing ring, they all bring great power, but what does **Aquaman** bring?"
**ASTRO**
* "Hound Dog" from Rockapella's *Rockapella Two from NY* "You're like Snoopy, you're like Goofy, you're like **Astro**, you're like Pluto"
**ASTROBOY** *llustration by Mercy Van Vlack*
* "Astroboy (and the Proles on Parade)" from The Buggles' *The Age of Plastic.* "**Astroboy**, I'm watching the proles on parade."
**AVENGERS, The** *llustration by Chip Nanco*
* "Comic Book Heroes" from The Tearjerkers *Through the Back Door* "X-Men, **Avengers**, Fantastic Four, I wanna be like them."
**BABY HUEY**
* "Baby Huey" Harvey Comics single giveaway
**BARBARELLA**
* "Theme to Barbarella" from Bob Crewe's soundtrack to *Barbarella* (sung by Crewe and the Glitterhouse, written by Crewe and Charles Fox
* "Electric Barbarella" from Duran Duran (album possibly also called *Electric Barbarella*)
* "Tower One" from the Legendary Pink Dots' *Tower* "And **Barbarella**, Shelly, Napoleon..."* "Gangster Glam" from Prince's *Diamonds and Pearls* "Godfather III meets **Barbarella**."
**BARNEY GOOGLE**
* "Barney Google" in versions by both Ernest Hare & Billy Jones, and by Georgia Price. "It's **Barney Google**, with the goo-goo-googly eyes."
**BARNEY RUBBLE (see The Flintstones)**
**BART SIMPSON**
* "Do the Bartman" by "Bart Simpson" (voiced by Nancy Cartwright)
**BATMAN (also see Bruce Wayne)***llustration by Neal Adams/Dick Giordano*
* "Balbinattor Edzy" from Acid Drinker's *Vile Vicious Drinkers*. "**Batman**! Howya doin' brother, I can't stand smoking grass"* "Coast II Coast" by the Alkoholics from the *Friday* soundtrack. Lyrics mention Batman (with samples from the 60s TV show)
* "Adam West" by the Cape Club (a parody of the Escape Club's "Wild Wild West"). "I comb the *TV Guide* for **Batman** fests." and "Gotta ask the **Batman**, gotta ask Adam West!"* "Super-Gran" by Billy Connoly. "Stand back, Superman, Iceman and Spider-Man, **Batman** & Robin, too."* "Comic Books" from Blondie's *Def, Dumb & Blonde* "Superman, **Batman** and the Archie gang"* "Acid Batman" from Malachi Crunch's *I Hate the Itching.* "And Otto Preminger, who had played Mr. Freeze on that night's episode of **Batman**."* "Flatland" from Drunken Boat's *See Ruby Falls* "Flatland. **Batman**. See now. Shut it down."* "Blood on the Rooftops" from Genesis' *Wind and Wuthering*. "Hypnotized by **Batman**... still surprised."* "Batman and His Grandmother" by Dickie Goodman. "While Gotham City sleeps, **Batman**'s grandmother is being kidnapped by the arch cirminal known as..." Commissioner Gordon, Robin and the Batmobile are also mentioned.
* "Ain't Go No" from *Hair* "LSD, 007s, Supermans, **Batman**s..."* "Tarmac" from Hazeldine's *How Bees Fly "*Hold me close and kiss me now and fuck me like **Batman**"* *Batman"* by Neal Hefti (TV theme song). Released also by the Marketts. Also covered on The Who's *Rareties Vol. 1** *"Batman* Theme" from the Jam's *In the City** *Jan and Dean Meet Batman* by Jan and Dean
* "Superman" from Mickey Jupp's *Some People Can't Dance* Batman is also mentioned in the lyrics.
* "Flossin' Season" from Immature's *400 Degreez* "The bike I got come out in the year two thousand ten eleven fifty zoop with the **Batman** fin"* "Four Eyes" from Lovin' Spoonful's *Greatest Hits*. "You're so blind they call you **Batman**."
* "Here Comes the Batman" by Scotty McKay. "**Batman**! Look in the sky! **Batman**! It's the Bat-Signal light! It's **Batman**!"* "Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. "**Batman**'s got an attitude everybody takes him seriously"* "Talking Pop Art" from Tom Paxton's *Outward Bound* "So here I stand in a Superman suit... if I'd have a chance I'd rather be **Batman**."* "Ramblin' On" from Procol Harum's *Shine On Brightly "*A local picture house was showing a **Batman** movie"* "Batdance" from Prince's *Batman*. "I like **Batman**."* "The Future" from Prince's *Batman* "What are you? I'm **Batman**!"* "Good Bat Nightman" from the Scaffold. Satire of the *Batman* TV show.
* "Sarah Jockman" from Allen Sherman. "I'd rather be with **Batman**."* "The Ballad of Aquaman" by the Social Bedders. "Superman can fly up in the sky and **Batman** has a genius brain, Wonder Woman, the amazon, has got a invisible magic plane. The Flash runs quick as a comet, Green Lantern's got a glowing ring, they all bring great power, but what does Aquaman bring?"* "Batman and Robin" by the Spotlights
* "Danger is My Business" from Stetz' *Bark! Bark! Bark!* "I'll tell the Joker who **Batman** is."* "Last Time" from Suicide's *Why Be Blue* "**Batman**'s coming for the last time."* "Galaxy" by War. "Superman, **Batman**, going all night, go one on one with a meteorite."* "Do the Batman" by Fred Wesley and the JBs
* "Ex-Lion Tamer" from Wire's *Wire* Batman is mentioned as the Caped Crusader in the lyrics.* "I Am Your Batman" from a Chinese group, sung half in Chinese and half in English. Artist unknown.
**BATMOBILE, The**
* "Kids WB" from the Barenaked Ladies' WB promo (their own parody of "One Week.") "**Batmobile** needs new wheels, watch it peels on its wheels and wash the window, and we check the ejection seat."* "Adam West" by the Cape Cub (a parody of the Escape Club's "Wild Wild West"). "I always cheer, I always squeal, when he cries out, 'To the **Batmobile**!'"* "Batman and His Grandmother" by Dickie Goodman. "While Gotham City sleeps, Batman's grandmother is being kidnapped by the arch cirminal known as..." Commissioner Gordon, Robin and the Batmobile are also mentioned.
* "Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. "Batman's got the **Batmobile**"* "Bango" from Todd Terry Project's *To the Batmobile* "Let's go to the **Batmobile**, let's go bango bango."* "I'm a Rocker" from Bruce Sprinsgteen's *The River* "I got a **Batmobile** so I can reach ya' in a fast shake."* "She Drives Like Crazy" from "Weird" Al Yankovic's *UHF* "Thinks she's driving the **Batmobile**."
**BAT-SIGNAL, The**
* "Batman" by Scotty McKay "It's the **Bat-signal** light! It's Batman!"
**BLACK CANARY**
* "Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. "Green Arrow’s got his **Black Canary**"
**BETTY BOOP**
* "My Fist, Your Face" from Aersomith's *Done with Mirrors* "**Betty Boop**, you got me drooling."* "Give a Little" from L.A. Guns' *Cocked and Loaded* "**Betty Boop** what u doing to me."* "Drop Dead Legs" from Van Halen's *1984* "Nice white teeth, **Betty Boop**."
**BRAINIAC** *llustration byCurt Swan/Murphy Anderson*
* "The Intro and the Outro" from the Bonzo Dog Doo Dah Band's *Gorilla*. "And **Brainiac** on xylophone"* "Brainiac's Daughter" from the Dukes of Stratosphear's *Psionic Psunspots*. Brainiac mentioned throughout the song, as well as the bottled city of Kandor* "Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. "I know that I'm no **Brainiac** but I'm no fool"* "Spinderella is Not a Fella" from Salt N Pepa's *A Salt with a Deadly Pepa* "Mixes like a maniac, clever as a **Brainiac**."* "Brainiac" from the Patti Smith Group.
* "Debra Kadabra" from Frank Zappa's *Bongo Fury* "Make me grow **Brainiac** fingers."* "Soul-Crusher" from White Zombie's *La Sexorcisto* "Devil come a stepp'n, **Brainiac** a look'n below."
**BRENDA STARR***llustration by June Brigman*
* "Rip Her to Shreds" from Blondie's *Blondie*. "She thinks she's **Brenda Starr**."
**BRUCE WAYNE** (also see Batman)
* "Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. "Even millionaire **Bruce Wayne** has that thing on the side with his ward Dick Grayson"* "Can U Dig It?" from Pop Will Eat Itself's *This is the Day... This is the Hour... This is This* Mentions the Furry Freak Brothers, Marvel Comics, DC Comics, Alan Moore, Bruce Wayne and V for Vendetta
* "Batdance" from Prince's *Batman* "Hi, **Bruce Wayne**, I've tried to avoid all this, but I can't."
**BORIS BADANOV** (see Rocky and Bullwinkle)
**BULLWINKLE** (also see Rocky and Bullwinkle)
* "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised" from Gil Scott Heron's *The Revolution Will Not Be Televised* "And will not star Natalie Wood and Steve McQueen or **Bullwinkle** and Julia"* *Rocky Horror Picture Show Audience Participation Album* "**Bullwinkle**!" is shouted after Frank shouts "Rocky!"
**CAPTAIN AMERICA***illustration by Mercy Van Vlack*
* "Captain America" from Jimmy Buffett. "Can you tell me where I might find my friend and companion, he looks a little different from anything you see, He likes to be the base strong for justice and salvation....**Captain America**, we love you...."* "Paradise City" from Guns N' Roses' *Appetite for Destruction*. "**Captain America** is torn apart."* "Happy Time" from Daniel Johnston's *Fin* "My favorite was **Captain America**."* "Catch Me Now I'm Falling" from the Kinks' *Low Budget* "This is **Captain America** calling."* "Captain America" by Moe
* "Captain America" from the mid60s \*badly\* animated series. While Thor, Hulk, and the other Marvel characters all had their distinctively trite theme songs, who can forget "When **Captain America** throws his mighty shield/ All those who chose to oppose his shield must yield/ If he's led to a fight and a duel is due/ Then the red and the white and the blue will come through/ When **Captain America** throws his mighty shield!"
**CAPTAIN HURRICANE**
* "War Stories" from Starjets' *God Bless the Starjets* "War stories, **Captain Hurricane**"
**CAPTAIN MARVEL**
* "Bungalo Bill" from The Beatles' *The Beatles* (commonly known as "The White Album") "So **Captain Marvel** zapped them right between the eyes."* "Super Powers" by Ookla the Mok. Captain Marvel is not mentioned by name, but this lyric would likely be "sung" by him: "I got the wisdom of Solomon and the strenght from Hercules, I have memorized what SHAZAM was But I still fight evil in my red pajamas.""
**CAROL FERRIS**
* "Green Lantern" by J-Sin Starr "**Carol Ferris**, where are you now, trapped inside your Sapphire tower". (Carol Ferris was from time to time the Green Lantern foe Star Sapphire.)
**CASPER the Friendly Ghost**
* "Square Biz" from Teena Marie's *It Must Be Magic* "I've been called **Casper**."* "Casper, Casper (Whatcha Doin' on the Moon)". Harvey Comics single giveaway
**CATWOMAN**
* "Adam West" by the Cape Cub (a parody of the Escape Club's "Wild Wild West"). "I'll find **Catwoman**, we'll get down."
**CHARLIE BROWN**
* "Not the Red Baron" from Tori Amos' *Boys for Pele* "Not the Red Baron, Not **Charlie Brown**"* "Same Thing" from Barenaked Ladies' *Born on a Pirate Ship.* "Musta been the same thing **Charlie Brown** went through."* "Hello" from Beloved's *Happiness* "Charlie Parker, **Charlie Brown**, Leslie Crowder, come on down."* "Good Grief, Charlie Brown" from Carter the Unstoppable Sex Machine's *101 Dalmations* "Like the good old **Charlie Brown**"* "My Rhyme Ain't Done" from L. L. Cool J.'s *Bigger and Deffer*. "Goes to comic strip land and meets He-Man, Donald Duck, Spider-Man, The Hulk, **Charlie Brown**, Snoopy, Tom & Jerry and Mickey Mouse."* "You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown" from the Broadway musical *You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown*
**CHEECH WIZARD**
* "Sure Shot" from the Beastie Boys' *Ill Communication*. "On rock the microphone, and then I'm gone, I'm Like Vaughn Bode, I'm a **Cheech Wizard**, Never quitting, so won't you listen."
**CHEMICAL KING**
* "Spine of God" from Monster Magnet. "Peace is what you get from the **Chemical King**"
**CLARK KENT** (also see SUPERMAN)
* "What's Next to the Moon?" by AC/DC's *Powerage* "Superman was out of town... **Clark Kent** was looking for a free ride."* "The Superman Song" from the Crash Test Dummies' first album. "But **Clark Kent**, there was a real gent."* "We Wanna Party" from Dana Dare's *We Wanna Party* "And my man **Clark Kent** on the DJ set"* "Fire Escape" from Fastball's *All the Pain That Money Can Buy*. "I don't wanna be president, Superman or **Clark Kent**."* "Here on Planet Krypton" from Norton & Rich. Clark and Lois are mentioned often, a later version by Kim Norton later included Superman.
* "Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. "**Clark Kent** wouldn’t be the same if he didn’t have his Lois Lane"* "Mary Mary" from Run-DMC's *Tougher than Leather*. "Dee was Lois Lane and I was **Clark Kent**."* "Lois Lane" from Uncle Bonsai's *Boys Want Sex in the Morning* The song is about Superman, Lois Lane and Clark Kent.
* The band Klark Kent (Andy Summers' side project)
**COMIC BOOK HEROES**
* a "concept" album by The Capes & Masks
* *Comic Book Heroes* from Rick Springfield. No one we seem knows much about this album, but VH1's *Behind the Music* claims it was Rick's first US album in 1974. A snippet of the song played had the line "I wanna fly like a **comic book hero**." The guess is "Comic Book Heroes" is also the name of the song.
* "Comic Book Heroes" from The Tearjerkers *Through the Back Door* mentions X-Men, Avengers, Fantastic Four, Dr. Von Doom and Magneto.
**COMIC BOOKS themselves**
* "Budda Budda" from Rick Rock's *Mondo Montage* "The enemy planes in **comic books** go budda budda"
**COMMISSIONER GORDON**
* "Adam West" by the Cape Cub (a parody of the Escape Club's "Wild Wild West"). "**Commissioner**'s on the Bat-Phone, talking to the duo."* "Batman and His Grandmother" by Dickie Goodman. "While Gotham City sleeps, Batman's grandmother is being kidnapped by the arch cirminal known as..." Commissioner Gordon, Robin and the Batmobile are also mentioned.
**COSMIC BOY***llustration by Mercy Van Vlack*
* "Cosmic Boy" from Spock's *Alien Worlds* " **Cosmic Boy, Cosmic Boy**, looking for action, looking for joy."
**CRIMSON DYNAMO**
* "Magneto and Titanium Man" from Wings' *Venus and Mars.* "And the **Crimson Dynamo** came along."
**CYCLOPS (Also see X-Men)**
* "X-Men: A Little Prayer" by Modern Humorist. Professor X, Sabretooth, Senator Kelly and Cyclops are mentioned throughtout the song "sung" by Wolverine
* "Comic Book Heroes" by the Tearjerkers' *Through the Back Door* . "**Cyclops**, Angel, and Dr. Strange, I wanna be like them."
**DAISY DUCK**
* "A Jolly Holiday with Rudy" from the original cast album *Forbidden Broadwat Cleans Up Its Act.* "A **Daisy Duck** displaces ev'ry whore."
**DAN DARE**
* "D.J." from David Bowie's *Lodger*. "I feel like **Dan Dare** lies down."* "Dan Dare: Pilot of the Future" from Elton John's *Rock of the Westies*
**DAREDEVIL**
* Not mentioned in a song, but the band As the Teardrop Explodes got its name from the title of a 60s Daredevil story.
**DIANA PRINCE (Also see Wonder Woman)**
* "Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. "**Diana**'s got her invisible jet"
**DICK GRAYSON (Also see Robin)**
* "Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. "Even millionaire Bruce Wayne has that thing on the side with his ward **Dick Grayson**"
**DICK TRACY**
* "Now I'm Following You" by Madonna fromthe *Dick Tracy* soundtrack "Calling **Dick Tracy**, calling **Dick Tracy**"* Theme to *Dick Tracy* from the Ventures"Pros Cons" from Roger Waters' Pros Cons "Do you remember **Dick Tracy**?"
**DOCTOR OCTOPUS**
* "Comic Book Heroes" from The Tearjerkers *Through the Back Door*. "**Doc Ock**, Von Doom, and Magneto, don't wanna be like them."
**DOCTOR STRANGE***llustration by Chris Companik*
* "Dr. Strange" by the Afterburn. "**Dr. Strange**, what is happening to me? It was just one day ago, she put me under her control"* "Dr. Strange" by Burning Rain. "**Doctor Strange**, coming through his dark hallway."* "Superbird" from Country Joe and the Fish's *Electric Music for Mind and Body* "I've got the Fantastic Four and **Doctor Strange** to help him on his way."* "Time for a Change" from Peter Hamill's *PH7*. "So tell **Doctor Strange** it's time for a change."* "Please Don't Kill Doctor Strange" from the Pineapples* "Cymbaline" from Pink Floyd's *More* "**Doctor Strange** is always changing size."* "Master of the Mystic Arts" from 3-D Invisibles' *Jump off the Screen* The whole song is about him.
* "Mambo Sun" from T. Rex's *Electric Warrior* "I'm **Dr. Strange** for you."* "Comic Book Heroes" by the Tearjerkers' *Through the Back Door* . "Cyclops, Angel, and **Dr. Strange**, I wanna be like them."
**DOCTOR DOOM**
* "Def.Con.One" from Pop Will Eat Itself's *This Is the Day* "Goodbye city, hello moon, Hands up, **Doctor Doom**!"* "Comic Book Heroes" from The Tearjerkers *Through the Back Door*. "Doc Ock, **Von Doom**, and Magneto, don't wanna be like them."* "Dear Dr. Doom..." by the 13th Floor Elevators.
**DOCTOR FATE**
* "Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. "My comic book's been cancelled more than **Dr. Fate**"
**DONALD DUCK**
* "Hooray for Hollywood" by Johnny "Scat" Davis from *Hollywood Hotel*. "Come on and try your luck, you could be **Donald Duck**."* "Donald Duck" from the Kinks' *The Village Green Preservation Society*. "God save **Donald Duck**, Vaudeville, and Variety."* "My Rhyme Ain't Done" from L. L. Cool J.'s *Bigger and Deffer*. "Goes to comic strip land and meets He-Man, **Donald Duck**, Spider-Man, The Hulk, Charlie Brown, Snoopy, Tom & Jerry and Mickey Mouse."* "You Can't Dance" from LL Cool J's *You Can't Dance* "You look like Ralph Kramden or a **Donald Duck** cartoon."* "Who's the Leader of the Band?" by the Mousketeers. Donald is sung as the "retort."* "Barbapappa & Ankan Kalle" from Raped Teenagers' *Kalas Puffar*. "Barbarapappa and **Donald Duck** have imaginations in each otheir heads." (translated from Swedish)
* "Piggy in the Middle" from the Rutles' *The Rutles* "**Donald Duck** and Mickey Mouse, even Pluto, too"* "The Tide Is Turning" from Roger Waters' *Radio Kaos* "In the glow of their **Donald Duck** light."
**DURAN DURAN**
* The band got its name from a scientist in the *Barbarella* comic strip
**EGO, THE LIVING PLANET**
* "Ego, the Living Planet" from Monster Magnet's *Dopes to Infinity*
**ELMIRA (character from Animaniacs)**
* "Kids WB" from the Barenaked Ladies' WB promo (their own parody of "One Week." "We're gettin' squeezed by **Elmira**, she'll wash and dry ya, until your mouth is really squeaky clean."
**FABULOUS FURRY FREAK BROTHERS**
* "Can U Dig It?" from Pop Will Eat Itself's *This is the Day... This is the Hour... This is This* Mentions the Furry Freak Brothers, Marvel Comics, DC Comics, Alan Moore, Bruce Wayne and V for Vendetta
**FANTASTIC FOUR**
* "Same Thing" by Barenaked Ladies. "I'm in a comic store, someone has mistaken me a price comic I could make a fortune on, and walks the **Fantastic Four**, say don't go, that last issue is cool"* "Superbird" from Country Joe and the Fish's *Electric Music for Mind and Body* "I've got the **Fantastic Four** and Dr. Strange to help him on his way."* "Comic Book Heroes" from The Tearjerkers *Through the Back Door* "X-Men, Avengers, **Fantastic Four**, I wanna be like them."
**FLASH, The** *llustration by Carmine Infantino*
* "Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. "And all the second-rate heroes get their own TV shows even the Pre-Crisis **Flash**"* "Stop Talking about Comics or I'll Kill You" by Ookla the Mok. Comic related lyrics mention Hulk, Man of Steel, Steve Rogers, Logan, Kraven, Spider-Man, Flash, Zero Hour, X-Men, Jack Kirby, *Overstreet Price Guide, Comic Buyer's Guide, Wizard* magazine and The Invisibles.
* "The Ballad of Aquaman" by the Social Bedders. "Superman can fly up in the sky and Batman has a genius brain, Wonder Woman, the amazon, has got a invisible magic plane. **The Flash** runs quick as a comet, Green Lantern's got a glowing ring, they all bring great power, but what does Aquaman bring?"
**FLASH GORDON**
* "Flash's Theme" from Queen's soundtrack to *Flash Gordon.*"**Flash Gordon**, savior of the universe!" (and of course the immortal line "Flash, Flash, I love you, but we only have 14 hours to save the universe!")* "Science Fiction Double Feature" from the soundtrack and cast albums of *The Rocky Horror (Picture) Show*. "**Flash Gordon** was there in silver underwear, Claude Rains was the Invisible Man."
**FLINTSTONES***llustration by Chris Companik*
* "Meet the Flintstones" from the BC-52's (a.k.a. the B-52's). Remake of the TV theme song "Meet the **Flintstones**, they're the modern stone age family."* "Rock with the Caveman" by Big Audio Dynamite "Wilma, I'm home!"* "Bowling with Bedrock Barnie from the Dickies' *We Aren't the World, The Roir Sessions (Live)* "So I'm bowling with Bedrock Barney, Barney/ He is the life of the party, Barney/ He like's to party hardy, that Barney."* "I Wanna Be a Film Star" from Screaming Blue Messiahs' *Bikini Red* The whole song is about them.
* "I Wanna Be a Flintstone" from the Screaming Blue Messiahs. A parody of their own song above on *The Flintstones* soundtrack
* "Prehistoric Daze" by Shakespear's Sister & the Holy Ghost "Barney Rubble, Fred Flinstone, trading places."* "Footprints" from Squeeze's *Babylon and On* "I watched ***The Flintstones*** and I turned my dial."* "I Showed a Caveman How to Rock" from US3 featuring Def Jam "I met this guy name Freddie, didn't wear no socks, he had a part time gig at the gravel pit slinging rocks."* "Bedrock Anthem" from "Weird Al" Yankovic's *Jurassic Park* Song uses tune of both "Under the Bridge" and "Give It Away" and mentions entire cast
**GHOST RIDER***the motorcycle-riding flaming headed super-hero*
* "Ghost Rider" by the Rollins Band from the soundtrack of *The Crow* "Riding down the street with your head on FIRE ... **Ghost Rider**!"
**GOOFY**
* "Hound Dog" from Rockapella's *Rockapella Two from NY* "You're like Snoopy, you're like **Goofy**, you're like Astro, you're like Pluto"
**GOTHAM CITY**
* "Gotham City" by R. Kelly from the *Batman and Robin* soundtrack. "A city of justice, a city of love, a city of peace for every one of us, we all need it, can't live without it, **Gotham City**, yeah".
**GREEN ARROW**
* "Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. "**Green Arrow**'s sharp but I couldn't be any duller"
**GREEN LANTERN** *illustration by Gil Kane*
* "Green Lantern Remix" by Blue Harvest. "It fell a thousand years ago, Green Fire, so hot - A commie and a man and a superplan and his name was Alan Scott. Man without fear and that's for sure, he got his ring from Abin-Sur, he fought all the evil hordes, he's the real one, Hal Jordan" Song also mentions Guy Gardner, John Stewart and Kyle Rayner* "Sunshine Superman" from Donovan's *Sunshine Superman*. "Superman and **Green Lantern** ain't got nothing on me."* "Green Lantern" by Evenrude. "**Green Lantern**, super-light, please don't hurt me... "* "Green Lantern" by J-Sin Starr "All my power comes from my will, trapped inside this emerald ring. With it I could rule the world, but instead I've become superhero. In the brightest day, in the darkest night, no evil shall escape my sight, let those who worship evil's might, beware my power, **Green Lantern**'s light!""* "Super Powers" from Ookla the Mok. The song does not mentioned Green Lantern by name but the lyrics include "I got a alien who helped me acessorize."* "The Ballad of Aquaman" by the Social Bedders. "Superman can fly up in the sky and Batman has a genius brain, Wonder Woman, the amazon, has got a invisible magic plane. The Flash runs quick as a comet, **Green Lantern**'s got a glowing ring, they all bring great power, but what does Aquaman bring?"
**HAGAR THE HORRIBLE and HELGA**
* "I Ain't Workin' Anymore" from David Johansen's *Sweet Revenge*. "We could live like **Hagar and Helga**."
**HALO JONES**
* "Malaria" from Shriekback's *Oil and Gold* "I wanna live like **Halo Jones**."* "Hanging Out with Halo Jones" from Transvision Vamp's *Pop Art* The whole song is about the character.
**HE-MAN**
* "My Rhyme Ain't Done" from L. L. Cool J.'s *Bigger and Deffer*. "Goes to comic strip land and meets **He-Man**, Donald Duck, Spider-Man, The Hulk, Charlie Brown, Snoopy, Tom & Jerry and Mickey Mouse."
**HUCKLEBERRY HOUND**
* "Easy Rider" from the first album by Big Brother and the Holding Company "He watches **Huckleberry Hound** on his TV."* "The Nameless One" from Wendy James' *Now Ain't the Time for Your Tears* "**Huckleberry Hound** and Huckleberry Finn"* "Hound Dog" from Rockapella's *Rockapella Two from NY* "You're like Lassie, Checkers and **Huckleberry Hound**."* "Charlie M" from Space's *Spiders* "Over the hill comes **Huckleberry Hound**."
**THE HULK**
* "My Name Is" from Enimen's *Slim Shady*. "Clothes red like the Incredible **Hulk**"* "My Rhyme Ain't Done" from L. L. Cool J.'s *Bigger and Deffer*. "Goes to comic strip land and meets He-Man, Donald Duck, Spider-Man, **The Hulk**, Charlie Brown, Snoopy, Tom & Jerry and Mickey Mouse."* "Stop Talking about Comics or I'll Kill You" by Ookla the Mok. Comic related lyrics mention Hulk, Man of Steel, Steve Rogers, Logan, Kraven, Spider-Man, Flash, Zero Hour, X-Men, Jack Kirby, *Overstreet Price Guide, Comic Buyer's Guide, Wizard* magazine and The Invisibles.
**THE HUMAN TORCH**
* "If You Love Somebody, Set Them on Fire" from the Dead Milkmen's *Metaphysical Graffiti* "Your dad called me the **Human Torch**."* "Earl of Roseland" from Styx' *Styx II* "Spider-Man and the **Human Torch**, they cover bodies to stand."
**HOT STUFF**
* "Hot Stuff" Harvey Comics single giveaway
**HOWARD THE DUCK**
* Thomas Dolby and the Cube's soundtrack to ***Howard the Duck**** "Precious" from the Pretenders' *The Pretenders* "**Howard the Duck**... trapped in a world he never made."
**ICEMAN**
* "Super-Gran" by Billy Connoly. "Stand back, Superman, **Iceman** and Spider-Man, Batman & Robin, too."* "The Iceman Comes" fom Gary Numan's *Warriors* "The **Iceman** comes, someone is out there." (probably not about the X-Men's Iceman, but with Numan, who knows?)
**INVISIBLES, The**
* "Stop Talking about Comics or I'll Kill You" by Ookla the Mok. Comic related lyrics mention Hulk, Man of Steel, Steve Rogers, Logan, Kraven, Spider-Man, Flash, Zero Hour, X-Men, Jack Kirby, *Overstreet Price Guide, Comic Buyer's Guide, Wizard* magazine and The Invisibles.
**IRON MAN**
* "Iron Man" from Black Sabbath's *Paranoid*. Not about the character, but everyone reminds me of this one. Song was recetnly covered by Busta Rhymes on *Extinction Level Event - The Final World Front** "Over the Top" from Pete Townshend's *Iron Man* "I've no idea where my life began but I am a fearless **Iron Man**." (since the lyrics capitalize the name, it's included)
* "Who's the One" from Winger's *Pull* "When the **Iron Man** begins to rust." (same explanation as above)
**JETSONS, GEORGE and JANE**
* "X, Y, and Z" from Pop Will Eat Itself's *Cure for Insanity. "*"You be **Jane**, I'm **George Jetson**."
**JIMMY OLSEN** *Technically, Jimmy first appeared on the Superman radio serial, not in the comic books*
* "Jimmy Olsen's Blues" from the Spin Doctors' *A Pocketful of Kryptonite* "Oh Lois Lane, please put me in your plan, no, you don't need no Superman." Oddly enough, Jimmy is only mentioned in the song title!
**JOHNNY THUNDER**
* "Johnny Thunder" from The Kinks' *Village Green Preservation Society*
**JOKER, The**
* "Adam West" by the Cape Cub (a parody of the Escape Club's "Wild Wild West"). "**Joker** has escaped again, babe, just got to learn."* *Jan and Dean Meet Batman* by Jan and Dean. The Joker is mentioned throughout this album.
* "Vicki Waiting" from Prince's *Batman* "People, people, whatever floats this **Joker**'s boat or whatever this **Joker** will bang"* "Good Bat Nightman" from the Scaffold. Satire of the *Batman* TV show. Mentions the Joker.
* "The Whole Wide World" from the Soup Dragons. "Do you know who the **Joker** is?"* "Danger is My Business" from Stetz' *Bark! Bark! Bark!* "I'll tell the **Joker** who Batman is."
**JOSIE AND THE PUSSYCATS**
* "Josie and the Pussycats" originally sung by Cheryl Lynn Stoppelmoor (later changed her name to Cheryl Ladd) and then covered on *Saturday Morning Classics*by Tanya Donnelly and Juliana Hatfield
**JUDGE DREDD**
* "I am the Law" by Anthrax. (The whole song is about him.)
* "Judge Dredd on a BSA" from Martin Degville's *World War Four** "Mutants in Megacity One" from the Fink Brothers (single only)
* "I Am the Law" from the Human League's *Dare* (The whole song is about him.)
**JUSTICE LEAGUE OF AMERICA** (Also see individual members.)
* "Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. "All the other members of the **Justice League**/ Say I have useless super powers and make fun of me"* "Melt the Guns" from XTC's *English Settlement* "I'm speaking to the **Justice League of America**."
**KRAVEN THE HUNTER**
* "Stop Talking about Comics or I'll Kill You" by Ookla the Mok. Comic related lyrics mention Hulk, Man of Steel, Steve Rogers, Logan, Kraven, Spider-Man, Flash, Zero Hour, X-Men, Jack Kirby, *Overstreet Price Guide, Comic Buyer's Guide, Wizard* magazine and The Invisibles.
**KRYPTONITE**
* "Superbird" from Country Joe and the Fish's *Electric Music for Mind and Body* "Lyndon Johnson chased by **Kryptonite**."* "Party Up (Up in Here)" by DMX "I got the **Kryptonite**, should I smack him with my dick and the mic?"* "The Carpet Crawlers" from Genesis' *Lamb Lies Down on Broadway*. "Mild-mannered Supermen are held in **Kryptonite**."* "This Must Be Wrong" by Janis Ian. "I ain't no Lois Lane, before I get my **Kryptonite**."* Spin Doctors' *A Pocketful of **Kryptonite**** "I'm Your Superman" from Rick Springfield's *Comic Book Heroes* Kryptonite is mentioned in the lyrics.
* "Kryptonite" from 3 Doors Down's *3 Doors Down* "My love is **Kryptonite**... yeah, **Kryptonite**!"* "Ten Feet Tall and Bulletproof" by Travis Tritt "I start to feel like Superman when I pick a fight, only to find that my opponent's holding **Kryptonite**!"
**LISA SIMPSON**
* "Lisa, It's Your Birthday" by Michael Jackson from *The Simpsons*
**LINUS**
* "Good Grief, Charlie Brown" from Carter the Unstoppable Sex Machine's *101 Dalmations* "Like the good old Charlie Brown, you think **Linus** could be right."
**LITTLE AUDREY**
* "Here Comes Little Audrey" Harvey Comics single giveaway
**LITTLE ORPHAN ANNIE**
* "Little Orphan Annie" by the Coon-Sanders Orchestra (used on the original radio serial). "Who's that little chatterbox / The one with pretty auburn locks / Who can it be? / It's **Little Orphan Annie**!"* "Annie's Favorite Show Tune: from the original cast album *Forbidden Briadway Original Cast** "Annie II" from the original cast album *Forbidden Broadway Volume 2*, "Maybe Mister Charmin will bring ***Annie*** back again, tomorrow, tomorrow."* "Annie's not an Orphan Anymore" from Rochell & the Candles' "Little Orphan Annie" (single) "
* "Officer Krupke" from *West Side Story* "Leapin' Lizards, what a thing to do!" (The phrase "Leapin' Lizards" was one of Annie's favorite exclamations.
 **LITTLE NEMO IN SLUMBERLAND** *llustration by Windsor McKay*
* "Scenes from a Night's Dream" from Genesis' *Wind and Wuthering* (song about him)
**LOIS LANE** *llustration byJoe Shuster*
* "What's Next to the Moon" from AC/DC's *Powerage* "Think about **Lois Lane**."* "Kids WB" from the Barenaked Ladies' WB promo (their own parody of "One Week.") "**Lois Lane**'s got the fly right, kickin', drive you off a cliff and your heart starts tickin'."* "This Must Be Wrong" by Janis Ian. "I ain't no **Lois Lane**, before I get my Kryptonite."* "Hercules Unchained" from Steve Hackett's *Extra Tracks* "Guess we'd better move the scene to Superman and **Lois Lane**."* "Donquixote" from Nik Kershaw's *The Riddle* "Here I am, Superman, **Lois Lane**, saved the world, back again."* The Dutch duo of Suzanne and Monique Klemann perform as **Lois Lane**, though their released CD in the US was credited to Lois-L* "Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. "Clark Kent wouldn’t be the same if he didn’t have his **Lois Lane**"* "Deeply Dippy" from Right Said Fred's *Up* "Deeply dippy, I'm your Superman. I'll explain, you're my **Lois Lane**."* "My Mother's Clothes" from Romanovsky & Phillips' *Emotional Rollercoaster* (also appeared on their album *Brave Boys* and in the off-Broadway musical *Jayson)* "We can be Miss **Lois Lane**... oh Superman!!"* "Mary Mary" from Run-DMC's *Tougher than Leather*. "Dee was **Lois Lane** and I was Clark Kent."* "Jimmy Olsen's Blues" from the Spin Doctors' *A Pocketful of Kryptonitte* "Oh **Lois Lane**, please put me in your plan, no, you don't need no Superman."* "Delilah Delilah" from Stewart Tony's *Supersam* "Why a Superman would give his strength to win his **Lois Lane**?* "Rapper's Delight" from the Sugarhill Gang's *Rapper's Delight* "Said I go by the name of **Lois Lane**"* "Impressed" from Tonio K's *Romeo Unchained* "Ken and Barbie, Dick and Jane, Superman and **Lois Lane**."* "Here on Planet Krypton" from Norton & Rich. Clark and Lois are mentioned often, a later version by Kim Norton later included Superman.
* "Superman" from REM's *Life's Rich Pageant.* Lois is mentioned in the song.
* "I Can Be an American" from Screaming Blue Messiahs' *Bikini Red*. "I can speak American just like Charlie Chan, **Lois Lane**, and Superman."* "Ladies" from Sparks' *Introducing Sparks* "**Lois Lane** will be here soon."* "Lois Lane" from Uncle Bonsai's *Boys Want Sex in the Morning* The song is about Superman, Lois Lane and Clark Kent.
**LOVE AND ROCKETS** *illustration by Jaime Hernandez*
* "Love and Rockets" by Penny Century
* The band Love and Rockets
**MAGNETO**
* "Wolverine Sings His Happy Song" by Baltimore McCree. The song is sung first person by Wolverine, and the lyrics also mention Professor X, Magneto, and Sabretooth.
* "Comic Book Heroes" from The Tearjerkers *Through the Back Door* "Doc Ock, Von Doom, and **Magneto**, don't wanna be like them."* "Magneto and Titanium Man" from Wings' *Venus and Mars.*
**MARMADUKE**
* "Hound Dog" from Rockapella's *Rockapella Two from NY* "I said you're like Scooby Doo and **Marmaduke**."
**MARVELMAN**
* "Catch Me Now I'm Falling" from the Kinks' *Live*. Intro includes "In the beginning, there was Superman, Spider-Man, **Marvelman**"
**MEN IN BLACK**
* "Men in Black" by Will Smith from the *Men in Black* soundtrack. (Did originally appear as a comic book)
**MICKEY MOUSE**
* "Mother's Pride" from Beautiful South's *Choke* "**Mickey Mouse** meets Jack the Lad."* "Mascot Mania" from Biafra Jello's *Prairie Home Invasion* "**Mickey Mouse** beans with tiger ears."* "Mickey's Son and Daughter" by the Bonzo Dog Doo Dah Band
* "Do You Wanna Hold Me" from Bow Wow Wow's *When the Going Gets Tough...* "**Mickey Mouse**, he's as big as a house!"* "Life on Mars?" from David Bowie's *Singles* "That **Mickey Mouse** has grown up a cow."* "Hurry Down Doomsday (The Bugs are Taking Over) from Elvis Costello's *Mighty Like a Rose* "Forget about **Mickey Mouse**, Marlboro and Coca Cola"* "*The Lion King* Segment" from the original cast album *Forbidden Broadway Cleans Up Its Act*. "And **Mickey Mouse** will eat you when you're dead."* "Gagtime" from the original cast album *Forbidden Broadway Cleans Up Its Act* "You can't stop the **Mouse**-ification of Times Square."* "Schoolgirls" from the Headboys' *The Headboys* "You take the **Mickey**, Minnie Mouse"* "Your Turn" from Helloween's *Pink Bubbles Go Ape* "Until there is this day when **Mickey Mouse** must go away."* "Mickey Mouse" by the Norwegian band Holy Toy* "My Rhyme Ain't Done" from L. L. Cool J.'s *Bigger and Deffer*. "Goes to comic strip land and meets He-Man, Donald Duck, Spider-Man, The Hulk, Charlie Brown, Snoopy, Tom & Jerry and **Mickey Mouse**."* "Who's the Leader of the Band?" from the Mousketeers. "**M-I-C-K-E-Y M-O-U-S-E**"
* "You're the Top" written by Cole Porter, covered by many artists. "You're a Bendel bonnet, You're a Shakespeare sonnet, you're **Mickey Mouse**."* "Boll Weevil" from the Presidents of the United States' *Presidents of the United States* "I tried to coach him out with **Mickey Mouse** chocolate pies."* "Dance On" from Prince's *Lovesexy* "M&M killers playin' **Mickey Mouse** games."* "Alex Chilton" from the Replacements' *Pleased to Meet Me* "Runnin' 'round the house, **Mickey Mouse** and the Tarot cards."* "Over the Moon (The Lot)" from the original cast recording of *Rent* "Pushed over a cliff by a suicidal **Mickey Mouse**."* "Alex Chilton" from the Replacements' *Pleased to Meet Me* "Around the house, **Mickey Mouse** and Tarot cards"* "Piggy in the Middle" from The Rutles' *The Rutles* "Donald Duck and **Mickey Mouse**, even Pluto, too."* "Different Story" by Peter Schilling "Where oh Where Is **Mickey Mouse**?" (may be either the single's or album's title)
* "Mickey Mouse" from Sparks' *Angst in my Pants** "The Day the Country Died" from the Subhumans' *The Day the Country Died* "**Mickey Mouse** is dead, got kicked in the head."* "Disgracelands" from Therpay's *Nurse* "**Mickey Mouse** needs speed."* "Nowhere" from Thirty Odd Foot of Grunts (Russell Crowe's band) "Cross the bridges, cross the country, cross your heart and hope to live in a big white house with Cap'n Blood and **Mickey Mouse**"* "Madman" from Ugly Kid Joe's *America's Least Wanted* "I sure as hell ain't **Mickey Mouse**."* *"*Life is Good in the Greenhouse" from XTC's *Go 2* "Rather be a plant than be your **Mickey Mouse**."
**MINNIE MOUSE**
* "Schoolgirls" from the Headboys' *The Headboys* "You take the Mickey, **Minnie Mouse**"* "Mickey Mouse" from Sparks' *Angst in my Pants* Minnie is also mentioned in the song
* "Life Is a Minstrone" from 10cc's *The Original Soundtrack* "**Minnie Mouse** has got it all sewn up."* "Charlie M" from Space's *Spider* "Tryin' to cure his hang-up 'bout screwing **Minnie Mouse**."
**MISTER BURNS**
* "Happy Birthday, Mr. Burns" by the Ramones from *The Simpsons*
**MISTER MIRACLE***illustration by Joe Phillips*
* "Trashed" from Black Sabbath's *Born Again* "**Mr. Miracle**, you saved me some pain... **Mr. Miracle**, I won't get trashed again."
**MODESTY BLAISE**
* "Modesty Plays" from Sparks' *Music You Can Dance To*. The whole song is about her.
**MODOK**
* "Baby Gotterdamerung" by Monster Magnet on their album *Power Trip.* "What would **MODOK** do?"
**MXYZPTLK**
* "Does Your Chewing Gum Lose Its Flavor on the Bedpost Overnight?" from the Star-Spangled Washboard Band's *A Collector's Item* "**Mxyzptlk** spelled backwards is natures... back tothe 5th dimension."
**NAMOR/SUB-MARINER**
* "Raise the Roof" from Public Enemy's *Yo! Raise the Roof!* "Meet **Namor**, Sea Lord Prince of the Deep"
* "Song to Orphans" from Bruce Springsteen's *Songs to Orphans 1* "He's gonna be a **Sub-Mariner**"
**NEMESIS** (the British character)
* "Nemesis" from Shriekback's *Oil and Gold*.. "Big black **Nemesis**, parthenogenesis, everybody happy 'till the sun comes down."
**OLIVE OYL** (see POPEYE)
**PENGUIN, The**
* "Adam West" by the Cape Cub (a parody of the Escape Club's "Wild Wild West"). "The **Penguin**and his 10 goons are plotting in a back room."
**PINKY AND THE BRAIN**
* "Pinky and the Brain" from *Pinky and the Brain* (and originally *Animaniacs*) "They're **Pinky and the Brain** (Brain, Brain... ")
**PLASTIC MAN**
* "Chump" from Green Day's *Dookie* "Magic Man, Egocentric **Plastic Man**, yet you still got one over on me."* "Plastic Man" by the Kinks
* "Don't Ask Me" from Public Image Ltd.'s *Greatest Hits So Far* "You shouldn't ought'a listen to the **Plastic Man**."
**PLUTO**
* "Piggy in the Middle" from the Rutles' *The Rutles* "Donald Duck and Mickey Mouse, even **Pluto** too."* "Hound Dog" from Rockapella's *Rockapella Two from NY* "You're like Snoopy, you're like Goofy, you're like Astro, you're like **Pluto**"
**POPEYE & OLIVE OYL**
* "Professor Booty" from the Beastie Boys' *Check Your Head* "'Cause writin' rhymes to me is like **Popeye** to spinach."
* "Popeye (The Hitchhiker)" by Chubby Checker. "Hitchhike Hitchhike **Popeye** / Standing on the side of the street, uh huh / Hitchhike Hitchhike **Popeye** / Clapping both his hand to the beat, oh yeah / **Popeye** / Well now, clap your hands and thumb your thumbs / That’s how the **Popeye** dance is done, yeah."
* "¿Que Pasa, Que Pasa?" from Kid Creole Presents Coati Mundi's *Coati Mundi.* "Me no **Popeye**, you no **Olive Oyl**."
* "You Pay Your Money and You Take Your Chance" from Bruce Cockburn's *81 Inner City Front,* also appeared on his *Waiting for a Miracle* "Just a deaf kid talking like **Popeye** to a large fleshy laughing man in a blue shirt."
* "Ain't Got No" from *Hair* "Pop paper, pop up, **Popeye**, poppers..."* "Just a Touch" from REM's *Lifes Rich Pageant* "I can't see where to worship **Popeye**, love Al Green."* "Popeye Rap" from The White Boys Crew's *Boston Goes Def* Both characters are mentioned throughout.
**PREACHER/JESSE CUTTER**
* "Jesse Cutter" from Daredevil's *3rd Degree Burnout*. Songs mentions Jesse, Cassidy, and the Saint of Killers in the lyrics.
**PROFESSOR X (Also see X-Men)**
* "Wolverine Sings His Happy Song" by Baltimore McCree. The song is sung first person by Wolverine, and the lyrics also mention Professor X, Magneto, and Sabretooth.
**RICHIE RICH**
* "Coast II Coast" by the Alkoholics from the *Friday* soundtrack. Richie is mentioned in the lyrics.
* "Richie Rich (The Richest Kid in the World)" Harvey Comics single giveaway
**RIDDLER, The**
* "Adam West" by the Cape Cub (a parody of the Escape Club's "Wild Wild West"). "He's beaten up the **Riddler**, the Joker, and the others."* "The Riddler" by Frank Gorshin (yes, he did record his own song)
**R****OBIN***illustration by Mercy Van Vlack*
* "Super-Gran" by Billy Connoly. "Stand back, Superman, Iceman and Spider-Man, Batman & **Robin**, too."* "Batman and His Grandmother" by Dickie Goodman. "While Gotham City sleeps, Batman's grandmother is being kidnapped by the arch cirminal known as..." Commissioner Gordon, Robin and the Batmobile are also mentioned.
* *Jan and Dean Meet Batman* by Jan and Dean. Robin is mentioned throughout this album.
* "Thick as a Brick" from Jethro Tull's *Thick as a Brick"*. "Superman for president, **Robin** save the day."* "Ex-Lion Tamer" from Wire's *Wire* "At hand most Caped Crusader of all... **Robin**'s flown the nest."
**ROCKY & BULLWINKLE**
* "Hey Rocky" from Boris Badanov's 1987 novelty single. Song mentions **Rocky, Bullwinkle, Boris**, etc.
**RORSHACH (Also see The Watchmen)**
* "Rorshach" (?) by Julian Cope
**RUPERT THE BEAR**
* "Rupert" by Jackie Lee (single only)
**SABRETOOTH**
* "Wolverine Sings His Happy Song" by Baltimore McCree. The song is sung first person by Wolverine, and the lyrics also mention Professor X, Magneto, and Sabretooth.
* "X-Men: A Little Prayer" by Modern Humorist. Professor X, Sabretooth, Senator Kelly and Cyclops are mentioned throughtout the song "sung" by Wolverine
**SAD SACK**
* "If I'm on the Late Side" from Faces *Ooh La La* "I don't want a **Sad Sack**."* "Jailhouse Rock" by Elvis Presley (countless albums) "**Sad Sack** was sitting on a block of stone."
**SALLY (from *Peanuts*)**
* "My New Philosophy" from *You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown* (1998 revival) "You're grades are going down, Miss **Sally** Brown."
**SATURN GIRL**
* "Saturn Girl" from Society. Not about the Legionnaire as this one radiates heat and electricity.
**SCOOBY DOO**
* "Scooby Snacks" by Fun Lovin' Criminals from the *Pulp Fiction* soundtrack. "Running around, robbing banks, all wacked out on **Scooby** snacks."* "Girl on T.V." by LFO mentions several times in the lyrics "**Scooby** Snacks."* "Hound Dog" from Rockapella's *Rockapella Two from NY* "I said you're like **Scooby Doo** and Marmaduke."* "Scooby Doo" theme song performed by Matthew Sweet on *Saturday Morning Classics*
**SENATOR KELLY**
* "X-Men: A Little Prayer" by Modern Humorist. Professor X, Sabretooth, Senator Kelly and Cyclops are mentioned throughtout the song "sung" by Wolverine
**SENTINELS, The**
* "X-Men: A Little Prayer" by Modern Humorist. "Cold, shiny claws, pop out from the paws, to slay the evil mutants, but they can't stop anti-mutant laws, who spread with such virulence". "My mutant chromosomes and the strong metal in my bones help me fight **Sentinel** robot drones and I heal very quickly".
**SGT. FURY**
* "War Stories" from Starjets' *God Bless the Starjets* "War stories, **Sgt. Fury**"
**SGT. ROCK**
* "Sgt. Rock (Is Going to Help Me)" from XTC's *Black Sea* "**Sgt. Rock** is going to help me."
**SHEENA, QUEEN OF THE JUNGLE**
* "Sheena is a Punk Rocker" from the Ramones' *Rocket to Russia* The whole song is about her, creator Jerry Iger loved it.
* "Crush on You" from Bruce Springsteen's *The River** "Punk Rock Girl" from That Dog's *That Dog* "A candle can't be held by **Sheena**."
**SHRINKING VIOLET** *llustration by Jeff Moy*
* "So Long Mom" from Tom Lehrer's *That Was the Year That Was.* "Little Johnny Jones, he was a U.S. pilot and no **shrinking violet** was he" (hee hee)
**SILVER SURFER**
* "Silver Surfer" by Grover. No lyrics per se, occasional whisper of Silver Surfer over the instrumentals
* "Last of the New Wave Riders" from Utopia's *Adventures in Utopia* "Here comes that **Silver Surfer** now."* *Surfing with the Alien*from Joe Satriani. Instrumental, but entire album is about him.
* "Teenage Dream" from T. Rex's *Zinc Alloy* "**Silver Surfer** and the ragged kid are all sad and rusted."
**SNOOPY**
* "My Rhyme Ain't Done" from L. L. Cool J.'s *Bigger and Deffer*. "Goes to comic strip land and meets He-Man, Donald Duck, Spider-Man, The Hulk, Charlie Brown, **Snoopy**, Tom & Jerry and Mickey Mouse."* "Hound Dog" from Rockapella's *Rockapella Two from NY* "You're like **Snoopy**, you're like Goofy, you're like Astro, you're like Pluto"* "Snoopy Vs. the Red Baron" from the Royal Guardsmen's *Snoopy vs. the Red Baron* "**Snoopy** fired once, and he fired twice and that Bloody Red Baron went spinning out of sight"* "Return of the Red Baron" from the Royal Guardsmen.
* "Snoopy's Christmas" from the Royal Guardsmen
* "Snoopy for President" from the Royal Guardsmen
**SOLOMON GRUNDY**
* "The Superman Song" from the Crash Test Dummies' first album. "Superman never made any money, saving the world from **Solomon Grundy**."
**SPEEDY GONZALES**
* "Speedy Gonzales" by both David Dante and Pat Boone
**SPIDER-MAN***llustration by John Romita*
* "Spider-Man" from the 60s TV show, covered by the Ramones on *Saturday Morning Classics*, by the lounge band Frenchy on their *Bumps and Grinds*, and Moxy Fruvous' *Bargainville* (though they being a British band, list their lyric as "friendly neighbourhood **Spider-Man**"* "Coast II Coast" by the Alkoholics from the *Friday* soundtrack. Mentions Spider-Man
* "Cameras and Spiders" from Bodies in Panic. A weird version of the animated series theme includes "He's got radiocative sperm."* "Super-Gran" by Billy Connoly. "Stand back, Superman, Iceman and **Spider-Man**, Batman & Robin, too."* "Lullaby" from The Cure's *Disintegration* "On candy stripe legs **Spider-Man** comes"* "Spider-Man" by Peter Griffin* "Vambo" from the Sensational Alex Harvey Band's *Live*. "Vambo is a cross between Santa Claus and **Spider-Man**"* "Spider-Man" from Katrina and the Waves* "Catch Me Now I'm Falling" from the Kinks' *Live*. Intro includes "In the beginning, there was Superman, **Spider-Man**, Marvelman"* "What's the Name of This Funk (Spider-Man)?" by Ramsey Lewis* "Dune Buggy" from the Presidents of the United States' *The Presidents of the United States* "**Spider-Man** squintin' at the sand and the sky."* "What's the Name of this Funk Spider-Man?" by Ramsey Lewis (1975 disco single)* "My Rhyme Ain't Done" from L. L. Cool J.'s *Bigger and Deffer*. "Goes to comic strip land and meets He-Man, Donald Duck, **Spider-Man**, The Hulk, Charlie Brown, Snoopy, Tom & Jerry and Mickey Mouse."* "Stop Talking about Comics or I'll Kill You" by Ookla the Mok. Comic related lyrics mention Hulk, Man of Steel, Steve Rogers, Logan, Kraven, Spider-Man, Flash, Zero Hour, X-Men, Jack Kirby, *Overstreet Price Guide, Comic Buyer's Guide, Wizard* magazine and The Invisibles.
* "Happy New Year (the Street) from the original cast recording of *Rent.* "Where's everyone?/Off playing **Spider-Man**."* "Spider Fan's Lament" by S&M. "You know God, I've been thinking, about this new **Spidey** flick that they're making. I'm not so sure it's a good idea, and some nights I just wake up shaking. With the history and the track record of Marvel movies we've been sent, I think you can easily understand why I sing, Spider fan's lament".* "Earl of Roseland" from Styx' *Styx II* "**Spider-Man** and the Human Torch, they cover bodies to stand."* "Lynda" from Steve Warner. "You could be my Wonder Woman, and I could be your **Spider-Man**"* "Spider-Man '79" from Veruca Salt's *American Thighs* "And tack you to the wall, **Spider-Man, Spider-Man**"* "The Biggest Ball of Twine in Minnesota" from "Weird" Al Yankovic's *UHF* "Crossword puzzles, **Spider-Man** comics, and momma's homemade rhubarb pie."
**SPIDER-WOMAN**
* "Dune Buggy" from the Presidents of the United States' *The Presidents of the United States* "**Spider-Woman** in the front seat, screamin' 'Go, go, go!'"
**STAR SAPPHIRE (See Carol Ferris)**
**STEVE ROGERS (Also see Captain America)**
* "Stop Talking about Comics or I'll Kill You" by Ookla the Mok. Comic related lyrics mention Hulk, Man of Steel, Steve Rogers, Logan, Kraven, Spider-Man, Flash, Zero Hour, X-Men, Jack Kirby, *Overstreet Price Guide, Comic Buyer's Guide, Wizard* magazine and The Invisibles.
**SUPERBOY**
* "Superboy" by the Bears.
* "Superboy" from Nina Hagen's EP *Superboy* (in German)
* "U.S. Forces" from Shriekback's *10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1...* "**Superboy** takes a plutonium wife."
**SUPERGIRL** *llustration byCurt Swan/Murphy Anderson*
* "Supergirl" from Graham Bonney
* "Supergirl" by Krystal Harris from *The Princess Diaries* soundtrack. (Though the song is only about an "iconic" Supergirl and not any from the actual comics.)
* "Supergirl" from Joey McIntyre. "Baby it's your world, **Supergirl**"* "Lynda" from Steve Warner. Song is about Supergirl though only Wonder Woman and Spider-Man are mentioned by name
* "That's Really Super, Supergirl" from XTC's *Skylarking* The whole song is about her, the Fortress of Solitude is also mentioned.
**SUPER HEROES (in general)**
* "Secret Wars" from the Last Emperor. This song can be downloaded (if there's not a lot of web traffic) at <http://www.tha-real.com/reviews/archives/november995.shtml> The song has super-heroes fighting rappers.
* "Super-Heroes" by the Firm
* "Superhoes" by Funkdoobiest from the *Friday* soundtrack
* "99 Red Balloons" from Nena's *Nena*. "Everyone's a **super-hero**, everyone's a Captain Kirk."
**SUPERMAN** (also see CLARK KENT) *First illustration by Curt Swan/Murphy Anderson, second by Jose Garcia-Lopez*
* "What's Next to the Moon?" from AC/DC's *Powerage* "**Superman** was out of town... **Clark Kent** was looking for a free ride."* "Can't Stop This Thing" from Bryan Adams' *So Far So Good* "I'm not **Superman** and I can't fly."* "Dream Man" from Fascinating Aida's *A Load of Old Sequins* "From Bogart to **Superman**"* "Sunshine Superman" from Alice Donut's *Alice Comes Alive*. (title of song only)
* "I'm Your Superman" by the All Sports Band (reached #91)
* "Step Out of Your Mind" by the American Breed. "Do your living in a comic book, be a **Superman** or a Captain Hook."* "O Superman" from Laurie Anderson's *Big Science* "O **Superman**, O Judge, O Mom and Dad"* "Do What You Want" from Bad Religion's *Do What You Want"* "And go to hell with **Superman** and die a champion, ya hee!"* "Superman" by Celi Bee and the Buzzy Bunch. "**Superman**, I love you **Superman**, do it to me **Superman**"* "Superman" from Black Sabbath. The whole song is about him.* "Spiral Architect" from Black Sabbath's *Sabbath Bloody Sabbath*. "Sadness kills the **superman**."* "Comic Books" from Blondie's *Def, Dumb & Blonde* "**Superman**, Batman and the Archie gang"* "I Like 'Em Big and Stupid" from Julie Brown's *Trapped in a Body of a White Girl* "What kind of guy does a lot for me/ **Superman** with a lobotomy!"* "Adam West" by the Cape Cub (a parody of the Escape Club's "Wild Wild West"). "You can have your Mr. Spock, you can have your **Superman**."* "Used to Be" by Charlene and Stevie Wonder (album?) "**Superman** was killed in Dallas, there's no love left in the palace."* "Male Monster from the Id" by The Chills. "It'd take a **Superman** to supervise."* "Super-Gran" by Billy Connoly. "Stand back, **Superman**, Iceman and Spider-Man, Batman & Robin, too."* "Superbird" from Country Joe and the Fish's *Electric Music for Mind and Body* "Lyndon Johnson chased by Kryptonite."* "You Don't Mess Around with Jim" from Jim Croce's *Life and Times.* "You don't tug on **Superman**'s cape."* "The Superman Song" from the Crash Test Dummies' *The Ghosts That Haunted Me*. "**Superman** never made any money, saving the world from Solomon Grundy."* "Love is Stronger than Superman" from the deFranco Family's *Superman** "Sunset Superman" from Dio's *Dream Evil* "Before someone cuts it all away, Sunset **Superman**."* "Party Up (Up in Here) by DMX "So whatever it is you puffin' on that got you think that you **Superman**"* "Sunshine Superman" from Donovan's *Sunshine Superman*. "**Superman** and Green Lantern ain't got nothing on me."* "Sun King" from Eggstone's *In San Diego*. "from sleeping under an instant sun, it makes me feel like **Superman**."* "I've Got a Lover (Back in Japan)" from Eurythmics' *Savage*. "He's got tattoos, he's my **Superman**."* "Revival" from Eurythmics' *Savage*. "Well, **Superman**, I've got news for you... "* "Superman" by Donna Fargo. While only a #41 hit on the pop chart, it did top the country chart in 1973* "Fire Escape" from Fastball's *All the Pain That Money Can Buy*. "I don't wanna be president, **Superman** or Clark Kent."* "Superman (It's Not Easy)" by Five for Fighting. The song is a first person account by Superman but does not mention him by name.* "Mister Sandman" from The Flirtations' *Live Out on the Road* "Mister Sandman (Sandman), won't you believe/We want a **Superman** like Christopher Reeve."* "A Wonderful Day in a One-Way World" from Peter Gabriel's *Peter Gabriel* (second album). "No respect for **Superman** in Supermarket."* "Spaceeaster" from Gamma Ray's *Heading for Tomorrow* "You're drowning in a lusty whirl, be **Superman** or Wonder Girl."* "The Carpet Crawlers" from Genesis' *Lamb Lies Down on Broadway*. "Mild-mannered **Supermen** are held in Kryptonite."* "Land of Confusion" from Genesis' *Invisible Touch*. "Oh **Superman**, where are you now?"* "Sex Boy" from the Germs' *Complete Anthology* "I take it anywhere, anytime I can, I am the fucking son of a **Superman**."* "Ride, Superman, Ride" from Stomp Gordon (1956 r&b novelty song)
* "Jubilee" from Norman Greenbaum's *Spirit in the Sky** "Hercules Unchained" from Steve Hackett's *Extra Tracks* "Guess we'd better move the scene to **Superman** and Lois Lane."* "Ain't Go No" from *Hair* "LSD, 007s, **Superman**s, Batmans..."* "Orgone Accumulator" from Hawkwind's *Lyric Book* "But an orgone accumulator is a **Superman** creator."* "Contenders" from Heaven 17's *Pleasure One*. "**Superman**, if you're listening, help us out."* *Superman* by Jimi Hendryx (album title)* "There Ain't No Superman" from Gil Scot Heron's *Greatest Hits** "Superman" from Robyn Hitchcock & the Egyptians' *Queen Elvis* "**Superman, Superman**, crunchy little **Superman**, found you in a Corn Flakes box."* "Lifestyles of the Rich and Infamous" from Ice T's *O G*. "I in't human no more, I'm a **Superman**."* "Superman" from the Ides of March. "Great Caesar's Ghost, I'll be your **Superman**."* "White Wedding" from Billy Idol's *Billy Idol*. "Hey, little sister, who's your **Superman**?"* "Jungle Superman" from the Individuals
* "Thick as a Brick" from Jethro Tull's *Thick as a Brick"*. "**Superman** for president, let Robin save the day."* "Hercules" from Elton John's *Honky Chateau* "No **Superman** gonna ruin my plans playing with my toys."* "Satellite" from Elton John's *Ice on Fire* "If you want a miracle, call up a **Superman**."* "Superman" from Mickey Jupp's *Some People Can't Dance** "Donquixote" from Nik Kershaw's *The Riddle* "Here I am, **Superman**, Lois Lane, saved the world, back again."* "Can You Read My Mind (Love Theme from *Superman*)" from Margot Kidder
* "Superman" from The Kingston Trio's *The Kingston Trio at Large*. "Dress me up in crazy colors so I look like **Superman**."* "(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman" from the Kinks' *Low Budget*. "Gotta be a **Superman** to survive."* "Catch Me Now I'm Falling" from the Kinks' *Live*. Intro includes "In the beginning, there was **Superman**, Spider-Man, Marvelman"* "Blessed is the Rain" Johnny Maestro and Brooklyn Bridge
* "Save Me" by Aimee Man from the *Magnolia* soundtack. "Like Peter Pan or **Superman** you will come to save me."* "Superman" from Herbie Mann's *Super Mann*. "**Superman**, I love you **Superman**, do it to me **Superman**"* "Real Life" from Matchbox 20's *You or Someone Like You*. While the song does not specifically mention Superman by name, lyrics include "I wish I could be a super-hero" then goes on listing many of Superman's powers.
* "Reward" from the Meat Puppets' *Meat Puppets.* "A righteous man will receive a righteous man's reward, a year's subscription to ***Superman*** comics."* "L.U.V." from John Mellencamp's *Dance Naked* "Wait a minute, let me check my tan, am I the same color as **Superman**?"* "Ollie Shred (Contra Shuffle)" from NSC. "Hey, Ollie North, he's just like **Superman**."* "Here on Planet Krypton" from Norton & Rich. Clark and Lois are mentioned often, a later version by Kim Norton later included Superman.
* "Philthy Phil Philantropist" from Nofx' *Heavy Petting Zoo* "Replace **Superman** with Joe the Ordinary."* "Rite of Sping" from Mike Oldfield (B-side of "Moonlight Shadow") "Break away like **Superman**."* "Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. "And **Superman** never made any money well try to tell that to DC"* "Super Powers" by Ookla the Mok" While Superman is not mentioned by name, one lyric is "I'm given superpowers by the yellow sun"* "Stop Talking about Comics or I'll Kill You" by Ookla the Mok. Comic related lyrics mention Hulk, the Man of Steel, Steve Rogers, Logan, Kraven, Spider-Man, Flash, Zero Hour, X-Men, Jack Kirby, *Overstreet Price Guide, Comic Buyer's Guide, Wizard* magazine and The Invisibles.
* "Superman's Dead" from Our Lady Peace's *Clumsy* "Why is **Superman** dead, is it in my head?"* "Maskinen I Mig" from Page's *Page Iso* "Jag är en **Superman**, vill visa vad jag kan"* "Talking Pop Art" from Tom Paxton's *Outward Bound* "So here I stand in a **Superman** suit... if I'd have a chance I'd rather be Batman."* "Supernvova" from Liz Phair's *Whip Smart* '' 'Cause you're a human supernova, a solar **Superman**''* "Masterplan" from the Plasmatics' *Metal Priestess* "Masterplan. **Superman**. Masterplan."* "Michael Michael Superman" from Dory Previn's *On My Way to Where?* ""Michael Michael **Superman**."* "My Baby Wants to Rock and Roll" from Iggy Pop's *Brick by Brick* "She's shoppin' wild and she's comin' down, **Superman** couldn't turn her around."* "Dance of the Mad" from Pop Will Eat Itself's *Cure for Sanity* "Heard about the bird, 'bout the plane and the **Superman**?"* "Can U Dig It?" from Pop Will Eat Itself's *This is the Day... This is the Hour... This is This* Mentions the Furry Freak Brothers, Marvel Comics, DC Comics, and Bruce Wayne
* "Bicycle Race" from Queen's *Jazz* (also appears on *Greatest Hits* and *Live Killers*) "I don't believe in Peter Pan, Frankenstein or **Superman**"* "Superman" from REM's *Life's Rich Pageant*. "I am **Superman**, and I can do anything."* "Deeply Dippy" from Right Said Fred's *Up* "Deeply dippy, I'm your **Superman**. I'll explain, you're my Lois Lane."* "New York Script" from *The Rocky Horror Picture Show Audience Participation Album* "It's **Superman**!" (when Brad takes off his glasses and says "Ungrateful?!?"
* "Crazy Lover" from the Rollins Band's *Hot Animal Machine* "I'm even super than a **Superman**."* "My Mother's Clothes" from Romanovsky & Phillips' *Emotional Rollercoaster* (also appeared on their album *Brave Boys* and in the off-Broadway musical *Jayson)* "We can be Miss Lois Lane... oh **Superman**!!"* "I Can Be an American" from Screaming Blue Messiahs' *Bikini Red*. "I can speak American just like Charlie Chan, Lois Lane, and **Superman**."* "Here I Am" from Skid Row's *Skid Row* "Close your eyes and I'll be **Superman**."* "Halo of Flies" from Skyclad's *The Silent Whales of Lunar Sea* "I'll never pass for a **Superman**."* "The Ballad of Aquaman" by the Social Breeders. "**Superman** can fly up in the sky and Batman has a genius brain, Wonder Woman, the amazon, has got a invisible magic plane. The Flash runs quick as a comet, Green Lantern's got a glowing ring, they all bring great power, but what does Aquaman bring?"* "Jimmy Olsen's Blues" from the Spin Doctors' *A Pocketful of Kryptonitte* "Oh Lois Lane, please put me in your plan, no, you don't need no **Superman**."* "I'm Your Superman" from Rick Springfield's *Comic Book Heroes* "I'm your **Superman**." Kryptonite is also mentioned.
* "Out on the Street" from Starfighters' *In-Flight Movie* "Out on the street, I might see **Superman**."* "Garbage!" from Bill Steele's *Garbage!* "While the kids do homework with a TV in one ear while **Superman** for thousandth time." and "While **Superman** for the thousandth time sells talking dolls and conuqers crime."* "All for Love" from Steelheart's *Tangled in Reins* "You make me feel like **Superman**."* "Glamour Profession" from Steely Dan's *Gaucho* "One on one, he's schoolyard **Superman**."* "Supersam" from Stewart Tony's *Supersam* "But by the Spirit of the Lord he became a **Superman**."* "Delilah Delilah" from Stewart Tony's *Supersam* "Why a **Superman** would give his strength to win his Lois Lane?* "Silver Gun Superman" from the Stone Temple Pilots' *Purple* "The 'little one' **Superman** with silver gun"* "Superman" from Barbra Streisand's *Superman** "Pantomine Horse" from Suede's *Suede* "I was conned by a circus hand, tragic as the son of **Superman**."* "Rapper's Delight" from the Sugarhill Gang's *Rapper's Delight* "Just let me quit my boyfriend called **Superman**."* "Ayatollah" from the Swingers' *Practical Jokers* "There's a new **Superman**, Ayatollah Khomeini"* "Kryptonite" from 3 Doors Down's *3 Doors Down* "Would I still be your **Superman**?"* "Impressed" from Tonio K's *Romeo Unchained* "Ken and Barbie, Dick and Jane, **Superman** and Lois Lame."* "Ten Feet Tall and Bulletproof" by Travis Tritt "I start to feel like **Superman** when I pick a fight, only to find that my opponent's holding Kryptonite!"* "Day of the Eagle" from Robin Trower's *Brdige of Sighs* "These people seem to think I'm **Superman**."* "Holding out for a Hero" by Bonnie Tyler from the *Footloose* soundtrack. "It's gonna take a **Superman** to sweep me off my feet."* "Lois Lane" from Uncle Bonsai's *Boys Want Sex in the Morning* The song is about Superman, Lois Lane and Clark Kent.
* "The God Song" from Underworld's *Undeneath the Radar* "Beat the drum for Mr. Accusation, the hypoctrical **Superman**."* "Set Me Free" from Utopia's *Adventures in Utopia* "Well I ain't no **Superman**."* "You're No Good" from Van Halen's *Van Halen II* "???? **Superman** baby"* "Galaxy" by War. "**Superman**, Batman, going all night, go one on one with a meteorite."* "Heaven" from Warrant's *Heaven* "I don't need to be a **Superman**"* "Undone (the Sweater Song)" from Weezer's *Undone* "Hate to see you lyin' there in your **Superman** skivvies."* "I Believe in You" from Don Williams' *I Believe in You* "That **Superman** and Robin Hood are still alive in Hollywood."* "Man of Steel" by Hank Williams, Jr. "Some people call me **Superman**."* "Hollow Hills" "**Superman**'s here so sad." (Artist, anyone?)
* an unidentified song with the lyric "We don't pay **Superman** enough money to do the job he does."
**SUPER SKRULL**
* "Theme from Super Skrull by Ookla the Mok
**SUPERWOMAN**
* "Superwoman" from Li'l Mo. (Though the song is more about an iconic "superwoman" rather a reference to either of the two obscure Superwoman character in the comics.)
**SYLVESTER (see Tweety and Sylvester)**
**TEENAGE NINJA MUTANT TURTLES**
* "Turtle Crazy" from Toy Dolls' *Fat Bob's Feet* The whole song is about them.
* "Teenage Mutant Ninja Rap" by Vanilla Ice from the movie *Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles*
**THOMPSON TWINS**
* Group named themselves after characters in the Belgian comic strip *Tin-Tin*
**THOR**
* "Thor (the Powerhead) by Manowar. "I heard the Heaven scream his name, I watch as he's shouting, to the giants who died that day, he held up his hammer high, I call to Odin for a sign. **Thor** - the mighty, **Thor** - the brave, crush the infidels in your way.." Odin and Mjolnir are also mentioned in the lyrics.
**TINKERBELL**
* "Nemesis" from Shriekback's *Oil and Gold*. "In a jungle of the senses, **Tinkerbell** and Jack the Ripper."
**TITANIUM MAN**
* "Magneto and Titanium Man" from Wings' *Venus and Mars.*
**TOM AND JERRY**
* "Do You Wanna Hold Me" from Bow Wow Wow's *When the Going Gets Tough...* "**Tom and Jerry**'s no solution."* "Cheer Up, It Might Never Happen" from Carter the Unstoppable Sex Machine's *Post-Historic Monsters* "**Tom and Jerry** built to a moronic riff."* "Talk Some" by Billy Ray Cyrus' *Talk Some* "I'm getting tired of this game of **Tom and Jerry**."
* "My Rhyme Ain't Done" from L. L. Cool J.'s *Bigger and Deffer*. "Goes to comic strip land and meets He-Man, Donald Duck, Spider-Man, The Hulk, Charlie Brown, Snoopy, **Tom & Jerry** and Mickey Mouse."
**TRIPLICATE GIRL**
* "Triplicate Girl's Third Self" from Sex in Miami. This unsigned rock band performed this in the early 70s or 80s.
**TWEETY AND SYLVESTER**
* "Kids WB" from the Barenaked Ladies' WB promo (their own parody of "One Week.") "I see **Tweety**, he's a sweeties, and a treaty for **Sylvester** who need meaty, open wide for his naked feet."
**2000 A.D. (A British comic book)**
* "2000 A.D." from the Rezillos' *Can't Stand the Rezillos*.
**UFO, The (German comics character)**
* *Wm Thoeke Presents the Ufo. (Hit Parade)*
**V FOR VENDETTA**
* "Can U Dig It?" from Pop Will Eat Itself's *This is the Day... This is the Hour... This is This* Mentions the Furry Freak Brothers, Marvel Comics, DC Comics, Alan Moore, Bruce Wayne and V for Vendetta
**VICKI VALE**
* "Batdance" from Prince's *Batman*. "Who's that? **Vicki Vale**... "* "Vicki Waiting" from Prince's *Batman* "Still I keep **Vicki** waiting..."
**WATCHMEN, The (also see Rorshach)**
* "The Watchmen" from 3-D Invisibles' *Vampires a Go-Go* The whole song is about them, each member is mentioned.
**WERNER-BEINHAT**
* "Weiner-Beinhat," a song from the late 50s about the German comic character
**WOLVERINE (Also see X-Men)**
* "Wolverine Sings His Happy Song" by Baltimore McCree. The song is sung first person by Wolverine, and the lyrics also mention Professor X, Magneto, and Sabretooth.
* "Stop Talking about Comics or I'll Kill You" by Ookla the Mok. Comic related lyrics mention Hulk, Man of Steel, Steve Rogers, Logan [Wolverine], Kraven, Spider-Man, Flash, Zero Hour, X-Men, Jack Kirby, *Overstreet Price Guide, Comic Buyer's Guide, Wizard* magazine and The Invisibles.
**WONDER GIRL***i**llustration by Mercy Van Vlack*
* "Spaceeaster" from Gamma Ray's *Heading for Tomorrow* "You're drowning in a lusty whirl, be Superman or **Wonder Girl**."* "Randy Scouse Git" from the Monkees' *Headquarters*. "The being known as **Wonder Girl** is speaking, I believe."
**WONDER WOMAN (Also see Diana Prince)** *llustration from DC Web Site*
* "No One Knows for Sure" from Peter Alsop's *Wha'd'ya Wanna Do?* "And McCaffree might see **Wonder Woman** and she might have her rope."* "Lamb Lies Down on Broadway" from Genesis' *Lamb Lies Down on Broadway*. "**Wonder Women**, draw your blinds."* "Wonder Woman's Belt" by Andrew Kerr. "My sister, wears a **Wonder Woman** belt, a cruelty-free jacket, very confortable shoes, Lynda Carter only played you on TV, while you were sleeping in the bedroom"* "Arthur Curry" by Ookla the Mok. "Diana's got her invisible jet"
* "Wonder Woman" from Ramona Silver's "Wonder Woman" "I want **Wonder Woman** every single working day."* "Lynda" from Steve Warner. "You could be my **Wonder Women**, and I could be your Spider-Man"* "Let Your Man Fly" from Max Webster's *Mutiny Up My Sleeve* "I know you're a **Wonder Woman**."* "Wonder Woman" theme song from the Lynda Carter TV show. "**Wonder Woman****!** Get us out from under**,** **Wonder Woman****!**"
**WOODY WOODPECKER**
* "Woody Boogie" from Baltimora's *Living in the Background*. This song is about **Woody Woodpecker**.
* "The Woody Woodpecker Song" by Kay Kaiser. "Ha-ha-ha-HA-ha! Ha-ha-ha-HA-ha! Oh, that's the **Woody Woodpecker** song!"
**X-MEN, The (Also see Wolverine, Professor X, Cyclops, Angel)** *llustration by members of X-APA*
* "X-Men: A Little Prayer" by Modern Humorist. "Cold, shiny claws, pop out from the paws, to slay the evil mutants, but they can't stop anti-mutant laws, who spread with such virulence". "My mutant chromosomes and the strong metal in my bones help me fight Sentinel robot drones and I heal very quickly". Professor X, Sabretooth, Senator Kelly and Cyclops are mentioned throughtout the song.
* "Stop Talking about Comics or I'll Kill You" by Ookla the Mok. Comic related lyrics mention Hulk, Man of Steel, Steve Rogers, Logan, Kraven, Spider-Man, Flash, Zero Hour, X-Men, Jack Kirby, *Overstreet Price Guide, Comic Buyer's Guide, Wizard* magazine and The Invisibles.
* "How Long" from Poe (live only) "Just like the **X-Men** in the comics."* "Comic Book Heroes" from The Tearjerkers *Through the Back Door.* "**X-Men**, Avengers, Fantastic Four, I wanna be like them."
**YOGI BEAR**
* "Al N Yetta" from Allan Sherman's *Al N Yetta* "And fourth reuns of ***Yogi Bear***."* "My Mike Sounds Nice" from Salt N Pepa's *Hot, Cool and Vicious* "I'm lovable and huggable like **Yogi Bear.**"* "In the Mind of the Bourgeois Reader" from Sonic Youth's *Experimental Jet Set Trash and No Star* "All praise due Queen and **Yogi Bear**."* "Al N Yetta" from Allan Sherman's *Al N Yetta* "And fourth reruns of Yogi Bear."* "What's Going On?" from Al Stewart's *Modern Times* "You walk like Greta Garbo but you talk like **Yogi Bear**."
**ZERO HOUR**
* "Stop Talking about Comics or I'll Kill You" by Ookla the Mok. Comic related lyrics mention Hulk, Man of Steel, Steve Rogers, Logan, Kraven, Spider-Man, Flash, Zero Hour, X-Men, Jack Kirby, *Overstreet Price Guide, Comic Buyer's Guide, Wizard* magazine and The Invisibles.
***RETURN TO [](http://www.comicbookradioshow.com)Home Page***
page design by [Chris Companik](mailto:[email protected])
| http://www.comicbookradioshow.com/trapped/songlist.html |
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1">
<meta name="generator" content="Adobe GoLive 4">
<title>Colored Electron Micrographs</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#118a0b">
<center>
<font size="7" color="#fff40e"><b><img height="43" width="447" src="CEM.gif"></b></font>
<p><font size="6" color="#fff40e"><tt><b><img height="128" width="467" src="text.gif"></b></tt></font></p>
<p><font size="4" color="#f8ecf9" face="Arial,Helvetica,Geneva,Swiss,SunSans-Regular"><tt><b>(click on an image to retreive a larger version)</b></tt></font></p>
<p><font size="6" color="#ff0b16"><tt><b>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" width="317">
<tr bgcolor="#202ca4">
<td>
<center>
<font color="#1bff0b">Corrosion Casts<br>
of Capillaries</font></center>
</td>
<td>
<center>
<font color="#1bff0b">Pericytes on Capillaries</font></center>
</td>
<td>
<center>
<font color="#1bff0b">Fly's Head</font></center>
</td>
<td>
<center>
<font color="#1bff0b">Freeze Fracture Replica of Cell and Nucleus</font></center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="black">
<td bgcolor="black">
<center>
<a href="ccc.gif"><img height="80" width="98" src="cccsmall.gif" border="0"></a></center>
</td>
<td><a href="capillarypericytes.gif"><img height="85" width="112" src="pericytessmall.gif" border="0"></a></td>
<td>
<center>
<a href="fliesheadcolored.gif"><img height="75" width="97" src="flysmall.gif" border="0"></a></center>
</td>
<td>
<center>
<a href="ff.gif"><img height="81" width="70" src="ffsmall.gif" border="0"></a></center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#202ca4">
<td>
<center>
<font color="#39ff22">Iris & Ciliary Body</font></center>
</td>
<td>
<center>
<font color="#39ff22">Liver Sinusoids and Hepatocytes</font></center>
</td>
<td>
<center>
<font color="#39ff22">Divided Tissue Culture Cells</font></center>
</td>
<td>
<center>
<font color="#39ff22">Neuromuscular Junctions</font></center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="black">
<center>
<a href="Iris%20.gif"><img height="61" width="116" src="irismall.gif" border="0"></a></center>
</td>
<td bgcolor="black">
<center>
<a href="liversinusoids.gif"><img height="56" width="95" src="sinusoidsmall.gif" border="0"></a></center>
</td>
<td bgcolor="black">
<center>
<a href="microvillioncells.gif"><img height="64" width="84" src="microvillismall.gif" border="0"></a></center>
</td>
<td bgcolor="black">
<center>
<a href="moterendplates.gif"><img height="64" width="86" src="motorendplatesmall.gif" border="0"></a></center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#202ca4">
<td>
<center>
<font color="#1bff0b">Red Blood Cells</font></center>
</td>
<td>
<center>
<font color="#39ff22">Perivascular Cells</font></center>
</td>
<td>
<center>
<font color="#39ff22">Renal Corpuscle</font></center>
</td>
<td>
<center>
<font color="#39ff22">Seminiferous Tubule</font></center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="black">
<center>
<a href="redbloodcells.gif"><img height="67" width="74" src="rbcsmall.gif" border="0"></a></center>
</td>
<td bgcolor="black">
<center>
<a href="perivascularcells.gif"><img height="58" width="87" src="perivascularsmall.gif" border="0"></a></center>
</td>
<td bgcolor="black">
<center>
<a href="renalcorpuscle.gif"><img height="69" width="91" src="corpusclesmall.gif" border="0"></a></center>
</td>
<td bgcolor="black">
<center>
<a href="seminiferous%20tubule.gif"><img height="72" width="91" src="tubulesmall.gif" border="0"></a></center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr bgcolor="#202ca4">
<td bgcolor="#16186b">
<center>
<font color="#39ff22">Spermatozoa</font></center>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#16186b">
<center>
<font color="#39ff22">Tissue Culture Cell</font></center>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#16186b">
<div align="center">
<font color="#1dff1d">Ant</font></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#16186b">
<div align="center">
<font color="#1dff1d">Fly's Eye</font></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="black">
<center>
<a href="spermatozoa.gif"><img height="68" width="81" src="spermsmall.gif" border="0"></a></center>
</td>
<td bgcolor="black">
<center>
<a href="tissueculturecell.gif"><img height="65" width="86" src="tissuecellsmall.gif" border="0"></a></center>
</td>
<td bgcolor="black"><a href="anta.jpg"><img src="antasmall.jpg" alt="" width="109" height="80" border="0"></a></td>
<td bgcolor="black"><a href="flyeye.jpg"><img src="flyeyesmall.jpg" alt="" width="127" height="82" border="0"></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="navy">
<div align="center">
<font color="#1dff1d">Hair Cells</font></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="navy">
<div align="center">
<font color="#1dff1d">Organ of Corti</font></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="navy">
<div align="center">
<font color="#1dff1d">Oligodendrocyte</font></div>
</td>
<td bgcolor="navy">
<div align="center">
<font color="#1dff1d">Ants Head</font></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="black"><a href="haircells.jpg"><img src="haircellsmall.jpg" alt="" width="122" height="87" border="0"></a></td>
<td bgcolor="black"><a href="organofcorti.jpg"><img src="organofcortismall.jpg" alt="" width="116" height="99" border="0"></a></td>
<td bgcolor="black"><a href="oligodendrocyte.jpg"><img src="oligodendrocytesmall.jpg" alt="" width="130" height="113" border="0"></a></td>
<td bgcolor="black"><a href="wholeanthead.jpg"><img src="wholeantheadsmall.jpg" alt="" width="141" height="104" border="0"></a></td>
</tr>
</table>
</b></tt></font></center>
</body>
</html>
| Colored Electron Micrographs **** ****
**(click on an image to retreive a larger version)**
**| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Corrosion Casts
of Capillaries | Pericytes on Capillaries | Fly's Head | Freeze Fracture Replica of Cell and Nucleus |
| | | | |
| Iris & Ciliary Body | Liver Sinusoids and Hepatocytes | Divided Tissue Culture Cells | Neuromuscular Junctions |
| | | | |
| Red Blood Cells | Perivascular Cells | Renal Corpuscle | Seminiferous Tubule |
| | | | |
| Spermatozoa | Tissue Culture Cell | Ant | Fly's Eye |
| | | | |
| Hair Cells | Organ of Corti | Oligodendrocyte | Ants Head |
| | | | |**
| http://www1.udel.edu/biology/Wags/histopage/wagnerart/coloredempage/coloredems.html |
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<H1 style='color: #900;'>Pace Yourself</H1>
<I>
by Nick Ienatsch <BR>
</I>
Copyright © June 1993, Sport Rider Magazine <BR>
</div>
<H2 style='color: #900;'>
The street is not the track — It's a place to Pace
</H2>
Two weeks ago a rider died when he and his bike tumbled off a cliff
paralleling our favorite road. No gravel in the lane, no oncoming car
pushing him wide, no ice. The guy screwed up. Rider error. Too much
enthusiasm with too little skill, and this fatality wasn't the first on
this road this year. As with most single-bike accidents, the rider
entered the corner at a speed his brain told him was too fast, stood the
bike up and nailed the rear brake. Good-bye.
<P>
On the racetrack the rider would have tumbled into the hay bales,
visited the ambulance for a strip of gauze and headed back to the pits
to straighten his handlebars and think about his mistake. But let's get
one thing perfectly clear: the street is not the racetrack. Using it as
such will shorten your riding career and keep you from discovering the
Pace. The Pace is far from street racing — and a lot more fun.
<P>
The Pace places the motorcycle in its proper role as the controlled
vehicle, not the controlling vehicle. Too many riders of sport bikes
become baggage when the throttle gets twisted — the ensuing speed is so
overwhelming they are carried along in the rush. The Pace ignores
outright speed and can be as much fun on a Ninja 250 as on a ZX-11,
emphasizing rider skill over right-wrist bravado. A fool can twist the
grip, but a fool has no idea how to stop or turn. Learning to stop will
save your life; learning to turn will enrich it. What feels better than
banking a motorcycle over into a corner?
<P>
The mechanics of turning a motorcycle involve pushing and/or pulling on
the handlebars; while this isn't new information for most sport riders,
realize that the force at the handlebar affects the motorcycle's rate of
turn-in. Shove hard on the bars, and the bike snaps over; gently push
the bars, and the bike lazily banks in. Different corners require
different techniques, but as you begin to think about lines, late
entrances and late apexes, turning your bike at the exact moment and
reaching he precise lean angle will require firm, forceful inputs at the
handlebars. If you take less time to turn your motorcycle, you can use
that time to brake more effectively or run deeper into the corner,
affording yourself more time to judge the corner and a better look at
any hidden surprises. It's important to look as far into the corner as
possible and remember the adage, "You go where you look."
<P>
<H2 style='color: #900;'>
DON'T RUSH
</H2>
The number-one survival skill, after mastering emergency braking, is
setting your corner-entrance speed early, or as Kenny Roberts says,
"Slow in, fast out." Street riders may get away with rushing into 99
out of 100 corners, but that last one will have gravel, mud or a
trespassing car. Setting entrance speed early will allow you to adjust
your speed and cornering line, giving you every opportunity to handle
the surprise.
<P>
We've all rushed into a corner too fast and experienced not just the
terror but the lack of control when trying to herd the bike into the
bend. If you're fighting the brakes and trying to turn the bike, any
surprise will be impossible to deal with. Setting your entrance speed
early and looking into the corner allows you to determine what type of
corner you're facing. Does the radius decrease? Is the turn off-
camber? Is there an embankment that may have contributed some dirt to
the corner?
<P>
Racers talk constantly about late braking, yet that technique is used
only to pass for position during a race, not to turn a quicker lap time.
Hard braking blurs the ability to judge cornering speed accurately, and
most racers who rely too heavily on the brakes find themselves passed at
the corner exits because they scrubbed off too much cornering speed.
Additionally, braking late often forces you to trail the brakes or turn
the motorcycle while still braking. While light trail braking is an
excellent and useful technique to master, understand that your front
tire has only a certain amount of traction to give.
<P>
If you use a majority of the front tire's traction for braking and then
ask it to provide maximum cornering traction as well, a typical low-side
crash will result. Also consider that your motorcycle won't steer as
well with the fork fully compressed under braking. If you're constantly
fighting the motorcycle while turning, it may be because you're braking
too far into the corner. All these problems can be eliminated by
setting your entrance speed early, an important component of running the
Pace.
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<IMG ALIGN=bottom SRC="PACE1.GIF">
<I><B>
Using all of the available lane while entering the corner (square line)
provides a number of benefits. It allows you to brake while upright,
see farther through the corner and use a later corner apex.
With a later apex, you can get on the throttle earlier as you stand
the bike up out of the corner. The low entrrance line (dotted line)
forces you to lean over even after the apex and is a major contributing
factor to overshooting a corner. Always give the centerline some room;
stay right except to pass.
</I></B>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
Since you aren't hammering the brakes at every corner entrance, your
enjoyment of pure cornering will increase tremendously. You'll relish
the feeling of snapping your bike into the corner and opening the
throttle as early as possible. Racers talk about getting the drive
started, and that's just as important on the street. Notice how the
motorcycle settles down and simply works better when the throttle is
open? Use a smooth, light touch on the throttle and try to get the bike
driving as soon as possible in the corner, even before the apex, the
tightest point of the corner. If you find yourself on the throttle
ridiculously early, it's an indication you can increase your entrance
speed slightly by releasing the brakes earlier.
<P>
As you sweep past the apex, you can begin to stand the bike up out of
the corner. This is best done by smoothly accelerating, which will help
stand the bike up. As the rear tire comes off full lean, it puts more
rubber on the road, and the forces previously used for cornering
traction can be converted to acceleration traction. The throttle can be
rolled open as the bike stands up.
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<IMG ALIGN=bottom SRC="PACE2.GIF">
<I><B>
A tire has a given amount of traction that can be used for cornering,
accelerating, decelerating or a combination of these.
A tire that's cornering hard won't have much traction left for
acceleration or deceleration.
Imagine a linkage connecting your rear tire to your throttle hand.
As the tire stands up from full lean, your throttle can be rolled open;
the tire's traction used for cornering can now be converted to
acceleration traction.
</I></B>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
This magazine won't tell you how fast is safe; we will tell you how to
go fast safely. How fast you go is your decision, but it's one that
requires reflection and commitment. High speed on an empty four-lane
freeway is against the law, but it's fairly safe. Fifty-five miles per
hour in a canyon may be legal, but it may also be dangerous. Get
together with your friends and talk about speed. Set a reasonable
maximum and stick to it. Done right, the Pace is addicting without high
straightaway speeds.
<P>
The group I ride with couldn't care less about outright speed between
corners; any gomer can twist a throttle. If you routinely go 100 mph,
we hope you routinely practice emergency stops from that speed. Keep in
mind outright speed will earn a ticket that is tough to fight and
painful to pay; cruising the easy straight stuff doesn't attract as much
attention from the authorities and sets your speed perfectly for the
next sweeper.
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<IMG ALIGN=bottom SRC="PACE3.GIF">
<I><B>
Using your brakes entering a corner, or trail braking, takes a delicate
touch on the lever. As the bike leans in and the tire begins
cornering in earnest, there won't be much traction left for braking.
Imagine a connection between the front-brake lever and the front tire:
as the tire goes to full lean, all traction will be used for cornering;
grabbing the front brake at this point will lock the front wheel.
</I></B>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
<BR>
<H2 style='color: #900;'>
GROUP MENTALITY
</H2>
Straights are the time to reset the ranks. The leader needs to set a
pace that won't bunch up the followers, especially while leaving a stop
sign or passing a car on a two-lane road. The leader must use the
throttle hard to get around the car and give the rest of the group room
to make the pass, yet he or she can't speed blindly along and earn a
ticket for the whole group. With sane speeds on the straights, the gaps
can be adjusted easily; the bikes should be spaced about two seconds
apart for maximum visibility of surface hazards.
<P>
It's the group aspect of the Pace I enjoy most, watching the bikes in
front of me click into a corner like a row of dominoes, or looking in my
mirror as my friends slip through the same set of corners I just
emerged from.
<P>
Because there's a leader and a set of rules to follow, the competitive
aspect of sport riding is eliminated and that removes a tremendous
amount of pressure from a young rider's ego — or even an old rider's
ego. We've all felt the tug of racing while riding with friends or
strangers, but the Pace takes that away and saves it for where it
belongs: the racetrack. The racetrack is where you prove your speed and
take chances to best your friends and rivals.
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<IMG ALIGN=bottom SRC="PACE4.GIF">
<I><B>
Riding fast everywhere hurts our image, your license and eventually
your bike and body. Set realistic freeway and city speed limits, stick
to them and save the speed for the racetrack or dragstrip.
</I></B>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
I've spent a considerable amount of time writing about the Pace (see
Motorcyclist, Nov. '91) for several reasons, not the least of which
being the fun I've had researching it (continuous and ongoing). But I
have motivations that aren't so fun. I got scared a few years ago when
Senator Danforth decided to save us from ourselves by trying to ban
superbikes, soon followed by insurance companies blacklisting a variety
of sport bikes. I've seen Mulholland Highway shut down because riders
insisted on racing (and crashing) over a short section of it. I've seen
heavy police patrols on roads that riders insist on throwing themselves
off of. I've heard the term "murder-cycles" a dozen times too many.
When we consider the abilities of a modern sport bike, it becomes clear
that rider technique is sorely lacking.
<P>
The Pace emphasizes intelligent, rational riding techniques that ignore
racetrack heroics without sacrificing fun. The skills needed to excel
on the racetrack make up the basic precepts of the Pace, excluding the
mind-numbing speeds and leaving the substantially larger margin for
error needed to allow for unknowns and immovable objects. Our sport
faces unwanted legislation from outsiders, but a bit of throttle
management from within will guarantee our future.
<P>
<HR NOSHADE>
<H2 style='color: #900;'>
THE PACE PRINCIPLES
</H2>
<OL>
<LI><B><FONT SIZE=+1>Set cornering speed early.</FONT></B>
Blow the entrance and you'll never recover.
<P>
<LI><B><FONT SIZE=+1>Look down the road.</FONT></B>
Maintaining a high visual horizon will
reduce perceived speed and help you avoid panic situations.
<P>
<LI><B><FONT SIZE=+1>Steer the bike quickly.</FONT></B>
There's a reason Wayne Rainey works out —
turning a fast-moving motorcycle takes muscle.
<P>
<LI><B><FONT SIZE=+1>Use your brakes smoothly but firmly.</FONT></B>
Get on and then off the brakes; don't drag 'em.
<P>
<LI><B><FONT SIZE=+1>Get the throttle on early.</FONT></B>
Starting the drive settles the chassis, especially through a bumpy corner.
<P>
<LI><B><FONT SIZE=+1>Never cross the centerline except to pass.</FONT></B>
Crossing the centerline in a corner is an instant ticket and an
admittance that you can't really steer your bike. In racing
terms, your lane is your course; staying right of the line
adds a significant challenge to most roads and is mandatory
for sport riding's future.
<P>
<LI><B><FONT SIZE=+1>Don't crowd the centerline.</FONT></B>
Always expect an oncoming car with two wheels in your lane.
<P>
<LI><B><FONT SIZE=+1>Don't hang off in the corners or tuck in on the straights. </FONT></B>
Sitting sedately on the bike looks safer and reduces
unwanted attention. It also provides a built-in safety
margin.
<P>
<LI><B><FONT SIZE=+1>When leading, ride for the group.</FONT></B>
Good verbal communication is augmented with hand signals and turn signals;
change direction and speed smoothly.
<P>
<LI><B><FONT SIZE=+1>When following, ride with the group.</FONT></B>
If you can't follow a leader, don't expect anyone to follow
you when you're setting the pace.
</OL>
<p style='background-color: #DDD; border: 1px solid black; padding: 2px; text-align: center'>
Here's a link to the
<a
href="http://www.motorcyclistonline.com/flashback/122_0911_the_pace_nick_ienatsch/index.html">2009
rewrite</a> published in Motorcyclist Online.
<p>
<script src="http://www.google-analytics.com/urchin.js" type="text/javascript">
</script>
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_uacct = "UA-1920933-4";
urchinTracker();
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PACE YOURSELF
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# Pace Yourself
*by Nick Ienatsch*
Copyright © June 1993, Sport Rider Magazine
##
The street is not the track — It's a place to Pace
Two weeks ago a rider died when he and his bike tumbled off a cliff
paralleling our favorite road. No gravel in the lane, no oncoming car
pushing him wide, no ice. The guy screwed up. Rider error. Too much
enthusiasm with too little skill, and this fatality wasn't the first on
this road this year. As with most single-bike accidents, the rider
entered the corner at a speed his brain told him was too fast, stood the
bike up and nailed the rear brake. Good-bye.
On the racetrack the rider would have tumbled into the hay bales,
visited the ambulance for a strip of gauze and headed back to the pits
to straighten his handlebars and think about his mistake. But let's get
one thing perfectly clear: the street is not the racetrack. Using it as
such will shorten your riding career and keep you from discovering the
Pace. The Pace is far from street racing — and a lot more fun.
The Pace places the motorcycle in its proper role as the controlled
vehicle, not the controlling vehicle. Too many riders of sport bikes
become baggage when the throttle gets twisted — the ensuing speed is so
overwhelming they are carried along in the rush. The Pace ignores
outright speed and can be as much fun on a Ninja 250 as on a ZX-11,
emphasizing rider skill over right-wrist bravado. A fool can twist the
grip, but a fool has no idea how to stop or turn. Learning to stop will
save your life; learning to turn will enrich it. What feels better than
banking a motorcycle over into a corner?
The mechanics of turning a motorcycle involve pushing and/or pulling on
the handlebars; while this isn't new information for most sport riders,
realize that the force at the handlebar affects the motorcycle's rate of
turn-in. Shove hard on the bars, and the bike snaps over; gently push
the bars, and the bike lazily banks in. Different corners require
different techniques, but as you begin to think about lines, late
entrances and late apexes, turning your bike at the exact moment and
reaching he precise lean angle will require firm, forceful inputs at the
handlebars. If you take less time to turn your motorcycle, you can use
that time to brake more effectively or run deeper into the corner,
affording yourself more time to judge the corner and a better look at
any hidden surprises. It's important to look as far into the corner as
possible and remember the adage, "You go where you look."
##
DON'T RUSH
The number-one survival skill, after mastering emergency braking, is
setting your corner-entrance speed early, or as Kenny Roberts says,
"Slow in, fast out." Street riders may get away with rushing into 99
out of 100 corners, but that last one will have gravel, mud or a
trespassing car. Setting entrance speed early will allow you to adjust
your speed and cornering line, giving you every opportunity to handle
the surprise.
We've all rushed into a corner too fast and experienced not just the
terror but the lack of control when trying to herd the bike into the
bend. If you're fighting the brakes and trying to turn the bike, any
surprise will be impossible to deal with. Setting your entrance speed
early and looking into the corner allows you to determine what type of
corner you're facing. Does the radius decrease? Is the turn off-
camber? Is there an embankment that may have contributed some dirt to
the corner?
Racers talk constantly about late braking, yet that technique is used
only to pass for position during a race, not to turn a quicker lap time.
Hard braking blurs the ability to judge cornering speed accurately, and
most racers who rely too heavily on the brakes find themselves passed at
the corner exits because they scrubbed off too much cornering speed.
Additionally, braking late often forces you to trail the brakes or turn
the motorcycle while still braking. While light trail braking is an
excellent and useful technique to master, understand that your front
tire has only a certain amount of traction to give.
If you use a majority of the front tire's traction for braking and then
ask it to provide maximum cornering traction as well, a typical low-side
crash will result. Also consider that your motorcycle won't steer as
well with the fork fully compressed under braking. If you're constantly
fighting the motorcycle while turning, it may be because you're braking
too far into the corner. All these problems can be eliminated by
setting your entrance speed early, an important component of running the
Pace.
>
> 
> ***Using all of the available lane while entering the corner (square line)
> provides a number of benefits. It allows you to brake while upright,
> see farther through the corner and use a later corner apex.
> With a later apex, you can get on the throttle earlier as you stand
> the bike up out of the corner. The low entrrance line (dotted line)
> forces you to lean over even after the apex and is a major contributing
> factor to overshooting a corner. Always give the centerline some room;
> stay right except to pass.***
>
Since you aren't hammering the brakes at every corner entrance, your
enjoyment of pure cornering will increase tremendously. You'll relish
the feeling of snapping your bike into the corner and opening the
throttle as early as possible. Racers talk about getting the drive
started, and that's just as important on the street. Notice how the
motorcycle settles down and simply works better when the throttle is
open? Use a smooth, light touch on the throttle and try to get the bike
driving as soon as possible in the corner, even before the apex, the
tightest point of the corner. If you find yourself on the throttle
ridiculously early, it's an indication you can increase your entrance
speed slightly by releasing the brakes earlier.
As you sweep past the apex, you can begin to stand the bike up out of
the corner. This is best done by smoothly accelerating, which will help
stand the bike up. As the rear tire comes off full lean, it puts more
rubber on the road, and the forces previously used for cornering
traction can be converted to acceleration traction. The throttle can be
rolled open as the bike stands up.
>
> 
> ***A tire has a given amount of traction that can be used for cornering,
> accelerating, decelerating or a combination of these.
> A tire that's cornering hard won't have much traction left for
> acceleration or deceleration.
> Imagine a linkage connecting your rear tire to your throttle hand.
> As the tire stands up from full lean, your throttle can be rolled open;
> the tire's traction used for cornering can now be converted to
> acceleration traction.***
>
This magazine won't tell you how fast is safe; we will tell you how to
go fast safely. How fast you go is your decision, but it's one that
requires reflection and commitment. High speed on an empty four-lane
freeway is against the law, but it's fairly safe. Fifty-five miles per
hour in a canyon may be legal, but it may also be dangerous. Get
together with your friends and talk about speed. Set a reasonable
maximum and stick to it. Done right, the Pace is addicting without high
straightaway speeds.
The group I ride with couldn't care less about outright speed between
corners; any gomer can twist a throttle. If you routinely go 100 mph,
we hope you routinely practice emergency stops from that speed. Keep in
mind outright speed will earn a ticket that is tough to fight and
painful to pay; cruising the easy straight stuff doesn't attract as much
attention from the authorities and sets your speed perfectly for the
next sweeper.
>
> 
> ***Using your brakes entering a corner, or trail braking, takes a delicate
> touch on the lever. As the bike leans in and the tire begins
> cornering in earnest, there won't be much traction left for braking.
> Imagine a connection between the front-brake lever and the front tire:
> as the tire goes to full lean, all traction will be used for cornering;
> grabbing the front brake at this point will lock the front wheel.***
>
##
GROUP MENTALITY
Straights are the time to reset the ranks. The leader needs to set a
pace that won't bunch up the followers, especially while leaving a stop
sign or passing a car on a two-lane road. The leader must use the
throttle hard to get around the car and give the rest of the group room
to make the pass, yet he or she can't speed blindly along and earn a
ticket for the whole group. With sane speeds on the straights, the gaps
can be adjusted easily; the bikes should be spaced about two seconds
apart for maximum visibility of surface hazards.
It's the group aspect of the Pace I enjoy most, watching the bikes in
front of me click into a corner like a row of dominoes, or looking in my
mirror as my friends slip through the same set of corners I just
emerged from.
Because there's a leader and a set of rules to follow, the competitive
aspect of sport riding is eliminated and that removes a tremendous
amount of pressure from a young rider's ego — or even an old rider's
ego. We've all felt the tug of racing while riding with friends or
strangers, but the Pace takes that away and saves it for where it
belongs: the racetrack. The racetrack is where you prove your speed and
take chances to best your friends and rivals.
>
> 
> ***Riding fast everywhere hurts our image, your license and eventually
> your bike and body. Set realistic freeway and city speed limits, stick
> to them and save the speed for the racetrack or dragstrip.***
>
I've spent a considerable amount of time writing about the Pace (see
Motorcyclist, Nov. '91) for several reasons, not the least of which
being the fun I've had researching it (continuous and ongoing). But I
have motivations that aren't so fun. I got scared a few years ago when
Senator Danforth decided to save us from ourselves by trying to ban
superbikes, soon followed by insurance companies blacklisting a variety
of sport bikes. I've seen Mulholland Highway shut down because riders
insisted on racing (and crashing) over a short section of it. I've seen
heavy police patrols on roads that riders insist on throwing themselves
off of. I've heard the term "murder-cycles" a dozen times too many.
When we consider the abilities of a modern sport bike, it becomes clear
that rider technique is sorely lacking.
The Pace emphasizes intelligent, rational riding techniques that ignore
racetrack heroics without sacrificing fun. The skills needed to excel
on the racetrack make up the basic precepts of the Pace, excluding the
mind-numbing speeds and leaving the substantially larger margin for
error needed to allow for unknowns and immovable objects. Our sport
faces unwanted legislation from outsiders, but a bit of throttle
management from within will guarantee our future.
---
##
THE PACE PRINCIPLES
1. **Set cornering speed early.**
Blow the entrance and you'll never recover.
- **Look down the road.**
Maintaining a high visual horizon will
reduce perceived speed and help you avoid panic situations.
- **Steer the bike quickly.**
There's a reason Wayne Rainey works out —
turning a fast-moving motorcycle takes muscle.
- **Use your brakes smoothly but firmly.**
Get on and then off the brakes; don't drag 'em.
- **Get the throttle on early.**
Starting the drive settles the chassis, especially through a bumpy corner.
- **Never cross the centerline except to pass.**
Crossing the centerline in a corner is an instant ticket and an
admittance that you can't really steer your bike. In racing
terms, your lane is your course; staying right of the line
adds a significant challenge to most roads and is mandatory
for sport riding's future.
- **Don't crowd the centerline.**
Always expect an oncoming car with two wheels in your lane.
- **Don't hang off in the corners or tuck in on the straights.**
Sitting sedately on the bike looks safer and reduces
unwanted attention. It also provides a built-in safety
margin.
- **When leading, ride for the group.**
Good verbal communication is augmented with hand signals and turn signals;
change direction and speed smoothly.
- **When following, ride with the group.**
If you can't follow a leader, don't expect anyone to follow
you when you're setting the pace.
Here's a link to the
[2009
rewrite](http://www.motorcyclistonline.com/flashback/122_0911_the_pace_nick_ienatsch/index.html) published in Motorcyclist Online.
\_uacct = "UA-1920933-4";
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<h2><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Sea Serpents and Lake Monsters:
Legends and
Myths, or Reality ?</font></h2>
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<center><img src="19.gif" height="45" width="45"><img src="animl12.gif"
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<h3>
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+0">The vast majority of the
earth's
oceans and seas are unexplored. Is it really hard to believe that
there are creatures that live so far down or in such remote areas, that
they are rarely, if ever, seen by humans. The waters of this planet go
mostly unexplored. It is very easy to hypothesize that we have
not
come close to cataloging all the creatures that dwell in these
waters.
There has been many a sailor who has told stories of seeing strange
creatures
while on the high seas. Are these just ramblings or are they
actual
eye witness accounts of creatures yet unknown to science. The <a
href="http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9710/18/fringe.australia.squid/index.html">giant
squid</a> was thought of as a creature of myth and legend until
recently,
when scientist found corpses of just such a creature as recently as
October
1997. Many of these "sea serpents" descriptions a similar to
creatures
that are thought to be extinct. The <a
href="http://www.dinofish.com/">coelacanth</a>
was thought to be extinct for 70 million years until it was discovered
alive and well in 1938. The fish is no longer on the extinct
list.
If this fish could survive all those years undetected, why can't other
prehistoric giants have done the same thing. Every year unknown
animals
or animals that were thought extinct are discovered. Because most
of these animals don't fall into the "monster" category, there is very
little written about them that a lay person would see. New
species
of water creatures that were discovered recently include the Japanese
beaked
whale (1958), the cochito porpoise (1958), <a href="#mega">Megamouth
Shark</a>
(1976), and Prudes Bay killer whale (1983). Isn't it safe
to
assume that since creatures are discovered or rediscovered all the
time,
these sea serpents and lake monsters are just waiting their turn to be
identified properly.......</font></font></h3>
<center><a href="coel.htm"><img src="colecant.jpg" align="middle"
height="175" width="175"></a></center>
<center><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The coelacanth (<font
color="#ffff00">click
on the pic for info</font>)</font></b></center>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#80ffff">Any
information
on creatures not listed here and pictures can be sent to me at <a
href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a>.
If you have pictures, text, video, etc., that you would like us to add
to the page but don't know to put it on the computer, let us know, we
can
scan and video capture images for you.</font></font></b> <font
color="#66ffff"><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">We
are also looking for amateur or professional researchers who want to
join
the staff here at The Shadowlands, send us an <a
href="mailto:[email protected]">email</a>
for info.</font></b> </font> <br>
</p>
<div align="center"><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Have you seen a
strange creature in
the water somewhere? <a
href="mailto:[email protected]">Let
us know here</a></font></b></div>
<p>
</p>
<center><img src="19.gif" height="45" width="45"><img src="animl12.gif"
height="29" width="600"><img src="19.gif" height="45" width="45"></center>
<center>
<h2><img src="19.gif" align="middle" height="45" width="45"><u><font
face="Arial,Helvetica">Table
of Contents</font></u><img src="19.gif" align="middle" height="45"
width="45"></h2>
</center>
<h3><small>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><big><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><b><a href="sightings.htm">True
Sightings</a></b> - visitor submitted encounters</font></big></small></h3>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><b><a href="serpvid.htm">Real Videos</a></b>
- <big><b>Videos of sightings of unknown lake and sea
creatures <br>
<br>
</b></big></font><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32"
width="32"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><big><b><a
href="#Monster_Shark_Attacks_Great_White">Monster Shark Attacks Great
White</a> (picture) <img alt=""
src="new.gif" style="width: 37px; height: 16px;"></b></big></font><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><big><b><br>
<br>
</b></big></font><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32"
width="32"><font face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><big><a
href="serpent3.html#orca"><b>Scientists spot rare white orca</b></a>
</big></font><br>
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><big><b>
<br>
</b></big></font><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32"
width="32"><font face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><big><b><a
href="serpent3.html#maine">Ponik</a></b>
</big></font><br>
<br>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"> <b><big><font
face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><a href="#Japan">Japan marine park
captures rare shark on film</a> </font></big></b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><b><big> (video) </big></b></font><br>
<b><big><font face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><br>
</font></big></b><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32"
width="32"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><b><big><a
href="http://www.abcnews.go.com/Video/playerIndex?id=1648662">New
video of Champ 2-22-06</a> </big></b></font><br>
<br>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><b><big><a href="serpent.htm#champ">Champ
of Lake Champlain</a> (picture)(video) </big></b></font><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><big><b><img alt="" src="new.gif"
style="width: 37px; height: 16px;"></b></big></font><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#ffff00"><small><br>
<br>
</small></font></font><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle"
height="32" width="32"><b><a href="serpent3.html#norway"><font
face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><big>Norway's Loch Ness monster
caught on film</big></font></a></b><font
face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><big>
</big></font><br>
<br>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="#turtle">Turtle
Lake Monster </a></font></font></b>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#66ff99"><font size="+1"><a
href="#bloop">"Bloop"
Recorded by U.S. Navy</a></font></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#66ff99"><font size="+1"><a
href="#nova">"Sea
Monster" Sighting Reported by Nova Scotia Fisherman</a></font></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="#Scientists%20Record">Scientists
Record "Champ"</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a
href="#Cressie%20Sighted%20in">"Cressie"
Sighted in Newfoundland</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a
href="#Plesiosaur%20Fossil%20Found%20in%20Loch%20Ness%20-%20Senior">Plesiosaur
Fossil Found in Loch Ness</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="#Tianchi">Lake
Tianchi Monster Surfaces in China</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="#Memphremagog">Memphremagog
Monster Sighted</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#66ff99"><font size="+1"><a
href="#sea">Sea
extended to Loch Ness at times</a></font></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><b><font size="+1"><a href="#puzzle">Giant
Octopus Article</a></font></b> <b><font size="+1">
(picture)</font></b></font>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="#ocean">Strange
Life Form Found in Ocean</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="#bermuda">Giant
Bermuda Octopus</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="#zealand">Giant
Octopus Dredged Up Off New Zealand</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="#sturgeon">Giant
Sturgeon found in Florida</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="#utah">Utah
Lakes</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="#augustine">St.
Augustine Giant Octopus?</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="serpent2.htm#storsie">Storsie</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="serpent2.htm#hunt">Hunt
for Undersea Giant Kraken Underway</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><b><font size="+1"><a href="#ogopogo">Ogopogo</a></font></b> <b><font
size="+1">
(pictures)</font></b></font>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="serpent2.htm#tacoma">Tacoma
Sea Monster 1893</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="serpent2.htm#pacific">Sea
Serpents of the Pacific Northwest</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="#claude">Colossal
Claude and Marvin the Monster</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="serpent2.htm#selma">Selma</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a
href="http://www.abcnews.go.com/sections/science/DailyNews/coelacanth980923.html">Recent
Coelacanth info 9-23-00</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#ffff00"><font size="+1"><a
href="Antarctic.txt">Monster
Squid found in the Antarctic</a></font></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#ffff00"><font size="+1"><a
href="price.txt">Lake
Monster Has Price on Head</a></font></font></font></b>
</p>
<h3>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="cadogo.htm">Caddy
linked to Ogopogo</a></font></h3>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><b><font color="#ffff00"><font size="+1"><a
href="serpent2.htm#oarfish">Oar
Fish</a></font></font></b> <b><font size="+1">
(picture)</font></b></font>
<h3><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="hoax.htm">The
Alleged "Surgeon's Photo Hoax"</a></font></h3>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><font color="#ffff00"><a
href="serpent2.htm#megalodon">Megalodon</a></font><font color="#ffffff">(picture)</font></font></font></b>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#ffff00"><font size="+1"><a
href="serpent2.htm#flathead">Flathead
Lake Monster</a></font></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#ffff00"><font size="+1"><a
href="serpent2.htm#utopia">Lake
Utopia Monster</a></font></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#ffff00"><font size="+1"><a
href="serpent2.htm#bizare">Bizarre
Marine Mammal in France</a></font></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a
href="serpent2.htm#gloucester">The
Gloucester Sea Serpent</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<h3>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="#1848">1848
sighting </a> (drawing)</font></h3>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="#carcass">Unidentified
Carcass</a> (picture)</font></font></b>
<h3><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="#queensland"><b>Queensland,
Australia</b> sighting </a> (picture) </font><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><big><b> </b></big></font></h3>
<h3>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="#washington"><b>Washington
State</b> sighting</a></font></h3>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="#tessie">Tessie</a></font></font></b>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="#bessie">South
Bay Bessie</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#ffff00"><font size="+1"><a
href="#trunko">Trunko</a></font></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#ffff00"><font size="+1"><a
href="serpent2.htm#jellyfish">Giant
Jellyfish</a></font></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#ffff00"><font size="+1"><a
href="serpent2.htm#manipogo">Manipogo</a></font></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="giantsquid.jpg">Giant
Squid picture</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="squid4.jpg">Another
Giant Squid picture</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="serpent2.htm#mann">Mann
Hill Beach</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="serpent2.htm#memphre">Memphre'</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><b><font size="+1"><a
href="serpent2.htm#lake%20van">Lake
Van</a></font></b> <b><font size="+1"> (2 videos) <img
alt="" src="new.gif" style="width: 37px; height: 16px;"></font></b></font>
</p>
<h3>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="#chessie"><b>Chessie</b>
of Chesapeake Bay</a></font></h3>
<h3>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="#octopus">The
Lusca (Giant Octopus ?) </a> (picture)</font></h3>
<h3>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="#unknown">Unknown
creature ! </a> (pictures)</font></h3>
<h3>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="#mega">Mega
Mouth Shark </a> (pictures)</font></h3>
<h3>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="#white%20river">White
River Monster</a></font></h3>
<h3>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="#kodiak">Kodiak,
Alaska</a></font></h3>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="serpent2.htm#sfbay">San
Francisco Bay</a></font></font></b>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="serpent2.htm#morag">Morag</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="serpent2.htm#types">Types
of Sea Serpents</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="serpent2.htm#key">Tizheruk</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="serpent2.htm#alps">Trinity
Alps</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="serpent2.htm#paint">Paint
River</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#ffff00"><font size="+1"><a
href="serpent2.htm#santa">Santa
Clara</a></font></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#ffff00"><font size="+1"><a
href="serpent2.htm#ponik">Ponik</a></font></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#ffff00"><font size="+1"><a
href="serpent2.htm#lake">Lake
Leelanau</a></font></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><b><a href="serpent2.htm#cad"><font size="+1">Cadborsaurus
</font>(Caddy) </a></b> <b><font size="+1"> (sketch)</font></b></font>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="serpent2.htm#giant">Giant
Octopus</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font color="#ffff00"><font size="+1"><a
href="serpent2.htm#whale">"Extinct"
Whale Discovered</a></font></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="serpent2.htm#masbate">Masbate
Monster</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="serpent2.htm#ontario">The
Lakes of Ontario</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<h3>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="#alkali">Alkali
Lake Monster</a></font></h3>
<h3>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="#ill">Illiamna
Lake Monster</a> (picture) <img alt="" src="new.gif"
style="width: 37px; height: 16px;"><a href="#ill"><br>
</a></font></h3>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="serpent2.htm#cressie">Cressie</a></font></font></b>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a href="serpent2.htm#nyami">Nyami
Nyami</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a
href="serpent2.htm#capebonavista">Cape
Bonavista</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<h3>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="lochness.htm#ness">Loch
Ness</a> (pictures)</font></h3>
<h3>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><b><a href="nessie.scr">Loch
Ness Monster screen saver for windows</a></b> it's
cool
freeware</font></h3>
<h3>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="serpmap.htm#map">Map
of sighting hot spots</a></font></h3>
<h3>
<img src="jellyfish1.gif" align="middle" height="32" width="32"><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"><a href="#links">Related
pages</a> links</font></h3>
<h3>
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<hr>
<center><a name="1848"></a><img src="daeldus.jpg" height="225"
width="255"></center>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">August 6, 1848, on board the
Daedalus
in the Atlantic Ocean, 7 men including the Captain reported seeing a
creature
about 60 ft long and 15 inches in diameter. A mane of a soft
looking
material flowed down it's back. The creature's body was a dark
brown
in color and it's throat area was a yellowish white. The creature
was swimming approximately 15 MPH with its head constantly above the
water.
In modern times a creature matching this description has been seen off
the coast of California by many reputable witnesses.</font></b>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr>
<br>
<br>
<center><a name="queensland"></a>.</center>
<center> <img alt="" src="largeserpent.jpg" height="499"
width="327"><br>
</center>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">December 12, 1964, French
photographer
Robert Serrec was vacationing in Queensland, Australia. He
was out off the coast in small row boats with his family and
friends.
They were in less than 6 feet of water when they noticed a giant snake
like creature laying on the oceanbottom. They describe it as a
grayish
tadpole like creature with a snake like head, approximately 75-80 feet
long. There appeared to be a large wound on the creatures
back.
They took pictures of the creature before it became bothered and swam
off.
(see above pic)</font></b>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><br>
</font></b></p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><br>
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<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><br>
</font></b></p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><br>
</font></b></p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><br>
1961, Mrs. Stoudt of Oregon and her
sister were walking their children along the Strait of Juan de Fuca
in <a name="washington"></a>Washington
State, when they saw what first appeared to be a tree limb in the
water. As the object moved closer to them they described
seeing
a creature which had a snake like head, floppy mane, and 3
humps.
It disappeared from view only to resurface closer to them. They
said
it looked like some sort of dinosaur. It appeared to be watching
the passing ships, then it moved even closer to their position which
caused
one of the children to cry. The creature turned and looked at
them
and then swam off.<br>
</font></b></p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><br>
</font></b></p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><br>
</font></b></p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><br>
</font></b></p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><br>
</font></b></p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><br>
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</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr>
<p><a name="chessie"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Chessie, as it
has come to be known, is the frequently sighted creature of the
Chesapeake
Bay area. The creature has been sighted in this area regularly
since
the 19th century. It's described as being a long, dark, serpent
like
creature. In 1982, Robert Frew filmed <a
href="http://www.research.umbc.edu/%7Efrizzell/cryptozoo.text">Chessie</a>
from a house on Kent Island which overlooked the bay.</font></b><font
face="Arial,Helvetica"> <b>
Frew and his wife spotted the creature</b> <b>in shallow, clear water
about
200 yards from the house. He video taped the creature as it
swam toward a group of swimmers. It dove beneath the swimmers and
reappeared on the other side of them. The creature they saw was
about
30-25 feet long, 1 foot in diameter, dark brown with a humped
back.
In 1978, a retired CIA employee, Donald Kyker, reported seeing Chessie
and 3 others about 75 yards off shore. His neighbors, the
Smoots',
also witness the creatures. They gave descriptions of a 30 ft,
sleek,
dark gray creature swimming about 7-8 miles per hour.</b></font>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Sightings of Chessie have remained
pretty
consistent and occur more frequently May through September.
This could be due to the increase in people in the area during these
times
or possibly a migration of this creature. Some of the best places
to observe Chessie are Love Point at Kent Island, the mouth of the
Potomac
river and Eastern Bay. The witness list includes quite a few
people
whose integrity and observation skills are above reproach, such as
coast
guard and naval officers, airline pilots, ex-CIA official and a FBI
agent.
The photos and film that exist of Chessie were studied by Smithsonian
Officials
and they concluded that it was a living animal that was pictured, but
they
could not identify it.</font></b>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr>
<center><a name="champ"></a><img src="champ.jpg" align="middle"
height="150" width="150"></center>
<center><font size="-2"><font face="Arial,Helvetica">© </font>Sandra
Mansi<br>
<br>
<br>
</font></center>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Lake Champlain, is a lake that is
109
miles long on the boarders of New York and Vermont. A French explorer
by
the name of Samuel De Champlain has been given the distinction of being
the first individual to see the North American lake monster in Lake
Champlain.
This is reported to have develop in the year 1609, but this may not
have
been the first sighting of the lake monster that</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">has come to be known as CHAMP.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">A journalist in the 1960’s found
that
the sighting may not have been in the lake at all ,that it is more
likely
that the first sighting of the lake monster was off the coast of the
St.
Lawrence estuary. In all likelihood the first sighting of the
lake
monster in the lake itself, took place at Port Henry, New York in 1819
by settlers in the territory. It was again noted at an locus that
became
known as Dresden, New York in the first part of the seventeenth
century.
The sightings continued and in 1883, the Sheriff of Clinton County
Nathan
Mooney delineated witnessing a “ an enormous snake or water serpent 25
to 30 feet in length”. In 1899 a group of men fishing saw
something
slightly leave the water and move up the shore line.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Sandra Mansi, was vacationing in
Vermont
not far from the Canadian Boarder. When the lake monster made its
presence
known to Mrs. Mansi & her husband. They had the presence of mind to
get a camera and took a picture of Champ. The picture was analyzed and
it was concluded that it was not a fallacy. From this picture it has
been
speculated that the lake monster may be a creature known</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">as a plesiosaur, which lived many
centuries
ago.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Lake Champlain would be ideal, It
has
depths of up to 400 feet and a outlet to the Atlantic ocean. The food
is
presence to support such a creature or creatures for centuries.
Lake
Champlain also has a water temperatures that is ideal for the sanctuary
of such a creature as well as underwater archeology sites</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">In recent years a smaller creature
has
been seen with the large one. The research continues in
Lake
Champlain and only time will give us the answers that we seek. This
creature
was photographed in Lake Champlain.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">by Bernard W. Kelly Sr.
([email protected])</font></b>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><b>Could there be a family of these
creatures
in the lake reproducing and continuing their yet unknown species all
these
years</b>. <b>It is assumed by many scholars that these
mysterious
creatures must reproduce in order to cover the time span of their
sightings.
For example, Nessie has been seen by reliable witnesses for 100's of
years.
We must assume, therefore, that there is a family of breeding creatures
in the loch, and in Lake Champlain as well. There have been 130
verified
reports of sightings as of 1982. You can get more info on Champ <a
href="http://mistwebdesign.com/Champsite.html">here</a>
.<br>
<br>
</b></font></p>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><b><u>Update 2-22-06:</u><br>
</b></font></p>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><b>Is There a Monster in Lake Champlain?<br>
ABC News<br>
</b></font></p>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><b>Feb. 22, 2006 — Residents near Lake
Champlain in New York say they have their own Loch Ness monster. They
call it Champ, and it's a local legend. <br>
<br>
It is the inspiration for parade floats, T-shirts, key chains,
minor-league baseball team mascots, and wild stories. <br>
<br>
ABC News obtained exclusive video of something just under the surface
of the lake that some say may be Champ. The video was taken by two
fishermen with their digital camera last summer. Before their supposed
sighting, they were Champ skeptics. <br>
<br>
"It was as big around as my thigh," said fisherman Peter Bodette. "I'm
100 percent sure of what we saw. I'm not 100 percent sure of what it
was." <br>
<br>
"It made my hair stand on end at the time," said fisherman Dick
Affolter. "It just didn't fit anything — any creature I had seen." <br>
<br>
Affolter said they never saw the entire body. <br>
<br>
"What we saw always stayed at the surface and parts of it would come
above the water, like the back of the nose or the head," he said. <br>
<br>
In the past, grainy pictures and home video taken from too far away did
not provide a clear picture. This footage — showing an odd wake — is
from a closer vantage point, but still not clear. <br>
<br>
Lake Champlain Lore<br>
<br>
So far, there have been hundreds of sightings — sometimes more than a
dozen a year — of Champ. <br>
<br>
"There are people who say they've seen something unusual in the lake,"
said Lohr McKinstry, a reporter for the Press Republican, who has been
writing about Champ sightings for more than 20 years. "Some sort of
unusual life that shouldn't be there in Lake Champlain. Best guess
would be that it is some sort of creature that possibly should be
extinct." <br>
<br>
The Champ frenzy began in the 1880s when P.T. Barnum offered $50,000
for the capture of Champ dead or alive. Hunters and fishermen came out
of the woods, but no one was able to collect. <br>
<br>
As for the latest sighting, two retired FBI analysts reviewed the tape
and said that it appeared authentic. <br>
<br>
"I can't find anything in there that would suggest or indicate to me
that this has been fabricated or manipulated in any way," said Gerald
Richards, a forensic image analyst. "However, there's no place in there
that I can see actually see, an animal or any other object on the
surface."</b></font></p>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><object height="385" width="480"><param name="movie"
value="http://www.youtube.com/v/_dMi_xqnMas&hl=en_US&fs=1&color1=0x2b405b&color2=0x6b8ab6"><param
name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess"
value="always">
<embed
src="http://www.youtube.com/v/_dMi_xqnMas&hl=en_US&fs=1&color1=0x2b405b&color2=0x6b8ab6"
type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always"
allowfullscreen="true" height="385" width="480"><br>
</object></p>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><b><br>
</b></font></p>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><b><br>
</b></font></p>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><b><br>
<br>
</b></font>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr>
<center><a name="octopus"></a><img src="octopus.jpg" height="250"
width="250"></center>
<center><img src="octo1.jpg" height="240" width="320"></center>
<center><img src="octo2.jpg" height="240" width="320"></center>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The Lusca is a creature that the
people
of the Bahamas have seen for years. It matches the description of
a giant octopus. Is that possible ? Pictured above are the
remains of a unknown species of giant octopus ? While we know that
giant
squids do exist, it has never been confirmed that a giant octopus does,
in fact, exist. The octopus would be more likely to attack ships
and sailors than a squid would, so if there is a giant variety of the
species,
this could add credibility to stories of giant squid/octopus' attacking
ships. The Kraken was a sea serpent that was seen by thousands of
sailors. The Kraken description matches that of the giant
squid.
How many "Kraken" attacks were the work of an giant octopus ? An
estimate on the size of the corpse in the picture if it was an octopus
would make the octopus 150 to 200 feet tip to tip of the tentacles. The
cell samples of the corpse were taken to the Smithsonian Institute in
Washington
DC and tested. The cells of the creature were not identical to,
but
very closely resembled the octopus more than any other type of sea
creature.</font></b>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr>
<center><a name="unknown"></a><img src="unkown1.jpg" height="165"
width="176"><img src="unkown2.jpg" height="197" width="164"><img
src="unknown3.jpg" height="185" width="185"></center>
<center><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1">Unknown
creature
!</font></font></b></center>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">This carcass was picked up by the
Japanese
fishing boat MS Zuiyomaru off the coast of Japan. The carcass was
covered with a fatty tissue which had badly decayed. The creature
weighed about 1 ton. The Captain ordered it thrown back
because
of it's smell so it was never closely examined. Scientists
studying
the picture were unable to tell what kind of animal it was. It
does
not resemble any known sea dwelling creature. Skeptical
scientists
assumed it was a decayed body of a basking shark. Upon
further
examination, other biologists claim the size, fin placement, and
overall
appearance does not support the basking shark theory. The sketch
shown above is a drawing of what the creature would look like laid out
flat.</font></b>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr>
<center>
<h2><a name="mega"></a><img src="megamout.jpg" height="225" width="255"> <img
src="megamouth2.jpg" height="200" width="139"></h2>
</center>
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"><b>In 1976, the US navy caught this
unknown
species of shark. The 1 ton shark was dubbed "Mega Mouth" due to
it's rather unique jaws.</b> <b>This animal is now considered a
new
species of shark that has been previously unknown to man until it's
discovery
in 1976.</b></font> <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Another Megamouth
shark
has been caught off the Philippines on 20 Feb. 1998. This is the
11th one of these sharks to be caught since 1976. Here is a <a
href="http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/sharks.htm">chart
and map</a> listing where the shark has been caught before. A lot more
info <a href="http://cdo.weblinq.com/%7Eeconews/Megamouth.html">here</a></font></b>
.
<p></p>
<hr>
<center>
<h2><a name="ogopogo"></a><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Ogopogo</font></h2>
</center>
<center><img src="ogopogo.jpg" align="middle" height="188" width="292"></center>
<center><font size="-2"><font face="Arial,Helvetica">© </font>Edward
Fletcher</font></center>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The creature that has been sighted
in
Canada's Lake Okanagan is known to the locals as Ogopogo. This
creature
is considered the Nessie of North America. The numerous sightings
date back to 1850 and still continue to this day. The
creature
is described as a large, dark colored animal with a long neck and a
humped
back. In 1968, Art Folden video taped Ogopogo while it swam
across
the lake. In 1976, the above photo was taken of Ogopogo by
Ed Fletcher of Vancouver. On that day he chased the creature up
and
down the lake for several hours taking pictures of it. <a
href="http://www.theogopogo.com">More
info Here.</a></font></b>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr>
<center><a name="white river"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font
size="+2">White
River Monster</font></font></b></center>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The White River runs through a town
in Arkansas called Newport. From 1915 to present day the
residents
have reports seeing a mysterious creature in the river. The
creature
has been seen thrashing about in the river and is described as being 12
to 30 ft long and about 5 ft wide. Three toed tracks have also
been
found on the river banks. The prints measure 14 in. long and 8
in.
wide. Theories on the identity of the creature range from an out
of place elephant seal to a giant penguin.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">New Comments from Jan Hoover who is
a ichthyologist (fish biologist)</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">"I believe that the White River Monster
is a series of sightings of groups of paddlefish, combined with an
occasional
sighting of a large (possibly ill) sturgeon. The Monster is
described
as a surface dwelling, oceanic looking animal with smooth gray skin, a
large mouth, and a long bone projecting from its head. Only the
size
is inconsistent with a paddlefish (Polyodon spathula), but
paddlefish
frequently occur in large groups near the surface of the water and this
could be responsible for the exaggerated size. Anyway, its a much
more credible candidate than a lost seal, etc., since paddlefish occur
naturally in the White River."</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">More info coming soon</font></b>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr>
<center><a name="kodiak"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font
size="+2">Kodiak,
Alaska</font></font></b></center>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">In 1969 the M/V Mylark, a shrimp
boat
fitted with special equipment, was using a state of the art electronic
detector to map the ocean bottom in the Raspberry Straight off Kodiak,
Alaska. The detector was the Simarad which was an fool-proof
electronic
detector. What the also detected about 55 fathoms down was a 200
ft long "dinosaur". This assignment had nothing to do with marine life
so they were not in search of any, yet they had managed to get an image
of a very large marine creature that did not resemble any known animal
in the area. There are no whales in this area that are this
size and shape.</font></b>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr>
<center><a name="trunko"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font
size="+2">Trunko</font></font></b></center>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">On the morning of November 1 1922,
visitors
to the beach at Margate, South Africa, were treated to an amazing
spectacle
out at sea: two whales could be clearly observed engaging in battle
with
a bizarre sea monster with snowy-white fur and a huge elephantine
trunk.As
the titanic battle progressed,the monster seemed to weaken, and three
hours
later it was dead.During the evening it's lifeless body was washed
ashore
and proved to be truly colossal, measuring just over 14 metres(47 feet)
in length,and including a 3 metre (10 foot) tail.Apart from it's
luxuriant
20-cm (8-inch) long fur,however, the most remarkable feature abou this
creature is that it did not possess a distinct head; instead, it bore
only
the trunk-like appendage, 1.5 meters (5 feet) long, that had been
visible
during it's fatal encounter with the whales.This creature was dubbed
"Trunko".</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">sent in by [email protected]</font></b>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr width="100%">
<center><a name="alkali"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font
size="+2">Alkali
Lake Monster</font></font></b></center>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Alkali Lake is located in
Nebraska.
The Indians of this area told the white settlers of a creature dwelling
in the lake. In 1923, J.A. Johnson reported in the Omaha
World-Herald
that he, along with 2 friends, saw the creature. He also states
that
he knew of 40 others who had also seen the animal. The 3 saw the
creature while camping near the lake. The saw the creature 3/4
out
of the water and about 20 yards away. They described the
creature
as being 40 ft long, dull gray/brown and a horn-like object between
it's
eyes and nostrils. They said it looked similar to an alligator
but
was bigger and heavier than an alligator. When the creature
noticed
the men, it thrashed it's tail about and then dove under the water.</font></b>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr>
<center><a name="ill"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font
size="+2">Illiamna
Lake Monsters<br>
<br>
<img alt="" src="0.jpg" style="width: 480px; height: 360px;"><br>
</font></font></b></center>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Illiamna Lake in located in
Alaska.
This lake is 80 miles long and it boasts numerous unknown creatures
dwelling
in it's waters. While the sizes vary in the descriptions, the
creatures
are described as being grayish, broad headed, with long bodies and
vertical
tails. The sightings of these animals date back to the Indians
living
in this area. They feared the creatures and claimed that the
animals
had attacked and killed boaters on the lake. Pilots flying over
the
lake have seen the creatures sitting just below the waters
surface.
One theory is that these creatures are Beluga whales that have entered
the lake from the sea. The residents of the area say they know
what
beluga whales look like since they are common sights, these creatures
do
not remotely resemble the Beluga whale.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">More info: <a
href="http://www.ncf.carleton.ca/%7Ebz050/iliamna.html">http://www.ncf.carleton.ca/~bz050/iliamna.html</a></font></b>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr>
<center><a name="carcass"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font
size="+2">Unidentified
Carcass</font></font></b></center>
<center><img src="carcass5.jpg" height="171" width="200"></center>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">This unknown animal washed ashore
after
a 3 day violent storm in Ataka, Egypt in 1950. The creature has
yet
to be identified by marine biologists or zoologists.</font></b>
</p>
<center>
<hr width="100%"></center>
<center><a name="tessie"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font
size="+2">Tessie</font></font></b></center>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Lake Tahoe, California is the
home to a water creature known to the locals as <a
href="http://www.yaws.com/yaws/tahoe/tessie.shtml">Tessie</a>.
The snake-like creature is said to be over 60 feet in length with dark
skin. There has been video tape of the creature swimming in the
lake.
The Washoe Indians had stories in the 1800's of a similar creature
inhabiting
the lake.</font></b>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr width="100%">
<center><a name="bessie"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font
size="+2">South
Bay Bessie</font></font></b></center>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">For the past 30 years there have
been
reports of a unknown creature living in Lake Erie. The locals
have
named it South Bay Bessie. The creature is described as snake like and
about 30/40 ft long with a grayish color. Numerous sightings by
boaters
on the lake have been recorded and sightings still continue there
today.
The creature is blamed for an attack and deaths of 3 people in
1992.
The survivors of the attack said the head of the creature was the size
of a car. There is a reward for the humane capture of a living
Bessie.</font></b>
<br>
</p>
<hr width="100%">
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<center><a name="claude"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font
size="+2">Colossal
Claude and Marvin the Monster</font></font></b></center>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Peter Ciams, "Colossal Claude and
The
Sea Monsters," The Oregonian. September 24, 1967.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Until about 20 years ago Oregon also
seemed to be wonderful country for serpent seekers. The following story
by Peter Caims appeared in the September 24, 1967 edition of the
Oregonian:</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Colossal Claude hasn't been seen for
some time, but Marvin the Monster is reportedly alive and well. He's
even
appeared on television.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Claude was first seen cavorting near
the mouth of the Columbia River in 1934. Over the years he was often
sighted
by Columbia River lightship crewmen and by passing fishermen. But the
once-familiar
sea serpent hasn't shown up since the mid-1950s-</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Marvin is a comparative newcomer.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">He was first discovered swimming off
the Oregon Coast by Shell Oil Company divers in 1963. His presence was
recorded by video tape cameras, later screened for study by the
nation's
leading marine biologists.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">In addition to Claude and Marvin,
the
watery denizens have been sighted off Newport, Bandon, Nelscott,
Waldport,
Empire, Delake and also in Crescent and Crater Lakes.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">They come in several varieties and
sizes.
Some are shiny and some have scales. Some reportedly have coarse fur.
There
is even a variety of mini-monster, for the compact minded.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">One thing they usually have in
common
is the shape of their heads. Observers say they are most often found to
be like those of the camel, or horse.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">L.A. Larson, mate of the Columbia
River
lightship, was probably the first to see Claude. That was back in 1934.
Other members of the crew confirmed the sighting as did the captain and
members of the crew of the lightship tender Rose.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">"It was about 40 feet long," and
Larson.
"It had a neck some eight feet long a big round body, a mean looking
tail
and an evil, snaky look to its head."</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">A news story of the day reported:
"Members
of the crew (of the lightship) after studying the monster for some time
with field glasses, wanted to lower a boat and go after it, but the
officers
discouraged the plan for fear it would swamp the boat."</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Claude next popped into the news in
1937, when skipper Charles E. Graham of the troller Viv raced back to
Astoria
with the story of sighting a "long, hairy, tan colored creature, with
the
head of an overgrown horse, about 40 feet long, and with a 4-foot waist
measure."</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Veteran fishermen gazed out over the
Columbia bar and said: "It's Claude.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Claude was repeatedly sighted
through
the years that followed. Once by Captain Chris Anderson of the schooner
Arpo. He said he got a face to face look at Claude.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">"His head was like a camel's," he
said.
"His fur was coarse and gray. He had glassy eyes and a bent snout that
he used to push a 20-pound halibut off our lines and into his mouth."</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Other Oregon monsters that have
competed
for the headlines over the years include:</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Bandon's mini-monster, a 12 1/2 foot
animal with a bulbous nose and a cow-like body covered with brownish
hair.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">--a 30-foot serpent with "a slender
neck, a snake-like head, and a fan-shaped tail" seen by more than 30
people
at Nelscott. The "thing" splashed around the Nelscott reefs on several
occasions. One group of observers was considered extremely
reliable--its
members were on a WCTU outing from the Willamette Valley.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Proximity of Whiskey Run reef
apparently
had nothing to do with the sightings of a sea monster off Empire a few
years ago. Ben Tanner, skipper of the troller Gold Coast, said the
creature
approached his fishing boat, "smacked its mouth, rolled its long lashed
eyes at the crew, then pointed its tail in the air and dived straight
down."</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Oregon Indians, of course, believe
there
is a monster in just about every fair-sized pool of water in the state.
Their legends are full of such stories.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">There is a paleface corroboration,
however,
for monster sightings in both Crater and Crescent lakes. The latter, in
particular, is said to have an unusual inhabitant that has been sighted
several times.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">One day Henry Schwering and Bert
Vincent
were fishing on the lake. Henry later reported: "I suddenly noticed
that
the fish had stopped biting. Then I noticed fish scooting away and the
water started boiling. Then I saw a huge, round head break water not
far
from the boat. " The next day Bert also saw the "thing" himself, as did
others on the lake shore.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Reports that a 22-foot hairy-chested
monster had been washed up on the beach at Delake brought people
hurrying
to the spot on March 4, 1950. What brought them running was Old Hairy
(as
locals quickly dubbed him.)</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">"It had the body of a cow,
approximately
nine tails, and is covered with hair all over the body and legs," ran
one
enthusiastic account.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Pretty teen-ager Marybell Allum of
Delake
was the first to stumble on Old Hairy. Then her dad, town marshal Andy
Allum, had a look. He said the monster weighed all of 1,000 pounds.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">"It's a whale shark, undoubtedly,"
said
Dr. E. W. Gudger, of the American Museum of Natural History. "A
harmless
critter with the body shaped like a tadpole."</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">"Whale blubber," said an Oregon Fish
Commission biologist.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">"It's an elasmobranch," said Prof.
Fred
J. Kohlruss of the University of Portland. "It's a sea inhabitant whose
bones remain in the cartillage stage."</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Despite all of this leaned thinking,
the who and what of Old Hairy was never satisfactorily explained.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">And so it is with Marvin, Oregon's
youngest
monster.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Marine biologists have examined the
Shell Oil Co. video tapes, which show Marvin in detail. The footage was
shot during the company's search for off-shore oil.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Marvin shows up as being about
15-feet
long. He has barnacled ridges along his body, and he propels himself in
corkscrew fashion in waters about 180 feet in depth.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The University of California
believes
Marvin is a etenaphor Oelly fish); Scripps Institute of Oceanography
thinks
he's a salpida: the University of Washington plumps for a siphonophore
(another jelly fish,) the University of Texas believes simply that he
is
a creature left over from prehistoric times.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">But the fishermen hunched over their
beer glasses in Astoria taverns know otherwise. Misty-blue eyes
strained
seaward, with not a little affection, they say: "It's probably Claude."</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Marge Davenport, "Caddy, northwest
sea
serpent and other fishy stories, " Afloat and Awash in the Old
Northwest.
Tigard, Oregon: Paddlewheel Press, 1988, p. 201-208.</font></b>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr width="100%">
<br>
<p><a name="augustine"></a><font color="#000099">.</font>
</p>
<center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1">ST. AUGUSTINE
PHENOMENA</font></font></center>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">In 1896., strange corpse was washed
ashore at St. Augustine beach, Florida. Huge, deformed corpse arrived
along
with winter tides, attracted the attention of Dr DeWitt Webb from local
Science and History society. Dr Webb prevented locals to do damage to
the
corpse until he coould identify it. That's how he saved first physical
evidence that giant octopus do exist on the ocean bottom.</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Dr Webb sent many letters to prof.
W. H. Dall of National Museum in Washington. The corpse was stuck in
the
sand and doctor tried to turn it around first. "We couldn't move the
corpse",
he wrote, "and that means that it weighted six or seven tons, because
twelve
men with wheel and rope should be able to move anything under that
weight."
Later, dr. Webb came back with four horses, six men, three hooks, iron
backups and with lots of hard wooden boards, and they barely made it to
drag the corpse 40 ft. along the beach.</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Now he could tell prof. Dall that this
corpse has no backbone, beak, or anything else what could belong to a
squid.
The corpse was no squid. It was 21 ft. long and seven ft. wide, and the
skin was 3.5 inch thick, and axe-proof. However, Dr Webb took samples
of
the tissue and sent them to Washington.</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">After short discussion, experts have
pronounced that the corpse belongs to a whale. Smithsonian Institution
conclusion was that "they cannot afford sending someone all the way
down
to Florida just to examine the corpse!"</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">But Dr Webb kept some of the samples
in his basement. 75 years later, those samples were found by two
scientific
detectives, Joseph Gennaro and F.G. Wood, after they read about the
event
in some old newspaper. Gennaro, professor of the cellular biology at
the
University of New York, prepared samples for histological analysis. he
looked at the samples through a microscope and immediately found out
that
this tissue doesn't belong to a whale. Neihter it was a squid. Looking
one sample over the other, he was forced to conclude that the corpse
really
is an octopus. But, implications were almost unimaginable; the corpse
of
that size presented an octopus 200 ft. long, with legs the size of
Broadway
or Oxford Street.</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Meanwhile, Wood reviewed the St
Augustine
documents. Yes, there were pieces of legs near the corpse; some of them
were still fastened to the corpse itself. A local named Wilson saw a 32
ft. long leg western from the corpse, and three legs on the south. He
said:
"The one I measured was 32 ft. long and looked like it was fastened to
the corpse, but I couldn't dig to prove it because it was quite deep in
the sand, and I was very tired." Wilson's statement was honest and
precise.</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Ever since then numerous other corpses
have been found, especially near Bahamas. People of Bahamas called that
creature Lusca, and it is not a squid. It must have been an octopus.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">By [email protected]</font></b>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr width="100%">
<br>
<br>
<br>
<p></p>
<hr width="100%">
<br>
<br>
<p><a name="utah"></a>.
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1">Mythical beasts lurk
in
5 Utah lakes</font></font></b>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">
Forget
"Nessie," the fabled — and still sought-after — Loch Ness monster in
Scotland:</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Utah,
it seems, boasts at least five different monsters in as many lakes.</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> How
about "the meandrous monster of Utah Lake"? This serpent-like beast had
its heyday in the mid-1860s to the early 1880s — a competing cousin to
an even more famous creature farther north, the Bear Lake monster.</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> There
were similar 19th-century tales of great beasts inhabiting the Great
Salt
Lake, Panguitch Lake and Sevier Lake, D. Robert Carter, a historian and
former schoolteacher, said during a presentation on the subject at the
Utah State Historical Society's 49th annual meeting at Westminster
College
last month.</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The
granddaddy of these legends, that of the Loch Ness monster, is said to
go back centuries, but written accounts of sightings began
proliferating
in the late 1800s. Then, in 1934, a London physician took a famous, if
fuzzy, photograph of a what might have been a long-necked monster (or a
tree trunk), generating a lot of speculation — and a healthy tourist
industry.</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Utah's
monsters haven't lured too many sightseers, but they've kept more than
a few people on the lookout, especially about a century ago.</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Indians
had told white settlers the legend of the Bear Lake monster, and
reports
in the 1860s described a beast with large ears — and a mouth big enough
to swallow a man.</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> One
of the first reports of the Utah Lake monster surfaced in August 1868,
shortly after the initial sighting of the Bear Lake monster. Henry
Walker
of Lehi was in Utah Lake in 1864 when "to his fear and surprise, he saw
what looked like a large snake . . . with the head of a greyhound,"
Carter
said.</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> In the
late 1860s, two men reported splashing at the Jordan River and Utah
Lake.
They spotted a creature with a head shaped like a greyhound with
"wicked-looking
black eyes."</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The
Deseret News reported on the majority of these monster sightings, but
Carter
said the newspaper at one time accused Utah Valley residents of
creating
a character for Utah Lake.</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Another
newspaper, the Daily Corrine in Box Elder County, said all of the
sightings
were a sheer fabrication, claiming that the monster actually lived at
the
north end of the Great Salt Lake, as evidenced by recent sightings
there.</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Carter
suspects the monster might represent modifications to the local
Indians'
belief in "water babies," dwarfs who sounded like crying babies and who
would lure mortals into the water. While this belief may have helped
the
Native Americans explain drownings, pioneer settlers didn't want to
believe
in such myths. Snake-like monsters in the lakes were much more
acceptable
to them.</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The
Deseret News reported in the early 1870s that lake monsters were
becoming
fashionable, but by the 1880s they had fallen out of favor. Carter said
they were then akin to a large species of bug "known as hum-bug."</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> There
was one sighting and a brief upsurge in 1921 for the Utah Lake monster,
but then it "sank in the depths of the lake" and apparently hasn't been
seen since.</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> Though
we more readily scoff at these monster tales today, Carter said even
the
1870s were not without some unbelievers.</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> The
Utah Lake monster, as one example, may not be an intentional lie, he
said.
Rather, the legend is likely based on illusion and imagination.</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> "And,"
Carter said, "a dearth of good optometrists."</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">By Lynn Arave</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">E-mail: [email protected]</font></b>
<br>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<hr width="100%">
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<hr width="100%"><br>
<br>
<br>
<p><a name="bermuda"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1">MORE
ON GIANT OCTOPUS NEAR BERMUDA ISLANDS</font></font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">by [email protected]</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Scientists knew that this creature
is
not just a myth ever since back in 1896 when a huge corpse was washed
ashore
on St. Augustine Beach, Florida. However, THAT octopus was dead.
Scientists
wanted living creature or photos. They got one important evidence
in the summer of 1984. One fisherman from Bermuda islands, John
P.
Ingham, came up with an idea which would be very profitable for
him.
Giant octopus was way out of his mind when he constructed a trap for
large
crabs and other sea organisms which he would use at a depth of about
1800
meters (5900 ft). His plan worked and soon he started
catching
crabs 60 cm wide.</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Then he built really heavy traps and
armored them with 5 cm thick metal rings. They were 1.8 to 2.4
meters
large and 1.2 meters deep. Ingham was dropping them into the ocean from
his 15-meter fishing boat Trilogy.</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">By the end of August, Ingham already
noticed few very unusual things. First he lost one of his traps
after
something suddenly pulled the cable. There was no obvious explanation.
Then, on 3rd of September, few days after the first event, the
crew
was pulling out one trap, but when the trap was 600 meters (2000 ft)</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">below the surface something stopped
its ascent, pulled the cable in the opposite direction and violently
shaked
the cable. The trap was lost.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Then, on September 19, Ingham set
the
trap at a depth of 850 meters (2700 ft). This time, they couldn't
pull the trap out even with full engine power. Trilogy was equipped
with
a sophisticated sonar instrument called chromascope, and Ingham used it
when the ship passed directly above the trap. He set the chromascope to</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">so-called split bottom mode. On the
bottom of the ocean he could clearly see a pyramid-shaped silhouette 15
meters (50 ft) high. Something wrapped around their trap. Ingham and
his
crew decided they won't do anything violent. They'll sit and wait with
cable engine ready.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">After about 20 minutes, Ingham got a
feeling that the ship was moving - like something was pulling it. He
went
to his cabin again to check navigation instruments. They confirmed his
feeling. The ship was moving towards south at a constant speed of about
one knot. When they passed about 500 meters, the thing that was
pulling
the rope, whatever it was, suddenly changed direction and headed for
the
shore. A bit later it suddenly turned again. Now Ingham was convinced
that
some kind of deep sea creature grabbed the trap</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">and pulled the trap along as it moved.
Ingham touched the cable near surface of water. He says that he
felt
regular vibrations that traveled along the cable, like something walked
on the ocean bottom, and vibrations were transferred along the
cable.
The impacts (vibrations) were always the same intensity and repeated
themselves
every few seconds. The 15-meter high silhouette, ship's movement,
vibrations,
traps he lost earlier - Ingham was convinced that he became the prey of
a giant sea creature. Suddenly creature released the cable, so
the
crew easily pulled the trap out. Ingham looked at the chromascope
- the silhouette was gone. The trap was all deformed and mostly damaged
on the upper side. All of this clearly points to the Giant
Bermudan
Octopus. A creature which can keep the trap on the ocean bottom,
resisting
to the ship's engine power, the ocean depth on which event took place,
location near Bermuda islands - octopus.</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Perhaps we finally found where is the
home of GBO.</font></b>
</p>
<p>
<br>
</p>
<hr width="100%">
<br>
<center><a name="sturgeon"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font
size="+1">Scientists
eager to learn about big fish</font></font></b></center>
<center><img src="sturgeon.jpg" height="227" width="345"></center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">They hope to track the path of the
40-year-old:
a rare sturgeon found washed up Friday. Monday’s
necropsy
did not reveal the cause of the sturgeon’s death, but scientists hope
tissue
samples will help determine its origin.</font></b>
<br>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">By LEANORA MINAI, Times Staff Writer</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">© St. Petersburg Times</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">published March 19, 2002</font></b>
<br>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">ST. PETERSBURG -- To the untrained
eye,
it is a large and strange-looking fish.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">To scientists, it is a gem.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Marine biologists and others are
dazzled
over the discovery of the largest sturgeon found in the Tampa Bay area
since 1897, and one of only a handful found here in the last century.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">"It's truly a living relic," said
Daniel
Roberts, a research scientist at the Florida Marine Research Institute
in St. Petersburg, where a necropsy was performed Monday on the
sturgeon.
"Most people have never seen any of these fish. They're very rare."</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Now researchers are trying to learn
how the fish got here. Did it take an incredibly bad turn, or are the
prehistoric-looking
creatures making a comeback in this region?</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Biologists do not know what killed
the
sturgeon, which washed up Friday in a Shore Acres neighborhood.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The fish, a 40-year-old female, was
plump with 10 pounds of ripe, black eggs -- high-quality caviar, which
would have brought an estimated $6,500.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Marine biologists are curious about
the origin of this particular fish. They have long believed the
sturgeon,
plentiful in the Gulf of Mexico before 1900, disappeared from the Tampa
Bay area.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">"We have been assuming that the
Tampa
Bay stocks are gone," said Roberts, 52, also director of a sturgeon
habitat
study by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. "We
just
thought there weren't any more, that they couldn't live here anymore,
and
to find one, especially a big ripe female, is exciting."</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">In the late 1800s, more flesh and
caviar
from sturgeon was harvested in Tampa Bay than any other fishery port in
the Gulf of Mexico, including New Orleans. Since then, the sturgeon has
been threatened with extinction, killed off by overfishing, dams and
pollution.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Sturgeon are known to migrate from
January
to April and spawn in freshwater -- the Mississippi, Pearl, Escambia,
Yellow,
Choctawhatchee, Apalachicola and Suwannee rivers.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Biologists have tagged and monitored
sturgeon to determine where the fish go when they leave freshwater
spawning
grounds.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">"We've never found a spawner in a
river
that flows into Tampa Bay," Roberts said.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">That makes Roberts wonder whether
this
fish was headed to reproduce at a river that feeds Tampa Bay -- the
Alafia
or Hillsborough. That would be a first.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">"I think it would add a renewed
significance
and be a measure of sorts of environmental protection," Roberts said.
"It
would give us some hope that the things we're doing to protect our
environment
may actually be working to some small degree."</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Roberts also said this particular
fish
might have strayed, taken a wrong turn and gotten lost on her way to
spawn
in the Suwannee River, where a healthy population of sturgeon exists.
Sturgeon
are docile and swim and feed on the bottom in water 3-feet to hundreds
of feet deep.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">After Monday's necropsy, Roberts
still
does not know why the fish died but hopes that after studying tissue
samples,
he will be able to determine whether it is from the Suwannee River
species.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">"We would like to know the history
of
this fish," Roberts said. "Where did it come from? And why is it in
Tampa
Bay during the spawning season?"</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Part of an old monitoring tag was
found
on the 40-year-old fish, suggesting it was being tracked by scientists
at one time. The fish also had a small hole under its belly. "It could
have been a spear," Roberts said.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Still, Roberts does not believe a
fisherman
tried to kill the sturgeon for its flesh and caviar.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">"Maybe it got hooked up or tied up
in
a fish net," Roberts said. "It didn't look like it had been hit by a
boat.
It didn't have any shark bites on it. . . . It's a fish tale."</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Sturgeon are the oldest living
species
of fish, dating back more than 250-million years. They existed at the
same
time as the dinosaurs and have been described as "living fossils."</font></b>
<br>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr width="100%">
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<center><a name="zealand"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font
size="+1">Giant
Octopus Dredged Up Off New Zealand</font></font></b></center>
<center><img src="giantoctopus.jpg" height="300" width="213"></center>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Wed Mar 27, 9:43 PM ET</font></b>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">WELLINGTON (Reuters) - Scientists
have
identified what they believe is the largest octopus ever seen, a 13
foot
long giant hauled from the depths near New Zealand's remote Chatham
Islands.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The dead specimen, caught in a
trawler's
net, was badly damaged but it was clearly a massive animal, National
Institute
of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)marine biologist Steve O'Shea.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">"It would easily have been four-plus
meters in total length and a weight of 70-75 kg (154-165 pounds), if
not
more -- it's a very big octopus, the size of a fully mature male giant
squid." O'Shea had provisionally identified the specimen, caught at a
depth
of more than 3,000 feet, as Haliphron Atlanticus, a bright red,
jelly-like
species of octopus not previously found in the South Pacific.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Juveniles of the species had been
found
in shallow northern waters, with adults believed to live at a depth of
around 250 meters so the discovery (news - web sites) was unusual, he
said.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">"It's extremely deep, it's extremely
large, it's the first recorded in the South Pacific, it may not even be
the species we've attributed to it at this point in time -- I've got a
lot more work to do on it."</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">People had been amazed when he
relayed
the details of the creature, O'Shea said.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">"But down here in New Zealand, this
is an area which is so poorly explored that its not surprising that
we're
getting all these weird and wonderful animals.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">"The frightening thing is that we
are
getting an animal like this newly reported in New Zealand waters
today...so
new and large, you've got to sit down and ask yourself 'What is it we
know
about the deep sea environment?'," O'Shea said.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Octopuses are one of the most
diverse
creatures on earth, with several hundred species worldwide and more
than
40 species found in New Zealand waters alone.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The Chathams are a windswept group
of
islands around 530 miles east of Christchurch, home to around 800
people
engaged in sheep farming and fishing.</font></b>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<hr width="100%">
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<center><a name="puzzle"></a><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font
size="+2">Giant
octopus puzzles scientists</font></font></center>
<center><img src="giantoct.jpg" height="194" width="300"></center>
<center> <b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Out of the freezer:
Dismissed
at first as just another giant squid</font></b></center>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> </font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> </font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">By Kim Griggs</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">in Wellington, New Zealand</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> </font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> </font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">What is thought to be the biggest
octopus
ever found has been caught in waters off New Zealand.</font></b>
<br>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Then I had a freezer clean-out and I
had no idea what it was</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> </font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Dr Steve O'Shea, NIWA</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Marine biologist Dr Steve O'Shea
estimates
the specimen, which was damaged when fished up, would have measured
four
metres in length and weighed 75 kilograms.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">"That's a conservative estimate," Dr
O'Shea told BBC News Online. "It is an absolutely massive octopus."</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The incomplete specimen has a mantle
length (the standard measure of length in octopus and squid) of 0.69
metres,
a total length of 2.9 metres and a weight of 61 kg.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Not a squid</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Octopus (Haliphron) had previously
been
thought to reach a mantle length of only 0.4 metres and a total length
of 2 metres.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> </font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Dr O'Shea does not think this animal
is native to New Zealand waters</font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"> </font></b>
<br>
<b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">"Nothing remotely comparable to the
size of the New Zealand specimen has ever been described before," Dr
O'Shea
said.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The octopus was caught last October
in 920 metres of water south east of the Chatham Islands, by the
research
ship of New Zealand's National Institute of Water and Atmospheric
Research
(NIWA).</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">At first, Dr O'Shea paid little
attention
to the red gelatinous specimen, thinking it was just another example of
his research specialty, the giant squid.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Freezer clear-out</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">"I have a freezer full of squid. And
I looked at this and I just thought, 'Heavens, it's a pretty beat up
sort
of squid'. And I wasn't in any hurry to defrost it. Then I had a
freezer
clean-out and I had no idea what it was."</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">He has provisionally identified the
sub-mature female as being Haliphron atlanticus. Adding to the mystery,
this particular species has never been caught before in the South
Pacific.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">There are some records from around
Japan,
Papua-New Guinea and from the Atlantic. "The New Zealand form that we
have
is more similar to a species which was recorded off Japan in 1902 than
it is to the Atlantic species.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">"So although I call it Haliphron
atlanticus,
that's a very provisional identification."</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Splendid sight</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Dr O'Shea is also puzzled by the
fact
the New Zealand research institute has never seen juveniles of this
species
in New Zealand waters.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">This is despite the fact that the
area
where the octopus was found is extensively trawled by commercial
fishing
vessels and unusual specimens are routinely passed to NIWA.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">"I don't believe that this animal is
residing in New Zealand at all. It could have been something that's
migrated
in from spectacular depth.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">"Not only is it not residing in New
Zealand waters, I don't believe we get the full life history of the
species
in New Zealand," he said.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The undamaged octopus would have
been
a splendid sight: all the arms would have been connected by a thick web.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">"It would have looked like a huge
jellyfish
or a great big thick umbrella," Dr O'Shea said.</font></b>
</p>
<p>
<br>
</p>
<hr width="100%">
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<center><a name="ocean"></a><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font
size="+2">Strange
life form found in ocean</font></font></b></center>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">A strange new life form has been
discovered
in the depths of the ocean off the north-east coast of Iceland.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The bugs belong to an entirely new
group
of microbes and are probably the smallest living things on Earth.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">At a mere 400 millionths of a
millimetre
across, more than six million would fit on the head of a pin.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The microbes are classified as
Archaea
- one of the three giant branches of life that also include bacteria
and
eukaryotes, organisms with cell nuclei. Archaea are genetically
different
from bacteria and many are "extremophiles" that live in the most
extreme
environments on Earth.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">But although Archaea include some
very
strange primitive life forms, the new group is odder than anything
found
before and thought to comprise a new category within the domain. Named
Nanoarchaeum equitans, the spherical bugs live on the surface of a much
bigger Archael organism, Ignicoccus.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">German scientists led by Karl
Stetter
at the University of Regensburg found them 120 metres under the sea off
Iceland, in a place where volcanic activity heats the water close to
boiling
point. The Nanoarchaeota appear to be reliant on their host microbe and
unable to survive on their own.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">But what the relationship is between
the two remains a mystery. Writing in the journal Nature, the
scientists
say the tiny bugs are clearly not preying on Ignicoccus as parasites.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The two organisms probably lived a
symbiotic
existence, which meant each was dependent on the other - but how is not
known. Direct contact with Ignicoccus appears to be necessary for
Nanoarchaeota
to grow.</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Discussing the discovery in Nature,
evolutionary biologist Ford Doolittle and Yan Boucher from Dalhousie
University,
Halifax, Canada, refer to Nanoarchaeum as "an exciting new creature".</font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica">They said: "Although invisible to
the
naked eye, it is as worthy of our notice as any coelacanth or other
macroscopic
'living fossil'."</font></b>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr width="100%">
<p><a name="sea"></a><b><font size="+1">Scientists Find Evidence Sea
Extended
to Loch Ness on Two Occasions</font></b>
</p>
<p><b>British and U.S. scientists claim they have evidence that the sea
extended</b>
<br>
<b>into Loch Ness at two points in history: after the Ice Age
in Europe</b>
<br>
<b>(125,000 years ago) and 12,800 years ago. A geologist working
with a</b>
<br>
<b>research team in 2001 noticed the clay on the anchor of their boat
looked</b>
<br>
<b>different from other deposits found in the same part of the
Loch.
Carbon</b>
<br>
<b>dating and amino-acid testing on the clay indicated that it
contained
clams</b>
<br>
<b>and sea urchin spines from both 12,800 and 125,000 years ago.</b>
</p>
<p><b>This discovery would tend to lend credence to the theory that
large
animals</b>
<br>
<b>could have become trapped in the Loch as the water receded back
to the sea.</b>
<br>
<b>Skeptics have traditionally argued that no monster could exist in
Loch Ness</b>
<br>
<b>because it has always been a body of fresh water.</b>
</p>
<p><b>Source: The Press and Journal (North Scotland)</b>
</p>
<p><b>submitted by [email protected]</b>
<br>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr width="100%">
<p><a name="Memphremagog"></a><b><font size="+1">Memphremagog Monster
Sighted</font></b>
</p>
<p><b>On May 1, a local resident named Barbara Malloy reported seeing a
hump bobbing up and down n the water. It was described as being
jet
black in colour. This was Malloy's second sighting of Lake
Memphremagog's
most</b>
<br>
<b>unusual resident - she had also reported a sighting in 1983.
"Memphre", as this creature is affectionately known, is said to
resemble
a plesiosaur (four fins, a long neck, and an elongated body).
Various
witnesses have estimated the length to be between 6 and 50 feet and it
is said to be brown, black, or green in colour.</b>
</p>
<p><b>Source: The Caledonian-Record</b>
</p>
<p><b>submitted by [email protected]</b>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr width="100%">
<br>
<p><a name="Tianchi"></a><b><font size="+1">Lake Tianchi Monster
Surfaces
in China</font></b>
</p>
<p><b>It seems that China is home to its own version of the Loch Ness
Monster.
On July 11, 2003, witnesses were treated to a group of unknown
creatures
swimming in the Lake. As many as 20 of the animals were seen in
the
Lake at a distance of between two and three kilometers. The
witnesses,
a group of government officials, saw white or black spots that created
ripples in the</b>
<br>
<b>water.</b>
</p>
<p><b>A witness to a previous sighting reportedly saw a grey-skinned
animal
with a long neck (1.2-1.5 metres long) and a white ring around its neck
(separating the neck and torso). The head had large eyes and a
protruding
mouth.</b>
</p>
<p><b>Source: Reuters (Sydney Morning Herald)</b>
</p>
<p><b>submitted by [email protected]</b>
<br>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr width="100%">
<br>
<p><a name="Scientists Record"></a><b>Scientists Record "Champ"</b>
</p>
<p><b>In June of 2003, scientists conducting research on Lake
Champlain's
resident monster for the Discovery Channel were shocked when their
underwater
microphones picked up sounds very similar to those of dolphins or Beluga</b>
<br>
<b>whales. These ticks and chirps offer compelling evidence that
Champ is very real. Certainly, legislators in New Hampshire and
Vermont
must think so laws have been passed in both states to stop
hunters
from harassing the</b>
<br>
<b>creature.</b>
</p>
<p><b>Even P.T. Barnum was interested in Champ - in the 1800's he
offered
a $50,000 reward for recovery of the animal (dead or alive).
Despite
the efforts of several would-be Champ hunters, the money remained
unclaimed.</b>
</p>
<p><b>Source: The Boston Globe</b>
</p>
<p><b>submitted by [email protected]</b>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr width="100%">
<br>
<p><a name="Cressie Sighted in"></a><b>"Cressie" Sighted in Newfoundland</b>
</p>
<p><b>Crescent Lake, located 400 kilometers west of St. John's,
Newfoundland,
appears to have its own version of the Loch Ness Monster.
Sightings
of "Cressie" have taken place several times over the last 50
years.
No Cressie</b>
<br>
<b>sightings were reported in 2002, leading residents to wonder if
perhaps the animal had died. But Cressie, described by witnesses
as being a "snake-like creature with a fish-like head", resurfaced in
the
summer of 2003.</b>
</p>
<p><b>Source: CBC News</b>
</p>
<p><b>submitted by [email protected]</b>
<br>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr width="100%">
<br>
<br>
<p><a name="Plesiosaur Fossil Found in Loch Ness - Senior"></a><b>Plesiosaur
Fossil Found in Loch Ness - Senior Citizen Stumbles on Find</b>
</p>
<p><b>Gerald McSorley, of Stirling, lost his footing near the bank of
Loch
Ness and put down his hand to steady himself. He noticed
something
unusual in the water and picked it up. When the algae was removed
from the object, he</b>
<br>
<b>found himself staring at four vertebrae, including spinal cord and
blood vessels, encased in limestone.</b>
</p>
<p><b>The curator of the National Museum in Edinburgh confirmed the
find
was indeed part of an adult plesiosaur. The fossil would be
between
150 and 155 million years old. Nessie hunters will now comb the
area
for further</b>
<br>
<b>fossilized remains.</b>
</p>
<p><b>Source: BBC News</b>
</p>
<p><b>submitted by [email protected]</b>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr width="100%">
<br>
<br>
<p><a name="turtle"></a><b><font size="+1">Saskatchewan's Turtle Lake
Monster</font></b>
</p>
<p><b>Turtle Lake (120 km/74 miles) to the northwest of North
Battlefield)
appears to have a mysterious inhabitant. Eyewitness accounts vary
with respect to length (10-30 feet), skin texture (smooth or scaly) and
shape of the head</b>
<br>
<b>(described as resembling a seahorse, dog, or pig).</b>
</p>
<p><b>The "monster" has been spoken of in the area for centuries -
Indian
legend has it that anyone foolish enough to intrude on its territory
would
not return.</b>
</p>
<p><b>While some have theorized that the Lake's unknown inhabitant is a
giant sturgeon, others feel that this is unlikely due to the fact that
sturgeons are bottom-dwellers who are not likely to be spotted at the
water's
surface.</b>
</p>
<p><b>Another theory contends that the mysterious creature is a
descendent
of one of the plesiosaurs which lived in the region millions of years
ago,
when Saskatchewan was covered by an inland sea.</b>
</p>
<p><b>Which theory is correct? Perhaps time (and one lucky
fisherman
who captures the beast) will tell.</b>
</p>
<p><b>submitted by [email protected]</b>
<br>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr width="100%">
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<p><a name="nova"></a><b><font size="+1">"Sea Monster" Sighting
Reported
by Nova Scotia Fisherman</font></b>
</p>
<p><b>In the early summer of 2003, Wallace Cartwright was headed out to
sea to check his lobster traps. The native of Alder Point, Cape
Breton
County, saw what he thought was a big log in the water. The "log"
had a head similar to</b>
<br>
<b>a sea turtle with a brown, snake-like body. It was
approximately
eight metres long, brown with smooth skin. The creature submerged
and surfaced again two minutes later.</b>
</p>
<p><b>Cartwright and his assistant observed the animal for 45 minutes
as
it surfaced several more times. Mr. Cartwright, who has
been
a fisherman for 30 years, stated that what he had seen was unlike
anything
he had ever encountered before.</b>
</p>
<p><b>Andrew Hebda, curator of zoology at Halifax's Natural History
Museum,
is of the opinion that what Mr. Cartwright observed was an
oarfish.
The oarfish is normally found in the waters north of Great Britain;
this
particular</b>
<br>
<b>specimen probably followed a frigid ocean current to the waters
off Cape Breton.</b>
</p>
<p><b>Oarfish are nature's longest fish. They have been known to
reach up to 17 metres in length.</b>
</p>
<p><b>submitted by [email protected]</b>
<br>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr width="100%">
<br>
<br>
<p><a name="bloop"></a><b><font size="+1">"Bloop" Recorded by U.S. Navy
-
"Most Likely Biological in Nature"</font></b>
</p>
<p><b>A mysterious recording, picked up by "spy sensors" put in place
by
the U.S. Navy in the 1960's, has recently been made public.
Dubbed
"Bloop" by scientists, the unidentified sound is similar to those made
by marine animals. Bloop, however, is larger than any known
animal.</b>
</p>
<p><b>One theory is that Bloop is a giant squid. This animal has
never been observed in the wild, although dead squid have been found
washed
up on beaches. Including its tentacles, the largest dead squid on
record measured 60 feet.</b>
</p>
<p><b>Marine biologists have disputed this theory, explaining that
since
squid lack a gas-filled sac, they have no way of making that type of
noise.</b>
</p>
<p><b>The identity of Bloop remains an unsolved mystery.</b>
</p>
<p><b>submitted by [email protected]</b>
<br>
<br>
<br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<hr size="2" width="100%"><br>
<b><font face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><big><big><br>
</big></big></font></b>
<div align="center"><b><font face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><big><big><a
name="Japan"></a>Japan marine park captures rare shark on film</big></big></font></b><br>
<b><font face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif">
‘Living fossil’ species has changed little since prehistoric times</font></b><br>
</div>
<b><font face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif">
<br>
</font></b>
<div align="center"><object height="350" width="425">
<embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/8X6GKcLkdRE"
type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" height="350"
width="425"></object><br>
</div>
<b><font face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><br>
Updated: 9:33 a.m. ET Jan 24, 2007<br>
TOKYO - A species of shark rarely seen alive because its natural
habitat is 2,000 feet or more under the sea was captured on film by
staff at a Japanese marine park this week.<br>
<br>
The Awashima Marine Park in Shizuoka, south of Tokyo, was alerted by a
fisherman at a nearby port on Sunday that he had spotted an odd-looking
eel-like creature with a mouthful of needle-sharp teeth.<br>
<br>
Marine park staff caught the 5-foot long creature, which they
identified as a female frilled shark, sometimes referred to as a
“living fossil” because it is a primitive species that has changed
little since prehistoric times.<br>
<br>
The shark appeared to be in poor condition when park staff moved it to
a seawater pool where they filmed it swimming and opening its jaws.<br>
<br>
“We believe moving pictures of a live specimen are extremely rare,”
said an official at the park. “They live between 600 and 1,000 meters
under the water, which is deeper than humans can go.”<br>
<br>
“We think it may have come close to the surface because it was
sick, or else it was weakened because it was in shallow waters,” the
official said.<br>
<br>
The shark died a few hours after being caught.<br>
<br>
Frilled sharks, which feed on other sharks and sea creatures, are
sometimes caught in the nets of trawlers but are rarely seen alive.</font></b><br>
<p><br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><br>
<p style="text-align: center;"><big><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><big><b><a
name="Monster_Shark_Attacks_Great_White"></a>Monster Shark Attacks
Great White<br>
</b></big></font></big></p>
<div style="text-align: center;"><big><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><big><b><img
alt="" src="greatwhite_attacked.jpg"
style="width: 400px; height: 535px;"></b></big></font></big><br>
</div>
<p><big></big></p>
<p
style="font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">Tuesday
October 27, 2009<br>
Huw Borland, Sky News Online<br>
<br>
</p>
<div
style="text-align: left; margin-left: 440px; font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">A
giant
shark that could be up to 20ft long has sent shockwaves across
Australian beaches after a great white was nearly bitten in half.<br>
<br>
A
stunning picture shows a 10ft predator thrashing about with two massive
chunks missing on either side of its body, off the Queensland coast.</div>
<p
style="text-align: left; margin-left: 440px; font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">Experts
said its rival may be 20ft (about six metres) long, judging by the size
of the huge bites.<br>
<br>
The
great white was savaged after it got snared on a drum line - a baited
hook attached to a buoy - near North Stradbroke Island, east of
Brisbane.<br>
<br>
The wounded creature was still alive when a crew hauled it onto a boat,
close to Deadman's Beach. <br>
</p>
<p style="text-align: left; margin-left: 440px;"><span
style="font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">"It
certainly opened up my eyes. I mean the shark that was caught is a
substantial shark in itself," Queensland Fisheries' Jeff Krause told
Australia's Daily Telegraph.</span><br
style="font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">
<br style="font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">
<span
style="font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">Swimmers
have been warned to stay out of the water near the island.</span><br
style="font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">
<br style="font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">
<span
style="font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">The
attack also worried many at a nearby tourist Mecca - Surfers Paradise,
south of Brisbane.</span><br
style="font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">
<br style="font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">
<span
style="font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">Surfer
Ashton Smith, 19, of the Gold Coast, told the Courier Mail: "I've heard
about the big one lurking. Every surfer is always cautious over here."</span><br
style="font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">
<br style="font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">
<span
style="font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">Drum
lines and shark nets are used to defend swimmers from sea predators,
but they have been criticised for occasionally trapping migrating
whales.</span><br
style="font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">
<br style="font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">
<span
style="font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">Fisheries
minister Tim Mulherin told the Mail that the
capture of the bitten shark - and the indication of a larger one
feeding in the area - bolstered the decision to keep defences in place.</span><br
style="font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">
<br style="font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">
<span
style="font-family: helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">He
added there were no special plans to hunt the attacking shark but
contractors had reset the drum lines.</span><br>
</p>
<center>
<hr width="100%"></center>
<h2>
<a name="links"></a><font face="Arial,Helvetica">Links to related pages</font></h2>
<font size="+1"><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
href="http://www.geocities.com/whinhall_2000/">The
Loch Ness Monster</a></font></b></font>
<p><font size="+1"><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
href="http://www.ness-monster.com/framed/index.html">The
Loch Ness Monster Research Society</a></font></b></font>
</p>
<p><font size="+1"><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
href="http://www.lochness-centre.com/exhibit/exhibit.html">The
Original Loch Ness Monster Exhibition Centre</a></font></b></font>
</p>
<p><font size="+1"><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
href="http://www.dinofish.com/">Coelacanth
Rescue Mission</a> Great Site!</font></b></font>
</p>
<p><font size="+1"><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
href="http://www.austmus.gov.au/fish/fishenq/coela.htm">Australian
Museum: Coelacanth</a></font></b></font>
</p>
<p><font size="+1"><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
href="http://www.scotnet.co.uk/highland/index.html">NESSIE
ON THE NET</a></font></b></font>
</p>
<p><font size="+1"><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
href="http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/home/scotland/monster.html">LOCH
NESS MONSTER INFO</a></font></b></font>
</p>
<p><font size="+1"><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
href="http://www.strangemag.com/nessie.home.html">NESSIE
& OTHER LAKE MONSTERS</a></font></b></font>
</p>
<p><font size="+1"><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
href="http://www.ncf.carleton.ca/%7Ebz050/HomePage.lm.html">LAKE
MONSTERS</a></font></b></font>
</p>
<p><font size="+1"><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
href="http://www.yaws.com/yaws/tahoe/tessie.shtml">TESSIE</a></font></b></font>
</p>
<p><font size="+1"><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><b><a
href="http://www.cais.net/strangemag/nahuelito.html">NAHUELITO</a></b> <b>
creature in Patagonian Lake</b></font></font>
</p>
<p><font size="+1"><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
href="http://www.strangemag.com/globhome.html">UNKNOWN
CARCASSES WASHING ASHORE</a></font></b></font>
</p>
<p><font size="+1"><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
href="http://www.lochness.co.uk/fan_club/thisyr.html">SIGHTINGS
OF NESSIE IN 1996</a></font></b></font>
</p>
<p><font size="+1"><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
href="http://www.bahnhof.se/%7Ewizard/GLM/">THE
SWEDISH LAKE MONSTER & ALOT MORE</a></font></b></font>
</p>
<p><font size="+1"><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
href="http://freekuwait.com/unknown/">UNKNOWN
SEA CREATURE OFF OF KUWAIT</a></font></b></font>
</p>
<p><font size="+1"><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
href="http://www.gng.com/lore_of_the_loch/">Loch
Ness Monster</a></font></b></font>
</p>
<p><font size="+1"><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
href="http://cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9808/07/RB001018.reut.html">Swedish
Lake searched for creature</a></font></b></font>
</p>
<p><font size="+1"><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
href="http://www.csmonitor.com/durable/1998/10/20/fp4s1-csm.shtml">Article
on recent Loch Ness search</a></font></b></font>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a
href="http://www.theogopogo.com">theogopogo.com</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><font size="+1"><a
href="http://www.lakenormanmonster.com/">Lake
Norman Monster</a></font></font></b>
</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr width="100%">
<center><a href="http://www.avint.net/hardticket"><img src="ppick.gif"
height="71" width="346"></a></center>
<br>
<center>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="180">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center"><a
href="http://www.links2go.com/topic/Cryptozoology"><img src="skey.gif"
alt="Key Resource" border="0" height="81" width="81"></a>
<br>
<b><i><a href="http://www.links2go.com/topic/Cryptozoology"><font
size="-1">Links</font><sup><font size="-2">2</font></sup><font
size="-1">Go</font></a></i><font size="-1"><a
href="http://www.links2go.com/topic/Cryptozoology">
Key Resource</a></font></b>
<br>
<font size="-1"><a
href="http://www.links2go.com/topic/Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology
Topic</a></font></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</center>
<h3>
<font face="Arial,Helvetica"> </font>
<hr width="100%"></h3>
<center><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><b><a
href="http://theshadowlands.net/mystery.htm">BACK
TO THE MYSTERIES and The UNKNOWN</a><a name="back"></a></b>.</font></center>
<center><b><font face="Arial,Helvetica"><a
href="http://theshadowlands.net/home1.htm">BACK
TO THE SHADOWLANDS</a></font></b></center>
<center>
<hr width="100%"></center>
<p><a name="copy"></a><font face="Arial,Helvetica">The images on this
page
were obtained from publicly available sources, and to the best of our
knowledge,
the images are in the public domain. If you own the copyright on any
image
on this page, and you would like us to remove it, please identify
yourself
and the image, and we will. If you own the copyright and you are
willing
to give us permission to use the image, we would like to know that also.</font>
</p>
<p><font face="Arial,Helvetica">© 2010
[email protected]</font>
</p>
<center><a name="counter"></a><img
src="http://www.serve.com/cgi-bin/Count.cgi?dd=C&frgb=000;104;104&df=shadows14.dat%20align=absmiddle"></center>
<br>
</body>
</html>
|
The Shadowlands Sea Serpent page
| |
| --- |
| |
## Sea Serpents and Lake Monsters:
Legends and
Myths, or Reality ?
**Updated 6/2010: New photos and info added** 
###
The vast majority of the
earth's
oceans and seas are unexplored. Is it really hard to believe that
there are creatures that live so far down or in such remote areas, that
they are rarely, if ever, seen by humans. The waters of this planet go
mostly unexplored. It is very easy to hypothesize that we have
not
come close to cataloging all the creatures that dwell in these
waters.
There has been many a sailor who has told stories of seeing strange
creatures
while on the high seas. Are these just ramblings or are they
actual
eye witness accounts of creatures yet unknown to science. The [giant
squid](http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9710/18/fringe.australia.squid/index.html) was thought of as a creature of myth and legend until
recently,
when scientist found corpses of just such a creature as recently as
October
1997. Many of these "sea serpents" descriptions a similar to
creatures
that are thought to be extinct. The [coelacanth](http://www.dinofish.com/)
was thought to be extinct for 70 million years until it was discovered
alive and well in 1938. The fish is no longer on the extinct
list.
If this fish could survive all those years undetected, why can't other
prehistoric giants have done the same thing. Every year unknown
animals
or animals that were thought extinct are discovered. Because most
of these animals don't fall into the "monster" category, there is very
little written about them that a lay person would see. New
species
of water creatures that were discovered recently include the Japanese
beaked
whale (1958), the cochito porpoise (1958), [Megamouth
Shark](#mega)
(1976), and Prudes Bay killer whale (1983). Isn't it safe
to
assume that since creatures are discovered or rediscovered all the
time,
these sea serpents and lake monsters are just waiting their turn to be
identified properly.......
[](coel.htm)
**The coelacanth (click
on the pic for info)**
**Any
information
on creatures not listed here and pictures can be sent to me at [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]).
If you have pictures, text, video, etc., that you would like us to add
to the page but don't know to put it on the computer, let us know, we
can
scan and video capture images for you.** **We
are also looking for amateur or professional researchers who want to
join
the staff here at The Shadowlands, send us an [email](mailto:[email protected])
for info.**
**Have you seen a
strange creature in
the water somewhere? [Let
us know here](mailto:[email protected])**
## Table
of Contents
###
**[True
Sightings](sightings.htm)** - visitor submitted encounters
**[Real Videos](serpvid.htm)**
- **Videos of sightings of unknown lake and sea
creatures****[Monster Shark Attacks Great
White](#Monster_Shark_Attacks_Great_White) (picture) **[**Scientists spot rare white orca**](serpent3.html#orca)
**[Ponik](serpent3.html#maine)**
 **[Japan marine park
captures rare shark on film](#Japan)** **(video)**
**[New
video of Champ 2-22-06](http://www.abcnews.go.com/Video/playerIndex?id=1648662)**
**[Champ
of Lake Champlain](serpent.htm#champ) (picture)(video)** ****
**[Norway's Loch Ness monster
caught on film](serpent3.html#norway)**
**[Turtle
Lake Monster](#turtle)**
**["Bloop"
Recorded by U.S. Navy](#bloop)**
**["Sea
Monster" Sighting Reported by Nova Scotia Fisherman](#nova)**
**[Scientists
Record "Champ"](#Scientists%20Record)**
**["Cressie"
Sighted in Newfoundland](#Cressie%20Sighted%20in)**
**[Plesiosaur
Fossil Found in Loch Ness](#Plesiosaur%20Fossil%20Found%20in%20Loch%20Ness%20-%20Senior)**
**[Lake
Tianchi Monster Surfaces in China](#Tianchi)**
**[Memphremagog
Monster Sighted](#Memphremagog)**
**[Sea
extended to Loch Ness at times](#sea)**
**[Giant
Octopus Article](#puzzle)** **(picture)**
**[Strange
Life Form Found in Ocean](#ocean)**
**[Giant
Bermuda Octopus](#bermuda)**
**[Giant
Octopus Dredged Up Off New Zealand](#zealand)**
**[Giant
Sturgeon found in Florida](#sturgeon)**
**[Utah
Lakes](#utah)**
**[St.
Augustine Giant Octopus?](#augustine)**
**[Storsie](serpent2.htm#storsie)**
**[Hunt
for Undersea Giant Kraken Underway](serpent2.htm#hunt)**
**[Ogopogo](#ogopogo)** **(pictures)**
**[Tacoma
Sea Monster 1893](serpent2.htm#tacoma)**
**[Sea
Serpents of the Pacific Northwest](serpent2.htm#pacific)**
**[Colossal
Claude and Marvin the Monster](#claude)**
**[Selma](serpent2.htm#selma)**
**[Recent
Coelacanth info 9-23-00](http://www.abcnews.go.com/sections/science/DailyNews/coelacanth980923.html)**
**[Monster
Squid found in the Antarctic](Antarctic.txt)**
**[Lake
Monster Has Price on Head](price.txt)**
###
[Caddy
linked to Ogopogo](cadogo.htm)
**[Oar
Fish](serpent2.htm#oarfish)** **(picture)**
### [The
Alleged "Surgeon's Photo Hoax"](hoax.htm)
**[Megalodon](serpent2.htm#megalodon)(picture)**
**[Flathead
Lake Monster](serpent2.htm#flathead)**
**[Lake
Utopia Monster](serpent2.htm#utopia)**
**[Bizarre
Marine Mammal in France](serpent2.htm#bizare)**
**[The
Gloucester Sea Serpent](serpent2.htm#gloucester)**
###
[1848
sighting](#1848) (drawing)
**[Unidentified
Carcass](#carcass) (picture)**
### [**Queensland,
Australia** sighting](#queensland) (picture)
###
[**Washington
State** sighting](#washington)
**[Tessie](#tessie)**
**[South
Bay Bessie](#bessie)**
**[Trunko](#trunko)**
**[Giant
Jellyfish](serpent2.htm#jellyfish)**
**[Manipogo](serpent2.htm#manipogo)**
**[Giant
Squid picture](giantsquid.jpg)**
**[Another
Giant Squid picture](squid4.jpg)**
**[Mann
Hill Beach](serpent2.htm#mann)**
**[Memphre'](serpent2.htm#memphre)**
**[Lake
Van](serpent2.htm#lake%20van)** **(2 videos) **
###
[**Chessie**
of Chesapeake Bay](#chessie)
###
[The
Lusca (Giant Octopus ?)](#octopus) (picture)
###
[Unknown
creature !](#unknown) (pictures)
###
[Mega
Mouth Shark](#mega) (pictures)
###
[White
River Monster](#white%20river)
###
[Kodiak,
Alaska](#kodiak)
**[San
Francisco Bay](serpent2.htm#sfbay)**
**[Morag](serpent2.htm#morag)**
**[Types
of Sea Serpents](serpent2.htm#types)**
**[Tizheruk](serpent2.htm#key)**
**[Trinity
Alps](serpent2.htm#alps)**
**[Paint
River](serpent2.htm#paint)**
**[Santa
Clara](serpent2.htm#santa)**
**[Ponik](serpent2.htm#ponik)**
**[Lake
Leelanau](serpent2.htm#lake)**
**[Cadborsaurus
(Caddy)](serpent2.htm#cad)** **(sketch)**
**[Giant
Octopus](serpent2.htm#giant)**
**["Extinct"
Whale Discovered](serpent2.htm#whale)**
**[Masbate
Monster](serpent2.htm#masbate)**
**[The
Lakes of Ontario](serpent2.htm#ontario)**
###
[Alkali
Lake Monster](#alkali)
###
[Illiamna
Lake Monster](#ill) (picture)
**[Cressie](serpent2.htm#cressie)**
**[Nyami
Nyami](serpent2.htm#nyami)**
**[Cape
Bonavista](serpent2.htm#capebonavista)**
###
[Loch
Ness](lochness.htm#ness) (pictures)
###
**[Loch
Ness Monster screen saver for windows](nessie.scr)** it's
cool
freeware
###
[Map
of sighting hot spots](serpmap.htm#map)
###
[Related
pages](#links) links
###
[visitor
counter](#counter)
###
[back
to the Mysteries page](http://theshadowlands.net/mystery.htm)
###
[copyright disclaimer](#copy)
---
**August 6, 1848, on board the
Daedalus
in the Atlantic Ocean, 7 men including the Captain reported seeing a
creature
about 60 ft long and 15 inches in diameter. A mane of a soft
looking
material flowed down it's back. The creature's body was a dark
brown
in color and it's throat area was a yellowish white. The creature
was swimming approximately 15 MPH with its head constantly above the
water.
In modern times a creature matching this description has been seen off
the coast of California by many reputable witnesses.**
---
.
**December 12, 1964, French
photographer
Robert Serrec was vacationing in Queensland, Australia. He
was out off the coast in small row boats with his family and
friends.
They were in less than 6 feet of water when they noticed a giant snake
like creature laying on the oceanbottom. They describe it as a
grayish
tadpole like creature with a snake like head, approximately 75-80 feet
long. There appeared to be a large wound on the creatures
back.
They took pictures of the creature before it became bothered and swam
off.
(see above pic)**
---
**1961, Mrs. Stoudt of Oregon and her
sister were walking their children along the Strait of Juan de Fuca
in Washington
State, when they saw what first appeared to be a tree limb in the
water. As the object moved closer to them they described
seeing
a creature which had a snake like head, floppy mane, and 3
humps.
It disappeared from view only to resurface closer to them. They
said
it looked like some sort of dinosaur. It appeared to be watching
the passing ships, then it moved even closer to their position which
caused
one of the children to cry. The creature turned and looked at
them
and then swam off.**
---
**Chessie, as it
has come to be known, is the frequently sighted creature of the
Chesapeake
Bay area. The creature has been sighted in this area regularly
since
the 19th century. It's described as being a long, dark, serpent
like
creature. In 1982, Robert Frew filmed [Chessie](http://www.research.umbc.edu/%7Efrizzell/cryptozoo.text)
from a house on Kent Island which overlooked the bay.** **Frew and his wife spotted the creature** **in shallow, clear water
about
200 yards from the house. He video taped the creature as it
swam toward a group of swimmers. It dove beneath the swimmers and
reappeared on the other side of them. The creature they saw was
about
30-25 feet long, 1 foot in diameter, dark brown with a humped
back.
In 1978, a retired CIA employee, Donald Kyker, reported seeing Chessie
and 3 others about 75 yards off shore. His neighbors, the
Smoots',
also witness the creatures. They gave descriptions of a 30 ft,
sleek,
dark gray creature swimming about 7-8 miles per hour.**
**Sightings of Chessie have remained
pretty
consistent and occur more frequently May through September.
This could be due to the increase in people in the area during these
times
or possibly a migration of this creature. Some of the best places
to observe Chessie are Love Point at Kent Island, the mouth of the
Potomac
river and Eastern Bay. The witness list includes quite a few
people
whose integrity and observation skills are above reproach, such as
coast
guard and naval officers, airline pilots, ex-CIA official and a FBI
agent.
The photos and film that exist of Chessie were studied by Smithsonian
Officials
and they concluded that it was a living animal that was pictured, but
they
could not identify it.**
---
© Sandra
Mansi
**Lake Champlain, is a lake that is
109
miles long on the boarders of New York and Vermont. A French explorer
by
the name of Samuel De Champlain has been given the distinction of being
the first individual to see the North American lake monster in Lake
Champlain.
This is reported to have develop in the year 1609, but this may not
have
been the first sighting of the lake monster that**
**has come to be known as CHAMP.**
**A journalist in the 1960’s found
that
the sighting may not have been in the lake at all ,that it is more
likely
that the first sighting of the lake monster was off the coast of the
St.
Lawrence estuary. In all likelihood the first sighting of the
lake
monster in the lake itself, took place at Port Henry, New York in 1819
by settlers in the territory. It was again noted at an locus that
became
known as Dresden, New York in the first part of the seventeenth
century.
The sightings continued and in 1883, the Sheriff of Clinton County
Nathan
Mooney delineated witnessing a “ an enormous snake or water serpent 25
to 30 feet in length”. In 1899 a group of men fishing saw
something
slightly leave the water and move up the shore line.**
**Sandra Mansi, was vacationing in
Vermont
not far from the Canadian Boarder. When the lake monster made its
presence
known to Mrs. Mansi & her husband. They had the presence of mind to
get a camera and took a picture of Champ. The picture was analyzed and
it was concluded that it was not a fallacy. From this picture it has
been
speculated that the lake monster may be a creature known**
**as a plesiosaur, which lived many
centuries
ago.**
**Lake Champlain would be ideal, It
has
depths of up to 400 feet and a outlet to the Atlantic ocean. The food
is
presence to support such a creature or creatures for centuries.
Lake
Champlain also has a water temperatures that is ideal for the sanctuary
of such a creature as well as underwater archeology sites**
**In recent years a smaller creature
has
been seen with the large one. The research continues in
Lake
Champlain and only time will give us the answers that we seek. This
creature
was photographed in Lake Champlain.**
**by Bernard W. Kelly Sr.
([email protected])**
**Could there be a family of these
creatures
in the lake reproducing and continuing their yet unknown species all
these
years**. **It is assumed by many scholars that these
mysterious
creatures must reproduce in order to cover the time span of their
sightings.
For example, Nessie has been seen by reliable witnesses for 100's of
years.
We must assume, therefore, that there is a family of breeding creatures
in the loch, and in Lake Champlain as well. There have been 130
verified
reports of sightings as of 1982. You can get more info on Champ [here](http://mistwebdesign.com/Champsite.html)
.**
**Update 2-22-06:**
**Is There a Monster in Lake Champlain?
ABC News**
**Feb. 22, 2006 — Residents near Lake
Champlain in New York say they have their own Loch Ness monster. They
call it Champ, and it's a local legend.
It is the inspiration for parade floats, T-shirts, key chains,
minor-league baseball team mascots, and wild stories.
ABC News obtained exclusive video of something just under the surface
of the lake that some say may be Champ. The video was taken by two
fishermen with their digital camera last summer. Before their supposed
sighting, they were Champ skeptics.
"It was as big around as my thigh," said fisherman Peter Bodette. "I'm
100 percent sure of what we saw. I'm not 100 percent sure of what it
was."
"It made my hair stand on end at the time," said fisherman Dick
Affolter. "It just didn't fit anything — any creature I had seen."
Affolter said they never saw the entire body.
"What we saw always stayed at the surface and parts of it would come
above the water, like the back of the nose or the head," he said.
In the past, grainy pictures and home video taken from too far away did
not provide a clear picture. This footage — showing an odd wake — is
from a closer vantage point, but still not clear.
Lake Champlain Lore
So far, there have been hundreds of sightings — sometimes more than a
dozen a year — of Champ.
"There are people who say they've seen something unusual in the lake,"
said Lohr McKinstry, a reporter for the Press Republican, who has been
writing about Champ sightings for more than 20 years. "Some sort of
unusual life that shouldn't be there in Lake Champlain. Best guess
would be that it is some sort of creature that possibly should be
extinct."
The Champ frenzy began in the 1880s when P.T. Barnum offered $50,000
for the capture of Champ dead or alive. Hunters and fishermen came out
of the woods, but no one was able to collect.
As for the latest sighting, two retired FBI analysts reviewed the tape
and said that it appeared authentic.
"I can't find anything in there that would suggest or indicate to me
that this has been fabricated or manipulated in any way," said Gerald
Richards, a forensic image analyst. "However, there's no place in there
that I can see actually see, an animal or any other object on the
surface."**
---
**The Lusca is a creature that the
people
of the Bahamas have seen for years. It matches the description of
a giant octopus. Is that possible ? Pictured above are the
remains of a unknown species of giant octopus ? While we know that
giant
squids do exist, it has never been confirmed that a giant octopus does,
in fact, exist. The octopus would be more likely to attack ships
and sailors than a squid would, so if there is a giant variety of the
species,
this could add credibility to stories of giant squid/octopus' attacking
ships. The Kraken was a sea serpent that was seen by thousands of
sailors. The Kraken description matches that of the giant
squid.
How many "Kraken" attacks were the work of an giant octopus ? An
estimate on the size of the corpse in the picture if it was an octopus
would make the octopus 150 to 200 feet tip to tip of the tentacles. The
cell samples of the corpse were taken to the Smithsonian Institute in
Washington
DC and tested. The cells of the creature were not identical to,
but
very closely resembled the octopus more than any other type of sea
creature.**
---
**Unknown
creature
!**
**This carcass was picked up by the
Japanese
fishing boat MS Zuiyomaru off the coast of Japan. The carcass was
covered with a fatty tissue which had badly decayed. The creature
weighed about 1 ton. The Captain ordered it thrown back
because
of it's smell so it was never closely examined. Scientists
studying
the picture were unable to tell what kind of animal it was. It
does
not resemble any known sea dwelling creature. Skeptical
scientists
assumed it was a decayed body of a basking shark. Upon
further
examination, other biologists claim the size, fin placement, and
overall
appearance does not support the basking shark theory. The sketch
shown above is a drawing of what the creature would look like laid out
flat.**
---
##
**In 1976, the US navy caught this
unknown
species of shark. The 1 ton shark was dubbed "Mega Mouth" due to
it's rather unique jaws.** **This animal is now considered a
new
species of shark that has been previously unknown to man until it's
discovery
in 1976.** **Another Megamouth
shark
has been caught off the Philippines on 20 Feb. 1998. This is the
11th one of these sharks to be caught since 1976. Here is a [chart
and map](http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/sharks.htm) listing where the shark has been caught before. A lot more
info [here](http://cdo.weblinq.com/%7Eeconews/Megamouth.html)**
.
---
## Ogopogo
© Edward
Fletcher
**The creature that has been sighted
in
Canada's Lake Okanagan is known to the locals as Ogopogo. This
creature
is considered the Nessie of North America. The numerous sightings
date back to 1850 and still continue to this day. The
creature
is described as a large, dark colored animal with a long neck and a
humped
back. In 1968, Art Folden video taped Ogopogo while it swam
across
the lake. In 1976, the above photo was taken of Ogopogo by
Ed Fletcher of Vancouver. On that day he chased the creature up
and
down the lake for several hours taking pictures of it. [More
info Here.](http://www.theogopogo.com)**
---
**White
River Monster**
**The White River runs through a town
in Arkansas called Newport. From 1915 to present day the
residents
have reports seeing a mysterious creature in the river. The
creature
has been seen thrashing about in the river and is described as being 12
to 30 ft long and about 5 ft wide. Three toed tracks have also
been
found on the river banks. The prints measure 14 in. long and 8
in.
wide. Theories on the identity of the creature range from an out
of place elephant seal to a giant penguin.**
**New Comments from Jan Hoover who is
a ichthyologist (fish biologist)**
**"I believe that the White River Monster
is a series of sightings of groups of paddlefish, combined with an
occasional
sighting of a large (possibly ill) sturgeon. The Monster is
described
as a surface dwelling, oceanic looking animal with smooth gray skin, a
large mouth, and a long bone projecting from its head. Only the
size
is inconsistent with a paddlefish (Polyodon spathula), but
paddlefish
frequently occur in large groups near the surface of the water and this
could be responsible for the exaggerated size. Anyway, its a much
more credible candidate than a lost seal, etc., since paddlefish occur
naturally in the White River."**
**More info coming soon**
---
**Kodiak,
Alaska**
**In 1969 the M/V Mylark, a shrimp
boat
fitted with special equipment, was using a state of the art electronic
detector to map the ocean bottom in the Raspberry Straight off Kodiak,
Alaska. The detector was the Simarad which was an fool-proof
electronic
detector. What the also detected about 55 fathoms down was a 200
ft long "dinosaur". This assignment had nothing to do with marine life
so they were not in search of any, yet they had managed to get an image
of a very large marine creature that did not resemble any known animal
in the area. There are no whales in this area that are this
size and shape.**
---
**Trunko**
**On the morning of November 1 1922,
visitors
to the beach at Margate, South Africa, were treated to an amazing
spectacle
out at sea: two whales could be clearly observed engaging in battle
with
a bizarre sea monster with snowy-white fur and a huge elephantine
trunk.As
the titanic battle progressed,the monster seemed to weaken, and three
hours
later it was dead.During the evening it's lifeless body was washed
ashore
and proved to be truly colossal, measuring just over 14 metres(47 feet)
in length,and including a 3 metre (10 foot) tail.Apart from it's
luxuriant
20-cm (8-inch) long fur,however, the most remarkable feature abou this
creature is that it did not possess a distinct head; instead, it bore
only
the trunk-like appendage, 1.5 meters (5 feet) long, that had been
visible
during it's fatal encounter with the whales.This creature was dubbed
"Trunko".**
**sent in by [email protected]**
---
**Alkali
Lake Monster**
**Alkali Lake is located in
Nebraska.
The Indians of this area told the white settlers of a creature dwelling
in the lake. In 1923, J.A. Johnson reported in the Omaha
World-Herald
that he, along with 2 friends, saw the creature. He also states
that
he knew of 40 others who had also seen the animal. The 3 saw the
creature while camping near the lake. The saw the creature 3/4
out
of the water and about 20 yards away. They described the
creature
as being 40 ft long, dull gray/brown and a horn-like object between
it's
eyes and nostrils. They said it looked similar to an alligator
but
was bigger and heavier than an alligator. When the creature
noticed
the men, it thrashed it's tail about and then dove under the water.**
---
**Illiamna
Lake Monsters
**
**Illiamna Lake in located in
Alaska.
This lake is 80 miles long and it boasts numerous unknown creatures
dwelling
in it's waters. While the sizes vary in the descriptions, the
creatures
are described as being grayish, broad headed, with long bodies and
vertical
tails. The sightings of these animals date back to the Indians
living
in this area. They feared the creatures and claimed that the
animals
had attacked and killed boaters on the lake. Pilots flying over
the
lake have seen the creatures sitting just below the waters
surface.
One theory is that these creatures are Beluga whales that have entered
the lake from the sea. The residents of the area say they know
what
beluga whales look like since they are common sights, these creatures
do
not remotely resemble the Beluga whale.**
**More info: [http://www.ncf.carleton.ca/~bz050/iliamna.html](http://www.ncf.carleton.ca/%7Ebz050/iliamna.html)**
---
**Unidentified
Carcass**
**This unknown animal washed ashore
after
a 3 day violent storm in Ataka, Egypt in 1950. The creature has
yet
to be identified by marine biologists or zoologists.**
---
**Tessie**
**Lake Tahoe, California is the
home to a water creature known to the locals as [Tessie](http://www.yaws.com/yaws/tahoe/tessie.shtml).
The snake-like creature is said to be over 60 feet in length with dark
skin. There has been video tape of the creature swimming in the
lake.
The Washoe Indians had stories in the 1800's of a similar creature
inhabiting
the lake.**
---
**South
Bay Bessie**
**For the past 30 years there have
been
reports of a unknown creature living in Lake Erie. The locals
have
named it South Bay Bessie. The creature is described as snake like and
about 30/40 ft long with a grayish color. Numerous sightings by
boaters
on the lake have been recorded and sightings still continue there
today.
The creature is blamed for an attack and deaths of 3 people in
1992.
The survivors of the attack said the head of the creature was the size
of a car. There is a reward for the humane capture of a living
Bessie.**
---
**Colossal
Claude and Marvin the Monster**
**Peter Ciams, "Colossal Claude and
The
Sea Monsters," The Oregonian. September 24, 1967.**
**Until about 20 years ago Oregon also
seemed to be wonderful country for serpent seekers. The following story
by Peter Caims appeared in the September 24, 1967 edition of the
Oregonian:**
**Colossal Claude hasn't been seen for
some time, but Marvin the Monster is reportedly alive and well. He's
even
appeared on television.**
**Claude was first seen cavorting near
the mouth of the Columbia River in 1934. Over the years he was often
sighted
by Columbia River lightship crewmen and by passing fishermen. But the
once-familiar
sea serpent hasn't shown up since the mid-1950s-**
**Marvin is a comparative newcomer.**
**He was first discovered swimming off
the Oregon Coast by Shell Oil Company divers in 1963. His presence was
recorded by video tape cameras, later screened for study by the
nation's
leading marine biologists.**
**In addition to Claude and Marvin,
the
watery denizens have been sighted off Newport, Bandon, Nelscott,
Waldport,
Empire, Delake and also in Crescent and Crater Lakes.**
**They come in several varieties and
sizes.
Some are shiny and some have scales. Some reportedly have coarse fur.
There
is even a variety of mini-monster, for the compact minded.**
**One thing they usually have in
common
is the shape of their heads. Observers say they are most often found to
be like those of the camel, or horse.**
**L.A. Larson, mate of the Columbia
River
lightship, was probably the first to see Claude. That was back in 1934.
Other members of the crew confirmed the sighting as did the captain and
members of the crew of the lightship tender Rose.**
**"It was about 40 feet long," and
Larson.
"It had a neck some eight feet long a big round body, a mean looking
tail
and an evil, snaky look to its head."**
**A news story of the day reported:
"Members
of the crew (of the lightship) after studying the monster for some time
with field glasses, wanted to lower a boat and go after it, but the
officers
discouraged the plan for fear it would swamp the boat."**
**Claude next popped into the news in
1937, when skipper Charles E. Graham of the troller Viv raced back to
Astoria
with the story of sighting a "long, hairy, tan colored creature, with
the
head of an overgrown horse, about 40 feet long, and with a 4-foot waist
measure."**
**Veteran fishermen gazed out over the
Columbia bar and said: "It's Claude.**
**Claude was repeatedly sighted
through
the years that followed. Once by Captain Chris Anderson of the schooner
Arpo. He said he got a face to face look at Claude.**
**"His head was like a camel's," he
said.
"His fur was coarse and gray. He had glassy eyes and a bent snout that
he used to push a 20-pound halibut off our lines and into his mouth."**
**Other Oregon monsters that have
competed
for the headlines over the years include:**
**Bandon's mini-monster, a 12 1/2 foot
animal with a bulbous nose and a cow-like body covered with brownish
hair.**
**--a 30-foot serpent with "a slender
neck, a snake-like head, and a fan-shaped tail" seen by more than 30
people
at Nelscott. The "thing" splashed around the Nelscott reefs on several
occasions. One group of observers was considered extremely
reliable--its
members were on a WCTU outing from the Willamette Valley.**
**Proximity of Whiskey Run reef
apparently
had nothing to do with the sightings of a sea monster off Empire a few
years ago. Ben Tanner, skipper of the troller Gold Coast, said the
creature
approached his fishing boat, "smacked its mouth, rolled its long lashed
eyes at the crew, then pointed its tail in the air and dived straight
down."**
**Oregon Indians, of course, believe
there
is a monster in just about every fair-sized pool of water in the state.
Their legends are full of such stories.**
**There is a paleface corroboration,
however,
for monster sightings in both Crater and Crescent lakes. The latter, in
particular, is said to have an unusual inhabitant that has been sighted
several times.**
**One day Henry Schwering and Bert
Vincent
were fishing on the lake. Henry later reported: "I suddenly noticed
that
the fish had stopped biting. Then I noticed fish scooting away and the
water started boiling. Then I saw a huge, round head break water not
far
from the boat. " The next day Bert also saw the "thing" himself, as did
others on the lake shore.**
**Reports that a 22-foot hairy-chested
monster had been washed up on the beach at Delake brought people
hurrying
to the spot on March 4, 1950. What brought them running was Old Hairy
(as
locals quickly dubbed him.)**
**"It had the body of a cow,
approximately
nine tails, and is covered with hair all over the body and legs," ran
one
enthusiastic account.**
**Pretty teen-ager Marybell Allum of
Delake
was the first to stumble on Old Hairy. Then her dad, town marshal Andy
Allum, had a look. He said the monster weighed all of 1,000 pounds.**
**"It's a whale shark, undoubtedly,"
said
Dr. E. W. Gudger, of the American Museum of Natural History. "A
harmless
critter with the body shaped like a tadpole."**
**"Whale blubber," said an Oregon Fish
Commission biologist.**
**"It's an elasmobranch," said Prof.
Fred
J. Kohlruss of the University of Portland. "It's a sea inhabitant whose
bones remain in the cartillage stage."**
**Despite all of this leaned thinking,
the who and what of Old Hairy was never satisfactorily explained.**
**And so it is with Marvin, Oregon's
youngest
monster.**
**Marine biologists have examined the
Shell Oil Co. video tapes, which show Marvin in detail. The footage was
shot during the company's search for off-shore oil.**
**Marvin shows up as being about
15-feet
long. He has barnacled ridges along his body, and he propels himself in
corkscrew fashion in waters about 180 feet in depth.**
**The University of California
believes
Marvin is a etenaphor Oelly fish); Scripps Institute of Oceanography
thinks
he's a salpida: the University of Washington plumps for a siphonophore
(another jelly fish,) the University of Texas believes simply that he
is
a creature left over from prehistoric times.**
**But the fishermen hunched over their
beer glasses in Astoria taverns know otherwise. Misty-blue eyes
strained
seaward, with not a little affection, they say: "It's probably Claude."**
**Marge Davenport, "Caddy, northwest
sea
serpent and other fishy stories, " Afloat and Awash in the Old
Northwest.
Tigard, Oregon: Paddlewheel Press, 1988, p. 201-208.**
---
.
ST. AUGUSTINE
PHENOMENA
**In 1896., strange corpse was washed
ashore at St. Augustine beach, Florida. Huge, deformed corpse arrived
along
with winter tides, attracted the attention of Dr DeWitt Webb from local
Science and History society. Dr Webb prevented locals to do damage to
the
corpse until he coould identify it. That's how he saved first physical
evidence that giant octopus do exist on the ocean bottom.**
**Dr Webb sent many letters to prof.
W. H. Dall of National Museum in Washington. The corpse was stuck in
the
sand and doctor tried to turn it around first. "We couldn't move the
corpse",
he wrote, "and that means that it weighted six or seven tons, because
twelve
men with wheel and rope should be able to move anything under that
weight."
Later, dr. Webb came back with four horses, six men, three hooks, iron
backups and with lots of hard wooden boards, and they barely made it to
drag the corpse 40 ft. along the beach.**
**Now he could tell prof. Dall that this
corpse has no backbone, beak, or anything else what could belong to a
squid.
The corpse was no squid. It was 21 ft. long and seven ft. wide, and the
skin was 3.5 inch thick, and axe-proof. However, Dr Webb took samples
of
the tissue and sent them to Washington.**
**After short discussion, experts have
pronounced that the corpse belongs to a whale. Smithsonian Institution
conclusion was that "they cannot afford sending someone all the way
down
to Florida just to examine the corpse!"**
**But Dr Webb kept some of the samples
in his basement. 75 years later, those samples were found by two
scientific
detectives, Joseph Gennaro and F.G. Wood, after they read about the
event
in some old newspaper. Gennaro, professor of the cellular biology at
the
University of New York, prepared samples for histological analysis. he
looked at the samples through a microscope and immediately found out
that
this tissue doesn't belong to a whale. Neihter it was a squid. Looking
one sample over the other, he was forced to conclude that the corpse
really
is an octopus. But, implications were almost unimaginable; the corpse
of
that size presented an octopus 200 ft. long, with legs the size of
Broadway
or Oxford Street.**
**Meanwhile, Wood reviewed the St
Augustine
documents. Yes, there were pieces of legs near the corpse; some of them
were still fastened to the corpse itself. A local named Wilson saw a 32
ft. long leg western from the corpse, and three legs on the south. He
said:
"The one I measured was 32 ft. long and looked like it was fastened to
the corpse, but I couldn't dig to prove it because it was quite deep in
the sand, and I was very tired." Wilson's statement was honest and
precise.**
**Ever since then numerous other corpses
have been found, especially near Bahamas. People of Bahamas called that
creature Lusca, and it is not a squid. It must have been an octopus.**
**By [email protected]**
---
---
.
**Mythical beasts lurk
in
5 Utah lakes**
**Forget
"Nessie," the fabled — and still sought-after — Loch Ness monster in
Scotland:**
**Utah,
it seems, boasts at least five different monsters in as many lakes.**
**How
about "the meandrous monster of Utah Lake"? This serpent-like beast had
its heyday in the mid-1860s to the early 1880s — a competing cousin to
an even more famous creature farther north, the Bear Lake monster.**
**There
were similar 19th-century tales of great beasts inhabiting the Great
Salt
Lake, Panguitch Lake and Sevier Lake, D. Robert Carter, a historian and
former schoolteacher, said during a presentation on the subject at the
Utah State Historical Society's 49th annual meeting at Westminster
College
last month.**
**The
granddaddy of these legends, that of the Loch Ness monster, is said to
go back centuries, but written accounts of sightings began
proliferating
in the late 1800s. Then, in 1934, a London physician took a famous, if
fuzzy, photograph of a what might have been a long-necked monster (or a
tree trunk), generating a lot of speculation — and a healthy tourist
industry.**
**Utah's
monsters haven't lured too many sightseers, but they've kept more than
a few people on the lookout, especially about a century ago.**
**Indians
had told white settlers the legend of the Bear Lake monster, and
reports
in the 1860s described a beast with large ears — and a mouth big enough
to swallow a man.**
**One
of the first reports of the Utah Lake monster surfaced in August 1868,
shortly after the initial sighting of the Bear Lake monster. Henry
Walker
of Lehi was in Utah Lake in 1864 when "to his fear and surprise, he saw
what looked like a large snake . . . with the head of a greyhound,"
Carter
said.**
**In the
late 1860s, two men reported splashing at the Jordan River and Utah
Lake.
They spotted a creature with a head shaped like a greyhound with
"wicked-looking
black eyes."**
**The
Deseret News reported on the majority of these monster sightings, but
Carter
said the newspaper at one time accused Utah Valley residents of
creating
a character for Utah Lake.**
**Another
newspaper, the Daily Corrine in Box Elder County, said all of the
sightings
were a sheer fabrication, claiming that the monster actually lived at
the
north end of the Great Salt Lake, as evidenced by recent sightings
there.**
**Carter
suspects the monster might represent modifications to the local
Indians'
belief in "water babies," dwarfs who sounded like crying babies and who
would lure mortals into the water. While this belief may have helped
the
Native Americans explain drownings, pioneer settlers didn't want to
believe
in such myths. Snake-like monsters in the lakes were much more
acceptable
to them.**
**The
Deseret News reported in the early 1870s that lake monsters were
becoming
fashionable, but by the 1880s they had fallen out of favor. Carter said
they were then akin to a large species of bug "known as hum-bug."**
**There
was one sighting and a brief upsurge in 1921 for the Utah Lake monster,
but then it "sank in the depths of the lake" and apparently hasn't been
seen since.**
**Though
we more readily scoff at these monster tales today, Carter said even
the
1870s were not without some unbelievers.**
**The
Utah Lake monster, as one example, may not be an intentional lie, he
said.
Rather, the legend is likely based on illusion and imagination.**
**"And,"
Carter said, "a dearth of good optometrists."**
**--------------------------------------------------------------------------------**
**By Lynn Arave**
**E-mail: [email protected]**
---
---
**MORE
ON GIANT OCTOPUS NEAR BERMUDA ISLANDS**
**by [email protected]**
**Scientists knew that this creature
is
not just a myth ever since back in 1896 when a huge corpse was washed
ashore
on St. Augustine Beach, Florida. However, THAT octopus was dead.
Scientists
wanted living creature or photos. They got one important evidence
in the summer of 1984. One fisherman from Bermuda islands, John
P.
Ingham, came up with an idea which would be very profitable for
him.
Giant octopus was way out of his mind when he constructed a trap for
large
crabs and other sea organisms which he would use at a depth of about
1800
meters (5900 ft). His plan worked and soon he started
catching
crabs 60 cm wide.**
**Then he built really heavy traps and
armored them with 5 cm thick metal rings. They were 1.8 to 2.4
meters
large and 1.2 meters deep. Ingham was dropping them into the ocean from
his 15-meter fishing boat Trilogy.**
**By the end of August, Ingham already
noticed few very unusual things. First he lost one of his traps
after
something suddenly pulled the cable. There was no obvious explanation.
Then, on 3rd of September, few days after the first event, the
crew
was pulling out one trap, but when the trap was 600 meters (2000 ft)**
**below the surface something stopped
its ascent, pulled the cable in the opposite direction and violently
shaked
the cable. The trap was lost.**
**Then, on September 19, Ingham set
the
trap at a depth of 850 meters (2700 ft). This time, they couldn't
pull the trap out even with full engine power. Trilogy was equipped
with
a sophisticated sonar instrument called chromascope, and Ingham used it
when the ship passed directly above the trap. He set the chromascope to**
**so-called split bottom mode. On the
bottom of the ocean he could clearly see a pyramid-shaped silhouette 15
meters (50 ft) high. Something wrapped around their trap. Ingham and
his
crew decided they won't do anything violent. They'll sit and wait with
cable engine ready.**
**After about 20 minutes, Ingham got a
feeling that the ship was moving - like something was pulling it. He
went
to his cabin again to check navigation instruments. They confirmed his
feeling. The ship was moving towards south at a constant speed of about
one knot. When they passed about 500 meters, the thing that was
pulling
the rope, whatever it was, suddenly changed direction and headed for
the
shore. A bit later it suddenly turned again. Now Ingham was convinced
that
some kind of deep sea creature grabbed the trap**
**and pulled the trap along as it moved.
Ingham touched the cable near surface of water. He says that he
felt
regular vibrations that traveled along the cable, like something walked
on the ocean bottom, and vibrations were transferred along the
cable.
The impacts (vibrations) were always the same intensity and repeated
themselves
every few seconds. The 15-meter high silhouette, ship's movement,
vibrations,
traps he lost earlier - Ingham was convinced that he became the prey of
a giant sea creature. Suddenly creature released the cable, so
the
crew easily pulled the trap out. Ingham looked at the chromascope
- the silhouette was gone. The trap was all deformed and mostly damaged
on the upper side. All of this clearly points to the Giant
Bermudan
Octopus. A creature which can keep the trap on the ocean bottom,
resisting
to the ship's engine power, the ocean depth on which event took place,
location near Bermuda islands - octopus.**
**Perhaps we finally found where is the
home of GBO.**
---
**Scientists
eager to learn about big fish**
**They hope to track the path of the
40-year-old:
a rare sturgeon found washed up Friday. Monday’s
necropsy
did not reveal the cause of the sturgeon’s death, but scientists hope
tissue
samples will help determine its origin.**
**By LEANORA MINAI, Times Staff Writer**
**© St. Petersburg Times**
**published March 19, 2002**
**ST. PETERSBURG -- To the untrained
eye,
it is a large and strange-looking fish.**
**To scientists, it is a gem.**
**Marine biologists and others are
dazzled
over the discovery of the largest sturgeon found in the Tampa Bay area
since 1897, and one of only a handful found here in the last century.**
**"It's truly a living relic," said
Daniel
Roberts, a research scientist at the Florida Marine Research Institute
in St. Petersburg, where a necropsy was performed Monday on the
sturgeon.
"Most people have never seen any of these fish. They're very rare."**
**Now researchers are trying to learn
how the fish got here. Did it take an incredibly bad turn, or are the
prehistoric-looking
creatures making a comeback in this region?**
**Biologists do not know what killed
the
sturgeon, which washed up Friday in a Shore Acres neighborhood.**
**The fish, a 40-year-old female, was
plump with 10 pounds of ripe, black eggs -- high-quality caviar, which
would have brought an estimated $6,500.**
**Marine biologists are curious about
the origin of this particular fish. They have long believed the
sturgeon,
plentiful in the Gulf of Mexico before 1900, disappeared from the Tampa
Bay area.**
**"We have been assuming that the
Tampa
Bay stocks are gone," said Roberts, 52, also director of a sturgeon
habitat
study by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. "We
just
thought there weren't any more, that they couldn't live here anymore,
and
to find one, especially a big ripe female, is exciting."**
**In the late 1800s, more flesh and
caviar
from sturgeon was harvested in Tampa Bay than any other fishery port in
the Gulf of Mexico, including New Orleans. Since then, the sturgeon has
been threatened with extinction, killed off by overfishing, dams and
pollution.**
**Sturgeon are known to migrate from
January
to April and spawn in freshwater -- the Mississippi, Pearl, Escambia,
Yellow,
Choctawhatchee, Apalachicola and Suwannee rivers.**
**Biologists have tagged and monitored
sturgeon to determine where the fish go when they leave freshwater
spawning
grounds.**
**"We've never found a spawner in a
river
that flows into Tampa Bay," Roberts said.**
**That makes Roberts wonder whether
this
fish was headed to reproduce at a river that feeds Tampa Bay -- the
Alafia
or Hillsborough. That would be a first.**
**"I think it would add a renewed
significance
and be a measure of sorts of environmental protection," Roberts said.
"It
would give us some hope that the things we're doing to protect our
environment
may actually be working to some small degree."**
**Roberts also said this particular
fish
might have strayed, taken a wrong turn and gotten lost on her way to
spawn
in the Suwannee River, where a healthy population of sturgeon exists.
Sturgeon
are docile and swim and feed on the bottom in water 3-feet to hundreds
of feet deep.**
**After Monday's necropsy, Roberts
still
does not know why the fish died but hopes that after studying tissue
samples,
he will be able to determine whether it is from the Suwannee River
species.**
**"We would like to know the history
of
this fish," Roberts said. "Where did it come from? And why is it in
Tampa
Bay during the spawning season?"**
**Part of an old monitoring tag was
found
on the 40-year-old fish, suggesting it was being tracked by scientists
at one time. The fish also had a small hole under its belly. "It could
have been a spear," Roberts said.**
**Still, Roberts does not believe a
fisherman
tried to kill the sturgeon for its flesh and caviar.**
**"Maybe it got hooked up or tied up
in
a fish net," Roberts said. "It didn't look like it had been hit by a
boat.
It didn't have any shark bites on it. . . . It's a fish tale."**
**Sturgeon are the oldest living
species
of fish, dating back more than 250-million years. They existed at the
same
time as the dinosaurs and have been described as "living fossils."**
---
**Giant
Octopus Dredged Up Off New Zealand**
**Wed Mar 27, 9:43 PM ET**
**WELLINGTON (Reuters) - Scientists
have
identified what they believe is the largest octopus ever seen, a 13
foot
long giant hauled from the depths near New Zealand's remote Chatham
Islands.**
**The dead specimen, caught in a
trawler's
net, was badly damaged but it was clearly a massive animal, National
Institute
of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA)marine biologist Steve O'Shea.**
**"It would easily have been four-plus
meters in total length and a weight of 70-75 kg (154-165 pounds), if
not
more -- it's a very big octopus, the size of a fully mature male giant
squid." O'Shea had provisionally identified the specimen, caught at a
depth
of more than 3,000 feet, as Haliphron Atlanticus, a bright red,
jelly-like
species of octopus not previously found in the South Pacific.**
**Juveniles of the species had been
found
in shallow northern waters, with adults believed to live at a depth of
around 250 meters so the discovery (news - web sites) was unusual, he
said.**
**"It's extremely deep, it's extremely
large, it's the first recorded in the South Pacific, it may not even be
the species we've attributed to it at this point in time -- I've got a
lot more work to do on it."**
**People had been amazed when he
relayed
the details of the creature, O'Shea said.**
**"But down here in New Zealand, this
is an area which is so poorly explored that its not surprising that
we're
getting all these weird and wonderful animals.**
**"The frightening thing is that we
are
getting an animal like this newly reported in New Zealand waters
today...so
new and large, you've got to sit down and ask yourself 'What is it we
know
about the deep sea environment?'," O'Shea said.**
**Octopuses are one of the most
diverse
creatures on earth, with several hundred species worldwide and more
than
40 species found in New Zealand waters alone.**
**The Chathams are a windswept group
of
islands around 530 miles east of Christchurch, home to around 800
people
engaged in sheep farming and fishing.**
---
Giant
octopus puzzles scientists
**Out of the freezer:
Dismissed
at first as just another giant squid**
**By Kim Griggs**
**in Wellington, New Zealand**
**What is thought to be the biggest
octopus
ever found has been caught in waters off New Zealand.**
**Then I had a freezer clean-out and I
had no idea what it was**
**Dr Steve O'Shea, NIWA**
**Marine biologist Dr Steve O'Shea
estimates
the specimen, which was damaged when fished up, would have measured
four
metres in length and weighed 75 kilograms.**
**"That's a conservative estimate," Dr
O'Shea told BBC News Online. "It is an absolutely massive octopus."**
**The incomplete specimen has a mantle
length (the standard measure of length in octopus and squid) of 0.69
metres,
a total length of 2.9 metres and a weight of 61 kg.**
**Not a squid**
**Octopus (Haliphron) had previously
been
thought to reach a mantle length of only 0.4 metres and a total length
of 2 metres.**
**Dr O'Shea does not think this animal
is native to New Zealand waters**
**"Nothing remotely comparable to the
size of the New Zealand specimen has ever been described before," Dr
O'Shea
said.**
**The octopus was caught last October
in 920 metres of water south east of the Chatham Islands, by the
research
ship of New Zealand's National Institute of Water and Atmospheric
Research
(NIWA).**
**At first, Dr O'Shea paid little
attention
to the red gelatinous specimen, thinking it was just another example of
his research specialty, the giant squid.**
**Freezer clear-out**
**"I have a freezer full of squid. And
I looked at this and I just thought, 'Heavens, it's a pretty beat up
sort
of squid'. And I wasn't in any hurry to defrost it. Then I had a
freezer
clean-out and I had no idea what it was."**
**He has provisionally identified the
sub-mature female as being Haliphron atlanticus. Adding to the mystery,
this particular species has never been caught before in the South
Pacific.**
**There are some records from around
Japan,
Papua-New Guinea and from the Atlantic. "The New Zealand form that we
have
is more similar to a species which was recorded off Japan in 1902 than
it is to the Atlantic species.**
**"So although I call it Haliphron
atlanticus,
that's a very provisional identification."**
**Splendid sight**
**Dr O'Shea is also puzzled by the
fact
the New Zealand research institute has never seen juveniles of this
species
in New Zealand waters.**
**This is despite the fact that the
area
where the octopus was found is extensively trawled by commercial
fishing
vessels and unusual specimens are routinely passed to NIWA.**
**"I don't believe that this animal is
residing in New Zealand at all. It could have been something that's
migrated
in from spectacular depth.**
**"Not only is it not residing in New
Zealand waters, I don't believe we get the full life history of the
species
in New Zealand," he said.**
**The undamaged octopus would have
been
a splendid sight: all the arms would have been connected by a thick web.**
**"It would have looked like a huge
jellyfish
or a great big thick umbrella," Dr O'Shea said.**
---
**Strange
life form found in ocean**
**A strange new life form has been
discovered
in the depths of the ocean off the north-east coast of Iceland.**
**The bugs belong to an entirely new
group
of microbes and are probably the smallest living things on Earth.**
**At a mere 400 millionths of a
millimetre
across, more than six million would fit on the head of a pin.**
**The microbes are classified as
Archaea
- one of the three giant branches of life that also include bacteria
and
eukaryotes, organisms with cell nuclei. Archaea are genetically
different
from bacteria and many are "extremophiles" that live in the most
extreme
environments on Earth.**
**But although Archaea include some
very
strange primitive life forms, the new group is odder than anything
found
before and thought to comprise a new category within the domain. Named
Nanoarchaeum equitans, the spherical bugs live on the surface of a much
bigger Archael organism, Ignicoccus.**
**German scientists led by Karl
Stetter
at the University of Regensburg found them 120 metres under the sea off
Iceland, in a place where volcanic activity heats the water close to
boiling
point. The Nanoarchaeota appear to be reliant on their host microbe and
unable to survive on their own.**
**But what the relationship is between
the two remains a mystery. Writing in the journal Nature, the
scientists
say the tiny bugs are clearly not preying on Ignicoccus as parasites.**
**The two organisms probably lived a
symbiotic
existence, which meant each was dependent on the other - but how is not
known. Direct contact with Ignicoccus appears to be necessary for
Nanoarchaeota
to grow.**
**Discussing the discovery in Nature,
evolutionary biologist Ford Doolittle and Yan Boucher from Dalhousie
University,
Halifax, Canada, refer to Nanoarchaeum as "an exciting new creature".**
**They said: "Although invisible to
the
naked eye, it is as worthy of our notice as any coelacanth or other
macroscopic
'living fossil'."**
---
**Scientists Find Evidence Sea
Extended
to Loch Ness on Two Occasions**
**British and U.S. scientists claim they have evidence that the sea
extended**
**into Loch Ness at two points in history: after the Ice Age
in Europe**
**(125,000 years ago) and 12,800 years ago. A geologist working
with a**
**research team in 2001 noticed the clay on the anchor of their boat
looked**
**different from other deposits found in the same part of the
Loch.
Carbon**
**dating and amino-acid testing on the clay indicated that it
contained
clams**
**and sea urchin spines from both 12,800 and 125,000 years ago.**
**This discovery would tend to lend credence to the theory that
large
animals**
**could have become trapped in the Loch as the water receded back
to the sea.**
**Skeptics have traditionally argued that no monster could exist in
Loch Ness**
**because it has always been a body of fresh water.**
**Source: The Press and Journal (North Scotland)**
**submitted by [email protected]**
---
**Memphremagog Monster
Sighted**
**On May 1, a local resident named Barbara Malloy reported seeing a
hump bobbing up and down n the water. It was described as being
jet
black in colour. This was Malloy's second sighting of Lake
Memphremagog's
most**
**unusual resident - she had also reported a sighting in 1983.
"Memphre", as this creature is affectionately known, is said to
resemble
a plesiosaur (four fins, a long neck, and an elongated body).
Various
witnesses have estimated the length to be between 6 and 50 feet and it
is said to be brown, black, or green in colour.**
**Source: The Caledonian-Record**
**submitted by [email protected]**
---
**Lake Tianchi Monster
Surfaces
in China**
**It seems that China is home to its own version of the Loch Ness
Monster.
On July 11, 2003, witnesses were treated to a group of unknown
creatures
swimming in the Lake. As many as 20 of the animals were seen in
the
Lake at a distance of between two and three kilometers. The
witnesses,
a group of government officials, saw white or black spots that created
ripples in the**
**water.**
**A witness to a previous sighting reportedly saw a grey-skinned
animal
with a long neck (1.2-1.5 metres long) and a white ring around its neck
(separating the neck and torso). The head had large eyes and a
protruding
mouth.**
**Source: Reuters (Sydney Morning Herald)**
**submitted by [email protected]**
---
**Scientists Record "Champ"**
**In June of 2003, scientists conducting research on Lake
Champlain's
resident monster for the Discovery Channel were shocked when their
underwater
microphones picked up sounds very similar to those of dolphins or Beluga**
**whales. These ticks and chirps offer compelling evidence that
Champ is very real. Certainly, legislators in New Hampshire and
Vermont
must think so laws have been passed in both states to stop
hunters
from harassing the**
**creature.**
**Even P.T. Barnum was interested in Champ - in the 1800's he
offered
a $50,000 reward for recovery of the animal (dead or alive).
Despite
the efforts of several would-be Champ hunters, the money remained
unclaimed.**
**Source: The Boston Globe**
**submitted by [email protected]**
---
**"Cressie" Sighted in Newfoundland**
**Crescent Lake, located 400 kilometers west of St. John's,
Newfoundland,
appears to have its own version of the Loch Ness Monster.
Sightings
of "Cressie" have taken place several times over the last 50
years.
No Cressie**
**sightings were reported in 2002, leading residents to wonder if
perhaps the animal had died. But Cressie, described by witnesses
as being a "snake-like creature with a fish-like head", resurfaced in
the
summer of 2003.**
**Source: CBC News**
**submitted by [email protected]**
---
**Plesiosaur
Fossil Found in Loch Ness - Senior Citizen Stumbles on Find**
**Gerald McSorley, of Stirling, lost his footing near the bank of
Loch
Ness and put down his hand to steady himself. He noticed
something
unusual in the water and picked it up. When the algae was removed
from the object, he**
**found himself staring at four vertebrae, including spinal cord and
blood vessels, encased in limestone.**
**The curator of the National Museum in Edinburgh confirmed the
find
was indeed part of an adult plesiosaur. The fossil would be
between
150 and 155 million years old. Nessie hunters will now comb the
area
for further**
**fossilized remains.**
**Source: BBC News**
**submitted by [email protected]**
---
**Saskatchewan's Turtle Lake
Monster**
**Turtle Lake (120 km/74 miles) to the northwest of North
Battlefield)
appears to have a mysterious inhabitant. Eyewitness accounts vary
with respect to length (10-30 feet), skin texture (smooth or scaly) and
shape of the head**
**(described as resembling a seahorse, dog, or pig).**
**The "monster" has been spoken of in the area for centuries -
Indian
legend has it that anyone foolish enough to intrude on its territory
would
not return.**
**While some have theorized that the Lake's unknown inhabitant is a
giant sturgeon, others feel that this is unlikely due to the fact that
sturgeons are bottom-dwellers who are not likely to be spotted at the
water's
surface.**
**Another theory contends that the mysterious creature is a
descendent
of one of the plesiosaurs which lived in the region millions of years
ago,
when Saskatchewan was covered by an inland sea.**
**Which theory is correct? Perhaps time (and one lucky
fisherman
who captures the beast) will tell.**
**submitted by [email protected]**
---
**"Sea Monster" Sighting
Reported
by Nova Scotia Fisherman**
**In the early summer of 2003, Wallace Cartwright was headed out to
sea to check his lobster traps. The native of Alder Point, Cape
Breton
County, saw what he thought was a big log in the water. The "log"
had a head similar to**
**a sea turtle with a brown, snake-like body. It was
approximately
eight metres long, brown with smooth skin. The creature submerged
and surfaced again two minutes later.**
**Cartwright and his assistant observed the animal for 45 minutes
as
it surfaced several more times. Mr. Cartwright, who has
been
a fisherman for 30 years, stated that what he had seen was unlike
anything
he had ever encountered before.**
**Andrew Hebda, curator of zoology at Halifax's Natural History
Museum,
is of the opinion that what Mr. Cartwright observed was an
oarfish.
The oarfish is normally found in the waters north of Great Britain;
this
particular**
**specimen probably followed a frigid ocean current to the waters
off Cape Breton.**
**Oarfish are nature's longest fish. They have been known to
reach up to 17 metres in length.**
**submitted by [email protected]**
---
**"Bloop" Recorded by U.S. Navy
-
"Most Likely Biological in Nature"**
**A mysterious recording, picked up by "spy sensors" put in place
by
the U.S. Navy in the 1960's, has recently been made public.
Dubbed
"Bloop" by scientists, the unidentified sound is similar to those made
by marine animals. Bloop, however, is larger than any known
animal.**
**One theory is that Bloop is a giant squid. This animal has
never been observed in the wild, although dead squid have been found
washed
up on beaches. Including its tentacles, the largest dead squid on
record measured 60 feet.**
**Marine biologists have disputed this theory, explaining that
since
squid lack a gas-filled sac, they have no way of making that type of
noise.**
**The identity of Bloop remains an unsolved mystery.**
**submitted by [email protected]**
---
**Japan marine park captures rare shark on film**
**‘Living fossil’ species has changed little since prehistoric times**
**Updated: 9:33 a.m. ET Jan 24, 2007
TOKYO - A species of shark rarely seen alive because its natural
habitat is 2,000 feet or more under the sea was captured on film by
staff at a Japanese marine park this week.
The Awashima Marine Park in Shizuoka, south of Tokyo, was alerted by a
fisherman at a nearby port on Sunday that he had spotted an odd-looking
eel-like creature with a mouthful of needle-sharp teeth.
Marine park staff caught the 5-foot long creature, which they
identified as a female frilled shark, sometimes referred to as a
“living fossil” because it is a primitive species that has changed
little since prehistoric times.
The shark appeared to be in poor condition when park staff moved it to
a seawater pool where they filmed it swimming and opening its jaws.
“We believe moving pictures of a live specimen are extremely rare,”
said an official at the park. “They live between 600 and 1,000 meters
under the water, which is deeper than humans can go.”
“We think it may have come close to the surface because it was
sick, or else it was weakened because it was in shallow waters,” the
official said.
The shark died a few hours after being caught.
Frilled sharks, which feed on other sharks and sea creatures, are
sometimes caught in the nets of trawlers but are rarely seen alive.**
---
**Monster Shark Attacks
Great White**
****
Tuesday
October 27, 2009
Huw Borland, Sky News Online
A
giant
shark that could be up to 20ft long has sent shockwaves across
Australian beaches after a great white was nearly bitten in half.
A
stunning picture shows a 10ft predator thrashing about with two massive
chunks missing on either side of its body, off the Queensland coast.
Experts
said its rival may be 20ft (about six metres) long, judging by the size
of the huge bites.
The
great white was savaged after it got snared on a drum line - a baited
hook attached to a buoy - near North Stradbroke Island, east of
Brisbane.
The wounded creature was still alive when a crew hauled it onto a boat,
close to Deadman's Beach.
"It
certainly opened up my eyes. I mean the shark that was caught is a
substantial shark in itself," Queensland Fisheries' Jeff Krause told
Australia's Daily Telegraph.
Swimmers
have been warned to stay out of the water near the island.
The
attack also worried many at a nearby tourist Mecca - Surfers Paradise,
south of Brisbane.
Surfer
Ashton Smith, 19, of the Gold Coast, told the Courier Mail: "I've heard
about the big one lurking. Every surfer is always cautious over here."
Drum
lines and shark nets are used to defend swimmers from sea predators,
but they have been criticised for occasionally trapping migrating
whales.
Fisheries
minister Tim Mulherin told the Mail that the
capture of the bitten shark - and the indication of a larger one
feeding in the area - bolstered the decision to keep defences in place.
He
added there were no special plans to hunt the attacking shark but
contractors had reset the drum lines.
---
##
Links to related pages
**[The
Loch Ness Monster](http://www.geocities.com/whinhall_2000/)**
**[The
Loch Ness Monster Research Society](http://www.ness-monster.com/framed/index.html)**
**[The
Original Loch Ness Monster Exhibition Centre](http://www.lochness-centre.com/exhibit/exhibit.html)**
**[Coelacanth
Rescue Mission](http://www.dinofish.com/) Great Site!**
**[Australian
Museum: Coelacanth](http://www.austmus.gov.au/fish/fishenq/coela.htm)**
**[NESSIE
ON THE NET](http://www.scotnet.co.uk/highland/index.html)**
**[LOCH
NESS MONSTER INFO](http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/home/scotland/monster.html)**
**[NESSIE
& OTHER LAKE MONSTERS](http://www.strangemag.com/nessie.home.html)**
**[LAKE
MONSTERS](http://www.ncf.carleton.ca/%7Ebz050/HomePage.lm.html)**
**[TESSIE](http://www.yaws.com/yaws/tahoe/tessie.shtml)**
**[NAHUELITO](http://www.cais.net/strangemag/nahuelito.html)** **creature in Patagonian Lake**
**[UNKNOWN
CARCASSES WASHING ASHORE](http://www.strangemag.com/globhome.html)**
**[SIGHTINGS
OF NESSIE IN 1996](http://www.lochness.co.uk/fan_club/thisyr.html)**
**[THE
SWEDISH LAKE MONSTER & ALOT MORE](http://www.bahnhof.se/%7Ewizard/GLM/)**
**[UNKNOWN
SEA CREATURE OFF OF KUWAIT](http://freekuwait.com/unknown/)**
**[Loch
Ness Monster](http://www.gng.com/lore_of_the_loch/)**
**[Swedish
Lake searched for creature](http://cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9808/07/RB001018.reut.html)**
**[Article
on recent Loch Ness search](http://www.csmonitor.com/durable/1998/10/20/fp4s1-csm.shtml)**
**[theogopogo.com](http://www.theogopogo.com)**
**[Lake
Norman Monster](http://www.lakenormanmonster.com/)**
---
[](http://www.avint.net/hardticket)
| |
| --- |
| [Key Resource](http://www.links2go.com/topic/Cryptozoology)
***[Links2Go](http://www.links2go.com/topic/Cryptozoology)*[Key Resource](http://www.links2go.com/topic/Cryptozoology)**
[Cryptozoology
Topic](http://www.links2go.com/topic/Cryptozoology) |
###
---
**[BACK
TO THE MYSTERIES and The UNKNOWN](http://theshadowlands.net/mystery.htm)**.
**[BACK
TO THE SHADOWLANDS](http://theshadowlands.net/home1.htm)**
---
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were obtained from publicly available sources, and to the best of our
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the images are in the public domain. If you own the copyright on any
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on this page, and you would like us to remove it, please identify
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<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Mike Warnke: Christian Comedy from Hell</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY BGCOLOR=#000000 text=red link=gold vlink=orange>
<P><CENTER><FONT SIZE=7>MIKE WARNKE</FONT><BR>
<FONT SIZE=6>CHRISTIAN COMEDY FROM HELL</FONT><BR>
<IMG SRC="../images/warnke_fireline.gif" WIDTH=571 HEIGHT=40></CENTER></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=4>by Josh Karpf</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=4><i>Former Satanist High Priest Now America's #1 Christian Comedian,</i> screamed the flyers peppering the Oberlin College campus. I had seen "Christian comedians." Most Americans are Christian, which would make most American comedians Christian, but that doesn't mean religious humor. Most comics are secular, or even anticlerical to make theism the worthy butt of some jokes.
But to Warnke's evangelical fans, "Christian" means something different. Ask them if they're religious and they say "No, I'm a Christian." Ha. Evangelical humor? It could be interesting. It was definitely free. I went.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=4>It was free to me, at least. Everyone else forked over a requested "free will love offering" at the door. "Thank you," urged a Christian waving a can at me. "You're welcome," I said, guarding my wallet and ducking past a table of books, tapes, and SatanBuster T-shirts. (A card requesting another "love gift" was shoved in my hand before I escaped the lobby and walked down the aisle for a front-row seat.)</font></p>
<P><FONT SIZE=4>You never saw so many Christians! The concert was in Finney Chapel, a giant hall devoted for decades to secular concerts for our own students. Oberlin's a secular, even freethinking school. I didn't recognize more than thirty schoolmates in the throng of several hundred. The hall was jammed with remarkably clean-cut and well-scrubbed religious families from neighboring towns and counties. Little boys raced about throwing pieces of paper. Teenage girls stood around looking guardedly cute in tight jeans and baggy sweaters. Wives demurely herded their
families to seats found by their husbands, who looked oddly calm and content in their patriarchy.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=4>The road manager warmed up the crowd. "We thank you," he prayed, "that Christians can have more fun than anybody because the big questions are settled." He praising the teens present. Punctuating his words with "man," "y'know," and "weird," he introduced the star of the show. The publicity flyers had shown Warnke casually reclining in jeans and sneakers, looking harmless in long hair, antic grin, and double chin. But when he emerged onstage the his suit was polyester, and his sneakers shoes of leather. He carried a cold black Bible with gold leaf shimmering fiery bronze in the stagelight. Bobby McFerrin's "Be Happy" was piped to the speakers; once it had faded and Warnke had snapped at the sound crew for lousy timing, the show began.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=4>I had wondered what constituted "Christian" comedy. Once you eliminate jokes about religion, sex, and personal misfortune, what's left that was really funny? It wasn't Warnke's material, which concerned Jell-O, yogurt, Teflon, airplanes, nose picking, politicians, five minutes of dog jokes, and ten minutes on "that bastion of society, the family," with its hardworking father, harried mother, and those darned kids. The crowd ate it up. He pretended to insult six or seven sects easily represented in the audience but the gags were anonymous, applicable to any group. He did show skill and insight in fingering evangelicals who needed a godly excuse for everything, including fast food. He threw in a parable now and then, but didn't really begin preaching until an hour had passed. The segue was very smooth, sliding from joking about his "weirdness" (the teen theme again) to chastising the crowd for judging him on the basis of appearance.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=4>The fun being over - if that account of an entire hour seems brief, well, Warnke himself could have been briefer; I am doing the reader a favor - he introduced Warnke Ministries, claiming a staff of 35 Kentuckians handling 50,000 prayer requests per month and proselytizing in prisons and mental hospitals. But he placed the most emphasis on his people's counseling of abused children, and the group's working with local police forces and supplying "expert testimony in court to get convictions" on the relationship of the powers of Satan as used by child abusers!</FONT></P>
<BLOCKQUOTE><FONT SIZE=4>I'm talking about a little girl in Louisiana who
was murdered in 1987 by a group of people who practice
a form of satanism. When a satanist kills - if a
Satanist kills, and all Satanists do not - they don't
kill to spill blood. The idea is when something dies - an
animal, a person - the force is released. If the
right rituals have been performed, then those present
can absorb the power that is released during death. and
In the cases of some Satanic cults, the more violent
and painful the death, the more power is released, and
the more power can be absorbed. They killed this child
by cutting her sexual organs out while she was alive.
And then they cut her chest open and took out her
heart, cut it up in little chunks, and took communion
on it. And they cut down both sides of her head and
down the back, they peeled the flesh away from the
bone, they stole her skull to be used in further
ceremonies, and took her mutilated body and put it in a
garbage bag and threw her in the dump.<BR><BR>
I don't mean to offend you. I don't mean to offend
your children. But this sort of activity is offensive
to me.</FONT></BLOCKQUOTE>
<P><FONT SIZE=4>In the following days I searched that year's newspaper indexes for Warnke's little girl, and did not find her. I was not surprised. Of course Warnke would slam "Satanism." Just as Christianity cannot not claim salvation without supporting a devil with which to threaten its followers, Warnke could not claim to be "America's #1 Christian comedian" without his background as a "former Satanist high priest." His little girl was as illusory as the Satan to which he claimed she was sacrificed, no more real than the cannibal Jews of the Middle Ages said to use blood and foreskins from Christian babies. What I had not expected was that Warnke, alternating between holier-than-thou and lowlier-than-thou, would feed pablum humor to a hall of mental children, and then shock them. I assume he shocked them, as they gasped at the right moments. He certainly shocked me.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=4>For the past hour, Warnke had been telling the weakest of jokes, his repertoire limited by the childish conservatism of his audience. He spoke to an group considering itself clean of mind, limiting its porn to Bible atrocity couched in the King's English of the sixteenth century of the myth by which they lived. Then, after introducing the aims of Warnke Ministries, he gave the shock fiction of Satanic crime on a powerful symbol of vulnerability. Can you guess what followed?</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=4>You bet your bottom dollar, for were you there, you would have lost it! Money! For a quarter of an hour, Warnke pleaded for funding, sending teen girls out shaking their cans. Decrying any similarity with Jimmy Swaggart or the Bakkers ("Look at me," he leered, tossing his tresses), he beseeched the crowd for specie "to pay the phone bill." The crowd gave generously, the little girl still vivid to them. Warnke returned to jokes - on Southern food, directed at the "ladies fixin' to get married" - to keep the giving going strong as the ushers "ushed" their way to the rear.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=4>The "comedy concert" now little more than a camp meeting, Warnke led a hymn. The crowd knew all the lyrics. I did not stand with them; sitting conspicuously in the front row, I was noticed by Warnke, who beamed a quick, benevolent smile upon me. After the songs he asked the unsaved to stand, forgiving in advance the "righteous and frightened" who sat. From my limited vantage point (I was up front and sitting, after all) I saw only two stand for salvation. One was a woman behind me, bent with age, who audibly swore as she struggled to rise with help from relatives. The other was a man who had heckled Warnke. He could have been a plant - shills are common at such gatherings - but for this crowd, I'm sure he was just a family man who wished to save face via submissive repentance. He'd probably been saved twice this month.</FONT></P>
<P><FONT SIZE=4>The concert ended with Warnke praying for the crowd and reminding it that offering buckets still circulated. The sheep, newly fleeced by yet another traveling shepherd, this one a Tartuffe of polyester instead of sackcloth, left Finney Chapel, discussing ecumenism as they sorted themselves into sectarian crews as their church buses, youth group vans, and family cars began to pack them off for home.</FONT></P>
<CENTER><IMG SRC="../images/warnke_recline.gif" WIDTH=364 HEIGHT=154></CENTER>
<P><FONT SIZE=3>I wrote "Christian Comedy from Hell" after attending the concert, which was sponsored by the poor dupes of Oberlin Christian Fellowship in 1988. The article appeared in <i>Big Apple Atheist</i> in 1991. The exposé "Selling Satan: The Tragic History of Mike Warnke," by John Trott and Mike Hertenstein, first appeared in 1992 as a thirty-thousand-word <a href="http://answers.org/Satan/warnke1.html">article</a> in <i>Cornerstone</i> magazine, and was published as a full-length book by Cornerstone Press in 1993. The book is still in print and is available from <a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/isbn=0940895072">Amazon.com</a>. Another <i>Cornerstone</i> <a href="http://www.cornerstonemag.com/pages/show_page.asp?391">update</a> was featured in 1992. In January 1995 the <A HREF="http://www.csicop.org/si/9501/satan.html">Skeptical
Inquirer</a> reviewed the book. A 1995 statement is available online from the <a href="http://www.watchman.org/occult/warnke.htm">Watchman Expositor</a>.</FONT></p>
<A HREF="../index.html"> <IMG SRC="../images/larrow.gif" border=0>Back to home page for more unholy essays!</A></P>
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Mike Warnke: Christian Comedy from Hell
MIKE WARNKE
CHRISTIAN COMEDY FROM HELL
by Josh Karpf
*Former Satanist High Priest Now America's #1 Christian Comedian,* screamed the flyers peppering the Oberlin College campus. I had seen "Christian comedians." Most Americans are Christian, which would make most American comedians Christian, but that doesn't mean religious humor. Most comics are secular, or even anticlerical to make theism the worthy butt of some jokes.
But to Warnke's evangelical fans, "Christian" means something different. Ask them if they're religious and they say "No, I'm a Christian." Ha. Evangelical humor? It could be interesting. It was definitely free. I went.
It was free to me, at least. Everyone else forked over a requested "free will love offering" at the door. "Thank you," urged a Christian waving a can at me. "You're welcome," I said, guarding my wallet and ducking past a table of books, tapes, and SatanBuster T-shirts. (A card requesting another "love gift" was shoved in my hand before I escaped the lobby and walked down the aisle for a front-row seat.)
You never saw so many Christians! The concert was in Finney Chapel, a giant hall devoted for decades to secular concerts for our own students. Oberlin's a secular, even freethinking school. I didn't recognize more than thirty schoolmates in the throng of several hundred. The hall was jammed with remarkably clean-cut and well-scrubbed religious families from neighboring towns and counties. Little boys raced about throwing pieces of paper. Teenage girls stood around looking guardedly cute in tight jeans and baggy sweaters. Wives demurely herded their
families to seats found by their husbands, who looked oddly calm and content in their patriarchy.
The road manager warmed up the crowd. "We thank you," he prayed, "that Christians can have more fun than anybody because the big questions are settled." He praising the teens present. Punctuating his words with "man," "y'know," and "weird," he introduced the star of the show. The publicity flyers had shown Warnke casually reclining in jeans and sneakers, looking harmless in long hair, antic grin, and double chin. But when he emerged onstage the his suit was polyester, and his sneakers shoes of leather. He carried a cold black Bible with gold leaf shimmering fiery bronze in the stagelight. Bobby McFerrin's "Be Happy" was piped to the speakers; once it had faded and Warnke had snapped at the sound crew for lousy timing, the show began.
I had wondered what constituted "Christian" comedy. Once you eliminate jokes about religion, sex, and personal misfortune, what's left that was really funny? It wasn't Warnke's material, which concerned Jell-O, yogurt, Teflon, airplanes, nose picking, politicians, five minutes of dog jokes, and ten minutes on "that bastion of society, the family," with its hardworking father, harried mother, and those darned kids. The crowd ate it up. He pretended to insult six or seven sects easily represented in the audience but the gags were anonymous, applicable to any group. He did show skill and insight in fingering evangelicals who needed a godly excuse for everything, including fast food. He threw in a parable now and then, but didn't really begin preaching until an hour had passed. The segue was very smooth, sliding from joking about his "weirdness" (the teen theme again) to chastising the crowd for judging him on the basis of appearance.
The fun being over - if that account of an entire hour seems brief, well, Warnke himself could have been briefer; I am doing the reader a favor - he introduced Warnke Ministries, claiming a staff of 35 Kentuckians handling 50,000 prayer requests per month and proselytizing in prisons and mental hospitals. But he placed the most emphasis on his people's counseling of abused children, and the group's working with local police forces and supplying "expert testimony in court to get convictions" on the relationship of the powers of Satan as used by child abusers!
> I'm talking about a little girl in Louisiana who
> was murdered in 1987 by a group of people who practice
> a form of satanism. When a satanist kills - if a
> Satanist kills, and all Satanists do not - they don't
> kill to spill blood. The idea is when something dies - an
> animal, a person - the force is released. If the
> right rituals have been performed, then those present
> can absorb the power that is released during death. and
> In the cases of some Satanic cults, the more violent
> and painful the death, the more power is released, and
> the more power can be absorbed. They killed this child
> by cutting her sexual organs out while she was alive.
> And then they cut her chest open and took out her
> heart, cut it up in little chunks, and took communion
> on it. And they cut down both sides of her head and
> down the back, they peeled the flesh away from the
> bone, they stole her skull to be used in further
> ceremonies, and took her mutilated body and put it in a
> garbage bag and threw her in the dump.
>
>
>
> I don't mean to offend you. I don't mean to offend
> your children. But this sort of activity is offensive
> to me.
In the following days I searched that year's newspaper indexes for Warnke's little girl, and did not find her. I was not surprised. Of course Warnke would slam "Satanism." Just as Christianity cannot not claim salvation without supporting a devil with which to threaten its followers, Warnke could not claim to be "America's #1 Christian comedian" without his background as a "former Satanist high priest." His little girl was as illusory as the Satan to which he claimed she was sacrificed, no more real than the cannibal Jews of the Middle Ages said to use blood and foreskins from Christian babies. What I had not expected was that Warnke, alternating between holier-than-thou and lowlier-than-thou, would feed pablum humor to a hall of mental children, and then shock them. I assume he shocked them, as they gasped at the right moments. He certainly shocked me.
For the past hour, Warnke had been telling the weakest of jokes, his repertoire limited by the childish conservatism of his audience. He spoke to an group considering itself clean of mind, limiting its porn to Bible atrocity couched in the King's English of the sixteenth century of the myth by which they lived. Then, after introducing the aims of Warnke Ministries, he gave the shock fiction of Satanic crime on a powerful symbol of vulnerability. Can you guess what followed?
You bet your bottom dollar, for were you there, you would have lost it! Money! For a quarter of an hour, Warnke pleaded for funding, sending teen girls out shaking their cans. Decrying any similarity with Jimmy Swaggart or the Bakkers ("Look at me," he leered, tossing his tresses), he beseeched the crowd for specie "to pay the phone bill." The crowd gave generously, the little girl still vivid to them. Warnke returned to jokes - on Southern food, directed at the "ladies fixin' to get married" - to keep the giving going strong as the ushers "ushed" their way to the rear.
The "comedy concert" now little more than a camp meeting, Warnke led a hymn. The crowd knew all the lyrics. I did not stand with them; sitting conspicuously in the front row, I was noticed by Warnke, who beamed a quick, benevolent smile upon me. After the songs he asked the unsaved to stand, forgiving in advance the "righteous and frightened" who sat. From my limited vantage point (I was up front and sitting, after all) I saw only two stand for salvation. One was a woman behind me, bent with age, who audibly swore as she struggled to rise with help from relatives. The other was a man who had heckled Warnke. He could have been a plant - shills are common at such gatherings - but for this crowd, I'm sure he was just a family man who wished to save face via submissive repentance. He'd probably been saved twice this month.
The concert ended with Warnke praying for the crowd and reminding it that offering buckets still circulated. The sheep, newly fleeced by yet another traveling shepherd, this one a Tartuffe of polyester instead of sackcloth, left Finney Chapel, discussing ecumenism as they sorted themselves into sectarian crews as their church buses, youth group vans, and family cars began to pack them off for home.
I wrote "Christian Comedy from Hell" after attending the concert, which was sponsored by the poor dupes of Oberlin Christian Fellowship in 1988. The article appeared in *Big Apple Atheist* in 1991. The exposé "Selling Satan: The Tragic History of Mike Warnke," by John Trott and Mike Hertenstein, first appeared in 1992 as a thirty-thousand-word [article](http://answers.org/Satan/warnke1.html) in *Cornerstone* magazine, and was published as a full-length book by Cornerstone Press in 1993. The book is still in print and is available from [Amazon.com](http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/isbn=0940895072). Another *Cornerstone* [update](http://www.cornerstonemag.com/pages/show_page.asp?391) was featured in 1992. In January 1995 the [Skeptical
Inquirer](http://www.csicop.org/si/9501/satan.html) reviewed the book. A 1995 statement is available online from the [Watchman Expositor](http://www.watchman.org/occult/warnke.htm).
[Back to home page for more unholy essays!](../index.html)
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<a href="win31.html">Windows 3.1</a><br>
<a href="win95.html">Windows 95</a><br>
<a href="winnt.html">Windows NT 4.0</a><br>
<a href="win98.html">Windows 98</a><br>
<a href="winme.html">Windows ME</a><br>
<a href="win2k.html">Windows 2000</a><br>
<a href="winxp.html">Windows XP</a><br>
Windows Vista (Coming Soon)<br>
Windows 7 (Coming Soon)<br>
<h3>OEM Wallpapers</h3>
<a href="extra/pb.html">Packard Bell</a> (~1994/1996)<br>
<a href="extra/cicero.html">Cicero / Medion</a> (~2003)<br>
<a href="extra/notthebest.html">eMachines</a> (~2004)<br>
<a href="extra/toshiba.html">Toshiba Satellite</a> (2006)<br>
<br>
</td>
<td width="50%" valign="top">
<h3>Windows Beta Wallpapers</h3>
<a href="extra/beta95.html">Chicago (Windows 95, 4.00.116)</a><br>
<br>
<h3>Other Wallpapers</h3>
<a href="extra/win30.html">Windows 3.0</a><br>
<a href="extra/macos.html">Old Macintosh Wallpapers</a><br>
<a href="extra/2ksetup.png">Windows 2000 Setup background</a> (16color)<br>
<h3>Cool/Related Links</h3>
<a href="https://windowswallpaper.miraheze.org">Windows Wallpaper Wiki</a><br><br>
<h3>Related Pages</h3>
<a href="/tek/wp.html">How to make 256 color BMPs for old PCs</a><br>
<a href="http://www.aftersleep.org/wallpapers">Aftersleep Wallpapers Directory</a><br><br>
The Aftersleep wallpaper directory contains<br>my HD wallpapers and 256 color BMPs as well.<br>
<br>
</td></tr></table>
<!--
<hr>
[dvd3000.ca] <b>more wallpapers</b> - <a href="wallpaps/tiled.html">cool tiled backgrounds</a> - <a href="wallpaps/lowres.html">256color low res for old PCs</a> - <a href="wallpaps/hires.html">high res backgrounds</a>
-->
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<a href="..">www.dvd3000.ca</A>
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Original Windows Wallpaper - dvd3000
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Search
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| | **Original Classic Windows Wallpaper** | |
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| [**www.dvd3000.ca**](..) | [Computers](../tek) | [Television](../tv) | [Photos](../pix) | [Links](../links) | [Navigation](../nav) | [Community](http://www.aftersleep.org) |
|
---
| | |
| --- | --- |
| [Home](..) -
[Main](.) -
[Windows 3.1](win31.html) -
[Windows 95](win95.html) -
[Windows NT 4.0](winnt.html) -
[Windows 98](win98.html) -
[Windows ME](winme.html) -
[Windows 2000](win2k.html) -
[Windows XP](winxp.html)
**Select a version of Windows above ^^^** | |
This page has the original, unmodified Wallpaper files from Windows Versions 3.1 - XP up for download in their purest form, straight from real computers running old Windows versions.
I created this page back in 2017 because I was frustrated and almost confused that I was not able to find downloads for the original desktop backgrounds from Windows 95 etc, and figured that I'd create this page to provide downloads for anyone else who wants to tile their desktop with some retro goodness!
Just click on one of the links above for the OS that you want, and you can download the ZIP folder on each page for the original high quality BMPs.
| | |
| --- | --- |
| Windows Versions
[Windows 3.1](win31.html)
[Windows 95](win95.html)
[Windows NT 4.0](winnt.html)
[Windows 98](win98.html)
[Windows ME](winme.html)
[Windows 2000](win2k.html)
[Windows XP](winxp.html)
Windows Vista (Coming Soon)
Windows 7 (Coming Soon)
OEM Wallpapers
[Packard Bell](extra/pb.html) (~1994/1996)
[Cicero / Medion](extra/cicero.html) (~2003)
[eMachines](extra/notthebest.html) (~2004)
[Toshiba Satellite](extra/toshiba.html) (2006)
| Windows Beta Wallpapers
[Chicago (Windows 95, 4.00.116)](extra/beta95.html)
Other Wallpapers
[Windows 3.0](extra/win30.html)
[Old Macintosh Wallpapers](extra/macos.html)
[Windows 2000 Setup background](extra/2ksetup.png) (16color)
Cool/Related Links
[Windows Wallpaper Wiki](https://windowswallpaper.miraheze.org)
Related Pages
[How to make 256 color BMPs for old PCs](/tek/wp.html)
[Aftersleep Wallpapers Directory](http://www.aftersleep.org/wallpapers)
The Aftersleep wallpaper directory containsmy HD wallpapers and 256 color BMPs as well.
|
---
---
Got something to say? Shoot me an e-mail:
Hosting space by [aftersleep](http://www.aftersleep.org) web community.
[www.dvd3000.ca](..)
| | |
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[↑](#)
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| http://www.dvd3000.ca/wp/ |
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>The Shallow Sky</title>
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" title="Basic Black"
href="css/blackindex.css" />
<link rel="alternate stylesheet" type="text/css" title="Light Blue"
href="/css/lightblue.css" />
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
</head>
<body bgcolor="#505050" text=white link="#ffff00" vlink="#00ff00">
<div id="masthead">
<img src="css/images/saturn.gif" width=103 height=89 alt="[Saturn]"
style="position: absolute; bottom: 0px; left: .5%;">
<img src="css/images/lunareclipse.gif" width=83 height=82
alt="[Lunar eclipse]"
style="position: absolute; bottom: 1px; right: .5%;">
<img id="mastheadtext" align=center src="css/images/masthead-text-sm.jpg"
width=429 height=80 alt="The Shallow Sky (shallowsky.com)">
</div>
<div id="preface">
<p>
Shallowsky.com: Akkana Peck's website, covering a wide range of topics.
<p>
"Shallow Sky" encompasses the solar system: observation of
our moon, the planets and their moons, comets, asteroids, and the sun.
The term was invented by <a href="http://www.timocharis.com">David North</a>
as a pun on the "Deep Sky" term long used by observers of galaxies,
nebulae and other distant targets.
</div>
<div id="rightbox">
<div id="searchbox">
<form method=GET action="http://www.google.com/search">
<i><a href="http://google.com/">Google</a> search:</i>
<input type=text name=q size=28 maxlength=255 value="">
<input type=radio name=sitesearch value="shallowsky.com" checked
style="display: none">
<input type=submit name=btnG value="Search ShallowSky.com">
</form>
</div>
</div>
<br clear=all>
<div style="position: relative;">
<span class="socialblock">
<b><big>Social media:</big></b>
</span>
<span class="socialblock">
<a href="blog/"><img src="images/logos/jayfeather64.gif"
border=0 width=44 height=64 alt="[Jay feather]"></a>
<a href="blog/">"Shallow Thoughts" blog</a>
</span>
<span class="socialblock">
<a href="http://twitter.com/akkakk">
<img border=0 width=25 height=25 alt="[Twitter icon]"
src="https://shallowsky.com/images/logos/twitter-bird-white-on-blue-25x25.png"></a>
<a href="http://twitter.com/akkakk">@akkakk on Twitter</a>
</span>
<span class="socialblock">
<a rel="me" href="https://fosstodon.org/@akkana">
<img border=0 width=40 height=40 alt="[Mastodon icon]"
src="https://shallowsky.com/images/logos/mastodon.svg"></a>
<a rel="me" href="https://fosstodon.org/@akkana">@[email protected]</a>
</span>
<span class="socialblock">
<a href="mailme.html">Email</a>
</span>
</div>
<h3>Topics on this site:</h3>
<h2 class="cat-hdr">My books!</h2>
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<a href="http://gimpbook.com/">
<img src="images/logos/beginninggimp-sm.gif" width=119 height=158
align=left alt="[Beginning GIMP: From Novice to Professional]"></a>
<p>
<a href="http://gimpbook.com/"><b>Beginning GIMP:
From Novice to Professional</b>, second edition</a>
is a comprehensive guide to image editing using the GNU Image Manipulation
Program (<a href="http://gimp.org">GIMP</a>) for editing photographs
and creating digital art.
</div><!-- details -->
<td>
<p>
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1680454560/shallowsky-20">
<img src="images/logos/jumpstarting-pi0.jpg" width=102 height=158
align=left alt="[Beginning GIMP: From Novice to Professional]"></a>
<p>
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1680454560/shallowsky-20">Jumpstarting
the Raspberry Pi Zero W: Control the World Around You with a $10 Computer</a>
gets you started using a Raspberry Pi Zero W, or any other Raspberry Pi
model, to control a wide assortment of hardware.
Includes instructions on how to blink LEDs as well as two more
detailed projects: using temperature sensors to control a fan or
air conditioner, and controlling a programmable colored light string
to reflect the state of Twitter or any website you choose.
Also available
on <a href="http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920115472.do">O'Reilly Media</a>
in both paper and electronic format, or on Amazon as a
a <a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B075SMPVHF/shallowsky-20">Kindle Edition</a>.
</tr>
</table>
<p>
If you buy the books via the Amazon links above, I get a small kickback
from Amazon. No pressure, though. :-)
<h2 class="cat-hdr">Computers</h2>
<div class="cat-icon">
<img src="images/logos/tux.gif" width=109 height=128 alt="[Linux]">
</div><!-- cat-icon -->
<div class="details">
<div class="minorcategory">
<a href="linux/">Linux and Open Source</a>
</div>
The <a href="linux/LinuxPresentations.html">Linux for Presentations Howto</a>,
the <a href="linux/networkSchemes.html">Multiple Network Schemes Howto</a>,
information on <a href="linux/limaging.html">Linux imaging</a>,
and more. Plus you can find quick Linux tips in my
<a href="http://shallowsky.com/blog/topics.html">blog archive</a>.
<p>
I enjoy speaking at conferencs and user group meetings, and have given
<a href="talks">talks</a> on a variety of technical and
semi-technical subjects.
<div class="minorcategory">
<a href="software/">Software</a>
</div>
Programs I've written, including
the <a href="software/pho/">pho</a> image viewer
and <a href="https://github.com/akkana/metapho">metapho</a> image organizer,
the <a href="/software/gimp-save/">Saver</a> and
<a href="software/pandora/">Pandora</a> GIMP plug-ins,
<a href="/topo/">PyTopo</a> tiled map viewer,
many little astronomy apps,
<a href="software/crikey/">Crikey</a> for mapping strings to keys,
assorted useful scripts,
and plenty of other free open source software.
<p>
Or you can browse my <a href="https://github.com/akkana">Github
repositories</a>, including
<a href="https://github.com/akkana/pho">pho</a> and
<a href="https://github.com/akkana/metapho">metapho</a>,
<a href="https://github.com/akkana/">pytopo</a>,
useful <a href="https://github.com/akkana/scripts">scripts</a> and
<a href="https://github.com/akkana/gimp-plugins">gimp-plugins</a>,
some of my <a href="https://github.com/akkana/dotfiles">dotfiles</a>,
and more.
<p>
I like to teach short courses in programming and technical subjects,
such as summer workshops for high school girls in
<a href="/arduino/class/">Robots and Sensors using Arduino</a> and
<a href="/javascript/">Javascript</a>,
and an <a href="/python/">online Python class</a>.
<p>
<a href="resume.html">Akkana's Resume</a><br>
I'm a software developer specializing in Linux and open source,
and I sometimes do technical and science writing.
</div><!-- details -->
<h2 class="cat-hdr">Government and Politics</h2>
<div class="cat-icon">
<img src="https://nmbilltracker.com/static/img/trackerdog-emboss.jpg"
width=119 height=75 alt="[Billtracker dog]"></a>
</div><!-- cat-icon -->
<div class="details">
<p>
I'm active in the League of Women Voters, working (among other things)
for better transparency in government.
<br />
This tends to involve a lot of
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_scraping">web scraping</a>,
since governments aren't very forthcoming with their data.
Good thing Python is good at scraping!
<p>
I wrote the
<a href="https://nmbilltracker.com/">New Mexico Bill Tracker</a>
to make it easier to keep an eye on bills as they move through
the state legislature;
<br />
and <a href="https://shallowsky.com/los-alamos-meetings/">Los Alamos
Meetings</a>, which scrapes the county page for government meetings
in Los Alamos County and provides an RSS feed so you can keep track
of upcoming meeting topics without downloading a pile of PDFs
every day.
<p>
With the help of the LWV New Mexico, I
<a href="https://shallowsky.com/blog/politics/writing-a-bill-sb304.html">helped
author a bill to make GIS data for all New Mexico voting districts public</a>.
I also manage the <a href="https://lwvnm.org/">LWV NM</a>
and <a href="http://fairdistrictsnm.org/">Fair Districts for New Mexico</a>
websites, chaired LWV Los Alamos's 2020
<a href="https://my.lwv.org/new-mexico/los-alamos/studies/lwvla-privacy-study-2020">Digital
Privacy in Government</a> study,
and am currently co-chair of the LWV New Mexico Action committee.
</div><!-- details -->
<h2 class="cat-hdr">Metal art</h2>
<div class="cat-icon">
<a href="http://junkdnaart.com">
<img src="/images/img_0285TT.jpg" width=115 height=
alt="[JunkDNA metal art: Velociraptor]"></a>
</div><!-- cat-icon -->
<div class="details">
<p>
I enjoy welding junk metal into sculpture.
You can see samples at my art website:
<a href="http://junkdnaart.com">JunkDNAArt.com</a>.
</div><!-- details -->
<h2 class="cat-hdr">Astronomy</h2>
<div class="cat-icon">
<img width=115 height=102 src="images/astro/HBcoe180T.jpg"
alt="[Astronomy]">
</div><!-- category -->
<div class="details">
<p>
I've been an amateur astronomer since childhood.
Some astronomy pages on my website:
<p>
<a href="/galilean/">Galilean Moons of Jupiter</a>, with predictions
of Jupiter's four brightest moons, their shadows, and the Great Red Spot,
and
<a href="/satsat/">Saturn's Satellites</a>,
predictions of Saturn's brightest moons.
<p>
<a href="moon/">The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Moon</a>,
A collaborative compendium of information for anyone observing
the moon through a telescope.
<!--
<p>
<a href="shallow-sky.html">Shallow Sky</a>:
a mailing list for lunar and planetary observers, and FAQs about
shallow sky observing.
-->
<p>
<a href="sketch.html">Astronomy sketches</a> ...
<a href="8dob/">my homebuilt 8'' dobsonian</a> ...
<a href="astro.html">general astronomy page</a>.
<p>
I also wrote the monthly Shallow Sky column for the
<a href="http://ephemeris.sjaa.net">SJAA Ephemeris</a>
for many years.
</div><!-- details -->
<h2 class="cat-hdr">Miscellanea</h2>
<div class="cat-icon">
<img src="images/photos/dropletT.jpg" width=115 height=78 alt="[Miscellanea]">
</div><!-- category -->
<div class="details">
<a href="blog/">"Shallow Thoughts" blog</a> ...
<a href="Birds/">Birds of the West</a> ...
<a href="nature/wildflowers/">Bay Area Wildflowers</a> ...
<a href="talks/">Public speaking</a> ...
<a href="photo.html">Photography</a> ...
<a href="geology/">Geology</a> ...
<a href="planes/">R/C airplanes</a> ...
<a href="kayak/">Kayaking</a> ...
<a href="mtb.html">Mountain biking</a> ...
<a href="moto.html">Motorcycling</a> ...
<a href="autox.html">Autocrossing a Fiat X1/9</a> ...
and an old and seldom updated <a href="akkana.html">personal page</a>.
</div><!-- details -->
<br clear=all>
<p>
Please visit the <a href="books.html">Shallow Sky Bookstore</a>
for book recommendations, and help support this site! Thanks!
<hr>
<div class="iconbox">
<a href="linux/">
<img WIDTH=91 HEIGHT=38 align=left src="images/logos/tuxsticker.png"
border=0 alt="[Powered by Linux]">
</a>
<a href="http://www.debian.org/">
<img WIDTH=30 HEIGHT=37 align=left src="images/logos/openlogo-38.png"
border=0 alt="[Debian]">
</a>
<img width=38 height=38 align=left src="images/logos/glider.png"
border=0 alt="[ESR glider hacker logo]">
<a href="linux/limaging.html">
<img WIDTH=90 HEIGHT=36 align=left src="images/logos/gimp.gif"
border=0 alt="[Created with GIMP]">
</a>
<!-- Start LinuxChix banner code -->
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Shallowsky.com is produced and served on
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The Shallow Sky
![[Saturn]](css/images/saturn.gif)
![[Lunar eclipse]](css/images/lunareclipse.gif)
Shallowsky.com: Akkana Peck's website, covering a wide range of topics.
"Shallow Sky" encompasses the solar system: observation of
our moon, the planets and their moons, comets, asteroids, and the sun.
The term was invented by [David North](http://www.timocharis.com)
as a pun on the "Deep Sky" term long used by observers of galaxies,
nebulae and other distant targets.
*[Google](http://google.com/) search:*
**Social media:**
[![[Jay feather]](images/logos/jayfeather64.gif)](blog/)
["Shallow Thoughts" blog](blog/)
[![[Twitter icon]](https://shallowsky.com/images/logos/twitter-bird-white-on-blue-25x25.png)](http://twitter.com/akkakk)
[@akkakk on Twitter](http://twitter.com/akkakk)
[![[Mastodon icon]](https://shallowsky.com/images/logos/mastodon.svg)](https://fosstodon.org/@akkana)
[@[email protected]](https://fosstodon.org/@akkana)
[Email](mailme.html)
### Topics on this site:
## My books!
| | |
| --- | --- |
| [[Beginning GIMP: From Novice to Professional]](http://gimpbook.com/)
[**Beginning GIMP:
From Novice to Professional**, second edition](http://gimpbook.com/)
is a comprehensive guide to image editing using the GNU Image Manipulation
Program ([GIMP](http://gimp.org)) for editing photographs
and creating digital art.
[[Beginning GIMP: From Novice to Professional]](http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1680454560/shallowsky-20)
[Jumpstarting
the Raspberry Pi Zero W: Control the World Around You with a $10 Computer](http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1680454560/shallowsky-20)
gets you started using a Raspberry Pi Zero W, or any other Raspberry Pi
model, to control a wide assortment of hardware.
Includes instructions on how to blink LEDs as well as two more
detailed projects: using temperature sensors to control a fan or
air conditioner, and controlling a programmable colored light string
to reflect the state of Twitter or any website you choose.
Also available
on [O'Reilly Media](http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920115472.do)
in both paper and electronic format, or on Amazon as a
a [Kindle Edition](http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B075SMPVHF/shallowsky-20).
| |
If you buy the books via the Amazon links above, I get a small kickback
from Amazon. No pressure, though. :-)
## Computers
![[Linux]](images/logos/tux.gif)
[Linux and Open Source](linux/)
The [Linux for Presentations Howto](linux/LinuxPresentations.html),
the [Multiple Network Schemes Howto](linux/networkSchemes.html),
information on [Linux imaging](linux/limaging.html),
and more. Plus you can find quick Linux tips in my
[blog archive](http://shallowsky.com/blog/topics.html).
I enjoy speaking at conferencs and user group meetings, and have given
<talks> on a variety of technical and
semi-technical subjects.
[Software](software/)
Programs I've written, including
the [pho](software/pho/) image viewer
and [metapho](https://github.com/akkana/metapho) image organizer,
the [Saver](/software/gimp-save/) and
[Pandora](software/pandora/) GIMP plug-ins,
[PyTopo](/topo/) tiled map viewer,
many little astronomy apps,
[Crikey](software/crikey/) for mapping strings to keys,
assorted useful scripts,
and plenty of other free open source software.
Or you can browse my [Github
repositories](https://github.com/akkana), including
[pho](https://github.com/akkana/pho) and
[metapho](https://github.com/akkana/metapho),
[pytopo](https://github.com/akkana/),
useful [scripts](https://github.com/akkana/scripts) and
[gimp-plugins](https://github.com/akkana/gimp-plugins),
some of my [dotfiles](https://github.com/akkana/dotfiles),
and more.
I like to teach short courses in programming and technical subjects,
such as summer workshops for high school girls in
[Robots and Sensors using Arduino](/arduino/class/) and
[Javascript](/javascript/),
and an [online Python class](/python/).
[Akkana's Resume](resume.html)
I'm a software developer specializing in Linux and open source,
and I sometimes do technical and science writing.
## Government and Politics
![[Billtracker dog]](https://nmbilltracker.com/static/img/trackerdog-emboss.jpg)
I'm active in the League of Women Voters, working (among other things)
for better transparency in government.
## Metal art
[](http://junkdnaart.com)
I enjoy welding junk metal into sculpture.
You can see samples at my art website:
[JunkDNAArt.com](http://junkdnaart.com).
## Astronomy
![[Astronomy]](images/astro/HBcoe180T.jpg)
I've been an amateur astronomer since childhood.
Some astronomy pages on my website:
[Galilean Moons of Jupiter](/galilean/), with predictions
of Jupiter's four brightest moons, their shadows, and the Great Red Spot,
and
[Saturn's Satellites](/satsat/),
predictions of Saturn's brightest moons.
[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Moon](moon/),
A collaborative compendium of information for anyone observing
the moon through a telescope.
[Astronomy sketches](sketch.html) ...
[my homebuilt 8'' dobsonian](8dob/) ...
[general astronomy page](astro.html).
I also wrote the monthly Shallow Sky column for the
[SJAA Ephemeris](http://ephemeris.sjaa.net)
for many years.
## Miscellanea
![[Miscellanea]](images/photos/dropletT.jpg)
["Shallow Thoughts" blog](blog/) ...
[Birds of the West](Birds/) ...
[Bay Area Wildflowers](nature/wildflowers/) ...
[Public speaking](talks/) ...
[Photography](photo.html) ...
[Geology](geology/) ...
[R/C airplanes](planes/) ...
[Kayaking](kayak/) ...
[Mountain biking](mtb.html) ...
[Motorcycling](moto.html) ...
[Autocrossing a Fiat X1/9](autox.html) ...
and an old and seldom updated [personal page](akkana.html).
Please visit the [Shallow Sky Bookstore](books.html)
for book recommendations, and help support this site! Thanks!
---
[![[Powered by Linux]](images/logos/tuxsticker.png)](linux/)
[![[Debian]](images/logos/openlogo-38.png)](http://www.debian.org/)
![[ESR glider hacker logo]](images/logos/glider.png)
[![[Created with GIMP]](images/logos/gimp.gif)](linux/limaging.html)
*Shallowsky.com is produced and served on
[Linux](linux/), using free open source software.*
| https://shallowsky.com/index.html |
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<meta name="description"
content="For Music Fans, Book Lovers, Car Collectors, Comedians, Public Speakers, and other Creative People.">
<meta name="keywords"
content="delius, beatles, badfinger, nick drake, liadov, korngold, isetta,eddie cochran, MIDI, aggie, electric vehicle, toastmasters, buddy holly, elvis presley, chevrolet,martin autopark, coloring book">
<meta name="GENERATOR"
content="Mozilla/4.78 [en] (Windows NT 5.0; U) [Netscape]">
<title>The Thompsonian Institution</title>
<link rel="SHORTCUT ICON"
href="http://thompsonian.info/thominst-icon.ico">
</head>
<body style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(0, 255, 255);"
alink="#ff0000" vlink="#993366" link="#0000ee">
<center>
<h1><img src="thominst.gif" width="404" height="175" hspace="100"></h1>
</center>
<center>
<h1> <b><font size="+1">Hello! I'm Bill Thompson. Welcome to The
Thompsonian!</font></b></h1>
</center>
<center>
<p><br>
<b><i>"SINCE 1996" - CELEBRATING 25 YEARS!</i></b> </p>
<p>The mission of The Thompsonian Institution is to: <br>
Share the love of Christ with others; <br>
Develop original music and information content for the Web; <br>
Provide links to recommended Web Sites; and to <br>
Encourage communication with those who share my interests. </p>
<p><font size="+1"><a href="http://thompsonian.info/mailme.html">e-mail
Bill Thompson</a></font> </p>
<p><a href="http://www.spreadfirefox.com/?q=affiliates&id=43664&t=78"><img
src="trust.gif" alt="Get Firefox!" title="Get Firefox!" border="0"
width="120" height="60"></a> <br>
</p>
<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><!-- BEGIN worldcat.org search box -->
<div id="wcs2w"
style="margin: 0pt; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS',Arial,Helvetica,Verdana,sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 11px; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.3em; text-align: center; width: 250px;">
<form name="wcfw" id="wcfw" method="get" accept-charset="UTF-8"
action="http://worldcat.org/search" target="_top" style="margin: 0pt;"><input
name="qt" value="affiliate" type="hidden"> <input name="ai"
value="Thompsonian_delius99" type="hidden">
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><strong>Search for
an item in libraries near you:</strong><br>
<label for="q" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102);">Enter title,
subject or person</label></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><input name="q" id="q" size="20" maxlength="80"
style="border: 1px solid rgb(153, 153, 153); font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS',Arial,Helvetica,Verdana,sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; width: 150px;"
type="text"></td>
<td><input name="wcsbtn2w" id="wcsbtn2w"
src="http://worldcat.org/searchbox/images/wcsbtn2.gif?ai=Thompsonian_delius99"
alt="Search WorldCat" title="Search WorldCat" type="image"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</form>
</div>
<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;">
<div style="text-align: left;"><b><i><font color="#ff0000"><font
size="+4">MUSIC:</font></font></i></b>
<br>
<big><big><big><br style="font-weight: bold;">
<a href="bt-music.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;">My Music Page</span></a></big><span
style="font-weight: bold;"> (recordings and compositions)</span></big></big><br>
<br>
<big><a href="midi.html"><big><span style="font-weight: bold;">My MIDI
Music Page</span></big></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> (with
computerized orchestral simulations)</span></big><br>
<br>
<big><big style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="garrett-grantham.html">The
GARRETT
GRANTHAM
PAGE</a> - featuring audio and video links for
Garrett's live performances and studio recordings!</big></big><br>
<br>
</div>
<hr style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;" width="100%">
<br>
<h2 style="text-align: left;"><font size="+3">Frederick Delius
(1862-1934)</font></h2>
<p style="text-align: left;">Delius is my favorite composer and I have
dedicated a separate page
to him: </p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><small><b><i><font size="+4"><small><a
href="http://thompsonian.info/delius.html">The
Music
of
Frederick
Delius</a></small></font></i></b></small> <br>
</p>
<hr style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;">
<p style="text-align: left;"><b>MY OTHER MUSICAL FAVORITES:</b> </p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><br>
</p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><b>WEB PAGES MAINTAINED BY THE THOMPSONIAN:</b>
</p>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
</ul>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<ul>
<li><small><small><small><b><font size="+4"><small><small><small><a
href="http://thompsonian.info/delius.html">The
Music
of
Frederick
Delius</a></small></small></small></font></b></small></small></small></li>
</ul>
<small> </small></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b><a href="http://thompsonian.info/fenby.html">Eric Fenby:
Unsung Hero of Music</a></b> (Composer - Assistant to Delius)<img
src="Bill-oval.jpg" align="right" width="188" height="331"></li>
<li><b><a href="http://thompsonian.info/warlock.html">Peter Warlock</a></b>
(Composer - Friend and Biographer of Delius)</li>
<li><a href="grainger.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Percy
Grainger</span></a> (Composer, Pianist, Musicologist - Friend of Delius)<br>
</li>
<li><b><a href="http://thompsonian.info/korngold.html">Erich Wolfgang
Korngold</a></b> (Movie Soundtracks for Errol Flynn)</li>
<li><b><a href="http://thompsonian.info/slatkin.html">Felix Slatkin</a></b>
(Violinist, Conductor, Arranger, Producer)</li>
<li><b><a href="http://thompsonian.info/sct-fil1.htm">Samuel
Coleridge-Taylor</a></b> (Black English Composer)</li>
<li><a href="gottschalk.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Louis
Moreau Gottschalk</span></a> (Pioneering Pianist/Composer of the
Americas)</li>
<li><small><big><a href="guion-music.html"><span
style="font-weight: bold;">David W. Guion</span></a> (Texas composer
and arranger - "Home On The Range")</big><br>
</small></li>
<li><a href="foote.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Arthur Foote</span></a>
(New England Composer)<br>
</li>
<li><a href="jolly-minstrels.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;">The
Jolly
Minstrels</span></a> (LP of Medieval Music)</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="ragtime.html" style="font-weight: bold;">RAGTIME</a>
(Scott Joplin and other ragtime composers)<br>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="mary-ann-kirtley.html">Mary
Ann
Kirtley</a> (Christian Singer)<br>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b><a href="http://thompsonian.info/cochran.html">Eddie Cochran</a></b>
(Great Guitarist - "Summertime Blues")</li>
<li><b><a href="http://thompsonian.info/sealcrof.html">Seals and
Crofts</a></b> (Pop troubadours - "Summer Breeze")</li>
<li><a href="maria-muldaur.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Maria
Muldaur</span></a> (American Songstress - "Midnight At The Oasis")<br>
</li>
<li><b><a href="http://thompsonian.info/brownies.html">Milton Brown
& The Musical Brownies</a></b> (Pioneer Western Swing Band)</li>
<li><a href="neal-ford-fanatics.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Neal
Ford
&
The
Fanatics</span></a> (1960's rock band from Houston,
Texas)</li>
<li><a href="Jess-Hooper-Rockabilly.html"><span
style="font-weight: bold;">Jess Hooper</span></a>
(Reclusive
Rockabilly)</li>
<li><a
href="http://thompsonian.info/rockpile-live-shows-1977-1981.html"><span
style="font-weight: bold;">Rockpile - Live Shows 1977-1981</span></a>
(with links to reviews, articles, setlists, audio files)<br>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="Country_Church_Of_Hollywood-FINAL.html"><span
style="font-weight: bold;">The Country Church of Hollywood</span></a></li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><a href="Ann-Sothern.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Ann
Sothern</span></a> - Beloved Star of Radio, Stage, Movies ("Maisie")
and TV ("Susie")<br>
</li>
</ul>
<br>
<br>
<div style="text-align: left; margin-left: 40px;">(more links are on
the <a href="http://thompsonian.info/webmark.html">Favorite Links</a>
page) </div>
<p style="text-align: left;"><br>
<b>WEBSITES MAINTAINED BY OTHERS:</b> </p>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b><a href="http://www.leroyanderson.com/">Leroy Anderson</a> </b>(American
Composer
of
Light
Symphonic
Works)</li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liadov"><b>Anatol
Liadov</b></a> (Russian Impressionist)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.scottjoplin.org/"><b>Scott
Joplin</b></a> (American Composer of Piano Rags and "Treemonisha")</li>
<li><b><a href="http://www.dws.org/sousa/">John Philip Sousa</a></b>
(The March King)</li>
<li><b><a href="http://www.beatles.com/">The Beatles</a></b> (The Fab
Four)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.elvis.com/"><b>Elvis Presley</b></a>
(The Big E!)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.badfingerlibrary.com/"><b>Badfinger</b></a>
(Beatlesque Apple Band)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Holly"><b>Buddy Holly</b></a>
(Texas' favorite son)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.brytermusic.com/"><b>Nick
Drake</b></a> (English folk/jazz/rock)</li>
<li><b><a href="http://www.carlenecarterfanclub.com/">Carlene Carter</a></b>
(Country/Rock vocalist)</li>
<li><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://www.mickeyjupp.se/">Mickey
Jupp</a> (British Songwriter/Vocalist/Guitarist)</li>
<li><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://nicklowe.com/">Nick
Lowe</a> </span>(British Songwriter/Vocalist/Guitarist)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Edmunds"><span
style="font-weight: bold;">Dave Edmunds</span></a> (British
Vocalist/Guitarist/Producer)</li>
</ul>
<b><br>
</b>
<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;">
<p style="text-align: left;"><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a
href="https://www.mariinsky.ru/en/company/opera_women/goncharova/">EKATERINA
GONCHAROVA,
Soprano</a><br>
<a
href="https://www.youtube.com/user/voicevoce/videos">YouTube video page</a> </span></big>
Wonderful
musical
performances,
many
from the historic Mariinsky Theater in
St. Petersburg, Russia<br>
<a
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7Suj6PvGeY"><span
style="font-weight: bold;">Tchaikovsky's "Eugene Onegin" from the
Mariinsky Theater with Ekaterina Goncharova as Tatiana</span></a>
(complete opera sung in Russian with English subtitles) - the "Letter
Scene" begins at 41:31 - a tour de force by Ekaterina!<br>
</p>
<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;">
<p style="text-align: left;"><a
href="http://thompsonian.info/Articles-Scans/Articles-Scans.html"><b><font
size="+1">Scans of selected articles about music from the 1970's<br>
</font></b></a></p>
<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;">
<p style="text-align: left;"><b><font size="+1"><a
href="http://thompsonian.info/LP-LIST-1981.html">The Lost LP
Collection (Donated to Library in 1981)</a></font></b> <br>
</p>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<hr style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;" width="100%">
<p style="text-align: left;"><b><font size="+1"><a
href="http://www.adamgolka.com/">ADAM GOLKA,
pianist extraordinaire!</a></font></b> <br>
</p>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<hr style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;" width="100%">
<p style="text-align: left;"><b><font size="+1"><a
href="http://thompsonian.info/wfmu-archives.html">WFMU RADIO ARCHIVES
- Online archives of radio shows</a></font></b><br>
</p>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<hr style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto;"><b><a
href="http://thompsonian.info/ben.html">A TRIBUTE TO MY DAD: BEN
THOMPSON (1922 - 2002)</a><br>
<br>
<a href="zona.html">A TRIBUTE TO MY MOTHER: ZONA THOMPSON (1925 - 1965)</a><br>
<br>
<a href="thalia-thompson.html">A TRIBUTE TO MY STEPMOTHER: THALIA
BREWER THOMPSON (1928 - 2008)</a><br>
</b></center>
<hr width="100%">
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.billygraham.org/SH_HowToBecomeAChristian.asp">How
to
become
a
Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="http://thompsonian.info/webmark.html">Links to
Interesting Sites (My Bookmarks)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://thompsonian.info/bt-running.htm">My Running
Program (5K/5 Mile/10K/Half Marathon)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://thompsonian.info/midi.html">MIDI Music Files Page</a></li>
<li><a href="http://thompsonian.info/BT-Video-List-1.html">Video
Collection</a></li>
<li><a href="http://thompsonian.info/Clive-Cussler-Books.html">Books
by Clive Cussler and by Jack DuBrul (adventure novels)</a></li>
<li><a href="John-Grisham-Novels.html">Books by John Grisham</a><br>
</li>
<li><a
href="http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-name/index.html">September
11
Memorial
Page</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><b><a href="SWC.html">The Southwest Conference</a><a
href="http://thompsonian.info/chs-swim.html"><br>
</a></b></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><b><a href="http://www.conroesymphony.org/">Conroe Symphony
Orchestra</a></b></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="colbook.html"><span style="font-weight: bold;">The
Martin Autopark Coloring Book (created by Bill Thompson in 1997) - PDF
download</span></a><br>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="Bill-Clinton-Skipper-Martin-1962.html"><span
style="font-weight: bold;">Hot Springs (Arkansas) High School - 1962
Yearbook featuring Bill Clinton and Skip Martin</span></a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: bold;">Spring Woods High School (Houston,
Texas) - Class of 1971:</li>
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: bold;"><a
href="http://www.springwoods1971.com/">Reunion Web Page</a></li>
<li><a
href="http://www.thompsonian.info/spring-woods-hs-class-of-1971.JPG"><span
style="font-weight: bold;">Panoramic Class Photo (3 MB)</span></a><br>
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="Coneheads-Glossary.pdf">Coneheads Glossary (by Dan
Ackroyd and Tom Davis)</a></li>
</ul>
<br>
<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><b><font size="+3">Videos<br>
<small><small><br>
<a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/delius98">My YouTube Channel</a><br>
</small></small></font></b>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: bold;">GARRETT GRANTHAM VIDEOS are now
on the <a href="garrett-grantham.html">GARRETT GRANTHAM PAGE</a></span><br>
</li>
</ul>
<b><font size="+3">
</font></b>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a
href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGzbA-zfOpc&feature=channel_video_title">"Captain
Klutz"
(1968
-
SILENT)</a> </span>- original silent movie by the
Warwick Brothers</li>
<li><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R27pp5UGjjU"><span
style="font-weight: bold;">"Captain Klutz" (1968 - SOUND)</span></a> -
with original soundtrack music by Bill Thompson (2010)</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a
href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyvVetunH54">"Walk Along"</a> </span>(Rich
Warwick
project
for
Campus
Workshop
TV
-
August
1980)</li>
</ul>
<span style="font-weight: bold;"></span>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: bold;">The Bill Thompson Show (FBC
Conroe 6/28/2011)</span></li>
<ul>
<li><a
href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HGkNFTUWctM&feature=channel_video_title"><span
style="font-weight: bold;">What A Friend We Have In Jesus</span></a>
(BT piano)</li>
<li><a
href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IdG4c1K-dKI&feature=relmfu"><span
style="font-weight: bold;">The Missouri Pacific Rag</span></a> (BT
piano)</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: bold;">The Ragtime Dance (Sedalia, MO -
June 2010)</span> - look for Bill and Mary Margaret</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGwbQX_ZGvE"><span
style="font-weight: bold;">Cakewalk Contest ("Creole Belle") <br>
</span></a></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: bold;"><a
href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ph7-9iXqIzw">"The Teddy Bears
Picnic"</a></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: bold;">Piano performances at the San Antonio
Ragtime Society Festivals and Meetings:</li>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mk_QXN0vOQc">"Binks
Waltz" by Scott Joplin (10/4/2011)</a><br>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-pol7IU1ho">"Tranquility
Rag"
by
Dale
Hadley
(5/20/2012)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://youtu.be/Hu4zA442lcM">"Missouri Pacific Rag" by
Bill Thompson (8/25/2012)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2a7yFQgdFs">"River Man
Rag" arr. by Bill Thompson (8/25/2012)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZcZ8-x5rRo">"The
Alamo Rag Song" by Percy Wenrich & Ben Deely (4/19/2014)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ST8Fn-Q20vM">"Riverwalk
Rag"
by
Bill
Thompson
(2015)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z_o-lOzs07k">"Train to
Sedalia" by Brett Youens (10/17/2015)</a></li>
<li><br>
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<big><big style="font-weight: bold;"><big><br>
</big></big></big>
<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;"><big><big
style="font-weight: bold;"><big>Photos</big></big></big><br>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://valdezaugust2010.shutterfly.com/">Alaska Trip
Photos (August 2010)</a><br>
</li>
<li><a href="http://alaskacruise200905.shutterfly.com/">Alaska Cruise
Photos (May 2009)</a></li>
<li>Alaska Trip Photos (July
2006):
<a
href="http://share.shutterfly.com/action/welcome?sid=9QZMmrlo2YQk">Digital
Photos</a>
<a href="http://share.shutterfly.com/action/welcome?sid=9QZMmrlo2f2">Scans
of
film
prints</a></li>
<li><a
href="http://share.shutterfly.com/action/welcome?sid=9QZMmrlo2c6">Alaska
Trip
Photos
(Aug-Sept
2004)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://juliannehoughconcert20091018.shutterfly.com/">Photos
from
Julianne
Hough
concert
in
Montgomery,
TX
(2009-10-18)</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Baltimore: Anne-Marie's Masters Degree Ceremony at Johns Hopkins
University, plus local sightseeing (May-June 2010)<br>
</li>
<ul>
<li><b>Site URL:</b> <a
href="http://baltimoreannemariemastersdegree.shutterfly.com/#%3aemid%3dsite_sitecreated%26cid%3dSHARE3SXXXX">http://baltimoreannemariemastersdegree.shutterfly.com/</a></li>
</ul>
<li>Sedalia, Missouri: Scott Joplin Ragtime Festival (June 2010)</li>
<ul>
<li><b>Site URL:</b> <a
href="http://sedaliaragtimefestivaljune2010.shutterfly.com/#%3aemid%3dsite_sitecreated%26cid%3dSHARE3SXXXX">http://sedaliaragtimefestivaljune2010.shutterfly.com/</a></li>
</ul>
<li>St. Louis, Missouri: Scott Joplin House & Museum / Gateway
Arch (June 2010)<br>
</li>
<ul>
<li><b>Site URL:</b> <a
href="http://scottjoplinhousemuseumstlouis.shutterfly.com/#%3aemid%3dsite_sitecreated%26cid%3dSHARE3SXXXX">http://scottjoplinhousemuseumstlouis.shutterfly.com/</a></li>
</ul>
<li>Memphis: Graceland - Elvis' Presley's home (June 2010)<br>
</li>
<ul>
<li><b>Site URL:</b> <a
href="http://elvisgracelandmemphistnjune82010.shutterfly.com/#%3aemid%3dsite_sitecreated%26cid%3dSHARE3SXXXX">http://elvisgracelandmemphistnjune82010.shutterfly.com/</a></li>
</ul>
<li>Hawaii Cruise (November 2010)</li>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: bold;">Site URL: </span><a
href="http://hawaii2010thompson.shutterfly.com/">http://hawaii2010thompson.shutterfly.com/</a></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a
href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/80921396@N07/sets/72157630236723462/">Minnesota-Iowa
Trip
(June
2012
-
including
Eddie
Cochran
and
Buddy
Holly
sites)</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a
href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/80921396@N07/sets/72157630812804576/">Palestine,
Texas
Trip
(July
2012)</a> - areas where my parents, grandparents and
other relatives lived<br>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="margin-left: 40px;"><big><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br>
Thompson Family Photos (digitized from prints and slides):</span></big><br>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Prints (505 black & white and color photos):
<ul>
<li>Site URL: <a
href="http://thompsonfamilyphotosprints.shutterfly.com/#%26emid%3dsite_sitecreated%26cid%3dSHARE3SXXXX">http://thompsonfamilyphotosprints.shutterfly.com/</a>
</li>
<li><b>Slide Show:</b> <a href="http://tinyurl.com/k42jypl"><b>http://tinyurl.com/k42jypl</b></a>
</li>
</ul>
<br>
</li>
<li>Slides: Set 1 (130 color slides)
<ul>
<li>Site URL: <a
href="http://thompsonfamilyslides1.shutterfly.com/#%26emid%3dsite_sitecreated%26cid%3dSHARE3SXXXX">http://thompsonfamilyslides1.shutterfly.com/</a>
</li>
<li><b>Slide Show: <a href="http://tinyurl.com/qf673el">http://tinyurl.com/qf673el</a></b></li>
</ul>
<b><br>
</b></li>
<li>Slides: Set 2 (280 color slides)
<ul>
<li>Site URL: <a href="http://thompsonslides2.shutterfly.com/">http://thompsonslides2.shutterfly.com/</a>
</li>
<li><b>Slide Show:</b> <a href="http://tinyurl.com/pktx8ax"><b>http://tinyurl.com/pktx8ax</b></a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: bold;">Photos of Zona Thompson (my
mother)</span></li>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: bold;">Site URL: </span><a
href="http://zonathompson.shutterfly.com/">http://zonathompson.shutterfly.com/</a><span
style="font-weight: bold;"><br>
</span></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: bold;">Slide Show: <a
href="http://tinyurl.com/lc4n89f">http://tinyurl.com/lc4n89f</a><br>
</span></li>
<ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<b><font size="+3"><br>
</font></b>
<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;">
<div style="text-align: center;"><b><i><font size="+2"><a
href="http://thompsonian.info/jci-80-years.html">James Coney Island
"Fondest Memories" Contest 2003</a></font></i></b> <br>
</div>
<p style="text-align: center;"><b><i><font size="+2"><a
href="http://thompsonian.info/jci-80-years.html">(my story about my
Dad was selected!)</a></font></i></b> <br>
</p>
<hr style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="100%">
<p style="text-align: center;"><b><i><font size="+2"><a
href="http://thompsonian.info/colts.html">THE
HOUSTON
COLT
.45s
BASEBALL
TEAM
(1962-64)</a></font></i></b> </p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><b><i><font size="+1">featuring </font><font
size="+2"><a href="http://thompsonian.info/roman-mejias.html">ROMAN
MEJIAS, HOME
RUN KING</a></font></i></b> <br>
</p>
<hr style="width: 100%; height: 2px;">
<p><b>MY HOBBIES:</b> </p>
<ul>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-weight: bold;">Songwriting / Piano / Keyboards</span><br>
</li>
<li><b>Collecting records/tapes/CDs/DVDs</b></li>
<li><span style="font-weight: bold;">Website maintenance</span><br>
</li>
<li style="font-weight: bold;">Reading</li>
<li><span style="font-weight: bold;">Crossword puzzles</span><br>
</li>
<li><b><a href="http://www.toastmasters.org/">TOASTMASTERS (Public
Speaking)</a></b></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classics_Illustrated"><b>Classics
Illustrated
Comics</b></a></li>
<li><b>Computer work</b></li>
<li><a href="bt-running.htm"><b>Running</b></a></li>
</ul>
<hr width="100%">
<p><b>MY FAITH:</b> </p>
<ul>
<li><b><a href="http://www.sbc.net/">Southern Baptist Convention</a></b>
(Christian)</li>
<li>Bible Study</li>
<li>Choir & Gospel Music</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<p><b>MY ALMA MATER:</b> </p>
<ul>
<li><b><a href="http://www.tamu.edu/">Texas A&M University</a></b>
(Aggies)</li>
</ul>
<hr><br>
<hr>
<address style="font-weight: bold;"><big><a
href="http://thompsonian.info/mailme.html">e-mail Bill
Thompson</a></big></address>
</body>
</html>
|
The Thompsonian Institution
#
# **Hello! I'm Bill Thompson. Welcome to The
Thompsonian!**
***"SINCE 1996" - CELEBRATING 25 YEARS!***
The mission of The Thompsonian Institution is to:
Share the love of Christ with others;
Develop original music and information content for the Web;
Provide links to recommended Web Sites; and to
Encourage communication with those who share my interests.
[e-mail
Bill Thompson](http://thompsonian.info/mailme.html)
[](http://www.spreadfirefox.com/?q=affiliates&id=43664&t=78)
---
| |
| --- |
| **Search for
an item in libraries near you:**
Enter title,
subject or person |
| | |
---
***MUSIC:***
[My Music Page](bt-music.html) (recordings and compositions)
[My MIDI
Music Page](midi.html) (with
computerized orchestral simulations)
[The
GARRETT
GRANTHAM
PAGE](garrett-grantham.html) - featuring audio and video links for
Garrett's live performances and studio recordings!
---
## Frederick Delius
(1862-1934)
Delius is my favorite composer and I have
dedicated a separate page
to him:
***[The
Music
of
Frederick
Delius](http://thompsonian.info/delius.html)***
---
**MY OTHER MUSICAL FAVORITES:**
**WEB PAGES MAINTAINED BY THE THOMPSONIAN:**
* **[The
Music
of
Frederick
Delius](http://thompsonian.info/delius.html)**
* **[Eric Fenby:
Unsung Hero of Music](http://thompsonian.info/fenby.html)** (Composer - Assistant to Delius)
* **[Peter Warlock](http://thompsonian.info/warlock.html)**
(Composer - Friend and Biographer of Delius)
* [Percy
Grainger](grainger.html) (Composer, Pianist, Musicologist - Friend of Delius)
* **[Erich Wolfgang
Korngold](http://thompsonian.info/korngold.html)** (Movie Soundtracks for Errol Flynn)
* **[Felix Slatkin](http://thompsonian.info/slatkin.html)**
(Violinist, Conductor, Arranger, Producer)
* **[Samuel
Coleridge-Taylor](http://thompsonian.info/sct-fil1.htm)** (Black English Composer)
* [Louis
Moreau Gottschalk](gottschalk.html) (Pioneering Pianist/Composer of the
Americas)
* [David W. Guion](guion-music.html) (Texas composer
and arranger - "Home On The Range")
* [Arthur Foote](foote.html)
(New England Composer)
* [The
Jolly
Minstrels](jolly-minstrels.html) (LP of Medieval Music)
* [RAGTIME](ragtime.html)
(Scott Joplin and other ragtime composers)
* [Mary
Ann
Kirtley](mary-ann-kirtley.html) (Christian Singer)
* **[Eddie Cochran](http://thompsonian.info/cochran.html)**
(Great Guitarist - "Summertime Blues")
* **[Seals and
Crofts](http://thompsonian.info/sealcrof.html)** (Pop troubadours - "Summer Breeze")
* [Maria
Muldaur](maria-muldaur.html) (American Songstress - "Midnight At The Oasis")
* **[Milton Brown
& The Musical Brownies](http://thompsonian.info/brownies.html)** (Pioneer Western Swing Band)
* [Neal
Ford
&
The
Fanatics](neal-ford-fanatics.html) (1960's rock band from Houston,
Texas)
* [Jess Hooper](Jess-Hooper-Rockabilly.html)
(Reclusive
Rockabilly)
* [Rockpile - Live Shows 1977-1981](http://thompsonian.info/rockpile-live-shows-1977-1981.html)
(with links to reviews, articles, setlists, audio files)
* [The Country Church of Hollywood](Country_Church_Of_Hollywood-FINAL.html)
* [Ann
Sothern](Ann-Sothern.html) - Beloved Star of Radio, Stage, Movies ("Maisie")
and TV ("Susie")
(more links are on
the [Favorite Links](http://thompsonian.info/webmark.html)
page)
**WEBSITES MAINTAINED BY OTHERS:**
* **[Leroy Anderson](http://www.leroyanderson.com/)** (American
Composer
of
Light
Symphonic
Works)
* [**Anatol
Liadov**](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liadov) (Russian Impressionist)
* [**Scott
Joplin**](http://www.scottjoplin.org/) (American Composer of Piano Rags and "Treemonisha")
* **[John Philip Sousa](http://www.dws.org/sousa/)**
(The March King)
* **[The Beatles](http://www.beatles.com/)** (The Fab
Four)
* [**Elvis Presley**](http://www.elvis.com/)
(The Big E!)
* [**Badfinger**](http://www.badfingerlibrary.com/)
(Beatlesque Apple Band)
* [**Buddy Holly**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Holly)
(Texas' favorite son)
* [**Nick
Drake**](http://www.brytermusic.com/) (English folk/jazz/rock)
* **[Carlene Carter](http://www.carlenecarterfanclub.com/)**
(Country/Rock vocalist)
* [Mickey
Jupp](http://www.mickeyjupp.se/) (British Songwriter/Vocalist/Guitarist)
* [Nick
Lowe](http://nicklowe.com/) (British Songwriter/Vocalist/Guitarist)
* [Dave Edmunds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Edmunds) (British
Vocalist/Guitarist/Producer)
---
[EKATERINA
GONCHAROVA,
Soprano](https://www.mariinsky.ru/en/company/opera_women/goncharova/)
[YouTube video page](https://www.youtube.com/user/voicevoce/videos)
Wonderful
musical
performances,
many
from the historic Mariinsky Theater in
St. Petersburg, Russia
[Tchaikovsky's "Eugene Onegin" from the
Mariinsky Theater with Ekaterina Goncharova as Tatiana](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7Suj6PvGeY)
(complete opera sung in Russian with English subtitles) - the "Letter
Scene" begins at 41:31 - a tour de force by Ekaterina!
---
[**Scans of selected articles about music from the 1970's**](http://thompsonian.info/Articles-Scans/Articles-Scans.html)
---
**[The Lost LP
Collection (Donated to Library in 1981)](http://thompsonian.info/LP-LIST-1981.html)**
---
**[ADAM GOLKA,
pianist extraordinaire!](http://www.adamgolka.com/)**
---
**[WFMU RADIO ARCHIVES
- Online archives of radio shows](http://thompsonian.info/wfmu-archives.html)**
---
**[A TRIBUTE TO MY DAD: BEN
THOMPSON (1922 - 2002)](http://thompsonian.info/ben.html)
[A TRIBUTE TO MY MOTHER: ZONA THOMPSON (1925 - 1965)](zona.html)
[A TRIBUTE TO MY STEPMOTHER: THALIA
BREWER THOMPSON (1928 - 2008)](thalia-thompson.html)**
---
* [How
to
become
a
Christian](http://www.billygraham.org/SH_HowToBecomeAChristian.asp)
* [Links to
Interesting Sites (My Bookmarks)](http://thompsonian.info/webmark.html)
* [My Running
Program (5K/5 Mile/10K/Half Marathon)](http://thompsonian.info/bt-running.htm)
* [MIDI Music Files Page](http://thompsonian.info/midi.html)
* [Video
Collection](http://thompsonian.info/BT-Video-List-1.html)
* [Books
by Clive Cussler and by Jack DuBrul (adventure novels)](http://thompsonian.info/Clive-Cussler-Books.html)
* [Books by John Grisham](John-Grisham-Novels.html)
* [September
11
Memorial
Page](http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-name/index.html)
* **[The Southwest Conference](SWC.html)**
* **[Conroe Symphony
Orchestra](http://www.conroesymphony.org/)**
* [The
Martin Autopark Coloring Book (created by Bill Thompson in 1997) - PDF
download](colbook.html)
* [Hot Springs (Arkansas) High School - 1962
Yearbook featuring Bill Clinton and Skip Martin](Bill-Clinton-Skipper-Martin-1962.html)
* Spring Woods High School (Houston,
Texas) - Class of 1971:
+ [Reunion Web Page](http://www.springwoods1971.com/)
+ [Panoramic Class Photo (3 MB)](http://www.thompsonian.info/spring-woods-hs-class-of-1971.JPG)
* [Coneheads Glossary (by Dan
Ackroyd and Tom Davis)](Coneheads-Glossary.pdf)
---
**Videos
[My YouTube Channel](http://www.youtube.com/user/delius98)**
* GARRETT GRANTHAM VIDEOS are now
on the [GARRETT GRANTHAM PAGE](garrett-grantham.html)
* ["Captain
Klutz"
(1968
-
SILENT)](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGzbA-zfOpc&feature=channel_video_title) - original silent movie by the
Warwick Brothers
* ["Captain Klutz" (1968 - SOUND)](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R27pp5UGjjU) -
with original soundtrack music by Bill Thompson (2010)
* ["Walk Along"](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyvVetunH54) (Rich
Warwick
project
for
Campus
Workshop
TV
-
August
1980)
* The Bill Thompson Show (FBC
Conroe 6/28/2011)
+ [What A Friend We Have In Jesus](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HGkNFTUWctM&feature=channel_video_title)
(BT piano)
+ [The Missouri Pacific Rag](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IdG4c1K-dKI&feature=relmfu) (BT
piano)
* The Ragtime Dance (Sedalia, MO -
June 2010) - look for Bill and Mary Margaret
+ [Cakewalk Contest ("Creole Belle")](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGwbQX_ZGvE)
+ ["The Teddy Bears
Picnic"](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ph7-9iXqIzw)
* Piano performances at the San Antonio
Ragtime Society Festivals and Meetings:
+ ["Binks
Waltz" by Scott Joplin (10/4/2011)](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mk_QXN0vOQc)
+ ["Tranquility
Rag"
by
Dale
Hadley
(5/20/2012)](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-pol7IU1ho)
+ ["Missouri Pacific Rag" by
Bill Thompson (8/25/2012)](http://youtu.be/Hu4zA442lcM)
+ ["River Man
Rag" arr. by Bill Thompson (8/25/2012)](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2a7yFQgdFs)
+ ["The
Alamo Rag Song" by Percy Wenrich & Ben Deely (4/19/2014)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZcZ8-x5rRo)
+ ["Riverwalk
Rag"
by
Bill
Thompson
(2015)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ST8Fn-Q20vM)
+ ["Train to
Sedalia" by Brett Youens (10/17/2015)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z_o-lOzs07k)
+
---
Photos
* [Alaska Trip
Photos (August 2010)](http://valdezaugust2010.shutterfly.com/)
* [Alaska Cruise
Photos (May 2009)](http://alaskacruise200905.shutterfly.com/)
* Alaska Trip Photos (July
2006):
[Digital
Photos](http://share.shutterfly.com/action/welcome?sid=9QZMmrlo2YQk)
[Scans
of
film
prints](http://share.shutterfly.com/action/welcome?sid=9QZMmrlo2f2)
* [Alaska
Trip
Photos
(Aug-Sept
2004)](http://share.shutterfly.com/action/welcome?sid=9QZMmrlo2c6)
* [Photos
from
Julianne
Hough
concert
in
Montgomery,
TX
(2009-10-18)](http://juliannehoughconcert20091018.shutterfly.com/)
* Baltimore: Anne-Marie's Masters Degree Ceremony at Johns Hopkins
University, plus local sightseeing (May-June 2010)
+ **Site URL:** [http://baltimoreannemariemastersdegree.shutterfly.com/](http://baltimoreannemariemastersdegree.shutterfly.com/#%3aemid%3dsite_sitecreated%26cid%3dSHARE3SXXXX)
* Sedalia, Missouri: Scott Joplin Ragtime Festival (June 2010)
+ **Site URL:** [http://sedaliaragtimefestivaljune2010.shutterfly.com/](http://sedaliaragtimefestivaljune2010.shutterfly.com/#%3aemid%3dsite_sitecreated%26cid%3dSHARE3SXXXX)
* St. Louis, Missouri: Scott Joplin House & Museum / Gateway
Arch (June 2010)
+ **Site URL:** [http://scottjoplinhousemuseumstlouis.shutterfly.com/](http://scottjoplinhousemuseumstlouis.shutterfly.com/#%3aemid%3dsite_sitecreated%26cid%3dSHARE3SXXXX)
* Memphis: Graceland - Elvis' Presley's home (June 2010)
+ **Site URL:** [http://elvisgracelandmemphistnjune82010.shutterfly.com/](http://elvisgracelandmemphistnjune82010.shutterfly.com/#%3aemid%3dsite_sitecreated%26cid%3dSHARE3SXXXX)
* Hawaii Cruise (November 2010)
+ Site URL: <http://hawaii2010thompson.shutterfly.com/>
* [Minnesota-Iowa
Trip
(June
2012
-
including
Eddie
Cochran
and
Buddy
Holly
sites)](http://www.flickr.com/photos/80921396@N07/sets/72157630236723462/)
* [Palestine,
Texas
Trip
(July
2012)](http://www.flickr.com/photos/80921396@N07/sets/72157630812804576/) - areas where my parents, grandparents and
other relatives lived
Thompson Family Photos (digitized from prints and slides):
* Prints (505 black & white and color photos):
+ Site URL: [http://thompsonfamilyphotosprints.shutterfly.com/](http://thompsonfamilyphotosprints.shutterfly.com/#%26emid%3dsite_sitecreated%26cid%3dSHARE3SXXXX)
+ **Slide Show:** [**http://tinyurl.com/k42jypl**](http://tinyurl.com/k42jypl)
* Slides: Set 1 (130 color slides)
+ Site URL: [http://thompsonfamilyslides1.shutterfly.com/](http://thompsonfamilyslides1.shutterfly.com/#%26emid%3dsite_sitecreated%26cid%3dSHARE3SXXXX)
+ **Slide Show: <http://tinyurl.com/qf673el>**
* Slides: Set 2 (280 color slides)
+ Site URL: <http://thompsonslides2.shutterfly.com/>
+ **Slide Show:** [**http://tinyurl.com/pktx8ax**](http://tinyurl.com/pktx8ax)
* Photos of Zona Thompson (my
mother)
+ Site URL: <http://zonathompson.shutterfly.com/>
+ Slide Show: <http://tinyurl.com/lc4n89f>
---
***[James Coney Island
"Fondest Memories" Contest 2003](http://thompsonian.info/jci-80-years.html)***
***[(my story about my
Dad was selected!)](http://thompsonian.info/jci-80-years.html)***
---
***[THE
HOUSTON
COLT
.45s
BASEBALL
TEAM
(1962-64)](http://thompsonian.info/colts.html)***
***featuring [ROMAN
MEJIAS, HOME
RUN KING](http://thompsonian.info/roman-mejias.html)***
---
**MY HOBBIES:**
* Songwriting / Piano / Keyboards
* **Collecting records/tapes/CDs/DVDs**
* Website maintenance
* Reading
* Crossword puzzles
* **[TOASTMASTERS (Public
Speaking)](http://www.toastmasters.org/)**
* [**Classics
Illustrated
Comics**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classics_Illustrated)
* **Computer work**
* [**Running**](bt-running.htm)
---
**MY FAITH:**
* **[Southern Baptist Convention](http://www.sbc.net/)**
(Christian)
* Bible Study
* Choir & Gospel Music
---
**MY ALMA MATER:**
* **[Texas A&M University](http://www.tamu.edu/)**
(Aggies)
---
---
[e-mail Bill
Thompson](http://thompsonian.info/mailme.html)
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<title>Hammersly's Ironclads</title>
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<h1 align=center>Ironclads<br>
<font size=3>By</font><br><font size=4>E. Simpson, Commodore U.S.N.</font><br>
<font size=3>From</font><br>
<font size=5>Hammersly's Naval Encyclopedia</font><br>
<font size=4>L. R. Hammersly</font><br>
<font size=3>Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1881</font><br>
<font size=2>(With illustrations from other sources)</font></h1>
<center>
<table>
<tr>
<td align=center><img src="../images/clips/rule-B.gif" width=588 height=15 vspace=20>
<tr>
<td width=750><font size=4>
<p>The term applies to all vessels clad with iron for defense. The
introduction of iron armor for the protection of ships is of very
recent date. Formerly, as we find by allusions in history, there had
been instances where efforts were made to protect the sides of ships
by timber or hides, but these seem to have been isolated cases due
to the ideas of some individual commander. With the artillery that was
in use in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries there was no call for
any aid in the defense of ships, and the term wooden walls conveyed
the idea of an all-sufficient protection; and the correctness of the
idea is sufficiently apparent when we refer to the actions of such
commanders as Blake and Van Tromp being continued day after day, and
being finally closed without definite result.
</p>
<p>In the 18th century artillery had become much more formidable, but
it was not until early in the 19th century that any definite shape was
given to the idea of protecting the sides of a ship from the fire of
an enemy; and even when it was first seriously proposed it met with
great disfavor, and has had to fight its way against determined
opposition and prejudice.
</p>
<p>Thomas Gregg, of Pennsylvania, is given the credit of the first
definite proposition for an ironclad vessel in 1813, but no decided
step in developing the subject was taken until Mr. Stevens, of New
York, made his contract with the U. S. government in 1843 for the
construction of an armed vessel.
</p>
<p>The date of this, the first decided step in the direction of armor
for ships made by any government, is worthy of note, for we find that
it was at about the same period of time that horizontal firing of
explosive projectiles from the batteries of ships of war became
general. The connection between the two circumstances is apparent,
and there can be no doubt that the introduction of the shell as a
projectile has caused the use of iron for armor.
</p>
<p>The development of armor ceased at this time with the above
contract for the Stevens battery, and it was not until after the
Crimean war (1855) that efforts were renewed to introduce armor.
</p>
<p><img src="Guns.gif" align=right width=217 height=334 hspace=10 vspace=8
border=3 alt="Guns of the ironclads">
During the Crimean war a few ironclad batteries had been
constructed by the French, and it was the behavior of these vessels in
their ability to resist the effect of shells which induced the English and
French governments to commence the construction of ironclad ships. In 1858
the work of conversion and construction was commenced in earnest, and it
has been carried on unremittingly to the present day. As the capacity for
defense increased, the power of offense was added to by increasing the
power of the guns, and thus have arisen the wonderful fleets of ironclads
that we now see on the ocean.
</p>
<p>The different types of ironclads are so numerous that it is
impossible to enumerate them in a paper of this character; they can
be generally ranged under two heads, namely, as broadside and
turreted vessels. The first efforts were naturally confined to the
construction of broadside ironclads; the turreted vessels were of
later date of construction, due to an invention of Mr. Ericsson, of
which mention will be made later. The broadside ironclads will be
first presented, and the rate of development during the past twenty
years can be estimated by citing a few instances in the course of the
application of the system. The work of developing the system was
assumed by England and France alone, and after a certain point had
been reached England was left alone to continue the work, carrying it
to its present state. The conclusions that have been readied by her
investigations and experiments have been adopted and applied by other
nations, but the English ironclads are the proper citations to make
in tracing the advancement of the system.
</p>
<p><img src="Gloire.gif" align=right width=376 height=205 hspace=10
vspace=8 border=3 alt="La Gloire">
In 1858 the French built <i><b>La Gloire</b></i>, and the English
built the <i><b>Warrior</b></i>. The <i><b>Gloire</b></i> was a wooden
hull, but the <i><b>Warrior</b></i> was iron built. This error in the
French construction was continued for many years, and had the effect
of throwing her back in the struggle for supremacy, as the deterioration of
the wood covered by iron plating made repairs frequent, and increased
expense.
</p>
<p>The following table presents the first experiments made in
the
development of sea-going broadside ironclads:</p>
<tr>
<td width=750 align=center><img src="IC-1A.gif" align=middle width=534 height=266
vspace=30 border=3 alt="Chart 1">
<tr>
<td width=750><font size=4>
<p><img src="Worrier.gif" align=left width=432 height=234 hspace=10 vspace=8
border=3 alt="HMS Warrior">
The <i><b>Gloire</b></i> carried a battery of thirty-six 6-inch guns,
but the <i><b>Warrior</b></i> carried a battery of ten 12-ton (9-inch) and
sixteen 6.5-ton (7-inch) guns, which made her much the more formidable
vessel.
</p>
<p>After the construction of these vessels the mode of procedure of
the two governments was very unlike, the French plan being to build a
large number of similar vessels, while the English plan is apparent
in numerous vessels of dissimilar construction. Two examples are
cited of a type that has been repeated very often in the French
service, thus forming the chief part of her ironclad fleet.
</p>
<tr>
<td width=750 align=center><img src="IC-2A.gif" align=middle width=534 height=266
vspace=30 border=3 alt="Chart 2">
<tr>
<td width=750><font size=4>
<p>The class of the <i><b>Flandre</b></i> type is armed with eight 12-ton guns
and four 7-ton guns. The class of the <i><b>Belliqueuse</b></i> type is armed
with six 7-ton guns.
</p>
<p>The following examples (taken, as are the above, from King's
<b>Report on European Ships of War</b>) illustrate the progress made in
England in the development of ironclads of the broadside type:
</p>
<tr>
<td width=750 align=center><img src="IC-3A.gif" align=middle width=534 height=378
vspace=30 border=3 alt="Chart 3">
<tr>
<td width=750><font size=4>
<p>Since the time of the completion of the <i><b>Warrior</b></i> there has
taken place a great change in the way of disposing the armor, and this has
been influenced by the change in the artillery, which concentrates a
greater power now in a few guns than was developed in the
<i><b>Warrior's</b></i> armament by a larger number of guns. The
<img src="Armour.gif" align=left width=280 height=322 hspace=10 vspace=8
border=3 alt="Armour distribution of some ironclads">
<i><b>Warrior</b></i> was armored amidships only, that is, abreast of her
battery; the ends were unprotected. In later constructions a continuous belt
of armor is considered indispensable all around at the water-line, and
the side-armor is carried up around the more contracted space devoted
to the battery. In some cases, notably in the <i><b>Nelson</b></i> type, the
broadside of the battery is left unprotected, the amount of armor that would have
been placed at that place being disposed in the form of vertical bulkheads
and horizontal decks forward and abaft of the battery; all the vital
portions of the vessel are thus amply protected, and the battery itself is
protected from a fire from directly ahead or astern.
</p>
<p>It has always been very desirable to give the guns as much lateral
train as possible, but when the guns, few in number, were
concentrated in the central part of the vessel, it became the more
necessary to increase this property in them. From the effort to
achieve this object have arisen many of the modifications in the
development of the fleet of ironclads, which account for the
<img src="Alexandra.gif" align=right width=370 height=244 hspace=10 vspace=8
border=3 alt="Batteries of HMS Alexandra">
diversity in their construction. In some cases the forward and after
iron bulkheads are curved to form bow and quarter ports, in which
guns are mounted and protected even when the broadside battery is
unprotected. In other cases, where the broadside battery is protected,
and the side-armor is connected with the athwartship bulkheads forward and
shaft the battery, a port is cut in the bulkheads near the corners, and the
forward and after guns on each side are made shifting guns, to fire out
of either port at will. In other cases, an additional iron casemate is
constructed above the main battery. In other cases, the fire ahead and
astern is delivered from stationary turrets placed at the bow and stern,
the guns being uncovered, mounted in barbette. By these means an all-around
fire is obtained from broadside ships without interfering with the use of
the whole battery on the broadside.
</p>
<p>The introduction of turreted ironclads is due to a call for
ironclads made by the U. S. government during the war of the
Rebellion of 1861. Among those who responded to this call was Mr.
John Ericsson, of New York, who submitted the plans of the
<i><b>Monitor</b></i>.
</p>
<p>Agreeably to the conditions named by the Navy Department, the
following problem was presented to him : an ironclad vessel of small
dimensions capable of navigating the Southern rivers, and absolutely
impregnable against the ordnance possessed by the Southern
States.
</p>
<p>The draft of water being thus limited to about 11 feet,
impregnability could only be insured by nearly immersing the hull,
as high freeboard and impregnability would have called for an amount
of weight incompatible with light draft and small tonnage.
</p>
<p>Absolute protection to guns and guns' crews being also an
imperative condition, called for the adoption of a covered battery,
which was made cylindrical, and, in order to obviate the necessity of
maneuvering the vessel in narrow rivers, the battery or turret was
made to revolve around a vertical axis, in order to insure an
all-around fire while the vessel remained stationary.
</p>
<p>As the light draft of this small ironclad brought the top of the
propeller very near the water-line, a projecting deck, or stern
overhang, was adopted for the protection of the propeller blades.
</p>
<p>The principal object of the <i><b>Monitor</b></i> being that of
engaging shore-batteries at short ranges, facilities for dropping and
lifting the anchor without exposing the crew also presented a problem
for solution, hence the adoption of the overhang deck at the bow,
provided with a cylindrical well in which the anchor was suspended
after being lifted by mechanism arranged within the hull. In order to
give thorough protection, the steam machinery, as well as the
quarters for officers and men, were located below the water-line, and
further protected by a continuous side-overhang. This consisted of
the armor and wood backing, first styled armor timber, which was
bolted to the iron hull, being supported by a horizontal girder
running all along the side, called an armor shelf, which was
assisted by vertical gussets of iron secured at intervals to the side
by angle-irons. The wood backing was disposed in two layers between
these gussets, and the armor, consisting of five 1-inch plates, was
bolted on outside of all. The armor shelf, disposed as a horizontal
girder, formed the base of this projection from the side, and
presented a very formidable resistance to any inclination or tendency
<img src="Monitor.gif" align=right width=348 height=196 hspace=10 vspace=8
border=3 alt="USS Monitor">
to roll that might be induced by the action of the waves. The whole
structure was like a raft on the water, and this was the original
design as conceived by the inventor. It was a most perfect gunnery
platform. The guns that were mounted on this vessel had to be
inclosed, and the most convenient form of inclosure was circular; this
was arranged so as to give lateral training to the guns by revolving, and
thus we have the origin of the system of revolving turrets for ironclad
vessels.
</p>
<p>The principle of the Ericsson turret, with modifications in the
plan of revolving it, has been adopted by other nations, notably by
England, and is perpetuated in her large fleet of turreted vessels, but
decided departure is taken in their construction from the original design
<img src="Ericsson.gif" align=left width=272 height=240 hspace=10 vspace=8
border=3 alt="Ericsson's turret">
of the <i><b>Monitor</b></i>. In fact, it is a misnomer to style all
turreted vessels monitors, for they are only such in the one
point of common resemblance, that the battery is enclosed in a
turret. With the heavy guns now in use a turret is necessary for the
manipulation of them, but in the <i><b>Monitor</b></i> the turret was
adopted as a convenience, for the guns that were mounted in the
<i><b>Monitor</b></i> (11-inch Dahlgrens) could be worked by manpower.
The turret was not the only principle involved in the <i><b>Monitor</b></i>:
the low freeboard was quite as essential a feature; thus the foreign
turreted vessels, with their high freeboards and breastworks and curved
bottoms, inducing and favoring the rolling motion, do not embody the idea of
the <i><b>Monitor</b></i>.
</p>
<p>By common, tacit consent of nations, turreted vessels are not
supplied with masts and sails. The experiment was tried in England,
where were built the <i><b>Monarch</b></i> and the <i><b>Captain</b></i>;
both of these vessels had comparatively high freeboards, that of the
<i><b>Monarch</b></i> being 8 feet in height. The <i><b>Monarch</b></i> has
not been duplicated, and the <i><b>Captain</b></i> capsized under sail and
foundered during her first experimental cruise. The effort in these vessels
was to raise the turret-ports higher above the water; this was done by
raising all the weights and building up the armored sides to the required
height. The effect of this plan was demonstrated in the melancholy catastrophe
that befell the <i><b>Captain</b></i>. The same result, so far as raising the
ports higher is concerned, is achieved now by the English Admiralty
in their turreted vessels of later date by building, on a deck of low
freeboard, a breastwork which protects the lower portions of the turrets and
smoke-stacks, and affords a shelter to the hatchways from water that may come
on deck. The breastwork-turreted vessels carry two turrets, and the space
inclosed by the breastworks occupies a large portion of the length of the
vessel, consequent this is provides a large surface to resist the wash of
seas that find their way over the rail on to the deck, and thus a rolling
motion is induced which does not obtain in the Ericsson monitor. The rail
itself of the breastwork-turreted vessels is much higher than in the
monitor as designed, and every inch of height of freeboard increases
this tendency to roll to a great degree.
</p>
<p>There is one point about the breastwork-turreted vessel which is
referred to as a great advantage, but which is more imaginary than
real; it is that the breastwork affords a protection to the
hatchways, which can he left open when the seas are flowing across
the deck, and thus allows natural ventilation to the ship.
Carefully-prepared statistics, gathered from the experience of the
Ericsson monitors during the war of the Rebellion, show that the health
of the crews of the monitors was better than that of the crews of the rest
of the blockading squadrons. The artificial ventilation of the monitors,
effected by centrifugal suction-blowers operated by steam, is thus proved
to be all-sufficient.
</p>
<p>In comparing the original design of the <i><b>Monitor</b></i> with the
turreted vessels of other nations, we find that for harbor defense
the monitor is the more steady gunnery platform, but for service at
sea the breastwork-turreted vessel is the more efficient.
</p>
<p>Besides England, the only nations in Europe that have adopted the
turret system to any extent are Holland and Italy. The Russian navy
is provided with a few monitors of the <i><b>Passaic</b></i> class. The
following tables, present examples of turreted vessels in the navies of
the three nations who have adopted the system in whole or in part.
The fighting force of the Dutch navy is composed entirely of
turreted vessels. They are designed for harbor defense, and are considered
of sufficient power to cope with such vessels of an enemy as have light
draft sufficient to enable them to approach a shallow coast.
</p>
<tr>
<td width=750 align=center><img src="IC-4A.gif" align=middle width=616 height=322
vspace=30 border=3 alt="Chart 4">
<tr>
<td width=750><font size=4>
<p>The following are examples taken from the list of English turreted
vessels:
</p>
<tr>
<td width=750 align=center><img src="IC-5A.gif" align=middle width=534 height=406
vspace=30 border=3 alt="Chart 5">
<tr>
<td width=750><font size=4>
<p>The broadside ironclads of Italy are armored with iron of from 4.5
to 6 inches, but in the development of the turret system they have
taken a step in advance of the rest of the world, The following table
cites the latest efforts of Italy in this respect:
</p>
<tr>
<td width=750 align=center><img src="IC-6A.gif" align=middle width=534 height=322
vspace=30 border=3 alt="Chart 6">
<tr>
<td width=750><font size=4>
<p>These vessels are armed with four 100-ton Armstrong guns. The
central portion of these vessels is plated with steel instead of
iron, in consequence of the result of experiments made with the
100-ton gun against targets constructed on different systems of steel
and iron.
</p>
<p>In reference to the weight of the guns that can be carried by
vessels of the broadside and turreted systems, respectively, it is
shown that it has not been attempted to work a heavier piece than a
2-ton gun in a broadside battery, while we see that the armament of the
<i><b>Duilio</b></i> (turreted vessel) consists of 100-ton guns. So far,
then, as capacity to manipulate the heavier gun is concerned, the
turreted vessel has the advantage over broadside ironclads.
</p>
<p>The necessity of providing ironclad vessels with capacity to float
the increased weight due to their armor has forced great changes in
naval architecture. The V-shaped cross-section of the <i><b>Warrior</b></i>
has given place to one of a U form, and a comparison of the dimensions of
the lightly armored <i><b>Warrior</b></i> with the heavily-armored
<i><b>Alexandra</b></i> show the modifications that have been introduced in
this respect. The graceful overhanging bows have been suppressed, and the
sterns are designed so as to afford protection to the screw and rudder.
</p>
<p>So great is the thickness of plates that have now been called into
use in consequence of the development of power in guns, that efforts
are being made to utilize other metals than iron in hope of reducing
the weight of the armor while retaining power of resistance to
impact. It has been mentioned above that steel is being used for the
plates of the Italian turreted vessels, and it has also been discovered
that an iron plate faced with steel, by welding when the steel is in a
liquid state, increases the power of resistance to a great degree. It is
probable that the latter plan will be very generally adopted for the armor
of ironclads.
</p>
<tr>
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</table>
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Hammersly's Ironclads
# Ironclads
ByE. Simpson, Commodore U.S.N.
From
Hammersly's Naval Encyclopedia
L. R. Hammersly
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1881
(With illustrations from other sources)
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The term applies to all vessels clad with iron for defense. The
introduction of iron armor for the protection of ships is of very
recent date. Formerly, as we find by allusions in history, there had
been instances where efforts were made to protect the sides of ships
by timber or hides, but these seem to have been isolated cases due
to the ideas of some individual commander. With the artillery that was
in use in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries there was no call for
any aid in the defense of ships, and the term wooden walls conveyed
the idea of an all-sufficient protection; and the correctness of the
idea is sufficiently apparent when we refer to the actions of such
commanders as Blake and Van Tromp being continued day after day, and
being finally closed without definite result.
In the 18th century artillery had become much more formidable, but
it was not until early in the 19th century that any definite shape was
given to the idea of protecting the sides of a ship from the fire of
an enemy; and even when it was first seriously proposed it met with
great disfavor, and has had to fight its way against determined
opposition and prejudice.
Thomas Gregg, of Pennsylvania, is given the credit of the first
definite proposition for an ironclad vessel in 1813, but no decided
step in developing the subject was taken until Mr. Stevens, of New
York, made his contract with the U. S. government in 1843 for the
construction of an armed vessel.
The date of this, the first decided step in the direction of armor
for ships made by any government, is worthy of note, for we find that
it was at about the same period of time that horizontal firing of
explosive projectiles from the batteries of ships of war became
general. The connection between the two circumstances is apparent,
and there can be no doubt that the introduction of the shell as a
projectile has caused the use of iron for armor.
The development of armor ceased at this time with the above
contract for the Stevens battery, and it was not until after the
Crimean war (1855) that efforts were renewed to introduce armor.
Guns of the ironclads
During the Crimean war a few ironclad batteries had been
constructed by the French, and it was the behavior of these vessels in
their ability to resist the effect of shells which induced the English and
French governments to commence the construction of ironclad ships. In 1858
the work of conversion and construction was commenced in earnest, and it
has been carried on unremittingly to the present day. As the capacity for
defense increased, the power of offense was added to by increasing the
power of the guns, and thus have arisen the wonderful fleets of ironclads
that we now see on the ocean.
The different types of ironclads are so numerous that it is
impossible to enumerate them in a paper of this character; they can
be generally ranged under two heads, namely, as broadside and
turreted vessels. The first efforts were naturally confined to the
construction of broadside ironclads; the turreted vessels were of
later date of construction, due to an invention of Mr. Ericsson, of
which mention will be made later. The broadside ironclads will be
first presented, and the rate of development during the past twenty
years can be estimated by citing a few instances in the course of the
application of the system. The work of developing the system was
assumed by England and France alone, and after a certain point had
been reached England was left alone to continue the work, carrying it
to its present state. The conclusions that have been readied by her
investigations and experiments have been adopted and applied by other
nations, but the English ironclads are the proper citations to make
in tracing the advancement of the system.
La Gloire
In 1858 the French built ***La Gloire***, and the English
built the ***Warrior***. The ***Gloire*** was a wooden
hull, but the ***Warrior*** was iron built. This error in the
French construction was continued for many years, and had the effect
of throwing her back in the struggle for supremacy, as the deterioration of
the wood covered by iron plating made repairs frequent, and increased
expense.
The following table presents the first experiments made in
the
development of sea-going broadside ironclads:
| Chart 1|
HMS Warrior
The ***Gloire*** carried a battery of thirty-six 6-inch guns,
but the ***Warrior*** carried a battery of ten 12-ton (9-inch) and
sixteen 6.5-ton (7-inch) guns, which made her much the more formidable
vessel.
After the construction of these vessels the mode of procedure of
the two governments was very unlike, the French plan being to build a
large number of similar vessels, while the English plan is apparent
in numerous vessels of dissimilar construction. Two examples are
cited of a type that has been repeated very often in the French
service, thus forming the chief part of her ironclad fleet.
| Chart 2|
The class of the ***Flandre*** type is armed with eight 12-ton guns
and four 7-ton guns. The class of the ***Belliqueuse*** type is armed
with six 7-ton guns.
The following examples (taken, as are the above, from King's
**Report on European Ships of War**) illustrate the progress made in
England in the development of ironclads of the broadside type:
| Chart 3|
Since the time of the completion of the ***Warrior*** there has
taken place a great change in the way of disposing the armor, and this has
been influenced by the change in the artillery, which concentrates a
greater power now in a few guns than was developed in the
***Warrior's*** armament by a larger number of guns. The
Armour distribution of some ironclads
***Warrior*** was armored amidships only, that is, abreast of her
battery; the ends were unprotected. In later constructions a continuous belt
of armor is considered indispensable all around at the water-line, and
the side-armor is carried up around the more contracted space devoted
to the battery. In some cases, notably in the ***Nelson*** type, the
broadside of the battery is left unprotected, the amount of armor that would have
been placed at that place being disposed in the form of vertical bulkheads
and horizontal decks forward and abaft of the battery; all the vital
portions of the vessel are thus amply protected, and the battery itself is
protected from a fire from directly ahead or astern.
It has always been very desirable to give the guns as much lateral
train as possible, but when the guns, few in number, were
concentrated in the central part of the vessel, it became the more
necessary to increase this property in them. From the effort to
achieve this object have arisen many of the modifications in the
development of the fleet of ironclads, which account for the
Batteries of HMS Alexandra
diversity in their construction. In some cases the forward and after
iron bulkheads are curved to form bow and quarter ports, in which
guns are mounted and protected even when the broadside battery is
unprotected. In other cases, where the broadside battery is protected,
and the side-armor is connected with the athwartship bulkheads forward and
shaft the battery, a port is cut in the bulkheads near the corners, and the
forward and after guns on each side are made shifting guns, to fire out
of either port at will. In other cases, an additional iron casemate is
constructed above the main battery. In other cases, the fire ahead and
astern is delivered from stationary turrets placed at the bow and stern,
the guns being uncovered, mounted in barbette. By these means an all-around
fire is obtained from broadside ships without interfering with the use of
the whole battery on the broadside.
The introduction of turreted ironclads is due to a call for
ironclads made by the U. S. government during the war of the
Rebellion of 1861. Among those who responded to this call was Mr.
John Ericsson, of New York, who submitted the plans of the
***Monitor***.
Agreeably to the conditions named by the Navy Department, the
following problem was presented to him : an ironclad vessel of small
dimensions capable of navigating the Southern rivers, and absolutely
impregnable against the ordnance possessed by the Southern
States.
The draft of water being thus limited to about 11 feet,
impregnability could only be insured by nearly immersing the hull,
as high freeboard and impregnability would have called for an amount
of weight incompatible with light draft and small tonnage.
Absolute protection to guns and guns' crews being also an
imperative condition, called for the adoption of a covered battery,
which was made cylindrical, and, in order to obviate the necessity of
maneuvering the vessel in narrow rivers, the battery or turret was
made to revolve around a vertical axis, in order to insure an
all-around fire while the vessel remained stationary.
As the light draft of this small ironclad brought the top of the
propeller very near the water-line, a projecting deck, or stern
overhang, was adopted for the protection of the propeller blades.
The principal object of the ***Monitor*** being that of
engaging shore-batteries at short ranges, facilities for dropping and
lifting the anchor without exposing the crew also presented a problem
for solution, hence the adoption of the overhang deck at the bow,
provided with a cylindrical well in which the anchor was suspended
after being lifted by mechanism arranged within the hull. In order to
give thorough protection, the steam machinery, as well as the
quarters for officers and men, were located below the water-line, and
further protected by a continuous side-overhang. This consisted of
the armor and wood backing, first styled armor timber, which was
bolted to the iron hull, being supported by a horizontal girder
running all along the side, called an armor shelf, which was
assisted by vertical gussets of iron secured at intervals to the side
by angle-irons. The wood backing was disposed in two layers between
these gussets, and the armor, consisting of five 1-inch plates, was
bolted on outside of all. The armor shelf, disposed as a horizontal
girder, formed the base of this projection from the side, and
presented a very formidable resistance to any inclination or tendency
USS Monitor
to roll that might be induced by the action of the waves. The whole
structure was like a raft on the water, and this was the original
design as conceived by the inventor. It was a most perfect gunnery
platform. The guns that were mounted on this vessel had to be
inclosed, and the most convenient form of inclosure was circular; this
was arranged so as to give lateral training to the guns by revolving, and
thus we have the origin of the system of revolving turrets for ironclad
vessels.
The principle of the Ericsson turret, with modifications in the
plan of revolving it, has been adopted by other nations, notably by
England, and is perpetuated in her large fleet of turreted vessels, but
decided departure is taken in their construction from the original design
Ericsson's turret
of the ***Monitor***. In fact, it is a misnomer to style all
turreted vessels monitors, for they are only such in the one
point of common resemblance, that the battery is enclosed in a
turret. With the heavy guns now in use a turret is necessary for the
manipulation of them, but in the ***Monitor*** the turret was
adopted as a convenience, for the guns that were mounted in the
***Monitor*** (11-inch Dahlgrens) could be worked by manpower.
The turret was not the only principle involved in the ***Monitor***:
the low freeboard was quite as essential a feature; thus the foreign
turreted vessels, with their high freeboards and breastworks and curved
bottoms, inducing and favoring the rolling motion, do not embody the idea of
the ***Monitor***.
By common, tacit consent of nations, turreted vessels are not
supplied with masts and sails. The experiment was tried in England,
where were built the ***Monarch*** and the ***Captain***;
both of these vessels had comparatively high freeboards, that of the
***Monarch*** being 8 feet in height. The ***Monarch*** has
not been duplicated, and the ***Captain*** capsized under sail and
foundered during her first experimental cruise. The effort in these vessels
was to raise the turret-ports higher above the water; this was done by
raising all the weights and building up the armored sides to the required
height. The effect of this plan was demonstrated in the melancholy catastrophe
that befell the ***Captain***. The same result, so far as raising the
ports higher is concerned, is achieved now by the English Admiralty
in their turreted vessels of later date by building, on a deck of low
freeboard, a breastwork which protects the lower portions of the turrets and
smoke-stacks, and affords a shelter to the hatchways from water that may come
on deck. The breastwork-turreted vessels carry two turrets, and the space
inclosed by the breastworks occupies a large portion of the length of the
vessel, consequent this is provides a large surface to resist the wash of
seas that find their way over the rail on to the deck, and thus a rolling
motion is induced which does not obtain in the Ericsson monitor. The rail
itself of the breastwork-turreted vessels is much higher than in the
monitor as designed, and every inch of height of freeboard increases
this tendency to roll to a great degree.
There is one point about the breastwork-turreted vessel which is
referred to as a great advantage, but which is more imaginary than
real; it is that the breastwork affords a protection to the
hatchways, which can he left open when the seas are flowing across
the deck, and thus allows natural ventilation to the ship.
Carefully-prepared statistics, gathered from the experience of the
Ericsson monitors during the war of the Rebellion, show that the health
of the crews of the monitors was better than that of the crews of the rest
of the blockading squadrons. The artificial ventilation of the monitors,
effected by centrifugal suction-blowers operated by steam, is thus proved
to be all-sufficient.
In comparing the original design of the ***Monitor*** with the
turreted vessels of other nations, we find that for harbor defense
the monitor is the more steady gunnery platform, but for service at
sea the breastwork-turreted vessel is the more efficient.
Besides England, the only nations in Europe that have adopted the
turret system to any extent are Holland and Italy. The Russian navy
is provided with a few monitors of the ***Passaic*** class. The
following tables, present examples of turreted vessels in the navies of
the three nations who have adopted the system in whole or in part.
The fighting force of the Dutch navy is composed entirely of
turreted vessels. They are designed for harbor defense, and are considered
of sufficient power to cope with such vessels of an enemy as have light
draft sufficient to enable them to approach a shallow coast.
| Chart 4|
The following are examples taken from the list of English turreted
vessels:
| Chart 5|
The broadside ironclads of Italy are armored with iron of from 4.5
to 6 inches, but in the development of the turret system they have
taken a step in advance of the rest of the world, The following table
cites the latest efforts of Italy in this respect:
| Chart 6|
These vessels are armed with four 100-ton Armstrong guns. The
central portion of these vessels is plated with steel instead of
iron, in consequence of the result of experiments made with the
100-ton gun against targets constructed on different systems of steel
and iron.
In reference to the weight of the guns that can be carried by
vessels of the broadside and turreted systems, respectively, it is
shown that it has not been attempted to work a heavier piece than a
2-ton gun in a broadside battery, while we see that the armament of the
***Duilio*** (turreted vessel) consists of 100-ton guns. So far,
then, as capacity to manipulate the heavier gun is concerned, the
turreted vessel has the advantage over broadside ironclads.
The necessity of providing ironclad vessels with capacity to float
the increased weight due to their armor has forced great changes in
naval architecture. The V-shaped cross-section of the ***Warrior***
has given place to one of a U form, and a comparison of the dimensions of
the lightly armored ***Warrior*** with the heavily-armored
***Alexandra*** show the modifications that have been introduced in
this respect. The graceful overhanging bows have been suppressed, and the
sterns are designed so as to afford protection to the screw and rudder.
So great is the thickness of plates that have now been called into
use in consequence of the development of power in guns, that efforts
are being made to utilize other metals than iron in hope of reducing
the weight of the armor while retaining power of resistance to
impact. It has been mentioned above that steel is being used for the
plates of the Italian turreted vessels, and it has also been discovered
that an iron plate faced with steel, by welding when the steel is in a
liquid state, increases the power of resistance to a great degree. It is
probable that the latter plan will be very generally adopted for the armor
of ironclads.
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A work in progress.
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Prem's fossil gallery - Beneath the Calamites Tree
# Beneath the Calamites Tree
# A Gallery of Fossils
Above is an image of a restored forest of ***Calamites*** "trees".
Not trees at all, they were really giant extinct Carboniferous sphenophytes (horsetails)
whose tissue became a primary component of coal. This image was created using
LightWave 3D.
##
Introduction:
I designed this site as a means of educating the public concerning fossils and
fossil collecting. You will find on display here photographs of fossils that I
have collected over parts of the southeast (and midwest). The following links
will take you to the rest of the pages on this site:
[Trilobites](trilo.html)
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**"Know, O prince, that between the years when the oceans drank Atlantis and the gleaming cities, and in the years of the rise of the sons of Aryas, there was an Age undreamed of, when shining kingdoms lay spread across the world like blue mantles beneath the stars - Nemedia, Ophir, Brythunia, Hyperborea, Zamora with its dark-haired women and towers of spider-haunted mystery, Zingara with its chivalry, Koth that bordered on the pastoral lands of Shem, Stygia with its shadow-guarded tombs, Hyrkania whose riders wore steel and silk and gold. But the proudest kingdom was Aquilonia, reigning supreme in the dreaming west. Hither came Conan, the Cimmerian, black-haired, sullen-eyed, sword in hand, a thief, a slayer, with gigantic melancholies and gigantic mirth, to tread the jeweled thrones of the Earth under his sandaled feet"** -- The Nemedian Chronicles
**The Hyborian Age d20 Campaign Site**
[About the Site](about.htm) | [Disclaimer](disclaimer.htm) | [**What's New?**](news.htm) | [Search](search.htm)
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Welcome to the Hyborian Age campaign setting website, dedicated to the Conan saga as chronicled by Robert E. Howard (1906-1936)
The Hyborian Age
[Adventures](adventures/index.htm "Venture into haunted Stygian tombs, join the Vanir longboats on raids to the South, and battle the wizard-kings of Khitai...") | [Bestiary](bestiary/index.htm "The serpent people, ghouls of Yanaidar, grey apes, Zembabwan wyverns...") | [Characters](characters/index.htm "Conan the Barbarian, Emperor Strabonus of Koth, the Stygian magician Thoth-Amon, Nzinga the Queen of Amazons...") | [Character Creation](character-creation/index.htm "Guidelines for creating Hyborian Age player characters...") | [Classes](classes/index.htm "The Wizards of the Black Circle, the Barachan Pirates, and the Sons of Yezm...") | [Gallery](gallery/index.htm "Showcasing great artwork from the comics Savage Sword of Conan and Conan Saga...") | [Gazetteer](gazetteer/index.htm "Zamora with its dark-haired women and towers of spider-haunted mystery, Stygia with its shadow-guarded tombs, Hyrkania whose riders wore steel and silk and gold...") | [Gods and demons](gods/index.htm "Mighty Mitra, sorcerous Set, blood-drinking Yog, the sinister Spider-God of Yezud, and the abominable Great Old Ones...") | [History](history/index.htm "The age of Kull and Valusia, the rise and fall of Acheron, and the story of Conan, king of Aquilonia, all recorded in the Nemedian Chronicles...") | [Maps](maps/index.htm "Large and detailed maps of the Hyborian world-continent, cities and dungeons...") | [Races](races/index.htm "From Aesir to Zingaran, the human races of the Hyborian Age") | [Resources](resources/index.htm "Downloads, fonts, and more...") | [Reviews](reviews/index.htm "Reviews of published Hyborian Age products") | [Rules](rules/index.htm "Armor and equipment guide, army lists, encounter tables, and customized rules...") | [Sorcery and magic](sorcery/index.htm "Thulsa Doom and Thoth-Amon, the spells of Stygia and Khitai, the Cobra Crown, the Mirrors of Thuzun Thune...") | [Forum](forum/index.htm "A forum for general discussion of the Hyborian Age campaign...") | [Links](links/index.htm "Links to content-rich web sites about D&D, Conan and Hyboria...") | [Online gaming](online-gaming/index.htm "Announce and schedule online D&D Hyborian Age games played via IRC and WebRPG...")
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<h3><a href=https://www.allyourbasearebelongtous.com/flash/>All Your Base Flash Animation</a> | <a href=https://www.allyourbasearebelongtous.com/gif/>All Your Base Gif Animation</a></h3>
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This site is dedicated to the famous engrish mistranslation of the classic video game <i>Zero Wing</i> for Sega Genesis that took the internet by storm! You can see the renown flash animation of the <i>Zero Wing</i> opening sequence which started the craze by clicking the link above! You can also see some of the classic All Your Base images that have been circulating around the net these past couple of years by clicking the thumbnails below.</font>
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# [All Your Base Are Belong To Us](https://www.allyourbasearebelongtous.com)
### [All Your Base Flash Animation](https://www.allyourbasearebelongtous.com/flash/) | [All Your Base Gif Animation](https://www.allyourbasearebelongtous.com/gif/)
**Menu: [All Your Base History](https://www.allyourbasearebelongtous.com/history/)**
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This site is dedicated to the famous engrish mistranslation of the classic video game *Zero Wing* for Sega Genesis that took the internet by storm! You can see the renown flash animation of the *Zero Wing* opening sequence which started the craze by clicking the link above! You can also see some of the classic All Your Base images that have been circulating around the net these past couple of years by clicking the thumbnails below.
**[More All Your Base Info and Links](https://www.allyourbasearebelongtous.com/info/)** - Check out my site about [**YouTubers**](http://tubers.com)
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<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Peter's Evil Overlord List</TITLE>
<META NAME="Author" CONTENT="Peter Anspach">
<META NAME="Description" CONTENT="Humorous Evil Overlord Instruction Manual">
<META NAME="KeyWords" CONTENT="Evil Overlord List,Evil,Overlord,List,Humor">
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<I>This <B>Evil Overlord List</B> is Copyright 1996-1997 by Peter Anspach. If
you enjoy it, feel free to pass it along or post it anywhere, provided that (1)
it is not altered in any way, and (2) this copyright notice is attached.</I>
<p>
<b>AN IMPORTANT NOTE REGARDING THE COPYRIGHT:</b>
<p>
This Evil Overlord List grew out of the exchanges on what is now the Star
Trek mailing list "[email protected]", beginning in 1994 (when it was
still "[email protected]"). We were kicking around cliches that
appeared on "Deep Space 9" at the time, and I started to compile a list of
classic blunders they were making. The list came to about 20 or so items.
In 1995, I decided to try to make it into a Top 100 List. I attached a
copyright notice, some friends of mine posted it to a few newsgroups, and the
contributions quickly poured in. In 1996 I revised the list entries to their
current form, the Web page went up, more contributions were solicited, the
list expanded beyond 100 and I had to open up a dungeon. I continued to
contribute items; my total is around 40 or so. So while I am the originator,
editor, and principal contributor, I certainly did not write the majority of
the items on the list -- as may be seen by the sheer number of individuals
who are listed as contributors. Around 1997, as the final contributions were
coming in, a couple contributors mentioned that this was similar to a list of
things not to do if you capture James Bond that had appeared on a sci-fi
newsgroup. I'd never heard of or seen this list, so I assumed it was
parallel development or perhaps something I had inspired.
<p>
On November 12, 2002, I exchanged some emails with Jack Butler who has a
<a href="http://www.angelfire.com/biz7/globalguardians/stuff/overlord.html">
list on his website</a>. Sayeth
Mr. Butler: "This list has its origins on the now-nonexistent FidoNet
Science Fiction and Fandom (SFFAN) email echo, in a discussion regarding a
sketch seen on an episode of Saturday Night Live sometime in 1990. In the
sketch, several Bond villains were appearing on a talkshow touting their new
book, "What Not To Do If You Capture James Bond". The discussion on SFFAN
was specifically regarding what advice might be found in that book. The
instigator of the discussion was Alesia Chamness; other contributors included
Jason Welles, Brian R. Williams, Merideth Knepper, and Alexi Vandenburg. I
was also one of its contributors. When I originally posted this list to the
Internet in 1994, I did so without any awareness of Mr. Anspach, the Star
Trek mailing list on which his version of the list appeared, or (later) his
website."
<p>
Apparently both lists were compiled during overlapping periods of time.
Comparing the two, some items appear on one list but not the other. Other
items appear identical to those on this list; since many are the result of my
writing or editing, I believe they were taken from this list and posted to
that list without permission. But other items on that list appear identical
to contributions I received before I edited them. Those items may have been
taken from that list and submitted here under false pretenses, or they may
have innocently been submitted to both lists by their originators. It
appears that as a result of this "cross-contamination", the two lists have
arrived at a point where there are variations on each other and it is
probably impossible to untangle them. (I would still like to talk with
Alesia Chamness. If you know her, please ask her to email me.)
<p>
I believe Jack Butler when he says the list on his website is the current
form of the James Bond Villain list, and I thank him for helping to clarify
matters. Let me state that I had nothing to do with the FidoNet SFFAN list
which is firmly in the public domain, and I lay no claim to it. The
copyright statement attached to my list applies only to this list, in the
form it appears.
<p>
<p>
-- Peter Anspach
<P> <P>
<DIV ALIGN=CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=-1>(From the <A HREF="http://www.userfriendly.org">User-Friendly Archives</A>)</FONT><P>
<A HREF="http://www.userfriendly.org/"><IMG SRC="../jpgs/user-friendly.jpg" BORDER=0></A>
</DIV>
<FONT SIZE=+1>
<EM>Attention all Evil Overlord List Aspirants: Contrary to popular belief,
taking over the universe is not as easy as it would first appear. Due to the
complexity of this task, Peter regrets that he is currently unable to give the
list the attention it deserves. The list is therefore going on a temporary
hiatus. This is a temporary condition. As soon as he is able to respond in a
timely manner -- or until he becomes unquestioned lord and master of all
things, whichever comes first -- the list will not be updated and no new
suggestions will be considered. He would sincerely apologize for this
inconvenience, were it in character for an Evil Overlord to do so.</EM></FONT>
<P><HR><P>
Being an Evil Overlord seems to be a good career choice. It pays well,
there are all sorts of perks and you can set your own hours. However every
Evil Overlord I've read about in books or seen in movies invariably gets
overthrown and destroyed in the end. I've noticed that no matter whether
they are barbarian lords, deranged wizards, mad scientists or alien
invaders, they always seem to make the same basic mistakes every single
time. With that in mind, allow me to present...
<P>
<CENTER>
<H1 ALIGN=CENTER>The Top 100 Things I'd Do<BR>If I Ever Became An Evil Overlord</H1>
</CENTER>
<P>
<OL>
<LI>My Legions of Terror will have helmets with clear plexiglass visors, not face-concealing ones.<P>
<LI>My ventilation ducts will be too small to crawl through.<P>
<LI>My noble half-brother whose throne I usurped will be killed, not kept anonymously imprisoned in a forgotten cell of my dungeon.<P>
<LI>Shooting is <I>not</I> too good for my enemies.<P>
<LI>The artifact which is the source of my power will not be kept on the Mountain of Despair beyond the River of Fire guarded by the Dragons of Eternity. It will be in my safe-deposit box. The same applies to the object which is my one weakness.<P>
<LI>I will not gloat over my enemies' predicament before killing them.<P>
<LI>When I've captured my adversary and he says, "Look, before you kill me, will you at least tell me what this is all about?" I'll say, "No." and shoot him. No, on second thought I'll shoot him then say "No."<P>
<LI>After I kidnap the beautiful princess, we will be married immediately in a quiet civil ceremony, not a lavish spectacle in three weeks' time during which the final phase of my plan will be carried out.<P>
<LI>I will not include a self-destruct mechanism unless absolutely necessary. If it is necessary, it will not be a large red button labelled "Danger: Do Not Push". The big red button marked "Do Not Push" will instead trigger a spray of bullets on anyone stupid enough to disregard it. Similarly, the ON/OFF switch will not clearly be labelled as such.<P>
<LI>I will not interrogate my enemies in the inner sanctum -- a small hotel well outside my borders will work just as well.<P>
<LI>I will be secure in my superiority. Therefore, I will feel no need to prove it by leaving clues in the form of riddles or leaving my weaker enemies alive to show they pose no threat.<P>
<LI>One of my advisors will be an average five-year-old child. Any flaws in my plan that he is able to spot will be corrected before implementation.<P>
<LI>All slain enemies will be cremated, or at least have several rounds of ammunition emptied into them, not left for dead at the bottom of the cliff. The announcement of their deaths, as well as any accompanying celebration, will be deferred until after the aforementioned disposal.<P>
<LI>The hero is not entitled to a last kiss, a last cigarette, or any other form of last request.<P>
<LI>I will never employ any device with a digital countdown. If I find that such a device is absolutely unavoidable, I will set it to activate when the counter reaches 117 and the hero is just putting his plan into operation.<P>
<LI>I will never utter the sentence "But before I kill you, there's just one thing I want to know."<P>
<LI>When I employ people as advisors, I will occasionally listen to their advice.<P>
<LI>I will not have a son. Although his laughably under-planned attempt to usurp power would easily fail, it would provide a fatal distraction at a crucial point in time.<P>
<LI>I will not have a daughter. She would be as beautiful as she was evil, but one look at the hero's rugged countenance and she'd betray her own father.<P>
<LI>Despite its proven stress-relieving effect, I will not indulge in maniacal laughter. When so occupied, it's too easy to miss unexpected developments that a more attentive individual could adjust to accordingly.<P>
<LI>I will hire a talented fashion designer to create original uniforms for my Legions of Terror, as opposed to some cheap knock-offs that make them look like Nazi stormtroopers, Roman footsoldiers, or savage Mongol hordes. All were eventually defeated and I want my troops to have a more positive mind-set.<P>
<LI>No matter how tempted I am with the prospect of unlimited power, I will not consume any energy field bigger than my head.<P>
<LI>I will keep a special cache of low-tech weapons and train my troops in their use. That way -- even if the heroes manage to neutralize my power generator and/or render the standard-issue energy weapons useless -- my troops will not be overrun by a handful of savages armed with spears and rocks.<P>
<LI>I will maintain a realistic assessment of my strengths and weaknesses. Even though this takes some of the fun out of the job, at least I will never utter the line "No, this cannot be! I AM INVINCIBLE!!!" (After that, death is usually instantaneous.)<P>
<LI>No matter how well it would perform, I will never construct any sort of machinery which is completely indestructible except for one small and virtually inaccessible vulnerable spot.<P>
<LI>No matter how attractive certain members of the rebellion are, there is probably someone just as attractive who is not desperate to kill me. Therefore, I will think twice before ordering a prisoner sent to my bedchamber.<P>
<LI>I will never build only one of anything important. All important systems will have redundant control panels and power supplies. For the same reason I will always carry at least two fully loaded weapons at all times.<P>
<LI>My pet monster will be kept in a secure cage from which it cannot escape and into which I could not accidentally stumble.<P>
<LI>I will dress in bright and cheery colors, and so throw my enemies into confusion.<P>
<LI>All bumbling conjurers, clumsy squires, no-talent bards, and cowardly thieves in the land will be preemptively put to death. My foes will surely give up and abandon their quest if they have no source of comic relief.<P>
<LI>All naive, busty tavern wenches in my realm will be replaced with surly, world-weary waitresses who will provide no unexpected reinforcement and/or romantic subplot for the hero or his sidekick.<P>
<LI>I will not fly into a rage and kill a messenger who brings me bad news just to illustrate how evil I really am. Good messengers are hard to come by.<P>
<LI>I won't require high-ranking female members of my organization to wear a stainless-steel bustier. Morale is better with a more casual dress-code. Similarly, outfits made entirely from black leather will be reserved for formal occasions.<P>
<LI>I will not turn into a snake. It never helps.<P>
<LI>I will not grow a goatee. In the old days they made you look diabolic. Now they just make you look like a disaffected member of Generation X.<P>
<LI>I will not imprison members of the same party in the same cell block, let alone the same cell. If they are important prisoners, I will keep the only key to the cell door on my person instead of handing out copies to every bottom-rung guard in the prison.<P>
<LI>If my trusted lieutenant tells me my Legions of Terror are losing a battle, I will believe him. After all, he's my trusted lieutenant.<P>
<LI>If an enemy I have just killed has a younger sibling or offspring anywhere, I will find them and have them killed immediately, instead of waiting for them to grow up harboring feelings of vengeance towards me in my old age.<P>
<LI>If I absolutely must ride into battle, I will certainly not ride at the forefront of my Legions of Terror, nor will I seek out my opposite number among his army.<P>
<LI>I will be neither chivalrous nor sporting. If I have an unstoppable superweapon, I will use it as early and as often as possible instead of keeping it in reserve.<P>
<LI>Once my power is secure, I will destroy all those pesky time-travel devices.<P>
<LI>When I capture the hero, I will make sure I also get his dog, monkey, ferret, or whatever sickeningly cute little animal capable of untying ropes and filching keys happens to follow him around.<P>
<LI>I will maintain a healthy amount of skepticism when I capture the beautiful rebel and she claims she is attracted to my power and good looks and will gladly betray her companions if I just let her in on my plans.<P>
<LI>I will only employ bounty hunters who work for money. Those who work for the pleasure of the hunt tend to do dumb things like even the odds to give the other guy a sporting chance.<P>
<LI>I will make sure I have a clear understanding of who is responsible for what in my organization. For example, if my general screws up I will not draw my weapon, point it at him, say "And here is the price for failure," then suddenly turn and kill some random underling.<P>
<LI>If an advisor says to me "My liege, he is but one man. What can one man possibly do?", I will reply "This." and kill the advisor.<P>
<LI>If I learn that a callow youth has begun a quest to destroy me, I will slay him while he is still a callow youth instead of waiting for him to mature.<P>
<LI>I will treat any beast which I control through magic or technology with respect and kindness. Thus if the control is ever broken, it will not immediately come after me for revenge.<P>
<LI>If I learn the whereabouts of the one artifact which can destroy me, I will not send all my troops out to seize it. Instead I will send them out to seize something else and quietly put a Want-Ad in the local paper.<P>
<LI>My main computers will have their own special operating system that will be completely incompatible with standard IBM and Macintosh powerbooks.<P>
<LI>If one of my dungeon guards begins expressing concern over the conditions in the beautiful princess' cell, I will immediately transfer him to a less people-oriented position.<P>
<LI>I will hire a team of board-certified architects and surveyors to examine my castle and inform me of any secret passages and abandoned tunnels that I might not know about.<P>
<LI>If the beautiful princess that I capture says "I'll never marry you! Never, do you hear me, NEVER!!!", I will say "Oh well" and kill her.<P>
<LI>I will not strike a bargain with a demonic being then attempt to double-cross it simply because I feel like being contrary.<P>
<LI>The deformed mutants and odd-ball psychotics will have their place in my Legions of Terror. However before I send them out on important covert missions that require tact and subtlety, I will first see if there is anyone else equally qualified who would attract less attention.<P>
<LI>My Legions of Terror will be trained in basic marksmanship. Any who cannot learn to hit a man-sized target at 10 meters will be used for target practice.<P>
<LI>Before employing any captured artifacts or machinery, I will carefully read the owner's manual.<P>
<LI>If it becomes necessary to escape, I will never stop to pose dramatically and toss off a one-liner.<P>
<LI>I will never build a sentient computer smarter than I am.<P>
<LI>My five-year-old child advisor will also be asked to decipher any code I am thinking of using. If he breaks the code in under 30 seconds, it will not be used. Note: this also applies to passwords.<P>
<LI>If my advisors ask "Why are you risking everything on such a mad scheme?", I will not proceed until I have a response that satisfies them.<P>
<LI>I will design fortress hallways with no alcoves or protruding structural supports which intruders could use for cover in a firefight.<P>
<LI>Bulk trash will be disposed of in incinerators, not compactors. And they will be kept hot, with none of that nonsense about flames going through accessible tunnels at predictable intervals.<P>
<LI>I will see a competent psychiatrist and get cured of all extremely unusual phobias and bizarre compulsive habits which could prove to be a disadvantage.<P>
<LI>If I must have computer systems with publically available terminals, the maps they display of my complex will have a room clearly marked as the Main Control Room. That room will be the Execution Chamber. The actual main control room will be marked as Sewage Overflow Containment.<P>
<LI>My security keypad will actually be a fingerprint scanner. Anyone who watches someone press a sequence of buttons or dusts the pad for fingerprints then subsequently tries to enter by repeating that sequence will trigger the alarm system.<P>
<LI>No matter how many shorts we have in the system, my guards will be instructed to treat every surveillance camera malfunction as a full-scale emergency.<P>
<LI>I will spare someone who saved my life sometime in the past. This is only reasonable as it encourages others to do so. However, the offer is good one time only. If they want me to spare them again, they'd better save my life again.<P>
<LI>All midwives will be banned from the realm. All babies will be delivered at state-approved hospitals. Orphans will be placed in foster-homes, not abandoned in the woods to be raised by creatures of the wild.<P>
<LI>When my guards split up to search for intruders, they will always travel in groups of at least two. They will be trained so that if one of them disappears mysteriously while on patrol, the other will immediately initiate an alert and call for backup, instead of quizzically peering around a corner.<P>
<LI>If I decide to test a lieutenant's loyalty and see if he/she should be made a trusted lieutenant, I will have a crack squad of marksmen standing by in case the answer is no.<P>
<LI>If all the heroes are standing together around a strange device and begin to taunt me, I will pull out a conventional weapon instead of using my unstoppable superweapon on them.<P>
<LI>I will not agree to let the heroes go free if they win a rigged contest, even though my advisors assure me it is impossible for them to win.<P>
<LI>When I create a multimedia presentation of my plan designed so that my five-year-old advisor can easily understand the details, I will not label the disk "Project Overlord" and leave it lying on top of my desk.<P>
<LI>I will instruct my Legions of Terror to attack the hero en masse, instead of standing around waiting while members break off and attack one or two at a time.<P>
<LI>If the hero runs up to my roof, I will not run up after him and struggle with him in an attempt to push him over the edge. I will also not engage him at the edge of a cliff. (In the middle of a rope-bridge over a river of molten lava is not even worth considering.)<P>
<LI>If I have a fit of temporary insanity and decide to give the hero the chance to reject a job as my trusted lieutentant, I will retain enough sanity to wait until my current trusted lieutenant is out of earshot before making the offer.<P>
<LI>I will not tell my Legions of Terror "And he must be taken alive!" The command will be "And try to take him alive if it is reasonably practical."<P>
<LI>If my doomsday device happens to come with a reverse switch, as soon as it has been employed it will be melted down and made into limited-edition commemorative coins.<P>
<LI>If my weakest troops fail to eliminate a hero, I will send out my best troops instead of wasting time with progressively stronger ones as he gets closer and closer to my fortress.<P>
<LI>If I am fighting with the hero atop a moving platform, have disarmed him, and am about to finish him off and he glances behind me and drops flat, I too will drop flat instead of quizzically turning around to find out what he saw.<P>
<LI>I will not shoot at any of my enemies if they are standing in front of the crucial support beam to a heavy, dangerous, unbalanced structure.<P>
<LI>If I'm eating dinner with the hero, put poison in his goblet, then have to leave the table for any reason, I will order new drinks for both of us instead of trying to decide whether or not to switch with him.<P>
<LI>I will not have captives of one sex guarded by members of the opposite sex.<P>
<LI>I will not use any plan in which the final step is horribly complicated, e.g. "Align the 12 Stones of Power on the sacred altar then activate the medallion at the moment of total eclipse." Instead it will be more along the lines of "Push the button."<P>
<LI>I will make sure that my doomsday device is up to code and properly grounded.<P>
<LI>My vats of hazardous chemicals will be covered when not in use. Also, I will not construct walkways above them.<P>
<LI>If a group of henchmen fail miserably at a task, I will not berate them for incompetence then send the same group out to try the task again.<P>
<LI>After I captures the hero's superweapon, I will not immediately disband my legions and relax my guard because I believe whoever holds the weapon is unstoppable. After all, the hero held the weapon and I took it from him. <P>
<LI>I will not design my Main Control Room so that every workstation is facing away from the door.<P>
<LI>I will not ignore the messenger that stumbles in exhausted and obviously agitated until my personal grooming or current entertainment is finished. It might actually be important.<P>
<LI>If I ever talk to the hero on the phone, I will not taunt him. Instead I will say this his dogged perseverance has given me new insight on the futility of my evil ways and that if he leaves me alone for a few months of quiet contemplation I will likely return to the path of righteousness. (Heroes are incredibly gullible in this regard.)<P>
<LI>If I decide to hold a double execution of the hero and an underling who failed or betrayed me, I will see to it that the hero is scheduled to go first.<P>
<LI>When arresting prisoners, my guards will not allow them to stop and grab a useless trinket of purely sentimental value.<P>
<LI>My dungeon will have its own qualified medical staff complete with bodyguards. That way if a prisoner becomes sick and his cellmate tells the guard it's an emergency, the guard will fetch a trauma team instead of opening up the cell for a look.<P>
<LI>My door mechanisms will be designed so that blasting the control panel on the outside seals the door and blasting the control panel on the inside opens the door, not vice versa.<P>
<LI>My dungeon cells will not be furnished with objects that contain reflective surfaces or anything that can be unravelled.<P>
<LI>If an attractive young couple enters my realm, I will carefully monitor their activities. If I find they are happy and affectionate, I will ignore them. However if circumstance have forced them together against their will and they spend all their time bickering and criticizing each other except during the intermittent occasions when they are saving each others' lives at which point there are hints of sexual tension, I will immediately order their execution.<P>
<LI>Any data file of crucial importance will be padded to 1.45Mb in size.<P>
<LI>Finally, to keep my subjects permanently locked in a mindless trance, I will provide each of them with free unlimited Internet access.<P>
</OL>
<P>
Of course, these are merely the Top 100 Things I'd do. Other suggestions
have been sent to me which didn't quite make the Top 100 List. But they are
still so good that I couldn't bear to throw them out. Therefore, as an
expression of gratitude, I have tossed them into...
<P>
<CENTER>
<B><A HREF="../lists/dungeon_a.html"> <IMG SRC="../gifs/cellblock_a.gif" BORDER=0 WIDTH=157 HEIGHT=66 ALT="Cellblock A"></A></B>
<P>and<P>
<B><A HREF="../lists/dungeon_b.html"> <IMG SRC="../gifs/cellblock_b.gif" BORDER=0 WIDTH=157 HEIGHT=66 ALT="Cellblock B"></A></B>
</CENTER>
<P>
<HR>
<P>
This web page has been given the following awards:<P><UL>
<LI>Cruel Site of the Day for Friday, December 13, 1996.<P>
<CENTER><A HREF="http://www.cruel.com">
<IMG SRC="http://www.cruel.com/chosen.gif" BORDER=0 ALT="[Go to the Cruel Site of the Day site]"></CENTER>
</A>
<P>
<LI>Worst of the Web for Wednesday, May 21, 1997.<P>
<CENTER><A HREF="http://www.worstoftheweb.com">
<IMG SRC="http://www.worstoftheweb.com/about/awardcup.gif" BORDER=0 ALT="[Go to the Worst of the Web site]"></CENTER>
</A>
<P>
<LI>Things To Do If Bored for Monday, September 8, 1997.<P>
<CENTER><P><IMG SRC="http://members.tripod.com/~eviljim/award.jpg" USEMAP="#award" BORDER=0></P></CENTER>
<MAP NAME="award">
<AREA SHAPE=RECT COORDS="0,45,96,65" HREF="http://www.webring.org/cgi-bin/webring?ring=ifbored;random" ALT="Go To A Random Awarded Site!">
<AREA SHAPE=RECT COORDS="201,45,250,65" HREF="http://www.webring.org/cgi-bin/webring?ring=ifbored;add" ALT="Apply For This Great Honor!">
</MAP>
<P>
<LI>This page has also been added to the index of Fun Reading at The Mining
Company <<A HREF="http://scifibooks.miningco.com/">http://scifibooks.miningco.com/</A>>.
<P>
<LI>An award from the <A HREF="http://www.surf.to/enlightenmentzone/">
The Enlightenment Zone</A>
<CENTER>
<A HREF="../letters/enlight.html">
<IMG SRC="../gifs/enlight.gif" WIDTH=244 HEIGHT=134
ALT="Acknowledgment of Enlightenment from The Enlightenment Zone"></A>
</CENTER>
</UL>
<HR>
<P>
If you have any other tidbits of advice that you would like to contribute to
this list -- you're too late! The list is full. However there is still plenty
of room left in
<B><A HREF="../lists/dungeon_b.html">The Dungeon: Cellblock B</A></B>. Feel free to
<A HREF="mailto:[email protected]">e-mail me</A> with your
advice or visit the Evil Overlord Homepage at
http://world.std.com/~olorin/peter_overlord.html.
(Suggestion may be summarily rejected or edited without your
permission. What do you expect from an EVIL Overlord?)
<P>
I wish to thank the following contributors to this list who, if I ever happen
to become an Evil Overlord, will be named as lieutenants -- but not trusted
lieutenants -- in my Legions of Terror:
<P>
<UL>
<LI>Peter Ashen <[email protected]>
<LI>Vance Atkins <[email protected]>
<LI>David Borcherding <[email protected]>
<LI>Ian Bell <[email protected]>
<LI>Devon Black <[email protected]>
<LI>Bill Campbell <[email protected]>
<LI>Torgeir Christiansen <[email protected]>
<LI>Paul Dietrich <[email protected]>
<LI>Mario Di Giacomo <[email protected]>
<LI>Chris Dunham <[email protected]>
<LI>Jon Fowlkes <[email protected]>
<LI>Tony Gowland <[email protected]>
<LI>James Grannon <[email protected]>
<LI>Ward Griffiths <[email protected]>
<LI>Dave Harper <[email protected]>
<LI>Paul J. Henry <[email protected]>
<LI>Julie Helmer <[email protected]>
<LI>Greg Huffman <[email protected]>
<LI>Lynn Irwin <[email protected]>
<LI>Curtis M Johnson <[email protected]>
<LI>Noah Johnson <[email protected]>
<LI>Ramin Kamal <[email protected]>
<LI>Edmund Kao <[email protected]>
<LI>SEK <[email protected]>
<LI>Terran Lane <[email protected]>
<LI>Bill Lee <[email protected]>
<LI>Michael Lorton <[email protected]>
<LI>Mike Marano <[email protected]>
<LI>Christy Marx <[email protected]>
<LI>Andy Mcdermott <[email protected]>
<LI>David Mcelfresh <[email protected]>
<LI>Angus McIntyre <[email protected]>
<LI>Kevin Meehan <[email protected]>
<LI>Meteor <[email protected]>
<LI>Pete Meyers (Wasser) <[email protected]>
<LI>Mark Minisi <[email protected]>
<LI>Eric Minton <[email protected]>
<LI>Jesse Mundis <[email protected]>
<LI>CL Murphy <[email protected]>
<LI>Mark Musante <[email protected]>
<LI>Sunil Narayan <[email protected]>
<LI>Francesco Nicoletti <[email protected]>
<LI>Daniel Palivec <[email protected]>
<LI>Joel Polowin <[email protected]>
<LI>Zed Rational <[email protected]>
<LI>Peter Scott Rogers <[email protected]>
<LI>Lisa Rose <[email protected]>
<LI>Sara <[email protected]>
<LI>Yuri Schimke <[email protected]>
<LI>Lucas Schofield <[email protected]>
<LI>Kathryn R. Smith <[email protected]>
<LI>John & Donna Spert <[email protected]>
<LI>L. J. Tomsho <[email protected]>
<LI>Taldin the Blue Unicorn <[email protected]>
<LI>Jae Walker <[email protected]>
<LI>Monika Weikel <[email protected]>
<LI>Justin Wiley <[email protected]>
<LI>Bill Woods <[email protected]>
<LI>[email protected]
<LI>[email protected]
<LI>[email protected]
<LI>[email protected]
<LI>[email protected]
</UL>
<P>
<HR>
<P>
I would also like to proclaim
<A HREF="http://www.mca.com/tv/hercules/">"Hercules"</A>,
<A HREF="http://www.mca.com/tv/xena/">"Xena"</A>,
<A HREF="http://www.adventuresofsinbad.com/">"Sinbad"</A>,
<A HREF="http://www.cris.com/~dwcody/index.htm/tarzan/tarzan.htm">"Tarzan"</A>
<A HREF="http://www.tnt-tv.com/robinhood/">"Robin Hood"</A>, and
<A HREF="http://www.conan.com">"Conan"</A>
to be the Official Television Shows of the Evil Overlord List. Their repeated
efforts to illustrate why Evil Overlords need such a list serve as examples
to us all.
<P>
<HR>
<P>
<A HREF="../index.html">Back to the parody home page...</A>
</BODY>
</HTML>
|
Peter's Evil Overlord List
*This **Evil Overlord List** is Copyright 1996-1997 by Peter Anspach. If
you enjoy it, feel free to pass it along or post it anywhere, provided that (1)
it is not altered in any way, and (2) this copyright notice is attached.*
**AN IMPORTANT NOTE REGARDING THE COPYRIGHT:**
This Evil Overlord List grew out of the exchanges on what is now the Star
Trek mailing list "[email protected]", beginning in 1994 (when it was
still "[email protected]"). We were kicking around cliches that
appeared on "Deep Space 9" at the time, and I started to compile a list of
classic blunders they were making. The list came to about 20 or so items.
In 1995, I decided to try to make it into a Top 100 List. I attached a
copyright notice, some friends of mine posted it to a few newsgroups, and the
contributions quickly poured in. In 1996 I revised the list entries to their
current form, the Web page went up, more contributions were solicited, the
list expanded beyond 100 and I had to open up a dungeon. I continued to
contribute items; my total is around 40 or so. So while I am the originator,
editor, and principal contributor, I certainly did not write the majority of
the items on the list -- as may be seen by the sheer number of individuals
who are listed as contributors. Around 1997, as the final contributions were
coming in, a couple contributors mentioned that this was similar to a list of
things not to do if you capture James Bond that had appeared on a sci-fi
newsgroup. I'd never heard of or seen this list, so I assumed it was
parallel development or perhaps something I had inspired.
On November 12, 2002, I exchanged some emails with Jack Butler who has a
[list on his website](http://www.angelfire.com/biz7/globalguardians/stuff/overlord.html). Sayeth
Mr. Butler: "This list has its origins on the now-nonexistent FidoNet
Science Fiction and Fandom (SFFAN) email echo, in a discussion regarding a
sketch seen on an episode of Saturday Night Live sometime in 1990. In the
sketch, several Bond villains were appearing on a talkshow touting their new
book, "What Not To Do If You Capture James Bond". The discussion on SFFAN
was specifically regarding what advice might be found in that book. The
instigator of the discussion was Alesia Chamness; other contributors included
Jason Welles, Brian R. Williams, Merideth Knepper, and Alexi Vandenburg. I
was also one of its contributors. When I originally posted this list to the
Internet in 1994, I did so without any awareness of Mr. Anspach, the Star
Trek mailing list on which his version of the list appeared, or (later) his
website."
Apparently both lists were compiled during overlapping periods of time.
Comparing the two, some items appear on one list but not the other. Other
items appear identical to those on this list; since many are the result of my
writing or editing, I believe they were taken from this list and posted to
that list without permission. But other items on that list appear identical
to contributions I received before I edited them. Those items may have been
taken from that list and submitted here under false pretenses, or they may
have innocently been submitted to both lists by their originators. It
appears that as a result of this "cross-contamination", the two lists have
arrived at a point where there are variations on each other and it is
probably impossible to untangle them. (I would still like to talk with
Alesia Chamness. If you know her, please ask her to email me.)
I believe Jack Butler when he says the list on his website is the current
form of the James Bond Villain list, and I thank him for helping to clarify
matters. Let me state that I had nothing to do with the FidoNet SFFAN list
which is firmly in the public domain, and I lay no claim to it. The
copyright statement attached to my list applies only to this list, in the
form it appears.
-- Peter Anspach
(From the [User-Friendly Archives](http://www.userfriendly.org))
[](http://www.userfriendly.org/)
*Attention all Evil Overlord List Aspirants: Contrary to popular belief,
taking over the universe is not as easy as it would first appear. Due to the
complexity of this task, Peter regrets that he is currently unable to give the
list the attention it deserves. The list is therefore going on a temporary
hiatus. This is a temporary condition. As soon as he is able to respond in a
timely manner -- or until he becomes unquestioned lord and master of all
things, whichever comes first -- the list will not be updated and no new
suggestions will be considered. He would sincerely apologize for this
inconvenience, were it in character for an Evil Overlord to do so.*
---
Being an Evil Overlord seems to be a good career choice. It pays well,
there are all sorts of perks and you can set your own hours. However every
Evil Overlord I've read about in books or seen in movies invariably gets
overthrown and destroyed in the end. I've noticed that no matter whether
they are barbarian lords, deranged wizards, mad scientists or alien
invaders, they always seem to make the same basic mistakes every single
time. With that in mind, allow me to present...
# The Top 100 Things I'd DoIf I Ever Became An Evil Overlord
1. My Legions of Terror will have helmets with clear plexiglass visors, not face-concealing ones.
- My ventilation ducts will be too small to crawl through.
- My noble half-brother whose throne I usurped will be killed, not kept anonymously imprisoned in a forgotten cell of my dungeon.
- Shooting is *not* too good for my enemies.
- The artifact which is the source of my power will not be kept on the Mountain of Despair beyond the River of Fire guarded by the Dragons of Eternity. It will be in my safe-deposit box. The same applies to the object which is my one weakness.
- I will not gloat over my enemies' predicament before killing them.
- When I've captured my adversary and he says, "Look, before you kill me, will you at least tell me what this is all about?" I'll say, "No." and shoot him. No, on second thought I'll shoot him then say "No."
- After I kidnap the beautiful princess, we will be married immediately in a quiet civil ceremony, not a lavish spectacle in three weeks' time during which the final phase of my plan will be carried out.
- I will not include a self-destruct mechanism unless absolutely necessary. If it is necessary, it will not be a large red button labelled "Danger: Do Not Push". The big red button marked "Do Not Push" will instead trigger a spray of bullets on anyone stupid enough to disregard it. Similarly, the ON/OFF switch will not clearly be labelled as such.
- I will not interrogate my enemies in the inner sanctum -- a small hotel well outside my borders will work just as well.
- I will be secure in my superiority. Therefore, I will feel no need to prove it by leaving clues in the form of riddles or leaving my weaker enemies alive to show they pose no threat.
- One of my advisors will be an average five-year-old child. Any flaws in my plan that he is able to spot will be corrected before implementation.
- All slain enemies will be cremated, or at least have several rounds of ammunition emptied into them, not left for dead at the bottom of the cliff. The announcement of their deaths, as well as any accompanying celebration, will be deferred until after the aforementioned disposal.
- The hero is not entitled to a last kiss, a last cigarette, or any other form of last request.
- I will never employ any device with a digital countdown. If I find that such a device is absolutely unavoidable, I will set it to activate when the counter reaches 117 and the hero is just putting his plan into operation.
- I will never utter the sentence "But before I kill you, there's just one thing I want to know."
- When I employ people as advisors, I will occasionally listen to their advice.
- I will not have a son. Although his laughably under-planned attempt to usurp power would easily fail, it would provide a fatal distraction at a crucial point in time.
- I will not have a daughter. She would be as beautiful as she was evil, but one look at the hero's rugged countenance and she'd betray her own father.
- Despite its proven stress-relieving effect, I will not indulge in maniacal laughter. When so occupied, it's too easy to miss unexpected developments that a more attentive individual could adjust to accordingly.
- I will hire a talented fashion designer to create original uniforms for my Legions of Terror, as opposed to some cheap knock-offs that make them look like Nazi stormtroopers, Roman footsoldiers, or savage Mongol hordes. All were eventually defeated and I want my troops to have a more positive mind-set.
- No matter how tempted I am with the prospect of unlimited power, I will not consume any energy field bigger than my head.
- I will keep a special cache of low-tech weapons and train my troops in their use. That way -- even if the heroes manage to neutralize my power generator and/or render the standard-issue energy weapons useless -- my troops will not be overrun by a handful of savages armed with spears and rocks.
- I will maintain a realistic assessment of my strengths and weaknesses. Even though this takes some of the fun out of the job, at least I will never utter the line "No, this cannot be! I AM INVINCIBLE!!!" (After that, death is usually instantaneous.)
- No matter how well it would perform, I will never construct any sort of machinery which is completely indestructible except for one small and virtually inaccessible vulnerable spot.
- No matter how attractive certain members of the rebellion are, there is probably someone just as attractive who is not desperate to kill me. Therefore, I will think twice before ordering a prisoner sent to my bedchamber.
- I will never build only one of anything important. All important systems will have redundant control panels and power supplies. For the same reason I will always carry at least two fully loaded weapons at all times.
- My pet monster will be kept in a secure cage from which it cannot escape and into which I could not accidentally stumble.
- I will dress in bright and cheery colors, and so throw my enemies into confusion.
- All bumbling conjurers, clumsy squires, no-talent bards, and cowardly thieves in the land will be preemptively put to death. My foes will surely give up and abandon their quest if they have no source of comic relief.
- All naive, busty tavern wenches in my realm will be replaced with surly, world-weary waitresses who will provide no unexpected reinforcement and/or romantic subplot for the hero or his sidekick.
- I will not fly into a rage and kill a messenger who brings me bad news just to illustrate how evil I really am. Good messengers are hard to come by.
- I won't require high-ranking female members of my organization to wear a stainless-steel bustier. Morale is better with a more casual dress-code. Similarly, outfits made entirely from black leather will be reserved for formal occasions.
- I will not turn into a snake. It never helps.
- I will not grow a goatee. In the old days they made you look diabolic. Now they just make you look like a disaffected member of Generation X.
- I will not imprison members of the same party in the same cell block, let alone the same cell. If they are important prisoners, I will keep the only key to the cell door on my person instead of handing out copies to every bottom-rung guard in the prison.
- If my trusted lieutenant tells me my Legions of Terror are losing a battle, I will believe him. After all, he's my trusted lieutenant.
- If an enemy I have just killed has a younger sibling or offspring anywhere, I will find them and have them killed immediately, instead of waiting for them to grow up harboring feelings of vengeance towards me in my old age.
- If I absolutely must ride into battle, I will certainly not ride at the forefront of my Legions of Terror, nor will I seek out my opposite number among his army.
- I will be neither chivalrous nor sporting. If I have an unstoppable superweapon, I will use it as early and as often as possible instead of keeping it in reserve.
- Once my power is secure, I will destroy all those pesky time-travel devices.
- When I capture the hero, I will make sure I also get his dog, monkey, ferret, or whatever sickeningly cute little animal capable of untying ropes and filching keys happens to follow him around.
- I will maintain a healthy amount of skepticism when I capture the beautiful rebel and she claims she is attracted to my power and good looks and will gladly betray her companions if I just let her in on my plans.
- I will only employ bounty hunters who work for money. Those who work for the pleasure of the hunt tend to do dumb things like even the odds to give the other guy a sporting chance.
- I will make sure I have a clear understanding of who is responsible for what in my organization. For example, if my general screws up I will not draw my weapon, point it at him, say "And here is the price for failure," then suddenly turn and kill some random underling.
- If an advisor says to me "My liege, he is but one man. What can one man possibly do?", I will reply "This." and kill the advisor.
- If I learn that a callow youth has begun a quest to destroy me, I will slay him while he is still a callow youth instead of waiting for him to mature.
- I will treat any beast which I control through magic or technology with respect and kindness. Thus if the control is ever broken, it will not immediately come after me for revenge.
- If I learn the whereabouts of the one artifact which can destroy me, I will not send all my troops out to seize it. Instead I will send them out to seize something else and quietly put a Want-Ad in the local paper.
- My main computers will have their own special operating system that will be completely incompatible with standard IBM and Macintosh powerbooks.
- If one of my dungeon guards begins expressing concern over the conditions in the beautiful princess' cell, I will immediately transfer him to a less people-oriented position.
- I will hire a team of board-certified architects and surveyors to examine my castle and inform me of any secret passages and abandoned tunnels that I might not know about.
- If the beautiful princess that I capture says "I'll never marry you! Never, do you hear me, NEVER!!!", I will say "Oh well" and kill her.
- I will not strike a bargain with a demonic being then attempt to double-cross it simply because I feel like being contrary.
- The deformed mutants and odd-ball psychotics will have their place in my Legions of Terror. However before I send them out on important covert missions that require tact and subtlety, I will first see if there is anyone else equally qualified who would attract less attention.
- My Legions of Terror will be trained in basic marksmanship. Any who cannot learn to hit a man-sized target at 10 meters will be used for target practice.
- Before employing any captured artifacts or machinery, I will carefully read the owner's manual.
- If it becomes necessary to escape, I will never stop to pose dramatically and toss off a one-liner.
- I will never build a sentient computer smarter than I am.
- My five-year-old child advisor will also be asked to decipher any code I am thinking of using. If he breaks the code in under 30 seconds, it will not be used. Note: this also applies to passwords.
- If my advisors ask "Why are you risking everything on such a mad scheme?", I will not proceed until I have a response that satisfies them.
- I will design fortress hallways with no alcoves or protruding structural supports which intruders could use for cover in a firefight.
- Bulk trash will be disposed of in incinerators, not compactors. And they will be kept hot, with none of that nonsense about flames going through accessible tunnels at predictable intervals.
- I will see a competent psychiatrist and get cured of all extremely unusual phobias and bizarre compulsive habits which could prove to be a disadvantage.
- If I must have computer systems with publically available terminals, the maps they display of my complex will have a room clearly marked as the Main Control Room. That room will be the Execution Chamber. The actual main control room will be marked as Sewage Overflow Containment.
- My security keypad will actually be a fingerprint scanner. Anyone who watches someone press a sequence of buttons or dusts the pad for fingerprints then subsequently tries to enter by repeating that sequence will trigger the alarm system.
- No matter how many shorts we have in the system, my guards will be instructed to treat every surveillance camera malfunction as a full-scale emergency.
- I will spare someone who saved my life sometime in the past. This is only reasonable as it encourages others to do so. However, the offer is good one time only. If they want me to spare them again, they'd better save my life again.
- All midwives will be banned from the realm. All babies will be delivered at state-approved hospitals. Orphans will be placed in foster-homes, not abandoned in the woods to be raised by creatures of the wild.
- When my guards split up to search for intruders, they will always travel in groups of at least two. They will be trained so that if one of them disappears mysteriously while on patrol, the other will immediately initiate an alert and call for backup, instead of quizzically peering around a corner.
- If I decide to test a lieutenant's loyalty and see if he/she should be made a trusted lieutenant, I will have a crack squad of marksmen standing by in case the answer is no.
- If all the heroes are standing together around a strange device and begin to taunt me, I will pull out a conventional weapon instead of using my unstoppable superweapon on them.
- I will not agree to let the heroes go free if they win a rigged contest, even though my advisors assure me it is impossible for them to win.
- When I create a multimedia presentation of my plan designed so that my five-year-old advisor can easily understand the details, I will not label the disk "Project Overlord" and leave it lying on top of my desk.
- I will instruct my Legions of Terror to attack the hero en masse, instead of standing around waiting while members break off and attack one or two at a time.
- If the hero runs up to my roof, I will not run up after him and struggle with him in an attempt to push him over the edge. I will also not engage him at the edge of a cliff. (In the middle of a rope-bridge over a river of molten lava is not even worth considering.)
- If I have a fit of temporary insanity and decide to give the hero the chance to reject a job as my trusted lieutentant, I will retain enough sanity to wait until my current trusted lieutenant is out of earshot before making the offer.
- I will not tell my Legions of Terror "And he must be taken alive!" The command will be "And try to take him alive if it is reasonably practical."
- If my doomsday device happens to come with a reverse switch, as soon as it has been employed it will be melted down and made into limited-edition commemorative coins.
- If my weakest troops fail to eliminate a hero, I will send out my best troops instead of wasting time with progressively stronger ones as he gets closer and closer to my fortress.
- If I am fighting with the hero atop a moving platform, have disarmed him, and am about to finish him off and he glances behind me and drops flat, I too will drop flat instead of quizzically turning around to find out what he saw.
- I will not shoot at any of my enemies if they are standing in front of the crucial support beam to a heavy, dangerous, unbalanced structure.
- If I'm eating dinner with the hero, put poison in his goblet, then have to leave the table for any reason, I will order new drinks for both of us instead of trying to decide whether or not to switch with him.
- I will not have captives of one sex guarded by members of the opposite sex.
- I will not use any plan in which the final step is horribly complicated, e.g. "Align the 12 Stones of Power on the sacred altar then activate the medallion at the moment of total eclipse." Instead it will be more along the lines of "Push the button."
- I will make sure that my doomsday device is up to code and properly grounded.
- My vats of hazardous chemicals will be covered when not in use. Also, I will not construct walkways above them.
- If a group of henchmen fail miserably at a task, I will not berate them for incompetence then send the same group out to try the task again.
- After I captures the hero's superweapon, I will not immediately disband my legions and relax my guard because I believe whoever holds the weapon is unstoppable. After all, the hero held the weapon and I took it from him.
- I will not design my Main Control Room so that every workstation is facing away from the door.
- I will not ignore the messenger that stumbles in exhausted and obviously agitated until my personal grooming or current entertainment is finished. It might actually be important.
- If I ever talk to the hero on the phone, I will not taunt him. Instead I will say this his dogged perseverance has given me new insight on the futility of my evil ways and that if he leaves me alone for a few months of quiet contemplation I will likely return to the path of righteousness. (Heroes are incredibly gullible in this regard.)
- If I decide to hold a double execution of the hero and an underling who failed or betrayed me, I will see to it that the hero is scheduled to go first.
- When arresting prisoners, my guards will not allow them to stop and grab a useless trinket of purely sentimental value.
- My dungeon will have its own qualified medical staff complete with bodyguards. That way if a prisoner becomes sick and his cellmate tells the guard it's an emergency, the guard will fetch a trauma team instead of opening up the cell for a look.
- My door mechanisms will be designed so that blasting the control panel on the outside seals the door and blasting the control panel on the inside opens the door, not vice versa.
- My dungeon cells will not be furnished with objects that contain reflective surfaces or anything that can be unravelled.
- If an attractive young couple enters my realm, I will carefully monitor their activities. If I find they are happy and affectionate, I will ignore them. However if circumstance have forced them together against their will and they spend all their time bickering and criticizing each other except during the intermittent occasions when they are saving each others' lives at which point there are hints of sexual tension, I will immediately order their execution.
- Any data file of crucial importance will be padded to 1.45Mb in size.
- Finally, to keep my subjects permanently locked in a mindless trance, I will provide each of them with free unlimited Internet access.
Of course, these are merely the Top 100 Things I'd do. Other suggestions
have been sent to me which didn't quite make the Top 100 List. But they are
still so good that I couldn't bear to throw them out. Therefore, as an
expression of gratitude, I have tossed them into...
**[](../lists/dungeon_a.html)**
and
**[](../lists/dungeon_b.html)**
---
This web page has been given the following awards:* Cruel Site of the Day for Friday, December 13, 1996.
[![[Go to the Cruel Site of the Day site]](http://www.cruel.com/chosen.gif)](http://www.cruel.com)
* Worst of the Web for Wednesday, May 21, 1997.
[![[Go to the Worst of the Web site]](http://www.worstoftheweb.com/about/awardcup.gif)](http://www.worstoftheweb.com)
* Things To Do If Bored for Monday, September 8, 1997.
* This page has also been added to the index of Fun Reading at The Mining
Company <<http://scifibooks.miningco.com/>>.
* An award from the [The Enlightenment Zone](http://www.surf.to/enlightenmentzone/)
[](../letters/enlight.html)
---
If you have any other tidbits of advice that you would like to contribute to
this list -- you're too late! The list is full. However there is still plenty
of room left in
**[The Dungeon: Cellblock B](../lists/dungeon_b.html)**. Feel free to
[e-mail me](mailto:[email protected]) with your
advice or visit the Evil Overlord Homepage at
http://world.std.com/~olorin/peter\_overlord.html.
(Suggestion may be summarily rejected or edited without your
permission. What do you expect from an EVIL Overlord?)
I wish to thank the following contributors to this list who, if I ever happen
to become an Evil Overlord, will be named as lieutenants -- but not trusted
lieutenants -- in my Legions of Terror:
* Peter Ashen <[email protected]>
* Vance Atkins <[email protected]>
* David Borcherding <[email protected]>
* Ian Bell <[email protected]>
* Devon Black <[email protected]>
* Bill Campbell <[email protected]>
* Torgeir Christiansen <[email protected]>
* Paul Dietrich <[email protected]>
* Mario Di Giacomo <[email protected]>
* Chris Dunham <[email protected]>
* Jon Fowlkes <[email protected]>
* Tony Gowland <[email protected]>
* James Grannon <[email protected]>
* Ward Griffiths <[email protected]>
* Dave Harper <[email protected]>
* Paul J. Henry <[email protected]>
* Julie Helmer <[email protected]>
* Greg Huffman <[email protected]>
* Lynn Irwin <[email protected]>
* Curtis M Johnson <Curtis\_M\[email protected]>
* Noah Johnson <[email protected]>
* Ramin Kamal <[email protected]>
* Edmund Kao <[email protected]>
* SEK <[email protected]>
* Terran Lane <[email protected]>
* Bill Lee <bill\[email protected]>
* Michael Lorton <[email protected]>
* Mike Marano <[email protected]>
* Christy Marx <[email protected]>
* Andy Mcdermott <[email protected]>
* David Mcelfresh <[email protected]>
* Angus McIntyre <[email protected]>
* Kevin Meehan <[email protected]>
* Meteor <[email protected]>
* Pete Meyers (Wasser) <[email protected]>
* Mark Minisi <[email protected]>
* Eric Minton <[email protected]>
* Jesse Mundis <[email protected]>
* CL Murphy <[email protected]>
* Mark Musante <[email protected]>
* Sunil Narayan <[email protected]>
* Francesco Nicoletti <[email protected]>
* Daniel Palivec <[email protected]>
* Joel Polowin <[email protected]>
* Zed Rational <[email protected]>
* Peter Scott Rogers <[email protected]>
* Lisa Rose <[email protected]>
* Sara <[email protected]>
* Yuri Schimke <[email protected]>
* Lucas Schofield <[email protected]>
* Kathryn R. Smith <[email protected]>
* John & Donna Spert <[email protected]>
* L. J. Tomsho <[email protected]>
* Taldin the Blue Unicorn <[email protected]>
* Jae Walker <[email protected]>
* Monika Weikel <[email protected]>
* Justin Wiley <[email protected]>
* Bill Woods <[email protected]>
* [email protected]
* [email protected]
* [email protected]
* [email protected]
* [email protected]
---
I would also like to proclaim
["Hercules"](http://www.mca.com/tv/hercules/),
["Xena"](http://www.mca.com/tv/xena/),
["Sinbad"](http://www.adventuresofsinbad.com/),
["Tarzan"](http://www.cris.com/~dwcody/index.htm/tarzan/tarzan.htm)
["Robin Hood"](http://www.tnt-tv.com/robinhood/), and
["Conan"](http://www.conan.com)
to be the Official Television Shows of the Evil Overlord List. Their repeated
efforts to illustrate why Evil Overlords need such a list serve as examples
to us all.
---
[Back to the parody home page...](../index.html)
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<H1>The Realm of The</H1><P>
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<HR>
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<A HREF="http://www.archonrealm.com/">But this for-really domain name</A> is even cooler, and from <A HREF="http://www.1and1.com">1and1</A>. It was a gift, though not from 1and1. Confused yet?
<HR>
Welcome. Come in, away from the chaos and lunacy outside and into the chaos and lunacy inside. Step into the light....<P>
<FONT SIZE ="-1"><A HREF="#Undercard">Skip the news, I just wanna see a menu.</A></FONT><P>
<H2>NEWS:</H2>
<FONT COLOR ="#0000FF">August 31, 2005 AD</FONT><BR>
Greetings, all. A few <A HREF="cathinkn.htm">Random Thoughts</A> this time around and a discussion of some of the less-obvious moments of the dark Infocom game <A HREF="cath13a.htm">Trinity</A>, which was uploaded on the date listed. Just not linked. And I stick to that story even after repeated applications of the rubber hose.<P>
<FONT COLOR ="#0000FF">July 15, 2005 AD</FONT><BR>
'A review should be up... er, eventually.'<P>
Eventually isn't here yet - I've gone off reading and onto crosswords of late, having fun beating the NYT Sunday one into submission by Tuesday - but some <A HREF="brcath10.htm#Scan16">medical stuff</A> is here, a month late.<P>
<FONT COLOR ="#0000FF">June 3, 2005 AD</FONT><BR>
Whither go May? Sacrificed upon the altar of Real Life. June and possibly July suspected to go that way as well.<P>
One note, though, after reporting on the death of author Tristan Egolf, it feels... weird... to go back to the same ol' updates. I'm going to have to have a long think on the future of this site one of these days. There will be changes.<P>
Anyway, on to the update. Just a few more <A HREF="cathinkn.htm">Thoughts</A>, and a review should be up... er, eventually. Sorry folks, Life lacks a hold button.<P>
<FONT COLOR ="#0000FF">April 28, 2005 AD</FONT><BR>
And in this month's misadventures, we have <A HREF="cathinkn.htm">Thoughts</A> and <A HREF="reviews/themadwomanofshuttlefield.htm">a good review</A>, plus a save editor for the ancient Sega game <A HREF="wboy3.htm">Wonder Boy 3</A>. Holler if I forgot to upload it. Done in QBasic. No promises it works. Download at own risk.<P>
<HR>
<A NAME="Undercard"></A>
<CENTER><A HREF="#Navigation">Navigation</A> | <A HREF="#MartialLaw">Martial Law</A> | <A HREF="#Doom">Doom</A> | <A HREF="#Misc">Misc</A> | <A HREF="#Rants">Rants</A></CENTER>
<H2>Tonight's undercard:</H2>
<A NAME="Navigation"></A><FONT SIZE="+2"><I>Navigation:</I></FONT><BR>
<FONT SIZE ="+1"><A HREF="sitemap.htm">Sitemap</A></FONT> <FONT SIZE ="-1">Updated sometime in the past six years.</FONT>
<BR>How to get into the deeper reaches of this site.<P>
<A NAME="MartialLaw"></A><FONT SIZE="+2"><I>Martial Law:</I></FONT><BR>
<FONT SIZE="+1"><A HREF="mlaw/index.htm">Martial Rantists: The (In)complete <I>Martial Law</I></A></FONT> <FONT SIZE ="-1">Updated whenever the fancy takes me.</FONT>
<BR>My magnum rantus, on the show <I>Martial Law</I>. A lot of reading.<P>
<I>Chronicles, Litanies, and Fanboy Obsessions:</I><BR>
<FONT SIZE="+1"><A HREF="mlaw/litanies.htm">Len's Lack-of-Sleep Litanies</A></FONT> <FONT SIZE ="-1">Updated so often it makes your head spin.</FONT>
<BR>Where the most recent and unsettling updates are.<P>
<FONT SIZE="+1"><A HREF="mlaw/egolf.htm">The Egolf Chronicles</A></FONT> <FONT SIZE ="-1">Updated with frightening bimonthly regularity.</FONT>
<BR>Where the recent and most unsettling updates are.<P>
<FONT SIZE="+1"><A HREF="mlaw/lackof.htm">Len's (Previous) Lack-of-Sleep Litanies</A></FONT> <FONT SIZE ="-1">Updated whenever the moon turns to blood, give or take.</FONT>
<BR>Where the (least) most recent and unsettling updates are.<P>
<FONT SIZE="+1"><A HREF="mlaw/gretchen.htm">The Egolf Chronicles, V1.0</A></FONT> <FONT SIZE ="-1">Updated virtually never.</FONT>
<BR>Where the (least) recent and most unsettling updates are.<P>
<FONT SIZE="+1"><A HREF="mlaw/egolf2.htm">The Egolf Chronicles, V2.0</A></FONT> <FONT SIZE ="-1">Updated with frightening yearly irregularity.</FONT>
<BR>Where the (less) recent and more unsettling updates are.<P>
<FONT SIZE="+1"><A HREF="mlaw/recent.htm">Recent Updates</A></FONT> <FONT SIZE ="-1">Updated... recently</FONT>
<BR>Where the recently unsettled updates are, mostly.<P>
<A NAME="Doom"></A><FONT SIZE="+2"><I>Doom and its relatives:</I></FONT><BR>
<FONT SIZE ="+1"><A HREF="doom/fusion.htm">Fusion</A></FONT> <FONT SIZE ="-1">Updated October 28, 2000</FONT>
<BR>The time has come. The much delayed engine is here. Doom guys (and gals) may now jump for joy, just like their little onscreen avatar can.<P>
<FONT SIZE ="+1"><A HREF="doom/strife2k.htm">StrifeDoom 2000</A></FONT> <FONT SIZE ="-1">Updated September 1, 2000</FONT>
<BR>Is it Earth? Not quite. Hold on to your Sigil and pray to the One God for the best.<P>
<FONT SIZE ="+1"><A HREF="doom/patch.htm">The Patchwork Empire</A></FONT> <FONT SIZE ="-1">Updated March 20, 2000</FONT>
<BR>What you get when you put the Doom IWADs in a blender set to "puree".<P>
<FONT SIZE ="+1"><A HREF="doom/heredoom.htm">HereDoom</A></FONT> <FONT SIZE ="-1">Updated March 20, 2000</FONT>
<BR>I don't think we're on Phobos anymore, Toto....<P>
<FONT SIZE ="+1"><A HREF="doom/combo.htm">DEH combo pack</A></FONT> <FONT SIZE ="-1">Updated March 20, 2000</FONT>
<BR><B>Featuring:</B><BR>
<I>The Former Human Suicide Bomber</I> - Explosives and murderous zombies don't mix.<BR>
<I>The Keen Camouflage Imp</I> - As opposed to The Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers.<BR>
<I>Killable Twitching Corpses</I> - Shootable shish-ka-bobs.<P>
<FONT SIZE ="+1"><A HREF="doom/mbftech.htm">MBF Tech support</A></FONT> <FONT SIZE ="-1">Updated March 20, 2000</FONT>
<BR>The best free tech support, other than Microsoft's. (HA!)<P>
<FONT SIZE ="+1"><A HREF="doom/mbf.htm">What is MBF, anyway?</A></FONT> <FONT SIZE ="-1">Updated March 20, 2000</FONT>
<BR>MBF: it's not just three letters anymore.<P>
<FONT SIZE ="+1"><A HREF="doom/math1.htm">Math Time!</A></FONT> <FONT SIZE ="-1">Updated December 26, 1999</FONT>
<BR>School's in - Doom school, that is. All answers must be written in #2 pencil on the back of a dried orange peel.<P>
<FONT SIZE ="+1"><A HREF="doom/oracle.htm">The Oracle Scene V1.0</A></FONT> <FONT SIZE ="-1">Updated November 17, 1999</FONT>
<BR>If you've played Strife, you've chit-chatted with The Oracle. But do you know how that conversation was originally meant to go? Look here and all will be revealed, simple one.<P>
<FONT SIZE ="+1"><A HREF="doom/hexenodd.htm">Hexen Oddities</A></FONT> <FONT SIZE ="-1">Updated September 28, 2001</FONT>
<BR>Frozen ettins and bridge-building fighters and screenshots, oh my!<P>
<FONT SIZE ="+1"><A HREF="doom/misc.htm">Creative Miscellany</A></FONT> <FONT SIZE ="-1">Updated December 4, 2000</FONT>
<BR>Everything else.<P>
<A NAME="Misc"></A><FONT SIZE="+2"><I>Misc:</I></FONT><BR>
<FONT SIZE ="+1"><A HREF="cmisc.htm">Miscellaneous Creativity</A></FONT> <FONT SIZE ="-1">Updated January 27, 2001</FONT>
<BR>Everything else that isn't Doom.<P>
<FONT SIZE ="+1"><A HREF="ts/index.htm">The Space of Trades: </A></FONT><A HREF="ts/index.htm">The (In)complete <I>Trading Spaces</I>.</A> <FONT SIZE ="-1">Not Updated Anymore</FONT>
<BR>A now-defunct rant page dedicated to <I>Trading Spaces</I>. The $100,000 rant is actually very good. The other stuff? Ehhhhhhh.<P>
<FONT SIZE ="+1"><A HREF="knights/index.htm">Medieval Knights!</A></FONT> <FONT SIZE ="-1">Updated January, 2005</FONT>
<BR>Action figure knights and the twisted tales of their land.<P>
<A NAME="Rants"></A><FONT SIZE="+2"><I>Rants, served with whine:</I></FONT><BR>
<FONT SIZE ="+1"><A HREF="catharsi.htm">Dark Catharsis</A></FONT> <FONT SIZE ="-1">Updated Whenever</FONT>
<BR>I could have called them rants, but that would be too easy.:)<P>
<FONT SIZE ="+1"><A HREF="brigcath.htm">Bright Catharsis</A></FONT> <FONT SIZE ="-1">Updated recently, but not as recently as Whenever</FONT>
<BR>I could have called it humor, but that would be far too easy.:)<P>
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The Realm of The Archon
# The Realm of The
(Pentagram Copyright [Robin Wood](http://robinwood.com) 1997, Used with Permission.)
---
[This AD-FREE site](http://s91291220.onlinehome.us/) is hosted by [1and1](http://www.1and1.com). Those are ones, not 'l's.
[This mirror](http://archonrealm.tripod.com/) is hosted by [Tripod](http://www.tripod.com).
[This redirector](http://archonrealm.cjb.net/) is thanks to the people at [CJB.NET](http://www.cjb.net/).
[But this for-really domain name](http://www.archonrealm.com/) is even cooler, and from [1and1](http://www.1and1.com). It was a gift, though not from 1and1. Confused yet?
---
Welcome. Come in, away from the chaos and lunacy outside and into the chaos and lunacy inside. Step into the light....
[Skip the news, I just wanna see a menu.](#Undercard)
## NEWS:
August 31, 2005 AD
Greetings, all. A few [Random Thoughts](cathinkn.htm) this time around and a discussion of some of the less-obvious moments of the dark Infocom game [Trinity](cath13a.htm), which was uploaded on the date listed. Just not linked. And I stick to that story even after repeated applications of the rubber hose.
July 15, 2005 AD
'A review should be up... er, eventually.'
Eventually isn't here yet - I've gone off reading and onto crosswords of late, having fun beating the NYT Sunday one into submission by Tuesday - but some [medical stuff](brcath10.htm#Scan16) is here, a month late.
June 3, 2005 AD
Whither go May? Sacrificed upon the altar of Real Life. June and possibly July suspected to go that way as well.
One note, though, after reporting on the death of author Tristan Egolf, it feels... weird... to go back to the same ol' updates. I'm going to have to have a long think on the future of this site one of these days. There will be changes.
Anyway, on to the update. Just a few more [Thoughts](cathinkn.htm), and a review should be up... er, eventually. Sorry folks, Life lacks a hold button.
April 28, 2005 AD
And in this month's misadventures, we have [Thoughts](cathinkn.htm) and [a good review](reviews/themadwomanofshuttlefield.htm), plus a save editor for the ancient Sega game [Wonder Boy 3](wboy3.htm). Holler if I forgot to upload it. Done in QBasic. No promises it works. Download at own risk.
---
[Navigation](#Navigation) | [Martial Law](#MartialLaw) | [Doom](#Doom) | [Misc](#Misc) | [Rants](#Rants)
## Tonight's undercard:
*Navigation:*
[Sitemap](sitemap.htm) Updated sometime in the past six years.
How to get into the deeper reaches of this site.
*Martial Law:*
[Martial Rantists: The (In)complete *Martial Law*](mlaw/index.htm) Updated whenever the fancy takes me.
My magnum rantus, on the show *Martial Law*. A lot of reading.
*Chronicles, Litanies, and Fanboy Obsessions:*
[Len's Lack-of-Sleep Litanies](mlaw/litanies.htm) Updated so often it makes your head spin.
Where the most recent and unsettling updates are.
[The Egolf Chronicles](mlaw/egolf.htm) Updated with frightening bimonthly regularity.
Where the recent and most unsettling updates are.
[Len's (Previous) Lack-of-Sleep Litanies](mlaw/lackof.htm) Updated whenever the moon turns to blood, give or take.
Where the (least) most recent and unsettling updates are.
[The Egolf Chronicles, V1.0](mlaw/gretchen.htm) Updated virtually never.
Where the (least) recent and most unsettling updates are.
[The Egolf Chronicles, V2.0](mlaw/egolf2.htm) Updated with frightening yearly irregularity.
Where the (less) recent and more unsettling updates are.
[Recent Updates](mlaw/recent.htm) Updated... recently
Where the recently unsettled updates are, mostly.
*Doom and its relatives:*
[Fusion](doom/fusion.htm) Updated October 28, 2000
The time has come. The much delayed engine is here. Doom guys (and gals) may now jump for joy, just like their little onscreen avatar can.
[StrifeDoom 2000](doom/strife2k.htm) Updated September 1, 2000
Is it Earth? Not quite. Hold on to your Sigil and pray to the One God for the best.
[The Patchwork Empire](doom/patch.htm) Updated March 20, 2000
What you get when you put the Doom IWADs in a blender set to "puree".
[HereDoom](doom/heredoom.htm) Updated March 20, 2000
I don't think we're on Phobos anymore, Toto....
[DEH combo pack](doom/combo.htm) Updated March 20, 2000
**Featuring:**
*The Former Human Suicide Bomber* - Explosives and murderous zombies don't mix.
*The Keen Camouflage Imp* - As opposed to The Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers.
*Killable Twitching Corpses* - Shootable shish-ka-bobs.
[MBF Tech support](doom/mbftech.htm) Updated March 20, 2000
The best free tech support, other than Microsoft's. (HA!)
[What is MBF, anyway?](doom/mbf.htm) Updated March 20, 2000
MBF: it's not just three letters anymore.
[Math Time!](doom/math1.htm) Updated December 26, 1999
School's in - Doom school, that is. All answers must be written in #2 pencil on the back of a dried orange peel.
[The Oracle Scene V1.0](doom/oracle.htm) Updated November 17, 1999
If you've played Strife, you've chit-chatted with The Oracle. But do you know how that conversation was originally meant to go? Look here and all will be revealed, simple one.
[Hexen Oddities](doom/hexenodd.htm) Updated September 28, 2001
Frozen ettins and bridge-building fighters and screenshots, oh my!
[Creative Miscellany](doom/misc.htm) Updated December 4, 2000
Everything else.
*Misc:*
[Miscellaneous Creativity](cmisc.htm) Updated January 27, 2001
Everything else that isn't Doom.
[The Space of Trades:](ts/index.htm) [The (In)complete *Trading Spaces*.](ts/index.htm) Not Updated Anymore
A now-defunct rant page dedicated to *Trading Spaces*. The $100,000 rant is actually very good. The other stuff? Ehhhhhhh.
[Medieval Knights!](knights/index.htm) Updated January, 2005
Action figure knights and the twisted tales of their land.
*Rants, served with whine:*
[Dark Catharsis](catharsi.htm) Updated Whenever
I could have called them rants, but that would be too easy.:)
[Bright Catharsis](brigcath.htm) Updated recently, but not as recently as Whenever
I could have called it humor, but that would be far too easy.:)
This site and everything on it are Copyright ([C](http://www.archonrealm.com)) [The Archon](mailto:[email protected]) 1999 -
2009, unless otherwise noted. So there.
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<p><b><font size="+2"> V. ROSCHIN & S. GODIN</font></b> </p>
<p><b><font size="+2">Magneto-Gravitational Converter</font></b>
<br>
<b><font size="+2">(Searl Effect Generator)<br>
</font></b></p>
<hr width="62%">
<hr width="62%"></center>
<a name="_top"></a> <br>
<b><a href="#xpresmgfx">V. Roschin & S. Godin: Experimental
Research of Magnetic-Gravity Effects</a></b> <br>
<b><br>
<a href="#xpinv">V. Roschin & S. Godin: <i>Technical
Physics Letters</i> 26 (12): 1105-1107 (2000) ~ "An
Experimental Investigation..."</a></b> <br>
<b><br>
<a href="pitkanen.pdf" target="_blank">M. Pitkanen: About
Strange Effects Related to Rotating Magnetic Systems</a></b> <br>
<b><br>
<a href="rg1.htm" target="_blank">V. Roschin & S. Godin:
Russian Patent # 2,155,435 ~ "Mechanical Energy Generating
Device & Process"</a></b> <br>
<b><br>
<a href="#usp" target="_blank">V. Roschin & S. Godin: US
Patent # 6,822,361 ~ "Orbiting Multi-Rotor Homopolar System"</a><br>
<br>
<a href="#murad">P. Murad, et al. : Morningstar Energy Box
Replication of Roschin-Godin-Searl Generator <br>
<br>
</a></b><a href="#murad"> </a>
<center><a href="#murad"> </a>
<hr width="62%"><br>
<b><font size="+2">Experimental Research of the Magnetic-Gravity
Effects</font></b>
<p>by <b><font size="+1">V. V. Roschin</font></b> (
[email protected] ) & <b><font size="+1">S. M. Godin</font></b>
( [email protected] ) <br>
Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Science,
Izhorskaya 13/19, Moscow 127412, Russia <br>
[ This file is reproduced by courtesy of Alex Frolov:
http://alexfrolov.narod.ru ] </p>
<p><img src="roschin.jpg" width="218" height="245"></p>
</center>
<p><b>Abstract ~</b> </p>
<p>In the present paper the results of the experimental research
of Magnetic-Gravity Effects are presented. The abnormal magnetic
and thermal changes in the radius of 15 meters from the
researched device were measured as well. PACS: 41.20.-q;
44.60.+k; 76.50.+q </p>
<p><b>Introduction ~</b> </p>
<p>There has been a great interest in examining nonlinear effects
in the system of rotating magnetic fields. Such effects have
been observed in the device called Searl's generator or SEG
(SEG, Searl Effect Generator) [1-4]. An SEG consists of a series
of three rings and rollers that go around those rings. All parts
of SEG are based on the Law of the Squares. The rollers revolve
around the plates that form the rings, but they do not touch
them. There's a primary north and south pole on the rollers and
a primary north and south pole on the plates. Obviously
you will have the north pole of the roller attracted to the
south pole of the plate. The plate and the rollers have layered
structure. The external layer - Titan, then Iron, Nylon and last
internal layer was made from Neodymium. John R.R. Searl has
supposed that the electrons are given off from the central
element (which is neodymium), and they travel out through other
elements. If nylon had not been put there, the SEG would
act like a laser and one pulse would go out and it would stop,
build up, and another pulse would go out. But, with the nylon
being, nylon acts as a control gate, and that control gate gives
you an even flow of electrons throughout the SEG [4]. In
[4] it was shown that in the process of magnetization of
the plate and rollers, the combination of constant and variable
magnetic fields for creating a special wave (sine wave) pattern
on a plate surface and rollers surface was used. The basic
effects are the rollers selfrunning around a ring plate and
reduction of weight up to occurrence of propulsion and flying up
of all magnetic system. These effects come about because of a
special geometry of experimental setup. It was shown that the
work of the device in critical regime is accompanied by
biological and real physical phenomena. Unfortunately except for
the listed references we could not find other information where
similar effects are be mentioned. In this paper we present the
experimental device the results we have obtained. </p>
<p><b>The Description of the Experimental Installation ~</b> </p>
<p>The basic difficulty is in a choosing the materials and
maintaining the necessary pattern imprinting on the plate and
rollers surfaces. To simplify the technology we decided to use a
one-ring design with one-ring plate (stator) and one-ring of
rollers (rotor). It is obvious, that it was necessary to
strengthen the rollers on a rotor by the bearings and balance
the rollers well. In the suggested design the air bearings were
used which provided the minimum losses due to friction. From the
available description [1-4] it was not clear how it is possible
to make and magnetize the stator with a diameter of about one
meter. In order to make the stator from separate magnetized
segments executed on the basis of rare earth magnets with the
residual induction 1T; the segments were magnetized in a usual
way by discharging capacitor battery through the coil.
Afterwards the segments were assembled and glued together in a
special iron armature, which reduced magnetic energy. To
manufacture the stator 110 KGs of rare earth magnets were used,
and to manufacture the rotor 115 KGs of that material was used.
High-frequency field under magnetization was not applied. It was
decided to replace an imprinting technology described in [1-4]
with cross-magnetic inserts having a flux vector directed at 90
degrees to a vector of basic magnetization of a stator and
rollers of a rotor. For these cross inserts the modified rare
earth magnets with a residual magnetization of 1,2 T and
coercive force a little bit greater than in a base material was
used. In Figure 1 and Figure 2 the joint arrangement of stator
1, elements of a rotor - rollers 2 and a way of their mutual
gearing by means of cross magnetic inserts 19, are shown.
Between the stator and roller surfaces the air gap <i>d</i> of
1 mm is left. </p>
<p>No layered structure was used except a continuous copper foil
of 0.8 mm thickness which wrapped up the stator and rollers.
This foil has the direct electrical contact to magnets of a
stator and rollers. Distance between inserts in the rollers is
equal to distance between inserts on the stator. </p>
<p><b>Figure 1: Variant of One-Ring Converter ~</b> </p>
<p>The ratio of parameters of the stator 1 and the rotor 2 in
Figure 2 is chosen so that the relation of stator diameter
D and roller diameter d is an integer equal to or greater then
12. Choosing such a ratio allows us to achieve a magnetic spin
wave resonant mode between elements of a working body of the
device. </p>
<center>
<p><img src="rogo1.jpg" width="332" height="250"></p>
</center>
<p><b>Figure 2: Organization of Magnetic Gearing Stator &
Rollers ~</b> </p>
<p>The elements of magnetic system were assembled in a uniform
design on the aluminium platform. In Figure 3 the general view
of the platform with one-ring converter is displayed. This
platform was supplied with springs, amortizators and had a
possibility of moving vertical on three supports. The value of
displacement was measured by the induction meter of displacement
14; thus the change of the platform weight at once has been
defined during the experiment in real time. Gross weight of the
platform with magnetic system in the initial condition was 350
KGs. </p>
<center>
<p><img src="rogo2.jpg" width="386" height="211"></p>
</center>
<p><b>Figure 3: General View of the Platform with One-Ring
Converter ~</b> </p>
<center>
<p><img src="rogo3.jpg" width="640" height="353"></p>
</center>
<p>The stator 1 was mounted motionlessly, and the rollers 2 were
assembled on a mobile common separator 3, connected with the
basic shaft 4 of the device. Through this shaft the rotary
moment was transferred. The basic shaft by the means of friction
muff 5 was connected to the electrodynamics generator 7 and
starting engine 6, which accelerated the converter up to a mode
of self-sustained rotation. Along a rotor the electromagnetic
inductors 8 with open cores 9 were located. The magnetic rollers
2 crossed the open cores of inductors and closed the magnetic
flux through electromagnetic inductors 8, and induced emf in
them, which acted directly on an active load 10 (a set of
incandescent lamps with total power 1 kW). The electromagnetic
inductors 8 were equipped with an electrical drive 11 and had an
opportunity to smoothly move on supports 12. To study the
influence of the external high voltage on the characteristics of
the converter the system of radial electrical polarization
was mounted. On periphery of the rotor ring electrodes 13
were set between the electromagnetic inductors 8 having with the
rollers 2 air gap of 10 mm. The electrodes are connected to a
high-voltage source; the positive potential was connected to the
stator, and the negative to the polarization electrodes. The
voltage was adjusted in a range of 0-20 kV. In experiments the
constant value of 20 kV was used. In case of emergency braking,
friction disk from the ordinary car braking system was mounted
on a basic shaft of the rotor. The electrodynamics generator 7
was connected to active load through a set of switches ensuring
step connection of the load from 1 kW to 10 kW. The converter
under going testing had in its inner structure the oil friction
generator of thermal energy 15, intended for taping a
superfluous power (more than 10 kW) into the thermo-exchange
contour. But since the real output power of the converter in
experiment has not exceeded 7 kW, the oil friction thermal
generator was not used. The complete stabilization of
revolutions of the rotor was carried out by electromagnetic
inductors connected to an additional load, which was set of
incandescent lamps with total power 1 kW. </p>
<p><b>Experimental Results ~</b> </p>
<p>The magnetic-gravity converter was built in a laboratory
room on three concrete supports at a ground level. The ceiling
height the lab room was 3 meters. Besides the presence of
the iron-concrete ceiling, in immediate proximity from the
magnetic system there was a generator and electric motor, which
contained some tens KGs of iron and could potentially deform the
field's pattern. The device was started by the electric motor,
which accelerated the rotation of the rotor. The revolutions
were smoothly increased up to the moment the ammeter included in
a circuit of the electric motor started to show zero or lower
value of a consumed current or even a presence of the back
current. The presence of the back current is detected at approx.
550 rpm. The magnetic moving sensor 14 starts to detect the
change in weight of the whole installation at 200 rpm.
Afterwards the electric motor is completely disconnected by the
electromagnetic muff and the ordinary electrodynamics generator
is connected to the basic shaft of the device through the same
muff. The rotor of the converter continues to self-accelerate
and with the approach to the critical mode of 550 rpm, the
weight of the device quickly changes. In addition to the change
speed of rotation the weight depend of the power, removed into
active load, (the set of ten ordinary electrical water heaters
of 1 kW was used) and of the applied polarizing voltage, as
well. At the maximum output power equal to 6-7 kW the change of
weight G of the whole platform (total weight is about 350 KGs),
reaches 35 % of the weight in an initial condition G?. A load of
more than 7 kW results in a gradual decrease of revolutions and
exit from the mode of self-generation with the subsequent
complete stop of the rotor. The weight of a platform can be
controlled by applying of a high voltage to cellular ring
electrodes located at a distance of 10 mm from external surfaces
of the rollers. Under the high 20 kV voltage (electrodes
negative pole) the increase of taped power in circuit of the
basic generator more than 6 kW does not influence G while the
revolutions per min is not decreased to 400 rpm. "Tightening" of
this effect is observed as well as the effect of hysteresis on G
(a kind of "residual induction"). The experimental diagrams
given on Fig.4 illustrate the modes of the converter operations.
</p>
<p><b>Figure 4: Modes of Operation of the Magnet-Gravity Converter
~</b> </p>
<center>
<p><img src="rogo4.jpg" width="700" height="470"></p>
</center>
<p>The effect of a local change of the platform weight is
convertible relative to the direction of rotor turning, and has
the same hysteresis. At clockwise rotation the critical mode
comes in the area of 550 rpm and the propulsion force against
the direction of gravitation vector is created, by analogy, at
counter-clockwise rotation the critical mode comes the in area
of 600 rpm and the propulsion on the direction of gravitation
vector is created. The difference in approach to a critical mode
of 50-60 rpm was observed. It is necessary to mention that the
most interesting region lies above the critical area of 550 rpm,
but due to of a number of circumstances the implementation of
such research was not possible. Other interesting effects
include the work of the converter in the dark room when corona
discharges are observed around the converter's rotor as a
blue-pink glowing luminescence and a characteristic ozone
smell. The cloud of ionization covers the area of a stator and a
rotor and has accordingly toroidal form. On the background of
luminescence glowing on rollers' surfaces we distinguished wave
picture. A number of more vigorous strips of discharges around
the rollers were observed. These discharges were of the white -
yellow colour is, but the characteristic for the arc discharges
sound was not audible. One more effect previously not
mentioned was observed i.e. the vertical magnetic "walls"
around the installation. We noticed and measured the abnormal
permanent magnetic field around the converter in the radius of
15 meters. The zones of an increased intensity of a
magnetic flux 0,05T located concentrically from the centre of
the installation were detected. The direction of magnetic
field vector in these walls coincided with the direction of
rollers' field vector. The structure of these zones reminded
circles on water from the thrown stone. Between these zones a
portable magnetometer, which used the Hall's sensor as a
sensitive element, did not register abnormal magnetic fields.
The layers of an increased intensity are distributed practically
without losses up to a distance of about 15 meters from the
centre of the converter and quickly decrease at the border of
this zone. The thickness of each layer is about 5 - 8 cm. The
border of each layer has sharp shape, the distance between
layers is about 50 - 60 cm and it slightly accrues when moving
from the centre of the converter. The steady picture of this
field was observed as well at a height of 6 m above the
installation (on the second floor above the lab.). Above the
second floor the measurements were not carried out. The abnormal
fall of the temperature in direct affinity from the converter
was also found. While the common temperature background in
laboratory was + 22? (2?) the fall of temperature equal to 6-8?
was noticed. The same phenomenon was observed in vertical
magnetic walls as well as. The measurements of temperature
inside the magnetic walls were carried out by the ordinary
alcohol thermometer with inertia of indication about 1,5 min. In
the magnetic walls the temperature changes can be distinctly
observed even by hand. The hand when placed into this magnetic
wall feels real cold at once. The similar picture was observed
at the height above installation, i.e. on the second floor of
the laboratory as well as despite the ferro-concrete blocking of
ceiling. </p>
<p><b>Discussion ~</b> </p>
<p>All the results we obtained are extremely unusual and require
some theoretical explanation. Unfortunately the interpretation
of results within the framework of the conventional physical
theory cannot explain all the observed phenomena and first of
all the change of weight. The change of weight is possible to
interpret as a local change of gravity force or as an occurrence
of propulsion force by repelling from its own field. </p>
<p>Direct experiment, confirming a presence of draft force was not
performed, but in any case both interpretations of the weight
change do not correspond to the modern physical paradigm and
demand reconsideration of the standard theory of gravitation or
criticism of the second law of Newton, both of which are only
possible if we take into consideration the now-advert physical
media ether as understood by Faraday-Maxwell-Mie.
From the modern physics position electrization and luminescence
of the converter's magnetic system in the near zone is not
completely clear. The phenomenon of the magnetic and thermal
"walls" may be connected with Alphen's magnetic-sound
waves raised in near zone in magnetized plasma induced by a
variable magnetic field of a rotating rotor [5]. </p>
<p>At the present time we can not give an exact description of the
interactions mechanism with environment and transformation of
energy, but it is completely obvious, that without the use of
the concept of physical media --- the ether in a sense of
Faraday-Maxwell-Mie we are completely unable to give physically
substantial theory of these phenomena. In conclusion, we
emphasize that the issues of the biological influence effects
and especially of the variations of real time stream effects,
which must be taking place in an operative zone of the
converter, were not considered at all. These issues are
extremely important and absolutely unexplored; though there are
some mentions of J.R.R.Searl about healing action of the SEG's
radiation. Our own experience allows to make only cautious
assumption that the short-term stay (dozen minutes) in a working
zone of the converter with the fixed output power of 6 kW
remains for the people without observed consequences. The
present paper is only a beginning. </p>
<p><b>References ~</b> </p>
<p>1. Herbert Schneider, Dr. J.B. Koeppl, Hans-Joachim Ehlers:
"Begegnung mit John R.R. Searl"; <i>Raum und Zeit</i>, #39
(1989), pp. 75-80. <br>
2. S. Gunnar Sandberg: "Was ist Dran am Searl-Effect; <i>Raum
und Zeit</i>, #40 (1989), pp. 67-75. <br>
3. Herbert Schneider & Harry Watt: "Dem Searl-Effect auf der
Spur"; <i>Raum und Zeit</i>, # 42 (1989), pp.75-81; #43,
pp.73-77. <br>
4. John A. Thomas, Jr.: "Anti-Gravity: The Dream Made Reality";
<i>Extraordinary Science</i>, VI (2) 1994. <br>
5. L.D.Landau, E.M.Lifshits: <i>Electrodynamics of Continuous
Media</i>; Moscow, Nauka, 1982. (in Russian) <br>
</p>
<hr width="62%"><br>
<a name="xpinv"></a><br>
<b>Technical Physics Letters</b> 26 (12): 1105-1107 (2000)
<center>
<p><b><font size="+1">"An Experimental Investigation of the
Physical Effects in a Dynamic Magnetic System"</font></b>
</p>
<p><b>V.V. Roschin & S.M. Godin</b> <br>
Inst. of High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, Russia</p>
</center>
<p><b>Abstract ~</b> </p>
<p>It is demonstrated that a magnetic system based on rare-earth
magnets is capable of converting various forms of the energy,
provided that a certain critical operating regime is set up. As
the critical regime is attained, the experimental setup becomes
energetically fully autonomous. This is accompanied by local
variations in the total structure weight, a decrease in the
surrounding air temperature, and the formation of concentric
"magnetic walls" at a distance of up to 15 meters from the
experimental setup. </p>
<p><b>Introduction ~</b> </p>
<p>We have experimentally studied the physical effects in a system
based on rotating permanent magnets (1). Below we describe the
technology of manufacture, assembly, and the results of testing
this experimental setup, which is referred to as the converter.
</p>
<p><b>Technological Description ~</b> </p>
<p>The converter comprises an immobile stator and a rotor moving
around the stator and carrying fixed magnetic rollers. The
magnetic system of the working body of the converter has a
diameter of about 1 meter. The stator and magnetic rollers were
manufactured from separate magnetized segments made of
rare-earth magnets (REMs) with a residual magnetization of 0.85
T, a coercive force of [Hc] ~ 600 kA/m, and a specific magnetic
energy of [W] ~ 150 K/m3. The segments were magnetized by a
conventional method based on a discharge of a capacitor bank
through an inductor coil. Then the magnetized segments were
assembled and glued together in a special mounting stage, which
provided for the necessary tolerance in positioning the segments
and for the removal of magnetic energy. Using this mounting
stage, it was possible to glue the elements into the common
unit. The stable incorporated REMs with a total weight of 110 kg
and the rollers contained 115 kg of the same REM material. </p>
<p>The magnetic system elements were assembled into a single
structure on a special platform made of non-magnetic structural
alloys. The platform construction was provided with springs and
shock absorbers and allowed the converter setup to move in the
vertical direction on three sides. The motion was monitored by
an inductive transducer. Which allowed changes ion the platform
weight to be determined in the course of the experiment. The
total weight of the platform with the magnetic system in the
initial state was 350 kg. </p>
<p><b>Description of the Observed Effects ~</b> </p>
<p>The converter was installed in a 2.5-meter high laboratory room
using three concrete supports on a ground level. In addition to
the ordinary steel-reinforced concrete ceiling blocks, the
converter equipment featured a usual electrodynamic generator
and an electric motor, with a total iron weight of several tens
of kilograms (only these parts could, in principle, introduce
distortions into the electromagnetic field pattern observed). </p>
<p>The converter was set to operate by over-speeding the rotor
with the aid of the electric motor. The motor speed was
gradually increased until the ammeter connected in the motor
circuit showed zero consumed current and the current direction
reversal. This state corresponded to a rotor speed of
approximately 550 rpm, but the motion transducer began to
indicate a change in the platform weight already at 200 rpm.
Then the electric motor was disconnected using an
electromagnetic overrunning clutch, and a usual electrodynamic
generator was connected instead to the main shaft of the
converter via another electromagnetic clutch. On attaining the
critical regime (~550 rpm), the rotor exhibited a sharp increase
in the rotation speed; this was accompanied by a slow-down in
the rate of the current weight reduction. At this instant, the
first 1 kW load was connected to the system. Immediately upon
this connection, the rotation speed began to decrease, while the
Delta G value kept increasing, and so on as depicted in the
figure. </p>
<center>
<p><img src="rogo4.jpg" width="700" height="470"></p>
</center>
<p>A diagram illustrating various operation regimes of the
magnetogravitational converter showing (I) load power (kW) and
system weight variation; (II) 7-kW load (high voltage off);
(III) 7-kW load (high voltage on); (IV) supercritical regime;
(V) subcritical regime (1, high voltage off; 2, high voltage
on). </p>
<p>The system weight variation depend both on the power consumed
by the active load (the load consisted of 10 ordinary 1-kW
heating elements) and on the polarization voltage applied. For a
maximum consumed power (7 kW), a change in the total platform
weight reached 35% of the initial value in the immobile state
(350 kg), which corresponded to 50% of the pure weight of the
working body of the converter. An increase in the load power
above 7 kW led to a gradual decrease in the rotor speed and,
eventually, to the system going out of the self-generation
regime and the rotor speed decreasing until the full stop. The
platform weight could be controlled by applying a high-voltage
signal to the cellular ring electrodes situated 10 mm above the
external roller surface. Upon applying a 20 kV signal (negative
polarity on the electrodes), an increase in the load power
consumption above 6 kW did not affect the Delta G value even
when the rotor speed decreased down to 400 rpm. This was
equivalent to "prolongation" of the effect and was accompanied
by phenomena of the remnant induction" type with respect to
Delta G. The converter operation in various experimental regimes
is illustrated in the figure. </p>
<p>The effect of the system weight variation is reversible with
respect to the direction of rotor motion and exhibits certain
hysteresis. For the clockwise rotation, the critical regime is
observed in the region of 550 rpm and is accompanied by
development of the force acting against the gravity vector. For
the counter-clockwise rotation, the onset of the critical regime
is observed at approximately 600 rpm and the extra force
coincides in direction with the gravity vector. The onset of the
critical regime exhibited a scatter within 50-60 rpm. It should
be noted that, probably, some other critical resonance regimes
may exist, which correspond to higher rotor speeds and markedly
greater useful load levels. Proceeding from the general
theoretical consideration, the output mechanical energy must
nonlinearly depend on the internal parameters of the converter
magnetic system and the rotor speed, so that the observed
effects are likely to be far from optimum. Establishing of the
maximum output power maximum weight variation, and the converter
energy resource is of considerable theoretical and practical
interest. </p>
<p>Besides the phenomena described above, a number of other
interesting effects were observed in the system studied. In
particular, the converter operation in the dark is accompanied
by a corona discharge with a pink-blue light emission and by the
production of ozone. The ionization cloud is formed around the
stator and rotor, acquiring a toroidal shape. The general corona
discharge background is superimposed with a wavy pattern
corresponding to the surface of the rollers: the zones of
increased emission intensity are distributed along the roller
height in a manner similar to that observed for the high-voltage
microwave induction energy storage in the pre-breakdown state.
These zones appeared yellowish-white, but the emission was not
accompanied by sounds characteristic of the arc discharge. Nor
did we observe any visible erosive damage on the stator and
rotor surfaces. </p>
<p>One more effect, which was never reported previously, is the
appearance of vertical "magnetic walls" surrounding the setup.
We have detected and measured an anomalous constant magnetic
field around the converter. The measurements revealed zones of
increased magnetic strength on the order of 0.05 T arranged
coaxially relative to the system center. The direction of the
magnetic field vector on the "walls" coincides with that in the
rollers. The structure of these magnetic zones resembles the
pattern of circular waves on the water surface. No anomalous
field is detected by a mobile magnetometer, employing the Hall
effect transducer, in the area between zones. The layers of
increased magnetic field strength are propagating with virtually
no attenuation to a distance of 15 meters from the converter
center and then rapidly decayed at the boundary of this 15-meter
area. Each layer zone is 5-8 cm thick and exhibits sharp
boundaries. The layers are spaced by 50-60 cm, the spacing
slightly increasing with the distance from the converter center.
A stable pattern was also observed at a height of 5 meters
above the setup (the measurements were conducted in a 2nd floor
room above the laboratory; no tests were conducted on a still
higher level). </p>
<p>Another interesting phenomenon consists in an anomalous
temperature drop in the immediate vicinity of the converter. At
a general room temperature level in the laboratory (+22 +-2 C),
the temperature at the converter surface was 6-8 C lower.
Similar temperature variations were detected in the vertical
magnetic "walls". The temperature changes in the walls were
detected by an ordinary alcohol thermometer with a reading set
time of 1.5 minutes. The temperature variations in the magnetic
"walls" can even be sensed by the human body: a hand placed
inside the "wall" immediately feels cold. The same pattern was
observed at a height of 5 meters above the setup in a 2nd floor
room above the laboratory (despite the steel-reinforced concrete
blocks separating the rooms). </p>
<p><b>Discussion of Results ~</b> </p>
<p>All the experimental results described above are very unusual
and need some theoretical rationalization. Unfortunately,
attempts at interpreting the obtained results within the
framework of the existing physical theories showed that no one
of these models can explain the whole set of experimental data.
</p>
<p>Recently, Dyatlov (2) attempted to combine the concepts of
electricity and gravity by introducing the so-called
electronavigation and magnetic-spin coefficients into the
Heaviside gravity equations and the Maxwell field equations.
This provides for a relationship between the gravitational and
electrical components, as well as between the magnetic and
rotational components in a given medium. The assumptions are
built around a special model of inhomogenous physical vacuum,
called the vacuum domain model (2). It is suggested that the
extra relationships are absent outside the vacuum domain.
Although it is difficult to imagine a long-living vacuum domain,
the proposed model provides for a satisfactory explanation (at
least on a qualitative phenomenological level) for the
appearance of emission, the system weight variations, and the
conversion of energy taken from the surrounding medium into the
rotational mechanical moment of the rollers. Unfortunately, the
theory cannot provide a physical pattern of the observed
phenomena. </p>
<p><b>Conclusion ~</b> </p>
<p>At present, the work on a developed variant of the converter
are in progress at the Glushko "NPE Energomash" company
(Moscow). This setup would allow a deeper insight into the
physics of observed phenomena. Another aim is the creation of
commercial samples for various practical applications. </p>
<p><b>References ~</b> </p>
<p>(1) Thomas, J.A.: <i>Anti-Gravity: The Dream Made Reality ~
The Story of John R.R. Searl</i>; Direct International
Science Consortium, London, 1994), Vol. 1, Issue 2. <br>
(2) Dyatlov, V.L.: <i>Polarization Model Heterogenous Physical
Vacuum</i> (Inst. Mat., Novosibirsk, 1998); Translated by P.
Pozdeev. <br>
</p>
<hr width="62%">
<p align="center"><b><font size="+1"><br>
<a href="pitkanen.pdf" target="_blank">M. Pitkanen: About
Strange Effects Related to Rotating Magnetic Systems</a></font></b><br>
</p>
<p> An explanation of the Roschin-Godin experiment in terms
of Topological Geometro-Dynamics (TGD). [PDF] <br>
<br>
</p>
<hr width="62%">
<p align="center"><b><font size="+1">Russian Patent # 2,155,435</font></b><small><br>
<b><big><big>Mechanical Energy Generating Device & Process</big></big></b></small><br>
</p>
</blockquote>
<center><b><font size="+2"><small><font size="+2"><small>[ <a
href="RU2155435C1.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a> ]</small></font></small><br>
</font></b></center>
<blockquote>Publication date: 2000-08-27 <br>
Application Number: RU19990122275 19991027 ~ Priority
Number(s): RU19990122275 19991027 <br>
IPC Classification: H02N11/00; F03H5/00
<p><b>Abstract ~</b> </p>
<p>Power engineering and transport; miscellaneous
industries. UBSTANCE: Single-row power module has stator
and rotor with rollers combined by common separator. Stator and
rotor are made of permanent magnets or electromagnets based on
composite laminated magnetic, conducting, and insulating
materials. Main shaft of device is coupled via free-wheel
clutches with starting motor that brings device to automatic
speed-maintaining mode of operation and device loading system
which is, essentially, electrodynamic generator mechanically
coupled with main shaft of device. Electromagnetic transducers
are radially arranged on device periphery. Propulsion control is
effected by adjusting mechanical energy taken off the device and
by producing radial electric polarization on its periphery by
means of annular electrodes separated from rotor rollers by air
gap. Electrodes are connected to high-voltage power supply.
Generating process includes electric power supply to starting
gear, acceleration of rotor shaft to working speed, take-off of
generated energy, and adjustment of mentioned energy and
propulsion by varying rotor and stator speed through varying
load of generator connected to device as well as by adjusting
high voltage applied from external power supply. EFFECT: Reduced
energy consumption. 9 cl, 17 dwg.<br>
</p>
<img alt="" src="rg2.jpg" width="316" height="424"> <img
alt="" src="rg3a.jpg" width="449" height="595"><br>
<img alt="" src="rg3b.jpg" width="394" height="507"> <img
alt="" src="rg3c.jpg" width="463" height="523"><br>
<br>
<img alt="" src="rg3d.jpg" width="448" height="708"> <img alt=""
src="rg3e.jpg" width="397" height="703"><br>
<br>
<img alt="" src="rg3f.jpg" width="450" height="260"> <img
alt="" src="rg3g.jpg" width="386" height="492"><br>
<br>
<img alt="" src="rg3h.jpg" width="474" height="623"> <br>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<hr width="62%"><a name="usp"></a>
<center><b><font size="+1">US Patent # 6,822,361</font></b><b><font
size="+1"><br>
Orbiting Multi-Rotor Homopolar System<br>
<br>
<font size="+1">[ <a href="US6822361B1.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a>
]</font><br>
</font></b>
<p><b>Roschin; Vladimir Vitalievich</b> (Moscow, RU); <b>Godin;
Sergi Mikhailovich</b> (Moscow, RU)</p>
</center>
<p><b>Abstract -- </b>An orbiting multi-rotor homopolar machine
employs axially parallel, cylindrical, electrically conductive
magnets arranged circumferentially around vertical axis of
central stator ring, intimately contacting and engaging non-slip
rolling between rotor magnets and stator. A bearing rotatably
secures each end of each magnet to a corresponding electrically
conductive circular endplate, each slightly wider than the
stator. An electrically conductive axle located in the center of
the stator rigidly attaches to one of the top circular endplate,
and an electrically insulating bearing means attaches the center
of bottom circular endplate to a coaxial inner cylinder, located
between the axle and the stator. </p>
<p><b>Assignee: Energy & Propulsion Systems LLC</b> (Valencia,
CA) </p>
<p><b>References Cited</b> <br>
<b>U.S. Patent Documents:</b> <br>
406,068 ~ Jul., 1889 ~ Tesla ~ 310/178 <br>
645,943 ~ Mar., 1900 ~ Dalen, et al. ~ 310/178 <br>
3,185,877 ~ May., 1965 ~ Sears ~ 310/178 <br>
3,465,187 ~ Sep., 1969 ~ Breaux ~ 310/178 <br>
5,241,232 ~ Aug., 1993 ~ Reed ~ 310/178 <br>
5,278,470 ~ Jan., 1994 ~ Neag ~ 310/178 <br>
5,977,684 ~ Nov., 1999 ~ Lin ~ 310/178 <br>
6,051,905 ~ Apr., 2000 ~ Clark ~ 310/178 <br>
<b>Foreign Patent Documents:</b> <br>
2,094,066 ~ Sep., 1982 ~ GB <br>
2000-324,786 ~ Nov., 2000 ~ JP <br>
2001-286,117 ~ Oct., 2001 ~ JP <br>
2003-47,226 ~ Feb., 2004 ~ JP </p>
<p><i>Primary Examiner:</i> Mullins; Burton ~ <i>Attorney, Agent
or Firm:</i> Our Pal LLC </p>
<p><b><i>Description ~</i></b> </p>
<p>FIELD OF THE INVENTION </p>
<p>This invention relates generally to the field of direct current
electrical motors and generators that operate without the need
for commutation and/or rectification, and more particularly to
multi-rotor homopolar machines which derive their emf
(electromotive force) from co-rotational magnets and metallic
disk embodiment. </p>
<p>BACKGROUND </p>
<p>Back in 1831, Michael Faraday discovered that a cylindrical
magnet suspended by a string and touching a mercury bath at the
bottom could generate electricity while spinning along its axis
if a second electrical contact was made at the periphery of the
midpoint of the magnet. His experiment was a one-piece homopolar
machine since the magnet and conductor were joined together.
Such Faraday generators have also been called acyclic, unipolar
or homopolar generators because no commutation or alternating of
the magnetic poles is necessary for this machine in order to
generate electricity. </p>
<p>The type of electrical output is most often direct current (DC)
unless specific means are designed to provide an interruption of
radial conduction and thus simulate alternating current (AC).
Historically, DC was championed by Thomas Edison during the
early part of the 20th century while at the same time AC was
championed by Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse. In the
future, DC will be coming back into style with the emergence of
ambient temperature superconductive cables. Therefore, highly
efficient homopolar generators will be in demand to meet the
future market demand for DC electricity. </p>
<p>Homopolar generators usually have a single disk or drum
rotating in a stationary magnetic field with sliding contacts.
The sliding contacts often present high resistance however. The
construction and operation of homopolar machines for electric
propulsion of marine vessels or railguns for example is already
well known. Such machines include motors and generators wherein
electrical current flows through a conductor situated in a
magnetic field during rotation of the machine rotor. </p>
<p>In the case of a homopolar motor, the current will develop a
J.times.B force perpendicular to the direction of its flow
through the conductor and that of the magnetic field. In the
case of a homopolar generator, a voltage dependent on the
rotational speed, magnetic field, and radius, is induced in a
conductor moving within the magnetic field. When current is
drawn from the homopolar generator, it also develops a J.times.B
force for the same reason as with the motor but is referred to
as back torque or armature reaction. General reference
information including basic principles used to reduce back
torque can be found in The Homopolar Handbook by Thomas Valone
(ISBN 0-9641070-1-5). </p>
<p>The prior art rarely includes a one-piece homopolar machines
that rotate the magnet with the disk. Even more unknown is the
concept of rolling contacts. Eliminating sliding contacts is
shown in the "Planetary Homopolar Generator," IBM Technical
Disklosure Bulletin, Vol. 17, No. 6, p. 1786-87, November, 1974,
H. D. Varadarajan. </p>
<p>Using a conducting belt or rolling contacts to gather current
from a magnetic field flux cutting rotor, there is an annular
magnetic field through which the rotor executes a planetary
motion. </p>
<p>The large stresses resulting from the centrifugal force of the
massive, unbalanced planetary rotor is a distinct disadvantage,
prohibiting high speed operation. Thus, only a low rate of
rotation is possible with the IBM design. </p>
<p>The "Direct Current Homopolar Machine" U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,618
to Hathaway demonstrates an analogous concept of relative motion
between conductive orbiting shaft and a stationary disk-shaped
magnetized armature. </p>
<p>However, the design is a bit cumbersome to be practical.
Science Applications International Corporation claims a
conductive belt, dual disk "Homopolar Motor-Generator" in U.S.
Pat. No. 5,241,232 to Reed that apparently reinvents the "Dynamo
Electric Machine" of U.S. Pat. No. 406,968 patented by none
other than Nikola Tesla in 1889 that also has two unipolar
magnetized rotors connected by a conductive belt. The belted
dual unipolar machines solve one of the problems that plague the
field by offering two sliding contacts at the low speed surface
on the axle. However, the present invention requires only one
sliding contact on the axle. These conductive belt machines also
demonstrate, in principle, the concept of a multi-rotor,
planetary design, by the process of coordinate transformation,
since relative motion is the key to the operation of a homopolar
generator. The concept of rolling contact is demonstrated with
the Dalen "Dynamo Electric Machine" U.S. Pat. No. 645,943, where
two disks are turning in opposite directions while in contact
with each other at their periphery. However, the axle of each
disk must remain fixed in place whereas each axle is in orbiting
motion in the present invention. </p>
<p>Homopolar machines can reversibly function as motors as well,
such as flywheels, and used as energy storage devices. First
used in transportation applications in the 1950's, flywheel
powered buses were designed to have the flywheel accelerated at
every stop. Composite rotors currently have been developed which
can spin at very high revolutions (100,000 revolutions per
second); and the speed is limited by the tensile strength of the
rim of the rotor. By using a multi-rotor design, the centrifugal
forces of a large disk can be greatly reduced and still maintain
high-energy storage or production. By using magnetic bearings,
the friction on the axis of the rotor can be reduced
sufficiently so that such rotors can maintain most of the energy
for several days. </p>
<p>The IBM Varadarajan planetary rotor is unbalanced and has a low
rate of magnetic flux cutting due to its annular magnetic field
design. The Hathaway direct current machine has a lot of
unbalanced conductive material orbiting the central magnetized
disk which limits the rotational speed. </p>
<p>The conductive belt designs can be subject to oxidation and
slippage, even requiring a toothed timing belt on each axle as
well. With most disk models of homopolar generators, as opposed
to drum designs, sliding contacts are the single most important
contribution of resistance inhibiting the power output of the
machine. Internal resistance is the only limit to the output
capability of a homopolar generator and it is important to
reduce all sources of internal resistance to obtain maximum
power output for a given input torque. Rather than use high
resistance carbon brushes, medium resistance silver-graphite
brushes or dangerous conductive liquids such as mercury, low
temperature solder, or sodium-potassium, there is a need to
eliminate frictional sliding contact at the high speed periphery
of the magnetized rotor completely. Furthermore, rather than
maintaining two sliding contacts which contribute friction and
resistance, even in the rolling and belted designs, there is a
need to cut the number in half to only one high current sliding
contact. The present invention satisfies both of these needs. </p>
<p>SUMMARY </p>
<p>The present invention derives direct current electricity by
co-rotating a plurality of magnets and a metallic disk. It
comprises an improved homopolar machine with dynamically
balancing, axially parallel, cylindrical, electrically
conductive magnets arranged circumferentially around the
vertical axis of central stator ring. Such a design can be
referred to as distributed generation since each magnet rotor
generates only a fraction of the current that is transmitted
through the machine. Thus, the conductive bearings contacting
the center of each end of the magnet rotors may carry only one
tenth or less of the total current. </p>
<p>The multi-rotor orbiting homopolar also does not include
sliding contacts at each magnetized rotor rim but instead
utilizes a suitable rolling means attached separately to magnets
and also to the stator ring for intimately contacting and
engaging non-slip rolling between magnets and stator as they
orbit around the stator. The magnetized rotors maintain
rotational synchronism and equal relative position to each other
with a bearing means rotatably securing the top and bottom end
of each magnet to a corresponding electrically conductive
circular endplate. </p>
<p>The electrical energy is extracted, or input if used as a
motor, through contacts on the conductive stator and at the
machine's electrically conductive axle located in the center of
the machine while rigidly attached to the top circular endplate
that rotates with all of the individually magnetized rotors. The
only single, high current, moving contact that is required is an
electrically conductive thrust bearing that supports the central
axle. An insulating thrust bearing meanwhile separates the axle
from the center of bottom circular endplate. The stator, which
is of course stationary, accomplishes the second contact means
through a standard electrical connection with no need for any
relative motion sliding contact. The stator may be optionally
magnetized in the opposite direction to the magnetized rotors in
order to increase the coercive force or magnetic flux density. </p>
<p>The drawings constitute a part of this specification and
include exemplary embodiments to the invention, which may be
embodied in various forms. It is to be understood that in some
instances various aspects of the invention may be shown
exaggerated or enlarged to facilitate an understanding of the
invention. </p>
<p><i>The Problem ~</i> </p>
<p>The problem this invention solves is that it generates high
power direct current electricity without the need for
commutation and rectification, otherwise the internal resistance
losses are high. </p>
<p>The problems with prior art devices, processes and systems can
be categorized as follows. </p>
<p>1. Require commutation or rectification to generate direct
current electricity. </p>
<p>2. Rely on more than one current brush which often have high
speed contact. </p>
<p>3. Do not distribute magnetic field power generation by
multi-rotor orbiting magnets in homopolar machines or systems. </p>
<p>4. Internal resistance losses are usually high. </p>
<p>5. Neither efficient nor cost effective. </p>
<p>6. Neither simple nor practical for most applications. </p>
<p><i>Prior Art ~</i> </p>
<p>A preliminary limited prior art search was not commissioned but
the inventor is intimately familiar with the prior art.
Following are typical examples of the prior art arranged in
reverse chronological order for ready reference of the reader. </p>
<p>11) Non-Provisional Utility U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,905 issued to
Richard Clark on Apr. 18, 2000 for "Homopolar Generator" </p>
<p>10) Non-Provisional Utility U.S. Pat. No. 5,977,684 presented
to Ted Lin on Nov. 2, 1999 for "Rotating Machine Configurable as
True DC Generator or Motor" </p>
<p>09) Non-Provisional Utility U.S. Pat. No. 5,864,198 earned by
Joseph Pinkerton on Jan. 26, 1999 for "Brushless Generator" </p>
<p>08) Non-Provisional Utility U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,618 issued to
George Hathaway on Dec. 24, 1996 for "Direct Current Homopolar
Machine" </p>
<p>07) Non-Provisional Utility U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,470 graced upon
Zacharias Neag on Jan. 11, 1994 for "Homopolar Machine which
acts as a Direct Current (DC) High Voltage Generator or Motor" </p>
<p>06) Non-Provisional Utility U.S. Pat. No. 5,241,232 honorably
given to Jay Reed on Aug. 31, 1993 for "Homopolar
Motor-Generator" </p>
<p>05) Non-Provisional Utility U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,821 published
in the name of Charley McCullough on Apr. 30, 1991 for "Method
and Apparatus for Generating Electricity" </p>
<p>04) Non-Provisional Utility U.S. Pat. No. 3,465,187 issued to
Onezime Breaux on Sep. 2, 1969 for "Homopolar Generator Having
Parallel Positioned Faraday Disk Structures" </p>
<p>03) Non-Provisional Utility U.S. Pat. No. 3,185,877 presented
to Anthony Sears on May 25, 1965 for "Direct Current Homopolar
Generator" </p>
<p>02) Non-Provisional Utility U.S. Pat. No. 645,943 graced upon
inventor Gustaf Dalen on Mar. 27, 1900 for "Dynamo Electric
Machine" </p>
<p>01) Non-Provisional Utility U.S. Pat. No. 406,968 bestowed upon
none other than Nikola Tesla himself in 1889 for "Dynamo
Electric Machine" </p>
<p>None of the prior art devices known to the applicant or his
attorney disclose the EXACT embodiment of this inventor that
constitutes a simple, elegant and affordable system for an
orbiting Multi-Rotor Homopolar direct current electricity
generation </p>
<p><i>Objectives ~</i> </p>
<p>Unfortunately none of the prior art devices singly or even in
combination provide for all of the objectives as established by
the inventor for this system as enumerated below. </p>
<p>1. It is an objective of this invention to provide devices,
method and system for generation of high power direct current
electricity without commutation and rectification. </p>
<p>2. The primary objective of the invention is orbiting
multi-rotor cylindrical magnets in rolling contact that
eliminates friction while generating DC electricity. </p>
<p>3. Another objective of the invention is to provide high
efficiency, low noise and low resistance in a high current
generator. </p>
<p>4. Another objective of the invention is that it uses readily
available materials in a dynamically balanced arrangement. </p>
<p>5. Another objective of the invention is safety through reduced
internal stress than comparable homopolar machines with a single
rotor. </p>
<p>6. Another objective of the invention is that it provides
distributed generation around an air core. </p>
<p>7. Another objective of this invention is to provide an easy,
quick, simple practical way to generate more efficient and cost
effective direct current electricity. </p>
<p>8. Another objective of this invention is that it promote and
encourage other inventors to do additional research in homopolar
machines generally but co-rotational magnets and disk
embodiments in particular. </p>
<p>9. Another objective of this invention is to provide a system
that is integrated and flexible. </p>
<p>10. Another objective of this invention is to provide a system
that is easily useable and requires little if any training for
manufacturing and use. </p>
<p>11. Another objective of this invention is that it meet all
federal, state, local and other private standards guidelines,
regulations and recommendations with respect to safety,
environment, and energy consumption. </p>
<p>12. Another objective of this invention is that it can be made
from modular standard materials and components that are also
easily maintainable. </p>
<p>Other objectives advantages and features of this invention
reside in its simplicity, elegance of design, ease of
manufacture, service and use and even aesthetics as will become
apparent from the following brief description of the drawings
and the detailed description of the best mode preferred
embodiments taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.
</p>
<p>BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS </p>
<p><b>FIG. 1</b> is a prior art diagram of a typical homopolar
generator. </p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="usp1.jpg" alt="usp
6822361 fig 1" style="width: 283px; height: 223px;"><br>
</p>
<p><b>FIG. 2</b> is a perspective, cutaway view of the magnetized
rotor and stator. </p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="usp2-3.jpg" alt="usp
6822361 figs 2-3" style="width: 319px; height: 220px;"></p>
<p><b>FIG. 3</b> is an elevational view of the complete orbiting
multi-rotor machine. </p>
<p><b>FIG. 4</b> is a cross sectional view of the invention. </p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="usp4.jpg" alt="usp
6822361 fig 4" style="width: 371px; height: 234px;"></p>
<p><b>FIG. 5</b> is a plan view from the top of the invention. </p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="usp5.jpg" alt="usp
6822361 fig 5" style="width: 375px; height: 394px;"></p>
<p>DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE BEST MODE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT </p>
<p>As shown in the drawings wherein like numerals represent like
parts throughout the several views, there is generally disclosed
in FIG. 1 is a state of the prior art. </p>
<p>Detailed descriptions of the preferred embodiment are provided
herein. It is to be understood, however, that the present
invention may be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific
details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting,
but rather as a basis for the claims and as a representative
basis for teaching one skilled in the art to employ the present
invention in virtually any appropriately detailed system,
structure or manner. </p>
<p>Turning first to FIG. 2 there is shown a perspective cutaway
view of a portion of one embodiment of the present invention
showing one of a multitude of rotors that are axially magnetized
(B). This multitude mounted in parallel comprise the multi-rotor
homopolar machine in close contact with a ring shaped stator
that may be optionally magnetized in the direction opposite to
the magnetic fields of the rotors. </p>
<p>Each rotor 20 has its own axle 21 which is circumferentially
mounted vertically, arranged and dynamically balanced around a
central vertical axis, on an electrically conductive but low
permeability axle rod 21 made of copper, brass or bronze, that
may penetrate the center of the entire magnetized rotor and
rotatably attach to top and bottom bearing 33 on circular
endplates 31, 32 shown in FIG. 3. In operation, the rotors orbit
around the circular stator ring, which may or may not also be
magnetized. </p>
<p>The invention is more completely shown in the elevational view
of FIG. 3 with several rotors 20 rotatably attached to the top
circular endplate 31 and bottom circular endplate 32 by
electrically conductive bearings 33. The top endplate 31 is
rigidly attached to the central axle 34 supporting the orbiting
multi-rotor homopolar generator assembly. The hollow circular
design of the stationary ring stator 23 is also visible in FIG.
3, which can be optionally magnetized to increase performance
output. </p>
<p>The bottom circular endplate 32 has a large hole in the center,
more completely seen in FIG. 4, that allows inner attachment to
insulating bearing 44 which optimally can be a non-contacting,
low friction magnetic bearing since the weight of the rotor
assembly is carried by the electrically conductive thrust
bearing 41. The bottom endplate 32 is thus isolated electrically
from the stationary Inner cylinder 43 that is the inner core of
the stator. Inner circular assembly plates 49 of equal size and
shape, that preferably are electrically conductive, rigidly
attach the inner cylinder 43 to the stator ring 23. In
accordance with the present invention, FIG. 4 shows the side
cross sectional view edge on with a cutaway so that the central
axle 34 and hollow inner cylinder design 43 is visible. </p>
<p>The insulating bearings 42 separate the central axle 34 from
the inner cylinder 43. Both bearings 42 and 44 electrically
maintain the separation of polarity of the electromotive force
(emf) voltage of each rotor. The positive or negative polarity
of the conductors depends of course on the rotation direction of
the rotor magnets. One conductor 45 is electrically emerging
from the stator assembly and ultimately emanates from the outer
edge of each rotor 20 with the homopolar effect conducting the
generated electricity through the rolling means 47 and 48. The
opposite polarity conductor 46 is electrically emanating from
the center axle 21 of each rotor 20 is connected to the
electrically conductive thrust bearing 41. </p>
<p>In accordance with an important function of the present
invention, there is shown in FIG. 4 one embodiment of an
intimately contacting and engaging nonslip rolling means 47 and
48. As is well-known in the industry where good traction with a
high coefficient of friction (1.6 or better) but sufficiently
low electrical resistance is desired between two surfaces, an
adherent coating of copper can be used on both facing surfaces
of the stator 23 and rotor 20. For the copper coating,
electro-deposition can be used or flame spraying of copper on
the rotor and stator outer surfaces. </p>
<p>Another embodiment of rolling means 47 and 48 utilizes a geared
electromechanical rotary joint developed by NASA Goddard Space
Center (NASA Tech Briefs, December, 1994) which offers the
advantage of a springy, low noise planetary gear contacting a
stator ring gear. It was designed by NASA to overcome the
disadvantages of sliding contacts and to ensure high traction
desired for rolling electrical contacts. </p>
<p>The springy gears are made from beryllium copper which is a
self-cleaning material with, in one embodiment, an average
diameter of 6.35 mm with any reasonable number of teeth. Another
concept to creating a rolling contact utilizes a magnetic
sprocket design with small rare earth (samarium cobalt for
example) magnets embedded perpendicularly in the surfaces of the
stator ring and rotor magnets. The magnetic sprocket thus
utilizes equally spaced magnets mounted normal to the axes of
the stator and rotor. </p>
<p>To demonstrate an important feature of the invention, there is
shown in FIG. 5 a plan view from the top of the balanced
distribution of the rotors 20 around the stator assembly 43 with
the outer stator ring 23 that are equally spaced and preferably
dynamically balanced so the centrifugal forces are equal and
opposite. </p>
<p><i>Theory of Operation ~</i> </p>
<p>The main principle of operation is based on the fact that
rotating cylindrical magnets creates a homopolar emf generation
from Faraday's Law and the Lorentz Force. Physically, a
rotating, non-inertial reference frame configuration can only be
analyzed correctly with Einstein's general theory of relativity,
utilizing a Thirring metric. </p>
<p>Particularly, where rotating cylindrical magnets and disk are
synchronized and made co-rotational, such a co-rotational
configuration makes the generator one piece like the earth's
magnetic field itself. As the inventors explored this
correspondence more closely, it was learned that the earth's
molten, electrically conductive iron core also includes not one
but several vortices in a coaxial circular arrangement. The
inventors stumbled upon this concept while investigating the
field rotation paradox and found that an orbiting, multi-rotor
homopolar generator assembly would be analogous to the earth's
electrically conductive, multi-vortex, magnetic, molten iron
core. </p>
<p>The field rotation paradox can be easily resolved by an amateur
DIY (Do It Yourself ) scientist by comparing the interception of
a linear magnetic field vs. a rotating magnetic field. In the
former configuration the meter gives the same reading whether
the magnet is moved with respect to a pickup coil of wire or
vice versa but in the latter configuration the meter reading is
seen only when the disk is moved with respect to rotary magnetic
field of cylindrical magnet but not when the magnet is moved
with respect to the disk. The former is consistent with special
relativity while the latter is relying on general relativity.
Both are loosely termed "relativistic." </p>
<p><i>Assembly and Use ~</i> </p>
<p>The manufacturing, assembly and use of this invention is very
simple even intuitive. The system of this invention can be
readily assembled from the teaching provided in this disclosure
by state of the art techniques and materials by a person of
average skill in the art. </p>
<p>The applicant has described the essence of this invention.
While this invention has been described with reference to an
illustrative embodiment, this description is not intended to be
construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and
combinations of the illustrative embodiments as well as other
embodiments of the invention will be apparent to a person of
average skill in the art upon reference to this description. </p>
<p><i>Variations ~</i> </p>
<p>Due to the simplicity and elegance of the design of this
invention designing around it is very difficult if not
impossible. Nonetheless many changes may be made to this design
without deviating from the spirit of this invention. Examples of
such contemplated variations include the following: </p>
<p>1. The shape and size, colors etc of the device or the
packaging thereof may be modified. </p>
<p>2. Additional complimentary and complementary functions and
features may be added. </p>
<p>3. The system of this invention may be adapted for other
related uses. </p>
<p>4. Instead of cylindrical magnets, other types of magnets and
mode of mounting on the disk may be employed to create the
orbiting, rotational magnetic field. </p>
<p>5. The invention may be scaled up and down by several orders of
magnitude </p>
<p>7. An experimental science toy version may be developed for
education and entertainment of little young scientists of the
future. </p>
<p>8. Homopolar generator may be employed in reverse as a motor to
convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. </p>
<p>9. A homopolar servo motor version may be crafted based on this
co-rotational magnet and disk concept. </p>
<p>10. Permanent cylindrical magnets may be replaced by equivalent
configuration of electromagnets. </p>
<p>11. A portion of the emf generated may be fed back to
cylindrical electromagnets to explore the possibility of a
self-excited generator without violating any laws of nature. </p>
<p>Other changes such as aesthetics and substitution of newer
materials as they become available, which substantially perform
the same function in substantially the same manner with
substantially the same result without deviating from the spirit
of the invention may be made. </p>
<p>Following is a listing of the components used in the best mode
preferred embodiment and the alternate embodiments for use with
OEM as well as retrofit markets. For the ready reference of the
reader the reference numerals have been arranged in ascending
numerical order. </p>
<p>10 = Prior art generally </p>
<p>20 = Rotor(s) </p>
<p>21 = Axle, rod </p>
<p>23 = Stationary Ring Stator (Optionally Magnetized) </p>
<p>31 = Top circular end plate </p>
<p>32 = Bottom circular end plate </p>
<p>33 = Bearing </p>
<p>34 = Central Axle </p>
<p>41 = Electrically Conductive Thrust Bearing </p>
<p>42 = Insulating Bearing </p>
<p>43 = Stationary Hollow Inner Cylinder </p>
<p>44 = Insulating Bearing </p>
<p>45 = Opposite Polarity Conductor </p>
<p>46 = Opposite Polarity Conductor </p>
<p>47 = Non-Slip Rolling Means </p>
<p>48 = Non-Slip Rolling Means </p>
<p>49 = Inner Circular Assembly Plates </p>
<p>Definitions and Acronyms </p>
<p>A great care has been taken to use words with their
conventional dictionary definitions. Following definitions are
included here for clarification. </p>
<p>3D = Three Dimensional </p>
<p>Acyclic = Non-cyclic, non rotational or linear </p>
<p>DC = Direct Current as contrasted from alternating current
electricity </p>
<p>DIY = Do It Yourself </p>
<p>DYNAMO = A device for converting mechanical energy into
electrical energy (& Vice versa) </p>
<p>EMF = Electromagnetic Force </p>
<p>Homopolar = Same as unipolar </p>
<p>Integrated = Combination of two entities to act like one </p>
<p>Interface = Junction between two dissimilar entities </p>
<p>N = Magnetic North (Permanent or electro-magnet) </p>
<p>N-Machine = One Piece Faraday generator </p>
<p>OEM = Original Equipment Manufacturer </p>
<p>S = Magnetic South (Permanent or electro-magnet) </p>
<p>Unipolar = Same as homopolar </p>
<p>Note: It should be noted that the prior art uses unipolar,
homopolar, acyclic and Faraday Disk Dynamo interchangeably. </p>
<p>While this invention has been described with reference to
illustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to be
construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and
combinations of the illustrative embodiments as well as other
embodiments of the invention will be apparent to a person of
average skill in the art upon reference to this description. It
is therefore contemplated that the appended claim(s) cover any
such modifications, embodiments as fall within the true scope of
this invention as defined by the appended claims. </p>
<p><b><i>Claims ~</i></b> </p>
<p>What is claimed is: </p>
<p>1. An orbiting multi-rotor homopolar machine comprising: </p>
<p>a plurality of axially parallel, equally spaced, cylindrical,
magnet rotors arranged circumferentially around the periphery of
a central stator ring whose axis is parallel to each magnet
rotor axis; </p>
<p>rolling means attached separately to the magnet rotors and to
the stator ring for intimately contacting and enabling high
friction non-slip rolling between magnet rotors and stator ring;
</p>
<p>means for starting and sustaining orbiting rolling of the
magnet rotors around stator ring as required; </p>
<p>bearing means rotatably securing the top and bottom ends of
each magnet rotor to a corresponding circular endplate; </p>
<p>axle means located in the center of the stator ring rigidly
attached to the top circular endplate; </p>
<p>electrically insulating bearing means rotatably securing the
center of the bottom circular endplate to a coaxial inner
cylinder located between the axle and stator ring; and </p>
<p>circular assembly means for rigidly attaching the inner
cylinder to the stator ring. </p>
<p>2. The homopolar machine of claim 1 wherein the inner cylinder,
circular assembly means, magnet rotors, axle means, circular
endplate, and stator ring are made at least partially from
electrically conductive material. </p>
<p>3. The homopolar machine of claim 1 wherein the rolling means
comprises an electrically conductive geared electromechanical
rotary joint. </p>
<p>4. The homopolar machine of claim 1 wherein the rolling means
comprises an electrically conductive copper coating on the
stator ring and magnet rotors. </p>
<p>5. The homopolar machine of claim 1 wherein the stator ring
comprises electrically conductive magnetic material. </p>
<p>6. A method for starting and sustaining the orbiting of rolling
cylindrical magnets arranged parallel to and circumferentially
around the vertical axis of a central stator ring, while
intimately contacting and engaging non-slip rolling means
between rotor magnets and the stator ring, rotatably securing
the top and bottom ends of each rotor magnet by means of a
bearing to a corresponding circular endplate, rigidly attaching
to the top circular endplate a vertical axle coaxial with and in
the stator ring, securing the center of the bottom circular
endplate to a coaxial inner cylinder located between the axle
and the stator ring by means of an electrically insulating
bearing, and rigidly attaching the inner cylinder to the stator
ring by means of a circular assembly. </p>
<p>7. An orbiting multi-rotor homopolar machine comprising: </p>
<p>a plurality of axially parallel, equally spaced, cylindrical,
magnet rotors arranged circumferentially around the periphery of
a central stator ring whose axis is parallel to each magnet
rotor axis; </p>
<p>rolling means attached separately to the magnet rotors and to
the stator ring for intimately contacting and enabling high
friction non-slip rolling between the magnet rotors and stator
ring; </p>
<p>means for starting and sustaining orbiting rolling of the
magnet rotors around the stator ring as required; </p>
<p>bearing means rotatably securing the top and bottom ends of
each magnet rotor to a corresponding circular endplate; </p>
<p>axle means located in the center of the stator ring rigidly
attached to the top circular endplate; </p>
<p>electrically insulating bearing means rotatably securing the
center of the bottom circular endplate to a coaxial inner
cylinder located between the axle and stator ring; and </p>
<p>circular assembly means for rigidly attaching the inner
cylinder to the stator ring; wherein said inner cylinder, said
circular assembly means, said magnet rotors, said axle means,
said circular endplate, and said stator ring are made at least
partially from electrically conductive material. </p>
<p>8. The homopolar machine of claim 7 wherein the rolling means
comprises an electrically conductive geared electromechanical
rotary joint. </p>
<p>9. The homopolar machine of claim 7 wherein the rolling means
comprises an electrically conductive copper coating on the
stator ring and magnet rotors. </p>
<p>10. The homopolar machine of claim 7 wherein the stator ring
comprises electrically conductive magnetic material.<br>
</p>
<hr width="100%" size="2"><b><a name="murad"></a><br>
</b>
<div align="center"><b>P. Murad, et al. : The Morningstar Energy
Box</b><br>
<b>[ <a href="murad-mebox.pdf">PDF</a> ]</b><br>
</div>
<b>Replication of Roschin-Godin-Searl Generator<br>
<br>
</b>
<div align="center"><b> </b><img alt="" src="meb1.jpg"
width="737" height="389"><br>
</div>
<br>
<hr width="100%" size="2"><br>
<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGZ61sQ8t-o"
target="_blank"><b>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGZ61sQ8t-o</b></a><br>
<br>
<div align="center"><b>SEG-MEC -16C .mp4</b><br>
</div>
<br>
There is another machine called "Morningstar Energy Box" ,they
duplicated the large Russian MEC,it shows ...<br>
<br>
<hr width="100%" size="2"><a name="morn"></a><br>
<a href="http://searlsolution.com/media2.html" target="_blank"><b>http://searlsolution.com/media2.html</b></a><b><br>
</b><b><br>
</b>
<div align="center"><big><b>Russian Temperature & Magnetic
Anomaly Confirmed in Homopolar System.</b><br>
</big></div>
<br>
The Morningstar Energy Box (Tuesday, March 15, 4:30 PM)
SPESIF-COFE4 Presentation. 2011<br>
<br>
SPESIF-COFE 4 Abstract. The Morningstar Energy Box is a derivative
of a Searl device modified in a similar fashion used by the
Russian Scientists Godin and Roschin. These devices use laminated
rollers and a main ring made of different materials used to
enhance electrical and magnetic properties. Where the Searl device
uses rollers to move around a main ring, the Russian device
kinematically constrains these rollers within a mechanical cage.
The operational theory for the Energy Box uses rotating
electromagnetic fields to create gravitational effects and is
different from those theories outlined by either Searl or the
Russians. A prototype device is currently under test and
unfortunately self-accelerated motion has yet to be obtained. The
Russians have made several serious claims that their device
produced self-acceleration to generate electricity, created a
relatively large weight loss, generated discrete walls of
magnetism far from the device and that a temperature drop exists
when the device loses weight. To date, no one has validated these
outrageous claims. However, we have found similar phenomenon
regarding temperature loss and the discrete magnetic walls to
occur during tests of the Energy Box and have correlated the
temperature drop that the Godin & Roschin device produces as
being a consequence of the Unruh effect. Where they claimed to
lose as much as 35% of the weight of a 375 kg armature, the Energy
Box only loses as much as 2% of its 490 pounds at this stage of
the test cycle. Additional tests and modifications are underway to
hopefully increase the weight loss.<br>
<br>
<hr width="62%"><br>
</blockquote>
</body>
</html>
|
Roschin & Godin: Magneto-Gravity Effects; Verification of
the Searl Effect
>
>
> 
>
> **[rexresearch.com](../index.htm)**
>
>
> ---
>
>
> **V. ROSCHIN & S. GODIN**
>
>
> **Magneto-Gravitational Converter**
>
>
> **(Searl Effect Generator)**
>
>
>
>
> ---
>
>
>
>
> ---
>
>
>
>
> **[V. Roschin & S. Godin: Experimental
> Research of Magnetic-Gravity Effects](#xpresmgfx)**
>
> **[V. Roschin & S. Godin: *Technical
> Physics Letters* 26 (12): 1105-1107 (2000) ~ "An
> Experimental Investigation..."](#xpinv)**
>
> **[M. Pitkanen: About
> Strange Effects Related to Rotating Magnetic Systems](pitkanen.pdf)**
>
> **[V. Roschin & S. Godin:
> Russian Patent # 2,155,435 ~ "Mechanical Energy Generating
> Device & Process"](rg1.htm)**
>
> **[V. Roschin & S. Godin: US
> Patent # 6,822,361 ~ "Orbiting Multi-Rotor Homopolar System"](#usp)
>
>
>
> [P. Murad, et al. : Morningstar Energy Box
> Replication of Roschin-Godin-Searl Generator](#murad)**
>
>
>
> ---
>
>
>
> **Experimental Research of the Magnetic-Gravity
> Effects**
> by **V. V. Roschin** (
> [email protected] ) & **S. M. Godin**
> ( [email protected] )
>
> Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Science,
> Izhorskaya 13/19, Moscow 127412, Russia
>
> [ This file is reproduced by courtesy of Alex Frolov:
> http://alexfrolov.narod.ru ]
>
>
> 
>
>
>
> **Abstract ~**
>
>
> In the present paper the results of the experimental research
> of Magnetic-Gravity Effects are presented. The abnormal magnetic
> and thermal changes in the radius of 15 meters from the
> researched device were measured as well. PACS: 41.20.-q;
> 44.60.+k; 76.50.+q
>
>
> **Introduction ~**
>
>
> There has been a great interest in examining nonlinear effects
> in the system of rotating magnetic fields. Such effects have
> been observed in the device called Searl's generator or SEG
> (SEG, Searl Effect Generator) [1-4]. An SEG consists of a series
> of three rings and rollers that go around those rings. All parts
> of SEG are based on the Law of the Squares. The rollers revolve
> around the plates that form the rings, but they do not touch
> them. There's a primary north and south pole on the rollers and
> a primary north and south pole on the plates. Obviously
> you will have the north pole of the roller attracted to the
> south pole of the plate. The plate and the rollers have layered
> structure. The external layer - Titan, then Iron, Nylon and last
> internal layer was made from Neodymium. John R.R. Searl has
> supposed that the electrons are given off from the central
> element (which is neodymium), and they travel out through other
> elements. If nylon had not been put there, the SEG would
> act like a laser and one pulse would go out and it would stop,
> build up, and another pulse would go out. But, with the nylon
> being, nylon acts as a control gate, and that control gate gives
> you an even flow of electrons throughout the SEG [4]. In
> [4] it was shown that in the process of magnetization of
> the plate and rollers, the combination of constant and variable
> magnetic fields for creating a special wave (sine wave) pattern
> on a plate surface and rollers surface was used. The basic
> effects are the rollers selfrunning around a ring plate and
> reduction of weight up to occurrence of propulsion and flying up
> of all magnetic system. These effects come about because of a
> special geometry of experimental setup. It was shown that the
> work of the device in critical regime is accompanied by
> biological and real physical phenomena. Unfortunately except for
> the listed references we could not find other information where
> similar effects are be mentioned. In this paper we present the
> experimental device the results we have obtained.
>
>
> **The Description of the Experimental Installation ~**
>
>
> The basic difficulty is in a choosing the materials and
> maintaining the necessary pattern imprinting on the plate and
> rollers surfaces. To simplify the technology we decided to use a
> one-ring design with one-ring plate (stator) and one-ring of
> rollers (rotor). It is obvious, that it was necessary to
> strengthen the rollers on a rotor by the bearings and balance
> the rollers well. In the suggested design the air bearings were
> used which provided the minimum losses due to friction. From the
> available description [1-4] it was not clear how it is possible
> to make and magnetize the stator with a diameter of about one
> meter. In order to make the stator from separate magnetized
> segments executed on the basis of rare earth magnets with the
> residual induction 1T; the segments were magnetized in a usual
> way by discharging capacitor battery through the coil.
> Afterwards the segments were assembled and glued together in a
> special iron armature, which reduced magnetic energy. To
> manufacture the stator 110 KGs of rare earth magnets were used,
> and to manufacture the rotor 115 KGs of that material was used.
> High-frequency field under magnetization was not applied. It was
> decided to replace an imprinting technology described in [1-4]
> with cross-magnetic inserts having a flux vector directed at 90
> degrees to a vector of basic magnetization of a stator and
> rollers of a rotor. For these cross inserts the modified rare
> earth magnets with a residual magnetization of 1,2 T and
> coercive force a little bit greater than in a base material was
> used. In Figure 1 and Figure 2 the joint arrangement of stator
> 1, elements of a rotor - rollers 2 and a way of their mutual
> gearing by means of cross magnetic inserts 19, are shown.
> Between the stator and roller surfaces the air gap *d* of
> 1 mm is left.
>
>
> No layered structure was used except a continuous copper foil
> of 0.8 mm thickness which wrapped up the stator and rollers.
> This foil has the direct electrical contact to magnets of a
> stator and rollers. Distance between inserts in the rollers is
> equal to distance between inserts on the stator.
>
>
> **Figure 1: Variant of One-Ring Converter ~**
>
>
> The ratio of parameters of the stator 1 and the rotor 2 in
> Figure 2 is chosen so that the relation of stator diameter
> D and roller diameter d is an integer equal to or greater then
> 12. Choosing such a ratio allows us to achieve a magnetic spin
> wave resonant mode between elements of a working body of the
> device.
>
>
>
> 
>
>
>
> **Figure 2: Organization of Magnetic Gearing Stator &
> Rollers ~**
>
>
> The elements of magnetic system were assembled in a uniform
> design on the aluminium platform. In Figure 3 the general view
> of the platform with one-ring converter is displayed. This
> platform was supplied with springs, amortizators and had a
> possibility of moving vertical on three supports. The value of
> displacement was measured by the induction meter of displacement
> 14; thus the change of the platform weight at once has been
> defined during the experiment in real time. Gross weight of the
> platform with magnetic system in the initial condition was 350
> KGs.
>
>
>
> 
>
>
>
> **Figure 3: General View of the Platform with One-Ring
> Converter ~**
>
>
>
> 
>
>
>
> The stator 1 was mounted motionlessly, and the rollers 2 were
> assembled on a mobile common separator 3, connected with the
> basic shaft 4 of the device. Through this shaft the rotary
> moment was transferred. The basic shaft by the means of friction
> muff 5 was connected to the electrodynamics generator 7 and
> starting engine 6, which accelerated the converter up to a mode
> of self-sustained rotation. Along a rotor the electromagnetic
> inductors 8 with open cores 9 were located. The magnetic rollers
> 2 crossed the open cores of inductors and closed the magnetic
> flux through electromagnetic inductors 8, and induced emf in
> them, which acted directly on an active load 10 (a set of
> incandescent lamps with total power 1 kW). The electromagnetic
> inductors 8 were equipped with an electrical drive 11 and had an
> opportunity to smoothly move on supports 12. To study the
> influence of the external high voltage on the characteristics of
> the converter the system of radial electrical polarization
> was mounted. On periphery of the rotor ring electrodes 13
> were set between the electromagnetic inductors 8 having with the
> rollers 2 air gap of 10 mm. The electrodes are connected to a
> high-voltage source; the positive potential was connected to the
> stator, and the negative to the polarization electrodes. The
> voltage was adjusted in a range of 0-20 kV. In experiments the
> constant value of 20 kV was used. In case of emergency braking,
> friction disk from the ordinary car braking system was mounted
> on a basic shaft of the rotor. The electrodynamics generator 7
> was connected to active load through a set of switches ensuring
> step connection of the load from 1 kW to 10 kW. The converter
> under going testing had in its inner structure the oil friction
> generator of thermal energy 15, intended for taping a
> superfluous power (more than 10 kW) into the thermo-exchange
> contour. But since the real output power of the converter in
> experiment has not exceeded 7 kW, the oil friction thermal
> generator was not used. The complete stabilization of
> revolutions of the rotor was carried out by electromagnetic
> inductors connected to an additional load, which was set of
> incandescent lamps with total power 1 kW.
>
>
> **Experimental Results ~**
>
>
> The magnetic-gravity converter was built in a laboratory
> room on three concrete supports at a ground level. The ceiling
> height the lab room was 3 meters. Besides the presence of
> the iron-concrete ceiling, in immediate proximity from the
> magnetic system there was a generator and electric motor, which
> contained some tens KGs of iron and could potentially deform the
> field's pattern. The device was started by the electric motor,
> which accelerated the rotation of the rotor. The revolutions
> were smoothly increased up to the moment the ammeter included in
> a circuit of the electric motor started to show zero or lower
> value of a consumed current or even a presence of the back
> current. The presence of the back current is detected at approx.
> 550 rpm. The magnetic moving sensor 14 starts to detect the
> change in weight of the whole installation at 200 rpm.
> Afterwards the electric motor is completely disconnected by the
> electromagnetic muff and the ordinary electrodynamics generator
> is connected to the basic shaft of the device through the same
> muff. The rotor of the converter continues to self-accelerate
> and with the approach to the critical mode of 550 rpm, the
> weight of the device quickly changes. In addition to the change
> speed of rotation the weight depend of the power, removed into
> active load, (the set of ten ordinary electrical water heaters
> of 1 kW was used) and of the applied polarizing voltage, as
> well. At the maximum output power equal to 6-7 kW the change of
> weight G of the whole platform (total weight is about 350 KGs),
> reaches 35 % of the weight in an initial condition G?. A load of
> more than 7 kW results in a gradual decrease of revolutions and
> exit from the mode of self-generation with the subsequent
> complete stop of the rotor. The weight of a platform can be
> controlled by applying of a high voltage to cellular ring
> electrodes located at a distance of 10 mm from external surfaces
> of the rollers. Under the high 20 kV voltage (electrodes
> negative pole) the increase of taped power in circuit of the
> basic generator more than 6 kW does not influence G while the
> revolutions per min is not decreased to 400 rpm. "Tightening" of
> this effect is observed as well as the effect of hysteresis on G
> (a kind of "residual induction"). The experimental diagrams
> given on Fig.4 illustrate the modes of the converter operations.
>
>
>
> **Figure 4: Modes of Operation of the Magnet-Gravity Converter
> ~**
>
>
>
> 
>
>
>
> The effect of a local change of the platform weight is
> convertible relative to the direction of rotor turning, and has
> the same hysteresis. At clockwise rotation the critical mode
> comes in the area of 550 rpm and the propulsion force against
> the direction of gravitation vector is created, by analogy, at
> counter-clockwise rotation the critical mode comes the in area
> of 600 rpm and the propulsion on the direction of gravitation
> vector is created. The difference in approach to a critical mode
> of 50-60 rpm was observed. It is necessary to mention that the
> most interesting region lies above the critical area of 550 rpm,
> but due to of a number of circumstances the implementation of
> such research was not possible. Other interesting effects
> include the work of the converter in the dark room when corona
> discharges are observed around the converter's rotor as a
> blue-pink glowing luminescence and a characteristic ozone
> smell. The cloud of ionization covers the area of a stator and a
> rotor and has accordingly toroidal form. On the background of
> luminescence glowing on rollers' surfaces we distinguished wave
> picture. A number of more vigorous strips of discharges around
> the rollers were observed. These discharges were of the white -
> yellow colour is, but the characteristic for the arc discharges
> sound was not audible. One more effect previously not
> mentioned was observed i.e. the vertical magnetic "walls"
> around the installation. We noticed and measured the abnormal
> permanent magnetic field around the converter in the radius of
> 15 meters. The zones of an increased intensity of a
> magnetic flux 0,05T located concentrically from the centre of
> the installation were detected. The direction of magnetic
> field vector in these walls coincided with the direction of
> rollers' field vector. The structure of these zones reminded
> circles on water from the thrown stone. Between these zones a
> portable magnetometer, which used the Hall's sensor as a
> sensitive element, did not register abnormal magnetic fields.
> The layers of an increased intensity are distributed practically
> without losses up to a distance of about 15 meters from the
> centre of the converter and quickly decrease at the border of
> this zone. The thickness of each layer is about 5 - 8 cm. The
> border of each layer has sharp shape, the distance between
> layers is about 50 - 60 cm and it slightly accrues when moving
> from the centre of the converter. The steady picture of this
> field was observed as well at a height of 6 m above the
> installation (on the second floor above the lab.). Above the
> second floor the measurements were not carried out. The abnormal
> fall of the temperature in direct affinity from the converter
> was also found. While the common temperature background in
> laboratory was + 22? (2?) the fall of temperature equal to 6-8?
> was noticed. The same phenomenon was observed in vertical
> magnetic walls as well as. The measurements of temperature
> inside the magnetic walls were carried out by the ordinary
> alcohol thermometer with inertia of indication about 1,5 min. In
> the magnetic walls the temperature changes can be distinctly
> observed even by hand. The hand when placed into this magnetic
> wall feels real cold at once. The similar picture was observed
> at the height above installation, i.e. on the second floor of
> the laboratory as well as despite the ferro-concrete blocking of
> ceiling.
>
>
> **Discussion ~**
>
>
> All the results we obtained are extremely unusual and require
> some theoretical explanation. Unfortunately the interpretation
> of results within the framework of the conventional physical
> theory cannot explain all the observed phenomena and first of
> all the change of weight. The change of weight is possible to
> interpret as a local change of gravity force or as an occurrence
> of propulsion force by repelling from its own field.
>
>
> Direct experiment, confirming a presence of draft force was not
> performed, but in any case both interpretations of the weight
> change do not correspond to the modern physical paradigm and
> demand reconsideration of the standard theory of gravitation or
> criticism of the second law of Newton, both of which are only
> possible if we take into consideration the now-advert physical
> media ether as understood by Faraday-Maxwell-Mie.
> From the modern physics position electrization and luminescence
> of the converter's magnetic system in the near zone is not
> completely clear. The phenomenon of the magnetic and thermal
> "walls" may be connected with Alphen's magnetic-sound
> waves raised in near zone in magnetized plasma induced by a
> variable magnetic field of a rotating rotor [5].
>
>
> At the present time we can not give an exact description of the
> interactions mechanism with environment and transformation of
> energy, but it is completely obvious, that without the use of
> the concept of physical media --- the ether in a sense of
> Faraday-Maxwell-Mie we are completely unable to give physically
> substantial theory of these phenomena. In conclusion, we
> emphasize that the issues of the biological influence effects
> and especially of the variations of real time stream effects,
> which must be taking place in an operative zone of the
> converter, were not considered at all. These issues are
> extremely important and absolutely unexplored; though there are
> some mentions of J.R.R.Searl about healing action of the SEG's
> radiation. Our own experience allows to make only cautious
> assumption that the short-term stay (dozen minutes) in a working
> zone of the converter with the fixed output power of 6 kW
> remains for the people without observed consequences. The
> present paper is only a beginning.
>
>
> **References ~**
>
>
> 1. Herbert Schneider, Dr. J.B. Koeppl, Hans-Joachim Ehlers:
> "Begegnung mit John R.R. Searl"; *Raum und Zeit*, #39
> (1989), pp. 75-80.
>
> 2. S. Gunnar Sandberg: "Was ist Dran am Searl-Effect; *Raum
> und Zeit*, #40 (1989), pp. 67-75.
>
> 3. Herbert Schneider & Harry Watt: "Dem Searl-Effect auf der
> Spur"; *Raum und Zeit*, # 42 (1989), pp.75-81; #43,
> pp.73-77.
>
> 4. John A. Thomas, Jr.: "Anti-Gravity: The Dream Made Reality";
> *Extraordinary Science*, VI (2) 1994.
>
> 5. L.D.Landau, E.M.Lifshits: *Electrodynamics of Continuous
> Media*; Moscow, Nauka, 1982. (in Russian)
>
>
>
>
>
>
> ---
>
>
>
>
>
> **Technical Physics Letters** 26 (12): 1105-1107 (2000)
>
> **"An Experimental Investigation of the
> Physical Effects in a Dynamic Magnetic System"**
>
>
>
> **V.V. Roschin & S.M. Godin**
>
> Inst. of High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences,
> Moscow, Russia
>
>
>
> **Abstract ~**
>
>
> It is demonstrated that a magnetic system based on rare-earth
> magnets is capable of converting various forms of the energy,
> provided that a certain critical operating regime is set up. As
> the critical regime is attained, the experimental setup becomes
> energetically fully autonomous. This is accompanied by local
> variations in the total structure weight, a decrease in the
> surrounding air temperature, and the formation of concentric
> "magnetic walls" at a distance of up to 15 meters from the
> experimental setup.
>
>
> **Introduction ~**
>
>
> We have experimentally studied the physical effects in a system
> based on rotating permanent magnets (1). Below we describe the
> technology of manufacture, assembly, and the results of testing
> this experimental setup, which is referred to as the converter.
>
>
>
> **Technological Description ~**
>
>
> The converter comprises an immobile stator and a rotor moving
> around the stator and carrying fixed magnetic rollers. The
> magnetic system of the working body of the converter has a
> diameter of about 1 meter. The stator and magnetic rollers were
> manufactured from separate magnetized segments made of
> rare-earth magnets (REMs) with a residual magnetization of 0.85
> T, a coercive force of [Hc] ~ 600 kA/m, and a specific magnetic
> energy of [W] ~ 150 K/m3. The segments were magnetized by a
> conventional method based on a discharge of a capacitor bank
> through an inductor coil. Then the magnetized segments were
> assembled and glued together in a special mounting stage, which
> provided for the necessary tolerance in positioning the segments
> and for the removal of magnetic energy. Using this mounting
> stage, it was possible to glue the elements into the common
> unit. The stable incorporated REMs with a total weight of 110 kg
> and the rollers contained 115 kg of the same REM material.
>
>
> The magnetic system elements were assembled into a single
> structure on a special platform made of non-magnetic structural
> alloys. The platform construction was provided with springs and
> shock absorbers and allowed the converter setup to move in the
> vertical direction on three sides. The motion was monitored by
> an inductive transducer. Which allowed changes ion the platform
> weight to be determined in the course of the experiment. The
> total weight of the platform with the magnetic system in the
> initial state was 350 kg.
>
>
> **Description of the Observed Effects ~**
>
>
> The converter was installed in a 2.5-meter high laboratory room
> using three concrete supports on a ground level. In addition to
> the ordinary steel-reinforced concrete ceiling blocks, the
> converter equipment featured a usual electrodynamic generator
> and an electric motor, with a total iron weight of several tens
> of kilograms (only these parts could, in principle, introduce
> distortions into the electromagnetic field pattern observed).
>
>
> The converter was set to operate by over-speeding the rotor
> with the aid of the electric motor. The motor speed was
> gradually increased until the ammeter connected in the motor
> circuit showed zero consumed current and the current direction
> reversal. This state corresponded to a rotor speed of
> approximately 550 rpm, but the motion transducer began to
> indicate a change in the platform weight already at 200 rpm.
> Then the electric motor was disconnected using an
> electromagnetic overrunning clutch, and a usual electrodynamic
> generator was connected instead to the main shaft of the
> converter via another electromagnetic clutch. On attaining the
> critical regime (~550 rpm), the rotor exhibited a sharp increase
> in the rotation speed; this was accompanied by a slow-down in
> the rate of the current weight reduction. At this instant, the
> first 1 kW load was connected to the system. Immediately upon
> this connection, the rotation speed began to decrease, while the
> Delta G value kept increasing, and so on as depicted in the
> figure.
>
>
>
> 
>
>
>
> A diagram illustrating various operation regimes of the
> magnetogravitational converter showing (I) load power (kW) and
> system weight variation; (II) 7-kW load (high voltage off);
> (III) 7-kW load (high voltage on); (IV) supercritical regime;
> (V) subcritical regime (1, high voltage off; 2, high voltage
> on).
>
>
> The system weight variation depend both on the power consumed
> by the active load (the load consisted of 10 ordinary 1-kW
> heating elements) and on the polarization voltage applied. For a
> maximum consumed power (7 kW), a change in the total platform
> weight reached 35% of the initial value in the immobile state
> (350 kg), which corresponded to 50% of the pure weight of the
> working body of the converter. An increase in the load power
> above 7 kW led to a gradual decrease in the rotor speed and,
> eventually, to the system going out of the self-generation
> regime and the rotor speed decreasing until the full stop. The
> platform weight could be controlled by applying a high-voltage
> signal to the cellular ring electrodes situated 10 mm above the
> external roller surface. Upon applying a 20 kV signal (negative
> polarity on the electrodes), an increase in the load power
> consumption above 6 kW did not affect the Delta G value even
> when the rotor speed decreased down to 400 rpm. This was
> equivalent to "prolongation" of the effect and was accompanied
> by phenomena of the remnant induction" type with respect to
> Delta G. The converter operation in various experimental regimes
> is illustrated in the figure.
>
>
> The effect of the system weight variation is reversible with
> respect to the direction of rotor motion and exhibits certain
> hysteresis. For the clockwise rotation, the critical regime is
> observed in the region of 550 rpm and is accompanied by
> development of the force acting against the gravity vector. For
> the counter-clockwise rotation, the onset of the critical regime
> is observed at approximately 600 rpm and the extra force
> coincides in direction with the gravity vector. The onset of the
> critical regime exhibited a scatter within 50-60 rpm. It should
> be noted that, probably, some other critical resonance regimes
> may exist, which correspond to higher rotor speeds and markedly
> greater useful load levels. Proceeding from the general
> theoretical consideration, the output mechanical energy must
> nonlinearly depend on the internal parameters of the converter
> magnetic system and the rotor speed, so that the observed
> effects are likely to be far from optimum. Establishing of the
> maximum output power maximum weight variation, and the converter
> energy resource is of considerable theoretical and practical
> interest.
>
>
> Besides the phenomena described above, a number of other
> interesting effects were observed in the system studied. In
> particular, the converter operation in the dark is accompanied
> by a corona discharge with a pink-blue light emission and by the
> production of ozone. The ionization cloud is formed around the
> stator and rotor, acquiring a toroidal shape. The general corona
> discharge background is superimposed with a wavy pattern
> corresponding to the surface of the rollers: the zones of
> increased emission intensity are distributed along the roller
> height in a manner similar to that observed for the high-voltage
> microwave induction energy storage in the pre-breakdown state.
> These zones appeared yellowish-white, but the emission was not
> accompanied by sounds characteristic of the arc discharge. Nor
> did we observe any visible erosive damage on the stator and
> rotor surfaces.
>
>
> One more effect, which was never reported previously, is the
> appearance of vertical "magnetic walls" surrounding the setup.
> We have detected and measured an anomalous constant magnetic
> field around the converter. The measurements revealed zones of
> increased magnetic strength on the order of 0.05 T arranged
> coaxially relative to the system center. The direction of the
> magnetic field vector on the "walls" coincides with that in the
> rollers. The structure of these magnetic zones resembles the
> pattern of circular waves on the water surface. No anomalous
> field is detected by a mobile magnetometer, employing the Hall
> effect transducer, in the area between zones. The layers of
> increased magnetic field strength are propagating with virtually
> no attenuation to a distance of 15 meters from the converter
> center and then rapidly decayed at the boundary of this 15-meter
> area. Each layer zone is 5-8 cm thick and exhibits sharp
> boundaries. The layers are spaced by 50-60 cm, the spacing
> slightly increasing with the distance from the converter center.
> A stable pattern was also observed at a height of 5 meters
> above the setup (the measurements were conducted in a 2nd floor
> room above the laboratory; no tests were conducted on a still
> higher level).
>
>
> Another interesting phenomenon consists in an anomalous
> temperature drop in the immediate vicinity of the converter. At
> a general room temperature level in the laboratory (+22 +-2 C),
> the temperature at the converter surface was 6-8 C lower.
> Similar temperature variations were detected in the vertical
> magnetic "walls". The temperature changes in the walls were
> detected by an ordinary alcohol thermometer with a reading set
> time of 1.5 minutes. The temperature variations in the magnetic
> "walls" can even be sensed by the human body: a hand placed
> inside the "wall" immediately feels cold. The same pattern was
> observed at a height of 5 meters above the setup in a 2nd floor
> room above the laboratory (despite the steel-reinforced concrete
> blocks separating the rooms).
>
>
> **Discussion of Results ~**
>
>
> All the experimental results described above are very unusual
> and need some theoretical rationalization. Unfortunately,
> attempts at interpreting the obtained results within the
> framework of the existing physical theories showed that no one
> of these models can explain the whole set of experimental data.
>
>
>
> Recently, Dyatlov (2) attempted to combine the concepts of
> electricity and gravity by introducing the so-called
> electronavigation and magnetic-spin coefficients into the
> Heaviside gravity equations and the Maxwell field equations.
> This provides for a relationship between the gravitational and
> electrical components, as well as between the magnetic and
> rotational components in a given medium. The assumptions are
> built around a special model of inhomogenous physical vacuum,
> called the vacuum domain model (2). It is suggested that the
> extra relationships are absent outside the vacuum domain.
> Although it is difficult to imagine a long-living vacuum domain,
> the proposed model provides for a satisfactory explanation (at
> least on a qualitative phenomenological level) for the
> appearance of emission, the system weight variations, and the
> conversion of energy taken from the surrounding medium into the
> rotational mechanical moment of the rollers. Unfortunately, the
> theory cannot provide a physical pattern of the observed
> phenomena.
>
>
> **Conclusion ~**
>
>
> At present, the work on a developed variant of the converter
> are in progress at the Glushko "NPE Energomash" company
> (Moscow). This setup would allow a deeper insight into the
> physics of observed phenomena. Another aim is the creation of
> commercial samples for various practical applications.
>
>
> **References ~**
>
>
> (1) Thomas, J.A.: *Anti-Gravity: The Dream Made Reality ~
> The Story of John R.R. Searl*; Direct International
> Science Consortium, London, 1994), Vol. 1, Issue 2.
>
> (2) Dyatlov, V.L.: *Polarization Model Heterogenous Physical
> Vacuum* (Inst. Mat., Novosibirsk, 1998); Translated by P.
> Pozdeev.
>
>
>
>
>
>
> ---
>
>
> **[M. Pitkanen: About
> Strange Effects Related to Rotating Magnetic Systems](pitkanen.pdf)**
>
>
>
>
> An explanation of the Roschin-Godin experiment in terms
> of Topological Geometro-Dynamics (TGD). [PDF]
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> ---
>
>
> **Russian Patent # 2,155,435**
>
> **Mechanical Energy Generating Device & Process**
>
>
>
>
>
**[ [PDF](RU2155435C1.pdf) ]**
> Publication date: 2000-08-27
>
> Application Number: RU19990122275 19991027 ~ Priority
> Number(s): RU19990122275 19991027
>
> IPC Classification: H02N11/00; F03H5/00
> **Abstract ~**
>
>
> Power engineering and transport; miscellaneous
> industries. UBSTANCE: Single-row power module has stator
> and rotor with rollers combined by common separator. Stator and
> rotor are made of permanent magnets or electromagnets based on
> composite laminated magnetic, conducting, and insulating
> materials. Main shaft of device is coupled via free-wheel
> clutches with starting motor that brings device to automatic
> speed-maintaining mode of operation and device loading system
> which is, essentially, electrodynamic generator mechanically
> coupled with main shaft of device. Electromagnetic transducers
> are radially arranged on device periphery. Propulsion control is
> effected by adjusting mechanical energy taken off the device and
> by producing radial electric polarization on its periphery by
> means of annular electrodes separated from rotor rollers by air
> gap. Electrodes are connected to high-voltage power supply.
> Generating process includes electric power supply to starting
> gear, acceleration of rotor shaft to working speed, take-off of
> generated energy, and adjustment of mentioned energy and
> propulsion by varying rotor and stator speed through varying
> load of generator connected to device as well as by adjusting
> high voltage applied from external power supply. EFFECT: Reduced
> energy consumption. 9 cl, 17 dwg.
>
>
>
>
>  
>
>  
>
>
>
>  
>
>
>
>  
>
>
>
> 
>
>
>
>
>
> ---
>
>
> **US Patent # 6,822,361** **Orbiting Multi-Rotor Homopolar System
>
>
>
> [ [PDF](US6822361B1.pdf)
> ]**
> **Roschin; Vladimir Vitalievich** (Moscow, RU); **Godin;
> Sergi Mikhailovich** (Moscow, RU)
>
>
>
> **Abstract --** An orbiting multi-rotor homopolar machine
> employs axially parallel, cylindrical, electrically conductive
> magnets arranged circumferentially around vertical axis of
> central stator ring, intimately contacting and engaging non-slip
> rolling between rotor magnets and stator. A bearing rotatably
> secures each end of each magnet to a corresponding electrically
> conductive circular endplate, each slightly wider than the
> stator. An electrically conductive axle located in the center of
> the stator rigidly attaches to one of the top circular endplate,
> and an electrically insulating bearing means attaches the center
> of bottom circular endplate to a coaxial inner cylinder, located
> between the axle and the stator.
>
>
> **Assignee: Energy & Propulsion Systems LLC** (Valencia,
> CA)
>
>
> **References Cited**
>
> **U.S. Patent Documents:**
>
> 406,068 ~ Jul., 1889 ~ Tesla ~ 310/178
>
> 645,943 ~ Mar., 1900 ~ Dalen, et al. ~ 310/178
>
> 3,185,877 ~ May., 1965 ~ Sears ~ 310/178
>
> 3,465,187 ~ Sep., 1969 ~ Breaux ~ 310/178
>
> 5,241,232 ~ Aug., 1993 ~ Reed ~ 310/178
>
> 5,278,470 ~ Jan., 1994 ~ Neag ~ 310/178
>
> 5,977,684 ~ Nov., 1999 ~ Lin ~ 310/178
>
> 6,051,905 ~ Apr., 2000 ~ Clark ~ 310/178
>
> **Foreign Patent Documents:**
>
> 2,094,066 ~ Sep., 1982 ~ GB
>
> 2000-324,786 ~ Nov., 2000 ~ JP
>
> 2001-286,117 ~ Oct., 2001 ~ JP
>
> 2003-47,226 ~ Feb., 2004 ~ JP
>
>
> *Primary Examiner:* Mullins; Burton ~ *Attorney, Agent
> or Firm:* Our Pal LLC
>
>
> ***Description ~***
>
>
> FIELD OF THE INVENTION
>
>
> This invention relates generally to the field of direct current
> electrical motors and generators that operate without the need
> for commutation and/or rectification, and more particularly to
> multi-rotor homopolar machines which derive their emf
> (electromotive force) from co-rotational magnets and metallic
> disk embodiment.
>
>
> BACKGROUND
>
>
> Back in 1831, Michael Faraday discovered that a cylindrical
> magnet suspended by a string and touching a mercury bath at the
> bottom could generate electricity while spinning along its axis
> if a second electrical contact was made at the periphery of the
> midpoint of the magnet. His experiment was a one-piece homopolar
> machine since the magnet and conductor were joined together.
> Such Faraday generators have also been called acyclic, unipolar
> or homopolar generators because no commutation or alternating of
> the magnetic poles is necessary for this machine in order to
> generate electricity.
>
>
> The type of electrical output is most often direct current (DC)
> unless specific means are designed to provide an interruption of
> radial conduction and thus simulate alternating current (AC).
> Historically, DC was championed by Thomas Edison during the
> early part of the 20th century while at the same time AC was
> championed by Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse. In the
> future, DC will be coming back into style with the emergence of
> ambient temperature superconductive cables. Therefore, highly
> efficient homopolar generators will be in demand to meet the
> future market demand for DC electricity.
>
>
> Homopolar generators usually have a single disk or drum
> rotating in a stationary magnetic field with sliding contacts.
> The sliding contacts often present high resistance however. The
> construction and operation of homopolar machines for electric
> propulsion of marine vessels or railguns for example is already
> well known. Such machines include motors and generators wherein
> electrical current flows through a conductor situated in a
> magnetic field during rotation of the machine rotor.
>
>
> In the case of a homopolar motor, the current will develop a
> J.times.B force perpendicular to the direction of its flow
> through the conductor and that of the magnetic field. In the
> case of a homopolar generator, a voltage dependent on the
> rotational speed, magnetic field, and radius, is induced in a
> conductor moving within the magnetic field. When current is
> drawn from the homopolar generator, it also develops a J.times.B
> force for the same reason as with the motor but is referred to
> as back torque or armature reaction. General reference
> information including basic principles used to reduce back
> torque can be found in The Homopolar Handbook by Thomas Valone
> (ISBN 0-9641070-1-5).
>
>
> The prior art rarely includes a one-piece homopolar machines
> that rotate the magnet with the disk. Even more unknown is the
> concept of rolling contacts. Eliminating sliding contacts is
> shown in the "Planetary Homopolar Generator," IBM Technical
> Disklosure Bulletin, Vol. 17, No. 6, p. 1786-87, November, 1974,
> H. D. Varadarajan.
>
>
> Using a conducting belt or rolling contacts to gather current
> from a magnetic field flux cutting rotor, there is an annular
> magnetic field through which the rotor executes a planetary
> motion.
>
>
> The large stresses resulting from the centrifugal force of the
> massive, unbalanced planetary rotor is a distinct disadvantage,
> prohibiting high speed operation. Thus, only a low rate of
> rotation is possible with the IBM design.
>
>
> The "Direct Current Homopolar Machine" U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,618
> to Hathaway demonstrates an analogous concept of relative motion
> between conductive orbiting shaft and a stationary disk-shaped
> magnetized armature.
>
>
> However, the design is a bit cumbersome to be practical.
> Science Applications International Corporation claims a
> conductive belt, dual disk "Homopolar Motor-Generator" in U.S.
> Pat. No. 5,241,232 to Reed that apparently reinvents the "Dynamo
> Electric Machine" of U.S. Pat. No. 406,968 patented by none
> other than Nikola Tesla in 1889 that also has two unipolar
> magnetized rotors connected by a conductive belt. The belted
> dual unipolar machines solve one of the problems that plague the
> field by offering two sliding contacts at the low speed surface
> on the axle. However, the present invention requires only one
> sliding contact on the axle. These conductive belt machines also
> demonstrate, in principle, the concept of a multi-rotor,
> planetary design, by the process of coordinate transformation,
> since relative motion is the key to the operation of a homopolar
> generator. The concept of rolling contact is demonstrated with
> the Dalen "Dynamo Electric Machine" U.S. Pat. No. 645,943, where
> two disks are turning in opposite directions while in contact
> with each other at their periphery. However, the axle of each
> disk must remain fixed in place whereas each axle is in orbiting
> motion in the present invention.
>
>
> Homopolar machines can reversibly function as motors as well,
> such as flywheels, and used as energy storage devices. First
> used in transportation applications in the 1950's, flywheel
> powered buses were designed to have the flywheel accelerated at
> every stop. Composite rotors currently have been developed which
> can spin at very high revolutions (100,000 revolutions per
> second); and the speed is limited by the tensile strength of the
> rim of the rotor. By using a multi-rotor design, the centrifugal
> forces of a large disk can be greatly reduced and still maintain
> high-energy storage or production. By using magnetic bearings,
> the friction on the axis of the rotor can be reduced
> sufficiently so that such rotors can maintain most of the energy
> for several days.
>
>
> The IBM Varadarajan planetary rotor is unbalanced and has a low
> rate of magnetic flux cutting due to its annular magnetic field
> design. The Hathaway direct current machine has a lot of
> unbalanced conductive material orbiting the central magnetized
> disk which limits the rotational speed.
>
>
> The conductive belt designs can be subject to oxidation and
> slippage, even requiring a toothed timing belt on each axle as
> well. With most disk models of homopolar generators, as opposed
> to drum designs, sliding contacts are the single most important
> contribution of resistance inhibiting the power output of the
> machine. Internal resistance is the only limit to the output
> capability of a homopolar generator and it is important to
> reduce all sources of internal resistance to obtain maximum
> power output for a given input torque. Rather than use high
> resistance carbon brushes, medium resistance silver-graphite
> brushes or dangerous conductive liquids such as mercury, low
> temperature solder, or sodium-potassium, there is a need to
> eliminate frictional sliding contact at the high speed periphery
> of the magnetized rotor completely. Furthermore, rather than
> maintaining two sliding contacts which contribute friction and
> resistance, even in the rolling and belted designs, there is a
> need to cut the number in half to only one high current sliding
> contact. The present invention satisfies both of these needs.
>
>
> SUMMARY
>
>
> The present invention derives direct current electricity by
> co-rotating a plurality of magnets and a metallic disk. It
> comprises an improved homopolar machine with dynamically
> balancing, axially parallel, cylindrical, electrically
> conductive magnets arranged circumferentially around the
> vertical axis of central stator ring. Such a design can be
> referred to as distributed generation since each magnet rotor
> generates only a fraction of the current that is transmitted
> through the machine. Thus, the conductive bearings contacting
> the center of each end of the magnet rotors may carry only one
> tenth or less of the total current.
>
>
> The multi-rotor orbiting homopolar also does not include
> sliding contacts at each magnetized rotor rim but instead
> utilizes a suitable rolling means attached separately to magnets
> and also to the stator ring for intimately contacting and
> engaging non-slip rolling between magnets and stator as they
> orbit around the stator. The magnetized rotors maintain
> rotational synchronism and equal relative position to each other
> with a bearing means rotatably securing the top and bottom end
> of each magnet to a corresponding electrically conductive
> circular endplate.
>
>
> The electrical energy is extracted, or input if used as a
> motor, through contacts on the conductive stator and at the
> machine's electrically conductive axle located in the center of
> the machine while rigidly attached to the top circular endplate
> that rotates with all of the individually magnetized rotors. The
> only single, high current, moving contact that is required is an
> electrically conductive thrust bearing that supports the central
> axle. An insulating thrust bearing meanwhile separates the axle
> from the center of bottom circular endplate. The stator, which
> is of course stationary, accomplishes the second contact means
> through a standard electrical connection with no need for any
> relative motion sliding contact. The stator may be optionally
> magnetized in the opposite direction to the magnetized rotors in
> order to increase the coercive force or magnetic flux density.
>
>
> The drawings constitute a part of this specification and
> include exemplary embodiments to the invention, which may be
> embodied in various forms. It is to be understood that in some
> instances various aspects of the invention may be shown
> exaggerated or enlarged to facilitate an understanding of the
> invention.
>
>
> *The Problem ~*
>
>
> The problem this invention solves is that it generates high
> power direct current electricity without the need for
> commutation and rectification, otherwise the internal resistance
> losses are high.
>
>
> The problems with prior art devices, processes and systems can
> be categorized as follows.
>
>
> 1. Require commutation or rectification to generate direct
> current electricity.
>
>
> 2. Rely on more than one current brush which often have high
> speed contact.
>
>
> 3. Do not distribute magnetic field power generation by
> multi-rotor orbiting magnets in homopolar machines or systems.
>
>
> 4. Internal resistance losses are usually high.
>
>
> 5. Neither efficient nor cost effective.
>
>
> 6. Neither simple nor practical for most applications.
>
>
> *Prior Art ~*
>
>
> A preliminary limited prior art search was not commissioned but
> the inventor is intimately familiar with the prior art.
> Following are typical examples of the prior art arranged in
> reverse chronological order for ready reference of the reader.
>
>
> 11) Non-Provisional Utility U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,905 issued to
> Richard Clark on Apr. 18, 2000 for "Homopolar Generator"
>
>
> 10) Non-Provisional Utility U.S. Pat. No. 5,977,684 presented
> to Ted Lin on Nov. 2, 1999 for "Rotating Machine Configurable as
> True DC Generator or Motor"
>
>
> 09) Non-Provisional Utility U.S. Pat. No. 5,864,198 earned by
> Joseph Pinkerton on Jan. 26, 1999 for "Brushless Generator"
>
>
> 08) Non-Provisional Utility U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,618 issued to
> George Hathaway on Dec. 24, 1996 for "Direct Current Homopolar
> Machine"
>
>
> 07) Non-Provisional Utility U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,470 graced upon
> Zacharias Neag on Jan. 11, 1994 for "Homopolar Machine which
> acts as a Direct Current (DC) High Voltage Generator or Motor"
>
>
> 06) Non-Provisional Utility U.S. Pat. No. 5,241,232 honorably
> given to Jay Reed on Aug. 31, 1993 for "Homopolar
> Motor-Generator"
>
>
> 05) Non-Provisional Utility U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,821 published
> in the name of Charley McCullough on Apr. 30, 1991 for "Method
> and Apparatus for Generating Electricity"
>
>
> 04) Non-Provisional Utility U.S. Pat. No. 3,465,187 issued to
> Onezime Breaux on Sep. 2, 1969 for "Homopolar Generator Having
> Parallel Positioned Faraday Disk Structures"
>
>
> 03) Non-Provisional Utility U.S. Pat. No. 3,185,877 presented
> to Anthony Sears on May 25, 1965 for "Direct Current Homopolar
> Generator"
>
>
> 02) Non-Provisional Utility U.S. Pat. No. 645,943 graced upon
> inventor Gustaf Dalen on Mar. 27, 1900 for "Dynamo Electric
> Machine"
>
>
> 01) Non-Provisional Utility U.S. Pat. No. 406,968 bestowed upon
> none other than Nikola Tesla himself in 1889 for "Dynamo
> Electric Machine"
>
>
> None of the prior art devices known to the applicant or his
> attorney disclose the EXACT embodiment of this inventor that
> constitutes a simple, elegant and affordable system for an
> orbiting Multi-Rotor Homopolar direct current electricity
> generation
>
>
> *Objectives ~*
>
>
> Unfortunately none of the prior art devices singly or even in
> combination provide for all of the objectives as established by
> the inventor for this system as enumerated below.
>
>
> 1. It is an objective of this invention to provide devices,
> method and system for generation of high power direct current
> electricity without commutation and rectification.
>
>
> 2. The primary objective of the invention is orbiting
> multi-rotor cylindrical magnets in rolling contact that
> eliminates friction while generating DC electricity.
>
>
> 3. Another objective of the invention is to provide high
> efficiency, low noise and low resistance in a high current
> generator.
>
>
> 4. Another objective of the invention is that it uses readily
> available materials in a dynamically balanced arrangement.
>
>
> 5. Another objective of the invention is safety through reduced
> internal stress than comparable homopolar machines with a single
> rotor.
>
>
> 6. Another objective of the invention is that it provides
> distributed generation around an air core.
>
>
> 7. Another objective of this invention is to provide an easy,
> quick, simple practical way to generate more efficient and cost
> effective direct current electricity.
>
>
> 8. Another objective of this invention is that it promote and
> encourage other inventors to do additional research in homopolar
> machines generally but co-rotational magnets and disk
> embodiments in particular.
>
>
> 9. Another objective of this invention is to provide a system
> that is integrated and flexible.
>
>
> 10. Another objective of this invention is to provide a system
> that is easily useable and requires little if any training for
> manufacturing and use.
>
>
> 11. Another objective of this invention is that it meet all
> federal, state, local and other private standards guidelines,
> regulations and recommendations with respect to safety,
> environment, and energy consumption.
>
>
> 12. Another objective of this invention is that it can be made
> from modular standard materials and components that are also
> easily maintainable.
>
>
> Other objectives advantages and features of this invention
> reside in its simplicity, elegance of design, ease of
> manufacture, service and use and even aesthetics as will become
> apparent from the following brief description of the drawings
> and the detailed description of the best mode preferred
> embodiments taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.
>
>
>
> BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
>
>
> **FIG. 1** is a prior art diagram of a typical homopolar
> generator.
>
>
> 
>
>
>
>
> **FIG. 2** is a perspective, cutaway view of the magnetized
> rotor and stator.
>
>
> 
>
>
> **FIG. 3** is an elevational view of the complete orbiting
> multi-rotor machine.
>
>
> **FIG. 4** is a cross sectional view of the invention.
>
>
> 
>
>
> **FIG. 5** is a plan view from the top of the invention.
>
>
> 
>
>
> DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE BEST MODE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
>
>
> As shown in the drawings wherein like numerals represent like
> parts throughout the several views, there is generally disclosed
> in FIG. 1 is a state of the prior art.
>
>
> Detailed descriptions of the preferred embodiment are provided
> herein. It is to be understood, however, that the present
> invention may be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific
> details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting,
> but rather as a basis for the claims and as a representative
> basis for teaching one skilled in the art to employ the present
> invention in virtually any appropriately detailed system,
> structure or manner.
>
>
> Turning first to FIG. 2 there is shown a perspective cutaway
> view of a portion of one embodiment of the present invention
> showing one of a multitude of rotors that are axially magnetized
> (B). This multitude mounted in parallel comprise the multi-rotor
> homopolar machine in close contact with a ring shaped stator
> that may be optionally magnetized in the direction opposite to
> the magnetic fields of the rotors.
>
>
> Each rotor 20 has its own axle 21 which is circumferentially
> mounted vertically, arranged and dynamically balanced around a
> central vertical axis, on an electrically conductive but low
> permeability axle rod 21 made of copper, brass or bronze, that
> may penetrate the center of the entire magnetized rotor and
> rotatably attach to top and bottom bearing 33 on circular
> endplates 31, 32 shown in FIG. 3. In operation, the rotors orbit
> around the circular stator ring, which may or may not also be
> magnetized.
>
>
> The invention is more completely shown in the elevational view
> of FIG. 3 with several rotors 20 rotatably attached to the top
> circular endplate 31 and bottom circular endplate 32 by
> electrically conductive bearings 33. The top endplate 31 is
> rigidly attached to the central axle 34 supporting the orbiting
> multi-rotor homopolar generator assembly. The hollow circular
> design of the stationary ring stator 23 is also visible in FIG.
> 3, which can be optionally magnetized to increase performance
> output.
>
>
> The bottom circular endplate 32 has a large hole in the center,
> more completely seen in FIG. 4, that allows inner attachment to
> insulating bearing 44 which optimally can be a non-contacting,
> low friction magnetic bearing since the weight of the rotor
> assembly is carried by the electrically conductive thrust
> bearing 41. The bottom endplate 32 is thus isolated electrically
> from the stationary Inner cylinder 43 that is the inner core of
> the stator. Inner circular assembly plates 49 of equal size and
> shape, that preferably are electrically conductive, rigidly
> attach the inner cylinder 43 to the stator ring 23. In
> accordance with the present invention, FIG. 4 shows the side
> cross sectional view edge on with a cutaway so that the central
> axle 34 and hollow inner cylinder design 43 is visible.
>
>
> The insulating bearings 42 separate the central axle 34 from
> the inner cylinder 43. Both bearings 42 and 44 electrically
> maintain the separation of polarity of the electromotive force
> (emf) voltage of each rotor. The positive or negative polarity
> of the conductors depends of course on the rotation direction of
> the rotor magnets. One conductor 45 is electrically emerging
> from the stator assembly and ultimately emanates from the outer
> edge of each rotor 20 with the homopolar effect conducting the
> generated electricity through the rolling means 47 and 48. The
> opposite polarity conductor 46 is electrically emanating from
> the center axle 21 of each rotor 20 is connected to the
> electrically conductive thrust bearing 41.
>
>
> In accordance with an important function of the present
> invention, there is shown in FIG. 4 one embodiment of an
> intimately contacting and engaging nonslip rolling means 47 and
> 48. As is well-known in the industry where good traction with a
> high coefficient of friction (1.6 or better) but sufficiently
> low electrical resistance is desired between two surfaces, an
> adherent coating of copper can be used on both facing surfaces
> of the stator 23 and rotor 20. For the copper coating,
> electro-deposition can be used or flame spraying of copper on
> the rotor and stator outer surfaces.
>
>
> Another embodiment of rolling means 47 and 48 utilizes a geared
> electromechanical rotary joint developed by NASA Goddard Space
> Center (NASA Tech Briefs, December, 1994) which offers the
> advantage of a springy, low noise planetary gear contacting a
> stator ring gear. It was designed by NASA to overcome the
> disadvantages of sliding contacts and to ensure high traction
> desired for rolling electrical contacts.
>
>
> The springy gears are made from beryllium copper which is a
> self-cleaning material with, in one embodiment, an average
> diameter of 6.35 mm with any reasonable number of teeth. Another
> concept to creating a rolling contact utilizes a magnetic
> sprocket design with small rare earth (samarium cobalt for
> example) magnets embedded perpendicularly in the surfaces of the
> stator ring and rotor magnets. The magnetic sprocket thus
> utilizes equally spaced magnets mounted normal to the axes of
> the stator and rotor.
>
>
> To demonstrate an important feature of the invention, there is
> shown in FIG. 5 a plan view from the top of the balanced
> distribution of the rotors 20 around the stator assembly 43 with
> the outer stator ring 23 that are equally spaced and preferably
> dynamically balanced so the centrifugal forces are equal and
> opposite.
>
>
> *Theory of Operation ~*
>
>
> The main principle of operation is based on the fact that
> rotating cylindrical magnets creates a homopolar emf generation
> from Faraday's Law and the Lorentz Force. Physically, a
> rotating, non-inertial reference frame configuration can only be
> analyzed correctly with Einstein's general theory of relativity,
> utilizing a Thirring metric.
>
>
> Particularly, where rotating cylindrical magnets and disk are
> synchronized and made co-rotational, such a co-rotational
> configuration makes the generator one piece like the earth's
> magnetic field itself. As the inventors explored this
> correspondence more closely, it was learned that the earth's
> molten, electrically conductive iron core also includes not one
> but several vortices in a coaxial circular arrangement. The
> inventors stumbled upon this concept while investigating the
> field rotation paradox and found that an orbiting, multi-rotor
> homopolar generator assembly would be analogous to the earth's
> electrically conductive, multi-vortex, magnetic, molten iron
> core.
>
>
> The field rotation paradox can be easily resolved by an amateur
> DIY (Do It Yourself ) scientist by comparing the interception of
> a linear magnetic field vs. a rotating magnetic field. In the
> former configuration the meter gives the same reading whether
> the magnet is moved with respect to a pickup coil of wire or
> vice versa but in the latter configuration the meter reading is
> seen only when the disk is moved with respect to rotary magnetic
> field of cylindrical magnet but not when the magnet is moved
> with respect to the disk. The former is consistent with special
> relativity while the latter is relying on general relativity.
> Both are loosely termed "relativistic."
>
>
> *Assembly and Use ~*
>
>
> The manufacturing, assembly and use of this invention is very
> simple even intuitive. The system of this invention can be
> readily assembled from the teaching provided in this disclosure
> by state of the art techniques and materials by a person of
> average skill in the art.
>
>
> The applicant has described the essence of this invention.
> While this invention has been described with reference to an
> illustrative embodiment, this description is not intended to be
> construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and
> combinations of the illustrative embodiments as well as other
> embodiments of the invention will be apparent to a person of
> average skill in the art upon reference to this description.
>
>
> *Variations ~*
>
>
> Due to the simplicity and elegance of the design of this
> invention designing around it is very difficult if not
> impossible. Nonetheless many changes may be made to this design
> without deviating from the spirit of this invention. Examples of
> such contemplated variations include the following:
>
>
> 1. The shape and size, colors etc of the device or the
> packaging thereof may be modified.
>
>
> 2. Additional complimentary and complementary functions and
> features may be added.
>
>
> 3. The system of this invention may be adapted for other
> related uses.
>
>
> 4. Instead of cylindrical magnets, other types of magnets and
> mode of mounting on the disk may be employed to create the
> orbiting, rotational magnetic field.
>
>
> 5. The invention may be scaled up and down by several orders of
> magnitude
>
>
> 7. An experimental science toy version may be developed for
> education and entertainment of little young scientists of the
> future.
>
>
> 8. Homopolar generator may be employed in reverse as a motor to
> convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
>
>
> 9. A homopolar servo motor version may be crafted based on this
> co-rotational magnet and disk concept.
>
>
> 10. Permanent cylindrical magnets may be replaced by equivalent
> configuration of electromagnets.
>
>
> 11. A portion of the emf generated may be fed back to
> cylindrical electromagnets to explore the possibility of a
> self-excited generator without violating any laws of nature.
>
>
> Other changes such as aesthetics and substitution of newer
> materials as they become available, which substantially perform
> the same function in substantially the same manner with
> substantially the same result without deviating from the spirit
> of the invention may be made.
>
>
> Following is a listing of the components used in the best mode
> preferred embodiment and the alternate embodiments for use with
> OEM as well as retrofit markets. For the ready reference of the
> reader the reference numerals have been arranged in ascending
> numerical order.
>
>
> 10 = Prior art generally
>
>
> 20 = Rotor(s)
>
>
> 21 = Axle, rod
>
>
> 23 = Stationary Ring Stator (Optionally Magnetized)
>
>
> 31 = Top circular end plate
>
>
> 32 = Bottom circular end plate
>
>
> 33 = Bearing
>
>
> 34 = Central Axle
>
>
> 41 = Electrically Conductive Thrust Bearing
>
>
> 42 = Insulating Bearing
>
>
> 43 = Stationary Hollow Inner Cylinder
>
>
> 44 = Insulating Bearing
>
>
> 45 = Opposite Polarity Conductor
>
>
> 46 = Opposite Polarity Conductor
>
>
> 47 = Non-Slip Rolling Means
>
>
> 48 = Non-Slip Rolling Means
>
>
> 49 = Inner Circular Assembly Plates
>
>
> Definitions and Acronyms
>
>
> A great care has been taken to use words with their
> conventional dictionary definitions. Following definitions are
> included here for clarification.
>
>
> 3D = Three Dimensional
>
>
> Acyclic = Non-cyclic, non rotational or linear
>
>
> DC = Direct Current as contrasted from alternating current
> electricity
>
>
> DIY = Do It Yourself
>
>
> DYNAMO = A device for converting mechanical energy into
> electrical energy (& Vice versa)
>
>
> EMF = Electromagnetic Force
>
>
> Homopolar = Same as unipolar
>
>
> Integrated = Combination of two entities to act like one
>
>
> Interface = Junction between two dissimilar entities
>
>
> N = Magnetic North (Permanent or electro-magnet)
>
>
> N-Machine = One Piece Faraday generator
>
>
> OEM = Original Equipment Manufacturer
>
>
> S = Magnetic South (Permanent or electro-magnet)
>
>
> Unipolar = Same as homopolar
>
>
> Note: It should be noted that the prior art uses unipolar,
> homopolar, acyclic and Faraday Disk Dynamo interchangeably.
>
>
> While this invention has been described with reference to
> illustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to be
> construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and
> combinations of the illustrative embodiments as well as other
> embodiments of the invention will be apparent to a person of
> average skill in the art upon reference to this description. It
> is therefore contemplated that the appended claim(s) cover any
> such modifications, embodiments as fall within the true scope of
> this invention as defined by the appended claims.
>
>
> ***Claims ~***
>
>
> What is claimed is:
>
>
> 1. An orbiting multi-rotor homopolar machine comprising:
>
>
> a plurality of axially parallel, equally spaced, cylindrical,
> magnet rotors arranged circumferentially around the periphery of
> a central stator ring whose axis is parallel to each magnet
> rotor axis;
>
>
> rolling means attached separately to the magnet rotors and to
> the stator ring for intimately contacting and enabling high
> friction non-slip rolling between magnet rotors and stator ring;
>
>
>
> means for starting and sustaining orbiting rolling of the
> magnet rotors around stator ring as required;
>
>
> bearing means rotatably securing the top and bottom ends of
> each magnet rotor to a corresponding circular endplate;
>
>
> axle means located in the center of the stator ring rigidly
> attached to the top circular endplate;
>
>
> electrically insulating bearing means rotatably securing the
> center of the bottom circular endplate to a coaxial inner
> cylinder located between the axle and stator ring; and
>
>
> circular assembly means for rigidly attaching the inner
> cylinder to the stator ring.
>
>
> 2. The homopolar machine of claim 1 wherein the inner cylinder,
> circular assembly means, magnet rotors, axle means, circular
> endplate, and stator ring are made at least partially from
> electrically conductive material.
>
>
> 3. The homopolar machine of claim 1 wherein the rolling means
> comprises an electrically conductive geared electromechanical
> rotary joint.
>
>
> 4. The homopolar machine of claim 1 wherein the rolling means
> comprises an electrically conductive copper coating on the
> stator ring and magnet rotors.
>
>
> 5. The homopolar machine of claim 1 wherein the stator ring
> comprises electrically conductive magnetic material.
>
>
> 6. A method for starting and sustaining the orbiting of rolling
> cylindrical magnets arranged parallel to and circumferentially
> around the vertical axis of a central stator ring, while
> intimately contacting and engaging non-slip rolling means
> between rotor magnets and the stator ring, rotatably securing
> the top and bottom ends of each rotor magnet by means of a
> bearing to a corresponding circular endplate, rigidly attaching
> to the top circular endplate a vertical axle coaxial with and in
> the stator ring, securing the center of the bottom circular
> endplate to a coaxial inner cylinder located between the axle
> and the stator ring by means of an electrically insulating
> bearing, and rigidly attaching the inner cylinder to the stator
> ring by means of a circular assembly.
>
>
> 7. An orbiting multi-rotor homopolar machine comprising:
>
>
> a plurality of axially parallel, equally spaced, cylindrical,
> magnet rotors arranged circumferentially around the periphery of
> a central stator ring whose axis is parallel to each magnet
> rotor axis;
>
>
> rolling means attached separately to the magnet rotors and to
> the stator ring for intimately contacting and enabling high
> friction non-slip rolling between the magnet rotors and stator
> ring;
>
>
> means for starting and sustaining orbiting rolling of the
> magnet rotors around the stator ring as required;
>
>
> bearing means rotatably securing the top and bottom ends of
> each magnet rotor to a corresponding circular endplate;
>
>
> axle means located in the center of the stator ring rigidly
> attached to the top circular endplate;
>
>
> electrically insulating bearing means rotatably securing the
> center of the bottom circular endplate to a coaxial inner
> cylinder located between the axle and stator ring; and
>
>
> circular assembly means for rigidly attaching the inner
> cylinder to the stator ring; wherein said inner cylinder, said
> circular assembly means, said magnet rotors, said axle means,
> said circular endplate, and said stator ring are made at least
> partially from electrically conductive material.
>
>
> 8. The homopolar machine of claim 7 wherein the rolling means
> comprises an electrically conductive geared electromechanical
> rotary joint.
>
>
> 9. The homopolar machine of claim 7 wherein the rolling means
> comprises an electrically conductive copper coating on the
> stator ring and magnet rotors.
>
>
> 10. The homopolar machine of claim 7 wherein the stator ring
> comprises electrically conductive magnetic material.
>
>
>
>
>
>
> ---
>
>
> **P. Murad, et al. : The Morningstar Energy
> Box**
>
> **[ [PDF](murad-mebox.pdf) ]**
>
>
> **Replication of Roschin-Godin-Searl Generator**
> 
>
>
>
>
>
>
> ---
>
>
>
> [**http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGZ61sQ8t-o**](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGZ61sQ8t-o)
>
>
>
> **SEG-MEC -16C .mp4**
>
>
>
>
> There is another machine called "Morningstar Energy Box" ,they
> duplicated the large Russian MEC,it shows ...
>
>
>
>
>
> ---
>
>
>
> [**http://searlsolution.com/media2.html**](http://searlsolution.com/media2.html)
> **Russian Temperature & Magnetic
> Anomaly Confirmed in Homopolar System.**
>
>
>
>
> The Morningstar Energy Box (Tuesday, March 15, 4:30 PM)
> SPESIF-COFE4 Presentation. 2011
>
>
>
> SPESIF-COFE 4 Abstract. The Morningstar Energy Box is a derivative
> of a Searl device modified in a similar fashion used by the
> Russian Scientists Godin and Roschin. These devices use laminated
> rollers and a main ring made of different materials used to
> enhance electrical and magnetic properties. Where the Searl device
> uses rollers to move around a main ring, the Russian device
> kinematically constrains these rollers within a mechanical cage.
> The operational theory for the Energy Box uses rotating
> electromagnetic fields to create gravitational effects and is
> different from those theories outlined by either Searl or the
> Russians. A prototype device is currently under test and
> unfortunately self-accelerated motion has yet to be obtained. The
> Russians have made several serious claims that their device
> produced self-acceleration to generate electricity, created a
> relatively large weight loss, generated discrete walls of
> magnetism far from the device and that a temperature drop exists
> when the device loses weight. To date, no one has validated these
> outrageous claims. However, we have found similar phenomenon
> regarding temperature loss and the discrete magnetic walls to
> occur during tests of the Energy Box and have correlated the
> temperature drop that the Godin & Roschin device produces as
> being a consequence of the Unruh effect. Where they claimed to
> lose as much as 35% of the weight of a 375 kg armature, the Energy
> Box only loses as much as 2% of its 490 pounds at this stage of
> the test cycle. Additional tests and modifications are underway to
> hopefully increase the weight loss.
>
>
>
>
>
> ---
>
>
>
>
| http://www.rexresearch.com/roschin/roschin.htm |
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| **SimCity 2000 Knowledge** |
| |
| * [Questions & Answers](qa.aspx)
* [SimCity 2000 Books](books.aspx)
* [Names](names.aspx) of everything
* [Definitions](objdef.aspx) of everything
* [Images](bitmaps.aspx) in the game
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Hello and welcome to my website. As you can see by the pictures I ride and love every minute of it. I have been riding since I was a young 'un and God willing will be doing lots more of it in the years to come when I become an old 'un.
<p>
As for a bit about moi, my first bike was an old WWII bike, ($50 bucks I think, my brother bought it for me) a 50cc Villiers motor in a James frame. (a springer front end of sorts no less) The rear tire had a garden hose wrapped around the rim for a tube and no clutch so it stayed in 3rd gear and no brakes. I think I wore out a few shoes on that sucker. No on/off switch, you just grab the ole spark plug wire and yank. Watch out for the metal part on the plug lead, tends to make a person do the funky chicken dance till you can let go. I only grabbed it once, learnt that lesson pretty quick. Later I graduated to a 65cc Honda, a Honda 90, and a 250 Yamaha. Each bike didn't cost more than $50-$60, so needless to say a person didn't worry too much if it was dropped. In 1973 I got my first new bike, a 650 Yamaha, I put close to 10,000 miles on it that summer. Myself and a few friends, we all had bikes and rode all over the countryside. I got to travel all over Ontario and even made it out to the east coast. Lots of good memories from that summer. I had that bike for a couple of years and then sold it.
<p>
Fast forward to 1993 and I purchased my first Harley, a 1200 cc Sportster Anniversary edition. It sure felt good to be back in the saddle again, the wind, sun, rumble of the pipes, the outdoor smells, it just can't be beat. I managed to go to a HOG rally in Reno in 95 on the 1200, sure saw some awesome country on that trip. The only thing about the Sportster, the ride turned into an endurance ride, I had one hell of a sore butt by the time that trip was over. Still an excellent trip tho and I would do it all over again. In 2002 I became single and lo and behold I had some money to spend so being the spendthrift I am I bought me a brand new Springer in the springtime (go figure). I did my first trip to Sturgis and horror of horrors I trailered it. All I could think of as I was trailering was all of this beautiful countryside I was missing by not riding in it. So in 2003 I rode from Dawson Creek to Sturgis and back. The weather was awesome and the ride more so. There was the Hot Springs Rally the weekend before Sturgis in where else, but Hot Springs South Dakota at the Allen Ranch and I spent more of my time there. The HSR was put on by Swede and it was quite an enjoyable time and I got to meet lots of other members who post on the Hot Springs Rally board (now defunct).In 2004 I met a great lady and she just happened to ride her own 2002 Heritage Classic. She had never been to Sturgis so what the heck, one more trip, riding both ways of course so she could experience Sturgis and all that goes with riding 6000 Km for herself.
<p>
Well here it is 2005, I married that awesome lady I traveled to Sturgis with in May 2005 and for our first Honeymoon we are planning a trip down the Washington, Oregon coast in July 2005 with lots of sidetrips. We are looking forwards to some new adventures, meeting lots of people and seeing lots of great countryside.
<p>
Another year later and into mid summer of 2006 and the wife and I did a smaller ride over into Alberta, down on into Montana, across and over into Idaho and Washington and back on up into BC and home. We stayed mostly to the back and lesser travelled roads and this was the first trip I can remember where it was sunny and hot every day and not a rain drop in site, kinda nice.
<p>
In November 2006 we did a Caribbean cruise with an outfit called Hogs on the High Seas. There wasn't much motorcycle riding, but there were 1500 other bikers to get to know and share the cruise with. It was a pretty good time, only thing was there weren't enough hours in the day to do it all. We travelled with another couple, but actually didn't see too much of them, we were all too busy doing our own thing.
<p>
Well here it is 2007 and another trip down through the mid states, hmmm, must be something about riding those roads, the scenery and putting 6000 km on in a few weeks. We lucked out on the weather, sunny and hot everyday, which was good cause since we have gotten back I haven't put any more miles on cause all it has been doing is raining every weekend. If nothing else the farmers around here are happy campers, lol. Well this weekend is supposed to be nice so who knows??
<p>
The wife and did a trip to Melaque Mexico in Jan 08. If you are looking for a quiet place to just kick and tan then this is the place. It has been quite awhile I have read a book and I managed to polish off 3 of them while there for two weeks. That should give you an idea of how quiet it is. That aside there are things to see and do with lots of great seafood places to chow down but more of that in the Melaque exertation.
<p>
Summer of 2008 is almost over and another ride under the belt. Did the Montana Idaho thing, but we spent a bit more time in Washington doing the tourist thing and riding back and forth across the Cascades. Again the weather was pretty nice, had a bit of rain off and on during the trip, but nothing too heavy. The temps weren't as warm as one would like, but hey, all part of the riding, right? This might be the last post of any of our riding trips, we are selling the bikes and hopefully getting a "geezer glide" sometime down the road, time will tell.
<p>
Anyhoo check back once in awhile for more pictures and stories of our future travels to new and exciting places, future bike rallies I hope to make it to, and past travels of some of the various countries I have visited and even rode motorcycles in. It takes a bit of getting used to riding on the other side of the road in Thailand. Who knows I might even get some of my 13 years living in the Yukon put on there somewhere too. <i>"Hasta Luego!"</i>
<br>
<br>
<hr color=#000000>
<hr color=#000000>
<ul>
<li><h2>Sturgis 2002, 2003, 2004</h2> <a href="sturgis.html">Sturgis Bike Rally</a>
<p>
<li><h2>Canadian National Hog Rally 2002</h2> <a href="hog.html">Pentiction HOG Rally 2002</a>
<p>
<li><h2>West Coast Ride 2005</h2> <a href="wc.html">The Western States Ride 2005</a>
<p>
<li><h2>Western Canada/USA Ride 2006</h2> <a href="WR.html">Western Ride 2006</a>
<p>
<li><h2>Mid States Ride 2007</h2> <a href="ms.html">Montana Wyoming Utah Nevada Idaho 2007</a>
<P>
<li><h2>Montana, Idaho & Washington Ride 2008</h2> <a href="imw.html">Montana Idaho & Washington 2008</a>
<p>
<li><h2>Melaque Mexico 2008</h2> <a href="mm.html">Melaque Mexico</a>
</ul>
<hr color=#000000>
<hr color=#000000>
Remember,<br>
"Growing older is manadatory,
Growing up is optional"
<hr color=#000000>
<h3><a href="guestbook.html">Sign my Guestbook?</a></h3>
Too much spam so the guest book is closed if'n you want to drop me a line send it to
tigger_bcca@myway. com
<p>
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Hello and welcome to my website. As you can see by the pictures I ride and love every minute of it. I have been riding since I was a young 'un and God willing will be doing lots more of it in the years to come when I become an old 'un.
As for a bit about moi, my first bike was an old WWII bike, ($50 bucks I think, my brother bought it for me) a 50cc Villiers motor in a James frame. (a springer front end of sorts no less) The rear tire had a garden hose wrapped around the rim for a tube and no clutch so it stayed in 3rd gear and no brakes. I think I wore out a few shoes on that sucker. No on/off switch, you just grab the ole spark plug wire and yank. Watch out for the metal part on the plug lead, tends to make a person do the funky chicken dance till you can let go. I only grabbed it once, learnt that lesson pretty quick. Later I graduated to a 65cc Honda, a Honda 90, and a 250 Yamaha. Each bike didn't cost more than $50-$60, so needless to say a person didn't worry too much if it was dropped. In 1973 I got my first new bike, a 650 Yamaha, I put close to 10,000 miles on it that summer. Myself and a few friends, we all had bikes and rode all over the countryside. I got to travel all over Ontario and even made it out to the east coast. Lots of good memories from that summer. I had that bike for a couple of years and then sold it.
Fast forward to 1993 and I purchased my first Harley, a 1200 cc Sportster Anniversary edition. It sure felt good to be back in the saddle again, the wind, sun, rumble of the pipes, the outdoor smells, it just can't be beat. I managed to go to a HOG rally in Reno in 95 on the 1200, sure saw some awesome country on that trip. The only thing about the Sportster, the ride turned into an endurance ride, I had one hell of a sore butt by the time that trip was over. Still an excellent trip tho and I would do it all over again. In 2002 I became single and lo and behold I had some money to spend so being the spendthrift I am I bought me a brand new Springer in the springtime (go figure). I did my first trip to Sturgis and horror of horrors I trailered it. All I could think of as I was trailering was all of this beautiful countryside I was missing by not riding in it. So in 2003 I rode from Dawson Creek to Sturgis and back. The weather was awesome and the ride more so. There was the Hot Springs Rally the weekend before Sturgis in where else, but Hot Springs South Dakota at the Allen Ranch and I spent more of my time there. The HSR was put on by Swede and it was quite an enjoyable time and I got to meet lots of other members who post on the Hot Springs Rally board (now defunct).In 2004 I met a great lady and she just happened to ride her own 2002 Heritage Classic. She had never been to Sturgis so what the heck, one more trip, riding both ways of course so she could experience Sturgis and all that goes with riding 6000 Km for herself.
Well here it is 2005, I married that awesome lady I traveled to Sturgis with in May 2005 and for our first Honeymoon we are planning a trip down the Washington, Oregon coast in July 2005 with lots of sidetrips. We are looking forwards to some new adventures, meeting lots of people and seeing lots of great countryside.
Another year later and into mid summer of 2006 and the wife and I did a smaller ride over into Alberta, down on into Montana, across and over into Idaho and Washington and back on up into BC and home. We stayed mostly to the back and lesser travelled roads and this was the first trip I can remember where it was sunny and hot every day and not a rain drop in site, kinda nice.
In November 2006 we did a Caribbean cruise with an outfit called Hogs on the High Seas. There wasn't much motorcycle riding, but there were 1500 other bikers to get to know and share the cruise with. It was a pretty good time, only thing was there weren't enough hours in the day to do it all. We travelled with another couple, but actually didn't see too much of them, we were all too busy doing our own thing.
Well here it is 2007 and another trip down through the mid states, hmmm, must be something about riding those roads, the scenery and putting 6000 km on in a few weeks. We lucked out on the weather, sunny and hot everyday, which was good cause since we have gotten back I haven't put any more miles on cause all it has been doing is raining every weekend. If nothing else the farmers around here are happy campers, lol. Well this weekend is supposed to be nice so who knows??
The wife and did a trip to Melaque Mexico in Jan 08. If you are looking for a quiet place to just kick and tan then this is the place. It has been quite awhile I have read a book and I managed to polish off 3 of them while there for two weeks. That should give you an idea of how quiet it is. That aside there are things to see and do with lots of great seafood places to chow down but more of that in the Melaque exertation.
Summer of 2008 is almost over and another ride under the belt. Did the Montana Idaho thing, but we spent a bit more time in Washington doing the tourist thing and riding back and forth across the Cascades. Again the weather was pretty nice, had a bit of rain off and on during the trip, but nothing too heavy. The temps weren't as warm as one would like, but hey, all part of the riding, right? This might be the last post of any of our riding trips, we are selling the bikes and hopefully getting a "geezer glide" sometime down the road, time will tell.
Anyhoo check back once in awhile for more pictures and stories of our future travels to new and exciting places, future bike rallies I hope to make it to, and past travels of some of the various countries I have visited and even rode motorcycles in. It takes a bit of getting used to riding on the other side of the road in Thailand. Who knows I might even get some of my 13 years living in the Yukon put on there somewhere too. *"Hasta Luego!"*
---
---
* ## Sturgis 2002, 2003, 2004
[Sturgis Bike Rally](sturgis.html)
* ## Canadian National Hog Rally 2002
[Pentiction HOG Rally 2002](hog.html)
* ## West Coast Ride 2005
[The Western States Ride 2005](wc.html)
* ## Western Canada/USA Ride 2006
[Western Ride 2006](WR.html)
* ## Mid States Ride 2007
[Montana Wyoming Utah Nevada Idaho 2007](ms.html)
* ## Montana, Idaho & Washington Ride 2008
[Montana Idaho & Washington 2008](imw.html)
* ## Melaque Mexico 2008
[Melaque Mexico](mm.html)
---
---
Remember,
"Growing older is manadatory,
Growing up is optional"
---
### [Sign my Guestbook?](guestbook.html)
Too much spam so the guest book is closed if'n you want to drop me a line send it to
tigger\_bcca@myway. com
**I'd Rather Be Riding**
created by John Miller,
last modified: Sept 13, 2008
URL: http://www.pris.bc.ca/fxsts\_02
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<h2>Money, Money, Money (and Investing)</h2>
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"When young people ask me about the law as a career," said one
litigator, "I tell them that in this country whom they choose to have
sex with and where they have sex will have a bigger effect on their
income than whether they attend college and what they choose as a
career." -- <a href="http://www.realworlddivorce.com"><cite>Real World
Divorce</cite></a>, Introduction
<h3>How to Get Rich</h3>
<blockquote>
"There are three ways to make money. You can inherit it. You can marry
it. You can steal it."<br>
-- conventional wisdom in Italy
</blockquote>
A young man asked an old rich man how he made his money. The old guy
fingered his worsted wool vest and said, "Well, son, it was 1932. The
depth of the Great Depression. I was down to my last nickel. I
invested that nickel in an apple. I spent the entire day polishing the
apple and, at the end of the day, I sold the apple for ten cents. The
next morning, I invested those ten cents in two apples. I spent the
entire day polishing them and sold them at 5 pm for 20 cents. I
continued this system for a month, by the end of which I'd accumulated a
fortune of $1.37. Then my wife's father died and left us two million
dollars."
<p>
Most people who are rich chose their parents wisely. <a
href="http://www.webho.com/WealthClock">Bill Gates</a> might not have
ever figured out 1960s-style computer science but he had the foresight
to pick a father who is one of the richest, most prominent lawyers in
the state of Washington. And before he and Paul Allen made the deal
with IBM that gave them a monopoly on the PC operating system, Bill had
the foresight to choose a mother who was personally acquainted with John
Opel, CEO of IBM Corporation. None of this would have worked if Bill
hadn't been willing to take tremendous personal risks. Should Microsoft
have failed, of course, Bill Gates would have had nothing to fall back
on but a million dollar trust fund from his mother's parents (bankers)
and the resumption of his degree program at Harvard College.
<p>
If Donald Trump had taken the millions he inherited from his father and
put it all into mutual funds, you'd never have had to suffer through one
of his books. But he'd be just as rich or richer today.
<p>
For most of the 20th century, common stocks returned an average
of 7 percent per year, adjusted for inflation. If you are way
smarter, luckier, and less risk-averse than all of the companies in
the United States, you may be able to do substantially better. But a
return on investment of 200 percent per year is not very exciting when
you only have a few hundred dollars in capital. That's why it is so
important to pick your parents carefully.
<h3>How to Lose it All</h3>
"Death, Disease, and Divorce are the big wealth destroyers," is an old
saying in the financial services industry. You can't do much about
death and disease but you can significantly reduce your chances of
being divorced, and the costs and pain associated with divorce, by
choosing your state of residence wisely. You could have a
Massachusetts divorce that costs $1 million in legal fees and $2
million in child support payments results in a near-total loss of
contact with children. That would be a $50,000 divorce in Arizona or
Delaware with 50/50 shared parenting and minimal child support
payments. See <a href="http://www.realworlddivorce.com"><cite>Real
World Divorce</cite></a>.
<h3>Common Stocks and the Efficient Market Hypothesis</h3>
Suppose somehow that you collect a non-negligible amount of cash and
want to invest it. If you are investing for the long-haul, then common
stocks are your only reasonable choice since they offer the best return.
According to the Efficient Market Hypothesis, all stocks are fairly
valued because everyone on Wall Street has the same information. So
unless you have friends who will give you insider information, there is
no reason that you should buy Microsoft rather than General Motors.
Sure, Microsoft has a monopoly and GM doesn't, but Microsoft's monopoly
is already reflected in their lofty price/earnings ratio and GM's
perennial engineering and management problems are already reflected in
their absurdly low price/revenue ratio.
<p>
If you buy into the Efficient Market Hypothesis then you're just as
happy to buy a portfolio of stocks selected by throwing darts at the
inside pages of the Wall Street Journal. In fact, the WSJ for many
years pitted expert wall street analysts against a dartboard portfolio
and the darts almost always did better. If you don't have very much
money, then a problem with a dartboard portfolio is that you will only
be able to buy a few stocks. Your expected return will still be
7 percent per year but the variance will be extremely high because one company
going bust could wipe out all of your gains.
<h3>Mutual Funds</h3>
Here's where Wall Street professionals step in, eager to help you. If
you don't like all that risk, join our mutual fund, the Chump Fund. You
give us $10,000 and we'll give you a share in our $10,000,000 portfolio
with lots of different stocks, all chosen by Harvard MBAs. We'll skim
2% off the top every year to pay for our office space, salaries,
computers, and mailing out advertisements to other people like yourself.
You might not like paying the 2%, but look at how much better we've done
than the S&P 500 index over the last five years.
<p>
So you buy into the Chump Fund. Halfway through the year, the Harvard
MBAs are tired of their drab offices and Pentium computers. Do they
take part of the 2% and move uptown and then buy Pentium Pros? No.
They discover all of a sudden that they shouldn't have any General
Electric. Westinghouse is really a better investment. And Ford is
looking better than Chrysler now too. In fact, the entire $10,000,000
portfolio needs to be traded. Do your mutual fund managers, who've
sworn to look out for your best financial interests, execute the trades
with the broker who has the lowest commissions? No. After all, the
money for trading commissions comes out of your 98% and not their 2%
(read the fine print). So why not go to a "full-service" broker with
high commissions? That broker will be so grateful that he'll discover
he has a whole bunch of office space uptown that he isn't using, already
equipped with a bunch of Pentium Pros. He'd be delighted to allow his
best customers at the Chump Fund to hang out rent-free.
<p>
In your naivete, you might call this a kickback but in the industry it
is known as "soft money." Every time the Chump Fund trades with a
broker, they accumulate some soft money that they can spend on
computers, furniture, data feeds, etc. This comes on top of the opera
tickets, broadway shows, limousines, and the rest of the Wall Street
lifestyle that is paid for by Mr. and Mrs. Middleamerica.
<p>
If the Chump Fund keeps on doing this, eventually their return will be
much lower than the S&P 500 and they won't be able to run those
nice-looking advertisements anymore. What do they do? Look among the
20,000 tiny little mutual funds out there. Find one that has randomly
achieved above-average performance for the past five years. Call it the
Chump Growth and Income Fund and run ads showing its past performance.
Send letters to all the old Chump Fund customers telling them that the
Chump Fund is being closed and, unless they object, their investments
will be rolled into the new Chump Growth and Income Fund as of September
1.
<p>
An even better strategy for a mutual fund company is to do all of this
in-house. If they have 50 mutual funds they can just hang onto the ones
that randomly do better than average and flush the ones that do
noticeably worse. Then at any time they can show that "45 out of our 50
funds outperform the indices". Now you know why you can't find any
mutual funds advertised in the Wall Street Journal that sport
worse-than-average performance.
<p>
OK, so you expected to get cheated a bit by these Wall Street types.
But they're experts so of course they will do a better job picking
stocks, won't they? Some will. But with tens of thousands of mutual
funds out there, even if they are all choosing stocks at random, you'd
expect some to do consistently much better than average and some to do
consistently much worse. You'd find, however, that most of them would
fall in the middle, forming a Gaussian curve.
<p>
That's what Burton Malkiel expected to find. He was an economics
professor at Princeton who made his life's work the study of investment.
When he charted the performance of all the mutual funds, they did indeed
form a bell curve. But the center was not the same as the S&P 500. It
was shifted slightly to the left. That's right, the average mutual fund
was underperforming the blind index by a couple of percentage points.
This confused Malkiel until he realized that the discrepancy could be
accounted for by the expenses skimmed off the top of the mutual funds
and also the commissions they paid to trade the portfolio. [Note: these
curves are published in Malkiel's excellent <a
href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393320405/pgreenspun-20">A
Random Walk Down Wall Street</a>, an essential book to read before
investing.]
<h3>Index Funds</h3>
Anyway, the long and the short of it is that the index outperforms 85
percent of actively managed mutual funds. This is an argument for
buying a dartboard portfolio or, if you don't like the volatility, an
index fund. One of the first companies to offer these funds was <a
href="http://www.vanguard.com/">
Vanguard</a>. I have been a Vanguard customer for many years and have
been mostly satisfied. Here are the main problems with Vanguard:
<ul>
<li>poorly programmed Web site: (1) tax forms are offered only in a
bizarre Adobe format that cannot be saved, printed, or emailed to an
accountant, (2) terrible internal email system that simply throws away
your message if you spend too long composing it
<li>customer service that gets worse as you get richer; the folks who
answer the phone for the $15,000 IRA crowd are very well informed, can
get you the necessary forms or information, and can help you with a
transaction; if you get rich enough to be upgraded to Flagship ($1
million+), you get assigned the Vanguard equivalent of a private banker;
mine was unable to send email, pick up the phone, send me the right
paperwork to get transactions accomplished, keep focus on getting a
transaction through. It was dangerous to be a Flagship customer because
I thought that someone at Vanguard was going to make something happen
when in fact he was just sitting at his desk waiting for me to call him.
The solution is to downgrade from Flagship back to Voyager or Voyager
Select.
</ul>
<p>
Besides getting a higher average return, there are many other good
reasons to invest your money in index funds. The first is
psychological. When I had individual stocks, every time a stock went
up, I attributed it to luck. Every time a stock went down, I attributed
it to idiocy on my part. I felt dumber and dumber with every passing
year because I ignored the stocks that went up and focussed on the ones
that dived. Some Wall Street types have the opposite psychology: they
only remember their winners and hence come to think of themselves as
Einsteins after five years. Whatever your psychology, there is a
certain inner peace to be achieved by forgetting about your money.
<p>
Another reason to index is to free up time to make more money. In every
office there is at least one sorry loser checking the market every ten
minutes, going home at night to read financial reports, running charts,
and buying software to manage his complex portfolio. If he were a
managing a $10 billion mutual fund, perhaps this effort would be worth
it. But to try to beat the index by 2% with a portfolio of $50,000?
That's $1,000 extra/year. Even assuming that he can get that extra 2%,
he would have earned far more per hour working the night shift at the
local 7-Eleven. Your time is valuable. If you must be greedy,
then be greedy and smart and take a consulting job. Or enjoy the extra
time with your friends and family. Don't waste it trying to beat the
market.
<p>
I have oversimplified things a bit here. For example, even if you
believe the Efficient Market Hypothesis, there are stocks that are
inherently more volatile than others. E.g., a high-tech company will go
up more in a market boom and go down more in market bust than will a
utility. In some sense, both are "worth their price" but one or the
other might be a better buy for you because of your level of risk
aversion. If you want to understand this stuff at a deep level,
read <a
href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393320405/pgreenspun-20">A
Random Walk Down Wall Street</a> and then <a
href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0070074178/pgreenspun-20">
Principles of Corporate Finance </a> by Brealey and Myers. The latter
book is the textbook used in many advanced finance course taken by
MBAs. An MBA student will spend the entire term going through the book
and doing problems, but if you have a standard MIT freshman math and
science background, you can read the whole thing in a night or two.
<p>
If I haven't convinced you to stay away from Wall Street esoterica,
here are a few things I've learned through bitter personal experience
and/or reading the above books...
<h3>Shorting</h3>
It is 1986. You buy yourself an IBM PC. You are using MS/DOS and say
"This sucks. It isn't even as good as operating systems from 1960."
You're a computer expert so you know that the technology is pathetic.
You do some business research and find that out that the company making
this MS/DOS product didn't even have the in-house expertise to build it
itself. They bought it from another company!" You call your broker and
find out that this "Microsoft" company is publicly traded and selling
for a very lofty price/earnings ratio. You smell blood and say "I want
to short 100 shares of Microsoft."
<p>
Your broker is holding many shares of Microsoft in "street name" for
other customers. So he can very easily find 100 shares of Microsoft to
lend you. He lends you these 100 shares, and you sell them immediately.
Suppose that the price/share is $10. You get $1000 that you can put
into the bank. However, you owe your broker 100 shares of Microsoft
Corporation. No problem, you figure. In another year, this company
will be near bankruptcy and selling for $0.25/share. You'll buy 100
shares to cover the short for $25, thus making a profit of $975 less
commissions.
<p>
Well, in another year, Microsoft is not selling for $0.25/share. In
fact, it has gone up to $30/share. You still owe the broker 100 shares,
but those 100 shares would cost $3000 to buy. You have a paper loss of
$2000 right now. Your broker calls and wants you to put up some assets
where he can get at them, either cash or stocks. He doesn't trust you
to come up with the cash to cover your Microsoft short unless the cash
is physically under his control. You consider cutting your losses by
closing your position. Remember that it is 1987, though, and Microsoft
hasn't gotten any better at writing software. In fact, they are
flailing around trying to copy the Apple Macintosh interface, itself a
copy of a Xerox system from the mid-1970s. What a bunch of losers. You
put up the extra cash.
<p>
By 1996, Microsoft has split a bunch of times and you now owe your
broker 1000 shares at $150/share. That's $150,000 to cover the short.
You sell your house and say "You know, that potential return of $1000
was not worth ten years of agonized scanning of the stock pages, margin
calls, and an ultimate loss of $150,000."
<P>
There are many morals to this story. One: stocks go up 7%/year,
adjusted for inflation. If you buy stocks randomly you will earn
7%/year. If you short stocks randomly, you will lose 7%/year. Two: you
are not smarter than the rest of the world put together and, even if you
were, the 14% bias would kill you. Three: if you buy a stock, you can
only lose what you put in; if you short, you can lose every dime that
you have in the world (and maybe a little bit more depending on how
careful your broker is).
<p>
You might think my story is biased because I've picked a famous winner
like Microsoft. But the fact is even stocks that were nothing but hot
air often went up dramatically for years. If a company's book value is
$10 million but Wall Street is willing to pay $500 million then there is
no reason why Wall Street shouldn't be willing to pay $750 million for
the same near-worthless entity. You are perhaps right and eventually
the stock will crash down towards the $10 million mark, but it could
take many years of sleepless nights.
<p>
[Note: I've made one big oversimplification here. You may get to
invest the proceeds from a short in other stocks and your broker will
invest some of your margin capital in T-bills so your expected return on
a short will not be as bad as -7%. Still, the unlimited downside is
still present with any short sale.]
<h3>Options</h3>
If you have been picking through a company's Dumpster and know that they
are about to tank, then you might be tempted to short the stock.
Perhaps after reading the above, you are nervous about shorting. For
you, Wall Street has developed options. A broker will sell you the
right to sell Blatzco Inc. for $100/share through June 30. This is
called a "Put Option". Perhaps Blatzco Inc. is selling for $100/share
right now. The option will then cost you perhaps $2. If Blatzco
Inc. is still selling for $100/share on June 30 then your option is
worth nothing and you lose your entire investment. If Blatzco Inc. has
crashed to $30/share then your option is worth $70/share. You've made
35 times your money!
<p>
If it sounds like Vegas to you then you've already figured out the worst
thing about options: they appeal to people who like gambling and
therefore tend to be overpriced. They are best used when you know
something that almost nobody else does and when that something will
affect a company on a specific date.
<p>
Note: there are "Call Options" as well. These give you the right to
buy a specific stock on a specific date at a specific price. They are
used when you expect a stock to go way up.
<h3>The Fly in the Ointment</h3>
From reading the foregoing, it seems safe to conclude that any investor
can succeed merely by dumping money in an S&P 500 index fund and
forgetting about it. A lot of folks apparently thought this way and the
result was the massive bubble stock market of the late 1990s. If
everyone wants to buy something the price of that thing will go up. The
Dow went from less than 2000 in 1987 to nearly 12,000 in 2000. Were
American companies really worth 6 times as much 13 years later?
Historical price-earnings ratios for common stocks have averaged 15. At
the peak of the late 1990s bubble, P/E ratios reached 42. With the Dow
at 8000 (July 2002) the ratio is about 25, i.e., an investor is paying
$25 for every expected $1 in corporate earnings. This would seem to
limit the expected return in a common stock to 4% per year.
<p>
Making matters worse is the fact that corporate managers and accounting
firms have been fraudulently overstating earnings. The published P/E
ratios are based on the lies that CEOs and CFOs tell investors, not the
actual cash coming into companies' bank accounts.
<p>
A deeper problem than fraudulent reporting is managerial theft.
Investors have accounting firms and the SEC to protect them but the top
managers have their hands on the company checkbook and their friends on
the Board of Directors. In the old days if a company did well the
managers would send a letter to shareholders: "The economy was booming
last year and Blatzco prospered; your dividend is being doubled." In
the 1980s and 1990s a more typical response to a boom year was
management saying "Blatzco did well because we're such geniuses; we are
going to take home all of the improved profit in the form of bonuses and
stock options." Jack Welch in <cite>Straight from the Gut</cite>
proudly states that during his 20 years as General Electric CEO the
"employees", by which he means himself and some other top managers, went
from 0% to 31% ownership of GE. Rephrased, Jack and his golf partners
stole 31% of GE from the investors who owned the company in 1980.
What's more, thanks to accounting rules that enable unlimited stock
option grants without any charge to earnings, none of this had to be
reported in financial statements. My cousin used to be an animator at
Walt Disney. In the old days of Hollywood a boom and bust cycle of
profits was to be expected. It is tough to predict whether a movie will
be a hit. But after Michael Eisner joined the company in 1984 successes
were attributed to superior management rather than luck. Eisner helped
himself to more than $1 billion of the shareholders' money over the
years. Thus when Disney ran into a string of flops the company didn't
have enough cash to hang on until the next boom. Disney shut down its
Los Angeles animation group and will use contract labor in Eastern
Europe for future animated features.
<P>
It is tough to see how historically high rates of return on common
stocks can be maintained in a world where managers steal most of the
fruits that stem from the investors' capital.
<P>
<i>Note that the 1980s and 1990s CEOs stealing from their investors are
not innovators. Leland Stanford and his partners in the Central Pacific
Railroad managed to steal a fabulous sum of money from their British
investors by contracting the construction of the railroad to a company
that they owned personally. It was a very similar scam as that pulled
off by the managers of Enron except that Stanford did it in the 1860s.</i>
<h3>Bonds</h3>
Until management began stealing everything from investors, everyone
hated bonds. Bonds have historically offered a much lower return
than equities at somewhat reduced risk. The old theory was that bonds
were good for people about to retire or who otherwise couldn't afford
the risk of a crash. However, there is still some capital risk with
bonds. If inflation goes way up, interest rates will go way up and the
value of "a promise of money in the future" (a bond) will go way down.
A 1990s Wall Street wizard worried about a crash would buy "protective
puts" on the S&P 500 index. These are deeply out-of-the-money options
that won't be worth anything unless there is a big crash. Thus they
will be very cheap though 99% of the time you'll end up writing off your
entire investment in them.
<p>
What brought bonds back into fashion was the realization that corporate
top management was stealing on a grand scale. If a company had a bad
year, the CEO somehow had to manage on his $1.2 million cash salary. If
a company had a good year, the CEO would steal any profits by
exercising stock options that he and his buddies on the board had
previously issued to themselves. With bonds the company borrows $1 and
has to pay back that $1 plus interest. If in the meantime the managers
have stolen everything that they can from the shareholders that
shouldn't affect the bondholders.
<h3>Taxes</h3>
It is impossible for a layperson to keep up with all of the latest
wrinkles in the tax code. You'll want to have an accountant to keep
you informed about the massive tax implications of various ways to
structure transactions. Remember that an accountant is not a
bookkeeper. An accountant sets up systems, e.g., "You want to set up
a corporation to collect your consulting revenue and then have the
corporation pay you royalites on software that you've already
developed. That way you escape 14% self-employment tax." A
bookkeeper takes a stack of checks or credit card bills and
categorizes them into Legal, Advertising, Travel, etc. so that you can
fill out all of those lovely IRS forms.
<h3>The Future</h3>
"This time it is different." Well, maybe the 21st century of the
U.S. stock market really is different. So much capital has flooded in
that P/E ratios are high by historic standards and it is tough to see
how the real (inflation-adjusted) returns of the 20th century will be
obtainable going forward. Certainly investors in <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Treasury_security#TIPS">TIPS</a>
who accept 1-2% after-inflation yields don't seem to be expecting safe
and easy higher returns in the stock market.
<hr>
Text and pictures <a href="/copyright/">copyright 1996-2015 Philip Greenspun</a>
<hr>
<a href="/"><ADDRESS>[email protected]</ADDRESS></a>
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<center><h3>Reader's Comments</h3></center>
<blockquote>
After working for a few years there (albeit as a
lowly programmer), I feel somewhat qualified to
comment on the casino known as Wall Street. I like
your somewhat accurate description of "soft money",
but don't totally agree with your conclusions on
investing philosophy. I've read the Random Walk
book, and I've also read Warren Buffett's book
on "value" investing. Most people are probably
better off following your advice and sticking with
an index fund, but do you realize what would happen
if everyone did that? Think about it.... Warren's
recommendations are very interesting.
<p>
Those who are interested in learning more about
Wall Street are encouraged to read "Liar's Poker"
and "Nightmare on Wall Street", which both happen
to be about Salomon Brothers.
<br><br>
-- <A HREF="/shared/community-member?user_id=18745">Guru --</a>, December 20, 1996</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Hey, it's great to see someone exposing mutual funds.
Very few beat the index.
<p>
There is an alternative, a clever way of investing directly.
Read about the Motley Fool (www.fool.com).
This web site will give you the confidence and information to invest successfully.
<br><br>
-- <A HREF="/shared/community-member?user_id=17426">Dennis Rose</a>, June 24, 1997</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Wish I'd read your page before I spent all that
money on an MBA . . . Good commentary, and good
advice for most investors. But a lot of people
like to pick stocks. Buy and hold index investing
doesn't sound exciting at a cocktail party! Much
better to talk about your triumphs, and to ignore
your defeats.
<br><br>
-- <A HREF="/shared/community-member?user_id=23629">Robert Budding</a>, March 12, 1998</blockquote>
<blockquote>
You are right about Oppenheimer being a bunch of sharks.
Back in my youth about four years ago I decided it would be responsible to invest my money rather than having it simply stagnate in my checking account. I figured (being an idiot) the way to do this was to visit a securities firm and ask for advice. The guy I spoke to seemed decent enough, asked a bunch of questions, and recommended I invest in five different Oppenheimer mutual funds. I did so and let the whole thing aside.
Then about a year ago I landed up reading a copy of Andrew Tobias' _The Only Investment Guide You'll Ever Need_. Fired up with enthusiasm, I looked at my Oppenheimer statements to learn that, in the greatest bull market in history, these people had made me maybe 4% return in 3 years.
(And the reason for this sort of thing is as Phil says---kickbacks, huge "management fees", huge advertising budgets, a constant impulse to churn stocks simply to create the illusion of business etc).
<p>
There are a few morals here.
<p>
One is that Oppenheimer suck.
<p>
A more general one is almost everyone in the finance business is out to screw you, and just because they have nice offices and call themselves financial consultants does not mean that they care about you, or that they have any idea what they are doing.
<p>
The most general message is, before investing a cent, READ A BOOK. If you are going to read only one book, IMHO read the Tobias book I mentioned above.
<p>
If you refuse to read even one book, invest in a Vanguard fund; unlike Oppenheimer and friends they will try to do good by you. The Vanguard prospectuses are a joy to read, written in clear English, their web site does the job, their funds stick to what they claim in the prospectus, they constantly try to cut costs etc.
<br><br>
-- <A HREF="/shared/community-member?user_id=83245">Maynard Handley</a>, June 30, 1999</blockquote>
<blockquote>
About shorting stock. I haven't run across a broker that would allow a client to invest the procedes from a short. Generally they want to hold it in a segregated account (where they can invest it) and pay you nothing. For large shorts (>$100,000) or good customers they will negotiate some fixed return (a low fixed rate) on the funds. If you know a broker that offers a decent return on short procedes (or lets you invest them!) I'd like to know...
<br><br>
-- <A HREF="/shared/community-member?user_id=102849">Matthew Rochlin</a>, September 5, 1999</blockquote>
<blockquote>
I keep two quotes prominently displayed above my desk to help me out when I am stricken with a bout of "Materialism": (1) "If you would make a man happy, study not to augment his goods; but to diminish his wants."--Orestes Brownson, 1864. (2) "Being frustrated is disagreeable, but the real disasters in life begin when you get what you want."--Irving Kristol, 1983.
<br><br>
-- <A HREF="/shared/community-member?user_id=74445">Ken O'Brien</a>, September 7, 1999</blockquote>
<blockquote>
As a guy who manages a pile of money for others (paid by clients, not commissions), Phil's overall view of the process is quite accurate and his approach is mostly correct. One exception however is the common oversight of confusing indexing with buying the S&P 500 index. There are lots of other indexes out there such as EAFE, the S&P Mid Cap 400 and the Russell 2000 that, when combined with the S&P 500 can actually serve to both increase the chances of better returns over time and reduce short term volatility (our nice way of saying "losing money").
<p>
There is an old Wall Street saying "don't confuse genius with a bull market." Frank the day trader should take note.
<br><br>
-- <A HREF="/shared/community-member?user_id=4486">Bill Middleton</a>, August 8, 2000</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Phil neglects to mention rebalancing in his article. It is not a good idea to manage your own money if you don't rebalance your portfolio on a regular basis.
<br><br>
-- <A HREF="/shared/community-member?user_id=229202">Yi-Lun Ding</a>, October 29, 2002</blockquote>
<blockquote>
My favorite mutual fund site right now is <a href=http://www.fundalarm.com> FundAlarm </a>. Check in and see if your fund is up to any sleazy business; the discussion board is lively with up-to-the-minute comments and links to articles.
<br><br>
-- <A HREF="/shared/community-member?user_id=221842">W Sanders</a>, December 2, 2003</blockquote>
<blockquote>
I don't agree with you idea that to progress in life you must have rich parents.
<p>
My grandfather quarreled his father and abandoned the home when he was nearly 18 (in 1918) without studies and money and with the only capability of drawing acceptabily well.
<p>
He went to the war in Africa in 1921 and came back to Spain where he married and began to work a jewel company making 3D pictures on silver (using his gift for drawing).
<p>
Soon he found himself with 4 children and not much income, so he employed his savings in buying some sheep. He would keep on working for others and the 2 or 3 sheep would be under the care of a shepperd. This shepperd would collect a comission when the animal were sold.
<p>
3 sheep made 6, 6 made 12, 12 made 24, 24, made 48, and so on.
<p>
Reached this point my grandfather left his job and settled as farmer and shepperd.
<p>
After he began with pigs and cows.
<p>
Apart from meat, he sold milk, and employed many other workers to take care of the cattle.
<p>
When the 60's reached and the economy got better, he began buying buildings:
<p>
2 buildings made 4, 4 made 8, 8 made 16, etc....
<p>
So when he died in 1986 he owned almost one whole neighbourhood of Madrid and gave many flats and buildings in inheritance to each one of his 7 children.
<br><br>
-- <A HREF="/shared/community-member?user_id=274254">Peccata Minuta</a>, September 19, 2006</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Two additional items you might have mentioned:
<p>
1. Taxes & Inflation. Long term ownership of individual stocks has a significant tax advantage over mutual fund ownership, due to tax-free compounding of capital gains. Most mutual funds distribute capital gains, as they frequently turnover portfolio holdings. This applies to index funds too. Seperately, inflation has a greater effect on eventual return than you suggest. Because stock prices rise with inflation over the long term, investors pay capital gains taxes on grossly inflated, empty profits. This is big.
<p>
2. Responsiblity for CEO's stealing from shareholders. Since management reports to the board of directors, and the BOD represents shareholders, how do they get away with it? Answer: Most shareholders use mutual funds. Mutual funds do not allow their clients to vote the shares in the funds, even though the clients own the shares. Instead, fund managers vote the shares. Guess who recently played golf with the fund manager? If you want fundamental reform of corporate management, outlaw the practice of funds voting shares. Better yet, outlaw funds altogether (fat chance).
<br><br>
-- <A HREF="/shared/community-member?user_id=276534">Jack Neally</a>, November 30, 2006</blockquote>
<blockquote>
Regarding Michelle Bach (no 's'), a quick Google search indicates that this is where she is now:
http://www.hadley-reynolds.com/michelle.htm
<p>
Readers might want to direct any current Hadley-Reynolds clients they know to Philip's above story.
<br><br>
-- <A HREF="/shared/community-member?user_id=281797">Curtis Wayne</a>, May 11, 2007</blockquote>
<blockquote>
I think the article is pretty good and comprehensive considering that it was written in 1996. But I recommend adding some newer information, specifically:
<p>
(1) Vanguard's Total Stock Market tracing Wilshire 5000 is frequently preferable to S&P500, because it is more diversified and it does not buy/sell as frequently as stocks move in and out of the index.
<p>
(2) Exchange Traded Funds (ETF) are a good alternative to index mutual funds for those who do not dollar-cost-average into it.
<p>
(3) Treasury Inflation Protection Securities (TIPS) are worth considering, especially by retirees.
<p>
(4) Single Premium Immediate Annuities (SPIA) may offer a better way not to outlive one's money than a frequently recommended Safe Withdrawal Rate (SWR) scheme. (Note that these are different from variable annuities that generate huge profits to insurance agents and less value to their customers.)
<p>
These and many other topics are discussed at the Bogleheads Forum which I linked below.
<br><br>
-- <A HREF="/shared/community-member?user_id=293535">Victoria Fineberg</a>, July 13, 2008</blockquote>
<blockquote>
I am certain. My prayers are for improvement of your financial situation. If and when I have more funds I will come and visit. I can't wait to snow ski there. In may a very small way I can help your situation.http://www.bayut.com
<br><br>
-- <A HREF="/shared/community-member?user_id=331335">dubai property</a>, October 6, 2010</blockquote>
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<center><h3>Related Links</h3></center>
<ul><li><a href="http://www.fool.com/school/mutualfunds/indexfunds/sp500.htm" rel="nofollow">Article About Index Funds from Fool.com</a>- Motley Fool.com has some good investing basics and tutorials you can read your way through. A good way to learn online. <font size=-1>(contributed by <A HREF="/shared/community-member?user_id=56434">Sam Snow</a>)</font>
<p>
<li><a href="http://www.andrewtobias.com/" rel="nofollow">Andrew Tobias - Money and Other Subjects</a>- Web page of the author of "The Only Investment Guide You'll Ever Need". The book first came out in 1978 and in some ways it really shows its age now. Who cares? IMHO it's worth reading none-the-less. <font size=-1>(contributed by <A HREF="/shared/community-member?user_id=224142">John Martz</a>)</font>
<p>
<li><a href="http://www.dfafunds.com" rel="nofollow">Dimensional Fund Advisors</a>- Dimensional is a smaller firm in Santa Monica, CA that offers diversified index funds much like Vanguard. The academic founders of Dimensional were the pioneers of index investing in the late 70's. Dimensional's board members include Eugene Fama, whose Ph. D dissertation started the evolution of Efficient Market Hypothesis in the mid 60's. <font size=-1>(contributed by <A HREF="/shared/community-member?user_id=224502">Abraham Ingersoll</a>)</font>
<p>
<li><a href="http://www.astrocyte-design.com/interests/analysts.html" rel="nofollow">Even honest stock analysts shouldn't be trusted</a>- Princeton economist Burton Malkiel and his colleagues have proven that securities analysts couldn't predict the side of a barn. Keep this in mind the next time you talk to your broker. <font size=-1>(contributed by <A HREF="/shared/community-member?user_id=197060">Alex Chernavsky</a>)</font>
<p>
<li><a href="http://www.ifa.com" rel="nofollow">Index Funds Advisors</a>- Your conclusions about efficient markets and index funds are accurate. Over a 10 year period about 3% of money managers beat an index fund(after fees and taxes.) But a globally diversified portfolio of index funds, tilted towards small and value indexes creates about double the money of an S&P 500 fund over 30 years. See the web's most extensive analysis of the use of index funds; ifa.com. <font size=-1>(contributed by <A HREF="/shared/community-member?user_id=248402">Mark Hebner</a>)</font>
<p>
<li><a href="http://www.investmentu.com" rel="nofollow">Investment U Stock Market Investing Newsletter</a>- The Investment U newsletter is a free, twice-weekly email publication offering unbiased research and investing guidance for the long haul. Archive section features hundreds of topical investing articles from New York Times best-selling author Dr. Steve Sjuggerud. <font size=-1>(contributed by <A HREF="/shared/community-member?user_id=262329">John Phillips</a>)</font>
<p>
<li><a href="http://www.bogleheads.org/forum/index.php" rel="nofollow">Bogleheads Forum</a>- Bogleheads Forum emerged as an independent site from the Morningstar Vanguard Diehards forum in early 2007. Since then it has been one of the best places on the web to discuss personal finance, financial news, investment alternatives, and many related topics. The site is moderated, its tone is generally civil, and it attracts many interesting participants. <font size=-1>(contributed by <A HREF="/shared/community-member?user_id=293535">Victoria Fineberg</a>)</font>
<p>
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Money, Money, Money
## Money, Money, Money (and Investing)
part of [materialism](index) by [Philip Greenspun](/); updated July 2015
[Site Home](/) : [Materialism](/materialism/) : One Article
---
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"When young people ask me about the law as a career," said one
litigator, "I tell them that in this country whom they choose to have
sex with and where they have sex will have a bigger effect on their
income than whether they attend college and what they choose as a
career." -- [Real World
Divorce](http://www.realworlddivorce.com), Introduction
### How to Get Rich
>
> "There are three ways to make money. You can inherit it. You can marry
> it. You can steal it."
>
> -- conventional wisdom in Italy
>
A young man asked an old rich man how he made his money. The old guy
fingered his worsted wool vest and said, "Well, son, it was 1932. The
depth of the Great Depression. I was down to my last nickel. I
invested that nickel in an apple. I spent the entire day polishing the
apple and, at the end of the day, I sold the apple for ten cents. The
next morning, I invested those ten cents in two apples. I spent the
entire day polishing them and sold them at 5 pm for 20 cents. I
continued this system for a month, by the end of which I'd accumulated a
fortune of $1.37. Then my wife's father died and left us two million
dollars."
Most people who are rich chose their parents wisely. [Bill Gates](http://www.webho.com/WealthClock) might not have
ever figured out 1960s-style computer science but he had the foresight
to pick a father who is one of the richest, most prominent lawyers in
the state of Washington. And before he and Paul Allen made the deal
with IBM that gave them a monopoly on the PC operating system, Bill had
the foresight to choose a mother who was personally acquainted with John
Opel, CEO of IBM Corporation. None of this would have worked if Bill
hadn't been willing to take tremendous personal risks. Should Microsoft
have failed, of course, Bill Gates would have had nothing to fall back
on but a million dollar trust fund from his mother's parents (bankers)
and the resumption of his degree program at Harvard College.
If Donald Trump had taken the millions he inherited from his father and
put it all into mutual funds, you'd never have had to suffer through one
of his books. But he'd be just as rich or richer today.
For most of the 20th century, common stocks returned an average
of 7 percent per year, adjusted for inflation. If you are way
smarter, luckier, and less risk-averse than all of the companies in
the United States, you may be able to do substantially better. But a
return on investment of 200 percent per year is not very exciting when
you only have a few hundred dollars in capital. That's why it is so
important to pick your parents carefully.
### How to Lose it All
"Death, Disease, and Divorce are the big wealth destroyers," is an old
saying in the financial services industry. You can't do much about
death and disease but you can significantly reduce your chances of
being divorced, and the costs and pain associated with divorce, by
choosing your state of residence wisely. You could have a
Massachusetts divorce that costs $1 million in legal fees and $2
million in child support payments results in a near-total loss of
contact with children. That would be a $50,000 divorce in Arizona or
Delaware with 50/50 shared parenting and minimal child support
payments. See [Real
World Divorce](http://www.realworlddivorce.com).
### Common Stocks and the Efficient Market Hypothesis
Suppose somehow that you collect a non-negligible amount of cash and
want to invest it. If you are investing for the long-haul, then common
stocks are your only reasonable choice since they offer the best return.
According to the Efficient Market Hypothesis, all stocks are fairly
valued because everyone on Wall Street has the same information. So
unless you have friends who will give you insider information, there is
no reason that you should buy Microsoft rather than General Motors.
Sure, Microsoft has a monopoly and GM doesn't, but Microsoft's monopoly
is already reflected in their lofty price/earnings ratio and GM's
perennial engineering and management problems are already reflected in
their absurdly low price/revenue ratio.
If you buy into the Efficient Market Hypothesis then you're just as
happy to buy a portfolio of stocks selected by throwing darts at the
inside pages of the Wall Street Journal. In fact, the WSJ for many
years pitted expert wall street analysts against a dartboard portfolio
and the darts almost always did better. If you don't have very much
money, then a problem with a dartboard portfolio is that you will only
be able to buy a few stocks. Your expected return will still be
7 percent per year but the variance will be extremely high because one company
going bust could wipe out all of your gains.
### Mutual Funds
Here's where Wall Street professionals step in, eager to help you. If
you don't like all that risk, join our mutual fund, the Chump Fund. You
give us $10,000 and we'll give you a share in our $10,000,000 portfolio
with lots of different stocks, all chosen by Harvard MBAs. We'll skim
2% off the top every year to pay for our office space, salaries,
computers, and mailing out advertisements to other people like yourself.
You might not like paying the 2%, but look at how much better we've done
than the S&P 500 index over the last five years.
So you buy into the Chump Fund. Halfway through the year, the Harvard
MBAs are tired of their drab offices and Pentium computers. Do they
take part of the 2% and move uptown and then buy Pentium Pros? No.
They discover all of a sudden that they shouldn't have any General
Electric. Westinghouse is really a better investment. And Ford is
looking better than Chrysler now too. In fact, the entire $10,000,000
portfolio needs to be traded. Do your mutual fund managers, who've
sworn to look out for your best financial interests, execute the trades
with the broker who has the lowest commissions? No. After all, the
money for trading commissions comes out of your 98% and not their 2%
(read the fine print). So why not go to a "full-service" broker with
high commissions? That broker will be so grateful that he'll discover
he has a whole bunch of office space uptown that he isn't using, already
equipped with a bunch of Pentium Pros. He'd be delighted to allow his
best customers at the Chump Fund to hang out rent-free.
In your naivete, you might call this a kickback but in the industry it
is known as "soft money." Every time the Chump Fund trades with a
broker, they accumulate some soft money that they can spend on
computers, furniture, data feeds, etc. This comes on top of the opera
tickets, broadway shows, limousines, and the rest of the Wall Street
lifestyle that is paid for by Mr. and Mrs. Middleamerica.
If the Chump Fund keeps on doing this, eventually their return will be
much lower than the S&P 500 and they won't be able to run those
nice-looking advertisements anymore. What do they do? Look among the
20,000 tiny little mutual funds out there. Find one that has randomly
achieved above-average performance for the past five years. Call it the
Chump Growth and Income Fund and run ads showing its past performance.
Send letters to all the old Chump Fund customers telling them that the
Chump Fund is being closed and, unless they object, their investments
will be rolled into the new Chump Growth and Income Fund as of September
1.
An even better strategy for a mutual fund company is to do all of this
in-house. If they have 50 mutual funds they can just hang onto the ones
that randomly do better than average and flush the ones that do
noticeably worse. Then at any time they can show that "45 out of our 50
funds outperform the indices". Now you know why you can't find any
mutual funds advertised in the Wall Street Journal that sport
worse-than-average performance.
OK, so you expected to get cheated a bit by these Wall Street types.
But they're experts so of course they will do a better job picking
stocks, won't they? Some will. But with tens of thousands of mutual
funds out there, even if they are all choosing stocks at random, you'd
expect some to do consistently much better than average and some to do
consistently much worse. You'd find, however, that most of them would
fall in the middle, forming a Gaussian curve.
That's what Burton Malkiel expected to find. He was an economics
professor at Princeton who made his life's work the study of investment.
When he charted the performance of all the mutual funds, they did indeed
form a bell curve. But the center was not the same as the S&P 500. It
was shifted slightly to the left. That's right, the average mutual fund
was underperforming the blind index by a couple of percentage points.
This confused Malkiel until he realized that the discrepancy could be
accounted for by the expenses skimmed off the top of the mutual funds
and also the commissions they paid to trade the portfolio. [Note: these
curves are published in Malkiel's excellent [A
Random Walk Down Wall Street](http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393320405/pgreenspun-20), an essential book to read before
investing.]
### Index Funds
Anyway, the long and the short of it is that the index outperforms 85
percent of actively managed mutual funds. This is an argument for
buying a dartboard portfolio or, if you don't like the volatility, an
index fund. One of the first companies to offer these funds was [Vanguard](http://www.vanguard.com/). I have been a Vanguard customer for many years and have
been mostly satisfied. Here are the main problems with Vanguard:
* poorly programmed Web site: (1) tax forms are offered only in a
bizarre Adobe format that cannot be saved, printed, or emailed to an
accountant, (2) terrible internal email system that simply throws away
your message if you spend too long composing it
* customer service that gets worse as you get richer; the folks who
answer the phone for the $15,000 IRA crowd are very well informed, can
get you the necessary forms or information, and can help you with a
transaction; if you get rich enough to be upgraded to Flagship ($1
million+), you get assigned the Vanguard equivalent of a private banker;
mine was unable to send email, pick up the phone, send me the right
paperwork to get transactions accomplished, keep focus on getting a
transaction through. It was dangerous to be a Flagship customer because
I thought that someone at Vanguard was going to make something happen
when in fact he was just sitting at his desk waiting for me to call him.
The solution is to downgrade from Flagship back to Voyager or Voyager
Select.
Besides getting a higher average return, there are many other good
reasons to invest your money in index funds. The first is
psychological. When I had individual stocks, every time a stock went
up, I attributed it to luck. Every time a stock went down, I attributed
it to idiocy on my part. I felt dumber and dumber with every passing
year because I ignored the stocks that went up and focussed on the ones
that dived. Some Wall Street types have the opposite psychology: they
only remember their winners and hence come to think of themselves as
Einsteins after five years. Whatever your psychology, there is a
certain inner peace to be achieved by forgetting about your money.
Another reason to index is to free up time to make more money. In every
office there is at least one sorry loser checking the market every ten
minutes, going home at night to read financial reports, running charts,
and buying software to manage his complex portfolio. If he were a
managing a $10 billion mutual fund, perhaps this effort would be worth
it. But to try to beat the index by 2% with a portfolio of $50,000?
That's $1,000 extra/year. Even assuming that he can get that extra 2%,
he would have earned far more per hour working the night shift at the
local 7-Eleven. Your time is valuable. If you must be greedy,
then be greedy and smart and take a consulting job. Or enjoy the extra
time with your friends and family. Don't waste it trying to beat the
market.
I have oversimplified things a bit here. For example, even if you
believe the Efficient Market Hypothesis, there are stocks that are
inherently more volatile than others. E.g., a high-tech company will go
up more in a market boom and go down more in market bust than will a
utility. In some sense, both are "worth their price" but one or the
other might be a better buy for you because of your level of risk
aversion. If you want to understand this stuff at a deep level,
read [A
Random Walk Down Wall Street](http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0393320405/pgreenspun-20) and then [Principles of Corporate Finance](http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0070074178/pgreenspun-20) by Brealey and Myers. The latter
book is the textbook used in many advanced finance course taken by
MBAs. An MBA student will spend the entire term going through the book
and doing problems, but if you have a standard MIT freshman math and
science background, you can read the whole thing in a night or two.
If I haven't convinced you to stay away from Wall Street esoterica,
here are a few things I've learned through bitter personal experience
and/or reading the above books...
### Shorting
It is 1986. You buy yourself an IBM PC. You are using MS/DOS and say
"This sucks. It isn't even as good as operating systems from 1960."
You're a computer expert so you know that the technology is pathetic.
You do some business research and find that out that the company making
this MS/DOS product didn't even have the in-house expertise to build it
itself. They bought it from another company!" You call your broker and
find out that this "Microsoft" company is publicly traded and selling
for a very lofty price/earnings ratio. You smell blood and say "I want
to short 100 shares of Microsoft."
Your broker is holding many shares of Microsoft in "street name" for
other customers. So he can very easily find 100 shares of Microsoft to
lend you. He lends you these 100 shares, and you sell them immediately.
Suppose that the price/share is $10. You get $1000 that you can put
into the bank. However, you owe your broker 100 shares of Microsoft
Corporation. No problem, you figure. In another year, this company
will be near bankruptcy and selling for $0.25/share. You'll buy 100
shares to cover the short for $25, thus making a profit of $975 less
commissions.
Well, in another year, Microsoft is not selling for $0.25/share. In
fact, it has gone up to $30/share. You still owe the broker 100 shares,
but those 100 shares would cost $3000 to buy. You have a paper loss of
$2000 right now. Your broker calls and wants you to put up some assets
where he can get at them, either cash or stocks. He doesn't trust you
to come up with the cash to cover your Microsoft short unless the cash
is physically under his control. You consider cutting your losses by
closing your position. Remember that it is 1987, though, and Microsoft
hasn't gotten any better at writing software. In fact, they are
flailing around trying to copy the Apple Macintosh interface, itself a
copy of a Xerox system from the mid-1970s. What a bunch of losers. You
put up the extra cash.
By 1996, Microsoft has split a bunch of times and you now owe your
broker 1000 shares at $150/share. That's $150,000 to cover the short.
You sell your house and say "You know, that potential return of $1000
was not worth ten years of agonized scanning of the stock pages, margin
calls, and an ultimate loss of $150,000."
There are many morals to this story. One: stocks go up 7%/year,
adjusted for inflation. If you buy stocks randomly you will earn
7%/year. If you short stocks randomly, you will lose 7%/year. Two: you
are not smarter than the rest of the world put together and, even if you
were, the 14% bias would kill you. Three: if you buy a stock, you can
only lose what you put in; if you short, you can lose every dime that
you have in the world (and maybe a little bit more depending on how
careful your broker is).
You might think my story is biased because I've picked a famous winner
like Microsoft. But the fact is even stocks that were nothing but hot
air often went up dramatically for years. If a company's book value is
$10 million but Wall Street is willing to pay $500 million then there is
no reason why Wall Street shouldn't be willing to pay $750 million for
the same near-worthless entity. You are perhaps right and eventually
the stock will crash down towards the $10 million mark, but it could
take many years of sleepless nights.
[Note: I've made one big oversimplification here. You may get to
invest the proceeds from a short in other stocks and your broker will
invest some of your margin capital in T-bills so your expected return on
a short will not be as bad as -7%. Still, the unlimited downside is
still present with any short sale.]
### Options
If you have been picking through a company's Dumpster and know that they
are about to tank, then you might be tempted to short the stock.
Perhaps after reading the above, you are nervous about shorting. For
you, Wall Street has developed options. A broker will sell you the
right to sell Blatzco Inc. for $100/share through June 30. This is
called a "Put Option". Perhaps Blatzco Inc. is selling for $100/share
right now. The option will then cost you perhaps $2. If Blatzco
Inc. is still selling for $100/share on June 30 then your option is
worth nothing and you lose your entire investment. If Blatzco Inc. has
crashed to $30/share then your option is worth $70/share. You've made
35 times your money!
If it sounds like Vegas to you then you've already figured out the worst
thing about options: they appeal to people who like gambling and
therefore tend to be overpriced. They are best used when you know
something that almost nobody else does and when that something will
affect a company on a specific date.
Note: there are "Call Options" as well. These give you the right to
buy a specific stock on a specific date at a specific price. They are
used when you expect a stock to go way up.
### The Fly in the Ointment
From reading the foregoing, it seems safe to conclude that any investor
can succeed merely by dumping money in an S&P 500 index fund and
forgetting about it. A lot of folks apparently thought this way and the
result was the massive bubble stock market of the late 1990s. If
everyone wants to buy something the price of that thing will go up. The
Dow went from less than 2000 in 1987 to nearly 12,000 in 2000. Were
American companies really worth 6 times as much 13 years later?
Historical price-earnings ratios for common stocks have averaged 15. At
the peak of the late 1990s bubble, P/E ratios reached 42. With the Dow
at 8000 (July 2002) the ratio is about 25, i.e., an investor is paying
$25 for every expected $1 in corporate earnings. This would seem to
limit the expected return in a common stock to 4% per year.
Making matters worse is the fact that corporate managers and accounting
firms have been fraudulently overstating earnings. The published P/E
ratios are based on the lies that CEOs and CFOs tell investors, not the
actual cash coming into companies' bank accounts.
A deeper problem than fraudulent reporting is managerial theft.
Investors have accounting firms and the SEC to protect them but the top
managers have their hands on the company checkbook and their friends on
the Board of Directors. In the old days if a company did well the
managers would send a letter to shareholders: "The economy was booming
last year and Blatzco prospered; your dividend is being doubled." In
the 1980s and 1990s a more typical response to a boom year was
management saying "Blatzco did well because we're such geniuses; we are
going to take home all of the improved profit in the form of bonuses and
stock options." Jack Welch in Straight from the Gut
proudly states that during his 20 years as General Electric CEO the
"employees", by which he means himself and some other top managers, went
from 0% to 31% ownership of GE. Rephrased, Jack and his golf partners
stole 31% of GE from the investors who owned the company in 1980.
What's more, thanks to accounting rules that enable unlimited stock
option grants without any charge to earnings, none of this had to be
reported in financial statements. My cousin used to be an animator at
Walt Disney. In the old days of Hollywood a boom and bust cycle of
profits was to be expected. It is tough to predict whether a movie will
be a hit. But after Michael Eisner joined the company in 1984 successes
were attributed to superior management rather than luck. Eisner helped
himself to more than $1 billion of the shareholders' money over the
years. Thus when Disney ran into a string of flops the company didn't
have enough cash to hang on until the next boom. Disney shut down its
Los Angeles animation group and will use contract labor in Eastern
Europe for future animated features.
It is tough to see how historically high rates of return on common
stocks can be maintained in a world where managers steal most of the
fruits that stem from the investors' capital.
*Note that the 1980s and 1990s CEOs stealing from their investors are
not innovators. Leland Stanford and his partners in the Central Pacific
Railroad managed to steal a fabulous sum of money from their British
investors by contracting the construction of the railroad to a company
that they owned personally. It was a very similar scam as that pulled
off by the managers of Enron except that Stanford did it in the 1860s.*
### Bonds
Until management began stealing everything from investors, everyone
hated bonds. Bonds have historically offered a much lower return
than equities at somewhat reduced risk. The old theory was that bonds
were good for people about to retire or who otherwise couldn't afford
the risk of a crash. However, there is still some capital risk with
bonds. If inflation goes way up, interest rates will go way up and the
value of "a promise of money in the future" (a bond) will go way down.
A 1990s Wall Street wizard worried about a crash would buy "protective
puts" on the S&P 500 index. These are deeply out-of-the-money options
that won't be worth anything unless there is a big crash. Thus they
will be very cheap though 99% of the time you'll end up writing off your
entire investment in them.
What brought bonds back into fashion was the realization that corporate
top management was stealing on a grand scale. If a company had a bad
year, the CEO somehow had to manage on his $1.2 million cash salary. If
a company had a good year, the CEO would steal any profits by
exercising stock options that he and his buddies on the board had
previously issued to themselves. With bonds the company borrows $1 and
has to pay back that $1 plus interest. If in the meantime the managers
have stolen everything that they can from the shareholders that
shouldn't affect the bondholders.
### Taxes
It is impossible for a layperson to keep up with all of the latest
wrinkles in the tax code. You'll want to have an accountant to keep
you informed about the massive tax implications of various ways to
structure transactions. Remember that an accountant is not a
bookkeeper. An accountant sets up systems, e.g., "You want to set up
a corporation to collect your consulting revenue and then have the
corporation pay you royalites on software that you've already
developed. That way you escape 14% self-employment tax." A
bookkeeper takes a stack of checks or credit card bills and
categorizes them into Legal, Advertising, Travel, etc. so that you can
fill out all of those lovely IRS forms.
### The Future
"This time it is different." Well, maybe the 21st century of the
U.S. stock market really is different. So much capital has flooded in
that P/E ratios are high by historic standards and it is tough to see
how the real (inflation-adjusted) returns of the 20th century will be
obtainable going forward. Certainly investors in [TIPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Treasury_security#TIPS)
who accept 1-2% after-inflation yields don't seem to be expecting safe
and easy higher returns in the stock market.
---
Text and pictures [copyright 1996-2015 Philip Greenspun](/copyright/)
---
[[email protected]](/)
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### Reader's Comments
>
> After working for a few years there (albeit as a
> lowly programmer), I feel somewhat qualified to
> comment on the casino known as Wall Street. I like
> your somewhat accurate description of "soft money",
> but don't totally agree with your conclusions on
> investing philosophy. I've read the Random Walk
> book, and I've also read Warren Buffett's book
> on "value" investing. Most people are probably
> better off following your advice and sticking with
> an index fund, but do you realize what would happen
> if everyone did that? Think about it.... Warren's
> recommendations are very interesting.
>
>
>
> Those who are interested in learning more about
> Wall Street are encouraged to read "Liar's Poker"
> and "Nightmare on Wall Street", which both happen
> to be about Salomon Brothers.
>
>
>
>
>
> -- [Guru --](/shared/community-member?user_id=18745), December 20, 1996
>
>
>
> Hey, it's great to see someone exposing mutual funds.
> Very few beat the index.
>
>
>
> There is an alternative, a clever way of investing directly.
> Read about the Motley Fool (www.fool.com).
> This web site will give you the confidence and information to invest successfully.
>
>
>
>
>
> -- [Dennis Rose](/shared/community-member?user_id=17426), June 24, 1997
>
>
>
> Wish I'd read your page before I spent all that
> money on an MBA . . . Good commentary, and good
> advice for most investors. But a lot of people
> like to pick stocks. Buy and hold index investing
> doesn't sound exciting at a cocktail party! Much
> better to talk about your triumphs, and to ignore
> your defeats.
>
>
>
>
>
> -- [Robert Budding](/shared/community-member?user_id=23629), March 12, 1998
>
> You are right about Oppenheimer being a bunch of sharks.
> Back in my youth about four years ago I decided it would be responsible to invest my money rather than having it simply stagnate in my checking account. I figured (being an idiot) the way to do this was to visit a securities firm and ask for advice. The guy I spoke to seemed decent enough, asked a bunch of questions, and recommended I invest in five different Oppenheimer mutual funds. I did so and let the whole thing aside.
> Then about a year ago I landed up reading a copy of Andrew Tobias' \_The Only Investment Guide You'll Ever Need\_. Fired up with enthusiasm, I looked at my Oppenheimer statements to learn that, in the greatest bull market in history, these people had made me maybe 4% return in 3 years.
> (And the reason for this sort of thing is as Phil says---kickbacks, huge "management fees", huge advertising budgets, a constant impulse to churn stocks simply to create the illusion of business etc).
>
>
>
> There are a few morals here.
>
>
>
> One is that Oppenheimer suck.
>
>
>
> A more general one is almost everyone in the finance business is out to screw you, and just because they have nice offices and call themselves financial consultants does not mean that they care about you, or that they have any idea what they are doing.
>
>
>
> The most general message is, before investing a cent, READ A BOOK. If you are going to read only one book, IMHO read the Tobias book I mentioned above.
>
>
>
> If you refuse to read even one book, invest in a Vanguard fund; unlike Oppenheimer and friends they will try to do good by you. The Vanguard prospectuses are a joy to read, written in clear English, their web site does the job, their funds stick to what they claim in the prospectus, they constantly try to cut costs etc.
>
>
>
>
>
> -- [Maynard Handley](/shared/community-member?user_id=83245), June 30, 1999
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> About shorting stock. I haven't run across a broker that would allow a client to invest the procedes from a short. Generally they want to hold it in a segregated account (where they can invest it) and pay you nothing. For large shorts (>$100,000) or good customers they will negotiate some fixed return (a low fixed rate) on the funds. If you know a broker that offers a decent return on short procedes (or lets you invest them!) I'd like to know...
>
>
>
>
>
> -- [Matthew Rochlin](/shared/community-member?user_id=102849), September 5, 1999
>
> I keep two quotes prominently displayed above my desk to help me out when I am stricken with a bout of "Materialism": (1) "If you would make a man happy, study not to augment his goods; but to diminish his wants."--Orestes Brownson, 1864. (2) "Being frustrated is disagreeable, but the real disasters in life begin when you get what you want."--Irving Kristol, 1983.
>
>
>
>
>
> -- [Ken O'Brien](/shared/community-member?user_id=74445), September 7, 1999
>
> As a guy who manages a pile of money for others (paid by clients, not commissions), Phil's overall view of the process is quite accurate and his approach is mostly correct. One exception however is the common oversight of confusing indexing with buying the S&P 500 index. There are lots of other indexes out there such as EAFE, the S&P Mid Cap 400 and the Russell 2000 that, when combined with the S&P 500 can actually serve to both increase the chances of better returns over time and reduce short term volatility (our nice way of saying "losing money").
>
>
>
> There is an old Wall Street saying "don't confuse genius with a bull market." Frank the day trader should take note.
>
>
>
>
>
> -- [Bill Middleton](/shared/community-member?user_id=4486), August 8, 2000
>
>
>
> Phil neglects to mention rebalancing in his article. It is not a good idea to manage your own money if you don't rebalance your portfolio on a regular basis.
>
>
>
>
>
> -- [Yi-Lun Ding](/shared/community-member?user_id=229202), October 29, 2002
>
> My favorite mutual fund site right now is [FundAlarm](http://www.fundalarm.com) . Check in and see if your fund is up to any sleazy business; the discussion board is lively with up-to-the-minute comments and links to articles.
>
>
>
>
>
> -- [W Sanders](/shared/community-member?user_id=221842), December 2, 2003
>
> I don't agree with you idea that to progress in life you must have rich parents.
>
>
>
> My grandfather quarreled his father and abandoned the home when he was nearly 18 (in 1918) without studies and money and with the only capability of drawing acceptabily well.
>
>
>
> He went to the war in Africa in 1921 and came back to Spain where he married and began to work a jewel company making 3D pictures on silver (using his gift for drawing).
>
>
>
> Soon he found himself with 4 children and not much income, so he employed his savings in buying some sheep. He would keep on working for others and the 2 or 3 sheep would be under the care of a shepperd. This shepperd would collect a comission when the animal were sold.
>
>
>
> 3 sheep made 6, 6 made 12, 12 made 24, 24, made 48, and so on.
>
>
>
> Reached this point my grandfather left his job and settled as farmer and shepperd.
>
>
>
> After he began with pigs and cows.
>
>
>
> Apart from meat, he sold milk, and employed many other workers to take care of the cattle.
>
>
>
> When the 60's reached and the economy got better, he began buying buildings:
>
>
>
> 2 buildings made 4, 4 made 8, 8 made 16, etc....
>
>
>
> So when he died in 1986 he owned almost one whole neighbourhood of Madrid and gave many flats and buildings in inheritance to each one of his 7 children.
>
>
>
>
>
> -- [Peccata Minuta](/shared/community-member?user_id=274254), September 19, 2006
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> Two additional items you might have mentioned:
>
>
>
> 1. Taxes & Inflation. Long term ownership of individual stocks has a significant tax advantage over mutual fund ownership, due to tax-free compounding of capital gains. Most mutual funds distribute capital gains, as they frequently turnover portfolio holdings. This applies to index funds too. Seperately, inflation has a greater effect on eventual return than you suggest. Because stock prices rise with inflation over the long term, investors pay capital gains taxes on grossly inflated, empty profits. This is big.
>
>
>
> 2. Responsiblity for CEO's stealing from shareholders. Since management reports to the board of directors, and the BOD represents shareholders, how do they get away with it? Answer: Most shareholders use mutual funds. Mutual funds do not allow their clients to vote the shares in the funds, even though the clients own the shares. Instead, fund managers vote the shares. Guess who recently played golf with the fund manager? If you want fundamental reform of corporate management, outlaw the practice of funds voting shares. Better yet, outlaw funds altogether (fat chance).
>
>
>
>
>
> -- [Jack Neally](/shared/community-member?user_id=276534), November 30, 2006
>
>
>
>
>
> Regarding Michelle Bach (no 's'), a quick Google search indicates that this is where she is now:
> http://www.hadley-reynolds.com/michelle.htm
>
>
>
> Readers might want to direct any current Hadley-Reynolds clients they know to Philip's above story.
>
>
>
>
>
> -- [Curtis Wayne](/shared/community-member?user_id=281797), May 11, 2007
>
>
>
> I think the article is pretty good and comprehensive considering that it was written in 1996. But I recommend adding some newer information, specifically:
>
>
>
> (1) Vanguard's Total Stock Market tracing Wilshire 5000 is frequently preferable to S&P500, because it is more diversified and it does not buy/sell as frequently as stocks move in and out of the index.
>
>
>
> (2) Exchange Traded Funds (ETF) are a good alternative to index mutual funds for those who do not dollar-cost-average into it.
>
>
>
> (3) Treasury Inflation Protection Securities (TIPS) are worth considering, especially by retirees.
>
>
>
> (4) Single Premium Immediate Annuities (SPIA) may offer a better way not to outlive one's money than a frequently recommended Safe Withdrawal Rate (SWR) scheme. (Note that these are different from variable annuities that generate huge profits to insurance agents and less value to their customers.)
>
>
>
> These and many other topics are discussed at the Bogleheads Forum which I linked below.
>
>
>
>
>
> -- [Victoria Fineberg](/shared/community-member?user_id=293535), July 13, 2008
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> I am certain. My prayers are for improvement of your financial situation. If and when I have more funds I will come and visit. I can't wait to snow ski there. In may a very small way I can help your situation.http://www.bayut.com
>
>
>
>
>
> -- [dubai property](/shared/community-member?user_id=331335), October 6, 2010
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< T I T L E > R o y L i s k e r ' s F e r m e n t M a g a z i n e < / T I T L E >
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< S T Y L E t y p e = " t e x t / c s s " >
< ! - -
. b o x { w i d t h : 6 0 0 ;
t e x t - a l i g n : j u s t i f y ;
m a r g i n - l e f t : 4 0 }
. e m p h { f o n t - f a m i l y = A r i a l , E s p y S a n s , H e l v e t i c a , S a n s S e r i f ;
f o n t - s i z e : l a r g e ;
c o l o r : b l a c k ;
f o n t - s t y l e : b o l d }
A : l i n k { f o n t - f a m i l y = A r i a l , E s p y S a n s , H e l v e t i c a , S a n s S e r i f ;
c o l o r : d a r k b l u e ;
t e x t - d e c o r a t i o n : n o n e ;
f o n t - s t y l e : n o r m a l }
A : a c t i v e { t e x t - d e c o r a t i o n : n o n e ; b a c k g r o u n d : t r a n s p a r e n t ; }
A : v i s i t e d { b a c k g r o u n d : t r a n s p a r e n t ; t e x t - d e c o r a t i o n : n o n e ; }
A : h o v e r { c o l o r : y e l l o w ; b a c k g r o u n d : m a r o o n ; }
- - >
< / S T Y L E >
< B O D Y B G C O L O R = " b l a n c h e d a l m o n d " L I N K = " d a r k b l u e " V L I N K = " d a r k b l u e " >
< D I V c l a s s = b o x > < P C L A S S = e m p h >
< H 1 A L I G N = " C E N T E R " s t y l e = " c o l o r : m a r o o n " > F e r m e n t M a g a z i n e < / H 1 >
< H 2 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " s t y l e = " c o l o r : p u r p l e " > E d i t o r : R o y L i s k e r , P h D < P >
< i m g s r c = " b e r k e l e y 0 0 3 . j p g " > < / h 2 >
< H 2 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " s t y l e = " c o l o r : r e d " > W e l c o m e t o t h e < b r > F e r m e n t M a g a z i n e H o m e P a g e < / H 2 >
< h 3 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " s t y l e = " c o l o r : p u r p l e " > A d d r e s s a n d E - M a i l < / h 3 > < h 4 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " s t y l e = " c o l o r : m a r o o n " > R o y L i s k e r < b r > 8 L i b e r t y S t r e e t # 3 0 6 < b r > M i d d l e t o w n , C T 0 6 4 5 7 < b r > < A h r e f = " m a i l t o : r l i s k e r @ y a h o o . c o m " > r l i s k e r @ y a h o o . c o m < / A > < b r >
< A h r e f " m a i l t o : r l i s k e r @ g m a i l . c o m > r l i s k e r @ g m a i l . c o m < / A > < / h 4 > < h 3 >
< h 1 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " > < A h r e f = " f o l d e r s . h t m l " > F o l d e r s < / A > < P >
< h r >
< / h 1 >
< h 4 > T h i s p h o t o g r a p h o f m y s e l f w a s t a k e n b y a c t i v i s t G e n e K e y e s , a t t h e 5 0 t h A n n i v e r s a r y R e u n i o n o f t h e C o m m i t t e e f o r N o n - V i o l e n t A c t i o n , h e l d i n V o l u n t o w n , C o n n e c t i c u t , J u n e 1 1 - 1 3 , 2 0 1 0 . < / h 4 > < h 4 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " > < i m g s r c = " v o l u n t o w n . j p g " > < P > F o r o t h e r p h o t o s o f p e r s o n s p r e s e n t a t t h e r e u n i o n , s e v e r a l o f w h o m a r e v e r y f a m o u s i n t h e a n t i - w a r m o v e m e n t s o f t h e 6 0 ' s a n d s i n c e , g o t o < A h r e f = " h t t p : / / w w w . g e n e k e y e s . c o m / C N V A / C N V A - R e u n i o n - 2 0 1 0 - p . 2 . h t m l " > C N V A < / A > < h r > < / h 4 >
< h 1 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " s t y l e = " c o l o r : p u r p l e " >
B u l l e t i n B o a r d ! ! < / h 1 > < h 3 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " s t y l e = " c o l o r : m a r o o n " >
( J a n u a r y 4 t h , 2 0 1 6 ) " I n M e m o r i a m E i n s t e i n " h a s b e e n p u b l i s h e d b y t h e < A h r e f = h t t p : / / w w w . s a g g i n g m e n i s c u s . c o m / c a t a l o g / i n - m e m o r i a m - e i n s t e i n > S a g g i n g M e n i s c u s P r e s s < / A > .
< P > < / h 3 > < h 3 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " s t y l e = " c o l o r : g r e e n " > T h e Q u e s t f o r A l e x a n d r e G r o t h e n d i e c k h a s b e e n p u b l i s h e d b y T h o m b o o k s , t o g e t h e r w i t h m y t r a n s l a t i o n o f t h e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d P r o m e n a d e c h a p t e r s o f " R e c o l t e s e t S e m a i l l e s " . H e r e i s t h e A m a z o n l i n k : < / h 3 > < h 3 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " >
< A h r e f = " h t t p : / / w w w . a m a z o n . c o m / A l e x a n d r e - G r o t h e n d i e c k - T r a n s l a t i o n - I n t r o d u c t i o n - G r o t h e n d i e c k s / d p / 0 9 9 3 9 2 6 9 1 6 / r e f = s r _ 1 _ 1 ? s = b o o k s & i e = U T F 8 & q i d = 1 4 5 1 9 3 6 6 7 6 & s r = 1 - 1 & k e y w o r d s = r o y + l i s k e r " > Q u e s t f o r G r o t h e n d i e c k < / A > < h r > < / h 3 >
< h r > < h 4 >
I d o a p p r e c i a t e i t w h e n s o m e o n e n o t i f i e s m e t o r e p o r t a b r o k e n l i n k . I w e l c o m e a l l f o r m s o f s a n e c o m m u n i c a t i o n . < h r >
F o r t h e b a c k g r o u n d t o t h e o n - g o i n g d e b a t e a b o u t t h e r i g h t t o c a l l m y s e l f < I > D r . < / I > R o y L i s k e r , g o t o < / h 4 > < h 4 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " > < A h r e f = " c a s s . h t m l " > C o u n c i l o f A u t o n o m o u s S c h o l a r l y S u p p o r t < / A > < / h 4 > < h 4 > I a m s o m e t i m e s a t a l o s s t o d e c i d e t h e f i e l d i n w h i c h m y d e g r e e h a s b e e n e a r n e d . I m i g h t a s w e l l c a l l m y s e l f a D o c t o r o f P h i l o s o p h y , g i v e n t h a t v e r y f e w p h i l o s o p h y d e p a r t m e n t s ( a s u n d e r s t o o d i n t h e c l a s s i c a l w o r l d ) i n c o n t e m p o r a r y A m e r i c a n c o l l e g e s o r u n i v e r s i t i e s a r e w o r t h y o f t h e n a m e . < P > Y e s ; a n d t h a t a p p l i e s t o m o s t E n g l i s h d e p a r t m e n t s a s w e l l ( B e g i n n i n g o f a l o n g d i s c u s s i o n t h a t I w o n ' t g o i n t o . ) < P > A s f o r m a t h d e p a r t m e n t s : I n d e e d , g o o d w o r k i s d o n e t h e r e , b u t w h o c a n s t a n d t o b e i n t h e m ? < h r >
< / h 4 >
< h 2 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " > < A h r e f = " c i t a t i o n s . h t m l " > E n d o r s e m e n t s a n d C a v i l s < / A > < / h 1 > < h 4 > < h r > < / h 4 >
< / h 5 >
< h 4 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " s t y l e = " c o l o r : r e d " > T h i s w e b s i t e i s m a d e p o s s i b l e t h r o u g h t h e < b r > a c t i v e s u p p o r t a n d e n c o u r a g e m e n t o f < b r >
< i m g s r c = " m o n t c l a i r . j p g " > < b r >
< A h r e f = " h t t p : / / w w w . s m u l l y a n . o r g " > J a c o b S m u l l y a n , < b r > B e n j a m i n , J e r e m y a n d G a b r i e l S m u l l y a n , < b r > A n n e - M a r i e H a n t h o , < b r > Q u i n c e y t h e f o r m i d a b l e p o o c h , < b r > a n d o t h e r s . < / A > < b r > ( T h e s e n a m e s o v e r l a p b u t a r e n o t c o - e x t e n s i v e < b r > w i t h t h e l i f e f o r m s i n t h e p i c t u r e . )
< h r > < / h 4 > < h 3 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " > < A h r e f = " e a r n i n g s . h t m l " > F i n a n c i a l S t a t e m e n t 1 9 5 5 - 2 0 0 5 < / A > < h r > < / h 3 >
< h 4 s t y l e = " c o l o r : g r e e n " > T h i s p h o t o g r a p h o f m e w a s t a k e n i n t h e w i n t e r o f 2 0 0 0 . A s p r e s i d e n t o f t h e < I > M i d d l e t o w n N o r t h E n d A c t i o n T e a m < / I > . I w a s d o i n g m y p a r t i n c l e a n i n g u p t h e g r o u n d s o f w h a t h a s s i n c e b e c o m e t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d ' s p r i d e a n d j o y : < / h 4 > < h 3 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " > < A h r e f = " h t t p : / / w w w . n e a t m i d d l e t o w n . o r g " > T h e N o r t h E n d C o m m u n i t y G a r d e n . < / A > < / H 3 > < h 4 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " s t y l e = " c o l o r : g r e e n " >
< i m g s r c = " g a r d e n . j p g " a l i g n = " a b s m i d d l e " > < P >
A r e p o r t o n t h e 8 - y e a r s t r u g g l e o f t h e N o r t h E n d A c t i o n T e a m t o o b t a i n d e c e n t l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e r e s i d e n t s o f M i d d l e t o w n ' s N o r t h E n d , m a y n o w b e r e a d a t < / h 4 > < h 3 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " s t y l e = " c o l o r : m a r o o n " > < A h r e f = " N E A T / n e h i 1 . h t m l " > H i s t o r y o f t h e N o r t h E n d H o u s i n g I n i t i a t i v e < / A > < / h 3 >
< h 2 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " > < A h r e f = " n e w s l e t t e r . h t m l " > F e r m e n t N e w s l e t t e r < / A > < h r > < / h 2 > < h 3 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " s t y l e = " c o l o r : g r e e n " >
B r o w s e t h e < b r > < A h r e f = " c a t a l o g u e . h t m l " > F e r m e n t P r e s s C a t a l o g u e < / A > < h r > < / h 3 >
< / U L >
< / H 4 >
< H 3 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " > < A h r e f = " h o m e 2 . h t m l " > E d i t o r i a l s < / A > < b r >
< A h r e f = " h o m e 3 . h t m l " > T r a v e l o g u e / B i o g r a p h y < / A > < b r >
< A h r e f = " h o m e 4 . h t m l " > F e r m e n t P r e s s < / A > < b r >
< A h r e f = " h o m e 5 . h t m l " > A l e x a n d r e G r o t h e n d i e c k P a g e < / A > < b r >
< A h r e f = " h o m e 6 . h t m l " > L i n k s < / A >
< H R >
< / h 3 > < H 3 s t y l e = " c o l o r : i n d i a n r e d ; t e x t - a l i g n : c e n t e r ; f o n t - s t y l e : i t a l i c " > G o T o < b r > < A h r e f = " h o m e 2 . h t m l " > E d i t o r i a l s < / A > < / H 3 > < H R >
< s c r i p t t y p e = " t e x t / j a v a s c r i p t " >
v a r g a J s H o s t = ( ( " h t t p s : " = = d o c u m e n t . l o c a t i o n . p r o t o c o l ) ? " h t t p s : / / s s l . " : " h t t p : / / w w w . " ) ;
d o c u m e n t . w r i t e ( u n e s c a p e ( " % 3 C s c r i p t s r c = ' " + g a J s H o s t + " g o o g l e - a n a l y t i c s . c o m / g a . j s ' t y p e = ' t e x t / j a v a s c r i p t ' % 3 E % 3 C / s c r i p t % 3 E " ) ) ;
< / s c r i p t >
< s c r i p t t y p e = " t e x t / j a v a s c r i p t " >
t r y {
v a r p a g e T r a c k e r = _ g a t . _ g e t T r a c k e r ( " U A - 1 8 7 4 6 2 - 4 " ) ;
p a g e T r a c k e r . _ t r a c k P a g e v i e w ( ) ;
} c a t c h ( e r r ) { } < / s c r i p t >
< / b o d y > < / H T M L >
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< H E A D >
< T I T L E > R o y L i s k e r ' s F e r m e n t M a g a z i n e < / T I T L E >
< / H E A D >
< S T Y L E t y p e = " t e x t / c s s " >
< ! - -
. b o x { w i d t h : 6 0 0 ;
t e x t - a l i g n : j u s t i f y ;
m a r g i n - l e f t : 4 0 }
. e m p h { f o n t - f a m i l y = A r i a l , E s p y S a n s , H e l v e t i c a , S a n s S e r i f ;
f o n t - s i z e : l a r g e ;
c o l o r : b l a c k ;
f o n t - s t y l e : b o l d }
A : l i n k { f o n t - f a m i l y = A r i a l , E s p y S a n s , H e l v e t i c a , S a n s S e r i f ;
c o l o r : d a r k b l u e ;
t e x t - d e c o r a t i o n : n o n e ;
f o n t - s t y l e : n o r m a l }
A : a c t i v e { t e x t - d e c o r a t i o n : n o n e ; b a c k g r o u n d : t r a n s p a r e n t ; }
A : v i s i t e d { b a c k g r o u n d : t r a n s p a r e n t ; t e x t - d e c o r a t i o n : n o n e ; }
A : h o v e r { c o l o r : y e l l o w ; b a c k g r o u n d : m a r o o n ; }
- - >
< / S T Y L E >
< B O D Y B G C O L O R = " b l a n c h e d a l m o n d " L I N K = " d a r k b l u e " V L I N K = " d a r k b l u e " >
< D I V c l a s s = b o x > < P C L A S S = e m p h >
< H 1 A L I G N = " C E N T E R " s t y l e = " c o l o r : m a r o o n " > F e r m e n t M a g a z i n e < / H 1 >
< H 2 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " s t y l e = " c o l o r : p u r p l e " > E d i t o r : R o y L i s k e r , P h D < P >
< i m g s r c = " b e r k e l e y 0 0 3 . j p g " > < / h 2 >
< H 2 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " s t y l e = " c o l o r : r e d " > W e l c o m e t o t h e < b r > F e r m e n t M a g a z i n e H o m e P a g e < / H 2 >
< h 3 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " s t y l e = " c o l o r : p u r p l e " > A d d r e s s a n d E - M a i l < / h 3 > < h 4 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " s t y l e = " c o l o r : m a r o o n " > R o y L i s k e r < b r > 8 L i b e r t y S t r e e t # 3 0 6 < b r > M i d d l e t o w n , C T 0 6 4 5 7 < b r > < A h r e f = " m a i l t o : r l i s k e r @ y a h o o . c o m " > r l i s k e r @ y a h o o . c o m < / A > < b r >
< A h r e f " m a i l t o : r l i s k e r @ g m a i l . c o m > r l i s k e r @ g m a i l . c o m < / A > < / h 4 > < h 3 >
< h 1 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " > < A h r e f = " f o l d e r s . h t m l " > F o l d e r s < / A > < P >
< h r >
< / h 1 >
< h 4 > T h i s p h o t o g r a p h o f m y s e l f w a s t a k e n b y a c t i v i s t G e n e K e y e s , a t t h e 5 0 t h A n n i v e r s a r y R e u n i o n o f t h e C o m m i t t e e f o r N o n - V i o l e n t A c t i o n , h e l d i n V o l u n t o w n , C o n n e c t i c u t , J u n e 1 1 - 1 3 , 2 0 1 0 . < / h 4 > < h 4 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " > < i m g s r c = " v o l u n t o w n . j p g " > < P > F o r o t h e r p h o t o s o f p e r s o n s p r e s e n t a t t h e r e u n i o n , s e v e r a l o f w h o m a r e v e r y f a m o u s i n t h e a n t i - w a r m o v e m e n t s o f t h e 6 0 ' s a n d s i n c e , g o t o < A h r e f = " h t t p : / / w w w . g e n e k e y e s . c o m / C N V A / C N V A - R e u n i o n - 2 0 1 0 - p . 2 . h t m l " > C N V A < / A > < h r > < / h 4 >
< h 1 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " s t y l e = " c o l o r : p u r p l e " >
B u l l e t i n B o a r d ! ! < / h 1 > < h 3 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " s t y l e = " c o l o r : m a r o o n " >
( J a n u a r y 4 t h , 2 0 1 6 ) " I n M e m o r i a m E i n s t e i n " h a s b e e n p u b l i s h e d b y t h e < A h r e f = h t t p : / / w w w . s a g g i n g m e n i s c u s . c o m / c a t a l o g / i n - m e m o r i a m - e i n s t e i n > S a g g i n g M e n i s c u s P r e s s < / A > .
< P > < / h 3 > < h 3 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " s t y l e = " c o l o r : g r e e n " > T h e Q u e s t f o r A l e x a n d r e G r o t h e n d i e c k h a s b e e n p u b l i s h e d b y T h o m b o o k s , t o g e t h e r w i t h m y t r a n s l a t i o n o f t h e I n t r o d u c t i o n a n d P r o m e n a d e c h a p t e r s o f " R e c o l t e s e t S e m a i l l e s " . H e r e i s t h e A m a z o n l i n k : < / h 3 > < h 3 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " >
< A h r e f = " h t t p : / / w w w . a m a z o n . c o m / A l e x a n d r e - G r o t h e n d i e c k - T r a n s l a t i o n - I n t r o d u c t i o n - G r o t h e n d i e c k s / d p / 0 9 9 3 9 2 6 9 1 6 / r e f = s r \_ 1 \_ 1 ? s = b o o k s & i e = U T F 8 & q i d = 1 4 5 1 9 3 6 6 7 6 & s r = 1 - 1 & k e y w o r d s = r o y + l i s k e r " > Q u e s t f o r G r o t h e n d i e c k < / A > < h r > < / h 3 >
< h r > < h 4 >
I d o a p p r e c i a t e i t w h e n s o m e o n e n o t i f i e s m e t o r e p o r t a b r o k e n l i n k . I w e l c o m e a l l f o r m s o f s a n e c o m m u n i c a t i o n . < h r >
F o r t h e b a c k g r o u n d t o t h e o n - g o i n g d e b a t e a b o u t t h e r i g h t t o c a l l m y s e l f < I > D r . < / I > R o y L i s k e r , g o t o < / h 4 > < h 4 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " > < A h r e f = " c a s s . h t m l " > C o u n c i l o f A u t o n o m o u s S c h o l a r l y S u p p o r t < / A > < / h 4 > < h 4 > I a m s o m e t i m e s a t a l o s s t o d e c i d e t h e f i e l d i n w h i c h m y d e g r e e h a s b e e n e a r n e d . I m i g h t a s w e l l c a l l m y s e l f a D o c t o r o f P h i l o s o p h y , g i v e n t h a t v e r y f e w p h i l o s o p h y d e p a r t m e n t s ( a s u n d e r s t o o d i n t h e c l a s s i c a l w o r l d ) i n c o n t e m p o r a r y A m e r i c a n c o l l e g e s o r u n i v e r s i t i e s a r e w o r t h y o f t h e n a m e . < P > Y e s ; a n d t h a t a p p l i e s t o m o s t E n g l i s h d e p a r t m e n t s a s w e l l ( B e g i n n i n g o f a l o n g d i s c u s s i o n t h a t I w o n ' t g o i n t o . ) < P > A s f o r m a t h d e p a r t m e n t s : I n d e e d , g o o d w o r k i s d o n e t h e r e , b u t w h o c a n s t a n d t o b e i n t h e m ? < h r >
< / h 4 >
< h 2 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " > < A h r e f = " c i t a t i o n s . h t m l " > E n d o r s e m e n t s a n d C a v i l s < / A > < / h 1 > < h 4 > < h r > < / h 4 >
< / h 5 >
< h 4 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " s t y l e = " c o l o r : r e d " > T h i s w e b s i t e i s m a d e p o s s i b l e t h r o u g h t h e < b r > a c t i v e s u p p o r t a n d e n c o u r a g e m e n t o f < b r >
< i m g s r c = " m o n t c l a i r . j p g " > < b r >
< A h r e f = " h t t p : / / w w w . s m u l l y a n . o r g " > J a c o b S m u l l y a n , < b r > B e n j a m i n , J e r e m y a n d G a b r i e l S m u l l y a n , < b r > A n n e - M a r i e H a n t h o , < b r > Q u i n c e y t h e f o r m i d a b l e p o o c h , < b r > a n d o t h e r s . < / A > < b r > ( T h e s e n a m e s o v e r l a p b u t a r e n o t c o - e x t e n s i v e < b r > w i t h t h e l i f e f o r m s i n t h e p i c t u r e . )
< h r > < / h 4 > < h 3 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " > < A h r e f = " e a r n i n g s . h t m l " > F i n a n c i a l S t a t e m e n t 1 9 5 5 - 2 0 0 5 < / A > < h r > < / h 3 >
< h 4 s t y l e = " c o l o r : g r e e n " > T h i s p h o t o g r a p h o f m e w a s t a k e n i n t h e w i n t e r o f 2 0 0 0 . A s p r e s i d e n t o f t h e < I > M i d d l e t o w n N o r t h E n d A c t i o n T e a m < / I > . I w a s d o i n g m y p a r t i n c l e a n i n g u p t h e g r o u n d s o f w h a t h a s s i n c e b e c o m e t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d ' s p r i d e a n d j o y : < / h 4 > < h 3 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " > < A h r e f = " h t t p : / / w w w . n e a t m i d d l e t o w n . o r g " > T h e N o r t h E n d C o m m u n i t y G a r d e n . < / A > < / H 3 > < h 4 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " s t y l e = " c o l o r : g r e e n " >
< i m g s r c = " g a r d e n . j p g " a l i g n = " a b s m i d d l e " > < P >
A r e p o r t o n t h e 8 - y e a r s t r u g g l e o f t h e N o r t h E n d A c t i o n T e a m t o o b t a i n d e c e n t l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e r e s i d e n t s o f M i d d l e t o w n ' s N o r t h E n d , m a y n o w b e r e a d a t < / h 4 > < h 3 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " s t y l e = " c o l o r : m a r o o n " > < A h r e f = " N E A T / n e h i 1 . h t m l " > H i s t o r y o f t h e N o r t h E n d H o u s i n g I n i t i a t i v e < / A > < / h 3 >
< h 2 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " > < A h r e f = " n e w s l e t t e r . h t m l " > F e r m e n t N e w s l e t t e r < / A > < h r > < / h 2 > < h 3 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " s t y l e = " c o l o r : g r e e n " >
B r o w s e t h e < b r > < A h r e f = " c a t a l o g u e . h t m l " > F e r m e n t P r e s s C a t a l o g u e < / A > < h r > < / h 3 >
< / U L >
< / H 4 >
< H 3 a l i g n = " c e n t e r " > < A h r e f = " h o m e 2 . h t m l " > E d i t o r i a l s < / A > < b r >
< A h r e f = " h o m e 3 . h t m l " > T r a v e l o g u e / B i o g r a p h y < / A > < b r >
< A h r e f = " h o m e 4 . h t m l " > F e r m e n t P r e s s < / A > < b r >
< A h r e f = " h o m e 5 . h t m l " > A l e x a n d r e G r o t h e n d i e c k P a g e < / A > < b r >
< A h r e f = " h o m e 6 . h t m l " > L i n k s < / A >
< H R >
< / h 3 > < H 3 s t y l e = " c o l o r : i n d i a n r e d ; t e x t - a l i g n : c e n t e r ; f o n t - s t y l e : i t a l i c " > G o T o < b r > < A h r e f = " h o m e 2 . h t m l " > E d i t o r i a l s < / A > < / H 3 > < H R >
< s c r i p t t y p e = " t e x t / j a v a s c r i p t " >
v a r g a J s H o s t = ( ( " h t t p s : " = = d o c u m e n t . l o c a t i o n . p r o t o c o l ) ? " h t t p s : / / s s l . " : " h t t p : / / w w w . " ) ;
d o c u m e n t . w r i t e ( u n e s c a p e ( " % 3 C s c r i p t s r c = ' " + g a J s H o s t + " g o o g l e - a n a l y t i c s . c o m / g a . j s ' t y p e = ' t e x t / j a v a s c r i p t ' % 3 E % 3 C / s c r i p t % 3 E " ) ) ;
< / s c r i p t >
< s c r i p t t y p e = " t e x t / j a v a s c r i p t " >
t r y {
v a r p a g e T r a c k e r = \_ g a t . \_ g e t T r a c k e r ( " U A - 1 8 7 4 6 2 - 4 " ) ;
p a g e T r a c k e r . \_ t r a c k P a g e v i e w ( ) ;
} c a t c h ( e r r ) { } < / s c r i p t >
< / b o d y > < / H T M L >
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<font face="Arial" size="3"><b><i>David Fischer's</i></b></font><BR>
<font face="Arial" size="4"><b>North American Mushroom Basics:</b></font><BR>
<font face="Arial" size="3"><b><i>Real Answers About Mushrooms</i> (F.A.Q.)</b></font><BR>
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<P ALIGN="CENTER">
<font face="Arial" size="3"><B>INDEX for this page</B></font>
<br>
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<b><A HREF="#Ecology">Ecology</A> -- <A HREF="#Reproduction">Reproduction</A> -- <A HREF="#Edibility">Edibility</A> -- <A HREF="#Identification">Identification</A> -- <A HREF="#Sporeprint">Making a Spore Print</A><BR>
<A HREF="#Danger">Danger</A> -- <A HREF="#Names">Mushroom Names</A> -- <A HREF="#Hallucinogens">Hallucinogens</A> -- <A HREF="#Kombucha">Kombucha</A> -- <A HREF="#Cultivation">Cultivation</A><br>
<A HREF="#Resources">Further Resources</A> -- <A HREF="#Books">Books</A> -- <A HREF="#Clubs">Mycological Societies (Mushroom Clubs)</A></b>
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<b>What is a mushroom?</b>
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<A HREF="taxa/Gymnopus_dryophilus_01e.htm">
<img src="graphics/z001.jpg" ALT="Illustration: photo of Gymnopus dryophilus" ALIGN="right" WIDTH="150" HEIGHT="272" border="0"></a>
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Mushrooms are the <B>fruiting bodies</B> of certain fungi—the equivalent of the apple, not of the tree. Fungi, including those which produce mushrooms, are not plants; they are related to molds, mildews, rusts, smuts, and yeasts, and are classified in the <B>Fungi Kingdom</B>.<br>
The definition of the word <b>mushroom</b> varies, depending on the source. A minority of mycologists restrict it to basidiomycetes, but that restriction contradicts the notion that morels and truffles are mushrooms—and since literally millions of people aroumd the world consider those <b>ascomycetes</b> to be mushrooms, that restriction is rejected by most mycologists.<br>
<br>
<i>See the last few paragraphs in the next section for a little more information on this.</i>
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<A NAME="Mycelium"><b>The Mycelium</b></a>
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The fungal organism which produces the mushrooms you encounter on your lawn or in the forest is called a <B>mycelium</B>. It is composed of <B>hyphae</B>, which are "chains" of fungal cells (singular: <B>hypha</B>).
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The mycelium itself is typically hidden in a <B>substrate</B>—within dead wood, for example, or in the soil. There, hidden, it secretes enzymes to digest organic matter, and the hyphal cells absorb nutrients through their cell walls. Depending on the species and the circumstances, the mycelium may be quite small, contained for example within the hull of a single black walnut; or it may be remarkably huge—some cover many acres of forest floor.
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If a mycelium thrives, eventually it will have enough energy to reproduce. When conditions are "just so"—a combination of day length, heat, humidity, and other factors—the mycelium will generate new hyphae which, within several weeks, will develop into the highly organized structure we call a mushroom. (Note that not all fungi produce mushrooms; some reproduce at a microscopic level, usually asexually.) Mushrooms are specifically designed to support the production and dissemination of spores, which are the fungal equivalent of seeds.*<br>
* – </font><font face="Arial" size="1">(Actually, because of the unique sexual reproductive process involved in mushrooms, it is arguably more appropriate to think of spores as pollen, as the spores still need to mate before they can reproduce… it's all a bit too complex to go into it here, but for more information on this, see <a href="#Reproduction">here</a>.)
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Spores are microscopically tiny—2,500 typical mushroom spores lined up end-to-end would only form a line one inch long.
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Most mushrooms grow and decay rather quickly, but the organism remains and often will continue to produce more mushrooms for years, decades, or even centuries! <b><i>Picking a mushroom is not the equivalent of uprooting an apple tree, but rather the equivalent of picking an apple, for the mushroom is not the organism—the hidden mycelium is!</i></b>
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<img src="graphics/z003.jpg" ALT="Illustration: photo of a mushroom's gills" ALIGN="right" WIDTH="150" HEIGHT="113" border="0">
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Mushrooms evolved to enable fungi to produce spores in incredible quantities, typically by increasing the surface area of the spore-producing surface. The result is an exponential increase in the number of spores a given fungus can produce. It is easy to see how the formation of gills, for example, increases the mushroom's total surface area (<b>see photo, right</b>). The stalk helps raise the spore factory high, so a minute spore can hop a ride aboard the slightest breeze. The spores' high density and static electricity generally don't allow them to get very far, but every inch counts.
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<b>The slang term "toadstool" is best avoided</b>, as it is ambiguous: to some people, "toadstool" implies a poisonous mushroom; to others, it means a mushroom with an umbrella-like shape.
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An umbrella-shaped gilled mushroom is what most people think of as a "mushroom"—but many different forms have evolved that look quite different! Some mushrooms look like <a href="edibles3.htm"><b>balls</b></a>; <a href="corals.htm"><b>marine coral</b></a>; <a href="cupfungi.htm"><b>cups or saucers</b></a>; <a href="polypores.htm"><b>shelflike growths on trees, logs or stumps</b></a>; <a href="morels.htm"><b>sponges</b></a>; <A HREF="taxa/Phallus_impudicus_03a.htm"><b>phalluses</b></a>; <A HREF="taxa/Hericium_americanum_01.htm"><b>clusters of icicles</b></a>; <A HREF="taxa/Crucibulum_laeve_01.htm"><b>tiny bird's nests</b></a> (complete with eggs!); even <A HREF="taxa/Sparassis_herbstii_01.htm"><b>cauliflower</b></a>. Invariably, their designs help ensure successful reproduction.
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<A HREF="taxa/Amanita_fulva_03.htm"><img src="graphics/z004.jpg" ALT="Illustration: photo of Amanita fulva emerging from the universal veil or volva" ALIGN="right" WIDTH="150" HEIGHT="113" border="0"></a>
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Many mushrooms have also evolved various structural accessories. In some species, a <b>universal veil</b> encloses the entire mushroom at first (see photo, right); it helps by absorbing and trapping moisture, as does a <b>partial veil</b>—a separate tissue that extends from the upper stalk to the edge of the cap, covering the gills of some mushrooms until they're ready to produce spores.
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Here is the best definition of the term "mushroom" as applied by <B>mycologists </B>(those who <I>study </I>fungi), <B>mycophiles </B>(those who <I>love</I> fungi), <B>mycophagists </B>(those who <I>eat</I> fungi), and consumer books on mushrooms and other fungi:<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE><B>MUSHROOM: </B>a structure, produced by a fungus, that is large enough to be visible to the naked eye and has as its primary function the production of sexual reproductive spores.</BLOCKQUOTE>
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Note that some define the word "mushroom" differently, for example excluding morels and other ascomycetes. Furthermore, the term 'mushroom' is also often used to name the organism itself (the mycelium).
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<A NAME="Ecology"><b>Fungi rot dead things, right?</b></a>
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Yes, but that's just the tip of the fungal ecology iceberg!
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Many fungi decompose dead organic matter such as leaves, wood, feces, etc. Many fungi are uniquely adapted to decomposing <B>lignin</B>—the hard "skeletal" tissue of wood. No other organisms can do this with any efficiency whatsoever, so forests as we know them simply could not exist without mushrooms and other fungi to break down the dead wood and return the nutrients to the soil. But other fungi play other <b>vital</b> ecological roles, and few people even realize it!
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For example, many species of fungi are <B>mycorrhizal </B>(the term translates to "fungus-root"); rather than merely decomposing organic matter for a living, they have a vital symbiotic relationship with trees and other green plants. At least 90% of all land plants, including all trees, have mycorrhizal fungi! The plant "feeds" the fungus some of the carbohydrates it makes through photosynthesis; the fungus dramatically increases the tree's roots' absorption of water and certain essential minerals, such as phosphorus and magnesium, which the plants have poor access to without their fungal partner's help.
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Without mycorrhizal fungi, most plants—including the grass on your lawn—would not survive and thrive! (That's why "chemical lawn services" will not apply fungicides to eliminate mushrooms for homeowners who don't like "toadstools" on their lawns—the chemicals would also kill the essential beneficial fungi.)
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Not all mycorrhizal fungi produce mushrooms as part of their reproductive strategies, but many <a href="#Basidiomycetes"><b>basidiomycete</b></a> fungi do. Because of the way the fungal cells are physically arranged in relation to the root cells of the host tree or plant, mycorrhizal basidiomycete fungi are more specifically referred to as <b>ectomycorrhizal</b>, meaning that the cells of these mushroom-producing fungi do not penetrate the cells of the plants' roots. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are primarily found living in this vital symbiosis with certain kinds of trees. In North America, these include especially certain trees in four major tree families: Pine (including pine, hemlock, fir, spruce and larch [tamarack]); Beech (including beech, oak and chestnut); Birch; and Willow (including willow, aspen, poplar and cottonwood). Other kinds of mycorrhizal fungi that don't produce mushrooms (most notably the endomycorrhizae) are more typically associated with other kinds of trees and plants.
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Therefore, certain forest types are especially interesting places for studying mushrooms. My favorite "mushroom woods" in upstate New York are mostly places where there is a mix of oak, beech, Eastern hemlock and birch trees. Other interesting forest types in the northeastern states include pine barrens (which feature a mix of oaks and pines), pine and spruce forests (including reforested areas), and tamarack (larch) bogs. In contrast, maple, black cherry and hickory trees' mycorrhizal fungi don't produce mushrooms, so forests populated mostly with those kinds of trees are generally a lot less interesting places for mushroom study.
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Other fungi, including some mushrooms, have a different role: they infect and kill things—insects, trees, even people (particularly those with weakened immune systems)—for a living. Fungi cause most diseases of insects, as well as many diseases of trees and other plants… not to mention such common maladies as toenail fungus, yeast infections, and "ringworm."
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As previously stated, fungi are principally responsible for breaking down dead wood (especially lignin), and the fungi that have evolved the advanced capabilities necessary for decaying dead wood are mostly species that produce mushrooms. Partly because of this evolutionary advancement, and partly because of their highly evolved sexual reproductive strategies, mushroom-producing fungi are often referred to as "the higher fungi."
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Some fungi have evolved to take advantage of multiple food sources. For example, the Oyster Mushrooms you can buy fresh at many grocery stores break down and digest <b>cellulose</b> (that's the chief <i>soft </i> component of wood), but they have also developed mechanisms for literally trapping and then eating tiny little "worms" called nematodes; this gives them access to extra nitrogen.
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<A HREF="taxa/Grifola_frondosa_01a.htm">
<img src="graphics/z005.jpg" ALT="Illustration: photo of the Hen of the Woods mushroom (Grifola frondosa)" ALIGN="right" WIDTH="150" HEIGHT="112" border="0"></a>
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Mushrooms generally have specific habitat needs. For example, the highly popular edible/medicinal mushroom known as <a href="edibles1.htm"><b>Maitake</b></a>, <a href="edibles1.htm"><b>Hen of the Woods</b></a>, or the <a href="edibles1.htm"><b>Sheepshead</b></a> mushroom <i>(Grifola frondosa, </i>see photo, <i>right), </i>is by far the commonest at the base of large oak trees. Other mushrooms are very specific, for example, several mushrooms are only found growing under Eastern white pine trees.
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<b>They seem to grow overnight!</b>
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Yes—they <u>seem</u> to. In truth, they don't grow as fast as they "seem" to.
<br>
<br>
When you find mushrooms that "weren't there the day before," they actually <b>were</b> there not only the <b>day</b> before, but <b>many</b> days before. A growth spurt, most often during or after a rain, allows them to grow sufficiently in such a short time that they "suddenly" become evident, and you see mushrooms on your lawn in the morning that you are sure were not there the previous afternoon. (When a "baby" mushroom is ready, its stalk can lengthen considerably over a period of hours, literally "overnight," and its cap can open up very quickly even as the stalk is lenghtening.)
<br>
<br>
But they <b>were</b> there—you just hadn't seen them yet. In fact, most mushrooms take several weeks to grow to even a very modest size before they finally go through their final growth stage and begin shedding spores. Growth patterns vary a great deal among the different kinds of mushrooms. Every individual mushroom specimen attains a certain maximum size at some point—a size determined both by genetics and by environmental conditions, especially the availability of moisture. At some point after it is finished increasing in size, it finishes dispersing its spores and then begins to deteriorate, either slowly or rapidly. (It is difficult in any given instance to estimate whether a given specimen or patch of specimens has finished growing or not, which can make it very difficult for someone who enjoys edible wild mushrooms to decide whether to pick them or wait another couple of days.)
<br>
<br>
Generally speaking, mushrooms' fruiting seasons are genetically programmed responses to substrate temperature, i.e. morels fruit in the springtime when the soil attains a certain temperature. The timing can vary between different individual mycelia because of genetics and factors such as sun exposure, even in the same small forest or on the same small lawn—and some species seem to be genetically programmed to begin individual mushrooms over a period of several weeks right in the same patch.
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<A NAME="Reproduction"></a><b>How do fungi reproduce?</b>
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<b>The Easy Stuff</b>
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Instead of seeds, fungi produce <B>spores</B>. In the case of fungi which produce mushrooms, that's the sole purpose of the mushroom—it is a spore-producing structure. (Some fungi produce spores differently, without producing a visible structure that could be called a mushroom.)
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The "body" of the fungus is called the <B>mycelium</B>. It is a tangled network of microscopically-thin filaments called <B>hyphae</B>, and it is typically hidden—in the humus on the forest floor, within decomposing wood, wrapped around the rootlets of a green plant, or wherever else serves as its dining room.
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When conditions are right (humidity, day length, temperature, etc.) a fungus will produce new hyphae that are far more organized than those in the mycelium: a mushroom. This process takes longer than most people think—typically several weeks or more from the time the mushroom first starts forming until the time it is able to produce spores.
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<img src="graphics/basidium.gif" ALT="Illustration: basidium, sterigmata, spores, hyphae" ALIGN="right" WIDTH="150" HEIGHT="347" border="0">
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<b>The More Technical Stuff</b>
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<A NAME="Basidiomycetes"></A>Most mushrooms are <B>Basidiomycetes</B>, all of which reproduce sexually (though some have methods of asexual reproduction as well). Specialized cells called <B>basidia</B> (singular: <B>basidium</B>) produce the spores, which are more specifically called <B>basidiospores</B>, on tiny projections called <B>sterigmata</B> (singular: <B>sterigma</B>). (Some mushrooms—most notably the morels and related "cup mushrooms"—are <a href="ascozygomyxo.htm#ascomycetes"><B>Ascomycetes</B></a>; they produce spores differently, within tube-like cells called <B>asci</B> [singular: <B>ascus</B> through a distinctly different sexual reproductive mechanism].)
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If two basidiospores of the same species are lucky enough to germinate into primary or <B>monokaryotic</B> mycelia (each cell of which has one nucleus—<I>see "A" and "B" in the illustration) </I>in close proximity to each other, they can "mate" by forming a secondary mycelium with two nuclei per cell. This secondary or <B>dikaryotic</B> mycelium <I>(see "C" in the illustration) </I>is <u>potentially</u> capable of eventually producing more mushrooms.
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It is in the basidium that meiosis and karyogamy occur… in short, two nuclei become four—one for each of the four spores each basidium produces. (There are some exceptions to this, e.g. mushrooms whose basidia typically produce only two spores each and basidiospores that contain two nuclei).
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<b>Do all mushrooms grow in the dark?</b>
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No. Many mushrooms require light for proper development. <B>Little-known fact</B>: several kinds of mushrooms <A HREF="coolest.htm#glow"><b>GLOW in the dark!</b></A>
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<b>How many kinds (species) of mushrooms are there?</b>
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It is estimated that there are at least 10,000 species in North America alone. <b>NOTE</b>: In mycology, we use the term "variety" to refer to a variant (often differentiated by different coloration) <u>within</u> a species; the term species implies a biological species, i.e. a group of organisms that can sexually reproduce with one another. Hence, statements such as "he has seen dozens of varieties of mushrooms in his woodlot" is troublesome… it should read "he has seen dozens of species of mushrooms in his woodlot."
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<A NAME="Edibility"><b>How many species are edible?</b></A>
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About 250 North American species are known to be edible (though only about half of these are <A HREF="edibles.htm"><b>truly worthwhile</b></A>), and a similar number are known to be <a href="toxicms.htm"><b>poisonous</b></a>; the rest we're not sure about. <b>NOTE</b>: Most of the common, conspicuous, attractive mushrooms are known to be either edible or <a href="toxicms.htm"><b>toxic</b></a>.
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<A NAME="Identification"><b>How do you identify mushrooms?</b></A>
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<A HREF="taxa/Amanita_flavoconia_07.htm">
<IMG SRC="graphics/z002.jpg" ALT="Illustration: photo of Amanita flavoconia." ALIGN="right" WIDTH="150" HEIGHT="207" border="0"></a>
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Many species are very difficult to identify correctly, often requiring microscopic study and scientific books (and there are still plenty of species that haven't even been named yet!). Often, identifying a specimen to genus is as good as one can expect.<br>
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On the other hand, many—including some wonderful edibles such as <a href="morels.htm"><b>morels</b></a> and <a href="edibles3.htm"><b>puffballs</b></a>—are rather easy to learn. There are plenty of mushrooms we really do know a lot about, including most of the common, conspicuous ones. <b>Still, one MUST be careful.</b> <a href="id.htm"><b>Identifying mushrooms</b></a> requires you to study the specimens very thoroughly—size, color, <a href="odors.htm"><b>odor</b></a>, form of growth (in clusters or singly), habitat (growing on a pine log vs. growing on a lawn), and time of year are all important clues to a mushroom's identity. Only by considering <i><b>all</b> </i>of the details can accurate identification be assured.
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None of the "rules of thumb" work—for example, contrary to various folk myths, all mushrooms that grow on wood are <i><b>not</b> </i>safe edibles; a silver spoon or silver coin will <i><b>not</b> </i>tarnish if cooked with any poisonous species; and some mushrooms whose caps can be peeled are <i><b>not</b> </i>safe to eat.
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<b><i>There is only ONE way to know whether a mushroom you've found is edible: You must identify the mushroom; only then can you find out what human experience with it has been!</i></b> The stalk must be examined very carefully—is there a ring of tissue (technically called an <B>annulus</B>) on the upper stalk (<i>see photo, right</i>)? Is there a cup-like sac (a <B>volva</B>) around the very base of the stalk? (The latter is a feature of the often-fatal <a href="toxicms.htm"><b>Death Cap</b></a> (<I>Amanita phalloides</I>) and <a href="toxicms.htm"><b>Destroying Angel</b></a> (<I>A. virosa</I>) mushrooms.)
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<A NAME="Sporeprint"></A><IMG SRC="graphics/Spore_print.jpg" ALT="Illustration: photo of the process of making a spore print to determine spore print color." ALIGN="right" WIDTH="250" HEIGHT="330" border="0">
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<b>How to Make a Spore Print</b>
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With most mushrooms, a very important character to consider is the <B>spore print color</B>. Though spores are microscopic, mushrooms produce millions of them. Cut the stalk off a mushroom and place the cap right-side-up on a sheet of clear, stiff plastic, then cover it with a bowl and leave it overnight. It will usually deposit millions of spores, and you can see their color <I>en masse.</I> <b>White paper can be used, but clear, stiff plastic is much better for viewing a pale spore print</b>. The clear trays that are used by many delis for products such as salads work well, as do clear, stiff report covers.<br>
<br>
<b>Never "identify" a mushroom to eat by simply matching it to a picture! </b>The specimen must be carefully compared to the description, including spore print color, etc. It is especially important to understand that when one or two details from the description of an edible species "don't fit" a mushroom specimen you're trying to identify, you should conclude that you have a different species—and you oughtn't eat it!<br>
<br>
That said, many mushrooms <b>can</b> be <i>tentatively </i>identified by picture-matching. Enthusiastic novice mushroomers have been known to spend many hours browsing mushroom field guides, studying the photos… after a while, the names of the more beautiful and unusual-looking mushrooms start to lodge themselves in one's memory. It's then very typical (and very exciting!) for such individuals to instantly recognize certain distinctive species when they finally come upon them.<br>
<br>
Successfully identifying every mushroom specimen you find is impossible. Mushrooms number in the thousands of species in North America alone. In some cases, we really don't know where to draw the line between species—and new species are discovered year after year in North America.<br>
<br>
Of course, there are plenty of <a href="edibles.htm"><b>very distinctive edible wild mushrooms that are pretty easy to learn</b></a>, and these include many of the most common and conspicuous mushrooms… including some of the best <i><b><a href="ewmona.htm">Edible Wild Mushrooms of North America</a></b></i>.
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<a href="id.htm"><b>For a good look at some of the field characters we use to identify mushrooms, click here!</b></a>
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<A NAME="Danger"><b>Is it dangerous to eat wild mushrooms?</b></A>
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How dangerous is it to drive a car? If you're drunk or careless, it is VERY dangerous; if you're sensible and pay attention, it is reasonably safe. Most mushroom hunters have never gotten sick from eating wild mushrooms. It is a good principle for the novice to stick to the most easily identified edibles, such as <a href="morels.htm"><b>morels</b></a>, <a href="edibles3.htm"><b>puffballs</b></a>, and <a href="edibles.htm"><b>half a dozen others</b></a>.
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Newspaper reports of serious mushroom poisonings often refer to the victims as "experienced mushroom hunters." But, as a rule, they don't even know what a spore print is; they just <EM>think </EM>they know what a certain edible mushroom looks like. Most victims of life-threatening mushroom poisoning in North America are people from Southeast Asia; they mistake the <a href="toxicms.htm"><b>Death Cap</b></a> mushroom (<I>Amanita phalloides</I>) for the edible "Paddy-Straw" (<I>Volvariella volvacea</I>) mushroom. The two are similar in several ways—cap color, size, and the white "cup" around the base of the stalk—but different in others (for example, the Paddy-Straw has a pink spore print, the Death Cap a white spore print; and the Death Cap has a partial veil while the Paddy-Straw mushroom lacks one). The Paddy Straw mushroom occurs in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide; the Death Cap, does not occur in Southeast Asia, so folks from that part of the world are unaware of the lethal "look-alike" that lingers in some American parks and forests.
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<b>Can a person become poisoned by touching or handling toxic species?</b></A>
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No. The only way for a poisonous mushroom to harm a human is for him to consume at least part of it.
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<A NAME="Names"><b>An Important Note About Mushroom Names</b></A>
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Amateur mycologists soon learn that using "common" names for mushrooms is a tricky business, as each field guide seems to have its own set of "common" names. To minimize confusion, amateur mycologists rely on the scientific names of mushrooms. At first, this may seem intimidating, but in reality the scientific names are no more difficult than some we all know: <I>Tyrannosaurus, Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus.</I>
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<A NAME="Hallucinogens"><b>An Important Note About Wild Hallucinogenic Mushrooms</b></A>
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While many mycologists, mycophiles and others will confess that they have had positive—even life-changing—experiences with hallucinogenic mushrooms, many will also confess that they have had <i>negative </i> experiences with hallucinogenic mushrooms. Here is a word to the wise: <B>Take it slow!</B>
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The illegality of <i>Psilocybe </i>and other genera with hallucinogenic properties is <b>not</b> the only issue here. Contrary to popular perception (at least in some circles), "bad trips" featuring paranoia and depression rather than enlightenment and euphoria are as much a danger with <I>Psilocybe </I>and other psychoactive mushrooms as they are with LSD. A good percentage of mushroom poisoning cases involve victims who thought they were going to have good "recreational" or "spiritual" experiences but ended up either having "bad trips" or eating something dangerously toxic.
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If you are committed to finding and eating wild hallucinogenic mushrooms, prepare to learn a <b>lot</b> about field mycology first—or risk paying a terrible price for making a serious mistake!<br>
<br>
<A HREF="psilocybin.htm"><B>For some remarkable new information about medical potentials for Psilocybin mushrooms, click here.</B></A><BR>
<BR>
<b>David Fischer will not assist individuals with growing, finding, identifying or ingesting psilocybin or other psychoactive mushrooms.</b>
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<b>An Important Note About <i>Amanita muscaria</i></b>
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Apparently, because this common mushroom contains neither psilocybin nor psilocin, its possession, sale and use is not illegal in most states. Because this species has a reputation for being psychoactive, there are numerous Websites on the Internet from which one can purchase dried <i>A. muscaria. </i>I urge the curious to resist the temptation, as you'll be paying an absurd fee for an experience you will <u>not</u> likely enjoy.
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<A NAME="Kombucha"><b>An Important Note About "Kombucha"</b></A>
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First, Kombucha is <EM>not </EM>a mushroom.<br>
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I was first exposed to it while serving on the faculty of the North American Mycological Association's 1994 foray in North Carolina; a quick look through a microscope showed me what appeared to be a mix of yeast and bacteria, and neither myself nor any of the other faculty members had any interest in trying the stuff.<br>
<br>
Because of the odd biological realities of this strange brew and numerous reports of servious adverse effects in folks who have tried it, I strongly recommend it be avoided. For more information, see what Paul Stamets of <b>Fungi Perfecti</b> has to say about this dangerous <a href="http://fungi.com/info/articles/blob.html" target="_blank">blob</a>.
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<A NAME="Cultivation"><b>Interested in Cultivating Mushrooms?</b></A>
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One area of mycology regarding which I have little knowledge or interest is mushroom cultivation. No one knows mushroom cultivation better than Paul Stamets of <A HREF="http://www.fungi.com/" target="_blank"><b>Fungi Perfecti.</b></A>
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<A NAME="Resources"><b>Further Resources</b></A>
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The study of mushrooms and other fungi is a fascinating area for amateur naturalists. There are three ways to learn more, and combining the three is the best way to learn:
<OL>
<LI>Mushroom Books;
<LI>Classes; and
<LI>Mycological Societies (Mushroom Clubs)
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<A NAME="Books"><b>Mushroom Books</b></A>
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<B>There are many mushroom field guides available for North America; the following are some of the most popular ones along with a select listing of books about other aspects of mushrooms such as cultivation.</B><br>
<a href="store.htm"><b><i>The best mushroom books are available in the AmericanMushrooms.com Bookstore!</i></b></a>
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<UL>
<a href="store.htm"><img src="graphics/ewmcover.jpg" ALT="Book: Edible Wild Mushrooms of North America" ALIGN="right" WIDTH="195" HEIGHT="290" border="0"></a>
<LI><A HREF="store.htm"><B><I>Edible Wild Mushrooms of North America: A Field-to-Kitchen Guide </I></B></A>by David W. Fischer and Alan E. Bessette (1992, Univ. of Texas Press).<br>
Now in its sixth printing, this is the long-proven, best-selling mushroom book specifically designed to answer the question, "Can I eat it?"—even for the novice! Seventeen years and hundreds of thousands of wild mushroom meals since its first printing, this remains the definitive work: sometimes imitated but never bettered, and selling more copies year after year. 7 x 10 inches, 254 pages, 183 color photos. Softcover. $32.95. <A HREF="store.htm"><b>ORDER NOW and David Fischer will sign and personally inscribe your copy of his classic mushroom book!</b></a><br> <br></li>
<LI><A HREF="store.htm"><B><I>Mushrooms of Northeastern North America </I></B></A>by Alan E. Bessette, Arleen R. Bessette and David W. Fischer (1997, Syracuse Univ. Press).<br>
This five-pound, 582-page book is encyclopedic in scope and in its organization. It includes 642 color photos and innovative keys to some 1,500 species. (For the purposes of this book, the "Northeast" is east of the Rockies and from Tennessee and North Carolina northward.) 7 x 10 inches, 582 pages, 642 color photos. Softcover. $49.95. <A HREF="store.htm"><b>ORDER NOW and David Fischer will sign and personally inscribe your copy!</b></a><br> <br></li>
<LI><A HREF="store.htm"><B><I>The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms</I></B></A> by Gary H. Lincoff (1981, Knopf).<br>
A handy, portable book (vinyl cover) with more than 700 full-color photographs. Unfortunately, according to Lincoff, a number of those are misidentified and others are not very color-accurate (none of the photo problems are such that they could cause confusion between an edible species and a poisonous one), and the color photos are all in one section without scientific names. Nonetheless, this book is a must-have for anyone who wants to identify as many muhrooms as possible. About 4 x 7-1/2 inches, 926 pages, over 700 color photos. Vinyl softcover. $20.95. <A HREF="store.htm"><b>Order now!</b></a><br> <br></li>
<LI><B><I> <A HREF="store.htm">A Field Guide to Mushrooms of North America</a> </I></B>(Vol. 34 of the Peterson Field Guide Series), by Kent H. and Vera B. McKnight (1987, Houghton-Mifflin).<br>
Also portable, with more than 700 paintings and drawings of mushrooms (400+ in color). Big drawback is its use of "common" names that no one actually uses except for folks who have only this one book, so it isn't a great choice for a first field guide to mushrooms, but it is a very competent book. About 4-1/2 x 7 inches, 429 pages. Softcover. $20.95. <A HREF="store.htm"><b>Order now!</b></a><br> <br></li>
<LI><B><I> <A HREF="store.htm">Mushrooms & Other Fungi of North America</a> </I></B>by Roger Phillips (1991, Firefly Books).<br>
A voluminous book with over 1,000 species illustrated with color photos and descriptions, but lacking thorough introductory info and keys. A good number of the mushrooms in the photos were misidentified, alas, but none of those errors pose any danger and this book covers a lot of ground. About 8-1/2 x 11-1/2 inches, 319 pages. Hardcover. $39.95. <A HREF="store.htm"><b>Order now!</b></a><br> <br></li>
<LI><A HREF="store.htm"><b><i>Mushrooms of Northeast North America</i></b></A> by George Barron (1999, Lone Pine Publishing).<br>
A very handy field guide I heartily recommend, with one major criticism: it almost totally disregards odors, which for many mushrooms is a very useful field character. About 5-1/2 x 8-1/2 inches, 875 color photos, 336 pages. Sturdy softcover. $24.95. <A HREF="store.htm"><b>Order now!</b></a><br> <br></li>
<LI><A HREF="store.htm"><B><I>Mushrooms Demystified</I></B></A> by David Arora (1986, Ten Speed Press).<br>
This is a thick and popular book, designed for the West Coast and with a limited number of color photos, but it has extensive keys that also cover a good number of eastern U.S. species. 6 x 9 inches, 1,020 pages, 750 b&w photos, 200 color photos. Softcover. $39.95 <A HREF="store.htm"><b>Order now!</b></a><br> <br></li>
<LI><A HREF="store.htm"><B><I>All That the Rain Promises, and More…: A Hip Pocket Guide to Western Mushrooms</I></B></A> by David Arora (1991, Ten Speed Press).<br>
Both 'hip' <I>and </I>pocketable, this is a companion guide to <I>Mushrooms Demystified.</I> About 6-3/4 x 4 inches, color photos throughout, 256 pages. Softcover. $17.95. <A HREF="store.htm"><b>Order now!</b></a><br> <br></li>
<LI><B><I><A HREF="store.htm">North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi</a> </I></B>by Orson K. Miller Jr. & Hope H. Miller (2006, Globe Pequot Press).<br>
Experienced mushroom enthusiasts who already have a pile of mushroom field guides will certainly want to add this one to their libraries. Unfortunately, it has some disappointing errors and cannot be recommended as the primary source of information on North American mushroom identification. 6 x 9 inches, over 600 color photos, 584 pages, softcover but with an unusually durable cover and binding. $25.95. <A HREF="store.htm"><b>Order now!</b></a><br> <br></li>
<LI><A HREF="store.htm"><B><I>Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms</I></B></A> by Paul Stamets (2000, Ten Speed Press).<br>
<b><u>The</u></b> book for anyone who wants to grow their own mushrooms. About 7-1/4 x 8-3/4 inches, 574 pages, over 500 photos and drawings. Softcover. $45.00. <A HREF="store.htm"><b>Order now!</b></a><br> <br></li>
<LI><A HREF="store.htm"><B><I>100 Edible Mushrooms</I></B></A> by Michael Kuo (2007, Univ, of Michigan Press).<br>
Describes how to identify each species, where and when to find them, and how to cook them. <u>Not recommended as a first or only book for those who want to harvest edible wild mushrooms</u>: Kuo has commented <i>"I'm scared of being poisoned—and my main goal… is to make you scared, too" </i>and recommends studying mushrooms for one to three years before eating any. If you can set aside this oddly fearful approach, this is a cool book with lots of good photos. 7 x 10 inches, 269 color photos, 344 pages. Softcover. $24.95. <A HREF="store.htm"><b>Order now!</b></a><br> <br></li>
<LI><A HREF="store.htm"><B><I>Start Mushrooming</I></B></A> by Stan Tekiela and Karen Shanberg (1993, Adventure Publications).<br>
A beginner's guide to six edible mushrooms. <u>Very limiting—strictly for novices who are willing to limit themselves</u> to morels, giant puffballs, shaggy manes, sulphur shelf, oyster mushroom and hen of the woods. 6-3/4 x 8-3/4 inches, 126 pages, 12 color photos. Softcover. $9.95. <A HREF="store.htm"><b>Order now!</b></a><br> <br></li>
<LI><A HREF="store.htm"><B><I>Morels</I></B></A> by Michael Kuo (2005, Univ. of Michigan Press).<br>
A definitive book about most mushroom hunters' favorite edible wild mushroom: the delicious morel. About 7 x 9-3/4 inches, 216 pages, over 200 color photos. Softcover. $27.95. <A HREF="store.htm"><b>Order now!</b></a><br> <br></li>
<LI><A HREF="store.htm"><B><I>Treasures from the Kingdom of Fungi</I></B></A> by Taylor Lockwood (self-published, 2001).<br>
Hundreds of stunning color photos of mushrooms (no one is sure exactly how many because every time you try to count them, you get so distracted by their beauty that you lose count before you get halfway through!). 9-1/4 x 11 inches, 128 pages. Hardcover. <A HREF="store.htm"><b>Order now!</b></a><br> <br></li>
<LI><A HREF="store.htm"><B><I>Chasing the Rain</I></B></A> by Taylor Lockwood (self-published, 2007).<br>
Another great coffee table book, loaded with over 500 color photos by the man David Fischer dubbed "the world's greatest mushroom portraitist." 9-3/4 x 11 inches, 128 pages. Hardcover. $29.95. <A HREF="store.htm"><b>Order now!</b></a><br> <br></li>
<LI><A HREF="store.htm"><B><I>Mycelium Running: How Mushrooms Can Help Save the World</I></B></A> by Paul Stamets (2005, Ten Speed Press).<br>
A groundbreaking book highlighting some remarkable discoveries about the biology and ecology of mushrooms. About 7-1/4 x 9 inches, over 300 color photos, 356 pages. Softcover. $35.00. <A HREF="store.htm"><b>Order now!</b></a><br> <br></li>
<LI><a href="heerkens/" target="_blank"><b><i>The Field Guide to Mushrooms</i></b></a> by William Thomas and Marie Heerkens (2005, Main Street).<br>
A revision of Thomas' 1928 classic <i>Field Book of Common Mushrooms, </i>this is a great little spiral-bound book! Out of print, but this book is well worth seeking used.<br> <br></li>
<LI><B><I>Field Guide to Wild Mushrooms of Pennsylvania and the Mid-Atlantic </I></B>by <a href="http://brmushrooms.com" target="_blank"><b>Bill Russell</b></a> (2006, Penn State Univ. Press).<br>
A very handy (4.5 x 9"), inexpensive and brief (100 species) field guide.<br> <br></li>
<LI>Simon & Schuster's <B><I>Guide to Mushrooms </I></B>(1981, Simon and Schuster).<br>
This is <u>not a good choice for use as a field guide in North America</u> (it is a translation of an Italian work); it <B>is</B>, however, a great general-interest mushroom book, with excellent introductory information.<br> <br></li>
<LI><B><I>Magical Mushrooms, Mischievous Molds </I></B>by George W. Hudler (1998, Princeton University Press).<br>
"MMMM" is not a field guide, but it <i>is </i>a <u>fascinating</u> book I strongly recommend to anyone with sincere curiosity about mushrooms and other fungi.<br> <br></li>
<b><u>NOT</u> <u>RECOMMENDED</u></b>: <LI><B><I>Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms of New England and Eastern Canada</I></B> by David L. Spahr (2009, North Atlantic Books).<br>
This book is arguably the "best" evidence I have seen yet that there are too many self-proclaimed "mushroom experts" teaching innocent novices, identifying (and very often <b><u>mis</u></b>identifying) mushrooms via the Internet, and in a few cases, as here, writing books about a subject where there is an abundance of opportunity for dangerous error. Having heard a number of negative comments from other mycologists about this one, it was admittedly difficult to browse it without prejudice… but in all honesty, this book makes a load of incorrect statements and a pile of misleading ones. Within a dozen pages it becomes clear that the author's knowledge is largely limited to his own limited experience rather than more wisely accommodating the pool of available knowledge. There are a number of other problems with this book, but this is the most important one: The publisher, presumably aware that the author is not a mycologist, wisely insisted on multiple disclaimers (e.g. "Be sure to… refer to additional books"). For the reader wise enough not to miss that caveat, it would seem ample warning not to depend on the information on this book; regardless, though, I absolutely cannot recommend it.<br> <br></li>
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<b>Classes and Conferences</b>
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Classes in mushroom identification, taught by qualified experts, are a great way to learn more. Contact your local college's biology department to see what they have to offer. You might also try nature centers; botanical gardens; cooperative extension offices; museums; and other educational organizations.
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<b>David Fischer</b> is available to teach mushroom identification courses, workshops, and seminars. He especially enjoys presentations to the general public, especially the remarkable slide-illustrated lecture <i><b>Please Don't Call Them Toadstools</b>. </i> See his <a href="schedule.htm"><b>schedule</b></a> of upcoming events or contact him at the e-mail address shown below.
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Some mycological organizations sponsor annual conferences (called 'forays') complete with field trips, workshops and lectures. Two in particular are recommended:
<ul>
<li><a href="http://namyco.org" target="_blank">The North American Mycological Association (NAMA)</a>.
<li><a href="http://nemf.org" target="_blank">The Northeast Mycological Federation (NEMF)</a>.
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<A NAME="Clubs"><b>Mycological Societies (Mushroom Clubs)</b></A>
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<A HREF="http://namyco.org" target="_blank">The North American Mycological Association (NAMA)</A> has numerous membership benefits, including publications and multimedia programs.
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Other North American mushroom clubs (aka mycological associations or societies) can be found at the <A HREF="http://namyco.org/clubs/" target="_blank"><b>NAMA Website</b></A> and at Mike Woods' <a href="http://www.mykoweb.com/na_mycos.html" target="blank"><b>MykoWeb.com</b></a>.<br>
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AMERICANMUSHROOMS.COM SITE INDEX
[about](about.htm) • [mushroom basics](basics.htm) • [coolest mushrooms](coolest.htm) • [edible mushrooms](edibles.htm) • [1,046 mushroom photos!](gallery.htm) • [HOME](index.htm) • [lawn & garden mushrooms](lawnandgarden.htm) • [mushroom links](links.htm) • [medicinal mushrooms](medicinals.htm)
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***David Fischer's***
**North American Mushroom Basics:**
***Real Answers About Mushrooms* (F.A.Q.)**
**INDEX for this page**
**[Ecology](#Ecology) -- [Reproduction](#Reproduction) -- [Edibility](#Edibility) -- [Identification](#Identification) -- [Making a Spore Print](#Sporeprint)
[Danger](#Danger) -- [Mushroom Names](#Names) -- [Hallucinogens](#Hallucinogens) -- [Kombucha](#Kombucha) -- [Cultivation](#Cultivation)
[Further Resources](#Resources) -- [Books](#Books) -- [Mycological Societies (Mushroom Clubs)](#Clubs)**
**What is a mushroom?**
[](taxa/Gymnopus_dryophilus_01e.htm)
Mushrooms are the **fruiting bodies** of certain fungi—the equivalent of the apple, not of the tree. Fungi, including those which produce mushrooms, are not plants; they are related to molds, mildews, rusts, smuts, and yeasts, and are classified in the **Fungi Kingdom**.
The definition of the word **mushroom** varies, depending on the source. A minority of mycologists restrict it to basidiomycetes, but that restriction contradicts the notion that morels and truffles are mushrooms—and since literally millions of people aroumd the world consider those **ascomycetes** to be mushrooms, that restriction is rejected by most mycologists.
*See the last few paragraphs in the next section for a little more information on this.*
**The Mycelium**
The fungal organism which produces the mushrooms you encounter on your lawn or in the forest is called a **mycelium**. It is composed of **hyphae**, which are "chains" of fungal cells (singular: **hypha**).
The mycelium itself is typically hidden in a **substrate**—within dead wood, for example, or in the soil. There, hidden, it secretes enzymes to digest organic matter, and the hyphal cells absorb nutrients through their cell walls. Depending on the species and the circumstances, the mycelium may be quite small, contained for example within the hull of a single black walnut; or it may be remarkably huge—some cover many acres of forest floor.
If a mycelium thrives, eventually it will have enough energy to reproduce. When conditions are "just so"—a combination of day length, heat, humidity, and other factors—the mycelium will generate new hyphae which, within several weeks, will develop into the highly organized structure we call a mushroom. (Note that not all fungi produce mushrooms; some reproduce at a microscopic level, usually asexually.) Mushrooms are specifically designed to support the production and dissemination of spores, which are the fungal equivalent of seeds.\*
\* – (Actually, because of the unique sexual reproductive process involved in mushrooms, it is arguably more appropriate to think of spores as pollen, as the spores still need to mate before they can reproduce… it's all a bit too complex to go into it here, but for more information on this, see [here](#Reproduction).)
Spores are microscopically tiny—2,500 typical mushroom spores lined up end-to-end would only form a line one inch long.
Most mushrooms grow and decay rather quickly, but the organism remains and often will continue to produce more mushrooms for years, decades, or even centuries! ***Picking a mushroom is not the equivalent of uprooting an apple tree, but rather the equivalent of picking an apple, for the mushroom is not the organism—the hidden mycelium is!***
Mushrooms evolved to enable fungi to produce spores in incredible quantities, typically by increasing the surface area of the spore-producing surface. The result is an exponential increase in the number of spores a given fungus can produce. It is easy to see how the formation of gills, for example, increases the mushroom's total surface area (**see photo, right**). The stalk helps raise the spore factory high, so a minute spore can hop a ride aboard the slightest breeze. The spores' high density and static electricity generally don't allow them to get very far, but every inch counts.
**The slang term "toadstool" is best avoided**, as it is ambiguous: to some people, "toadstool" implies a poisonous mushroom; to others, it means a mushroom with an umbrella-like shape.
An umbrella-shaped gilled mushroom is what most people think of as a "mushroom"—but many different forms have evolved that look quite different! Some mushrooms look like [**balls**](edibles3.htm); [**marine coral**](corals.htm); [**cups or saucers**](cupfungi.htm); [**shelflike growths on trees, logs or stumps**](polypores.htm); [**sponges**](morels.htm); [**phalluses**](taxa/Phallus_impudicus_03a.htm); [**clusters of icicles**](taxa/Hericium_americanum_01.htm); [**tiny bird's nests**](taxa/Crucibulum_laeve_01.htm) (complete with eggs!); even [**cauliflower**](taxa/Sparassis_herbstii_01.htm). Invariably, their designs help ensure successful reproduction.
[](taxa/Amanita_fulva_03.htm)
Many mushrooms have also evolved various structural accessories. In some species, a **universal veil** encloses the entire mushroom at first (see photo, right); it helps by absorbing and trapping moisture, as does a **partial veil**—a separate tissue that extends from the upper stalk to the edge of the cap, covering the gills of some mushrooms until they're ready to produce spores.
Here is the best definition of the term "mushroom" as applied by **mycologists** (those who *study* fungi), **mycophiles** (those who *love* fungi), **mycophagists** (those who *eat* fungi), and consumer books on mushrooms and other fungi:
> **MUSHROOM:** a structure, produced by a fungus, that is large enough to be visible to the naked eye and has as its primary function the production of sexual reproductive spores.
Note that some define the word "mushroom" differently, for example excluding morels and other ascomycetes. Furthermore, the term 'mushroom' is also often used to name the organism itself (the mycelium).
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**Fungi rot dead things, right?**
Yes, but that's just the tip of the fungal ecology iceberg!
Many fungi decompose dead organic matter such as leaves, wood, feces, etc. Many fungi are uniquely adapted to decomposing **lignin**—the hard "skeletal" tissue of wood. No other organisms can do this with any efficiency whatsoever, so forests as we know them simply could not exist without mushrooms and other fungi to break down the dead wood and return the nutrients to the soil. But other fungi play other **vital** ecological roles, and few people even realize it!
For example, many species of fungi are **mycorrhizal** (the term translates to "fungus-root"); rather than merely decomposing organic matter for a living, they have a vital symbiotic relationship with trees and other green plants. At least 90% of all land plants, including all trees, have mycorrhizal fungi! The plant "feeds" the fungus some of the carbohydrates it makes through photosynthesis; the fungus dramatically increases the tree's roots' absorption of water and certain essential minerals, such as phosphorus and magnesium, which the plants have poor access to without their fungal partner's help.
Without mycorrhizal fungi, most plants—including the grass on your lawn—would not survive and thrive! (That's why "chemical lawn services" will not apply fungicides to eliminate mushrooms for homeowners who don't like "toadstools" on their lawns—the chemicals would also kill the essential beneficial fungi.)
Not all mycorrhizal fungi produce mushrooms as part of their reproductive strategies, but many [**basidiomycete**](#Basidiomycetes) fungi do. Because of the way the fungal cells are physically arranged in relation to the root cells of the host tree or plant, mycorrhizal basidiomycete fungi are more specifically referred to as **ectomycorrhizal**, meaning that the cells of these mushroom-producing fungi do not penetrate the cells of the plants' roots. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are primarily found living in this vital symbiosis with certain kinds of trees. In North America, these include especially certain trees in four major tree families: Pine (including pine, hemlock, fir, spruce and larch [tamarack]); Beech (including beech, oak and chestnut); Birch; and Willow (including willow, aspen, poplar and cottonwood). Other kinds of mycorrhizal fungi that don't produce mushrooms (most notably the endomycorrhizae) are more typically associated with other kinds of trees and plants.
Therefore, certain forest types are especially interesting places for studying mushrooms. My favorite "mushroom woods" in upstate New York are mostly places where there is a mix of oak, beech, Eastern hemlock and birch trees. Other interesting forest types in the northeastern states include pine barrens (which feature a mix of oaks and pines), pine and spruce forests (including reforested areas), and tamarack (larch) bogs. In contrast, maple, black cherry and hickory trees' mycorrhizal fungi don't produce mushrooms, so forests populated mostly with those kinds of trees are generally a lot less interesting places for mushroom study.
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Other fungi, including some mushrooms, have a different role: they infect and kill things—insects, trees, even people (particularly those with weakened immune systems)—for a living. Fungi cause most diseases of insects, as well as many diseases of trees and other plants… not to mention such common maladies as toenail fungus, yeast infections, and "ringworm."
As previously stated, fungi are principally responsible for breaking down dead wood (especially lignin), and the fungi that have evolved the advanced capabilities necessary for decaying dead wood are mostly species that produce mushrooms. Partly because of this evolutionary advancement, and partly because of their highly evolved sexual reproductive strategies, mushroom-producing fungi are often referred to as "the higher fungi."
Some fungi have evolved to take advantage of multiple food sources. For example, the Oyster Mushrooms you can buy fresh at many grocery stores break down and digest **cellulose** (that's the chief *soft* component of wood), but they have also developed mechanisms for literally trapping and then eating tiny little "worms" called nematodes; this gives them access to extra nitrogen.
[](taxa/Grifola_frondosa_01a.htm)
Mushrooms generally have specific habitat needs. For example, the highly popular edible/medicinal mushroom known as [**Maitake**](edibles1.htm), [**Hen of the Woods**](edibles1.htm), or the [**Sheepshead**](edibles1.htm) mushroom *(Grifola frondosa,* see photo, *right),* is by far the commonest at the base of large oak trees. Other mushrooms are very specific, for example, several mushrooms are only found growing under Eastern white pine trees.
**They seem to grow overnight!**
Yes—they seem to. In truth, they don't grow as fast as they "seem" to.
When you find mushrooms that "weren't there the day before," they actually **were** there not only the **day** before, but **many** days before. A growth spurt, most often during or after a rain, allows them to grow sufficiently in such a short time that they "suddenly" become evident, and you see mushrooms on your lawn in the morning that you are sure were not there the previous afternoon. (When a "baby" mushroom is ready, its stalk can lengthen considerably over a period of hours, literally "overnight," and its cap can open up very quickly even as the stalk is lenghtening.)
But they **were** there—you just hadn't seen them yet. In fact, most mushrooms take several weeks to grow to even a very modest size before they finally go through their final growth stage and begin shedding spores. Growth patterns vary a great deal among the different kinds of mushrooms. Every individual mushroom specimen attains a certain maximum size at some point—a size determined both by genetics and by environmental conditions, especially the availability of moisture. At some point after it is finished increasing in size, it finishes dispersing its spores and then begins to deteriorate, either slowly or rapidly. (It is difficult in any given instance to estimate whether a given specimen or patch of specimens has finished growing or not, which can make it very difficult for someone who enjoys edible wild mushrooms to decide whether to pick them or wait another couple of days.)
Generally speaking, mushrooms' fruiting seasons are genetically programmed responses to substrate temperature, i.e. morels fruit in the springtime when the soil attains a certain temperature. The timing can vary between different individual mycelia because of genetics and factors such as sun exposure, even in the same small forest or on the same small lawn—and some species seem to be genetically programmed to begin individual mushrooms over a period of several weeks right in the same patch.
**How do fungi reproduce?**
**The Easy Stuff**
Instead of seeds, fungi produce **spores**. In the case of fungi which produce mushrooms, that's the sole purpose of the mushroom—it is a spore-producing structure. (Some fungi produce spores differently, without producing a visible structure that could be called a mushroom.)
The "body" of the fungus is called the **mycelium**. It is a tangled network of microscopically-thin filaments called **hyphae**, and it is typically hidden—in the humus on the forest floor, within decomposing wood, wrapped around the rootlets of a green plant, or wherever else serves as its dining room.
When conditions are right (humidity, day length, temperature, etc.) a fungus will produce new hyphae that are far more organized than those in the mycelium: a mushroom. This process takes longer than most people think—typically several weeks or more from the time the mushroom first starts forming until the time it is able to produce spores.
**The More Technical Stuff**
Most mushrooms are **Basidiomycetes**, all of which reproduce sexually (though some have methods of asexual reproduction as well). Specialized cells called **basidia** (singular: **basidium**) produce the spores, which are more specifically called **basidiospores**, on tiny projections called **sterigmata** (singular: **sterigma**). (Some mushrooms—most notably the morels and related "cup mushrooms"—are [**Ascomycetes**](ascozygomyxo.htm#ascomycetes); they produce spores differently, within tube-like cells called **asci** [singular: **ascus** through a distinctly different sexual reproductive mechanism].)
If two basidiospores of the same species are lucky enough to germinate into primary or **monokaryotic** mycelia (each cell of which has one nucleus—*see "A" and "B" in the illustration)* in close proximity to each other, they can "mate" by forming a secondary mycelium with two nuclei per cell. This secondary or **dikaryotic** mycelium *(see "C" in the illustration)* is potentially capable of eventually producing more mushrooms.
It is in the basidium that meiosis and karyogamy occur… in short, two nuclei become four—one for each of the four spores each basidium produces. (There are some exceptions to this, e.g. mushrooms whose basidia typically produce only two spores each and basidiospores that contain two nuclei).
**Do all mushrooms grow in the dark?**
No. Many mushrooms require light for proper development. **Little-known fact**: several kinds of mushrooms [**GLOW in the dark!**](coolest.htm#glow)
**How many kinds (species) of mushrooms are there?**
It is estimated that there are at least 10,000 species in North America alone. **NOTE**: In mycology, we use the term "variety" to refer to a variant (often differentiated by different coloration) within a species; the term species implies a biological species, i.e. a group of organisms that can sexually reproduce with one another. Hence, statements such as "he has seen dozens of varieties of mushrooms in his woodlot" is troublesome… it should read "he has seen dozens of species of mushrooms in his woodlot."
**How many species are edible?**
About 250 North American species are known to be edible (though only about half of these are [**truly worthwhile**](edibles.htm)), and a similar number are known to be [**poisonous**](toxicms.htm); the rest we're not sure about. **NOTE**: Most of the common, conspicuous, attractive mushrooms are known to be either edible or [**toxic**](toxicms.htm).
**How do you identify mushrooms?**
[](taxa/Amanita_flavoconia_07.htm)
Many species are very difficult to identify correctly, often requiring microscopic study and scientific books (and there are still plenty of species that haven't even been named yet!). Often, identifying a specimen to genus is as good as one can expect.
On the other hand, many—including some wonderful edibles such as [**morels**](morels.htm) and [**puffballs**](edibles3.htm)—are rather easy to learn. There are plenty of mushrooms we really do know a lot about, including most of the common, conspicuous ones. **Still, one MUST be careful.** [**Identifying mushrooms**](id.htm) requires you to study the specimens very thoroughly—size, color, [**odor**](odors.htm), form of growth (in clusters or singly), habitat (growing on a pine log vs. growing on a lawn), and time of year are all important clues to a mushroom's identity. Only by considering ***all*** of the details can accurate identification be assured.
None of the "rules of thumb" work—for example, contrary to various folk myths, all mushrooms that grow on wood are ***not*** safe edibles; a silver spoon or silver coin will ***not*** tarnish if cooked with any poisonous species; and some mushrooms whose caps can be peeled are ***not*** safe to eat.
***There is only ONE way to know whether a mushroom you've found is edible: You must identify the mushroom; only then can you find out what human experience with it has been!*** The stalk must be examined very carefully—is there a ring of tissue (technically called an **annulus**) on the upper stalk (*see photo, right*)? Is there a cup-like sac (a **volva**) around the very base of the stalk? (The latter is a feature of the often-fatal [**Death Cap**](toxicms.htm) (*Amanita phalloides*) and [**Destroying Angel**](toxicms.htm) (*A. virosa*) mushrooms.)
**How to Make a Spore Print**
With most mushrooms, a very important character to consider is the **spore print color**. Though spores are microscopic, mushrooms produce millions of them. Cut the stalk off a mushroom and place the cap right-side-up on a sheet of clear, stiff plastic, then cover it with a bowl and leave it overnight. It will usually deposit millions of spores, and you can see their color *en masse.* **White paper can be used, but clear, stiff plastic is much better for viewing a pale spore print**. The clear trays that are used by many delis for products such as salads work well, as do clear, stiff report covers.
**Never "identify" a mushroom to eat by simply matching it to a picture!** The specimen must be carefully compared to the description, including spore print color, etc. It is especially important to understand that when one or two details from the description of an edible species "don't fit" a mushroom specimen you're trying to identify, you should conclude that you have a different species—and you oughtn't eat it!
That said, many mushrooms **can** be *tentatively* identified by picture-matching. Enthusiastic novice mushroomers have been known to spend many hours browsing mushroom field guides, studying the photos… after a while, the names of the more beautiful and unusual-looking mushrooms start to lodge themselves in one's memory. It's then very typical (and very exciting!) for such individuals to instantly recognize certain distinctive species when they finally come upon them.
Successfully identifying every mushroom specimen you find is impossible. Mushrooms number in the thousands of species in North America alone. In some cases, we really don't know where to draw the line between species—and new species are discovered year after year in North America.
Of course, there are plenty of [**very distinctive edible wild mushrooms that are pretty easy to learn**](edibles.htm), and these include many of the most common and conspicuous mushrooms… including some of the best ***[Edible Wild Mushrooms of North America](ewmona.htm)***.
[**For a good look at some of the field characters we use to identify mushrooms, click here!**](id.htm)
**Is it dangerous to eat wild mushrooms?**
How dangerous is it to drive a car? If you're drunk or careless, it is VERY dangerous; if you're sensible and pay attention, it is reasonably safe. Most mushroom hunters have never gotten sick from eating wild mushrooms. It is a good principle for the novice to stick to the most easily identified edibles, such as [**morels**](morels.htm), [**puffballs**](edibles3.htm), and [**half a dozen others**](edibles.htm).
Newspaper reports of serious mushroom poisonings often refer to the victims as "experienced mushroom hunters." But, as a rule, they don't even know what a spore print is; they just *think* they know what a certain edible mushroom looks like. Most victims of life-threatening mushroom poisoning in North America are people from Southeast Asia; they mistake the [**Death Cap**](toxicms.htm) mushroom (*Amanita phalloides*) for the edible "Paddy-Straw" (*Volvariella volvacea*) mushroom. The two are similar in several ways—cap color, size, and the white "cup" around the base of the stalk—but different in others (for example, the Paddy-Straw has a pink spore print, the Death Cap a white spore print; and the Death Cap has a partial veil while the Paddy-Straw mushroom lacks one). The Paddy Straw mushroom occurs in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide; the Death Cap, does not occur in Southeast Asia, so folks from that part of the world are unaware of the lethal "look-alike" that lingers in some American parks and forests.
**Can a person become poisoned by touching or handling toxic species?**
No. The only way for a poisonous mushroom to harm a human is for him to consume at least part of it.
**An Important Note About Mushroom Names**
Amateur mycologists soon learn that using "common" names for mushrooms is a tricky business, as each field guide seems to have its own set of "common" names. To minimize confusion, amateur mycologists rely on the scientific names of mushrooms. At first, this may seem intimidating, but in reality the scientific names are no more difficult than some we all know: *Tyrannosaurus, Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus.*
**An Important Note About Wild Hallucinogenic Mushrooms**
While many mycologists, mycophiles and others will confess that they have had positive—even life-changing—experiences with hallucinogenic mushrooms, many will also confess that they have had *negative* experiences with hallucinogenic mushrooms. Here is a word to the wise: **Take it slow!**
The illegality of *Psilocybe* and other genera with hallucinogenic properties is **not** the only issue here. Contrary to popular perception (at least in some circles), "bad trips" featuring paranoia and depression rather than enlightenment and euphoria are as much a danger with *Psilocybe* and other psychoactive mushrooms as they are with LSD. A good percentage of mushroom poisoning cases involve victims who thought they were going to have good "recreational" or "spiritual" experiences but ended up either having "bad trips" or eating something dangerously toxic.
If you are committed to finding and eating wild hallucinogenic mushrooms, prepare to learn a **lot** about field mycology first—or risk paying a terrible price for making a serious mistake!
[**For some remarkable new information about medical potentials for Psilocybin mushrooms, click here.**](psilocybin.htm)
**David Fischer will not assist individuals with growing, finding, identifying or ingesting psilocybin or other psychoactive mushrooms.**
**An Important Note About *Amanita muscaria***
Apparently, because this common mushroom contains neither psilocybin nor psilocin, its possession, sale and use is not illegal in most states. Because this species has a reputation for being psychoactive, there are numerous Websites on the Internet from which one can purchase dried *A. muscaria.* I urge the curious to resist the temptation, as you'll be paying an absurd fee for an experience you will not likely enjoy.
**An Important Note About "Kombucha"**
First, Kombucha is *not* a mushroom.
I was first exposed to it while serving on the faculty of the North American Mycological Association's 1994 foray in North Carolina; a quick look through a microscope showed me what appeared to be a mix of yeast and bacteria, and neither myself nor any of the other faculty members had any interest in trying the stuff.
Because of the odd biological realities of this strange brew and numerous reports of servious adverse effects in folks who have tried it, I strongly recommend it be avoided. For more information, see what Paul Stamets of **Fungi Perfecti** has to say about this dangerous [blob](http://fungi.com/info/articles/blob.html).
**Interested in Cultivating Mushrooms?**
One area of mycology regarding which I have little knowledge or interest is mushroom cultivation. No one knows mushroom cultivation better than Paul Stamets of [**Fungi Perfecti.**](http://www.fungi.com/)
**Further Resources**
The study of mushrooms and other fungi is a fascinating area for amateur naturalists. There are three ways to learn more, and combining the three is the best way to learn:
1. Mushroom Books;
- Classes; and
- Mycological Societies (Mushroom Clubs)
**Mushroom Books**
**There are many mushroom field guides available for North America; the following are some of the most popular ones along with a select listing of books about other aspects of mushrooms such as cultivation.**
[***The best mushroom books are available in the AmericanMushrooms.com Bookstore!***](store.htm)
[](store.htm)* [***Edible Wild Mushrooms of North America: A Field-to-Kitchen Guide***](store.htm) by David W. Fischer and Alan E. Bessette (1992, Univ. of Texas Press).
Now in its sixth printing, this is the long-proven, best-selling mushroom book specifically designed to answer the question, "Can I eat it?"—even for the novice! Seventeen years and hundreds of thousands of wild mushroom meals since its first printing, this remains the definitive work: sometimes imitated but never bettered, and selling more copies year after year. 7 x 10 inches, 254 pages, 183 color photos. Softcover. $32.95. [**ORDER NOW and David Fischer will sign and personally inscribe your copy of his classic mushroom book!**](store.htm)
* [***Mushrooms of Northeastern North America***](store.htm) by Alan E. Bessette, Arleen R. Bessette and David W. Fischer (1997, Syracuse Univ. Press).
This five-pound, 582-page book is encyclopedic in scope and in its organization. It includes 642 color photos and innovative keys to some 1,500 species. (For the purposes of this book, the "Northeast" is east of the Rockies and from Tennessee and North Carolina northward.) 7 x 10 inches, 582 pages, 642 color photos. Softcover. $49.95. [**ORDER NOW and David Fischer will sign and personally inscribe your copy!**](store.htm)
* [***The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms***](store.htm) by Gary H. Lincoff (1981, Knopf).
A handy, portable book (vinyl cover) with more than 700 full-color photographs. Unfortunately, according to Lincoff, a number of those are misidentified and others are not very color-accurate (none of the photo problems are such that they could cause confusion between an edible species and a poisonous one), and the color photos are all in one section without scientific names. Nonetheless, this book is a must-have for anyone who wants to identify as many muhrooms as possible. About 4 x 7-1/2 inches, 926 pages, over 700 color photos. Vinyl softcover. $20.95. [**Order now!**](store.htm)
* ***[A Field Guide to Mushrooms of North America](store.htm)*** (Vol. 34 of the Peterson Field Guide Series), by Kent H. and Vera B. McKnight (1987, Houghton-Mifflin).
Also portable, with more than 700 paintings and drawings of mushrooms (400+ in color). Big drawback is its use of "common" names that no one actually uses except for folks who have only this one book, so it isn't a great choice for a first field guide to mushrooms, but it is a very competent book. About 4-1/2 x 7 inches, 429 pages. Softcover. $20.95. [**Order now!**](store.htm)
* ***[Mushrooms & Other Fungi of North America](store.htm)*** by Roger Phillips (1991, Firefly Books).
A voluminous book with over 1,000 species illustrated with color photos and descriptions, but lacking thorough introductory info and keys. A good number of the mushrooms in the photos were misidentified, alas, but none of those errors pose any danger and this book covers a lot of ground. About 8-1/2 x 11-1/2 inches, 319 pages. Hardcover. $39.95. [**Order now!**](store.htm)
* [***Mushrooms of Northeast North America***](store.htm) by George Barron (1999, Lone Pine Publishing).
A very handy field guide I heartily recommend, with one major criticism: it almost totally disregards odors, which for many mushrooms is a very useful field character. About 5-1/2 x 8-1/2 inches, 875 color photos, 336 pages. Sturdy softcover. $24.95. [**Order now!**](store.htm)
* [***Mushrooms Demystified***](store.htm) by David Arora (1986, Ten Speed Press).
This is a thick and popular book, designed for the West Coast and with a limited number of color photos, but it has extensive keys that also cover a good number of eastern U.S. species. 6 x 9 inches, 1,020 pages, 750 b&w photos, 200 color photos. Softcover. $39.95 [**Order now!**](store.htm)
* [***All That the Rain Promises, and More…: A Hip Pocket Guide to Western Mushrooms***](store.htm) by David Arora (1991, Ten Speed Press).
Both 'hip' *and* pocketable, this is a companion guide to *Mushrooms Demystified.* About 6-3/4 x 4 inches, color photos throughout, 256 pages. Softcover. $17.95. [**Order now!**](store.htm)
* ***[North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi](store.htm)*** by Orson K. Miller Jr. & Hope H. Miller (2006, Globe Pequot Press).
Experienced mushroom enthusiasts who already have a pile of mushroom field guides will certainly want to add this one to their libraries. Unfortunately, it has some disappointing errors and cannot be recommended as the primary source of information on North American mushroom identification. 6 x 9 inches, over 600 color photos, 584 pages, softcover but with an unusually durable cover and binding. $25.95. [**Order now!**](store.htm)
* [***Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms***](store.htm) by Paul Stamets (2000, Ten Speed Press).
**The** book for anyone who wants to grow their own mushrooms. About 7-1/4 x 8-3/4 inches, 574 pages, over 500 photos and drawings. Softcover. $45.00. [**Order now!**](store.htm)
* [***100 Edible Mushrooms***](store.htm) by Michael Kuo (2007, Univ, of Michigan Press).
Describes how to identify each species, where and when to find them, and how to cook them. Not recommended as a first or only book for those who want to harvest edible wild mushrooms: Kuo has commented *"I'm scared of being poisoned—and my main goal… is to make you scared, too"* and recommends studying mushrooms for one to three years before eating any. If you can set aside this oddly fearful approach, this is a cool book with lots of good photos. 7 x 10 inches, 269 color photos, 344 pages. Softcover. $24.95. [**Order now!**](store.htm)
* [***Start Mushrooming***](store.htm) by Stan Tekiela and Karen Shanberg (1993, Adventure Publications).
A beginner's guide to six edible mushrooms. Very limiting—strictly for novices who are willing to limit themselves to morels, giant puffballs, shaggy manes, sulphur shelf, oyster mushroom and hen of the woods. 6-3/4 x 8-3/4 inches, 126 pages, 12 color photos. Softcover. $9.95. [**Order now!**](store.htm)
* [***Morels***](store.htm) by Michael Kuo (2005, Univ. of Michigan Press).
A definitive book about most mushroom hunters' favorite edible wild mushroom: the delicious morel. About 7 x 9-3/4 inches, 216 pages, over 200 color photos. Softcover. $27.95. [**Order now!**](store.htm)
* [***Treasures from the Kingdom of Fungi***](store.htm) by Taylor Lockwood (self-published, 2001).
Hundreds of stunning color photos of mushrooms (no one is sure exactly how many because every time you try to count them, you get so distracted by their beauty that you lose count before you get halfway through!). 9-1/4 x 11 inches, 128 pages. Hardcover. [**Order now!**](store.htm)
* [***Chasing the Rain***](store.htm) by Taylor Lockwood (self-published, 2007).
Another great coffee table book, loaded with over 500 color photos by the man David Fischer dubbed "the world's greatest mushroom portraitist." 9-3/4 x 11 inches, 128 pages. Hardcover. $29.95. [**Order now!**](store.htm)
* [***Mycelium Running: How Mushrooms Can Help Save the World***](store.htm) by Paul Stamets (2005, Ten Speed Press).
A groundbreaking book highlighting some remarkable discoveries about the biology and ecology of mushrooms. About 7-1/4 x 9 inches, over 300 color photos, 356 pages. Softcover. $35.00. [**Order now!**](store.htm)
* [***The Field Guide to Mushrooms***](heerkens/) by William Thomas and Marie Heerkens (2005, Main Street).
A revision of Thomas' 1928 classic *Field Book of Common Mushrooms,* this is a great little spiral-bound book! Out of print, but this book is well worth seeking used.
* ***Field Guide to Wild Mushrooms of Pennsylvania and the Mid-Atlantic*** by [**Bill Russell**](http://brmushrooms.com) (2006, Penn State Univ. Press).
A very handy (4.5 x 9"), inexpensive and brief (100 species) field guide.
* Simon & Schuster's ***Guide to Mushrooms*** (1981, Simon and Schuster).
This is not a good choice for use as a field guide in North America (it is a translation of an Italian work); it **is**, however, a great general-interest mushroom book, with excellent introductory information.
* ***Magical Mushrooms, Mischievous Molds*** by George W. Hudler (1998, Princeton University Press).
"MMMM" is not a field guide, but it *is* a fascinating book I strongly recommend to anyone with sincere curiosity about mushrooms and other fungi.
**NOT RECOMMENDED**: * ***Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms of New England and Eastern Canada*** by David L. Spahr (2009, North Atlantic Books).
This book is arguably the "best" evidence I have seen yet that there are too many self-proclaimed "mushroom experts" teaching innocent novices, identifying (and very often **mis**identifying) mushrooms via the Internet, and in a few cases, as here, writing books about a subject where there is an abundance of opportunity for dangerous error. Having heard a number of negative comments from other mycologists about this one, it was admittedly difficult to browse it without prejudice… but in all honesty, this book makes a load of incorrect statements and a pile of misleading ones. Within a dozen pages it becomes clear that the author's knowledge is largely limited to his own limited experience rather than more wisely accommodating the pool of available knowledge. There are a number of other problems with this book, but this is the most important one: The publisher, presumably aware that the author is not a mycologist, wisely insisted on multiple disclaimers (e.g. "Be sure to… refer to additional books"). For the reader wise enough not to miss that caveat, it would seem ample warning not to depend on the information on this book; regardless, though, I absolutely cannot recommend it.
**Classes and Conferences**
Classes in mushroom identification, taught by qualified experts, are a great way to learn more. Contact your local college's biology department to see what they have to offer. You might also try nature centers; botanical gardens; cooperative extension offices; museums; and other educational organizations.
**David Fischer** is available to teach mushroom identification courses, workshops, and seminars. He especially enjoys presentations to the general public, especially the remarkable slide-illustrated lecture ***Please Don't Call Them Toadstools**.* See his [**schedule**](schedule.htm) of upcoming events or contact him at the e-mail address shown below.
Some mycological organizations sponsor annual conferences (called 'forays') complete with field trips, workshops and lectures. Two in particular are recommended:
* [The North American Mycological Association (NAMA)](http://namyco.org).
* [The Northeast Mycological Federation (NEMF)](http://nemf.org).
**Mycological Societies (Mushroom Clubs)**
[The North American Mycological Association (NAMA)](http://namyco.org) has numerous membership benefits, including publications and multimedia programs.
Other North American mushroom clubs (aka mycological associations or societies) can be found at the [**NAMA Website**](http://namyco.org/clubs/) and at Mike Woods' [**MykoWeb.com**](http://www.mykoweb.com/na_mycos.html).
AMERICANMUSHROOMS.COM SITE INDEX
[about](about.htm) • [mushroom basics](basics.htm) • [coolest mushrooms](coolest.htm) • [edible mushrooms](edibles.htm) • [1,046 mushroom photos!](gallery.htm) • [HOME](index.htm) • [lawn & garden mushrooms](lawnandgarden.htm) • [mushroom links](links.htm) • [medicinal mushrooms](medicinals.htm)
[morel mushrooms](morels.htm) • [mushroom I.D.](id.htm) • [mushroom photography](photography.htm) • [mushroom show](mushroomshow.htm) • [music](music.htm) • [mushroom odors](odors.htm) • [psilocybin mushrooms](psilocybin.htm) • [schedule](schedule.htm) • [store](store.htm) • [tiniest mushrooms](tiniest.htm) • [toxic mushrooms](toxicms.htm)
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Computer Closet Home Page</h1>
<p align="center">Welcome to the Computer Closet!</p>
<hr>
<p align="center"><a name="The Computer Closet Collection"><font size="5"><strong>The
Computer Closet Collection</strong></font></a></p>
<p align="center"><a href="compindex.htm"><em><font size="4"><img src="LittleIMSAI.jpg" border="0" hspace="10" width="90" height="37"></font><font size="5">Classic
Microcomputers</font></em></a></p>
<p align="center"><a href="gameindex.htm"><em><font size="4"><img src="Video_Game_Index_Thumbnail.jpg" border="0" hspace="10" width="72" height="47"></font><font size="5">Classic
Home Video Games</font></em></a></p>
<hr>
<h2 align="center">Our Mission</h2>
<p>The Computer Closet rescues classic microcomputers from the junk heap, gives them a
good home, and restores them to working condition to preserve our computing legacy. The
collection also includes classic home video game consoles.</p>
<p>We focus on the 'golden' decade for microcomputers and video games: approximately
1975-1985.</p>
<hr>
<p align="center"><font size="5"><strong>Special Collection Categories</strong></font></p>
<p>View the collection specially indexed in the following categories:</p>
<p align="left"><a href="PortableEvolution.htm"><font size="4"><em>Evolution of the
Portable Computer</em></font></a></p>
<p align="left"><em><font size="4"><a href="Magazines.htm">Landmark Magazines</a> - See the Popular Science Issue that Started It All!</font></em></p>
<p align="left"><em><font size="4">The Essential Collector's Library</font></em></p>
<p align="left"><a href="S100BusIndex.htm"><font size="4"><em>S-100 Bus Systems</em></font></a></p>
<p align="left"><a href="ComputersbyCPU.htm"><font size="4"><em>Systems Sorted by
Microprocessor</em></font></a></p>
<hr>
<p align="center"><em><font size="4">Join the Computer Closet at the:</font></em></p>
<p align="center"><a href="http://www.vintage.org/vcf"><img border="0" src="VCFBanner.gif" width="500" height="230"></a></p>
<hr>
<h2 align="center">Contact Information</h2>
<p>Contact KC at the following address:
<dl>
<dt><strong>Electronic mail</strong> </dt>
<dd><a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></dd>
</dl>
<p>We are not currently looking for additional items for the collection EXCEPT
those listed on our <a href="wantlist.htm">Wantlist</a>.</p>
<p>Please read our <a href="FAQ.htm">FAQ</a> before sending mail!</p>
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<td width="33%" align="center">Responsibility Not Regulation</td>
<td width="34%" align="center">We Support Free Expression</td>
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<p align="center">Copyright(c) 1997-2003, KC, all rights reserved.</p>
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The Computer Closet - Classic Computers and Video Games
#
Computer Closet Home Page
Welcome to the Computer Closet!
---
**The
Computer Closet Collection**
[*Classic
Microcomputers*](compindex.htm)
[*Classic
Home Video Games*](gameindex.htm)
---
## Our Mission
The Computer Closet rescues classic microcomputers from the junk heap, gives them a
good home, and restores them to working condition to preserve our computing legacy. The
collection also includes classic home video game consoles.
We focus on the 'golden' decade for microcomputers and video games: approximately
1975-1985.
---
**Special Collection Categories**
View the collection specially indexed in the following categories:
[*Evolution of the
Portable Computer*](PortableEvolution.htm)
*[Landmark Magazines](Magazines.htm) - See the Popular Science Issue that Started It All!*
*The Essential Collector's Library*
[*S-100 Bus Systems*](S100BusIndex.htm)
[*Systems Sorted by
Microprocessor*](ComputersbyCPU.htm)
---
*Join the Computer Closet at the:*
[](http://www.vintage.org/vcf)
---
## Contact Information
Contact KC at the following address:
**Electronic mail**
[[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])
We are not currently looking for additional items for the collection EXCEPT
those listed on our [Wantlist](wantlist.htm).
Please read our [FAQ](FAQ.htm) before sending mail!
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | |
| | Responsibility Not Regulation | We Support Free Expression |
Copyright(c) 1997-2003, KC, all rights reserved.
---
Yah00 Hosting customer service sucks! Try
[APlus.net](http://www.aplus.net) instead!
| http://www.computercloset.org/ |
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<p style="text-align: justify"><font style="font-size: 10px; color: #EAD264;">FINAL FANTASY DIMENSION: Final Fantasy VII, Final Fantasy VIII and Final Fantasy VII Advent Children! Your gateway to everything you have ever desired to know about the role-playing games that shaped the videogame history! And now, Final Fantasy Dimension also features a whole section dedicated to FFVII Advent Children, Square' s sequel of our most beloved RPG of all time, i.e. Final Fantasy VII, as well as a new section featuring Final Fantasy VII: Dirge of Cerberus, the upcoming Playstation 2 Gun-action RPG featuring Vincent one year after the events of Advent Children!</font></p>
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<a href="http://www.final-fantasy.it">www.final-fantasy.it</a>
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<td width="40%" valign="center"><p align="center"><font style="font-size: 10px; font-style: italic; color: #F579DE;">" Do not stand at my grave and weep<br>
I am not there, I do not sleep.<br>
I am a thousand winds that blow<br>
I am the diamond glint on snow.<br>
I am the sun on ripened grain<br>
I am the soothing, gentle rain.<br>
When you awake in morning hush,<br>
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I am the stars that shine at night.<br>
Do not stand at my grave and cry<br>
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<p style="text-align: center; font-size: 10px; color: #CCCCCC;">The Aeris artwork on this page, together with all her other works you can find in the FFVII image collection, are Copyright © <font color="#FF0000">Deovi</font>.<br>The image of Squall holding the little chocobo in the FFVIII image gallery is Copyright © <font color="#FF0000">Hiroshi Kanzaki</font>. Every other artwork belongs to the legitimate author. No Copyright infrangement is intended.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify"><font style="font-size: 10px; font-weight: bold; color: #EAD264;">
<font color="#FF0000">DISCLAIMER</font>: I' m not in any way affiliated or related to Square-Enix. This is just a fan site, everything here is derived from my own creativity and imagination, and it is devoted to the games I love so much. All marks and logos belong solely to Square-Enix. No Copyright infrangement is intended at all.<br>
<font color="#FF0000">WARNING</font>: every <font color="#FF00FF">
graphic elaboration</font> you see in this site, made from Square' s
original images, has been created by DFAT the author himself who
holds the <font color="#00FF00">copyright ©</font> for it.
Therefore, you are not allowed to steal any graphics nor to use
them ( for any other use except personal collection ) without <font
color="#FF8000">permission</font> directly coming from the copyright holder. Feel
free to send E-mails to the mailbox above if you want to request
such permission talking to the responsible of this site.</font></p>
<p align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF">Counter restarted 02/11/1999</p>
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Final Fantasy Dimension: Final Fantasy VII, Advent Children, Dirge of Cerberus & Final Fantasy VIII
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FINAL FANTASY DIMENSION: Final Fantasy VII, Final Fantasy VIII and Final Fantasy VII Advent Children! Your gateway to everything you have ever desired to know about the role-playing games that shaped the videogame history! And now, Final Fantasy Dimension also features a whole section dedicated to FFVII Advent Children, Square' s sequel of our most beloved RPG of all time, i.e. Final Fantasy VII, as well as a new section featuring Final Fantasy VII: Dirge of Cerberus, the upcoming Playstation 2 Gun-action RPG featuring Vincent one year after the events of Advent Children!
[www.final-fantasy.it](http://www.final-fantasy.it)
|
| |
| --- |
| |
|
| | " Do not stand at my grave and weep
I am not there, I do not sleep.
I am a thousand winds that blow
I am the diamond glint on snow.
I am the sun on ripened grain
I am the soothing, gentle rain.
When you awake in morning hush,
I am the swift uplifting rush
Of quiet birds in circled flight.
I am the stars that shine at night.
Do not stand at my grave and cry
I am not there: I did not die. "
|
| |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
Aeris artwork made by and © Deovi(You' re the greatest FF artist, Deovi!!! I love your works!!!) |
[Final Fantasy VII](index7.html)[Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children](advent.html)
[Final Fantasy VII: Dirge of Cerberus](dirge.html)
[Final Fantasy VIII](http://devarim.altervista.org/index8.html)[Special Fantasy - The Special Stage!](specialstage.html) |
|
Also check out these other pages of mine:
||
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| THANKS!!! More than 100000 on-line visitors have reached this site!!! A great landmark has been set!!! Way to go!!!
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[View my old Guestbook](geobook.html)
x
|
| Here are my banners:
You can find me in the following search engines:
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| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | |
Site optimized for 1024x768 screen resolution
The Aeris artwork on this page, together with all her other works you can find in the FFVII image collection, are Copyright © Deovi.The image of Squall holding the little chocobo in the FFVIII image gallery is Copyright © Hiroshi Kanzaki. Every other artwork belongs to the legitimate author. No Copyright infrangement is intended.
DISCLAIMER: I' m not in any way affiliated or related to Square-Enix. This is just a fan site, everything here is derived from my own creativity and imagination, and it is devoted to the games I love so much. All marks and logos belong solely to Square-Enix. No Copyright infrangement is intended at all.
WARNING: every
graphic elaboration you see in this site, made from Square' s
original images, has been created by DFAT the author himself who
holds the copyright © for it.
Therefore, you are not allowed to steal any graphics nor to use
them ( for any other use except personal collection ) without permission directly coming from the copyright holder. Feel
free to send E-mails to the mailbox above if you want to request
such permission talking to the responsible of this site.
Counter restarted 02/11/1999
|
| http://www.final-fantasy.it/ |
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&lt;title&gt;jim="" pallas="" kinetic="" art=""
homepage&lt;="" title&gt;="" <title><=""
title>="" <title="">
Jim Pallas
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<center><x-sas-window top="47" bottom="474" left="33" right="563"><!--Jim Pallas, Jim Pallas, Jim Pallas, Jim Pallas, robot interactive sculpture, responsive art, responds to people, humor, political humor art, satiore, parody, kinetic sculpture, computer art, computer operated art, computer activated sculpture, computor controlled art, electronic art, artwork, epoxy fiber glass art, telephone art, phone art, book art, wind sculpture, wind activated sculpture, light sensing sculpture, sound sensing sculpture, fund raising art sculptures, donation art sculptures--><br>
<!-- SnapWidget -->
<center><img src="JPLOGO.GIF" title="" alt="" style="width:
372px; height: 104px;">
<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" cellspacing="2"
cellpadding="2" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">What's
new on the site:<br>
<a
href="http://jpallas.com/dreamlines/dreamlines.html"
moz-do-not-send="true">Dreamlines for Vinnie </a>
(2018) large sculpture/painting hybrid<br>
<span style="font-style: italic;">Get an email when
this list changes from </span><a style="font-style:
italic;" href="http://www.changedetect.com/">changedetect.com
</a><span style="font-style: italic;"> ( free) </span></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><br>
This site is too big and many pages are connected only
by obscure links buried in texts or images. <br>
The site is designed for wandering and story telling.<br>
If you know what you're looking for- and even if
you don't- use the search box below.
<table style="text-align: left; margin-left: 0px;
margin-right: auto;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<center>
<form
action="http://search.freefind.com/find.html"
method="get" target="top"><font
face="arial,helvetica"><font size="-2"><a
href="http://search.freefind.com/find.html?id=4235150">Search this site</a>
or <a
href="http://search.freefind.com/find.html?id=4235150&t=w">the
web</a>
powered
by <a href="http://www.freefind.com/">FreeFind</a></font></font>
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value="w" type="radio">Web search</font></font></div>
</td>
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</table>
<br>
<br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br>
<br>
<b><font size="+2">fund raising sculptures that pay for
themselves</font></b></center>
<table cols="2" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<center><img src="vinsasi.jpg" height="216" width="170"><br>
<a href="vanGogh/">Vincent Says...</a> <br>
stick it in my ear.</center>
</td>
<td>
<center><a href="toad/index.html"><img
src="14gkHeadth.JPG" x-sas-useimagewidth=""
x-sas-useimageheight="" height="194" width="150"
border="0"></a><br>
<a href="robot">Griot Knowbot</a> <br>
quips for coins at the <br>
Detroit Science Center.</center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<center><img src="cashism.gif" height="87" width="239"><br>
<a href="toad/toadspage.html">toads croak </a><br>
for cash at zoos.</center>
</td>
<td>
<center><img src="afhedftb.gif" height="188" width="150"
border="0"><br>
<a href="artafundi/more.html">Arta Fundi</a> <br>
automated fund raising.</center>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2> Other Public Interactive Sculptures:</h2>
<center>
<table cols="3" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<center><a href="COL/JPCENLIG.HTM"><img
src="JPCLDTB1.GIF" x-sas-useimagewidth=""
x-sas-useimageheight="" height="86" width="100"
border="0"></a></center>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><img src="zoobrdsm.jpg"
height="127" width="238"></td>
<td>
<center><a href="NOSE/JPNSWZ.HTM"><img
src="noswaz.gif" x-sas-useimagewidth=""
x-sas-useimageheight="" height="100" width="140"
border="0"></a></center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<center><a href="COL/JPCENLIG.HTM">Century of Light</a></center>
<div style="text-align: center;">World's 1st outdoors
electronic interactive public sculpture<br>
</div>
</td>
<td>
<center><a href="ZOOBIRD/ZOOBIRD.HTM">Brochuri
Putinhereicus</a> <br>
recycles pamphlets at the zoo</center>
</td>
<td>
<center><a href="NOSE/JPNSWZ.HTM">Nose Wazoo</a> <br>
nudges visitors (and friends)</center>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</center>
<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" cellspacing="2"
cellpadding="2" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
<center><br>
<br>
<br>
<a href="phone/sent/phoneyventsent.htm"><img
src="fonepootert1.gif" x-sas-useimagewidth=""
x-sas-useimageheight="" title="" alt=""
height="96" width="200" border="0"></a></center>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><br>
<br>
<br>
<img src="farmerjack/JumpyJack-new2.gif" title="" alt=""
height="100" width="147"></td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><img
style="width: 170px; height: 196px;" alt="reflective
art" src="beyondflower-thb.jpg"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a
href="phone/sent/phoneyventsent.htm">PhoneyVents</a> <br>
world's earliest telephone art!</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a
href="farmerjack/index.html">Farmer Jack</a><br>
early interactive corporate sculpture</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
<table style="width: 100%;" cellspacing="2"
cellpadding="2" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><a
href="http://www.jpallas.com/mirror/index.html">Mirror
Artworks</a><br>
interaction by reflection<br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Political Sculptures:</h2>
<center>
<table width="100%" cellpadding="2">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<center><a href="SENATE/JPSEN.HTM"><img
src="JPSENTHB.GIF" x-sas-useimagewidth=""
x-sas-useimageheight="" height="93" width="140"
border="0"></a></center>
</td>
<td>
<center><a href="LAW/JPLAW.HTM"><img
src="JPLAWTHB.GIF" x-sas-useimagewidth=""
x-sas-useimageheight="" height="120" width="85"
border="0"></a></center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="center">
<td><a href="SENATE/JPSEN.HTM">The Senate Piece</a>: <br>
inputs politics: outputs art. </td>
<td align="center"><a href="LAW/JPLAW.HTM">Law</a>: <br>
confounds tax lawyers. </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</center>
<br>
<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" cellspacing="2"
cellpadding="2" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
<center><br>
<br>
<br>
<a href="EPU/EPU.HTM"><img src="EPUSTRIR.GIF"
x-sas-useimagewidth="" height="101" width="344"
border="0"></a></center>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a
href="www.jpallas.com/tulips/index.html"><img
style="width: 170px; height: 227px;" alt="Tulips"
src="tulipsRightside114sm.jpg"></a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a
href="EPU/EPU.HTM">"E Pluribus Unum"</a>: <br>
" I saw red...". <br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a
href="http://www.jpallas.com/tulips">"Tulips"<br>
</a>Money versus Art<a
href="www.jpallas.com/tulips/index.html"><br>
</a></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2><br>
</h2>
<h2>Sentimental Sculptures:</h2>
<br>
<table style="text-align: left; width: 100%;" cellspacing="2"
cellpadding="2" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
<center><a href="SIREN/JPSIREN.HTM"><img
x-sas-useimageheight="" x-sas-useimagewidth=""
src="JPSRNTB.GIF" height="80" width="96"
border="0" align="middle"></a></center>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
<center><a href="hh/index.html"><img
x-sas-useimageheight="" x-sas-useimagewidth=""
src="laur2th.gif" height="145" width="85"
border="0" align="middle"></a></center>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><img
style="width: 157px; height: 145px;" alt="Image of
Legacy of Faygel and Yishiah;" src="legacysm.jpg"><br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;">
<center><a href="/SFL/SFL.HTM"><img
x-sas-useimageheight="" x-sas-useimagewidth=""
src="sfl22th.jpg" height="149" width="92"
border="0" align="middle"></a></center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a
href="SIREN/JPSIREN.HTM">Siren Heart</a> : <br>
Home and family living <br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a
href="hh/index.html">Hitchikers</a> : <br>
Plywood dopplegangers on the roads. <br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a
href="legacy/">Legacy of Faygel and Yishiah</a><br>
Living history embedded in keepsakes<br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a
href="/SFL/SFL.HTM">Song for Luke</a> : <br>
Electronic multiple with ancient references. <br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br>
<br>
<h2>Inflatable:</h2>
<table style="width: 100%; text-align: left; margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;" cellpadding="2">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<center><a href="WORMDANS/WORMDANS.HTM"><img
src="WORMDANS.GIF" x-sas-useimagewidth=""
x-sas-useimageheight="" height="110" width="156"
border="0" align="middle"></a></center>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><img
src="NorthCourtTubeDance-LgMulticlrSm.jpg" title=""
alt="Northcourt Tubedance" style="width: 79px; height:
120px;"><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<center><a href="WORMDANS/WORMDANS.HTM">Wormdans</a>
: <br>
binary worms dream digital flies. </center>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top;"><br>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a
href="WORMDANS/North_Court_Tube_Dance_-_Jim_Pallas_1978.html">Northcourt
Tubedance</a><br>
Giant shapes invade the Detroit Institute of Arts<br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><b><font size="+2">Odoriferous:</font></b> </p>
<center>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr valign="CENTER" align="center">
<td>
<center><a href="bananafeelyeye/bananafeelyeye.html"><img
src="bfe-eye.jpg" height="122" width="98"
border="0"></a></center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<center><a href="bananafeelyeye/bananafeelyeye.html">BananaFeelyEye</a></center>
blows banana air as it watches <br>
the stairs at a science museum</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</center>
<br>
<p><b><font size="+2">Objects of Desire:</font></b></p>
<br>
<table width="90%" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2" border="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="undefined" align="center">
<center><img src="PaiNTBrshfishSMALL.JPG" height="110"
width="220"></center>
</td>
<td valign="undefined" align="center"><img alt=""
src="LydiaIICON.jpg" height="120" width="119"></td>
<td valign="undefined" align="center"><img
src="ELTROHT2.GIF" x-sas-useimagewidth=""
x-sas-useimageheight="" height="117" width="162"></td>
<td valign="undefined" align="center"><img alt=""
src="SCRMGMON.GIF" height="137" width="200" border="0"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="undefined" align="center"><br>
</td>
<td valign="undefined" align="center"><br>
</td>
<td valign="undefined" align="center"><br>
</td>
<td valign="undefined" align="center"><br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="undefined" align="center"><a
href="moons/lunamaggiore.htm"> </a><a href="fish">Trash
Fish</a> <br>
fresh from the lake</td>
<td valign="undefined" align="center"><a
href="foampainting/giants.html">Portraits</a><br>
bumpy close ups</td>
<td valign="undefined" align="center"> <a
href="HEARTS/JPMORHRT.HTM">Hearts</a> <br>
transplanted and cloned</td>
<td>
<center><a href="moons/fallenmoon.html"> Moons</a></center>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</x-sas-window></center>
<center>
<table width="92%">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;"><img src="bluaxsmr.jpg"
height="61" width="349" border="0"></td>
<td>
<center><img src="imageKEB.JPG" height="225" width="140"></center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<center><a href="BEYOND/BEYOND.HTM">Intellectual Tools and
Fetishes</a> <br>
power instruments for the mental worker</center>
</td>
<td>
<center> <a href="kazoo/index.html">Musical Horns</a>
<br>
anyone can play.</center>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</center>
<h2 style="text-align: center;"><br>
</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">Genetic Coda:</h2>
<table width="100%" cellpadding="2">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<center><a href="BIO/JPBIOINF.HTM"><img src="Jpbioinf2.gif"
x-sas-useimagewidth="" x-sas-useimageheight=""
height="32" width="237" border="0" align="middle"></a></center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<center><a href="BIO/JPBIOINF.HTM">Biography</a> and <a
href="SELFPORT/Firefly.html">Self Portraits</a></center>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<hr width="100%">
<hr width="100%"><br>
<center>
<table width="100%" cellpadding="2">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom">
<center><a
href="mailto:jim-SMALL%20a%20IN%20A%20CIRCLE-jpallas.com"><img
src="SURVEYE.GIF" x-sas-useimagewidth=""
x-sas-useimageheight="" height="96" width="100"
border="0"></a></center>
</td>
<td valign="bottom">
<center><a href="http://www.asci.org/"><img style="border:
0px solid ; width: 100px; height: 78px;" alt="Home"
src="JPHOME.GIF" x-sas-useimagewidth=""
x-sas-useimageheight=""></a></center>
</td>
<td valign="bottom">
<center></center>
<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<center><a href="mailto:%20jim%28at%29%20jpallas.com">jim
(AT) jpallas.com</a><br>
Replace the (AT) with @</center>
</td>
<td>
<center><a href="http://www.asci.org">ASCI Homepage </a></center>
</td>
<td>
<center> <br>
<br>
</center>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</center>
<br>
<br>
<center>
<p><br>
<!-- Site Meter --> <noscript></noscript></p>
</center>
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|
<head>
Jim Pallas
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| What's
new on the site:
[Dreamlines for Vinnie](http://jpallas.com/dreamlines/dreamlines.html)
(2018) large sculpture/painting hybrid
Get an email when
this list changes from [changedetect.com](http://www.changedetect.com/) ( free) |
This site is too big and many pages are connected only
by obscure links buried in texts or images.
The site is designed for wandering and story telling.
If you know what you're looking for- and even if
you don't- use the search box below.
| |
| --- |
|
[Search this site](http://search.freefind.com/find.html?id=4235150)
or [the
web](http://search.freefind.com/find.html?id=4235150&t=w)
powered
by [FreeFind](http://www.freefind.com/)
Site searchWeb search |
| |
**fund raising sculptures that pay for
themselves**
| | |
| --- | --- |
|
[Vincent Says...](vanGogh/)
stick it in my ear. |
[Griot Knowbot](robot)
quips for coins at the
Detroit Science Center. |
|
[toads croak](toad/toadspage.html)
for cash at zoos. |
[Arta Fundi](artafundi/more.html)
automated fund raising. |
## Other Public Interactive Sculptures:
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | |
| [Century of Light](COL/JPCENLIG.HTM)
World's 1st outdoors
electronic interactive public sculpture
| [Brochuri
Putinhereicus](ZOOBIRD/ZOOBIRD.HTM)
recycles pamphlets at the zoo | [Nose Wazoo](NOSE/JPNSWZ.HTM)
nudges visitors (and friends) |
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
|
|
| reflective
art |
| [PhoneyVents](phone/sent/phoneyventsent.htm)
world's earliest telephone art! | [Farmer Jack](farmerjack/index.html)
early interactive corporate sculpture |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| | [Mirror
Artworks](http://www.jpallas.com/mirror/index.html)
interaction by reflection |
|
## Political Sculptures:
| | |
| --- | --- |
| | |
| [The Senate Piece](SENATE/JPSEN.HTM):
inputs politics: outputs art. | [Law](LAW/JPLAW.HTM):
confounds tax lawyers. |
| | |
| --- | --- |
|
| [Tulips](www.jpallas.com/tulips/index.html) |
| ["E Pluribus Unum"](EPU/EPU.HTM):
" I saw red...". | ["Tulips"](http://www.jpallas.com/tulips)Money versus Art |
##
## Sentimental Sculptures:
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | Image of
Legacy of Faygel and Yishiah; | |
| [Siren Heart](SIREN/JPSIREN.HTM) :
Home and family living | [Hitchikers](hh/index.html) :
Plywood dopplegangers on the roads. | [Legacy of Faygel and Yishiah](legacy/)
Living history embedded in keepsakes | [Song for Luke](/SFL/SFL.HTM) :
Electronic multiple with ancient references. |
## Inflatable:
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | | Northcourt Tubedance |
| [Wormdans](WORMDANS/WORMDANS.HTM)
:
binary worms dream digital flies. | | [Northcourt
Tubedance](WORMDANS/North_Court_Tube_Dance_-_Jim_Pallas_1978.html)
Giant shapes invade the Detroit Institute of Arts |
**Odoriferous:**
| |
| --- |
| |
| [BananaFeelyEye](bananafeelyeye/bananafeelyeye.html)
blows banana air as it watches
the stairs at a science museum |
**Objects of Desire:**
| | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| [Trash
Fish](fish)
fresh from the lake | [Portraits](foampainting/giants.html)
bumpy close ups | [Hearts](HEARTS/JPMORHRT.HTM)
transplanted and cloned | [Moons](moons/fallenmoon.html) |
| | |
| --- | --- |
| | |
| [Intellectual Tools and
Fetishes](BEYOND/BEYOND.HTM)
power instruments for the mental worker | [Musical Horns](kazoo/index.html)
anyone can play. |
##
## Genetic Coda:
| |
| --- |
| |
| [Biography](BIO/JPBIOINF.HTM) and [Self Portraits](SELFPORT/Firefly.html) |
---
---
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | [Home](http://www.asci.org/) |
|
| [jim
(AT) jpallas.com](mailto:%20jim%28at%29%20jpallas.com)
Replace the (AT) with @ | [ASCI Homepage](http://www.asci.org) |
|
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| http://www.jpallas.com/ |
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<H1>ZX Spectrum Computer Sound Chip Emulator</H1>
<HR color=#000000>
<H2>What is Ay_Emul?</H2>
<P>ZX Spectrum Sound Chip Emulator (Ay_Emul) is a Windows and Linux program developed for playing music for the AY-3-8912 sound chip (or the analogous AY-3-8910 and YM2149F). Ay_Emul emulates these sound chips so you do not need the real ones. Ay_Emul can also emulate ZX Spectrum's beeper sound, and playback CD digital audio tracks and MIDI files as well. The optional BASS library by Ian Luck can be used for playing various additional formats like MP3 and MOD.
<P>Ay_Emul can play files of the following types:
<OL>
<LI>Dumps (or logs) of sound chip registers recorded in many computers' emulators:
<UL>
<LI>OUT (produced by a ZX Spectrum emulator 'Z80' v3.xx by G.A. Lunter);
<LI>PSG (produced by a ZX Spectrum emulator 'Z80 Stealth' by Mr.Kirill, and in many other emulators);
<LI>EPSG (recorded in a ZX Spectrum emulator 'Z80 Stealth');
<LI>YM ('StSound Project' by Leonard/Oxygen files; the supported subtypes are YM2, YM3, YM3b, YM5 and YM6);
<LI>VTX (files made with 'Vortex Project' by V_Soft);
<LI>ZXAY (custom-made for Ay_Emul).
</UL>
<LI>Popular ZX Spectrum musical editors' module formats:
<UL>
<LI>ST1: Sound Tracker v1.xx non-compiled;
<LI>AY type ST11: Sound Tracker v1.1 non-compiled, an analog of ST1;
<LI>STC, ZXS: Sound Tracker v1.xx, Super Sonic v1.xx;
<LI>ST3: STC recompiled (in KSA's S.T. Music's Recompiler);
<LI>PSC: Pro Sound Creator v1.xx;
<LI>AS0, ASC: ASC Sound Master v0.xx-2.xx;
<LI>PT1, PT2, PT3: Pro Tracker v1.xx-3.xx, Vortex Tracker II v1.0;
<LI>STF: Sound Tracker Pro non-compiled;
<LI>STP: Sound Tracker Pro;
<LI>FTC: Fast Tracker v1.xx;
<LI>FLS: Flash Tracker;
<LI>SQT: SQ-Tracker;
<LI>GTR: Global Tracker v1.x;
<LI>FXM: Fuxoft AY Language;
<LI>AY type AMAD: Amadeus modules, analogous to FXM;
<LI>PSM: Pro Sound Maker.
</UL>
<LI>ZX Spectrum, Atari ST/STe or Amstrad CPC's memory dumps which include the player for Z80 or MC68000 processors:
<UL>
<LI>AY type EMUL (DeliAY and AYPlay project files);
<LI>AYM (RDOSPLAY project files);
<LI>SNDH (Atari ST or Atari STe music files).
</UL>
<LI>CD audio tracks (CDA). Ay_Emul can work with several CD drives, and also with disks containing not only audio tracks.
<LI>MIDI files:
<UL>
<LI>MID, MIDI: MIDI standard format;
<LI>RMI: MID files wrapped in the RIFF container;
<LI>KAR: standard MID files with song texts for karaoke;
<LI>XMI: Miles Design XMIDI format.
</UL>
<LI>Files played by BASS library:
<UL>
<LI>MP3, MP2, MP1: MPEG-1 encoded waveform sound recording;
<LI>OGG: Vorbis-encoded audio;
<LI>WAV: any codecs of PCM audio that are installed in the system;
<LI>WMA: Windows Media encoded audio (via basswma extension);
<LI>APE: Monkey's Audio records (via bass_ape extension);
<LI>FLAC: Free Lossless Audio Codec audio (via bassflac extension);
<LI>WV: WavPack audio (via basswv extension);
<LI>AC3: multichannel Dolby AC3 encoded audio;
<LI>AAC: Advanced Audio Coding records;
<LI>M4A, MP4: MPEG-4 wrapped audio (Advanced Audio Coding, Apple Lossless Audio Codec)
<LI>DFF, DSF: Direct Stream Digital (Sony/Philips audio format)
<LI>MO3: modules with MP3/OGG encoded samples;
<LI>IT: Impulse Tracker;
<LI>XM: Fast Tracker 2;
<LI>S3M: Scream Tracker 3;
<LI>MTM: MultiTracker;
<LI>MOD: Sound/Noise/Star/Pro/FastTracker (and many more) module format;
<LI>UMX: Unreal Tournament music package;
<LI>HTTP:// and FTP:// shoutcast streams (internet radio, etc.).
</UL>
</OL>
<P>Any two of the majority of tracker modules listed within item 2 can be replayed simultaneously in Turbo Sound mode (TS, a device for ZX Spectrum with two ordinary sound chips onboard). The dedicated TS format of PT 3.7+ is also supported.
<P>For SNDH playback, MFP, DMA-Sound timers and some TOS functions are emulated. The MC68000 emulation uses the Starscream 680x0 emulation library by Neill Corlett ([email protected]). Also supported is the SNDH known music durations database by Benjamin Gerard, imported from timedb.inc.h. To install or update it, just place the timedb.inc.h file in the main folder of Ay_Emul, and sndhtimedb will be generated/regenerated at next startup. The .h file can be <A href="https://sourceforge.net/p/sc68/code/HEAD/tree/file68/src/timedb.inc.h" target="_blank">downloaded from the sc68 project sources</A>.
<P>Ay_Emul supports Winamp playlist files (M3U, M3U8), XMPlay (PLS) and its own format, AYL, as well as CUE sheets for sound streams. AYL can contain full info about each item.
<P>Ay_Emul can be used as a powerful tool for working with AY/YM data files. The built-in Speccy music ripper can find and extract modules of many ZX Spectrum music editors in any non-compressed source data. Ay_Emul can convert modules to WAV, ZXAY, VTX, YM6 or PSG formats. Ay_Emul can playback digital sound stored in OUT, ZXAY, EPSG, AY or AYM files. Beeper music in AY and AYM formats is supported too. Ay_Emul can reproduce special effects used by Atari ST musicians and stored in YM2, YM5 and YM6 formats.
<P>The skin files can change the look of Ay_Emul's main window.
<P>BASS library is only loaded immediately before playing a corresponding file and unloaded right after the playback stops.
<P>System requirements: at least Windows XP or Linux; a 80386 or greater compatible CPU is required to run the software; for playback a sound card is needed that supports 8 or 16 bit Stereo or Mono digital sound at any sample frequency in the range of 8000 to 300000 Hz and a powerful processor (by default, Ay_Emul uses a special filter to improve the quality of sound chip and beeper emulation). The requirements for playing the BASS-supported file types are DirectX 3 or above (in Windows), for MOD music a processor with MMX support too.
<H2></A>Distribution</H2>
<P>Ay_Emul is distributed as archive files that contain the executable file, BASS libraries, interface translations, skins and documentation (for Windows and Linux, 32- and 64-bit, four archives in total) and an archive with Ay_Emul's source code and other required files needed to build the executable and its help system. You can download the source code from the <A HREF="progr_e.htm">For Developers</A> section.</P>
<P>In a minimal configuration, if you just have the executable file you have a full-featured player (excluding the BASS formats) with the English interface.</P>
<P>If you are using Ay_Emul sources, algorithms and ideas, don't forget to credit the author of Ay_Emul.</P>
<H2></A>Skin files</H2>
<P>Skins (visual themes) help transform the looks of the main window of Ay_Emul. The Skins folder of the Ay_Emul distributive contains all the skins available at the time of its preparation were added. They have been either found on the Internet, or sent by the users.</P>
<P>You can make your own skins using the Skin Manager II program, instructions and one of the skin templates. All skins and the aforementioned program are published on the official site of Ay_Emul in the "Emulator" section.</P>
<P>To add your skin to the future distributives and to the official site of Ay_Emul, you can send it to the author of Ay_Emul.</P>
<H2>Downloads</H2>
<P>The most actual version of Ay_Emul is version 2.9. If you are updating and want the files to be correctly supported by Windows Explorer, do not forget to press the "Register" button in the "Tools" window at first run (even if you updating beta versions). The experimental (and rather obsolete) Ay_Emul 3.0 alpha is in an embryonic state, the VCL/LCL component library is not used in it (alpha 11 uses the KOL library, alpha 9, available in the source section, only WinAPI), due to which the size of the executable file is an order of magnitude smaller. The sources of these and other Ay_Emul versions can be downloaded from the <A HREF="progr_e.htm">For Developers</A> section.</P>
<TABLE ALIGN=CENTER BORDER CELLSPACING=3 CELLPADDING=3 BGCOLOR=YELLOW>
<CAPTION>The most recent stable versions of Ay_Emul</CAPTION>
<TR>
<TD><B>File name</B></TD><TD><B>Size</B></TD><TD><B>Description</B></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Ay_Emul29-32.7z">Ay_Emul29-32.7z</A></TD><TD>3179068
</TD><TD>AY-3-8910/12 Emulator version 2.9 for Windows (the 32-bit build)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Ay_Emul29-64.7z">Ay_Emul29-64.7z</A></TD><TD>3354667
</TD><TD>AY-3-8910/12 Emulator version 2.9 for Windows (the 64-bit build)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Ay_Emul29-32.tar.gz">Ay_Emul29-32.tar.gz</A></TD><TD>3958959
</TD><TD>AY-3-8910/12 Emulator version 2.9 for Linux (the 32-bit build)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Ay_Emul29-64.tar.gz">Ay_Emul29-64.tar.gz</A></TD><TD>4120491
</TD><TD>AY-3-8910/12 Emulator version 2.9 for Linux (the 64-bit build)</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<TABLE ALIGN=CENTER BORDER CELLSPACING=3 CELLPADDING=3 BGCOLOR=YELLOW>
<CAPTION>Historical versions of Ay_Emul</CAPTION>
<TR>
<TD><B>File name</B></TD><TD><B>Size</B></TD><TD><B>Description</B></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Ay_Emul29b16.7z">Ay_Emul29b16.7z</A></TD><TD>2543055
</TD><TD>AY-3-8910/12 Emulator version 2.9 beta 16 for Windows (the last version supporting Windows 98)</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<TABLE ALIGN=CENTER BORDER CELLSPACING=3 CELLPADDING=3 BGCOLOR=YELLOW>
<CAPTION>Experimental versions of Ay_Emul</CAPTION>
<TR>
<TD><B>File name</B></TD><TD><B>Size</B></TD><TD><B>Description</B></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Ay_Emul30alpha11.7z">Ay_Emul30alpha11.7z</A></TD><TD>281743
</TD><TD>AY-3-8910/12 Emulator version 3.0 alpha 11</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<TABLE ALIGN=CENTER BORDER CELLSPACING=3 CELLPADDING=3 BGCOLOR=YELLOW>
<CAPTION>Skins and skin creating tools</CAPTION>
<TR>
<TD><B>File name</B></TD><TD><B>Size</B></TD><TD><B>Description</B></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="SkinManagerII.7z">SkinManagerII.7z</A></TD><TD>244500
</TD><TD>The program for making skins for Ay_Emul v2.0 and greater</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Packpacka.7z">Packpacka.7z</A></TD><TD>2073
</TD><TD>The template skin by TAD</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="2in1_Tutorial_plus_Skin_in4k_by_CwB.7z">2in1_Tutorial_plus_Skin_in4k_by_CwB.7z</A></TD><TD>4320
</TD><TD>The template skin with commentary by Denisov Nicholas</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Wndoze.rar">Wndoze.rar</A></TD><TD>2972
</TD><TD>A skin for Ay_Emul by Ironfist</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="ACIDsmACk.rar">ACIDsmACk.rar</A></TD><TD>71322
</TD><TD>A skin for Ay_Emul by Nikolai Aladine</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Wndoze2.rar">Wndoze2.rar</A></TD><TD>44288
</TD><TD>A skin for Ay_Emul by Ironfist</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Wndoze3.rar">Wndoze3.rar</A></TD><TD>26876
</TD><TD>A skin for Ay_Emul by Ironfist</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="SlightlyFrozen.rar">SlightlyFrozen.rar</A></TD><TD>64883
</TD><TD>A skin for Ay_Emul by Nikolai Aladine</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="POKEMON.rar">POKEMON.rar</A></TD><TD>40161
</TD><TD>A skin for Ay_Emul by Ironfist</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="uLtImAte.rar">uLtImAte.rar</A></TD><TD>35004
</TD><TD>A skin for Ay_Emul by Ironfist</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Shadowed.rar">Shadowed.rar</A></TD><TD>18513
</TD><TD>A skin for Ay_Emul by Ironfist</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Sinclair.rar">Sinclair.rar</A></TD><TD>4927
</TD><TD>A skin for Ay_Emul by Ironfist</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="ColdLine.rar">ColdLine.rar</A></TD><TD>49503
</TD><TD>A skin for Ay_Emul by Keynol</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="nonamed.rar">nonamed.rar</A></TD><TD>4472
</TD><TD>A skin for Ay_Emul by Ironfist</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="AY_SLpro.rar">AY_SLpro.rar</A></TD><TD>50386
</TD><TD>A skin for Ay_Emul by SoftLight</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Paralysis.rar">Paralysis.rar</A></TD><TD>12656
</TD><TD>A skin for Ay_Emul by Gary J Paluk</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Melancholy.rar">Melancholy.rar</A></TD><TD>49043
</TD><TD>A skin for Ay_Emul by z00m</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="WL-Stars.7z">WL-Stars.7z</A></TD><TD>85400
</TD><TD>A skin for Ay_Emul by WL</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="wl-alien.7z">wl-alien.7z</A></TD><TD>90551
</TD><TD>A skin for Ay_Emul by WL</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Piece.7z">Piece.7z</A></TD><TD>107147
</TD><TD>A skin for Ay_Emul by PAD</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="ConceptX.7z">ConceptX.7z</A></TD><TD>28961
</TD><TD>A skin for Ay_Emul by Nikolai Aladine</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="TechnixZ.7z">TechnixZ.7z</A></TD><TD>31917
</TD><TD>A skin for Ay_Emul by Nikolai Aladine</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Orange.7z">Orange.7z</A></TD><TD>84195
</TD><TD>A skin for Ay_Emul by Kyo</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="breeze.7z">breeze.7z</A></TD><TD>26567
</TD><TD>A skin for Ay_Emul by breeze</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Autumn.7z">Autumn.7z</A></TD><TD>109654
</TD><TD>A skin for Ay_Emul by Kigan</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="dizzy.7z">dizzy.7z</A></TD><TD>42071
</TD><TD>Two skins for Ay_Emul by Ivan Titov</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Denvil.7z">Denvil.7z</A></TD><TD>2448
</TD><TD>A skin for Ay_Emul by Denvil</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<TABLE ALIGN=CENTER BORDER CELLSPACING=3 CELLPADDING=3 BGCOLOR=YELLOW>
<CAPTION>User-corrected skin versions</CAPTION>
<TR>
<TD><B>File name</B></TD><TD><B>Size</B></TD><TD><B>Description</B></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="breeze'.7z">breeze'.7z</A></TD><TD>26775
</TD><TD>The skin "breeze" by breeze (fixed by TAD)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><A HREF="Denvil'.7z">Denvil'.7z</A></TD><TD>13550
</TD><TD>The skin "Denvil" by Denvil (several remakes by TAD)</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<br>Read more on unpacking the archive files at the <A HREF="depacking_e.htm">Unpacking</A> page.<br>
Music for Ay_Emul can be found in the <A HREF="music_e.htm">Music Archive</A> section.
<!---body text--->
<hr color=#000000>
<div align="right"><small>Site author <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Sergey Bulba</a><br>
Web design <a>Ivan Reshetnikov</a><BR>Copyright © 1999,2023 S.V. Bulba</small></div>
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</tr>
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</tr>
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</body>
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AY-3-8910, AY-3-8912, YM2149 Homepage
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|
ZX Spectrum Computer Sound Chip Emulator
---
What is Ay\_Emul?
ZX Spectrum Sound Chip Emulator (Ay\_Emul) is a Windows and Linux program developed for playing music for the AY-3-8912 sound chip (or the analogous AY-3-8910 and YM2149F). Ay\_Emul emulates these sound chips so you do not need the real ones. Ay\_Emul can also emulate ZX Spectrum's beeper sound, and playback CD digital audio tracks and MIDI files as well. The optional BASS library by Ian Luck can be used for playing various additional formats like MP3 and MOD.
Ay\_Emul can play files of the following types:
1. Dumps (or logs) of sound chip registers recorded in many computers' emulators:
* OUT (produced by a ZX Spectrum emulator 'Z80' v3.xx by G.A. Lunter);
* PSG (produced by a ZX Spectrum emulator 'Z80 Stealth' by Mr.Kirill, and in many other emulators);
* EPSG (recorded in a ZX Spectrum emulator 'Z80 Stealth');
* YM ('StSound Project' by Leonard/Oxygen files; the supported subtypes are YM2, YM3, YM3b, YM5 and YM6);
* VTX (files made with 'Vortex Project' by V\_Soft);
* ZXAY (custom-made for Ay\_Emul).- Popular ZX Spectrum musical editors' module formats:
* ST1: Sound Tracker v1.xx non-compiled;
* AY type ST11: Sound Tracker v1.1 non-compiled, an analog of ST1;
* STC, ZXS: Sound Tracker v1.xx, Super Sonic v1.xx;
* ST3: STC recompiled (in KSA's S.T. Music's Recompiler);
* PSC: Pro Sound Creator v1.xx;
* AS0, ASC: ASC Sound Master v0.xx-2.xx;
* PT1, PT2, PT3: Pro Tracker v1.xx-3.xx, Vortex Tracker II v1.0;
* STF: Sound Tracker Pro non-compiled;
* STP: Sound Tracker Pro;
* FTC: Fast Tracker v1.xx;
* FLS: Flash Tracker;
* SQT: SQ-Tracker;
* GTR: Global Tracker v1.x;
* FXM: Fuxoft AY Language;
* AY type AMAD: Amadeus modules, analogous to FXM;
* PSM: Pro Sound Maker.- ZX Spectrum, Atari ST/STe or Amstrad CPC's memory dumps which include the player for Z80 or MC68000 processors:
* AY type EMUL (DeliAY and AYPlay project files);
* AYM (RDOSPLAY project files);
* SNDH (Atari ST or Atari STe music files).- CD audio tracks (CDA). Ay\_Emul can work with several CD drives, and also with disks containing not only audio tracks.
- MIDI files:
* MID, MIDI: MIDI standard format;
* RMI: MID files wrapped in the RIFF container;
* KAR: standard MID files with song texts for karaoke;
* XMI: Miles Design XMIDI format.- Files played by BASS library:
* MP3, MP2, MP1: MPEG-1 encoded waveform sound recording;
* OGG: Vorbis-encoded audio;
* WAV: any codecs of PCM audio that are installed in the system;
* WMA: Windows Media encoded audio (via basswma extension);
* APE: Monkey's Audio records (via bass\_ape extension);
* FLAC: Free Lossless Audio Codec audio (via bassflac extension);
* WV: WavPack audio (via basswv extension);
* AC3: multichannel Dolby AC3 encoded audio;
* AAC: Advanced Audio Coding records;
* M4A, MP4: MPEG-4 wrapped audio (Advanced Audio Coding, Apple Lossless Audio Codec)
* DFF, DSF: Direct Stream Digital (Sony/Philips audio format)
* MO3: modules with MP3/OGG encoded samples;
* IT: Impulse Tracker;
* XM: Fast Tracker 2;
* S3M: Scream Tracker 3;
* MTM: MultiTracker;
* MOD: Sound/Noise/Star/Pro/FastTracker (and many more) module format;
* UMX: Unreal Tournament music package;
* HTTP:// and FTP:// shoutcast streams (internet radio, etc.).
Any two of the majority of tracker modules listed within item 2 can be replayed simultaneously in Turbo Sound mode (TS, a device for ZX Spectrum with two ordinary sound chips onboard). The dedicated TS format of PT 3.7+ is also supported.
For SNDH playback, MFP, DMA-Sound timers and some TOS functions are emulated. The MC68000 emulation uses the Starscream 680x0 emulation library by Neill Corlett ([email protected]). Also supported is the SNDH known music durations database by Benjamin Gerard, imported from timedb.inc.h. To install or update it, just place the timedb.inc.h file in the main folder of Ay\_Emul, and sndhtimedb will be generated/regenerated at next startup. The .h file can be [downloaded from the sc68 project sources](https://sourceforge.net/p/sc68/code/HEAD/tree/file68/src/timedb.inc.h).
Ay\_Emul supports Winamp playlist files (M3U, M3U8), XMPlay (PLS) and its own format, AYL, as well as CUE sheets for sound streams. AYL can contain full info about each item.
Ay\_Emul can be used as a powerful tool for working with AY/YM data files. The built-in Speccy music ripper can find and extract modules of many ZX Spectrum music editors in any non-compressed source data. Ay\_Emul can convert modules to WAV, ZXAY, VTX, YM6 or PSG formats. Ay\_Emul can playback digital sound stored in OUT, ZXAY, EPSG, AY or AYM files. Beeper music in AY and AYM formats is supported too. Ay\_Emul can reproduce special effects used by Atari ST musicians and stored in YM2, YM5 and YM6 formats.
The skin files can change the look of Ay\_Emul's main window.
BASS library is only loaded immediately before playing a corresponding file and unloaded right after the playback stops.
System requirements: at least Windows XP or Linux; a 80386 or greater compatible CPU is required to run the software; for playback a sound card is needed that supports 8 or 16 bit Stereo or Mono digital sound at any sample frequency in the range of 8000 to 300000 Hz and a powerful processor (by default, Ay\_Emul uses a special filter to improve the quality of sound chip and beeper emulation). The requirements for playing the BASS-supported file types are DirectX 3 or above (in Windows), for MOD music a processor with MMX support too.
Distribution
Ay\_Emul is distributed as archive files that contain the executable file, BASS libraries, interface translations, skins and documentation (for Windows and Linux, 32- and 64-bit, four archives in total) and an archive with Ay\_Emul's source code and other required files needed to build the executable and its help system. You can download the source code from the [For Developers](progr_e.htm) section.
In a minimal configuration, if you just have the executable file you have a full-featured player (excluding the BASS formats) with the English interface.
If you are using Ay\_Emul sources, algorithms and ideas, don't forget to credit the author of Ay\_Emul.
Skin files
Skins (visual themes) help transform the looks of the main window of Ay\_Emul. The Skins folder of the Ay\_Emul distributive contains all the skins available at the time of its preparation were added. They have been either found on the Internet, or sent by the users.
You can make your own skins using the Skin Manager II program, instructions and one of the skin templates. All skins and the aforementioned program are published on the official site of Ay\_Emul in the "Emulator" section.
To add your skin to the future distributives and to the official site of Ay\_Emul, you can send it to the author of Ay\_Emul.
Downloads
The most actual version of Ay\_Emul is version 2.9. If you are updating and want the files to be correctly supported by Windows Explorer, do not forget to press the "Register" button in the "Tools" window at first run (even if you updating beta versions). The experimental (and rather obsolete) Ay\_Emul 3.0 alpha is in an embryonic state, the VCL/LCL component library is not used in it (alpha 11 uses the KOL library, alpha 9, available in the source section, only WinAPI), due to which the size of the executable file is an order of magnitude smaller. The sources of these and other Ay\_Emul versions can be downloaded from the [For Developers](progr_e.htm) section.
The most recent stable versions of Ay\_Emul| **File name** | **Size** | **Description** |
| <Ay_Emul29-32.7z> | 3179068
| AY-3-8910/12 Emulator version 2.9 for Windows (the 32-bit build) |
| <Ay_Emul29-64.7z> | 3354667
| AY-3-8910/12 Emulator version 2.9 for Windows (the 64-bit build) |
| <Ay_Emul29-32.tar.gz> | 3958959
| AY-3-8910/12 Emulator version 2.9 for Linux (the 32-bit build) |
| <Ay_Emul29-64.tar.gz> | 4120491
| AY-3-8910/12 Emulator version 2.9 for Linux (the 64-bit build) |
Historical versions of Ay\_Emul| **File name** | **Size** | **Description** |
| <Ay_Emul29b16.7z> | 2543055
| AY-3-8910/12 Emulator version 2.9 beta 16 for Windows (the last version supporting Windows 98) |
Experimental versions of Ay\_Emul| **File name** | **Size** | **Description** |
| <Ay_Emul30alpha11.7z> | 281743
| AY-3-8910/12 Emulator version 3.0 alpha 11 |
Skins and skin creating tools| **File name** | **Size** | **Description** |
| <SkinManagerII.7z> | 244500
| The program for making skins for Ay\_Emul v2.0 and greater |
| <Packpacka.7z> | 2073
| The template skin by TAD |
| <2in1_Tutorial_plus_Skin_in4k_by_CwB.7z> | 4320
| The template skin with commentary by Denisov Nicholas |
| <Wndoze.rar> | 2972
| A skin for Ay\_Emul by Ironfist |
| <ACIDsmACk.rar> | 71322
| A skin for Ay\_Emul by Nikolai Aladine |
| <Wndoze2.rar> | 44288
| A skin for Ay\_Emul by Ironfist |
| <Wndoze3.rar> | 26876
| A skin for Ay\_Emul by Ironfist |
| <SlightlyFrozen.rar> | 64883
| A skin for Ay\_Emul by Nikolai Aladine |
| <POKEMON.rar> | 40161
| A skin for Ay\_Emul by Ironfist |
| <uLtImAte.rar> | 35004
| A skin for Ay\_Emul by Ironfist |
| <Shadowed.rar> | 18513
| A skin for Ay\_Emul by Ironfist |
| <Sinclair.rar> | 4927
| A skin for Ay\_Emul by Ironfist |
| <ColdLine.rar> | 49503
| A skin for Ay\_Emul by Keynol |
| <nonamed.rar> | 4472
| A skin for Ay\_Emul by Ironfist |
| <AY_SLpro.rar> | 50386
| A skin for Ay\_Emul by SoftLight |
| <Paralysis.rar> | 12656
| A skin for Ay\_Emul by Gary J Paluk |
| <Melancholy.rar> | 49043
| A skin for Ay\_Emul by z00m |
| <WL-Stars.7z> | 85400
| A skin for Ay\_Emul by WL |
| <wl-alien.7z> | 90551
| A skin for Ay\_Emul by WL |
| <Piece.7z> | 107147
| A skin for Ay\_Emul by PAD |
| <ConceptX.7z> | 28961
| A skin for Ay\_Emul by Nikolai Aladine |
| <TechnixZ.7z> | 31917
| A skin for Ay\_Emul by Nikolai Aladine |
| <Orange.7z> | 84195
| A skin for Ay\_Emul by Kyo |
| <breeze.7z> | 26567
| A skin for Ay\_Emul by breeze |
| <Autumn.7z> | 109654
| A skin for Ay\_Emul by Kigan |
| <dizzy.7z> | 42071
| Two skins for Ay\_Emul by Ivan Titov |
| <Denvil.7z> | 2448
| A skin for Ay\_Emul by Denvil |
User-corrected skin versions| **File name** | **Size** | **Description** |
| <breeze'.7z> | 26775
| The skin "breeze" by breeze (fixed by TAD) |
| <Denvil'.7z> | 13550
| The skin "Denvil" by Denvil (several remakes by TAD) |
Read more on unpacking the archive files at the [Unpacking](depacking_e.htm) page.
Music for Ay\_Emul can be found in the [Music Archive](music_e.htm) section.
---
Site author [Sergey Bulba](mailto:[email protected])
Web design Ivan ReshetnikovCopyright © 1999,2023 S.V. Bulba
|
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| http://bulba.untergrund.net/emulator_e.htm |
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<H1>1st International Collection of Tongue Twisters</H1>
<H2 CLASS="RD">Welcome to the world's largest collection of tongue twisters with 3660 entries in 118 languages</H2>
<CENTER>
<TABLE BORDER=0><TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD><TABLE BORDER=0><TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#ach">Acholi, Acoli or Lwo</A> (2)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#af">Afrikaans</A> (14)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#ak">Akan or Asante</A> (1)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#sq">Albanian</A> (15)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#alz">Alur</A> (1)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#am">Amharic, Ethiopian or Amarigna</A> (4)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#ar">Arabic</A> (38)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#an">Aragonese</A> (2)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#hy">Armenian</A> (17)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#as">Assamese</A> (3)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#av">Avar or Avaric</A> (1)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#az">Azerbaijani or Azeri</A> (3)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#eu">Basque, Euskara or Euskera</A> (21)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#bn">Bengali or Bangla</A> (9)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#br">Breton</A> (3)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#bg">Bulgarian</A> (19)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#ca">Catalan</A> (51)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#zh">Chinese, Mandarin</A> (27)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#zh-yue">Chinese, Yue or Cantonese</A> (11)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#sh">Croatian, Serbian and Bosnian</A> (36)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#cs">Czech</A> (154)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#da">Danish</A> (33)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#nl">Dutch</A> (172)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#eml">Emilian and Romagnol</A> (6)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#en">English</A> (593)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#eo">Esperanto</A> (23)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#et">Estonian</A> (23)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#fi">Finnish</A> (82 / 9 <IMG src="img/au.gif" alt="audio">)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#fr">French</A> (200)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#cpf">French Creole</A> (5)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#fy">Frisian</A> (4)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#ff">Fulah, Fulani or Peulh</A> (1)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#gaa">Ga</A> (1)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#gl">Galician</A> (6)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#lug">Ganda or Luganda</A> (4)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#ka">Georgian or Kartveli</A> (25)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#de">German</A> (364)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#grc">Greek, Ancient</A> (3)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#el">Greek, Modern</A> (44)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#gn">Guarani</A> (2)</TD></TR></TABLE></TD>
<TD><TABLE BORDER=0><TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#gu">Gujarati</A> (8)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#ha">Hausa</A> (4)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#haw">Hawaiian</A> (1)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#he">Hebrew</A> (39)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#hbo">Hebrew, Ancient</A> (2)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#hi">Hindi</A> (24)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#hu">Hungarian</A> (75)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#ibg">Ibanag or Ybanag</A> (4)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#is">Icelandic</A> (13)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#ibo">Igbo or Ibo</A> (3)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#in">Indonesian</A> (41)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#ga">Irish</A> (17)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#it">Italian</A> (96)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#ja">Japanese</A> (40)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#jw">Javanese</A> (13)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#jersey">Jersey</A> (22)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#kn">Kannada or Kanarese</A> (9)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#kk">Kazakh</A> (3)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#ki">Kikuyu</A> (14)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#ko">Korean</A> (12)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#ku">Kurdish</A> (4)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#la">Latin</A> (37)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#lv">Latvian</A> (16)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#lb">Letzeburgesch or Luxembourgish</A> (4)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#lt">Lithuanian</A> (12)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#jbo">Loglan or Lojban</A> (7)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#lmo">Lombard</A> (4)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#luo">Luo or Dholuo</A> (3)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#mad">Madurese or Madura</A> (2)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#ms">Malay</A> (13)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#ml">Malayalam</A> (16)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#mt">Maltese</A> (17)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#mi">Maori</A> (1)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#mr">Marathi</A> (9)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#lus">Mizo, Lushai or Lusei</A> (1)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#mn">Mongolian</A> (5)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#no">Norwegian</A> (63 / 6 <IMG src="img/au.gif" alt="audio">)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#oc-gsc">Occitan or Gascon</A> (3)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#pa">Panjabi or Punjabi</A> (8)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#ps">Pashto or Pushto</A> (3)</TD></TR></TABLE></TD>
<TD><TABLE><TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#fa">Persian or Farsi</A> (21)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#pl">Polish</A> (80)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#pt">Portuguese</A> (96)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#rm">Rhaeto-Romance or Romansh</A> (3)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#ro">Romanian</A> (35)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#ru">Russian</A> (93)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#rw">Rwanda or Kinyarwanda</A> (2)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#sc">Sardinian</A> (3)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#sco">Scots or Scottisch</A> (4)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#gd">Scottish Gaelic</A> (6)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#sn">Shona</A> (2)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#scn">Sicilian</A> (10)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#sk">Slovak</A> (41)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#sl">Slovenian or Slovene</A> (17)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#xog">Soga, Lusoga, Olusoga</A> (3)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#so">Somali</A> (11)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#hsb">Sorbian, Upper</A> (3)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#es">Spanish</A> (171)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#suk">Sukuma</A> (1)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#sw">Swahili</A> (15)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#sv">Swedish</A> (45)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#tl">Tagalog or Filipino</A> (33)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#ta">Tamil</A> (15)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#te">Telugu</A> (11)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#th">Thai</A> (13)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#bo">Tibetan, Central or Bhotia</A> (1)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#tr">Turkish</A> (38)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#uk">Ukrainian</A> (9)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#ur">Urdu</A> (16)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#uz">Uzbek</A> (104)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#vi">Vietnamese</A> (22)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#ceb">Visayan or Cebuano</A> (6)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#cy">Welsh</A> (10 / 1 <IMG src="img/au.gif" alt="audio">)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#wo">Wolof</A> (3)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#xh">Xhosa or IsiXhosa</A> (11 / 2 <IMG src="img/au.gif" alt="audio">)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#yi">Yiddish</A> (2)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#yo">Yoruba</A> (8)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD CLASS="SLL"><A HREF="#zu">Zulu</A> (5)</TD></TR></TABLE></TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<P>Please click on a language to view the tongue twisters!</P>
</CENTER>
<HR>
<DL COMPACT>
<DT><B>Tongue-twister</B>:</DT>
<DD>"A sequence of words, often alliterative, difficult to articulate quickly." <EM>(Oxford English Dictionary)</EM></DD>
<DT><B>Shibboleth</B>:</DT>
<DD>"A word or phrase used as a test for detecting foreigners, or persons from another district, by their pronunciation." <EM>(OED)</EM></DD>
<DT><B>Battologism</B>:</DT>
<DD>A phrase or sentence built by (tiresome) repetition of the same words or sounds.</DD>
</DL>
<HR>
<P CLASS="SLC">Compilation © 1996-2018 by <A HREF="mailto:MR.TWISTER_at_tongue-twister.net?SUBJECT=TONGUE-TWISTER-PAGE">Mr.Twister</A>.</P>
<HR>
<P CLASS="SLC">This index file contains one tongue twister for each language.<BR>
More tongue twisters can be accessed over links under each language, <BR>
where you can also find the credits and some rough translations.</P>
</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
</CENTER>
<CENTER>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="ach"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Acholi, Acoli or Lwo</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Lagwok gwokke; Ogwok gwoke lagwok.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="ach.htm">more Acholi, Acoli or Lwo tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="af"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Afrikaans</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Wat was was voor was was was?</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="af.htm">more Afrikaans tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="ak"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Akan or Asante</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Kwaa Paa ko pam kohunu mampam.<BR>
Gyae pam ko pam mampam.<BR>
Mampam foro pam na ampa?</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="ak.htm">more Akan or Asante tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="sq"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Albanian</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Shishja ishte në shesh dhe shishet ishin në sheshe.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="sq.htm">more Albanian tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="alz"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Alur</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Agwarawangawendo ogwaro wang awendo</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="alz.htm">more Alur tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="am"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Amharic, Ethiopian or Amarigna</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Be bug bate, bug geba.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="am.htm">more Amharic, Ethiopian or Amarigna tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="ar"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Arabic</H2><P CLASS="TXT"><IMG SRC="img/ar001.gif" ALT="image" TITLE="al mesh'mesh dah mish mien meshmeshkum wikamah al mesh'mesh dah mish mien meshmeshnah."></P><P CLASS="LAT">al mesh'mesh dah mish mien meshmeshkum wikamah al mesh'mesh dah mish mien meshmeshnah.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="an"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Aragonese</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Baxa t'abaxo lo faxo xuto de buxo y traye lo trallo tallau y trestallau.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="hy"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Armenian</H2><P CLASS="TXT"><A CLASS="P">ÕÕ¡ÕµÕ¿ÖÕ¸ÖÕ«Õ¯Õ¨ ÖÕ¸ÖÕ¥Ö ÖÕ¡ÕµÕ¿Õ« ÖÕ¿Õ¡Õ® ÖÕ¸ÖÕ¨:</A></P><P CLASS="LAT">P'aytp'oriky' p'orec p'ayti p'tac' p'ory':<BR>
Hübschmann-Meillet: PâaytpâorikÇ pâorecâ pâayti pâtac pâorÇ:</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="as"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Assamese</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Bogakoi Bogoli Boholai Bohise Bolukat Biyoli Bela.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="av"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Avar or Avaric</H2><P CLASS="TXT"><A CLASS="P">ÑнкÑазаÑалда ÑнкÑнÑcиÑлда ÑнкÑоÑлда ÑнкÑо кÑвеÑÐºÑ ÐºÑвакÑвалебÑго кÑода гÑоÑкÑ</A></P><P CLASS="LAT">Unqʼazaralda unqʼnusiyalda unqʼoyalda unqʼo qʼwerqʼ qʼwaqʼwalebugo Æʼoda É£orÆʼ.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="az"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Azerbaijani or Azeri</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Getdim gordum bir derede bir berber bir berberi ber-ber byirdir. Dedim ay berber niye bu berberi ber-ber beyirdirsen? Dedi buberber oglu men berber oglun ber-ber beyirdmeseydi men berber oglu bu berber oglun ber-ber beyirdmezdim.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="eu"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Basque, Euskara or Euskera</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Akerrak adarrak okerrak ditu.<BR> Okerrak adarrak akerrak ditu.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="bn"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Bengali or Bangla</H2><P CLASS="TXT"><IMG SRC="img/bn004.gif" ALT="image" TITLE="chacha chnacha chata chnechona, aa-chnacha chata chnacho"></P><P CLASS="LAT">chacha chnacha chata chnechona, aa-chnacha chata chnacho</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="br"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Breton</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Câhwecâh mercâh gwercâh war câhwecâh marcâh kallocâh o tougen câhwecâh sacâh kercâh.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="bg"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Bulgarian</H2><P CLASS="TXT"><A CLASS="P">ÐеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð»ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð»ÐµÑе, по ÑÑи пÑÑÑа пÑеплиÑа, пÑез ÑÑи плеÑа пÑеплиÑа. ÐлеÑи ÐеÑÑе плеÑа, подпÑи ÐеÑÑе плеÑа, падна ÐеÑÑе плеÑа!</A></P><P CLASS="LAT">Petr plet plete, po tri pleta preplita, prez tri pleta preplita. Pleti Petre pleta, podri Petre pleta, padna Petre pleta!</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="ca"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Catalan</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Com a ploure, prou que plou, Pau, però plou poc.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="zh"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Chinese, Mandarin</H2><P CLASS="TXT"><A CLASS="P">åè¡èä¸åè¡èç®ï¼<BR>
ä¸åè¡èååè¡èç®</A></P><P CLASS="LAT">chÄ« pútáo bù tÇ pútáo pÃ<BR>
bù chÄ« pútáo dà o tÇ pútáo pÃ.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="zh-yue"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Chinese, Yue or Cantonese</H2><P CLASS="TXT"><A CLASS="P">ç½ç³ç½åæ»<BR>
æ¬ä¾ç½ç³æç½å¡<BR>
ç½ç³å¡ç½ç³æ<BR>
ç½ç³æç½å¡<BR>
æ好ç½ç³å¡<BR>
ç½å¡ç½åæ»</A></P><P CLASS="LAT">baak6 sek6 baak6 jau6 waat6<BR>
bun1 loi4 baak6 sek6 daap2 baak6 t'aap2<BR>
baak6 sek6 t'aap2 baak6 sek6 daap2<BR>
baak6 sek6 daap2 baak6 t'aap2<BR>
daap2 hou5 baak6 sek6 t'aap2<BR>
baak6 t'aap3 baak6 jau6 waat6</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="sh"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Croatian, Serbian and Bosnian</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Na vrh brda vrba mrda.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="cs"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Czech</H2><P CLASS="TXT">TÅista tÅicet tÅi stÅÃbrných stÅÃkaÄek stÅÃkalo<BR> pÅes tÅista tÅicet tÅi stÅÃbrných stÅech.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="da"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Danish</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Bispens gipsgebis</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="nl"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Dutch</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Leentje leerde Lotje lopen op de lange Lindelaan.<BR>
Maar toen Lotje niet wilde lopen liet Leentje Lotje staan.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="eml"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Emilian and Romagnol</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Ch'âs léssi ch'l à cl óss!</P><P CLASS="COM">Bolognese from Bologna<BR></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="en"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">English</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.<BR> A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked.<BR> If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers,<BR> Where's the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="eo"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Esperanto</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Äu Åi Äiam Äe Äio ruÄiÄas?</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="et"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Estonian</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Jõeäärne õueaiamaa</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="fi"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Finnish</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Vesihiisi sihisi hississä</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P><span onmouseover="play_mp3('media/fin00001.mp3')"><A href="media/fin00001.mp3"><img src="img/audio.gif" alt="click to hear" align="middle" border="0"></A></span></P><P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="fi.htm">more Finnish tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="fr"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">French</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Un chasseur sachant chasser sait chasser sans son chien de chasse.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="cpf"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">French Creole</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Ka féfé fè fifi fè fofo fè kafé for fè?</P><P CLASS="COM">from Guadeloupe<BR></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="fy"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Frisian</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Bûter, brea en griene tsiis<BR>
Hwa dat net sizze kin<BR>
is gjin oprjochte Fries.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="ff"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Fulah, Fulani or Peulh</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Nyaamo nyaanya nano<br>
Nano nyaanya nyaamo</P><P CLASS="COM">from Niger<BR></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="gaa"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Ga</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Ke oke okoo, mo ko ko ke ya shi ko ko ko.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="gl"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Galician</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Debaixo dunha pipa tinta hai unha pita pinta; cando a pipa tinta pinga, a pita pinta pia.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="lug"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Ganda or Luganda</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Akawala akaawa Kaawa akaawakaawa ka wa?</P><P CLASS="COM">from Tuula Tuwaye: Ekitabo ky'Ebitontome by F.X. Mbaziira<BR> quoted on www.buganda.com<BR></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="ka"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Georgian or Kartveli</H2><P CLASS="TXT"><A CLASS="P">ááá§áá§á á¬á§ááá¨á á§áá§ááááá¡</A></P><P CLASS="LAT">bakaki tskalshi kikinebs.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="de"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">German</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Bei Leid lieh stets Heil die Lieb'.</P><P CLASS="COM">a palindrom<BR></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="grc"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Greek, Ancient</H2><P CLASS="TXT">... λαληθηÏεÏαι Ïοι Ïι Ïε δει Ïοιειν.</P><P CLASS="COM">Î ÏÎ±Î¾ÎµÎ¹Ï ÎÏοÏÏολÏν 9.6<BR></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="el"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Greek, Modern</H2><P CLASS="TXT"><A CLASS="P">Î ÏαÏÎ¬Ï Î¿ ÏαÏÏÏ ÎÏαγε ÏαÏιά Ïακή.<BR> ÎιαÏί, ÏαÏά ÏαÏÏ, ÎÏÎ±Î³ÎµÏ ÏαÏιά Ïακή;</A></P><P CLASS="LAT">O papas o pakhus efage paceia faki. Giati, papa pakhu, efages pakheia faki;</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="gn"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Guarani</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Apyka puku kupépe, aguapy apuka puku.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="gu"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Gujarati</H2><P CLASS="TXT"><A CLASS="P">શà«àª°à«àª¤àª¿ નૠપà«àª¤à«àª°à« àªà«àª¤àª¿</A></P><P CLASS="LAT">Shruti ni putri Kruti.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="ha"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Hausa</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Tun dà Tab'à a ta kèe bà tà tab'à tab'à taabà a ba.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="haw"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Hawaiian</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Hele wawai o ka malamalama,<BR> ka malamalama, o ka malamalama,<BR> hele wawai o ka malamalama,<BR> ka malamalama o ke Akua.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="he"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Hebrew</H2><P CLASS="TXT"><IMG SRC="img/iw001.gif" ALT="image" TITLE="Shelama Shlomo Shalem Simla Shlaima?"></P><P CLASS="LAT">Shelama Shlomo Shalem Simla Shlaima?</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="hbo"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Hebrew, Ancient</H2><P CLASS="TXT">SHIR HA-SHIRIM 'ASHER LI-SHLOMO, ISHAQENI MI-NSHIQOT PIHU.</P><P CLASS="COM">from The Song of Salomon 1:1-2<BR></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="hi"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Hindi</H2><P CLASS="TXT"><IMG SRC="img/hi002.gif" ALT="image" TITLE="ek ooncha oont hai, poochh oonchi oont ki, poochh se bhi oonchi kya, peeth oonchi oont ki"></P><P CLASS="LAT">ek ooncha oont hai, poochh oonchi oont ki, poochh se bhi oonchi kya, peeth oonchi oont ki</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="hu"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Hungarian</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Meggymag! SzelÃd meggymag vagy, vagy vad meggymag vagy?</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="ibg"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Ibanag or Ybanag</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Nakattu y kuku', nakattu y kuku', nakattu y kuku'.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="is"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Icelandic</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Ãað fer nú að verða verra ferðaveðrið</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="ibo"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Igbo or Ibo</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Ukochukwu Okechukwu kwulu okwu chukwu n'ulo chukwu di na Arochukwu.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="in"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Indonesian</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Kuku kaki kakak kakak ku kayak kuku kaki kakek kakek ku.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="ga"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Irish</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Tá ceann tuà ar trà thigh atá thÃos le taobh na toinne.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="it"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Italian</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Trentatré Trentini entrarono a Trento, tutti e trentatré, trotterellando.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="ja"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Japanese</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Kaeru pyoko-pyoko<BR> mi pyoko-pyoko<BR> awasete pyoko-pyoko mu pyoko-pyoko.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="jw"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Javanese</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Grobak numplak gupak glepung.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="jersey"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Jersey</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Mes moûques à myi m'êmoûquent un mio.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="kn"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Kannada or Kanarese</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Bankapurada kempu kunkuma, bankapurada kempu kunkuma, bankapurada kempu kunkuma, ...</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="kk"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Kazakh</H2><P CLASS="TXT"><A CLASS="P">ÐеÑен же, жемеÑен жеме.</A></P><P CLASS="LAT">Zhesen zhe, zhemesen zheme.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="ki"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Kikuyu</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Cucu ciana ciothe cia cukuru cianyua cai cianina.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="ko"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Korean</H2><P CLASS="TXT"><IMG SRC="img/ko002.gif" ALT="image" TITLE="naygah gerleen geeleen gerleemern jahl gerleen geeleen gerleemeego naegah gerleen geeleen gerleemern moht saengeen geeleen gerleemeeda"></P><P CLASS="LAT">naygah gerleen geeleen gerleemern jahl gerleen geeleen gerleemeego naegah gerleen geeleen gerleemern moht saengeen geeleen gerleemeeda</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="ku"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Kurdish</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Ãume çemmî Ãeqan, Ãeqel çeltûkî eteqan.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="la"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Latin</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Cane decane, cane!<BR>
Non de cane, cane decane cane;<BR>
decano, cane decane cane.</P><P CLASS="COM">from an old priest<BR></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="lv"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Latvian</H2><P CLASS="TXT">DzÄ«vÄ dzÄ«vo dzÄ«vu dzÄ«vi!<BR>
DzÄ«vam dzÄ«vÄ dzÄ«va dzÄ«ve.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="lb"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Letzeburgesch or Luxembourgish</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Hengen hiren Haari heet Houltz<BR>
hannert hierem hei'gen Haus.<BR>
Hien hei'ert honnert hongrech<BR>
Holzemer Houe'sen houschten.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="lt"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Lithuanian</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Å eÅ¡ios žÄ
sys su Å¡eÅ¡iais žÄ
siukais.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="jbo"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Loglan or Lojban</H2><P CLASS="TXT">le crisa srasu cu rirci crino</P><P CLASS="COM">by Michael Helsem<BR></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="lmo"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Lombard</H2><P CLASS="TXT">- Ti che të tachët i tacch, tachëm i tacch!<BR>
- Mi tacatt i tacch a ti, che të tachët i tacch?<BR>
- Táchëti ti i to tacch, ti che të tachët i tacch.</P><P CLASS="COM">Western Lombard<BR></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="luo"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Luo or Dholuo</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Atud tond atong'a tond atong'a chodi.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="mad"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Madurese or Madura</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Badha beddena bedde' bedde.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="ms"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Malay</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Buaya biawak, buaya biawak, buaya biawak, ...</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="ml"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Malayalam</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Manasilakathathu manasilayennu paranjal, manasilayathukoodi manasilakathe pookum. Manasilayoo?</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="mt"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Maltese</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Platt fuq platt, platt taht platt.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="mi"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Maori</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu</P><P CLASS="COM">name of a hill (300 m) in the neighbourhood of Waipukurau, Central Hawkeâs Bay, North Island, New Zealand<BR></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="mr"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Marathi</H2><P CLASS="TXT"><IMG SRC="img/mr001.gif" ALT="image" TITLE="Chaduchya chachane chanduchya chandal chahadkhor chachila chandichya chakchakit chamchyane chaligaonchya chandni chowkat charda chawishta chatni chakhwalee."></P><P CLASS="LAT">Chaduchya chachane chanduchya chandal chahadkhor chachila chandichya chakchakit chamchyane chaligaonchya chandni chowkat charda chawishta chatni chakhwalee.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="lus"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Mizo, Lushai or Lusei</H2><P CLASS="TXT"></P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="mn"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Mongolian</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Arban tabon targon tarlan<BR> Hara sarlog on tarag ii<BR> Tarag bishi gezo es oogogaad<BR> Ugere yamar arban tabon<BR> Targon tarlan hara sarlog on<BR> Tarag ii mun gezo oogaho boi?</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="no"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Norwegian</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Ibsens ripsbusker og andre buskvekster.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="oc-gsc"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Occitan or Gascon</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Tap tarat taparà , tap pas tarat taparà pas.</P><P CLASS="COM">from the Gascogne, France<BR></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="pa"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Panjabi or Punjabi</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Dubba Tuppu Khal Tappe<BR> Tup Dubbe Tuppuah.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="ps"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Pashto or Pushto</H2><P CLASS="TXT">daka dewa tol thail thal</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="fa"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Persian or Farsi</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Shish sikh jigar sikhi shi shezar</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="pl"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Polish</H2><P CLASS="TXT">W Szczebrzeszynie chrzÄ
szcz brzmi w trzcinie,<BR>
i Szczebrzeszyn z tego sÅynie.</P><P CLASS="COM">from the poem "ChrzÄ
szcz" by Jan Brzechwa<BR></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="pt"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Portuguese</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Compadre compre pouca capa parda porque quem pouca capa parda compra pouca capa parda gasta. Eu pouca capa parda comprei e pouca capa parda gastei.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="rm"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Rhaeto-Romance or Romansh</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Chi chi tschercha chatta.</P><P CLASS="COM">Lower Engadin dialect (Vallader)<BR></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="ro"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Romanian</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Capra neagrÄ-n piatrÄ sare.<BR> Piatra crapÄ-n patru.<BR> CrapÄ capul caprei negre<BR> precum piatra crapÄ-n patru.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="ru"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Russian</H2><P CLASS="TXT"><A CLASS="P">Шла СаÑа по ÑоÑÑе и ÑоÑала ÑÑÑкÑ.</A></P><P CLASS="LAT">Shla Sasha po shosse i sosala sushku.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="rw"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Rwanda or Kinyarwanda</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Ibibiribiri bibiri biri mu murima wa Mubirigi. Hari umugabo wo kwica ibibiribiri bibibri!</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="sc"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Sardinian</H2><P CLASS="TXT">E chà n'e' chà na chà no.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="sco"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Scots or Scottisch</H2><P CLASS="TXT">It's a braw bricht moonlicht nicht the nicht.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="gd"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Scottish Gaelic</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Cha robh laogh ruadh riamh luath, is cha robh laogh luath riamh reamhar.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="sn"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Shona</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Vasati vasvika paSvondo, tsvaira masvosve nemutsvairo waSvosve.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="scn"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Sicilian</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Sasà si susi ai sei. Sù i sei e sei, cusà si Sasà si susiu ai sei?</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="sk"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Slovak</H2><P CLASS="TXT">V naÅ¡ej peci myÅ¡i piÅ¡tia, v naÅ¡ej peci psÃk spÃ.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="sl"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Slovenian or Slovene</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Od Ježce Äez Stožce po rožce.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="xog"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Soga, Lusoga, Olusoga</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Abaidu Ba Isabaidu baidye bwide nga badalimira mu biidi biidhi by'embiidhi ebiri emiyandu bwa Isabaidu.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="so"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Somali</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Mar iswad, mar iwad!<BR> Mar iswad, mar iwad!<BR> Mar iswad, mar iwad!</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
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<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="hsb"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Sorbian, Upper</H2><P CLASS="TXT">DźiÄe, dźÄÄi, z DźisÅawkec dźÄdom dom!</P><P CLASS="COM">from "Obersorbisch im Selbststudium", Domowina-Verlag Bautzen<BR></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="hsb.htm">more Sorbian, Upper tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="es"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Spanish</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Tres tristes tigres tragaban trigo en un trigal en tres tristes trastos.<BR> En tres tristes trastos tragaban trigo tres tristes tigres.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="es.htm">more Spanish tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="suk"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Sukuma</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Nani na nani nangi nanh'we naungi nani.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="suk.htm">more Sukuma tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="sw"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Swahili</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Mbuzi hali nazi kwa vile hawezi kupanda ngazi ndipo azifikie nazi.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="sw.htm">more Swahili tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="sv"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Swedish</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Sju skönsjungande sjuksköterskor skötte sjuttiosju sjösjuka sjömän på skeppet "Shanghai".</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="sv.htm">more Swedish tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="tl"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Tagalog or Filipino</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Butiki, bituka, butika</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="tl.htm">more Tagalog or Filipino tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="ta"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Tamil</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Odara nariyila oru nari kizha nari<BR> kizhanari mudugula oru pidi nira mayir.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="ta.htm">more Tamil tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="te"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Telugu</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Kekeeka kekiki kaaka kaakiki vuntundaa?</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="te.htm">more Telugu tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="th"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Thai</H2><P CLASS="TXT"><A CLASS="P">à¸à¸¥à¹à¸§à¸¢à¸à¸²à¸à¸µà¸à¸¥à¸²à¸¢à¸«à¸§à¸µà¹à¸«à¸µà¹à¸¢à¸§ หิà¹à¸§à¸«à¸§à¸µà¹à¸ หิà¹à¸§à¸«à¸§à¸µà¸¡à¸² à¹à¸«à¸¥à¸·à¸à¸«à¸§à¸µà¹à¸à¸µà¸¢à¸§</A></P><P CLASS="LAT">Gluai taa nii plaai wii hiao, hiu wii pai hiu wii maa luea wii diao.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="th.htm">more Thai tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="bo"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Tibetan, Central or Bhotia</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Ra Rago Riri Re, Lug Rago Lebleb Re</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="bo.htm">more Tibetan, Central or Bhotia tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="tr"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Turkish</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Bu yoÄurdu sarımsaklasak da mı saklasak, sarımsaklamasak da mı saklasak?</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="tr.htm">more Turkish tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="uk"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Ukrainian</H2><P CLASS="TXT">ÐавилиÑÑ Ð² бÑÑднÑй баÑÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ð° бобÑи бÑÑнаÑно-бÑÑÑ.<BR>
- "ÐÑавда добÑе, дÑÑже бобÑе?"<BR>
- "ÐÑже добÑе, бÑаÑе бобÑе!"</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="uk.htm">more Ukrainian tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="ur"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Urdu</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Chunnu kay chacha ne,<BR> chunnu ki chachi ko,<BR>chandni raat mein,<BR>chandi ki chamach se,<BR>chatni chatai.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="ur.htm">more Urdu tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="uz"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Uzbek</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Toâti tutgan toârtta toâti toârda turibdi.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="uz.htm">more Uzbek tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="vi"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Vietnamese</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Bà Ba béo bán bánh bò, bán bòn bon, bán bong bóng, bên bá» biá»n, bả bá» bá» binh bắt ba bá»n báºn.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="vi.htm">more Vietnamese tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="ceb"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Visayan or Cebuano</H2><P CLASS="TXT">ang balay ni libay libat</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="ceb.htm">more Visayan or Cebuano tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="cy"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Welsh</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Llongyfarchiadau llanciau Llanelli.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="cy.htm">more Welsh tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="wo"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Wolof</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Tuki fuki buki gudi<BR> Tuki fuki buki becheck</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="wo.htm">more Wolof tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="xh"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Xhosa or IsiXhosa</H2><P CLASS="TXT">izolo bendiye kulo Mabuqubuqwana, uMabuqubuqwana wandibuquza ngeqakath' enqayini ndaqond' uba 'nd'zo mbuquz' engandiqondi nje!</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P><span onmouseover="play_mp3('media/xho00002.mp3')"><A href="media/xho00002.mp3"><img src="img/audio.gif" alt="click to hear" align="middle" border="0"></A></span></P><P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="xh.htm">more Xhosa or IsiXhosa tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="yi"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Yiddish</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Fir Funr Forn Firn Korn, Barg Arup un Barg Arip.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="yi.htm">more Yiddish tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="yo"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Yoruba</H2><P CLASS="TXT"></P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="yo.htm">more Yoruba tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
<BR><TABLE CLASS="TW" WIDTH=600 BORDER=2 CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=10><TR><TD ALIGN="CENTER"><A NAME="zu"></A><H2 CLASS="RD">Zulu</H2><P CLASS="TXT">Ingqeqebulane yaqaqela uqhoqhoqho, uqhoqhoqho waqaqela iqaqa, iqaqa laqalaza.</P><P CLASS="COM"></P>
<P CLASS="SLC">[ <A HREF="zu.htm">more Zulu tongue twisters</A> | <A HREF="#top">Back to index</A> ]</P></TD></TR></TABLE>
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<TR><TD>
<P CLASS="SLL">Please send me an <A HREF="mailto:Mr.Twister@tongue-twister.net?SUBJECT=TONGUE-TWISTER-PAGE">email</A> if you find a typo.
<A HREF="form.htm">Send your contribution in any language</A>.
Please send the original plus a translation if the original is not in English, German, Russian, Spanish, French, or Italian.
Please send your tongue twisters using this <A HREF="form.htm">form</A>!</P>
<H2>Links</H2>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="http://www.ethnologue.com">Ethnologue: Languages of the World</A>
<LI><A HREF="http://www.omniglot.com">Omniglot: writing systems & languages of the world</A>
<LI><A HREF="http://www.unicode.org">Unicode fonts</A>
</UL>
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1st International Collection of Tongue Twisters
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| 1st International Collection of Tongue Twisters
Welcome to the world's largest collection of tongue twisters with 3660 entries in 118 languages
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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|
| |
| --- |
| [Acholi, Acoli or Lwo](#ach) (2) |
| [Afrikaans](#af) (14) |
| [Akan or Asante](#ak) (1) |
| [Albanian](#sq) (15) |
| [Alur](#alz) (1) |
| [Amharic, Ethiopian or Amarigna](#am) (4) |
| [Arabic](#ar) (38) |
| [Aragonese](#an) (2) |
| [Armenian](#hy) (17) |
| [Assamese](#as) (3) |
| [Avar or Avaric](#av) (1) |
| [Azerbaijani or Azeri](#az) (3) |
| [Basque, Euskara or Euskera](#eu) (21) |
| [Bengali or Bangla](#bn) (9) |
| [Breton](#br) (3) |
| [Bulgarian](#bg) (19) |
| [Catalan](#ca) (51) |
| [Chinese, Mandarin](#zh) (27) |
| [Chinese, Yue or Cantonese](#zh-yue) (11) |
| [Croatian, Serbian and Bosnian](#sh) (36) |
| [Czech](#cs) (154) |
| [Danish](#da) (33) |
| [Dutch](#nl) (172) |
| [Emilian and Romagnol](#eml) (6) |
| [English](#en) (593) |
| [Esperanto](#eo) (23) |
| [Estonian](#et) (23) |
| [Finnish](#fi) (82 / 9 audio) |
| [French](#fr) (200) |
| [French Creole](#cpf) (5) |
| [Frisian](#fy) (4) |
| [Fulah, Fulani or Peulh](#ff) (1) |
| [Ga](#gaa) (1) |
| [Galician](#gl) (6) |
| [Ganda or Luganda](#lug) (4) |
| [Georgian or Kartveli](#ka) (25) |
| [German](#de) (364) |
| [Greek, Ancient](#grc) (3) |
| [Greek, Modern](#el) (44) |
| [Guarani](#gn) (2) |
|
| |
| --- |
| [Gujarati](#gu) (8) |
| [Hausa](#ha) (4) |
| [Hawaiian](#haw) (1) |
| [Hebrew](#he) (39) |
| [Hebrew, Ancient](#hbo) (2) |
| [Hindi](#hi) (24) |
| [Hungarian](#hu) (75) |
| [Ibanag or Ybanag](#ibg) (4) |
| [Icelandic](#is) (13) |
| [Igbo or Ibo](#ibo) (3) |
| [Indonesian](#in) (41) |
| [Irish](#ga) (17) |
| [Italian](#it) (96) |
| [Japanese](#ja) (40) |
| [Javanese](#jw) (13) |
| [Jersey](#jersey) (22) |
| [Kannada or Kanarese](#kn) (9) |
| [Kazakh](#kk) (3) |
| [Kikuyu](#ki) (14) |
| [Korean](#ko) (12) |
| [Kurdish](#ku) (4) |
| [Latin](#la) (37) |
| [Latvian](#lv) (16) |
| [Letzeburgesch or Luxembourgish](#lb) (4) |
| [Lithuanian](#lt) (12) |
| [Loglan or Lojban](#jbo) (7) |
| [Lombard](#lmo) (4) |
| [Luo or Dholuo](#luo) (3) |
| [Madurese or Madura](#mad) (2) |
| [Malay](#ms) (13) |
| [Malayalam](#ml) (16) |
| [Maltese](#mt) (17) |
| [Maori](#mi) (1) |
| [Marathi](#mr) (9) |
| [Mizo, Lushai or Lusei](#lus) (1) |
| [Mongolian](#mn) (5) |
| [Norwegian](#no) (63 / 6 audio) |
| [Occitan or Gascon](#oc-gsc) (3) |
| [Panjabi or Punjabi](#pa) (8) |
| [Pashto or Pushto](#ps) (3) |
|
| |
| --- |
| [Persian or Farsi](#fa) (21) |
| [Polish](#pl) (80) |
| [Portuguese](#pt) (96) |
| [Rhaeto-Romance or Romansh](#rm) (3) |
| [Romanian](#ro) (35) |
| [Russian](#ru) (93) |
| [Rwanda or Kinyarwanda](#rw) (2) |
| [Sardinian](#sc) (3) |
| [Scots or Scottisch](#sco) (4) |
| [Scottish Gaelic](#gd) (6) |
| [Shona](#sn) (2) |
| [Sicilian](#scn) (10) |
| [Slovak](#sk) (41) |
| [Slovenian or Slovene](#sl) (17) |
| [Soga, Lusoga, Olusoga](#xog) (3) |
| [Somali](#so) (11) |
| [Sorbian, Upper](#hsb) (3) |
| [Spanish](#es) (171) |
| [Sukuma](#suk) (1) |
| [Swahili](#sw) (15) |
| [Swedish](#sv) (45) |
| [Tagalog or Filipino](#tl) (33) |
| [Tamil](#ta) (15) |
| [Telugu](#te) (11) |
| [Thai](#th) (13) |
| [Tibetan, Central or Bhotia](#bo) (1) |
| [Turkish](#tr) (38) |
| [Ukrainian](#uk) (9) |
| [Urdu](#ur) (16) |
| [Uzbek](#uz) (104) |
| [Vietnamese](#vi) (22) |
| [Visayan or Cebuano](#ceb) (6) |
| [Welsh](#cy) (10 / 1 audio) |
| [Wolof](#wo) (3) |
| [Xhosa or IsiXhosa](#xh) (11 / 2 audio) |
| [Yiddish](#yi) (2) |
| [Yoruba](#yo) (8) |
| [Zulu](#zu) (5) |
|
Please click on a language to view the tongue twisters!
---
**Tongue-twister**:
"A sequence of words, often alliterative, difficult to articulate quickly." *(Oxford English Dictionary)*
**Shibboleth**:
"A word or phrase used as a test for detecting foreigners, or persons from another district, by their pronunciation." *(OED)*
**Battologism**:
A phrase or sentence built by (tiresome) repetition of the same words or sounds.
---
Compilation © 1996-2018 by [Mr.Twister](mailto:MR.TWISTER_at_tongue-twister.net?SUBJECT=TONGUE-TWISTER-PAGE).
---
This index file contains one tongue twister for each language.
More tongue twisters can be accessed over links under each language,
where you can also find the credits and some rough translations. |
| |
| --- |
| Acholi, Acoli or LwoLagwok gwokke; Ogwok gwoke lagwok.
[ [more Acholi, Acoli or Lwo tongue twisters](ach.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
| |
| --- |
| AfrikaansWat was was voor was was was?
[ [more Afrikaans tongue twisters](af.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
| |
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| Akan or AsanteKwaa Paa ko pam kohunu mampam.
Gyae pam ko pam mampam.
Mampam foro pam na ampa?
[ [more Akan or Asante tongue twisters](ak.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| AlbanianShishja ishte në shesh dhe shishet ishin në sheshe.
[ [more Albanian tongue twisters](sq.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| AlurAgwarawangawendo ogwaro wang awendo
[ [more Alur tongue twisters](alz.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Amharic, Ethiopian or AmarignaBe bug bate, bug geba.
[ [more Amharic, Ethiopian or Amarigna tongue twisters](am.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Arabicimageal mesh'mesh dah mish mien meshmeshkum wikamah al mesh'mesh dah mish mien meshmeshnah.
[ [more Arabic tongue twisters](ar.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| AragoneseBaxa t'abaxo lo faxo xuto de buxo y traye lo trallo tallau y trestallau.
[ [more Aragonese tongue twisters](an.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| ArmenianÕÕ¡ÕµÕ¿ÖÕ¸ÖÕ«Õ¯Õ¨ ÖÕ¸ÖÕ¥Ö ÖÕ¡ÕµÕ¿Õ« ÖÕ¿Õ¡Õ® ÖÕ¸ÖÕ¨:P'aytp'oriky' p'orec p'ayti p'tac' p'ory':
Hübschmann-Meillet: PâaytpâorikÇ pâorecâ pâayti pâtac pâorÇ:
[ [more Armenian tongue twisters](hy.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| AssameseBogakoi Bogoli Boholai Bohise Bolukat Biyoli Bela.
[ [more Assamese tongue twisters](as.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Avar or AvaricÑнкÑазаÑалда ÑнкÑнÑcиÑлда ÑнкÑоÑлда ÑнкÑо кÑвеÑÐºÑ ÐºÑвакÑвалебÑго кÑода гÑоÑкÑUnqʼazaralda unqʼnusiyalda unqʼoyalda unqʼo qʼwerqʼ qʼwaqʼwalebugo Æʼoda É£orÆʼ.
[ [more Avar or Avaric tongue twisters](av.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Azerbaijani or AzeriGetdim gordum bir derede bir berber bir berberi ber-ber byirdir. Dedim ay berber niye bu berberi ber-ber beyirdirsen? Dedi buberber oglu men berber oglun ber-ber beyirdmeseydi men berber oglu bu berber oglun ber-ber beyirdmezdim.
[ [more Azerbaijani or Azeri tongue twisters](az.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Basque, Euskara or EuskeraAkerrak adarrak okerrak ditu. Okerrak adarrak akerrak ditu.
[ [more Basque, Euskara or Euskera tongue twisters](eu.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Bengali or Banglaimagechacha chnacha chata chnechona, aa-chnacha chata chnacho
[ [more Bengali or Bangla tongue twisters](bn.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| BretonCâhwecâh mercâh gwercâh war câhwecâh marcâh kallocâh o tougen câhwecâh sacâh kercâh.
[ [more Breton tongue twisters](br.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| BulgarianÐеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð»ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð»ÐµÑе, по ÑÑи пÑÑÑа пÑеплиÑа, пÑез ÑÑи плеÑа пÑеплиÑа. ÐлеÑи ÐеÑÑе плеÑа, подпÑи ÐеÑÑе плеÑа, падна ÐеÑÑе плеÑа!Petr plet plete, po tri pleta preplita, prez tri pleta preplita. Pleti Petre pleta, podri Petre pleta, padna Petre pleta!
[ [more Bulgarian tongue twisters](bg.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| CatalanCom a ploure, prou que plou, Pau, però plou poc.
[ [more Catalan tongue twisters](ca.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Chinese, Mandarinåè¡èä¸åè¡èç®ï¼
ä¸åè¡èååè¡èç®chÄ« pútáo bù tÇ pútáo pÃ
bù chÄ« pútáo dà o tÇ pútáo pÃ.
[ [more Chinese, Mandarin tongue twisters](zh.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Chinese, Yue or Cantoneseç½ç³ç½åæ»
æ¬ä¾ç½ç³æç½å¡
ç½ç³å¡ç½ç³æ
ç½ç³æç½å¡
æ好ç½ç³å¡
ç½å¡ç½åæ»baak6 sek6 baak6 jau6 waat6
bun1 loi4 baak6 sek6 daap2 baak6 t'aap2
baak6 sek6 t'aap2 baak6 sek6 daap2
baak6 sek6 daap2 baak6 t'aap2
daap2 hou5 baak6 sek6 t'aap2
baak6 t'aap3 baak6 jau6 waat6
[ [more Chinese, Yue or Cantonese tongue twisters](zh-yue.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Croatian, Serbian and BosnianNa vrh brda vrba mrda.
[ [more Croatian, Serbian and Bosnian tongue twisters](sh.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| CzechTÅista tÅicet tÅi stÅÃbrných stÅÃkaÄek stÅÃkalo pÅes tÅista tÅicet tÅi stÅÃbrných stÅech.
[ [more Czech tongue twisters](cs.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| DanishBispens gipsgebis
[ [more Danish tongue twisters](da.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| DutchLeentje leerde Lotje lopen op de lange Lindelaan.
Maar toen Lotje niet wilde lopen liet Leentje Lotje staan.
[ [more Dutch tongue twisters](nl.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Emilian and RomagnolCh'âs léssi ch'l à cl óss!Bolognese from Bologna
[ [more Emilian and Romagnol tongue twisters](eml.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| EnglishPeter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked. If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, Where's the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?
[ [more English tongue twisters](en.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| EsperantoÄu Åi Äiam Äe Äio ruÄiÄas?
[ [more Esperanto tongue twisters](eo.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| EstonianJõeäärne õueaiamaa
[ [more Estonian tongue twisters](et.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| FinnishVesihiisi sihisi hississä
[click to hear](media/fin00001.mp3)[ [more Finnish tongue twisters](fi.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| FrenchUn chasseur sachant chasser sait chasser sans son chien de chasse.
[ [more French tongue twisters](fr.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| French CreoleKa féfé fè fifi fè fofo fè kafé for fè?from Guadeloupe
[ [more French Creole tongue twisters](cpf.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| FrisianBûter, brea en griene tsiis
Hwa dat net sizze kin
is gjin oprjochte Fries.
[ [more Frisian tongue twisters](fy.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Fulah, Fulani or PeulhNyaamo nyaanya nano
Nano nyaanya nyaamofrom Niger
[ [more Fulah, Fulani or Peulh tongue twisters](ff.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| GaKe oke okoo, mo ko ko ke ya shi ko ko ko.
[ [more Ga tongue twisters](gaa.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| GalicianDebaixo dunha pipa tinta hai unha pita pinta; cando a pipa tinta pinga, a pita pinta pia.
[ [more Galician tongue twisters](gl.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Ganda or LugandaAkawala akaawa Kaawa akaawakaawa ka wa?from Tuula Tuwaye: Ekitabo ky'Ebitontome by F.X. Mbaziira quoted on www.buganda.com
[ [more Ganda or Luganda tongue twisters](lug.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Georgian or Kartveliááá§áá§á á¬á§ááá¨á á§áá§ááááá¡bakaki tskalshi kikinebs.
[ [more Georgian or Kartveli tongue twisters](ka.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| GermanBei Leid lieh stets Heil die Lieb'.a palindrom
[ [more German tongue twisters](de.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Greek, Ancient... λαληθηÏεÏαι Ïοι Ïι Ïε δει Ïοιειν.Î ÏÎ±Î¾ÎµÎ¹Ï ÎÏοÏÏολÏν 9.6
[ [more Greek, Ancient tongue twisters](grc.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Greek, ModernÎ ÏαÏÎ¬Ï Î¿ ÏαÏÏÏ ÎÏαγε ÏαÏιά Ïακή. ÎιαÏί, ÏαÏά ÏαÏÏ, ÎÏÎ±Î³ÎµÏ ÏαÏιά Ïακή;O papas o pakhus efage paceia faki. Giati, papa pakhu, efages pakheia faki;
[ [more Greek, Modern tongue twisters](el.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| GuaraniApyka puku kupépe, aguapy apuka puku.
[ [more Guarani tongue twisters](gn.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Gujaratiશà«àª°à«àª¤àª¿ નૠપà«àª¤à«àª°à« àªà«àª¤àª¿Shruti ni putri Kruti.
[ [more Gujarati tongue twisters](gu.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| HausaTun dà Tab'à a ta kèe bà tà tab'à tab'à taabà a ba.
[ [more Hausa tongue twisters](ha.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| HawaiianHele wawai o ka malamalama, ka malamalama, o ka malamalama, hele wawai o ka malamalama, ka malamalama o ke Akua.
[ [more Hawaiian tongue twisters](haw.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| HebrewimageShelama Shlomo Shalem Simla Shlaima?
[ [more Hebrew tongue twisters](he.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Hebrew, AncientSHIR HA-SHIRIM 'ASHER LI-SHLOMO, ISHAQENI MI-NSHIQOT PIHU.from The Song of Salomon 1:1-2
[ [more Hebrew, Ancient tongue twisters](hbo.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Hindiimageek ooncha oont hai, poochh oonchi oont ki, poochh se bhi oonchi kya, peeth oonchi oont ki
[ [more Hindi tongue twisters](hi.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| HungarianMeggymag! SzelÃd meggymag vagy, vagy vad meggymag vagy?
[ [more Hungarian tongue twisters](hu.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Ibanag or YbanagNakattu y kuku', nakattu y kuku', nakattu y kuku'.
[ [more Ibanag or Ybanag tongue twisters](ibg.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| IcelandicÃað fer nú að verða verra ferðaveðrið
[ [more Icelandic tongue twisters](is.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Igbo or IboUkochukwu Okechukwu kwulu okwu chukwu n'ulo chukwu di na Arochukwu.
[ [more Igbo or Ibo tongue twisters](ibo.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| IndonesianKuku kaki kakak kakak ku kayak kuku kaki kakek kakek ku.
[ [more Indonesian tongue twisters](in.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| IrishTá ceann tuà ar trà thigh atá thÃos le taobh na toinne.
[ [more Irish tongue twisters](ga.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| ItalianTrentatré Trentini entrarono a Trento, tutti e trentatré, trotterellando.
[ [more Italian tongue twisters](it.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| JapaneseKaeru pyoko-pyoko mi pyoko-pyoko awasete pyoko-pyoko mu pyoko-pyoko.
[ [more Japanese tongue twisters](ja.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| JavaneseGrobak numplak gupak glepung.
[ [more Javanese tongue twisters](jw.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| JerseyMes moûques à myi m'êmoûquent un mio.
[ [more Jersey tongue twisters](jersey.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Kannada or KanareseBankapurada kempu kunkuma, bankapurada kempu kunkuma, bankapurada kempu kunkuma, ...
[ [more Kannada or Kanarese tongue twisters](kn.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| KazakhÐеÑен же, жемеÑен жеме.Zhesen zhe, zhemesen zheme.
[ [more Kazakh tongue twisters](kk.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| KikuyuCucu ciana ciothe cia cukuru cianyua cai cianina.
[ [more Kikuyu tongue twisters](ki.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Koreanimagenaygah gerleen geeleen gerleemern jahl gerleen geeleen gerleemeego naegah gerleen geeleen gerleemern moht saengeen geeleen gerleemeeda
[ [more Korean tongue twisters](ko.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| KurdishÃume çemmî Ãeqan, Ãeqel çeltûkî eteqan.
[ [more Kurdish tongue twisters](ku.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| LatinCane decane, cane!
Non de cane, cane decane cane;
decano, cane decane cane.from an old priest
[ [more Latin tongue twisters](la.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| LatvianDzÄ«vÄ dzÄ«vo dzÄ«vu dzÄ«vi!
DzÄ«vam dzÄ«vÄ dzÄ«va dzÄ«ve.
[ [more Latvian tongue twisters](lv.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Letzeburgesch or LuxembourgishHengen hiren Haari heet Houltz
hannert hierem hei'gen Haus.
Hien hei'ert honnert hongrech
Holzemer Houe'sen houschten.
[ [more Letzeburgesch or Luxembourgish tongue twisters](lb.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| LithuanianÅ eÅ¡ios žÄ
sys su Å¡eÅ¡iais žÄ
siukais.
[ [more Lithuanian tongue twisters](lt.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Loglan or Lojbanle crisa srasu cu rirci crinoby Michael Helsem
[ [more Loglan or Lojban tongue twisters](jbo.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Lombard- Ti che të tachët i tacch, tachëm i tacch!
- Mi tacatt i tacch a ti, che të tachët i tacch?
- Táchëti ti i to tacch, ti che të tachët i tacch.Western Lombard
[ [more Lombard tongue twisters](lmo.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Luo or DholuoAtud tond atong'a tond atong'a chodi.
[ [more Luo or Dholuo tongue twisters](luo.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Madurese or MaduraBadha beddena bedde' bedde.
[ [more Madurese or Madura tongue twisters](mad.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| MalayBuaya biawak, buaya biawak, buaya biawak, ...
[ [more Malay tongue twisters](ms.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| MalayalamManasilakathathu manasilayennu paranjal, manasilayathukoodi manasilakathe pookum. Manasilayoo?
[ [more Malayalam tongue twisters](ml.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| MaltesePlatt fuq platt, platt taht platt.
[ [more Maltese tongue twisters](mt.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| MaoriTaumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahuname of a hill (300 m) in the neighbourhood of Waipukurau, Central Hawkeâs Bay, North Island, New Zealand
[ [more Maori tongue twisters](mi.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| MarathiimageChaduchya chachane chanduchya chandal chahadkhor chachila chandichya chakchakit chamchyane chaligaonchya chandni chowkat charda chawishta chatni chakhwalee.
[ [more Marathi tongue twisters](mr.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Mizo, Lushai or Lusei
[ [more Mizo, Lushai or Lusei tongue twisters](lus.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| MongolianArban tabon targon tarlan Hara sarlog on tarag ii Tarag bishi gezo es oogogaad Ugere yamar arban tabon Targon tarlan hara sarlog on Tarag ii mun gezo oogaho boi?
[ [more Mongolian tongue twisters](mn.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| NorwegianIbsens ripsbusker og andre buskvekster.
[ [more Norwegian tongue twisters](no.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Occitan or GasconTap tarat taparà , tap pas tarat taparà pas.from the Gascogne, France
[ [more Occitan or Gascon tongue twisters](oc-gsc.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Panjabi or PunjabiDubba Tuppu Khal Tappe Tup Dubbe Tuppuah.
[ [more Panjabi or Punjabi tongue twisters](pa.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Pashto or Pushtodaka dewa tol thail thal
[ [more Pashto or Pushto tongue twisters](ps.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Persian or FarsiShish sikh jigar sikhi shi shezar
[ [more Persian or Farsi tongue twisters](fa.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| PolishW Szczebrzeszynie chrzÄ
szcz brzmi w trzcinie,
i Szczebrzeszyn z tego sÅynie.from the poem "ChrzÄ
szcz" by Jan Brzechwa
[ [more Polish tongue twisters](pl.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| PortugueseCompadre compre pouca capa parda porque quem pouca capa parda compra pouca capa parda gasta. Eu pouca capa parda comprei e pouca capa parda gastei.
[ [more Portuguese tongue twisters](pt.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Rhaeto-Romance or RomanshChi chi tschercha chatta.Lower Engadin dialect (Vallader)
[ [more Rhaeto-Romance or Romansh tongue twisters](rm.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| RomanianCapra neagrÄ-n piatrÄ sare. Piatra crapÄ-n patru. CrapÄ capul caprei negre precum piatra crapÄ-n patru.
[ [more Romanian tongue twisters](ro.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| RussianШла СаÑа по ÑоÑÑе и ÑоÑала ÑÑÑкÑ.Shla Sasha po shosse i sosala sushku.
[ [more Russian tongue twisters](ru.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Rwanda or KinyarwandaIbibiribiri bibiri biri mu murima wa Mubirigi. Hari umugabo wo kwica ibibiribiri bibibri!
[ [more Rwanda or Kinyarwanda tongue twisters](rw.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| SardinianE chà n'e' chà na chà no.
[ [more Sardinian tongue twisters](sc.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Scots or ScottischIt's a braw bricht moonlicht nicht the nicht.
[ [more Scots or Scottisch tongue twisters](sco.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Scottish GaelicCha robh laogh ruadh riamh luath, is cha robh laogh luath riamh reamhar.
[ [more Scottish Gaelic tongue twisters](gd.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| ShonaVasati vasvika paSvondo, tsvaira masvosve nemutsvairo waSvosve.
[ [more Shona tongue twisters](sn.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| SicilianSasà si susi ai sei. Sù i sei e sei, cusà si Sasà si susiu ai sei?
[ [more Sicilian tongue twisters](scn.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| SlovakV naÅ¡ej peci myÅ¡i piÅ¡tia, v naÅ¡ej peci psÃk spÃ.
[ [more Slovak tongue twisters](sk.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Slovenian or SloveneOd Ježce Äez Stožce po rožce.
[ [more Slovenian or Slovene tongue twisters](sl.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Soga, Lusoga, OlusogaAbaidu Ba Isabaidu baidye bwide nga badalimira mu biidi biidhi by'embiidhi ebiri emiyandu bwa Isabaidu.
[ [more Soga, Lusoga, Olusoga tongue twisters](xog.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| SomaliMar iswad, mar iwad! Mar iswad, mar iwad! Mar iswad, mar iwad!
[ [more Somali tongue twisters](so.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Sorbian, UpperDźiÄe, dźÄÄi, z DźisÅawkec dźÄdom dom!from "Obersorbisch im Selbststudium", Domowina-Verlag Bautzen
[ [more Sorbian, Upper tongue twisters](hsb.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| SpanishTres tristes tigres tragaban trigo en un trigal en tres tristes trastos. En tres tristes trastos tragaban trigo tres tristes tigres.
[ [more Spanish tongue twisters](es.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| SukumaNani na nani nangi nanh'we naungi nani.
[ [more Sukuma tongue twisters](suk.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| SwahiliMbuzi hali nazi kwa vile hawezi kupanda ngazi ndipo azifikie nazi.
[ [more Swahili tongue twisters](sw.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| SwedishSju skönsjungande sjuksköterskor skötte sjuttiosju sjösjuka sjömän på skeppet "Shanghai".
[ [more Swedish tongue twisters](sv.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Tagalog or FilipinoButiki, bituka, butika
[ [more Tagalog or Filipino tongue twisters](tl.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| TamilOdara nariyila oru nari kizha nari kizhanari mudugula oru pidi nira mayir.
[ [more Tamil tongue twisters](ta.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| TeluguKekeeka kekiki kaaka kaakiki vuntundaa?
[ [more Telugu tongue twisters](te.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| Thaià¸à¸¥à¹à¸§à¸¢à¸à¸²à¸à¸µà¸à¸¥à¸²à¸¢à¸«à¸§à¸µà¹à¸«à¸µà¹à¸¢à¸§ หิà¹à¸§à¸«à¸§à¸µà¹à¸ หิà¹à¸§à¸«à¸§à¸µà¸¡à¸² à¹à¸«à¸¥à¸·à¸à¸«à¸§à¸µà¹à¸à¸µà¸¢à¸§Gluai taa nii plaai wii hiao, hiu wii pai hiu wii maa luea wii diao.
[ [more Thai tongue twisters](th.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
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| --- |
| Tibetan, Central or BhotiaRa Rago Riri Re, Lug Rago Lebleb Re
[ [more Tibetan, Central or Bhotia tongue twisters](bo.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
| |
| --- |
| TurkishBu yoÄurdu sarımsaklasak da mı saklasak, sarımsaklamasak da mı saklasak?
[ [more Turkish tongue twisters](tr.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
| |
| --- |
| UkrainianÐавилиÑÑ Ð² бÑÑднÑй баÑÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ð° бобÑи бÑÑнаÑно-бÑÑÑ.
- "ÐÑавда добÑе, дÑÑже бобÑе?"
- "ÐÑже добÑе, бÑаÑе бобÑе!"
[ [more Ukrainian tongue twisters](uk.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
| |
| --- |
| UrduChunnu kay chacha ne, chunnu ki chachi ko,chandni raat mein,chandi ki chamach se,chatni chatai.
[ [more Urdu tongue twisters](ur.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
| |
| --- |
| UzbekToâti tutgan toârtta toâti toârda turibdi.
[ [more Uzbek tongue twisters](uz.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
| |
| --- |
| VietnameseBà Ba béo bán bánh bò, bán bòn bon, bán bong bóng, bên bá» biá»n, bả bá» bá» binh bắt ba bá»n báºn.
[ [more Vietnamese tongue twisters](vi.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
| |
| --- |
| Visayan or Cebuanoang balay ni libay libat
[ [more Visayan or Cebuano tongue twisters](ceb.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
| |
| --- |
| WelshLlongyfarchiadau llanciau Llanelli.
[ [more Welsh tongue twisters](cy.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
| |
| --- |
| WolofTuki fuki buki gudi Tuki fuki buki becheck
[ [more Wolof tongue twisters](wo.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
| |
| --- |
| Xhosa or IsiXhosaizolo bendiye kulo Mabuqubuqwana, uMabuqubuqwana wandibuquza ngeqakath' enqayini ndaqond' uba 'nd'zo mbuquz' engandiqondi nje!
[click to hear](media/xho00002.mp3)[ [more Xhosa or IsiXhosa tongue twisters](xh.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
| |
| --- |
| YiddishFir Funr Forn Firn Korn, Barg Arup un Barg Arip.
[ [more Yiddish tongue twisters](yi.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
| |
| --- |
| Yoruba
[ [more Yoruba tongue twisters](yo.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
| |
| --- |
| ZuluIngqeqebulane yaqaqela uqhoqhoqho, uqhoqhoqho waqaqela iqaqa, iqaqa laqalaza.
[ [more Zulu tongue twisters](zu.htm) | [Back to index](#top) ] |
| |
| --- |
| Please send me an [email](mailto:[email protected]?SUBJECT=TONGUE-TWISTER-PAGE) if you find a typo.
[Send your contribution in any language](form.htm).
Please send the original plus a translation if the original is not in English, German, Russian, Spanish, French, or Italian.
Please send your tongue twisters using this [form](form.htm)!
Links* [Ethnologue: Languages of the World](http://www.ethnologue.com)* [Omniglot: writing systems & languages of the world](http://www.omniglot.com)* [Unicode fonts](http://www.unicode.org)
---
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| [Send a new tongue twister](form.htm) ]
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<td><a href="Elements/003/index.html"><img alt="Lithium" src="tp.gif" width="64" height="64" hspace="0" vspace="0" border="0" onMouseOver="lid('3'); return true"></a></td>
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The Photographic Periodic Table of the Elements
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| [Hydrogen](Elements/001/index.html) | | | | | | | | | [Helium](Elements/002/index.html) | | |
| [Lithium](Elements/003/index.html) | [Beryllium](Elements/004/index.html) | | [Boron](Elements/005/index.html) | [Carbon](Elements/006/index.html) | [Nitrogen](Elements/007/index.html) | [Oxygen](Elements/008/index.html) | [Fluorine](Elements/009/index.html) | [Neon](Elements/010/index.html) | | |
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| [Rubidium](Elements/037/index.html) | [Strontium](Elements/038/index.html) | [Yttrium](Elements/039/index.html) | [Zirconium](Elements/040/index.html) | [Niobium](Elements/041/index.html) | [Molybdenum](Elements/042/index.html) | [Technetium](Elements/043/index.html) | [Ruthenium](Elements/044/index.html) | [Rhodium](Elements/045/index.html) | [Palladium](Elements/046/index.html) | [Silver](Elements/047/index.html) | [Cadmium](Elements/048/index.html) | [Indium](Elements/049/index.html) | [Tin](Elements/050/index.html) | [Antimony](Elements/051/index.html) | [Tellurium](Elements/052/index.html) | [Iodine](Elements/053/index.html) | [Xenon](Elements/054/index.html) | | |
| [Cesium](Elements/055/index.html) | [Barium](Elements/056/index.html) |
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| [Lanthanum](Elements/057/index.html) | [Cerium](Elements/058/index.html) | [Praseodymium](Elements/059/index.html) | [Neodymium](Elements/060/index.html) |
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| [Francium](Elements/087/index.html) | [Radium](Elements/088/index.html) |
| | | | |
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| [Actinium](Elements/089/index.html) | [Thorium](Elements/090/index.html) | [Protactinium](Elements/091/index.html) | [Uranium](Elements/092/index.html) |
| [Neptunium](Elements/093/index.html) | [Plutonium](Elements/094/index.html) | [Americium](Elements/095/index.html) | [Curium](Elements/096/index.html) |
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| [Rutherfordium](Elements/104/index.html) | [Dubnium](Elements/105/index.html) | [Seaborgium](Elements/106/index.html) | [Bohrium](Elements/107/index.html) | [Hassium](Elements/108/index.html) | [Meitnerium](Elements/109/index.html) | [Darmstadtium](Elements/110/index.html) | [Roentgenium](Elements/111/index.html) | [Copernicium](Elements/112/index.html) | [Nihonium](Elements/113/index.html) | [Flerovium](Elements/114/index.html) | [Moscovium](Elements/115/index.html) | [Livermorium](Elements/116/index.html) | [Tennessine](Elements/117/index.html) | [Oganesson](Elements/118/index.html) | | |
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<html>
<head>
<title>Ed's Nike Missile Web Site</title>
<meta name="description" content="Nike Antiaircraft Missile computer & radar MIM-3 MIM-14 rocket defense">
<meta name="keywords" content="Nike radar technical missile Ajax Hercules
MIM-3 MIM-14 rocket defense">
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<body bgcolor="#EFFFFF" link="#0000FF" vlink="#FF0000" alink="#008000">
<font size="+1">
<blockquote>
<center>
<h1> Ed Thelen's Nike Missile Web Site
</h1>
[email protected]
<br>
<table cellpadding=5 >
<TD>
<table cellpadding=5 >
<td>
<A HREF="pics3/FairAdminHarvard.jpg"><Img src="pics3/FairAdminHarvard-t.jpg" >
<td>
<A href="pics5/AlbertaOil.mp4"><img src="pics5/AlbertaOil.jpg" height=90 ></a>
<BR><font size="+1">Alberta Oil
<td>
<A HREF="pics3/Inflation-b.jpeg"><Img src="pics3/Inflation-t.jpeg" height=90 ></A>
<BR><font size="+1">Buys a cup of coffee</A>
<td>
<A HREF="pics6/HerdDumbLeader.jpg"><Img src="pics6/HerdDumbLeader.jpg" height=100 ></A>
</table>
<tr>
<table cellpadding=5 border >
<tD><font size="+1">
"Peace in our time"?? - Russia invades Ukraine, China threatens Taiwan.
<BR>United Nations Security Council,
the 5 members with veto power
<BR> include Russia & China
<br>Russia is attacking Ukraine, <A href="pics6/UkraineDesirable.html">Ukraine is so desirable</A>
<BR>China threatens Tiawan, <A href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSMC">Taiwan has TSMC</A>
<BR></FONT> The Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC),
<BR> is the world's largest, best, and most valuable semiconductor manufacturer.
<HR width=90%>
<font size="+1">
China makes
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_steel_production">12 times more steel</A>
and burns <A href="https://www.globaldata.com/data-insights/mining/the-top-five-coal-producing-countries-million-tonnes-2021/">
7 times as much coal</A> than the U.S.
<BR>If the U.S. gets into a serious war, it will have to import more steel from China.
</table>
</table>
<P>
</center>
<a href="new.html"><b>Visiting again? - updates</a></b>
<P>
<a href="#TOC"><b>Table of Contents</b></a>.
<A HREF="0IWantMap.jpg"><img src="0IWantMap.jpg" align=left height=80 ></A>
This site presents a great deal of
<b>Nike Hercules
<a href="#h-history">historical</a>,
<a href="#h-technical">technical</a></b> and
<a href="#h-operational"><b>operational</b></a>
information
and provides extensive links to Nike related
<a href="related.html"><b>books, documents</b></a>,
<a href="museums.html"><b>museums</b></a>
and to other
<a href="favorite.html"><b>Nike related web sites</b></a>.
This site also provides a
<a href="t_tour.html"><b>photographic tour of Nike site SF-88</b></a>
(being restored),
<a href="loc.html">location and status of <b>Nike sites</b></a>,
and a
<a href="ppl.html">List of <b>Nike People</b></a>,
some <a href="#h-documents"> <b>on-line documents</b></a>,
a <a href="BulletinBoard.html"><b>bulletin board</b></a>,
a <a href="#search"><b>search</b></a>, a <a href="exchange.html"><b>Photo Exchange</b></a>,
an <a href="faq.html"><b>FAQ</b></a>,
and a variety of other features.
<BR> 2019, the Russians are
<A HREF="https://video.foxnews.com/v/6039941240001/#sp=show-clips"> playing "games" again</A>.
<P>
<a name="TOC">
<HR>
<P>
<a name="related">
<b>Table of Contents</b>
<table cellpadding="5" border="" width="90%" align="center">
<td width=50% ><font size="+1">
<ul>
<li> <a href="#intro"><b>Introduction</b></a>
<li> <a href="#brochures"><b>Colorful Pictures, Movies, Brochures</b></a>
<li> <a href="#h-history"><b>Nike History</b></a>
<li> <a href="#h-technical"><b>Nike Site Technical information</b></a>,
<a href="#Intercept"><b>Intercept</b></a>
<li> <a href="#h-operational"><b>Nike Operational information</b></a>
<li> <b><a href="loc.html">Nike Locations</a></b>
<LI> <b><a href="ppl.html">Nike People</a></b>
<li> <a href="related.html"><b>Books & Manuals</b></a>, <a href="#h-documents"><b>On-Line documents</b></a>
<li> <a href="#places"><b>Places to visit, physical and on-line</b></a>,
<li> <a href="#P&TR"><b>People and Trip Reports</b></a>,
<LI> <A href="Nike-SF-88Maint/Nike-SF-88-Maintenance.html"><B>SF-88-Maintenance</B></A>
</UL>
<td width=50% ><font size="+1">
<UL>
<li> <a href="favorite.html"><b>Nike related web sites</b></a>
<li> <a href="faq.html">FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions</a>
<li> <a href="#story-group"><b>Stories, Questions</b></a>
<li> <a href="#other"><b>Other</b></a> & <a href="#Veteran">Thanking Veterans</a>
<li> <a href="#search"><b>Search Function</b></a>
<li> <a href="BulletinBoard.html"><b>Bulletin Board</b></a>
<li> <a href="BulletinBoard.html#forsale"><b>Items, Wanted or for Sale</b></a>
<li> <a href="#diagram"><b>General diagram of a Nike Hercules site.</b></a>
<li> To <a href="ppl.html#list">List yourself or update e-mail address</a>
<LI> <A HreF="#Comments">Comments on today's world</A>
<LI> <A HREF="#More">More (non-Nike) topics</A>
</UL>
</table>
<a name="search">
<!-- Search Google -->
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maxlength="255" value="" />
<input type="submit" value="Google Search" /></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" style="font-size:75%">
<input type="radio" name="sitesearch" value="" />The Web
<input type="radio" name="sitesearch"
value="http://ed-thelen.org/" checked /> This web site<br />
</td></tr></table>
</div>
</form>
<!-- Search Google -->
<P>
<A name="fun">
<B>gotta have a little fun</B>
<table cellpadding=5 border width=90% align=center >
<TD><A Href="pics5/NH1-1.jpg"><img src="pics5/NH1-1.jpg" height=100 >
<tD><font size="+1">
<center>
<B>(Model) Nike Launches from BA-79 just outside of Baltimore</B>
<BR>from <A HREF="mailto:[email protected]">David Zuchero</a> - Jun 22, 2020
</center>
<P>
I am working with a group of volunteers who are restoring BA-79 just outside of Baltimore.
Last week I launched a scale model of the Nike Hercules from BA-79 off of the one of the
elevator doors. Probably the first time any Nike every left the launch site at that base,
lucky for all of us! </td>
</TABLE>
<table cellpadding=5 border width=90% align=center >
<TD><font size="+1">
from JP Moore
<hr width=80%>
This example shows the importance of accuracy in your tax return.
<P>
The IRS has returned the Tax Return to a man in New York City after
he apparently answered one of the questions incorrectly.
<BR>In response to the question, ... "Do you have anyone dependent on you?"
<BR>the man wrote: ... "12 million single mothers, 7.1 million illegal immigrants, 1.1 million crack-heads,
4.4 million unemployable scroungers, 80,000 criminals in over 85 prisons,
plus 450 idiots in Congress and a group that call themselves Politicians."
<P>
The IRS stated that the response he gave was unacceptable.
<P>
The man's response back to the IRS was.... "Who did I leave out?"
</TABLE>
<P>
<A name="Comments">
<B>Comments on today's world</b>
<table cellpadding=5 width=90% align=center >
<TR>
<TD><font size="+1">
<A href="Retirement.html">Why I like retirement</A>
<BR><A HREF="Muslims.html">to help ex-President Obama as he ponders terror</A>,
<A HREF="http://nypost.com/2016/10/06/fbi-agents-are-ready-to-revolt-over-the-cozy-clinton-probe/">FBI</A>,
<A HREF="HarryTruman.html">Harry Truman</A>
<BR><A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3kEpZWGgJks">Civil Asset Forfeiture</A>,
<A HREF="pics/Reality.html">A little Bit of Reality</A>,
<A href="Commentary/Commentary.html">Commentary</A>,
<A HREF="pics/NoFansLeft.html">the NFL</A>,
<A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTOTl2NcP_A">9/11</A>
<BR><A HREF="pics2/ReaganSovietJokes.mp4">Reagan's Soviet Jokes</A>,
<A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTOTl2NcP_A">We Forgot!</A>,
<A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFL6k5yOAFM">Senate Testimony</A>
<BR>"Carbon Footprint" -
<A href="https://worldsteel.org/steel-by-topic/statistics/annual-production-steel-data/P1_crude_steel_total_pub/CHN/IND"> 2021 Steel production</A>,
China produces 52.8% of the world's crude steel.
<BR> 12.0 times the U.S. steel production, which is less than either India or Japan.
<BR> "Green" California buys most of the steel for its bridges and structures from China!
<BR><A HREF="ThomasSowell.html">Thomas Sowell</A>, <A HREF="pics5/CancelCulture.html">Cancel Culture Comes to France</A>,<table cellpadding=5 border width=100%>
Another election year <A HREF="PolitCartoons/PolitCartoons.html">Political Cartoons
</A>
<table cellpadding=5 border >
<tD><font size=+1>
Maybe we are getting the quality of government we pay for?? - as of June 2021
<ol>
<LI>Senior software engineers in San Jose, CA
get an average of $166,452 (indeed.com)
<br> (and can live at home)
<LI>Senators and House Representatives get $174,000 per year.
<br> (and need to live in near Washington DC <U><B>and</b></U> in their home district!)
<br> - My "liberal" friends point out that they also get free haircuts and other "benefits" -
<LI>Senior Major League Baseball umpires can earn upwards of $350,000 per year.
<LI>The president of the U.S. gets $400,000 plus free haircuts ;--)
<BR> - and either protection or abuse from "the media", depending -
<li>Nancy Farber, CEO of our <a href="WashHospital.html">local hospital</A>, got $1,200,835 in 2019
<Br> - I drive extra miles to avoid that screwed up place
<LI>Buster Posey, a SF Giants baseball player, got $22,177,777/year.
<BR> - Enough to pay the salaries of 127 members of Congress
<Br> - In 2020,
<A HREF="https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/29/848083541/nfl-commissioner-gives-up-his-40-million-salary-and-will-cut-league-employees-pa">
Roger Goodell (NFL)</A> was slated to make $40 million
</table>
<table cellpadding=5 border >
<tD><font size=+1>
<center>
<B>!! Disinformation from Copernicus !!</B>
</center>
Consensus of philosophers agree with <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"><B>Aristotle</B></A>.
<BR><B>Disagreeing with Aristotle, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus">Copernicus</A> claims:</B>
<BR> a) The earth turns around once a day.
<BR> b) The earth goes around the sun once a year.
<BR> c) The earth is not the center of the universe.
<BR><B>To halt spread of the above disinformation:</B>
<BR> a) Copernicus book is on the <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum">Forbidden List</A>.
<BR> b) <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordano_Bruno">Giordano Bruno</A> didn't recant - burned alive.
<BR> c) <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei">Galileo</A> recanted - permanent house arrest.
<Br><B>Stamp Out Disinformation and Copernicus
<TD><font size=+1>
Is the <B>DGB</B>
<BR><A href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/05/02/end-the-disinformation-governance-board/">Disinformation Governance Board</A>
<br>replacing the
<br><A href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Inquisition">Roman Inquisition</A> ??
<P>
Sounds like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin">Vladimir Putin</A>'s
<BR> previous employer - the <B>KGB</B>.
<BR>The same <B>KGB</B> of <A href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin">Stalin</A> fame.
</table>
</table>
</center>
<P>
<a name="intro"><b>Introduction</b></a>
<table border="" cellpadding="5" width=90% align=center>
<td><font size="+1">
<B>What Nike is all about</B>
<P>
Created in 2021, an <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6lWDbwmsz9E">excellent 13 minute Youtube</A> by Scott Manley</A>
<BR>Oddly, I can find nothing to quibble about! Very unusual -
<BR>Sott also mentions the WWII German AA rocket, the <A href="http://www.astronautix.com/w/wasserfall.html">Wasserfall</A>,
hand guided, never fielded/used.
<p>
<A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kpHE9O8ckno">Nike Hercules Missile Q5 High Altitude Intercept</A>
- 1.5 minutes
<P>
<A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D_tSIlMdZok">This three minute video</A>
is a (successful :-) test of an early Nike Ajax destroying a radio controlled WW-II B-17.
Later tests verified that the Nike Ajax was also a killer of higher flying sub and supersonic jets
such as used by the Soviet Union.
The next generation was the Nike Hercules which was faster, longer range, and could carry
nuclear warheads to destroy multiple targets.
<BR> The "plotting room" equipment shown in this video must have been an engineering prototype -
Things were much more crowded when installed in the two vans -
among other things, the plotting boards here are horizontal,
in the BC van, they are vertical.
The analog computer operational amplifiers are different,
big tubes here, in the vans they were "miniature" tubes,
and on and on - the zero set switches
(the round spinning things in the analog computer)
were a little different style -
<BR> I think you could say that this equipment was
"re-packaged" for field use.
<TR><td><font size="+1">
Mike Stucka, a staff writer for the Taunton Daily Gazette, was looking for images for a Nike story
and e-mailed
<dd>"This story is interesting, and everyone is so darned helpful."
<br> <i>( That story has disappeared - I should have made a "local copy" ! )</i>
<br>
I thought for a bit and replied:
<dd>"These were good days for lots of now older folks -
<dd> and we were quite proud of
<dd><dd> - the learning experience - some of us even got a little more "mature" ;-))
<dd><dd> - doing something useful - better than flipping hamburgers or selling shoes ?
<br>
"Most look back and smile, and like to share the warm feeling :-))"
</table>
<P>
This site has become a <b>cooperative effort</b> as more than 350 people have
contributed text, stories, ideas, information, and corrections.
<P>
<table width="90%" align="CENTER" border="1" cellpadding="5">
<tr><td><font size="+1">The <b>Nike</b> surface to air missile system was named after the winged goddess
of victory in Greek mythology. Two versions of this system defended the U.S.
and other places from hostile aircraft.
<P>
The 1st version, the <b>Nike Ajax</b>, was deployed
in the U.S. from 1954 to the early 1960s. It had an effective range of 25 miles.
<P>
The 2nd version, the <b>Nike Hercules</b>,
was developed which was faster, had a range of over 75 miles, and had nuclear capability.
The <b>Hercules</b> was deployed starting in 1958.
In 1963, there were 134 Nike Hercules and 77 Nike Ajax batteries defending the U. S.
- as per <a href="related.html#rings">"Rings of Supersonic Steel"</a>.
<P>
Both versions above are made light and transportable by wheeled vehicles, transportable in cargo planes
for "easy" mobility. With practice and preparation, a site could be moved in a long, hard day.
As many parts as practical are made of aluminum or magnesium, the standard power frequency is
400 Hertz (cycles per second) saving iron and weight in transformers and motors as in aircraft.
<P>
The Hercules is still in use
(with an improved computer and a few other enhancements) by several countries today.
</table>
<P>
This web site does not present photos, histories, nor detailed status of most NIKE sites.
I link to other web sites take up that interesting challenge.
<P>
Almost all Nike Hercules related information has been declassified
- the only exceptions are some <a href="ifc_acq.html#ppi">IFF</a>
(Identification Friend or Foe) information, some flight
characteristics, and some <a href="missiles.html#war_head">nuclear warhead</a> information.
This site has a little information on the Nike Ajax, and no information on
<a href="http://www.paineless.id.au/missiles/index.html">Nike Zeus</a> (external link),
also youtube <A href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARx2-wRn9-Y">A 20-year History of Antiballistic Missile Systems</A>.
<P>
I installed and maintained Nike Ajax fire control equipment (radars & computer)
at <a href="ppl-i.html#C-41">Chicago site C-41</a> during 1955-1957.
<a name="deterrent">
Maybe "we" <a href="deterrent.html">deterred</a> "them".
<a name="simulation">
I have served as a volunteer helping restore an old Nike site
<a href="#visit"><b>(SF-88)</b> near San Francisco </a>
for the National Park Service.
<P>
<a href="#photos">About submitting photos</a> to this web site.
<P>
<a name="brochures"><b>Colorful Pictures, Movies, Brochures</b></a>
<HR>
<P>
<center><h2><b>Two "action" pictures and four movies</b></h2></center>
<table width="90%" cellspacing="8" border="1" align="center" cellpadding="5">
<tr> <td><font size="+1"> <b>Hercules Night Launch</b>,<br>
(17 K bytes) <br>
<a href="nike_017.jpg">
<img src="nike_017-t.gif" border="1" alt="[Herc night launch]" width="57" height="70">
<br>
From previous army pictures at <br>
http://www.redstone.army.mil/<br>history/archives/nike_017.jpg.
</a>
<P>
<b>Hercules Day Launch</b>, <br>
(from NAMFI, 32 K bytes) <br>
<a href="nike_kreta1.jpg">
<img src="nike_kreta1-t.gif" border="1" alt="[Herc day NAMFI launch]" width="61" height="54" /><br>
From <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Rolf Dieter G?rigk</a>
<HR>
<b>On-Line Movies</b>
<br>
<a href="http://archive.org/details/nike_ajax_web_1">
Nike Ajax Intercept</a> - 1 minute, Internet Archive
<br>
<a href="http://www.archive.org/details/hercq4intercept">
Nike Hercules Intercept</a> - 1.5 min, Internet Archive
<br>
<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjkckMotBgY">
Hercules Launchs</a> - 6 min, YouTube
<td><font size="+1"> <h3><b>Nike Hercules night launch</b> </h3><br>
The missile (with booster) was launched 0.4 seconds ago, is accelerating at
25 times the force of earth's gravity, has risen 60 feet,
and it is now going 210 miles per hour.
<P>
Four seconds from now, the missile will be: <br>
<UL>
<li>going 1,700 miles per hour straight up,
<li>separated from the booster,
(the black flaming thing with the white fins),
<li>turning (diving) towards the intercept point with the target,
<li>starting the sustainer rocket engine to reach 2,700 miles per hour.
</UL>
If the target is 90 miles approaching at mach 1.5, the missile will
meet the target 60 miles away in 90 seconds.
<P>
The <b>Nike Hercules</b> shown here defended major U.S. target areas against
aircraft attack from 1958 to 1974. It had an effective range of over 75 miles
and a speed of mach 3.6. South Korea has over 200 of these missiles, with
associated radars and guidance systems, currently in service.
<P>
Its predecessor, the smaller <b>Nike Ajax</b>, was in service from 1954
through about 1965. It had a range of 25 miles and a speed of mach 2.5.
</font><tr>
</table>
<P>
<table width="90%">
<tr><td><font size="+1"><center>
<img src="aradcom_thumb.gif" width="87" height="109">
...<img src="nike_thumb.gif" width="95" height="99">
...<img src="bumper1_thumb.gif" width="205" height="74">
</center></font>
<tr><td><font size="+1"><center>
<a href="decals.html"> Click here for expanded graphics scanned by Pete Wurzbach
C/4/562 Alvarado, Texas</a><br>
</center></table>
<P>
<table cellpadding="5" border="">
<tr><td><font size="+1"> <a href="IntroductionNIKE-.pdf"><img src="IntroductionNIKE-t.jpg"></a>
<br>2.3 MBytes
<td><font size="+1">
<b>A short easy introduction to the Nike Anti-Aircraft system </b> - from
<a href="mailto:[email protected]">Michael Keller</a> - posted May 3, 2013
Click on image to download the .pdf
<TD> <A HREF="CampSarafi-IFC-.jpg"><IMG SRC="CampSarafi-IFC-t.jpg"></A>
<TD><B>"Camp Sarafi", South Korea</B>
<BR>from <A HREF="mailto:[email protected]">Al Dietz</A> ...
I believe the balloon antennas are left to right: TTR, TRR, and MTR.
The LOPAR acquisition radar is behind the building.
<HR>
<I><B>I don't normally post pictures of individual sites (too many),
but isn't this bleak ?? Gads - imagine winter -
</table>
<P>
<A NAME="RichLewis">
<B>A Great Photo Study of an abandoned Nike site</B> - by Rich Lewis
<table cellpadding="5" border="">
<tr><td><font size="+1">Lumberton, New Jersey <A HREF="loc-n.html#PH-23">PH23/25</A>,
<A HREF="https://photoimpressionism.wordpress.com/2016/01/20/lumberton-new-jerseys-nike-missile-battery-ph2325/">
Rich Lewis photo study</A>
<br>
<A HREF="RLewis-PH23-25/PH23-25-Lumberton.html">A local HTML version</A>,
(I worry about "good stuff" going away.)
</table>
<P>
<A NAME="Intercept">
<B>Intercept - A little more technical ;-))</B>
<table cellpadding="5" border="">
<tr><td><font size="+1">
<A HREF="NikeIntercept-ElPlot-.jpg"><IMG SRC="NikeIntercept-ElPlot-t.jpg">
<td><font size="+1">
This is a plot of a Nike Hercules intercepting a target flying at 52,000 feet.
<br>The vertical scale is altitude in feet. (max 100,000 feet)
<BR> The left trace is the Nike missile, the right is the target.
<BR>The horizonal scale is computed time to intercept, in seconds.
<BR> The middle is time zero, intercept.
<BR>Note: Against high flying targets such as this, the Hercules does not necessarily go above the target.
<BR>from <A HREF="TM9-1400-250-10-2-040.pdf">TM9-1400-250-10/2</A> page 36,
<A HREF="TM9-1400-250-10-2.html">Manual</A>
</TABLE>
<P>
<a name="S-FloridaStudy">
<b>Cold War in South Florida, ... Study</b> available free online - posted Mar 4, 2010
<table cellpadding="5" border="">
<tr><td><font size="+1"> <a href="AirDefenseSouthFlorida.pdf"><img src="SouthRloridaStudy-t.jpg" /></a>
<br>3 MBytes
<td><font size="+1">
Click on image to download the .pdf
<br>Good news. The Cold War Study of Nike Hercules in South Florida ($19.95 plus shipping) has been re-released in pdf format as a public domain document.
<P>
The tours of HM-69 has been overwhelming at Everglades National Park for the second year. Tours will be conducted through the end of March.
<P>
Charles D. Carter
</table>
<A name="CubanMissile-Whitaker">
<A Href="pics/Whitaker.html"><B>The Cuban Missile Crisis</B></A> by James Whitaker (Nike, South Florida)
<BR>The <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZTC_RxWN_xo">Cold War is an Electronic War</A>
(Soviets shot down 23 of our ELINT Planes) 36 minutes through 44 minutes
<P>
<a name="ADA-Brochure">
<P>
<a href="mailto:[email protected]">Michael Keller</a> wrote (Feb 2009) & (Dec 2010) & (Aug 2011) & (Dec 2012)
<table cellpadding="5" border="">
<td>
<font size="+1">
<a href="ARAACOM-EnlistCover-.jpg"><img src="ARAACOM-EnlistCover-t.jpg"></a>
<td><font size="+1">
Cover of <a href="ARAACOM-Enlist.pdf">2 MByte brochure</a>
Just found this nice piece on Ebay.
Printing Date is 10-15-56.
"The purpose of this booklet is to inform
high-school graduates-and their parents-of
the matchless opportunities that lie within
the Army Antiaircraft Command."
Well, most of the once-adressed kids
will be retired by now, but maybe they
remember this booklet.
<td><font size="+1">
<a href="ADA-Brochure-.jpg"><img src="ADA-Brochure-t.jpg"></a>
<td><font size="+1">
Its a 3 page folder, size 500mm x 100mm.
(Yes I prefer metric) :)
But look, on the frontcover:
seems that track LIMA296 has slipped through!! :))
It has a beautiful painting inside, and
a funny 70's scene on the backside.
<tr><td>
<font size="+1">
<a href="nike_brochure--.pdf"><img src="nike_brochure--t.jpg"></a>
<td><font size="+1">
It contains the original Team Nike decal, and a small brochure.
Both items came to me together with the MISSILE MASTER booklet. [600 KB]
<br>
The diameter of the decal is 4,06 inch. (103 mm)
<br>
with kind regards from germany,
<td><font size="+1">
<a href="ADA-Brochure-2.pdf"><img src="ADA-Brochure-2-t.jpg">
</a><td><font size="+1">
A recruiting brochure featuring the Nike Hercules, "Now making its appearance on-site."
</font></table>
<P>
<HR>
<P>
<a name="h-history">
<b>Nike History</b>
<ul>
<li><a href="AcousticEars.html">Acoustic Ears</a>
<a name="pre_nike">
</a><li><a href="pre_nike.html">Pre-Nike</a> (Anti-Aircraft Guns)
<a name="history"> </a>
<LI>Remember history? <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uaoJFhQBb_s">World's Biggest Bomb</A>
<li> Nike <a href="history.html"><b>Historical Information</b></a>
<li> <a href="FirstNikeSite.html"><b>First Nike Missile Site</b></a>
<a name="epilog"></a>
<li> Nike <a href="NikePostHistory.html"><b>Technical Background</b></a>, Then & Now
<LI> Nike <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D_tSIlMdZok"><B>Ajax</B></A> destroying a B-17 bomber - from Kevin Appert
<li> Nike <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TOFfdq5m5V0"><b>Hercules</b></a>,
- 10 minutes - recommended by <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Jon Little</a>
<li>"Archie to SAM - A Short Operational History of Ground-Based Air Defense" - a Great book!! -
<A HrEF="https://web.archive.org/web/20060722111104/http://www.maxwell.af.mil/au/aul/aupress/Books/Werrell_Archie/Werrell.pdf">
InternetArchive</A>,
<A HREF="https://www.amazon.com/Archie-SAM-Operational-History-Ground-Based/dp/1478361751/">Amazon</A>
</ul>
<P>
<b>Nike in Overall Air Defense</b>
<ul>
<li> <Table cellpadding=5 border >
<TD>
<A HREF="TU-4SovietB-29-.jpg"><IMG SRC="TU-4SovietB-29-t.jpg">
<BR>TU-4 "Bull" Bomber
<BR><A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-4">photo credit Wikipedia</A>
<TD>
<A HREF="TU-95BearBomber-.jpg"><IMG SRC="TU-95BearBomber-t.jpg">
<BR>TU-95 "Bear" Bomber
<BR><A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95">Wikipedia</A>
<TD>
<A HREF="Tu-22M3-Backfire-.jpg"><IMG SRC="Tu-22M3-Backfire-t.jpg">
<BR>TU-22M "Backfire" Bomber
<BR><A HREF="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-22M">photo credit Wikipedia</A>
<TD>
<A HREF="SovietBombers-.jpg"><img src="SovietBombers-t.jpg">
<BR>?Soviet Airfield?</A>
<BR>A <a href="SovietAirfield.html">response</A>
</TABLE>
<li> <a href="USAF-CONTROL-AND-WARNING-SUPPORT-SYSTEM-416L.pdf">416L</a> is the
name of the North American air defense system. ( 28 page, 3.3 MByte .pdf document )
<li><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMZl6Xlm6ak&feature=related">DEW Line</a>
Distant Early Warning Line -
<a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjmMWIYsX3E&feature=endscreen&NR=1">more</a>
<li><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjmMWIYsX3E&feature=endscreen&NR=1">
Pine Tree Line</a> (with techie error about how radar cooks)
<li>Some info on
Texas Towers
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Towers">1</a>,
<a href="http://www.radomes.org/museum/documents/TexasTower.html">2</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_picket">1</a>,
<a href="http://www.yagrs.org/home.htm">2</a>,
<a href="http://www.radomes.org/museum/PicketShips.html">3</a>, AirForce, ...
<li><a href="comp-hist/vs-ibm-sage.html">SAGE</a> (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment)
<LI> <A HREF="https://www.ll.mit.edu/about/history/sage-semi-automatic-ground-environment-air-defense-system">MIT - Lincoln Laboratory - SAGE
</ul>
<P>
<a name="h-technical">
<b>Nike Site Technical information</b>
<ul>
<a name="overvu">
<li><a href="overvu.html">Nike Site Overview</a>
<a name="ifc">
</a><li>Nike <a href="ifc.html">Integrated Fire Control (IFC)</a> Area Overview<br>
<ul>
<a name="ifc_acq">
<li><a href="ifc_acq.html">Acquisition Radars</a>
<a name="ifc_b_cnt">
</a><li><a href="ifc_b_cnt.html">Battery Control</a>
<a name="ifc_track">
</a><li><a href="ifc_track.html">Tracking Radars</a>
<a name="computer">
</a><li><a href="computer.html">Computer</a>
<LI><A HREF="IFC-Test-Instruments.html">IFC Test Instruments</A> other than
<A HREF="ifc_track.html#align">Radar Aiming Alignment</A>
<li><a href="MMS-150-Ch08.pdf">
Lesson 8. Target Simulation</a>
- 1.2 megabytes
<dd>- <a href="MMS-150-Ch02-IFF-Symbols.html">IFF Symbols and FUIF symbols</a>
<LI><A HREF="BrownGreg/GregsUtilities.html">Greg's Nike Utilities</A> fans, heaters, event recorder, ...
<li><a href="MMS-150.html"><b>Nike Radars and Computer</b></a>
Manual, MMS subcourse number 150
<li><a href="TrainingMovies.html">Nike Training Films</a>
</a></ul>
<a name="launcher_area">
<li> Nike <a href="launcher_area.html">Launcher Area</a> Overview
<ul>
<a name="missiles">
<li><a href="missiles.html">Missiles</a>
<a name="p_launch">
</a><li><a href="p_launch.html">Missile Pre-Launch Sequence</a>
<a name="flight">
</a><li><a href="flight.html">Missile Flight Sequence</a>
<li><a href="MMS-151.html"><b>Nike Missile and Test Equipment</b></a>
Manual, MMS subcourse number 151
</a></ul>
<LI><A href="#FormalNames">Formal Names</A>
<a name="ifc_updates">
<li><a href="AlliedSupportability.html">Nike Hercules Updates</a> Allied Supportability Program
<LI> Good news ;-)) <A href="#NotObsolete">Nike not considered obsolete.</a> ;-))
</a></ul>
<P>
<P>
<a name="h-operational">
<b>Nike Operational information</b>
<ul>
<a name="C&C">
<li><a href="CommandControl.html">Command and Control</a> of Nike Batteries
<LI> <A HREF="NORAD-Hist.html">NORAD History</A> via Greg Brown
<a name="operatn">
<li> <a href="Training.html">Training</a>
<LI> <A Href="pics2/HerculesDeliveriesKBahr.pdf">Nike Hercules deliveries</A>, from Ken Bahr
<li>Life on a <a href="operatn.html">Nike Site</a><br>
<A NAME="Missions">
<LI><A HREF="NikeMissions.html">Nike Missions</A> Surface-to-Air, Surface-to-Surface,
Radar Bomb Scoring
<a name="alert">
<li>Nike <a href="alert.html">Battery Alert</a>
<LI><A HREF="NuclearAuthentication.html">Nuclear Nike Launch Authentication Procedures</A>
<li><a href="TargetPractice.html">Target Practice</a>
<li><a href="NikeSiteSupport.html">Nike Site Support</a>
<li><a href="CloseEarl.html">Documents from a Battery Commander</a>
- from Earl Close
<a name="national-guard">
<li><b>The <a href="national-guard.html">National Guard</a> <u>*is*</u> Ready</b><br>
<li><a href="NATO-Batteries.html"><b>US Army units on NATO Countries Batteries</b></a>
-by <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Richard Scheffler</a>
<li><a href="VacuumTubes.html">Life before Transistors</a>
<li><a href="NikeKillRatio.html">Nike "Kill Ratio"?</a> or <b>"How good was Nike"??</b></a>
<LI><A HREF="HowToCloseNikeSite.html">Closing a Nike Site</A> by Edward Dowd
</ul>
<P>
<b><a href="support.html">Support for Nike Field Batteries (and museums)</a></b>
<P>
<!---- Un-Numbered documents --------------------------------------------------------->
<a name="h-documents">
<b>On-Line documents</b>
- Longer range radars <a href="http://www.smecc.org/radar_manuals.htm">another site</a>
<br> - <a href="#un-NumDoc">Un-Numbered Documents</a>
<br> - <a href="#NumDoc">Numbered Documents</a>
<ul>
<a name="un-NumDoc">
<li><u><b>Un-Numbered Documents</b></u> - sorted
<ul>
<li><a href="412L-AircraftWarning&ControlSystem1959-1980.pdf">
412L Aircraft Warning & Control System 1959-1980</a> 7 megabytes, from Jim Tarbet
<BR> <a href="pics/412 L-fromJTarbet.pdf">412L Systems Drawing</A>,
from <A href="mailto:[email protected]">Jim Tarbet</A>
<LI> Ajax Firing Report - <A HREF="pics/AjaxFiringReport-Text.pdf">Text</A> ,
<A HREF="pics/AjaxFiringReport-EventRecorder.jpg">Event Recorder</A>
from ???
<a name="Boettiger">
<li> <a href="http://www2.xlibris.com/bookstore/bookdisplay.asp?bookid=26299">
An Antiaircraft Artilleryman 1939-1970,</a> - my life in the
antiaircraft for
30 years from private in 205th CA(AA) Seattle National Guard to retired Army colonel."
by Wilfred O. Boettiger (now for sale at Xlibris)
<li><a href="http://www.airdefenseartillery.com/online/2010/Antiaircraft%20Command%201946/Antiaircraft%20Journal/AAA%20Jounnal%20Homepage.htm">
Antiaircraft Journal</a> 1948-1954 - </b> spotted by Mark Morgan via
<a href="mailto:[email protected]">Ron Pickinpaugh</a> added July 2010
<LI> <A HREF="ArmyNationalGuard-inAirDefense51-74.pdf">Army National Guard in Air Defense 51-74</A> -
from <A HREF="mailto:[email protected]">Danny Johnson</A> - 18 MBytes
<li> <a href="PS-Magazine-.html">Army Preventive Maintenance Magazine - Notes, Nike</a> - from
<a href="mailto:[email protected]">Michael Keller</a>
<LI> <A HREF="Col-Loop/Col-Loop-Documents.html">Colonel Loop's Nike papers</A>, added Oct 6, 2019
<li> <a href="http://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/Publications/fulltext/emerging_shield.pdf">
Emerging Shield</b></a> .PDF from the Air Force History Office.
- spotted by Peter Goetz P.Geol.
<LI> EMP (Electro Magnetic Pulse) Effects from Nuclear Space Bursts
<A HREF="EMP-ElectroMagneticPulse.pdf">1962 Test Bursts and Analysis</A>,
<A HREF="pics/EPRI-HEMP-2017-ExexSum.pdf">EPRI HEMP 2017 Executive Summary</A>,
<A HREF="pics/EPRI-HEMP-2017.pdf">EPRI HEMP 2017</A>
<li> <a href="exDF20.pdf">Excess Report, NIKE Hercules Site D-FW-20, Terrel, Texas</b></a>,
<dd> - .pdf, 1.12 Megabytes, includes site drawings, thanks to
<a href="mailto:[email protected]">Mark Berhow</a>,
</dd>
<li> <a href="comp-hist/TCMR-V04.pdf">
Field Trip to North Bay - (to see a SAGE</b> installation)</a>
by Gordon Bell (12 megabyte .pdf)
<a name="oozlefinch">
<li> <a href="oozlefinch.html">History of the OOZLEFINCH</b></a>
by <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Errol Porter</a>
(Published with permission.)
<LI>Hydraulic fluids, specs, from Greg Brown -
Launcher fluid is <A href="pics6/msds-fluid-41-eng.pdf">AeroShell 41</A>,
Elevator fluid is <A href="pics6/Shell_Tellus_S2_M_68.pdf">Tellus S2MX 68</A>
<li><a href="prototype-interceptor.html">[ICBM] INTERCEPT TEST HITS BULL'S-EYE</a>
We couldn't do this with Nike
<li>
<a name="last-line">
<a href="last-line.html">Last Line of Defense</b></a> from the National Park Service
<li> <a href="MissileMaster-mm-intro.html">Missile Master</b></a> - brochure -
Thanks to <a href="mailto:[email protected]"> Robert C Barr</a>
<LI> <A HREF="pics6/NatoNikeUpgrades_NSP.pdf">NATO Nike Upgrades Pamphlet</A> scanned by NPS
<li><a name="monograph">
Nike AJAX Historical Monograph <a href="mono-1-2.html">OCR</a>,
<A HREF="pics/NikeAjax-Cagle.pdf">PDF</A>, by M. Cagle
<LI> <a href="pics6/NikeElevatorStudentHandout.pdf">Nike Elevator Student Handout</A>
<li> <A href="pics6/NikeElevatorTraining-FtBelvoir.pdf">Nike Elevator Training - Ft Belvoir</A>
<li> <A HREF="HerculesRoyalDutch-h.html">NIKE Hercules in service in the Royal Netherlands Airforce</A>
- Updated Dec 2018
<li> <a href="WesternElectricNikeHerculesBrown.pdf">Nike-Hercules Technical Data</a> - by Western Electric,
about half the pages, 10 MBytes - from Greg Brown
<LI> <A href="HercSysNuc1970.pdf">Nike-Hercules System Nuclear Training Directorate</A> - via Greg Brown (4.8 MB)
<li>Nike HERCULES Historical Monograph <a href="h_mono-1.html">OCR</a>,
<A href="pics/NikeHercCagle.pdf">PDF</A>, by M. Cagle, via M. Berhow
<LI> <A HREF="http://pdw.hanford.gov/arpir/pdf.cfm?accession=D199049898">Nike - U.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous ...</A>, also
<A HREF="NikeUSArmyToxic&Haz.pdf">local copy</A>
via <A HREF="mailto:[email protected]">Ken Conger</A> - Mar 2014 - 3.3 MB
<LI> <A HREF="NikeAjaxOrd&PropellantHandlingProcedures-1-July-1954-TempSites.pdf">
NikeAjaxOrd&PropellantHandlingProcedures-1-July-1954-TempSites.pdf</A> 1.2 MB, from
<A HREF="mailto:[email protected]">Ron Plante</A> Mar 21, 2014
<li> <a href="HerculesDouglasAW58-12-01.pdf">Production of Hercules Missiles by Douglas Aircraft</a> - thanks to Tony Moore
<LI> <A HREF="pics/RAND-StudyRM-2560-Nike.pdf">RAND Study RM-2560 NIKE Ajax reliability study</A> from Cory Newman
<li> <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/redstone_years">Redstone Arsenal</a>, 11 minute publicity video
- spotted by Olav ten Broek
<li> <a href="http://www.radomes.org/museum/documents/NIKE-RingofFire.pdf">"Ring of Fire"</a>
Could Nike missiles have protected U.S. cities from a Soviet attack?
on www.radones.org
<a name="sage">
<li>Introduction to <a href="sage.html">SAGE</a>, 14 page visitor's document
<a name="INTERCEPT">
</a><li> A <a href="http://webdev.archive.org/movies/details-db.php?collection=prelinger&collectionid=06855">
SAGE Movie</a> -
thanks to <a href="mailto:[email protected]">
Ben Abzug</A>
<a name="npg">
</a><li>The Nike Preservation Group</b> <a href="npg-newsletters.html">Newsletters</a><br>
<a name="sf-88-news">
<li> SF-88 <a href="sf-88-newsletters.html">Nike News</b></a>
<li> Greg Brown "was trolling through the internet on the NPS GGNA, and found the
<a href="pics6/nr-forts-baker-barry-cronkhite.pdf">document</A> that was submitted to the Feds for SF-88 to be an Historical site in 1973."
<a name="LaunchingPad">
</a><li><a href="LaunchingPad-1.html">The Launching Pad</a> 5th Missile Battalion Veterans<br>
<a name="defend-and">
</a><li> <a href="ToDefendAndDeterTheLegacyColdWar.pdf">
To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold
War Missile Program</b></a> Warning - 70 megabytes of .pdf -
- spotted by <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Dave Fields</a>
<li> <a href="USArmyAirDefenseDigest1965.html">U.S. Army Air Defense Digest 1965 </a>
<a name="72digest">
<li><a href="72digest1.html"> "US Army Air Defense Digest, 1972"</a>
a Management Overview</b>
of US Air Defenses<br>
<li> <a href="USArmyNikeBrochure.html">U.S. Army Nike Brochure</a> (Improved Hercules, recruiting)
<li>
<a name="digest">
<a href="digest1.html"> "US Army Air Defense Digest, 1966"</a> a Management Overview</b>
of US Air Defenses<br>
<li> Vigilant and Invincible</b></a>
(<a href="redstone-sus_intro.html">local back-up</a>)
<a name="w-25">
</a><li> <a href="W-25MerleColeDavidsonvilleMarylandAirDefense.pdf">
W-25</b>: The Davidsonville Site and Maryland Air Defense, 1950-1974</a>
by <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Merle T. Cole</a>
<a name="SF-88L">
<li> "What We Have, We Shall Defend: An Interim History and Preservation Plan for
Nike Site SF-88L, Fort Barry, California" by J.A. Martini and S.A. Haller,
National Park Service GGNRA, San Francisco, CA, Feb 1998
<a href="http://www.nps.gov/goga/historyculture/upload/What%20We%20Have.pdf">External link to NPS</a>,
<a href="What-We-Have-NPS.pdf">local copy</a>
- (870 kBytes)
<LI> <A HREF="WingedVictory-150r.pdf">Winged Victory - The History of the Nike Missile Training Program
At Fort Bliss</A> 48 pages, 7 megabytes
<li> YouTube
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06drBN8nlWg&NR=1">
Cold War Computing - The SAGE System</a>
<li><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TOFfdq5m5V0">Sandy Hook, NJ</a> - from
<a href="mailto:[email protected]">Peter DeMarco</a>
</ul>
</ul>
<!---- Numbered documents --------------------------------------------------------->
<P>
<a name="NumDoc">
<li><u><b>Numbered Documents</b></u> - sorted
<table cellpadding=5 border >
<TD><font size=+1>
- Two lists of Nike Documents, <A HREF="pics3/List-Nike-Technical-Manuals.pdf">List-Nike-Technical-Manuals.pdf</A> and
<A HREF="pics3/GOGA-List-of-Manuals.pdf">GOGA-List-of-Manuals.pdf</A> from <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Charles D. Carter</a>
<BR> - Eight of the GOGA scanned manuals size reduced by <A HREF="https://www.ilovepdf.com/compress_pdf">https://www.ilovepdf.com/compress_pdf</A>
</table>
<ul>
<LI> <A HREF="pics5/Preventive_Maintenance_Guide_for_Command.pdf"> 750-1-2 Preventive Maintenance Guide for Commanders</A>
Aug 1975 - 6.3 MegaBytes - via Google Books
<li> <a href="Army-Inflatable-Tents-AD-755-200.pdf">
AD-755-200</a> Army-Inflatable-Tents Reference Manual on Shelters - Nike Maintenance Protection -
pages 36-39, 10 MBytes - spotted by
<a href="mailto:[email protected]">Charles D. Carter</a> June 2011
(<a href="Army-Inflatable-Tents-AD-755-200.pdf"> pages 36-39 only</a> 250 KBytes)
<li><a href="FM44-1.pdf">
FM 44-1</a> - July 1962 1965 U.S. Army - Air Defense Employment</b> </a> - a .pdf file of the manual
- spotted by
<a href="mailto:[email protected]">Tom Page</a>
<li><a href="FM44-1A.pdf">
FM 44-1A</a> - September 1965 U.S. Army - Air Defense Employment</b> </a> - a .pdf file of the Hercules part of the manual
- via Greg Brown
<LI><A href="FM44-8_1954.pdf">FM 44-8 Antiaircraft Operations Center and Antiaircraft Artillery
Information Service</A> December 1954</b>,
8 MByte .pdf, scanned by <A HREF="mailto:[email protected]">Cory Newman</A>
<LI><A href="FM44-8.pdf">FM 44-8 - Army Air Defense Command Posts</A> August 1962</B>,
with change 1 - 1964,
2 MByte .pdf, scanned by <A HREF="mailto:[email protected]">Cory Newman</A>
<LI><A href="pics4/FM44-9-1967.pdf">FM 44-9 - AN/TSQ-51 Missile Mentor System,</A> August 1967,</B> 5.4 MByte,
copy from <A HREF="mailto:[email protected]">Cory Newman</A>
<LI><A href="FM44-10.pdf">FM 44-10 U.S. Army Air Defense Fire Distribution System AN/FSG-1
(Missile Master)</A> February 1963</B>, 6 MByte .pdf,
scanned by <A HREF="mailto:[email protected]">Cory Newman</A>,
images trimmed by Ed Thelen
<LI><A href="pics5/FM-44-16B-CM-Google.pdf">FM 44-16B/CM, Commander's Manual, Hercules Missile Crewman, MOS 16B</A></B>
Google Books, via Greg Brown
<LI><A HREF="pics5/FM-44-24Q1-2GoogleBooks.pdf">FM-44-24Q1-2
Soldier's Manual MOS 24Q - Nike Hercules Fire Control Mechanic Skill Levels 1 and 2</A></b>
Google Books
<li>FM44-80 - Procedures and Drills of the Nike I System -
<a href="FM44-80.html">Table of Contents</a>,
<a href="FM44-80.pdf">Manual</a> </b>- 24 MByte .pdf
<a name="MMS-150">
</a><li><a href="MMS-150.html">MMS Subcourse Number 150 - Nike Radars and Computer</b></a>
Manual, MMS Subcourse Number 150, revised November 1973
<a name="MMS-151">
</a><li><a href="MMS-151.html">MMS Subcourse Number 151 - Nike Missile and Test Equipment</b></a>
Manual, MMS Subcourse Number 151, revised November 1973
<li><a href="MMS-900-Ch02.pdf">MMS Subcourse Number 900</b> - Lesson 2.
Major Units of the Nike Hercules Missile</a> - from Manual,
MMS Subcourse Number 900, "Nike Missile Maintenance" Revised March 1973 - 2.1 megabytes
<li><a href="MWO_9-1400-250-30-22-.html">MWO 9-1400-250-30-22</a>
Modification Work Order</b>, to Launcher area
<li><a href="PIO-43624-OnSideOnGuard.pdf">PIO4324, "On Site On Guard", 1963</a></b> 2 MBytes
<a name="AN/TPS-1G">
</a><li> ST-44-188</b> - AN/TPS-1G, a close relative of the AN/FPS-75</b> ABAR acquisition radar
used in some Nike sites
<ul>
<a name="IntroRadar">
<li><a href="ST-44-188-1.html">Introduction to Radar</a> ST-44-188-1
- from <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Chuck Zellers</a>
<li><a href="ST-44-188-2G.pdf">Introduction and Start-Stop to the AN/TPS-1G</a>
ST-44-188-2G
- from <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Chuck Zellers</a>
- 3.8 megabytes
<li><a href="ST-44-188-3G.pdf">Modulator and transmitter of the AN/TPS-1G</a>
ST-44-188-3G
- from <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Chuck Zellers</a>
- 2.5 megabytes
<li><a href="ST-44-188-4G.pdf">AN/TPS-1G Receiver System</a> ST-44-188-4G
- from <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Chuck Zellers</a>
- 2.08 megabytes
<li>AN/TPS-1G Moving Target Indicator System</b> ST-44-188-5G
<dd><a href="ST-44-188-5G-a.pdf">(Chapters 1 - 4)</a>
- 2.1 megabytes
<a href="ST-44-188-5G-b.pdf">(Chapters 4+ - )
</a> - 2.7 megabytes
- from <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Chuck Zellers</a>
</dd><li><a href="ST44188-6G.pdf">AN/TPS-1G Indicator System</b></a> ST-44-188-6G
- 3.8 megabytes
- from <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Chuck Zellers</a>
</a></ul>
<li> <a href="T1-FieldManual.pdf">T1 Field Manual</a> 7.6 megabytes - thanks to Rolf D Goerigk
<a name="TacticalControl">
<a name="Intro-TM">
<LI><A HREF="TM-5-1450-201-15.pdf">TM-5-1450-201-15 Elevator, Hydraulic, Guided Missile, Automatically
Operated Doors</A></B> - 31 MBytes
<BR>and <A HREF="ElevatorDocs.html">Elevator Docs</A> via Bruce Long,
</a></a><li><a href="TM9-1400-250-10-2.html">TM 9-1400-250-10/2</b></a> - A <u>great introduction</b></u> to the
Nike Hercules system, in technical manual format - 135 pages, and also in smaller sections.
(There is also a Tactical Control section)
<li><a href="TM-9-1410-250-12-1TOC.html">TM-9-1410-250-12/1 - OPERATOR AND ORG MAINTENANCE MANUAL:
MIM-14A AND MIM-14B </a></b> (NIKE-HERCULES AND IMPROVED NIKE-HERCULES)
November 1967
<li><a href="TM-0-1410-250-24P-1-2.pdf">TM-9-1410-250-24P-1-2</a> Organizational, Direct Support and General
Support Maintenance Repair Parts and Special Tools list</b> Including Depot Maintenance
Repairs parts and special Tools - Illustration Supplement for ... MIM-14B and MIM-14C - - 10 MB .pdf
<li><a href="TM-9-1410-1250-12-1-FMS-o.pdf">TM 9-1410-1250-12/1(FMS)</a>
Intercept-Areal Guided Missile MIM-14A, B, C - July 1981, 88 MBytes - from Rolf Goerigk
<LI><A HREF="pics6/TM-9-1430-250-10_compressed.pdf">TM 9-1430-250-10</A> Operators's Manual: RADAR COURSE DIRECTION CENTRAL (HERCULES)
</font size>- scanned by NPS, collection GOGA 35286<font size=+1>
<LI><A HREF="pics6/TM-9-1430-250-10-3_compressed.pdf">TM 9-1430-250-10/3</A> Operators's Manual: ELECTRONIC COUNTER-COUNTERMEASURES:
RADAR COURSE DIRECTION CENTRAL (HERCULES)
</font size>- scanned by NPS, collection GOGA 35286<font size=+1>
<li><A HREF="TM9-1430-250-12P-10-2.pdf">TM9-1430-250-12P/10/2</a> Illustration Supplement for
... (Improved Nike-Herc) - 12 MByte
<LI>TM 9-1430-250-15P/2/2 Supplement for RADAR COURSE DIRECTING CENTRAL
ANTENNA-RECEIVER-TRANSMITTER GROUP ACQUISITION OA-1601/T ...
<a href="pics6/TM-9-1430-250-15_2_2 part-1.pdf">Part 1</A>,
<a href="pics6/TM-9-1430-250-15_2_2 part-2.pdf">Part 2</A> scanned by
Michael Keller "from Germany" -
Acq rotation drive near page 88
<li>TM-9-1430-250-15P/9/1 Radar Course Directing Central Director Station - 1969 @ SF-88
<LI> <a href="pics6/TM-9-1430-259-15P-10-2.pdf">TM-9-1430-259-15P/10/2</A> (IFC) Tracking Radar Control Trailer
<li><A HREF="pics5/GOGA-35286-TM-9-1430-250-20-5-comp.pdf">TM-9-1430-250-20-5</A>
Organizational Maintenance Theory: Radar Course Directing Central (less HIPAr)
</font size>- scanned by NPS, collection GOGA 35286<font size=+1>
<li><A HREF="pics5/GOGA-35286-TM-9-1430-250-20-11-comp.pdf">TM-9-1430-250-20-11</A>
Organizational Maintenance Theory: Theory: Low Power Acquisition Radar System (ATBM)
</font size>- scanned by NPS, collection GOGA 35286<font size=+1>
<li>TM-9-1430-250-24P-9-1 special tools ... for Director Station @ SF-88
<LI><A HREF="pics6/TM-9-1430-250-24P-22-2_compressed.pdf">TM 9-1430-250-24P-22-2</A>
ILLUSTRATION SUPPLEMENT FOR ANTENNA-RECEIVER-TRANSMITTER GROUP, MISSILE TRACKING TRAILER MOUNTED
OA-1340/MPAA 1430-000-586-4996
</font size>- scanned by NPS, collection GOGA 35286 <font size=+1>
<LI><A HREF="pics6/TM-9-1430-250-35-all_compressed.pdf">TM 9-1430-250-35</A>
FIELD AND DEPOT MAINTENANCE: THEORY: ACQUISITION RADAR SYSTEM (Hercules)
</font size>- scanned by NPS, collection GOGA 35286 <font size=+1>
<LI><A HREF="pics6/TM-9-1430-250-35P-2-2_compressed.pdf">TM 9-1430-250-35P/2/2</A>
(LOPAR) ACQUISITION RADAR SYSTEM, Illustrations, Assembly Parts Breakdown (Hercules)
</font size>- scanned by NPS, collection GOGA 35286 <font size=+1>
<li>TM-9-1430-251-12/3 Unit Schematic Diagrams - Computer System and Data Recorder @ SF-88
<li>TM-9-1430-252-12/2 Unit Schematic Diagrams - Target Tracking and Missile Tracking
Radar Systems and Radar Test Set TS-847/MSW-1 - October 1966 @ SF-88
<li><A HREF="pics6/TM-9-1430-253-12-4_compressed.pdf">TM-9-1430-253-12-4 </A>
Overall Physical description of the Radar Course Directing Central - Improved NIKE-HERCULES (32 MBytes)
</font size>- scanned by NPS, collection GOGA 35286<font size=+1>
<LI><A HREF="TM9-1430-253-14P_2_2NikePlotPages.pdf">TM9-1430-253-14P_2_2 Nike Plot Pages</A> 125 to 152
<li><A HREF="pics/TM9-1430-253-34.pdf">TM9-1430-253-34</A> TTR, TRR, MTR, Radar Test Set</b>
- DS & GS Main. Man. - Google scan, via Jack Anderson
<LI><A HREF="pics6/TM-9-1430-254-34_compressed.pdf">TM 9-1430-254-34</A>
DS AND GS MAINTENANCE MANUAL: ACQUISITION ANTENNA-RECEIVER-TRANSMITTER GROUP (Hercules)
</font size>- scanned by NPS, collection GOGA 35286 <font size=+1>
<LI><A HREF="pics6/TM-9-1430-255-12-1_compressed.pdf">TM 9-1430-255-12-1</A>
OPERATOR AND ORGANIZATIONAL MAINTENANCE MANUAL: CHECK PROCEDURES:
(LOPAR) (IMPROVED Hercules)
</font size>- scanned by NPS, collection GOGA 35286 <font size=+1>
<li><A HREF="pics5/GOGA-35286-TM-9-1430-255-12-2-comp.pdf">TM-9-1430-255-12-2</A>
Unit Schematic Diagrams. Low Power Acquisition Radar System (LOPAR)
</font size>- scanned by NPS, collection GOGA 35286<font size=+1>
<li><A HREF="pics/TM9-1430-257-20.html">TM-9-1430-257-20</A> Hercules Acquisition Radar</b> @ SF-88
<li><a href="TM-9-1430-1256-12-1-FMS-o.pdf">TM 9-1430-1256-12/1(FMS)</a>
Check Procedures, Target Tracking, Target Ranging, Missile Tracking Radar Systems
and Radar Test Set Group - Allied Configuration, September 1983, 28 MBytes - from Rolf Goerigk
<LI> ???? Nike Hercules Overall System Description</b>
<LI> TM 9-1440-10-1 Guided Missile Launching Set (Hercules) (incomplete)
<a href="pics6/TM-9-1440-250-10-1-Intro.pdf">Introduction</A>,
<a href="pics6/TM-9-1440-250-10-1-CH2.pdf">Chapter 2</A>,
<a href="pics6/TM-9-1440-250-10-1-Apps.pdf">Appendicies</A>
<li><A HREF="pics3/List-Nike-Technical-Manuals.pdf">TM9-1440-250-10-2</A> List of Nike Technical Manuals</B> - from Charles Carter
<A name="EXTRACT-38">
<LI>
TM 9-1440-250-12/2 Aug 66 - Mobile Launching Set </B> -
<BR><A HREF="pics5/EXTRACT-BW.pdf">Extracts for an Army Correspondence Course Program </a> of the US Army Air Defense School
- for use with ADA Subcourse 8000
Nike Hercules Missile Crewman,, Part 1 (16B20)
and ADA Subcourse 802 - Part 11 (16B40)
- from <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Dennis Claudio</A>, added August 27, 2021, 8.8 MBytes
<li><a href="TM9-1440-250-20-1.html">TM9-1440-250-20-1</a> Hercules Guided Missile Launching Set
<LI><a href="LauncherRepairKit.pdf">Launcher repair kit.pdf</a> </B> - 9 pages
from <A HREF="mailto:[email protected]">Michael Keller</A>
<li><a href="TM_9-1440-250-24P-6-2.pdf">TM9-1440-250-29P-6-2</A> Illustrated Supplement Rail, Launching-Handling
Guided Missile,</B> M3A1 1450-00-474-0717
<li><a href="TM_9-1440-252-34.html">TM_9-1440-252-34</A> Hercules Monorail Laucher, Launching-Handling Rail,</B>
</font size>side truss, loading rack support, launcher transport modification kit,
and launcher basic accessory kit<font size=+1>
<li> TM_9-1970-2_Feb_58</b>, <a href="TM_9-1970-2_Feb_58_Pt_1.pdf">part 1</a>,
<a href="TM_9-1970-2_Feb_58_Pt_2.pdf">part 2</a>,
Ammunition Antiaircraft Guided Missile M1 (Nike-Ajax),</b>
Identification, Description, Packing, Care, Handling,
Preservation, and Destruction
( each about 4 megabytes ) from <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Scott Murdock</a>
via <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Ron Plante</a>
<li><a href="TM9-1970-2-35P.pdf">TM9-1970-2-35P</a>
Field and Depot Maintenance
Ammunition, Guided Missile, M1 (Nike-Ajax), Repair Parts and
Special Tools List
<br>- 2 MBytes, from <A HREF="mailto:[email protected]">Michael Keller</a> via
<A HREF="mailto:[email protected]">James Fee Langendoen </a>
<li> <a href="tm9-5000-3.pdf">TM9-5000-3</a> - NIKE I Computer</a> NIKE I Systems, - 4.5 MB - from Greg Brown
<li> <a href="TM9-5000-9.pdf">TM9-5000-9</a> - Acquisition Radar Circuitry - 13.5 MByte,
<a name="tm9-5000-13">
</a><li><a href="TM9-5000-13.pdf">TM9-5000-13</a> - Nike I Computer - SAM Problem Analysis,
DC Amplifiers, Automatic Zero Setting, Servo Loop Elements, and Power Distribution - 6.3 MBytes
<li> <A HREF="TM9-5000-14.pdf">TM9-5000-14</A> - Computer Prelaunch Section and Initial Turn Section Circuitry 2.7 MB
<li> <a href="TM9-5000-15.pdf">TM9-5000-15</a> - Computer Steering Section Circuitry - 6.8 Megabytes
<a name="TM9-5000-18">
</a><li><a href="TM9-5000-18.pdf">TM9-5000-18</a> NIKE 1 Systems, TTR Transmitter and
Receiver Circuitry - 8 MBytes
<li><A HREF="TM9-5000-19.pdf">TM9-5000-19</A> - Target Tracking Radar Range and Presentation Circuitry 3.7 MB
<li><A HREF="TM9-5000-20.pdf">TM9-5000-20</A> - TTR Antenna Positioning Circuitry - 10 MB
<li><A HREF="TM9-5000-21.pdf">TM9-5000-21</A> - Missile-Tracking Radar Circuitry - 10 MB
<a name="TM9-5000-28">
</a><li><a href="tm9-5000-28.html">TM9-5000-28</a> NIKE 1 Systems, Nike I Missile
Guidance Unit<br>
<li><a href="TM9-5000-29.pdf">TM9-5000-29</a> - Missile Electrical Checkout Equipment - 9.3 MByte
<LI><A HREF="M33/M33.html">TM 9-6092-1-1</A> - Antiaircraft Fire Control System M33C and M33D Operation, June 1956
<a name="1959-TO&E">
</a><li><a href="1959-TO&E.pdf">TOE 44-535T</a>, 1959-TO&E, 753 KBytes, pdf, from Charles Carter
</UL>
</UL>
<P>
<a name="places">
<b>Places to visit, physical and on-line</b>
<ul>
<LI> <A HREF="pics/246-009-Red-Canyon-Final-Report.pdf">Red Canyon Archeology</A>, (20 MB), via Mark Sale, permission granted
<LI> <A HREF="RedCanyonJPMoore/RCRC.html">J. P. Moore's RED CANYON RANGE CAMP web site</a>
<li> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=nike+missile&search=Search">YouTube Nike videos</a>
<a name="archive">
</a><li> Nike Movies on Internet Archive
<a href="http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=nike">http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=nike</a> and
<br> <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/nikeherc01">
http://www.archive.org/details/nikeherc01</a> - To open,
click on "Unknown" in the "Stream (help)" box. Service can be a little slow. Spotted by Mike Stucka
<a name="manufacture">
</a><li><a href="ManufacturingNike.html">Manufacturing Nike equipment</a>
<a name="visit">
</a><li>How to <a href="visit.html"> <b>Visit SF-88</b></a>, the Nike Site being restored<br>
<a name="t_tour">
</a><li><a href="t_tour.html"> <b>Photo tour of SF-88</b></a>, the Nike Site being restored<br>
<a name="loc">
</a><li><b>Locations</b> of Former <a href="loc.html">
Nike <b>Sites</b> </a> <br>
<a name="old_sites">
</a><li><a href="old_sites.html">
<b>Maps</b> </a>showing Nike sites<br>
<a name="museums">
</a><li> Nike <a href="museums.html"><b>Museums & Displays</b></a> <br>
<a name="favorite">
</a><li>Nike, Military related and other favorite <a href="favorite.html">
<b>WWW sites</b></a><br>
<a name="NRHP">
</a><li> - I understand the Army is about to obliterate listed
<a href="loc-a.html#summit">Site Summit</a> March 2004
<a href="HelpSaveSummit.html">Help Save Summit</a>,
-spotted by <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Thomas Page</a>
</ul>
<P>
<a name="P&TR">
<b>People and Trip Reports</b>
<ul>
<a name="ppl">
<li>List of <a href="ppl.html"><b>Nike People</b></a>, Please add your self to the list<br>
<li><a href="Nike-SF-88-Restoration/History-Nike-SF-88-Restoration.html">
History of Nike SF-88 Restoration</A> - just starting -
<li><a href="Nike-SF-88-Vol/Nike-SF-88-Volunteers.html">Current volunteers at SF-88</a>
<li><A href="Nike-SF-88Maint/Nike-SF-88-Maintenance.html">On-going Maintenance at SF-88</a>
<li><A HREF="SF-88-Neglect/BenignNeglect.html">SF-88 ?Benign? Neglect</A>
<LI><A HREF="pics/Nike-BA-18.pdf">"Nike and Me"</A> by Elliot Deutsch - added Dec 2016
<li><a href="RC04.html">2004 Red Canyon Reunion</a>
organized by Ron Pickinpaugh
<a name="crete">
</a><li>Ed's <a href="crete.html"> Crete <b>Trip Report</b> </a> (NAMFI Nike Firings),
<a href="crete.html#Bletchley">side trip to Bletchley Park</a>
<a name="trip-reports">
</a><li><a href="trip-reports.html">Trip Reports</a> <br>
<li><a href="NikeFtBlissForeignStudents.pdf">Ft. Bliss Foreign Student Handout</a> Handout .pdf 8 Megabytes
from <a href="mailto:[email protected]">A.J.M. (Jos) Weijenberg</a>
<a name="wsmr-trip-report">
</a><li><a href="wsmr-trip-report.html"> <b>1999 White Sands Missile Range Trip Report</b>
and <b>Red Canyon Reunion</b> </a> <br>
<a name="pay">
</a><li>People (even soldiers) like <a href="pay.html"><b>pay</b></a>.
<li>2012 <a href="http://www.nike252.org/Reunion/Defender%20November%202012.pdf">Florida Nike 2/52 Reunion</a>
( lots of big pictures )
<li><A HREF="NikeKenBahr/NikeKenBahr.html">Ken Bahr Docs</A> mostly Surface to Surface development testing
<BR>and The 1974 digital conversion of Nike Hercules. </A>
</a></ul>
<a name="story group">
<a name="story-group">
<P>
<b>Stories, Questions</b>
<ul>
<a name="stories">
<li> Nike <a href="stories.html"><b>People Stories</b></a><br>
<a name="stories">
</a><li> Nike <a href="stories_tech.html"><b>Technical Stories</b></a><br>
<LI>An illustrated article by a
<A HREF="Nike-BA-18.pdf">Nike officer at BA-18</A>, gives a flavor of the army, including
scrounging for trading material ;-)) From the Coast Defense Study Group (CDSG) Journal,
thanks to editor Mark Berhow. 5 MB .pdf, Dec 2013
<LI>Nike in Movies - <A HREF="mailto:[email protected]">Mark Ferguson</A> wrote
"LA site in <a HREF="loc-c.html#LA-78">Malibu</A>, was used in the movie,
"Escape from the Planet of the Apes". You can see a Deuce and a half rolling out of the
admin main gate and the mess hall was used for the "Hospital" in the movie.
<BR>Also, there is an episode of Mannix, where they run around a HiPar dome, that was in the IFC area."
<a name="Muth">
</a><li> <a href="muth.html"><b>"A "Cold War" decade as a Missileman in Air Defense"</b></a>
- by <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Eric P. Muth</a> - updated Nov. 2006 <br>
<a name="red_canyon">
</a><li>Once busy <a href="red_canyon.html"><b>"Red Canyon Range Camp now dozes"</b></a>
- by <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Jim Eckles</a><br>
<a name="kens-korner">
</a><li><a href="kens-korner.html"><b>Ken's & Friend's RCAT Korner</b></a> (stories)
<a name="n_bombers">
</a><li> Images of <a href="n_bombers.html"><b>Soviet bombers</b> and airfields</a><br>
<a name="faq">
</a><li><a href="faq.html">
Frequently Asked Questions ("<b>FAQ</b>")</a><br>
</A><A HREF="RadarBombScoring.html">Radar Bomb Scoring</A> - the Air Force using Nike equipment
<a name="articles">
</a><li><a href="articles.html">Articles</a><br>
<a name="unit-histories">
</a><li><a href="unit-histories.html">Unit Histories</a>
<li><a href="MuthE-PressReleaseCourtCase.pdf">Eric Muth et.al. vs. CIA, DoD, and U.S. Army</a> 134 K Byte .pdf
</a></ul>
<P>
<a name="other">
<b>Other</b> -
<ul>
<LI><A HreF="InvasionOfJapan.html">Invasion Of Japan</A> - "I was scheduled to die"
<LI><A HREF="pics4/BurialAtSea.html">Burial at sea</A> via <A HREF="mailto:[email protected]"> Thomas Pepper </a>
<LI><A HREF="pics/NoFansLeft.html#NorthPlatte">North Platte, Nebraska</A>
<LI><A href="Soviet-SA-2.html">Soviet SA-2 missile system</A>
<LI> <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvlAHUur5eg">MSGT Roy Benavidez Message To America</A>,
<A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oUtJxE4sjs">What he did</A>
<LI> <A HREF="http://www.virtualwall.org/iStates.htm">Vietnam memorial by state & city</A>
<LI> a short video <A href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ie3SrjLlcUY">WWII Recon Pilot - Spitefire</A>
<font size=-1> via <A HREF="mailto:[email protected]">Ron Pickinpaugh</A>
added 2018<font size=+1>
<li> a proposed documentary film <A HREF="pics/sf88Flyer-1.pdf">"Missiles at the Gate"</A> - Sept 2017
<li> <A href="FederalColors.html">Federal Color Standards</A>
<li> <A href="pics/MilitaryHumor-01.html">Military Humor</A>
<LI> Nike Hercules Manufacturing</A>,
<A HREF="NikeFactory/NikeFactory.html">Local Copy</A> - Aug 2015
<LI> An excellent <A HREF="FrenchNike-Gdessomes.pdf">Nike System description - in French</A>
by <A HREF="mailto:[email protected]">"Gaston J. Dessornes"</A> - 10 MB .pdf, July 2014
<li> A Nike Ajax Missile restoration project - <a href="LangendoenAjaxRestorationProject-.html">Turning junk into beauty</a>
<br>- then came <a href="LangendoenAjaxRestorationProject-.html#Sandy">Oct 2012, Hurricane Sandy</a> - devastation :-((
<li>
- <a href="NikeSimulation.html">A Nike Simulation "Game"</a> - Sept. 2018
<br> - <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Hpasp</a> provides Soviet equipment simulation
from this <a href="http://sites.google.com/site/samsimulator1972/home">web site</a>.
<br> - I (Ed Thelen)
have not run the above program and can guarantee nothing.
<li> <a href="SeeThisRight.html">Even better than The Statue of Liberty :-)) </a>
<li> <a href="http://pattonhq.com/speech.html">The Famous Patton Speech</a>
<li> <a href="Rewrite.html">What has America become?</a>
<li> <a href="2ndVerseStarSpangledBanner.html">2nd Verse of the Star Spangled Banner</a>
added June 7, 2010
<li> <a href="http://www.military-money-matters.com/charities-ratings.html">Ratings of Veterans Charities</a>
- from Jim Biles</a>
<li> <a href="BullCrapJournalism.html">Bull Crap Journalism</a>
<li><a href="ColdWarMetal.html">Help with Cold War Metal</a>
- letter from
<a href="mailto:[email protected]">Jim Rhodes</a> Cold War Veterans Association
<a name="exchange">
</a><li> <a href="ArtNike.html"><b>Nike Folk Art</b></a>
<li> <a href="exchange.html"><b>Photo Exchange</b></a>
<a name="start">
</a><li>Start your own <a href="start_site.html"> Nike Web Site</a> <br>
<a name="research">
</a><li>So you want to do <a href="research.html">
Nike <b>Research</b>?</a><br>
<a name="recruit">
</a><li>Nike <a href="recruit.html"><b>Recruiting Brochure</b></a><br>
<a name="diagrams">
</a><li><a href="diagrams.html">Sample Technical Diagrams (<b>Schematics</b>)</a><br>
<a name="glossary">
</a><li> Nike <a href="glossary.html"><b>Glossary</b> </a> <br>
<a name="people-search">
</a><li><b>Search for <a href="people-search.html">people</a>
<br> - <a href="Yarbrough-HowToBool.html">Yarbourgh's "How To" book</a></b>
<li>Are there <a href="kits.html">Nike Models, Kits, Dimensions? </a><br>
<a name="kill">
</a><li>Nike <a href="kill.html">
Aircraft Kill vs. Patriot Scud Kill</a><br>
<a name="remedial">
</a><li><a href="remedial.html">Remedial Efforts</a>
<a name="Veteran">
</a><li><b>Thanking Veterans</b> - newest near top
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/YaxGNQE5ZLA">Star Spangled Banner As You've Never Heard It</A>
<font size=-1> via EPM</font>
<li><a href="Little-KnownVA-Benefit.html">Little Known VA Benefit</a> (updated Jan 2018)
<FONT Size=-1>- from James Biles - jtbiles @ earthlink . net </font>
<LI> <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Q_L1vLv84vs?autoplay=1">
Robin Williams as the American Flag</A>
<LI> <table >
<td><A HREF="pics/NoFansLeft.jpg"><img src="pics/NoFansLeft-.jpg" height=50>
<TD>
<A HREF="pics/NoFansLeft.html">the "NFL" :-((</A> <FONT Size=-1> via Thomas Pepper, Oct 1, 2017</font>
<BR> I'm now watching what we Americans call "Soccer" :-))
</table>
<LI> <A HREF="pics/BurialAtSea.html">Burial At Sea</A> <FONT Size=-1> via Thomas Pepper</font>
<LI> <A HREF="AirlineCapReport.html">An Airline Captain's Report</A> <FONT Size=-1> via Thomas Pepper</font>
<li> <A HREF="http://www.flixxy.com/trumpet-solo-melissa-venema.htm">Taps</A> with
Andre Rieu's orchestra. Full length. Beautiful trumpet solo.</A> <FONT Size=-1>
Spotted by Jay Youngbluth</font>
<li> Remember that silly tale spread by the Obama administration about the cause of the Benghazi Massacre
<br>"Someone in Los Angeles offended Muslims."
<br>reminded me of this <a href="BenghaziJoke.html">"joke"</a>,
<BR>and a not so funny <A href="BenghaziJoke.html#poem">poem</A>.
<li><a href="Little-KnownVA-Benefit.html">Little Known VA Benefit</a>
<FONT Size=-1>- from James Biles - jtbiles @ earthlink . net </font>
<li><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=70Ikj1hZDnw&feature=player_embedded"><b>Angel Flight</b></a>
<li><a href="Veteran.html"><b>It is the Veteran </b></a>
</A> <FONT Size=-1>- J.P. Moore votes this best </font>
<li><a href="Veteran-Politican.html">Veteran vs ("liberal") Politican </a>
<li><a href="JaneFondaMemorial.html"><b>Jane Fonda Memorial</b></a>
<li><a href="BillMauldinWillieJoe1921-2003.html">Bill Mauldin, for Willie&Joe</a>, 1921-2003, 1.1 million
Veterans do not get the multi-million dollar bonuses handed out to bailed out Wall Street gougers
<li><a href="TAPS.html">TAPS</a>
<li> <a href="AnnMargret.html">Ann Margret :-))</a>
<li><a href="DarrellPowers.html">Memorial for Darrell "Shifty" Powers</a> of "Band of Brothers"
<li><a href="ASimpleThankYou.html">A Simple Thank You</a>
<li><a href="Rock.html"><b>The Rock</b></a>
<li><a href="FinalInspection.html">The Final Inspection</a>
<li><a href="Our-Veterans-Only-For-Real-Americans-That-Care.html">
It Won't Be Long And They Will Be Gone</a> - forwarded by Byron
<a name="StandingGuard38th">
</a><li><a href="StandingGuard38thParallel.html">
<b>Standing Guard at the 38th Parallel</b></a>
<table border="" cellpadding="2">
<td><font size="+1">
<i>From Richard Brody, author of "Standing Guard at the 38th Parallel"
</i> - What really pisses me off- glad you asked- is
that the dogs killed in Vietnam have a website dedicated to them, listing each of the
dog's names. None of the US soldiers lost (killed) in Korea after the war, (which never
really ended), are listed anywhere as casualties. Only their moms, wives and families
know, and some of us who were there and lost buddies :>((
</table>
<a name="Vet-poem">
</a><li><a href="Vet-poem.html"><b>Veteran's Day Poem</b></a>
<a name="Christmas-poem">
</a><li><a href="Christmas-poem.html"><b>Christmas Poem</b></a>
<a name="SimpleSoldier">
</a><li><a href="SimpleSoldier.html"><b>Simple Soldier</b></a>
</ul>
<a name="experts">
<li><a href="experts.html"><b>Experts</b> or at least helpful</a>
<a name="SAGE">
</a><li>Stories about <a href="sage-1.html"><b>SAGE</b></a>,
<a href="Sage-Talk.html">Sage Talk</a>,
manual <a href="SageIntro.html">Introduction to SAGE</a>
AN/FSQ-7 & AN/FSQ-8
<a name="aadcp">
<li> collecting <a href="aadcp.html">aadcp</a> information
<a name="MOS">
</a><li><a href="MOS-Mil-Occ-Spec.html">Military Occupation Specialty Codes</a> (MOS)
</a></a></ul>
<P>
<HR>
<P>
<P>
<HR>
<P>
<A name="FormalNames">
<B>Formal Names</b>
<table width="90%" align="CENTER" border="1" cellpadding="5">
<tr><td><font size="+1">
Formal identifications (as per <A HREF="mailto:[email protected]">Ron Parshall</A>).
<BR>
<B>Nike Ajax</B>
<LI>
TARGET TRACKING OA-858/MPA-4
<LI>
Missile Tracking Radar OA-859 MPA-4
<LI>
</table>
<P>
<a name="photos">
<p align="left">
<b>About photo submission </b>
<table width="90%" align="CENTER" border="1" cellpadding="5">
<tr><td><font size="+1">
<P>
New policy: I am introducing a
<a href="exchange.html"><b>Photo Exchange</b></a> so that those who wish to share can,
and those who wish, can ask. I hope this works better than my previous "no photos"
policy. You are still invited to look up web sites who specialize in a particular
area, and offer there.
<P>
Thank you
<dd>Ed Thelen
</dd></table>
<P>
<A name="NotObsolete">
Good news ;-)) <B>Nike not considered obsolete.</b> ;-))
<TAble cellpadding=5 border width=90% align=center>
<TD>
Return to <A HREF="#h-technical">Technical</A>
<P>
Subject: Status updat of my FOIA to Redstone Arsenal for the history of
the Nike Hercules weapons system by Mary T Cagle
<BR>From: James Newman < jamesnewman1976 @ yahoo . com >
<br>Date: Mon, July 17, 2017
<P>
Dear Ed,
<BR>I just got my FOIA to Redstone Arsenal US Army Material Command denied. I am going to appeal within the 60 day time limit. This document was denied under Executive order 13526 section 3.3 Section 4 "For State of the art technology" the document will remain classified for 50 years from its creation date until 2023. Vacuum tube technology of the early to mid-1950s is not state of the art technology. This system went defunct in 1980 when the last Nikes were decommissioned in Florida and Alaska.
<P>
Cory Newman
</table>
<P>
<HR>
<P>
<a name="diagram">
<b>General diagram of a Nike Hercules site.</b>
<P>
<center>
<img src="functnov.gif" height="478" width="574"> </center>
Figure from FM 44-1-2 ADA Reference Handbook, 15 June 1984, as found
on page 20 of <a href="related.html#rings">"Rings of Supersonic Steel"</a>.
<HR>
<P> If you have comments or suggestions, <a href="e_mail.html"> Send e-mail</a>
to Ed Thelen ([email protected])
<a name="Bio-short">
<br>Some <a href="http://www.digibarn.com/friends/edthelen/index.htm">
flattering pictures of Ed</a>, <a href="Bio-short.html">a short bio</a>.
<P>
<P>
<P>
<a name="SiteStatistics">
This page updated October 30, 2021
<br>
The rest of this web site is being enhanced frequently.
<br>
<A NAME="More">
<center>- - - - - - - - More Topics - - - - - - - - -
</CENTER>
<br>
<table cellpadding=5 border >
<TR>
<TD><font size=+1>A <TD><font size=+1>
<a href="ABC/ABC-Computer.html">ABC-Computer</a>
<a href="ATA/HatCreekATA.html">Allen Telescope Array</a>,
<a href="AnalogDiscovery/AnalogDiscovery.html">AnalogDiscovery</a>,
<A href="https://dinosaurpictures.org/ancient-earth#750">Ancient Earth</A>,
(Antikythera Mechanism <A href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWVA6TeUKYU">Lecture</A>,
<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-84310-w.pdf">Nature</A>),
<a href="Antonov.html">Antonov AN 124</a>,
<a href="ApolloGuidComp.html">Apollo Guidance Computer</A>,
<a href="AppleCrash.html">Apple Crash</a>,
<a href="Ardenwood/ArdenwoodVolunteer.html">Ardenwood Volunteer</a>
<TD><font size=+1>N <TD><font size=+1>
<a href="NavySealTeam6.html">Navy Seal Team 6</a>,
<a href="NCRR.html">NCRR Train-of-Lights</a>,
<a href="norad.html">NORAD</a>,
<A HREF="pics/NoFansLeft.html">the NFL</A> is NFG,
<A href="https://www.wired.com/story/nuclear-fusion-is-already-facing-a-fuel-crisis">
Nuclear Fusion Is Already Facing a Fuel Crisis</A>
<TR>
<TD><font size=+1>B <TD><font size=+1>
<a href="BirdNest2013/BabyBirds-May2013.html">Baby Birds</a>,
<a href="bab/bab-intro.html">Babbage Difference Engine</a>,
<a href="BabInstCHM/index.html">2nd Babbage Machine</a>,
<A HREF="BealeTour.html">Beale Tour "Pave Paws"</A>,
<A href="Bladder/Bladder.html">Bladder</A>,
<A HREF="BletchleyPark.html">Bletchley Park - 1998</A>,
<A HREF="LaFarr/index.html">Burroughs/Electrodata docs</A>,
<A HREF="pics4/BuyingACar.html">Buying a Car</A>,
<TD><font size=+1>O <TD><font size=+1>
<A HREF="ObamaMysteryMan.html">Obama, Mystery Man</A>,
<a href="TJohnson-LFRDF/TJohnson-LFRDF.html">Old FAA Radio and Beacon Navigation Aids</a>,
<A HREF="OldFolksJokes.html">Old Folks Jokes</A>,
<A HREF="OilFerdig.html">Oil - Shallow Oil Wells-Ferdig</A>,
<A HREF="Oil-MuseumOfOffshoreOperations.html">Oil - Museum Of Offshore Operations</A>
<A HREF="pics4/OscillatorSulzer.html">Oscillator, Sulzer</A>
<TR>
<TD><font size=+1>C <TD><font size=+1>
<A HREF="Cats/Figaro.html">Cats</A>,
<a href="https://chat.openai.com/auth/login">ChatGPT</A>,
China Trips <a href="ChinaTrip/ChinaTrip-1996.html">1996</a> &
<a href="ChinaTrip/ChinaTrip.html">2009</a>,
Chronic Venous Disease - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dBdt_CisWmk">a</a> &
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1w-d1JrO1Q">b</A>,
<A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LSxqpaCCPvY">Computational Mathematics</A>,
<a href="comp-hist/index.html">Computer-History</a>,
<a href="CDC-Experience.html">Control Data Experience</a>,
<a href="Crazyfornia.html">Crazyfornia</a>,
<a href="crete.html">Crete Nike Firing - 1998</a>,
<TD><font size=+1>P <TD><font size=+1>
<A href="BealeTour.html">Pave Paws<A>,
<A HREF="Pi/Pi.html">Pi</A>, <A href="Pi/PiRamChu.html">Pi (serious)</A>,
<A HREF="N-Korea's-Nuc.html">Plutonium</A>,
<A href="Primate-Edgar.html">Primate, Edgar, Leakey</A>
<A href="https://arxiv.org/">pre-publication versions of Scientific Papers available</A>
<BR>and the press, <A HREF="AdventuresWithPress.html">Adventures with the press</A>,
<A HREF="BullCrapJournalism.html">Bull Crap Journalism</A>,
<A HREF="puzzlement.html">Puzzlement</A>,
<TR>
<TD><font size=+1>D <TD><font size=+1>
<a href="Munich/MunichTripReport.html">Deutsches Museum</a>
<a href="pics5/Troublesome_Dimensions-s.html">Dimensions, Troublesome</A>
<TD><font size=+1>Q <TD><font size=+1>
<A HREF="http://www7b.biglobe.ne.jp/~kcy05t/index.html">Quantum mechanics</A> ?? ;-),
<TR>
<TD><font size=+1>E <TD><font size=+1>
Eclipse<A HREF="trip-london.html#eclipse">1999</A>&<A HREF="2017Eclipse/2017Eclipse.html">2017</A>,
<a href="Bio-short.html">Ed's Biography</a>,
<A HREF="EinsteinRelativity/EinsteinRelativity.html">Einstein, Relativity</A>
<a href="HondaCVCC/CVCC.html">Electrified CVCC</a>,
<A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDgFbAqdM_c&list=PL8_xPU5epJdctoHdQjpfHmd_z9WvGxK8-">
Electron-CryoTomography</A> On-line classes,
<A HREF="pics3/EneregyQUAD-US.jpg">Energy</A>,
<A href="comp-hist/ERMA.html">ERMA - 1950's B of A automation</A>,
<TD><font size=+1>R <TD><font size=+1><a href="RadiationIonizing.html">Radiation, Ionizing</a>,
<a href="RAMAC/index.html">RAMAC Project</a>,
<A HREF="http://www.jove.com/video/50021/bringing-the-visible-universe-into-focus-with-robo-ao">,
Robo-AO</A>,
<TR>
<TD><font size=+1>F <TD><font size=+1>
<a href="Ford-Model-T.html">Ford Model-T Auto</a>,
<A HREF="FortranHistories/Index.html">Fortran Histories<A>,
<A HREF="FujitsuSV600/FujitsuSV600.html">Fujitsu SV600</A>,
<A href="http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu">Feynman "Lectures on Physics"</A> 3 vols.
<TD><font size=+1>S <TD><font size=+1>
<a href="SaferGUI.html">Safer Human-Computer Interfaces</a>,
<A HREF="http://www.forth.org/svfig/kk/Salt_LabView.pdf">SALT telescope</A>,
<a href="ProcessingScientificDataRMak.pdf">Scientific Data Management System</a>,
<a href="Seismo/Seismo.html">Amateur Seismology</a>,
<A HREF="SiestaLovers.html">Siesta Lovers</A>,
<A href="http://198.40.45.23:8073/">Software Defigned Radio, Point Reyes</A>,
<a href="Solyndra-bankrupt-GRA.html">Solyndra-bankrupt</a>,
<a href="StarLink.html">StarLink, techie stuff</A>
<TR>
<TD><font size=+1>G <TD><font size=+1>
<a href="EarlyGE-Computers.html">G.E. Computer Dept</a>,
<a href="Mitch-Joe&Vinney.html">Good Ole Daize</a>,
<A HREF="https://backchannel.com/how-google-book-search-got-lost-c2d2cf77121d?mbid=synd_digg">
Google Books</A> - <A HREF="GoogleBooks.html">local copy</A>,
<a href="GoutDiet.html">Gout diet recommendations</a>,
<A HREF="LIGO.html">Gravitational Waves</a>,
<a href="GBTGreenBank.html">Green Bank Radio Telescope</a>,
<a href="Gyroscope.html">Gyroscope</a>,
<TD><font size=+1>T <TD><font size=+1>
<A HREF="Thelen-1940s/Thelen-1940s.html">Thelen 1940s</A>,
<a href="Teletype-28/index.html">Teletype Mod 28 Maintenance</a>,
<A HREF="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJbVTwWes3M">TESS follow-on to Kepler Mission</A>,
<A HREF="https://www.wired.com/video/watch/wired25-2020-audrey-tang-taiwan-covid-19-pandemic">
Taiwan vs Wuhan virus<A>,
<a href="Tulare2012/Tulare2012AntiqueFarm.html">Tulare 2012 Antique Farm Equipment</a>,
<A HREF="3Doors.html">3 Doors Problem</A>
<TR>
<TD><font size=+1>H <TD><font size=+1>Designing IT to make <A Href="SaferHealthCare/HealthCareSafer.html">Health Care Safer</A>
<font size=-1> at <A HREF="https://www.gresham.ac.uk/">Gresham College</A> UK,</FONT>
<A href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QkFyzVYg1p0">Hubble seminar, a techie delight</A>,
<A HREF="Humor.html">Humor</A>
<TD><font size=+1>U <TD><font size=+1>
<TR>
<TD><font size=+1>I <TD><font size=+1>
<a href="HTTP://IBM-1401.info">IBM 1401Project</a>,
<a href="IBM-Experience.html">IBM Experience</a>
<TD><font size=+1>V <TD><font size=+1>
x <A HREF="RC04.html#VLA">Very Large Array, New Mexico</A>
<TR>
<TD><font size=+1>J <TD><font size=+1>
<a href="JapanTrip/JapanTrip.html">Japan Trip - 2005</a>,
<a href="FoxworthyTaliban.html">Jeff Foxworthy comments on the Taliban</a>,
<TD><font size=+1>W <TD><font size=+1>
<a href="WashHospital.html">Washington Hospital "Visit" :-(</a>,
<a href="WillitsRoots/RootsWillits.html">Willits ROOTS Steam Engines</a>,
<TR>
<TD><font size=+1>K <TD><font size=+1><a href="Kepler.html">Kepler</a>,
<a href="KnuthCheck.html">Don Knuth Pays Off (again??)</a>,
<TD><font size=+1>X <TD><font size=+1>
<A href="RestoreAlto/index.html">Xerox Alto Restoration </A>,
<TR>
<TD><font size=+1>L <TD><font size=+1>
<a href="L&N-WheatstoneBridge.html">L&N 4725</a>,
<a href="LeftFootDraggin.html">Left Foot Draggin</a>,
<A HREF="LIGO.html">LIGO</A>,
<a href="trip-london.html">London, Babbage Engine & Total Eclipse</a>,
<a href="LordOfArabia.html">Lord of Arabia</a> book,
<A HREF="https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiQiOGljrzVAhVO5mMKHUHQCxEQtwIIJjAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Di-CD5g711vQ&usg=AFQjCNEofx5P6rfJHh9VYTLEH9lRXNsEMw">Computer History Museum Docent Training, Lafarr Stuart on Lehmer </A>,
<A HREF="Landis&Gyr.html">Landis&Gyr</A>
<TD><font size=+1>Y <TD><font size=+1>
<TR>
<TD><font size=+1>M <TD><font size=+1>
<a href="MacularPucker.html">Macular Pucker</a>,
<A href="0Magnetometer/Magnetometer.html">Magnetometer</A>,
<a href="https://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/maths-where-we-are">Maps</A>,
<a href="MBARI/MBARI.html">MBARI</a>,
<a href="Measurex.html">Measurex</a>,
<A href="MendocinoMotor.html">Mendocino Motor</A>,
<a href="MRI.html">MRI</a>,
<A HREF="pics5/MurphysLaw.html">Murphy's Law</A>,
<A href="pics6/MuskTwitter.html">Musk/Twitter</A>
<TD><font size=+1>Z <TD><font size=+1>
<a href="zeus.html">ZEUS</a>,
</table>
<P>
Some of my favorite videos
<table cellpadding=5 border >
<TR>
<TD><font size=+1>
- <A href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJsC-buIkSE">George S. Patton: American Ajax</A>
<BR> - from Neil Shubin & PBS, "Your Inner <A href="https://www.pbs.org/video/your-inner-fish-program-your-inner-fish-2/">Fish</A>,
<A href="https://www.pbs.org/video/your-inner-fish-program-your-inner-reptile">Reptile</A>,
<a href="https://www.pbs.org/video/your-inner-fish-your-inner-monkey">Monkey</A>
<BR>- <A Href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqPuKxXUCPY">Prof Richard Muller: Former Climate Change Skeptic</A>
<BR> (For those who were appalled by
the <a href="https://www.uea.ac.uk/climate-of-change">East Anglia College</A> methods)
<Br>- <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ocwxNvM6uLU">Richard Muller: Physics for Future Presidents</A>
<br> - <A href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2CAxfsBxK5U">Lucky Luckadoo</A> B-17, 100 years old
<br>- <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZTC_RxWN_xo">Secret History of Silicon Valley</A>,
Steve Blank
<BR> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u2bUKEi9It4">Synthetic Aperture Radar</a>, Scott Manley
<br> - <A href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=onDZLKie1Fg">Abandoned Nuclear Antiballistic Missile Base</A>
<A href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARx2-wRn9-Y">A 20-year History of Antiballistic Missile Systems</A>
<BR>- <A href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zR26e504uI&t=20s">The Insane Engineering of the X-15</A>,
<BR>- <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1t0egTZY44">"Colors" and "Rainbows, for physics teachers"</A> - (my titles ;--) - by Walter Lewin, MIT
<BR>- <A href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QkFyzVYg1p0">Hubble seminar, a techie delight</A>
<BR>- <A HreF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZgcD4C-4u0Q">parallel projections and the Radon transform</A>
<BR>- <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rowWM-MijXU">
The Applications of Matrices | What I wish my teachers told me way earlier</A>,
& <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNk_zzaMoSs&list=PLZHQObOWTQDPD3MizzM2xVFitgF8hE_ab">3Blue1Brown</A>
<BR>- <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1x9lgX8GaE&t=4820s">
The Astonishing Simplicity of Everything</A>
<BR>
- <A HREF=" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LSxqpaCCPvY">
Mathematics Gives You Wings</A>
<br> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rSSrPCE0smo">
Distant Early Warning Radar: "The DEW Line Story" 1958 AT&T - Western Electric</A>
<br> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U4XknGqr3Bo&feature=youtu.be">
Transistor Full Documentary</A>
<BR> - Nuclear 101: How Nuclear Bombs Work,
<A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zVhQOhxb1Mc">Part 1</A>,
<A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MnW7DxsJth0">Part 2</A>
<A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryI4TTaA7qM">Nuclear Accidents: Lessons Learned</A> (Dr. Brian Sheron)
</table>
<HR>
<center>
<IMG src="pics5/cdbliiohkdilgpbf.jpg">
</center>
</blockquote>
</font></body>
</html>
|
Ed's Nike Missile Web Site
>
>
> # Ed Thelen's Nike Missile Web Site
>
>
> [email protected]
>
>
>
>
>
>
> [Alberta Oil
>
> Buys a cup of coffee | |](pics3/FairAdminHarvard.jpg) | |
> |
>
>
> "Peace in our time"?? - Russia invades Ukraine, China threatens Taiwan.
> United Nations Security Council,
> the 5 members with veto power
> include Russia & China
> Russia is attacking Ukraine, [Ukraine is so desirable](pics6/UkraineDesirable.html)
> China threatens Tiawan, [Taiwan has TSMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSMC)
> The Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC),
> is the world's largest, best, and most valuable semiconductor manufacturer.
>
>
> ---
>
>
>
> China makes
> [12 times more steel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_steel_production)
> and burns [7 times as much coal](https://www.globaldata.com/data-insights/mining/the-top-five-coal-producing-countries-million-tonnes-2021/) than the U.S.
> If the U.S. gets into a serious war, it will have to import more steel from China.
>
> |
>
> |
>
>
>
>
>
> [**Visiting again? - updates**](new.html)
>
> [**Table of Contents**](#TOC).
>
> [](0IWantMap.jpg)
> This site presents a great deal of
> **Nike Hercules
>
> [historical](#h-history),
> [technical](#h-technical)** and
> [**operational**](#h-operational)
> information
> and provides extensive links to Nike related
> [**books, documents**](related.html),
> [**museums**](museums.html)
> and to other
> [**Nike related web sites**](favorite.html).
>
> This site also provides a
>
> [**photographic tour of Nike site SF-88**](t_tour.html)
> (being restored),
> [location and status of **Nike sites**](loc.html),
> and a
> [List of **Nike People**](ppl.html),
> some [**on-line documents**](#h-documents),
> a [**bulletin board**](BulletinBoard.html),
> a [**search**](#search), a [**Photo Exchange**](exchange.html),
> an [**FAQ**](faq.html),
> and a variety of other features.
>
> 2019, the Russians are
> [playing "games" again](https://video.foxnews.com/v/6039941240001/#sp=show-clips).
>
>
>
> ---
>
>
>
> **Table of Contents**
>
>
>
> * [**Introduction**](#intro)* [**Colorful Pictures, Movies, Brochures**](#brochures)* [**Nike History**](#h-history)* [**Nike Site Technical information**](#h-technical),
> [**Intercept**](#Intercept)* [**Nike Operational information**](#h-operational)* **[Nike Locations](loc.html)*** **[Nike People](ppl.html)*** [**Books & Manuals**](related.html), [**On-Line documents**](#h-documents)* [**Places to visit, physical and on-line**](#places),
>
> * [**People and Trip Reports**](#P&TR),
> * [**SF-88-Maintenance**](Nike-SF-88Maint/Nike-SF-88-Maintenance.html)
>
>
>
> * [**Nike related web sites**](favorite.html)* [FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions](faq.html)* [**Stories, Questions**](#story-group)* [**Other**](#other) & [Thanking Veterans](#Veteran)* [**Search Function**](#search)* [**Bulletin Board**](BulletinBoard.html)* [**Items, Wanted or for Sale**](BulletinBoard.html#forsale)* [**General diagram of a Nike Hercules site.**](#diagram)* To [List yourself or update e-mail address](ppl.html#list)* [Comments on today's world](#Comments)* [More (non-Nike) topics](#More)
>
>
> | |
>
> | |
> | --- |
> |
> |
> | The Web
> This web site |
>
>
>
>
>
>
> **gotta have a little fun**
>
>
> [**(Model) Nike Launches from BA-79 just outside of Baltimore**
> from [David Zuchero](mailto:[email protected]) - Jun 22, 2020
>
>
> I am working with a group of volunteers who are restoring BA-79 just outside of Baltimore.
> Last week I launched a scale model of the Nike Hercules from BA-79 off of the one of the
> elevator doors. Probably the first time any Nike every left the launch site at that base,
> lucky for all of us! |](pics5/NH1-1.jpg) |
>
>
>
>
> from JP Moore
>
>
> ---
>
>
> This example shows the importance of accuracy in your tax return.
>
> The IRS has returned the Tax Return to a man in New York City after
> he apparently answered one of the questions incorrectly.
> In response to the question, ... "Do you have anyone dependent on you?"
> the man wrote: ... "12 million single mothers, 7.1 million illegal immigrants, 1.1 million crack-heads,
> 4.4 million unemployable scroungers, 80,000 criminals in over 85 prisons,
> plus 450 idiots in Congress and a group that call themselves Politicians."
>
> The IRS stated that the response he gave was unacceptable.
>
> The man's response back to the IRS was.... "Who did I leave out?"
>
> |
>
>
> **Comments on today's world**
>
>
> | | | | | |
> | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
> |
> [Why I like retirement](Retirement.html)
> [to help ex-President Obama as he ponders terror](Muslims.html),
> [FBI](http://nypost.com/2016/10/06/fbi-agents-are-ready-to-revolt-over-the-cozy-clinton-probe/),
> [Harry Truman](HarryTruman.html)
> [Civil Asset Forfeiture](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3kEpZWGgJks),
> [A little Bit of Reality](pics/Reality.html),
> [Commentary](Commentary/Commentary.html),
> [the NFL](pics/NoFansLeft.html),
> [9/11](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTOTl2NcP_A)
> [Reagan's Soviet Jokes](pics2/ReaganSovietJokes.mp4),
> [We Forgot!](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTOTl2NcP_A),
> [Senate Testimony](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFL6k5yOAFM)
> "Carbon Footprint" -
> [2021 Steel production](https://worldsteel.org/steel-by-topic/statistics/annual-production-steel-data/P1_crude_steel_total_pub/CHN/IND),
> China produces 52.8% of the world's crude steel.
> 12.0 times the U.S. steel production, which is less than either India or Japan.
>
> "Green" California buys most of the steel for its bridges and structures from China!
>
> [Thomas Sowell](ThomasSowell.html), [Cancel Culture Comes to France](pics5/CancelCulture.html),
>
>
> Another election year [Political Cartoons](PolitCartoons/PolitCartoons.html)
>
>
> Maybe we are getting the quality of government we pay for?? - as of June 2021
> 1. Senior software engineers in San Jose, CA
> get an average of $166,452 (indeed.com)
> (and can live at home)
> - Senators and House Representatives get $174,000 per year.
> (and need to live in near Washington DC **and** in their home district!)
> - My "liberal" friends point out that they also get free haircuts and other "benefits" -
> - Senior Major League Baseball umpires can earn upwards of $350,000 per year.
> - The president of the U.S. gets $400,000 plus free haircuts ;--)
> - and either protection or abuse from "the media", depending -
> - Nancy Farber, CEO of our [local hospital](WashHospital.html), got $1,200,835 in 2019
> - I drive extra miles to avoid that screwed up place
> - Buster Posey, a SF Giants baseball player, got $22,177,777/year.
> - Enough to pay the salaries of 127 members of Congress
> - In 2020,
> [Roger Goodell (NFL)](https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/29/848083541/nfl-commissioner-gives-up-his-40-million-salary-and-will-cut-league-employees-pa) was slated to make $40 million
> |
>
>
>
>
> **!! Disinformation from Copernicus !!**
>
> Consensus of philosophers agree with [**Aristotle**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle).
> **Disagreeing with Aristotle, [Copernicus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus) claims:**
> a) The earth turns around once a day.
> b) The earth goes around the sun once a year.
> c) The earth is not the center of the universe.
> **To halt spread of the above disinformation:**
> a) Copernicus book is on the [Forbidden List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum).
> b) [Giordano Bruno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordano_Bruno) didn't recant - burned alive.
> c) [Galileo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei) recanted - permanent house arrest.
> **Stamp Out Disinformation and Copernicus
>
>
> Is the **DGB**
> [Disinformation Governance Board](https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/05/02/end-the-disinformation-governance-board/)
> replacing the
> [Roman Inquisition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Inquisition) ??
>
> Sounds like [Vladimir Putin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin)'s
> previous employer - the **KGB**.
> The same **KGB** of [Stalin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin) fame.
> |** |
>
>
>
>
> **Introduction**
>
>
>
> **What Nike is all about**
>
>
> Created in 2021, an [excellent 13 minute Youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6lWDbwmsz9E) by Scott Manley |
> |
>
> Oddly, I can find nothing to quibble about! Very unusual -
>
> Sott also mentions the WWII German AA rocket, the [Wasserfall](http://www.astronautix.com/w/wasserfall.html),
> hand guided, never fielded/used.
>
> [Nike Hercules Missile Q5 High Altitude Intercept](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kpHE9O8ckno)
> - 1.5 minutes
>
>
>
> [This three minute video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D_tSIlMdZok)
> is a (successful :-) test of an early Nike Ajax destroying a radio controlled WW-II B-17.
> Later tests verified that the Nike Ajax was also a killer of higher flying sub and supersonic jets
> such as used by the Soviet Union.
> The next generation was the Nike Hercules which was faster, longer range, and could carry
> nuclear warheads to destroy multiple targets.
>
> The "plotting room" equipment shown in this video must have been an engineering prototype -
> Things were much more crowded when installed in the two vans -
> among other things, the plotting boards here are horizontal,
> in the BC van, they are vertical.
> The analog computer operational amplifiers are different,
> big tubes here, in the vans they were "miniature" tubes,
> and on and on - the zero set switches
> (the round spinning things in the analog computer)
> were a little different style -
>
> I think you could say that this equipment was
> "re-packaged" for field use.
> |
> Mike Stucka, a staff writer for the Taunton Daily Gazette, was looking for images for a Nike story
> and e-mailed
> "This story is interesting, and everyone is so darned helpful."
> *( That story has disappeared - I should have made a "local copy" ! )*
>
> I thought for a bit and replied:
> "These were good days for lots of now older folks -
> and we were quite proud of
> - the learning experience - some of us even got a little more "mature" ;-))
> - doing something useful - better than flipping hamburgers or selling shoes ?
>
> "Most look back and smile, and like to share the warm feeling :-))"
>
>
> This site has become a **cooperative effort** as more than 350 people have
> contributed text, stories, ideas, information, and corrections.
>
>
>
>
> | |
> | --- |
> | The **Nike** surface to air missile system was named after the winged goddess
> of victory in Greek mythology. Two versions of this system defended the U.S.
> and other places from hostile aircraft.
>
>
> The 1st version, the **Nike Ajax**, was deployed
> in the U.S. from 1954 to the early 1960s. It had an effective range of 25 miles.
>
> The 2nd version, the **Nike Hercules**,
> was developed which was faster, had a range of over 75 miles, and had nuclear capability.
> The **Hercules** was deployed starting in 1958.
> In 1963, there were 134 Nike Hercules and 77 Nike Ajax batteries defending the U. S.
> - as per ["Rings of Supersonic Steel"](related.html#rings).
>
> Both versions above are made light and transportable by wheeled vehicles, transportable in cargo planes
> for "easy" mobility. With practice and preparation, a site could be moved in a long, hard day.
> As many parts as practical are made of aluminum or magnesium, the standard power frequency is
> 400 Hertz (cycles per second) saving iron and weight in transformers and motors as in aircraft.
>
> The Hercules is still in use
> (with an improved computer and a few other enhancements) by several countries today.
> |
>
>
>
> This web site does not present photos, histories, nor detailed status of most NIKE sites.
> I link to other web sites take up that interesting challenge.
>
> Almost all Nike Hercules related information has been declassified
> - the only exceptions are some [IFF](ifc_acq.html#ppi)
> (Identification Friend or Foe) information, some flight
> characteristics, and some [nuclear warhead](missiles.html#war_head) information.
> This site has a little information on the Nike Ajax, and no information on
> [Nike Zeus](http://www.paineless.id.au/missiles/index.html) (external link),
> also youtube [A 20-year History of Antiballistic Missile Systems](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARx2-wRn9-Y).
>
> I installed and maintained Nike Ajax fire control equipment (radars & computer)
> at [Chicago site C-41](ppl-i.html#C-41) during 1955-1957.
> Maybe "we" [deterred](deterrent.html) "them".
>
> I have served as a volunteer helping restore an old Nike site
> [**(SF-88)** near San Francisco](#visit)
> for the National Park Service.
>
> [About submitting photos](#photos) to this web site.
>
> **Colorful Pictures, Movies, Brochures**
>
>
> ---
>
>
>
> **Two "action" pictures and four movies**
>
>
> | | |
> | --- | --- |
> | **Hercules Night Launch**,
> (17 K bytes)
> [[Herc night launch]
>
> From previous army pictures at
>
> http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/archives/nike\_017.jpg.](nike_017.jpg)
>
> **Hercules Day Launch**,
> (from NAMFI, 32 K bytes)
> [[Herc day NAMFI launch]](nike_kreta1.jpg) |
>
>
>
>
>
> | | |
> | --- | --- |
> |
>
> ...
> ...
> |
> [Click here for expanded graphics scanned by Pete Wurzbach
> C/4/562 Alvarado, Texas](decals.html)
> |
> |
>
>
>
>
>
> | | | | |
> | --- | --- | --- | --- |
> |
> 2.3 MBytes
>
> **A short easy introduction to the Nike Anti-Aircraft system** - from
> [Michael Keller](mailto:[email protected]) - posted May 3, 2013
> Click on image to download the .pdf
> **"Camp Sarafi", South Korea**
> from [Al Dietz](mailto:[email protected]) ...
> I believe the balloon antennas are left to right: TTR, TRR, and MTR.
> The LOPAR acquisition radar is behind the building.
>
>
> ---
>
>
> ***I don't normally post pictures of individual sites (too many),
> but isn't this bleak ?? Gads - imagine winter -*** | | | |
>
>
>
> **A Great Photo Study of an abandoned Nike site** - by Rich Lewis
>
>
> | |
> | --- |
> | Lumberton, New Jersey [PH23/25](loc-n.html#PH-23),
>
> [Rich Lewis photo study](https://photoimpressionism.wordpress.com/2016/01/20/lumberton-new-jerseys-nike-missile-battery-ph2325/)
>
> [A local HTML version](RLewis-PH23-25/PH23-25-Lumberton.html),
> (I worry about "good stuff" going away.)
> |
>
>
>
> **Intercept - A little more technical ;-))**
>
>
> | | |
> | --- | --- |
> |
> [This is a plot of a Nike Hercules intercepting a target flying at 52,000 feet.
> The vertical scale is altitude in feet. (max 100,000 feet)
> The left trace is the Nike missile, the right is the target.
> The horizonal scale is computed time to intercept, in seconds.
> The middle is time zero, intercept.
> Note: Against high flying targets such as this, the Hercules does not necessarily go above the target.
> from [TM9-1400-250-10/2](TM9-1400-250-10-2-040.pdf) page 36,
> [Manual](TM9-1400-250-10-2.html)
> |](NikeIntercept-ElPlot-.jpg) |
>
>
>
> **Cold War in South Florida, ... Study** available free online - posted Mar 4, 2010
>
>
> | | |
> | --- | --- |
> |
> 3 MBytes
>
> Click on image to download the .pdf
> Good news. The Cold War Study of Nike Hercules in South Florida ($19.95 plus shipping) has been re-released in pdf format as a public domain document.
>
> The tours of HM-69 has been overwhelming at Everglades National Park for the second year. Tours will be conducted through the end of March.
>
> Charles D. Carter
> | |
>
>
> [**The Cuban Missile Crisis**](pics/Whitaker.html) by James Whitaker (Nike, South Florida)
> The [Cold War is an Electronic War](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZTC_RxWN_xo)
> (Soviets shot down 23 of our ELINT Planes) 36 minutes through 44 minutes
>
>
> [Michael Keller](mailto:[email protected]) wrote (Feb 2009) & (Dec 2010) & (Aug 2011) & (Dec 2012)
>
>
>
>
>
>
> Cover of [2 MByte brochure](ARAACOM-Enlist.pdf)
> Just found this nice piece on Ebay.
> Printing Date is 10-15-56.
>
> "The purpose of this booklet is to inform
> high-school graduates-and their parents-of
> the matchless opportunities that lie within
> the Army Antiaircraft Command."
>
> Well, most of the once-adressed kids
> will be retired by now, but maybe they
> remember this booklet.
>
>
>
> Its a 3 page folder, size 500mm x 100mm.
> (Yes I prefer metric) :)
> But look, on the frontcover:
> seems that track LIMA296 has slipped through!! :))
> It has a beautiful painting inside, and
> a funny 70's scene on the backside.
>
> |
>
>
>
> It contains the original Team Nike decal, and a small brochure.
> Both items came to me together with the MISSILE MASTER booklet. [600 KB]
>
>
> The diameter of the decal is 4,06 inch. (103 mm)
>
> with kind regards from germany,
>
>
>
> A recruiting brochure featuring the Nike Hercules, "Now making its appearance on-site."
>
>
>
> | | | |
> | | | |
>
>
>
>
> ---
>
>
>
> **Nike History**
> * [Acoustic Ears](AcousticEars.html)
> * [Pre-Nike](pre_nike.html) (Anti-Aircraft Guns)
> * Remember history? [World's Biggest Bomb](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uaoJFhQBb_s)* Nike [**Historical Information**](history.html)* [**First Nike Missile Site**](FirstNikeSite.html)
> * Nike [**Technical Background**](NikePostHistory.html), Then & Now
> * Nike [**Ajax**](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D_tSIlMdZok) destroying a B-17 bomber - from Kevin Appert
> * Nike [**Hercules**](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TOFfdq5m5V0),
> - 10 minutes - recommended by [Jon Little](mailto:[email protected])* "Archie to SAM - A Short Operational History of Ground-Based Air Defense" - a Great book!! -
> [InternetArchive](https://web.archive.org/web/20060722111104/http://www.maxwell.af.mil/au/aul/aupress/Books/Werrell_Archie/Werrell.pdf),
> [Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/Archie-SAM-Operational-History-Ground-Based/dp/1478361751/)
>
>
>
> **Nike in Overall Air Defense**
> * [TU-4 "Bull" Bomber
> [photo credit Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-4)
> [TU-95 "Bear" Bomber
> [Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95)
> [TU-22M "Backfire" Bomber
> [photo credit Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-22M)
> [?Soviet Airfield?](SovietBombers-.jpg)
> A [response](SovietAirfield.html) |](Tu-22M3-Backfire-.jpg) |](TU-95BearBomber-.jpg) |](TU-4SovietB-29-.jpg) |
> * [416L](USAF-CONTROL-AND-WARNING-SUPPORT-SYSTEM-416L.pdf) is the
> name of the North American air defense system. ( 28 page, 3.3 MByte .pdf document )
> * [DEW Line](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMZl6Xlm6ak&feature=related)
> Distant Early Warning Line -
> [more](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjmMWIYsX3E&feature=endscreen&NR=1)* [Pine Tree Line](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjmMWIYsX3E&feature=endscreen&NR=1) (with techie error about how radar cooks)
> * Some info on
> Texas Towers
> [1](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Towers),
> [2](http://www.radomes.org/museum/documents/TexasTower.html),
>
> [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_picket),
> [2](http://www.yagrs.org/home.htm),
> [3](http://www.radomes.org/museum/PicketShips.html), AirForce, ...
> * [SAGE](comp-hist/vs-ibm-sage.html) (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment)
> * [MIT - Lincoln Laboratory - SAGE](https://www.ll.mit.edu/about/history/sage-semi-automatic-ground-environment-air-defense-system)
>
>
>
> **Nike Site Technical information**
> * [Nike Site Overview](overvu.html)
> * Nike [Integrated Fire Control (IFC)](ifc.html) Area Overview
> + [Acquisition Radars](ifc_acq.html)
> + [Battery Control](ifc_b_cnt.html)
> + [Tracking Radars](ifc_track.html)
> + [Computer](computer.html)+ [IFC Test Instruments](IFC-Test-Instruments.html) other than
> [Radar Aiming Alignment](ifc_track.html#align)+ [Lesson 8. Target Simulation](MMS-150-Ch08.pdf)
> - 1.2 megabytes
> - [IFF Symbols and FUIF symbols](MMS-150-Ch02-IFF-Symbols.html)
> + [Greg's Nike Utilities](BrownGreg/GregsUtilities.html) fans, heaters, event recorder, ...
> + [**Nike Radars and Computer**](MMS-150.html)
> Manual, MMS subcourse number 150
> + [Nike Training Films](TrainingMovies.html)* Nike [Launcher Area](launcher_area.html) Overview
> + [Missiles](missiles.html)
> + [Missile Pre-Launch Sequence](p_launch.html)
> + [Missile Flight Sequence](flight.html)+ [**Nike Missile and Test Equipment**](MMS-151.html)
> Manual, MMS subcourse number 151* [Formal Names](#FormalNames)
> * [Nike Hercules Updates](AlliedSupportability.html) Allied Supportability Program
> * Good news ;-)) [Nike not considered obsolete.](#NotObsolete) ;-))
>
>
>
> **Nike Operational information**
> * [Command and Control](CommandControl.html) of Nike Batteries
> * [NORAD History](NORAD-Hist.html) via Greg Brown
> * [Training](Training.html)* [Nike Hercules deliveries](pics2/HerculesDeliveriesKBahr.pdf), from Ken Bahr
> * Life on a [Nike Site](operatn.html)
> * [Nike Missions](NikeMissions.html) Surface-to-Air, Surface-to-Surface,
> Radar Bomb Scoring
>
> * Nike [Battery Alert](alert.html)* [Nuclear Nike Launch Authentication Procedures](NuclearAuthentication.html)* [Target Practice](TargetPractice.html)* [Nike Site Support](NikeSiteSupport.html)* [Documents from a Battery Commander](CloseEarl.html)
> - from Earl Close
>
> * **The [National Guard](national-guard.html) \*is\* Ready*** [**US Army units on NATO Countries Batteries**](NATO-Batteries.html)
> -by [Richard Scheffler](mailto:[email protected])* [Life before Transistors](VacuumTubes.html)* [Nike "Kill Ratio"?](NikeKillRatio.html) or **"How good was Nike"??*** [Closing a Nike Site](HowToCloseNikeSite.html) by Edward Dowd
>
>
> **[Support for Nike Field Batteries (and museums)](support.html)**
>
>
> **On-Line documents**
> - Longer range radars [another site](http://www.smecc.org/radar_manuals.htm)
> - [Un-Numbered Documents](#un-NumDoc)
> - [Numbered Documents](#NumDoc)
> * **Un-Numbered Documents** - sorted
> + [412L Aircraft Warning & Control System 1959-1980](412L-AircraftWarning&ControlSystem1959-1980.pdf) 7 megabytes, from Jim Tarbet
> [412L Systems Drawing](pics/412 L-fromJTarbet.pdf),
> from [Jim Tarbet](mailto:[email protected])+ Ajax Firing Report - [Text](pics/AjaxFiringReport-Text.pdf) ,
> [Event Recorder](pics/AjaxFiringReport-EventRecorder.jpg)
> from ???
>
> + [An Antiaircraft Artilleryman 1939-1970,](http://www2.xlibris.com/bookstore/bookdisplay.asp?bookid=26299) - my life in the
> antiaircraft for
> 30 years from private in 205th CA(AA) Seattle National Guard to retired Army colonel."
> by Wilfred O. Boettiger (now for sale at Xlibris)
>
>
> + [Antiaircraft Journal](http://www.airdefenseartillery.com/online/2010/Antiaircraft%20Command%201946/Antiaircraft%20Journal/AAA%20Jounnal%20Homepage.htm) 1948-1954 - spotted by Mark Morgan via
> [Ron Pickinpaugh](mailto:[email protected]) added July 2010
>
>
>
>
> + [Army National Guard in Air Defense 51-74](ArmyNationalGuard-inAirDefense51-74.pdf) -
> from [Danny Johnson](mailto:[email protected]) - 18 MBytes
>
> + [Army Preventive Maintenance Magazine - Notes, Nike](PS-Magazine-.html) - from
> [Michael Keller](mailto:[email protected])+ [Colonel Loop's Nike papers](Col-Loop/Col-Loop-Documents.html), added Oct 6, 2019
>
> + [Emerging Shield](http://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/Publications/fulltext/emerging_shield.pdf) .PDF from the Air Force History Office.
> - spotted by Peter Goetz P.Geol.
>
>
> + EMP (Electro Magnetic Pulse) Effects from Nuclear Space Bursts
> [1962 Test Bursts and Analysis](EMP-ElectroMagneticPulse.pdf),
> [EPRI HEMP 2017 Executive Summary](pics/EPRI-HEMP-2017-ExexSum.pdf),
> [EPRI HEMP 2017](pics/EPRI-HEMP-2017.pdf)+ [Excess Report, NIKE Hercules Site D-FW-20, Terrel, Texas](exDF20.pdf),
> - .pdf, 1.12 Megabytes, includes site drawings, thanks to
> [Mark Berhow](mailto:[email protected]),
> + [Field Trip to North Bay - (to see a SAGE installation)](comp-hist/TCMR-V04.pdf)
> by Gordon Bell (12 megabyte .pdf)
>
> + [History of the OOZLEFINCH](oozlefinch.html)
> by [Errol Porter](mailto:[email protected])
> (Published with permission.)
>
> + Hydraulic fluids, specs, from Greg Brown -
> Launcher fluid is [AeroShell 41](pics6/msds-fluid-41-eng.pdf),
> Elevator fluid is [Tellus S2MX 68](pics6/Shell_Tellus_S2_M_68.pdf)+ [[ICBM] INTERCEPT TEST HITS BULL'S-EYE](prototype-interceptor.html)
> We couldn't do this with Nike
>
> + [Last Line of Defense](last-line.html) from the National Park Service
>
>
> + [Missile Master](MissileMaster-mm-intro.html) - brochure -
> Thanks to [Robert C Barr](mailto:[email protected])+ [NATO Nike Upgrades Pamphlet](pics6/NatoNikeUpgrades_NSP.pdf) scanned by NPS
>
> + Nike AJAX Historical Monograph [OCR](mono-1-2.html),
> [PDF](pics/NikeAjax-Cagle.pdf), by M. Cagle
>
> + [Nike Elevator Student Handout](pics6/NikeElevatorStudentHandout.pdf)+ [Nike Elevator Training - Ft Belvoir](pics6/NikeElevatorTraining-FtBelvoir.pdf)+ [NIKE Hercules in service in the Royal Netherlands Airforce](HerculesRoyalDutch-h.html)
> - Updated Dec 2018
>
> + [Nike-Hercules Technical Data](WesternElectricNikeHerculesBrown.pdf) - by Western Electric,
> about half the pages, 10 MBytes - from Greg Brown
> + [Nike-Hercules System Nuclear Training Directorate](HercSysNuc1970.pdf) - via Greg Brown (4.8 MB)
>
> + Nike HERCULES Historical Monograph [OCR](h_mono-1.html),
> [PDF](pics/NikeHercCagle.pdf), by M. Cagle, via M. Berhow
>
> + [Nike - U.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous ...](http://pdw.hanford.gov/arpir/pdf.cfm?accession=D199049898), also
> [local copy](NikeUSArmyToxic&Haz.pdf)
> via [Ken Conger](mailto:[email protected]) - Mar 2014 - 3.3 MB
>
> + <NikeAjaxOrd&PropellantHandlingProcedures-1-July-1954-TempSites.pdf> 1.2 MB, from
> [Ron Plante](mailto:[email protected]) Mar 21, 2014
>
> + [Production of Hercules Missiles by Douglas Aircraft](HerculesDouglasAW58-12-01.pdf) - thanks to Tony Moore
>
> + [RAND Study RM-2560 NIKE Ajax reliability study](pics/RAND-StudyRM-2560-Nike.pdf) from Cory Newman
>
> + [Redstone Arsenal](http://www.archive.org/details/redstone_years), 11 minute publicity video
> - spotted by Olav ten Broek
>
> + ["Ring of Fire"](http://www.radomes.org/museum/documents/NIKE-RingofFire.pdf)
> Could Nike missiles have protected U.S. cities from a Soviet attack?
> on www.radones.org
>
> + Introduction to [SAGE](sage.html), 14 page visitor's document
>
> + A [SAGE Movie](http://webdev.archive.org/movies/details-db.php?collection=prelinger&collectionid=06855) -
> thanks to [Ben Abzug](mailto:[email protected])
> + The Nike Preservation Group [Newsletters](npg-newsletters.html)
> + SF-88 [Nike News](sf-88-newsletters.html)+ Greg Brown "was trolling through the internet on the NPS GGNA, and found the
> [document](pics6/nr-forts-baker-barry-cronkhite.pdf) that was submitted to the Feds for SF-88 to be an Historical site in 1973."
>
>
>
> + [The Launching Pad](LaunchingPad-1.html) 5th Missile Battalion Veterans
> + [To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold
> War Missile Program](ToDefendAndDeterTheLegacyColdWar.pdf) Warning - 70 megabytes of .pdf -
> - spotted by [Dave Fields](mailto:[email protected])+ [U.S. Army Air Defense Digest 1965](USArmyAirDefenseDigest1965.html)
> + ["US Army Air Defense Digest, 1972"](72digest1.html)
> a Management Overview
> of US Air Defenses+ [U.S. Army Nike Brochure](USArmyNikeBrochure.html) (Improved Hercules, recruiting)
>
> + ["US Army Air Defense Digest, 1966"](digest1.html) a Management Overview
> of US Air Defenses
> + Vigilant and Invincible
> ([local back-up](redstone-sus_intro.html))
>
>
> + [W-25: The Davidsonville Site and Maryland Air Defense, 1950-1974](W-25MerleColeDavidsonvilleMarylandAirDefense.pdf)
> by [Merle T. Cole](mailto:[email protected])
> + "What We Have, We Shall Defend: An Interim History and Preservation Plan for
> Nike Site SF-88L, Fort Barry, California" by J.A. Martini and S.A. Haller,
> National Park Service GGNRA, San Francisco, CA, Feb 1998
> [External link to NPS](http://www.nps.gov/goga/historyculture/upload/What%20We%20Have.pdf),
> [local copy](What-We-Have-NPS.pdf)
> - (870 kBytes)
>
>
> + [Winged Victory - The History of the Nike Missile Training Program
> At Fort Bliss](WingedVictory-150r.pdf) 48 pages, 7 megabytes
>
> + YouTube
> - [Cold War Computing - The SAGE System](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06drBN8nlWg&NR=1)- [Sandy Hook, NJ](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TOFfdq5m5V0) - from
> [Peter DeMarco](mailto:[email protected])
>
> * **Numbered Documents** - sorted
>
>
>
> - Two lists of Nike Documents, [List-Nike-Technical-Manuals.pdf](pics3/List-Nike-Technical-Manuals.pdf) and
> [GOGA-List-of-Manuals.pdf](pics3/GOGA-List-of-Manuals.pdf) from [Charles D. Carter](mailto:[email protected])
> - Eight of the GOGA scanned manuals size reduced by <https://www.ilovepdf.com/compress_pdf>
> |
>
> + [750-1-2 Preventive Maintenance Guide for Commanders](pics5/Preventive_Maintenance_Guide_for_Command.pdf)
> Aug 1975 - 6.3 MegaBytes - via Google Books
> + [AD-755-200](Army-Inflatable-Tents-AD-755-200.pdf) Army-Inflatable-Tents Reference Manual on Shelters - Nike Maintenance Protection -
> pages 36-39, 10 MBytes - spotted by
> [Charles D. Carter](mailto:[email protected]) June 2011
> ( [pages 36-39 only](Army-Inflatable-Tents-AD-755-200.pdf) 250 KBytes)
>
>
> + [FM 44-1](FM44-1.pdf) - July 1962 1965 U.S. Army - Air Defense Employment - a .pdf file of the manual
> - spotted by
> [Tom Page](mailto:[email protected])
> * [FM 44-1A](FM44-1A.pdf) - September 1965 U.S. Army - Air Defense Employment - a .pdf file of the Hercules part of the manual
> - via Greg Brown
>
> * [FM 44-8 Antiaircraft Operations Center and Antiaircraft Artillery
> Information Service](FM44-8_1954.pdf) December 1954,
> 8 MByte .pdf, scanned by [Cory Newman](mailto:[email protected])* [FM 44-8 - Army Air Defense Command Posts](FM44-8.pdf) August 1962,
> with change 1 - 1964,
> 2 MByte .pdf, scanned by [Cory Newman](mailto:[email protected])* [FM 44-9 - AN/TSQ-51 Missile Mentor System,](pics4/FM44-9-1967.pdf) August 1967, 5.4 MByte,
> copy from [Cory Newman](mailto:[email protected])* [FM 44-10 U.S. Army Air Defense Fire Distribution System AN/FSG-1
> (Missile Master)](FM44-10.pdf) February 1963, 6 MByte .pdf,
> scanned by [Cory Newman](mailto:[email protected]),
> images trimmed by Ed Thelen
>
> * [FM 44-16B/CM, Commander's Manual, Hercules Missile Crewman, MOS 16B](pics5/FM-44-16B-CM-Google.pdf)
> Google Books, via Greg Brown
>
> * [FM-44-24Q1-2
> Soldier's Manual MOS 24Q - Nike Hercules Fire Control Mechanic Skill Levels 1 and 2](pics5/FM-44-24Q1-2GoogleBooks.pdf)
> Google Books
>
> * FM44-80 - Procedures and Drills of the Nike I System -
> [Table of Contents](FM44-80.html),
> [Manual](FM44-80.pdf) - 24 MByte .pdf
> * [MMS Subcourse Number 150 - Nike Radars and Computer](MMS-150.html)
> Manual, MMS Subcourse Number 150, revised November 1973
>
> * [MMS Subcourse Number 151 - Nike Missile and Test Equipment](MMS-151.html)
> Manual, MMS Subcourse Number 151, revised November 1973
>
> * [MMS Subcourse Number 900 - Lesson 2.
> Major Units of the Nike Hercules Missile](MMS-900-Ch02.pdf) - from Manual,
> MMS Subcourse Number 900, "Nike Missile Maintenance" Revised March 1973 - 2.1 megabytes
>
>
> * [MWO 9-1400-250-30-22](MWO_9-1400-250-30-22-.html)
> Modification Work Order, to Launcher area
>
> * [PIO4324, "On Site On Guard", 1963](PIO-43624-OnSideOnGuard.pdf) 2 MBytes
> * ST-44-188 - AN/TPS-1G, a close relative of the AN/FPS-75 ABAR acquisition radar
> used in some Nike sites
> + [Introduction to Radar](ST-44-188-1.html) ST-44-188-1
> - from [Chuck Zellers](mailto:[email protected])+ [Introduction and Start-Stop to the AN/TPS-1G](ST-44-188-2G.pdf)
> ST-44-188-2G
> - from [Chuck Zellers](mailto:[email protected])
> - 3.8 megabytes
> + [Modulator and transmitter of the AN/TPS-1G](ST-44-188-3G.pdf)
> ST-44-188-3G
> - from [Chuck Zellers](mailto:[email protected])
> - 2.5 megabytes
> + [AN/TPS-1G Receiver System](ST-44-188-4G.pdf) ST-44-188-4G
> - from [Chuck Zellers](mailto:[email protected])
> - 2.08 megabytes
> + AN/TPS-1G Moving Target Indicator System ST-44-188-5G
> [(Chapters 1 - 4)](ST-44-188-5G-a.pdf)
> - 2.1 megabytes
> [(Chapters 4+ - )](ST-44-188-5G-b.pdf) - 2.7 megabytes
> - from [Chuck Zellers](mailto:[email protected])
> + [AN/TPS-1G Indicator System](ST44188-6G.pdf) ST-44-188-6G
> - 3.8 megabytes
> - from [Chuck Zellers](mailto:[email protected])* [T1 Field Manual](T1-FieldManual.pdf) 7.6 megabytes - thanks to Rolf D Goerigk
>
> * [TM-5-1450-201-15 Elevator, Hydraulic, Guided Missile, Automatically
> Operated Doors](TM-5-1450-201-15.pdf) - 31 MBytes
> and [Elevator Docs](ElevatorDocs.html) via Bruce Long,* [TM 9-1400-250-10/2](TM9-1400-250-10-2.html) - A great introduction to the
> Nike Hercules system, in technical manual format - 135 pages, and also in smaller sections.
> (There is also a Tactical Control section)
>
> * [TM-9-1410-250-12/1 - OPERATOR AND ORG MAINTENANCE MANUAL:
> MIM-14A AND MIM-14B](TM-9-1410-250-12-1TOC.html) (NIKE-HERCULES AND IMPROVED NIKE-HERCULES)
> November 1967
>
> * [TM-9-1410-250-24P-1-2](TM-0-1410-250-24P-1-2.pdf) Organizational, Direct Support and General
> Support Maintenance Repair Parts and Special Tools list Including Depot Maintenance
> Repairs parts and special Tools - Illustration Supplement for ... MIM-14B and MIM-14C - - 10 MB .pdf
>
> * [TM 9-1410-1250-12/1(FMS)](TM-9-1410-1250-12-1-FMS-o.pdf)
> Intercept-Areal Guided Missile MIM-14A, B, C - July 1981, 88 MBytes - from Rolf Goerigk
>
> * [TM 9-1430-250-10](pics6/TM-9-1430-250-10_compressed.pdf) Operators's Manual: RADAR COURSE DIRECTION CENTRAL (HERCULES)- scanned by NPS, collection GOGA 35286
> - [TM 9-1430-250-10/3](pics6/TM-9-1430-250-10-3_compressed.pdf) Operators's Manual: ELECTRONIC COUNTER-COUNTERMEASURES:
> RADAR COURSE DIRECTION CENTRAL (HERCULES)
> - scanned by NPS, collection GOGA 35286
> - [TM9-1430-250-12P/10/2](TM9-1430-250-12P-10-2.pdf) Illustration Supplement for
> ... (Improved Nike-Herc) - 12 MByte
>
> - TM 9-1430-250-15P/2/2 Supplement for RADAR COURSE DIRECTING CENTRAL
> ANTENNA-RECEIVER-TRANSMITTER GROUP ACQUISITION OA-1601/T ...
>
> [Part 1](pics6/TM-9-1430-250-15_2_2 part-1.pdf),
> [Part 2](pics6/TM-9-1430-250-15_2_2 part-2.pdf) scanned by
> Michael Keller "from Germany" -
> Acq rotation drive near page 88
>
> - TM-9-1430-250-15P/9/1 Radar Course Directing Central Director Station - 1969 @ SF-88
>
> - [TM-9-1430-259-15P/10/2](pics6/TM-9-1430-259-15P-10-2.pdf) (IFC) Tracking Radar Control Trailer
>
> - [TM-9-1430-250-20-5](pics5/GOGA-35286-TM-9-1430-250-20-5-comp.pdf)
> Organizational Maintenance Theory: Radar Course Directing Central (less HIPAr)
> - scanned by NPS, collection GOGA 35286
> - [TM-9-1430-250-20-11](pics5/GOGA-35286-TM-9-1430-250-20-11-comp.pdf)
> Organizational Maintenance Theory: Theory: Low Power Acquisition Radar System (ATBM)
> - scanned by NPS, collection GOGA 35286
> - TM-9-1430-250-24P-9-1 special tools ... for Director Station @ SF-88
>
> - [TM 9-1430-250-24P-22-2](pics6/TM-9-1430-250-24P-22-2_compressed.pdf)
> ILLUSTRATION SUPPLEMENT FOR ANTENNA-RECEIVER-TRANSMITTER GROUP, MISSILE TRACKING TRAILER MOUNTED
> OA-1340/MPAA 1430-000-586-4996
> - scanned by NPS, collection GOGA 35286
> - [TM 9-1430-250-35](pics6/TM-9-1430-250-35-all_compressed.pdf)
> FIELD AND DEPOT MAINTENANCE: THEORY: ACQUISITION RADAR SYSTEM (Hercules)
> - scanned by NPS, collection GOGA 35286
> - [TM 9-1430-250-35P/2/2](pics6/TM-9-1430-250-35P-2-2_compressed.pdf)
> (LOPAR) ACQUISITION RADAR SYSTEM, Illustrations, Assembly Parts Breakdown (Hercules)
> - scanned by NPS, collection GOGA 35286
> - TM-9-1430-251-12/3 Unit Schematic Diagrams - Computer System and Data Recorder @ SF-88
>
> - TM-9-1430-252-12/2 Unit Schematic Diagrams - Target Tracking and Missile Tracking
> Radar Systems and Radar Test Set TS-847/MSW-1 - October 1966 @ SF-88
>
> - [TM-9-1430-253-12-4](pics6/TM-9-1430-253-12-4_compressed.pdf)
> Overall Physical description of the Radar Course Directing Central - Improved NIKE-HERCULES (32 MBytes)
> - scanned by NPS, collection GOGA 35286
> - [TM9-1430-253-14P\_2\_2 Nike Plot Pages](TM9-1430-253-14P_2_2NikePlotPages.pdf) 125 to 152
>
> - [TM9-1430-253-34](pics/TM9-1430-253-34.pdf) TTR, TRR, MTR, Radar Test Set
> - DS & GS Main. Man. - Google scan, via Jack Anderson
>
> - [TM 9-1430-254-34](pics6/TM-9-1430-254-34_compressed.pdf)
> DS AND GS MAINTENANCE MANUAL: ACQUISITION ANTENNA-RECEIVER-TRANSMITTER GROUP (Hercules)
> - scanned by NPS, collection GOGA 35286
> - [TM 9-1430-255-12-1](pics6/TM-9-1430-255-12-1_compressed.pdf)
> OPERATOR AND ORGANIZATIONAL MAINTENANCE MANUAL: CHECK PROCEDURES:
> (LOPAR) (IMPROVED Hercules)
> - scanned by NPS, collection GOGA 35286
> - [TM-9-1430-255-12-2](pics5/GOGA-35286-TM-9-1430-255-12-2-comp.pdf)
> Unit Schematic Diagrams. Low Power Acquisition Radar System (LOPAR)
> - scanned by NPS, collection GOGA 35286
> - [TM-9-1430-257-20](pics/TM9-1430-257-20.html) Hercules Acquisition Radar @ SF-88
>
> - [TM 9-1430-1256-12/1(FMS)](TM-9-1430-1256-12-1-FMS-o.pdf)
> Check Procedures, Target Tracking, Target Ranging, Missile Tracking Radar Systems
> and Radar Test Set Group - Allied Configuration, September 1983, 28 MBytes - from Rolf Goerigk
>
> - ???? Nike Hercules Overall System Description- TM 9-1440-10-1 Guided Missile Launching Set (Hercules) (incomplete)
> [Introduction](pics6/TM-9-1440-250-10-1-Intro.pdf),
> [Chapter 2](pics6/TM-9-1440-250-10-1-CH2.pdf),
> [Appendicies](pics6/TM-9-1440-250-10-1-Apps.pdf)- [TM9-1440-250-10-2](pics3/List-Nike-Technical-Manuals.pdf) List of Nike Technical Manuals - from Charles Carter
>
>
> - TM 9-1440-250-12/2 Aug 66 - Mobile Launching Set -
> [Extracts for an Army Correspondence Course Program](pics5/EXTRACT-BW.pdf) of the US Army Air Defense School
> - for use with ADA Subcourse 8000
> Nike Hercules Missile Crewman,, Part 1 (16B20)
> and ADA Subcourse 802 - Part 11 (16B40)
> - from [Dennis Claudio](mailto:[email protected]), added August 27, 2021, 8.8 MBytes
>
> - [TM9-1440-250-20-1](TM9-1440-250-20-1.html) Hercules Guided Missile Launching Set
>
> - [Launcher repair kit.pdf](LauncherRepairKit.pdf) - 9 pages
> from [Michael Keller](mailto:[email protected])- [TM9-1440-250-29P-6-2](TM_9-1440-250-24P-6-2.pdf) Illustrated Supplement Rail, Launching-Handling
> Guided Missile, M3A1 1450-00-474-0717
>
> - [TM\_9-1440-252-34](TM_9-1440-252-34.html) Hercules Monorail Laucher, Launching-Handling Rail,
> side truss, loading rack support, launcher transport modification kit,
> and launcher basic accessory kit
> - TM\_9-1970-2\_Feb\_58, [part 1](TM_9-1970-2_Feb_58_Pt_1.pdf),
> [part 2](TM_9-1970-2_Feb_58_Pt_2.pdf),
> Ammunition Antiaircraft Guided Missile M1 (Nike-Ajax),
> Identification, Description, Packing, Care, Handling,
> Preservation, and Destruction
> ( each about 4 megabytes ) from [Scott Murdock](mailto:[email protected])
> via [Ron Plante](mailto:[email protected])- [TM9-1970-2-35P](TM9-1970-2-35P.pdf)
> Field and Depot Maintenance
> Ammunition, Guided Missile, M1 (Nike-Ajax), Repair Parts and
> Special Tools List
> - 2 MBytes, from [Michael Keller](mailto:[email protected]) via
> [James Fee Langendoen](mailto:[email protected]) - [TM9-5000-3](tm9-5000-3.pdf) - NIKE I Computer
> | NIKE I Systems, - 4.5 MB - from Greg Brown
>
> - [TM9-5000-9](TM9-5000-9.pdf) - Acquisition Radar Circuitry - 13.5 MByte,
>
> - [TM9-5000-13](TM9-5000-13.pdf) - Nike I Computer - SAM Problem Analysis,
> DC Amplifiers, Automatic Zero Setting, Servo Loop Elements, and Power Distribution - 6.3 MBytes
>
> - [TM9-5000-14](TM9-5000-14.pdf) - Computer Prelaunch Section and Initial Turn Section Circuitry 2.7 MB
>
> - [TM9-5000-15](TM9-5000-15.pdf) - Computer Steering Section Circuitry - 6.8 Megabytes
>
> - [TM9-5000-18](TM9-5000-18.pdf) NIKE 1 Systems, TTR Transmitter and
> Receiver Circuitry - 8 MBytes
>
> - [TM9-5000-19](TM9-5000-19.pdf) - Target Tracking Radar Range and Presentation Circuitry 3.7 MB
>
> - [TM9-5000-20](TM9-5000-20.pdf) - TTR Antenna Positioning Circuitry - 10 MB
>
> - [TM9-5000-21](TM9-5000-21.pdf) - Missile-Tracking Radar Circuitry - 10 MB
>
> - [TM9-5000-28](tm9-5000-28.html) NIKE 1 Systems, Nike I Missile
> Guidance Unit
> - [TM9-5000-29](TM9-5000-29.pdf) - Missile Electrical Checkout Equipment - 9.3 MByte
> - [TM 9-6092-1-1](M33/M33.html) - Antiaircraft Fire Control System M33C and M33D Operation, June 1956
>
>
> - [TOE 44-535T](1959-TO&E.pdf), 1959-TO&E, 753 KBytes, pdf, from Charles Carter
>
>
>
> **Places to visit, physical and on-line**
>
> * [Red Canyon Archeology](pics/246-009-Red-Canyon-Final-Report.pdf), (20 MB), via Mark Sale, permission granted
> * [J. P. Moore's RED CANYON RANGE CAMP web site](RedCanyonJPMoore/RCRC.html)* [YouTube Nike videos](http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=nike+missile&search=Search)
> * Nike Movies on Internet Archive
> <http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=nike> and
>
> <http://www.archive.org/details/nikeherc01> - To open,
> click on "Unknown" in the "Stream (help)" box. Service can be a little slow. Spotted by Mike Stucka
>
>
> * [Manufacturing Nike equipment](ManufacturingNike.html)
> * How to [**Visit SF-88**](visit.html), the Nike Site being restored
>
> * [**Photo tour of SF-88**](t_tour.html), the Nike Site being restored
>
> * **Locations** of Former [Nike **Sites**](loc.html)
>
> * [**Maps**](old_sites.html) showing Nike sites
>
> * Nike [**Museums & Displays**](museums.html)
>
> * Nike, Military related and other favorite [**WWW sites**](favorite.html)
>
> * - I understand the Army is about to obliterate listed
> [Site Summit](loc-a.html#summit) March 2004
> [Help Save Summit](HelpSaveSummit.html),
> -spotted by [Thomas Page](mailto:[email protected])
>
> **People and Trip Reports**
>
> * List of [**Nike People**](ppl.html), Please add your self to the list
> * [History of Nike SF-88 Restoration](Nike-SF-88-Restoration/History-Nike-SF-88-Restoration.html) - just starting -
> * [Current volunteers at SF-88](Nike-SF-88-Vol/Nike-SF-88-Volunteers.html)* [On-going Maintenance at SF-88](Nike-SF-88Maint/Nike-SF-88-Maintenance.html)* [SF-88 ?Benign? Neglect](SF-88-Neglect/BenignNeglect.html)* ["Nike and Me"](pics/Nike-BA-18.pdf) by Elliot Deutsch - added Dec 2016
> * [2004 Red Canyon Reunion](RC04.html)
> organized by Ron Pickinpaugh
> * Ed's [Crete **Trip Report**](crete.html) (NAMFI Nike Firings),
> [side trip to Bletchley Park](crete.html#Bletchley)
> * [Trip Reports](trip-reports.html)
> * [Ft. Bliss Foreign Student Handout](NikeFtBlissForeignStudents.pdf) Handout .pdf 8 Megabytes
> from [A.J.M. (Jos) Weijenberg](mailto:[email protected])
> * [**1999 White Sands Missile Range Trip Report**
> and **Red Canyon Reunion**](wsmr-trip-report.html)
>
> * People (even soldiers) like [**pay**](pay.html).
> * 2012 [Florida Nike 2/52 Reunion](http://www.nike252.org/Reunion/Defender%20November%202012.pdf)
> ( lots of big pictures )
> * [Ken Bahr Docs](NikeKenBahr/NikeKenBahr.html) mostly Surface to Surface development testing
>
> and The 1974 digital conversion of Nike Hercules.
> **Stories, Questions**
>
> * Nike [**People Stories**](stories.html)
>
> * Nike [**Technical Stories**](stories_tech.html)
> * An illustrated article by a
> [Nike officer at BA-18](Nike-BA-18.pdf), gives a flavor of the army, including
> scrounging for trading material ;-)) From the Coast Defense Study Group (CDSG) Journal,
> thanks to editor Mark Berhow. 5 MB .pdf, Dec 2013
>
> * Nike in Movies - [Mark Ferguson](mailto:[email protected]) wrote
> "LA site in [Malibu](loc-c.html#LA-78), was used in the movie,
> "Escape from the Planet of the Apes". You can see a Deuce and a half rolling out of the
> admin main gate and the mess hall was used for the "Hospital" in the movie.
>
> Also, there is an episode of Mannix, where they run around a HiPar dome, that was in the IFC area."
>
>
>
> * [**"A "Cold War" decade as a Missileman in Air Defense"**](muth.html)
> - by [Eric P. Muth](mailto:[email protected]) - updated Nov. 2006
>
> * Once busy [**"Red Canyon Range Camp now dozes"**](red_canyon.html)
>
> - by [Jim Eckles](mailto:[email protected])
>
> * [**Ken's & Friend's RCAT Korner**](kens-korner.html) (stories)
>
> * Images of [**Soviet bombers** and airfields](n_bombers.html)
>
> * [Frequently Asked Questions ("**FAQ**")](faq.html)[Radar Bomb Scoring](RadarBombScoring.html) - the Air Force using Nike equipment
>
> * [Articles](articles.html)
>
> * [Unit Histories](unit-histories.html)* [Eric Muth et.al. vs. CIA, DoD, and U.S. Army](MuthE-PressReleaseCourtCase.pdf) 134 K Byte .pdf
>
> **Other** -
>
> * [Invasion Of Japan](InvasionOfJapan.html) - "I was scheduled to die"
> * [Burial at sea](pics4/BurialAtSea.html) via [Thomas Pepper](mailto:[email protected]) * [North Platte, Nebraska](pics/NoFansLeft.html#NorthPlatte)* [Soviet SA-2 missile system](Soviet-SA-2.html)* [MSGT Roy Benavidez Message To America](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvlAHUur5eg),
> [What he did](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oUtJxE4sjs)* [Vietnam memorial by state & city](http://www.virtualwall.org/iStates.htm)* a short video [WWII Recon Pilot - Spitefire](https://www.youtube.com/embed/ie3SrjLlcUY)
> via [Ron Pickinpaugh](mailto:[email protected])
> added 2018
> * a proposed documentary film ["Missiles at the Gate"](pics/sf88Flyer-1.pdf) - Sept 2017
> * [Federal Color Standards](FederalColors.html)* [Military Humor](pics/MilitaryHumor-01.html)* Nike Hercules Manufacturing,
> [Local Copy](NikeFactory/NikeFactory.html) - Aug 2015
>
> - An excellent [Nike System description - in French](FrenchNike-Gdessomes.pdf)
> by ["Gaston J. Dessornes"](mailto:[email protected]) - 10 MB .pdf, July 2014
> - A Nike Ajax Missile restoration project - [Turning junk into beauty](LangendoenAjaxRestorationProject-.html)
>
> - then came [Oct 2012, Hurricane Sandy](LangendoenAjaxRestorationProject-.html#Sandy) - devastation :-((
>
> - - [A Nike Simulation "Game"](NikeSimulation.html) - Sept. 2018
>
> - [Hpasp](mailto:[email protected]) provides Soviet equipment simulation
> from this [web site](http://sites.google.com/site/samsimulator1972/home).
>
> - I (Ed Thelen)
> have not run the above program and can guarantee nothing.
>
> - [Even better than The Statue of Liberty :-))](SeeThisRight.html) - [The Famous Patton Speech](http://pattonhq.com/speech.html)- [What has America become?](Rewrite.html)- [2nd Verse of the Star Spangled Banner](2ndVerseStarSpangledBanner.html)
>
> added June 7, 2010
>
>
> - [Ratings of Veterans Charities](http://www.military-money-matters.com/charities-ratings.html)
> - from Jim Biles
> - [Bull Crap Journalism](BullCrapJournalism.html)- [Help with Cold War Metal](ColdWarMetal.html)
> - letter from
> [Jim Rhodes](mailto:[email protected]) Cold War Veterans Association
>
> - [**Nike Folk Art**](ArtNike.html)- [**Photo Exchange**](exchange.html)
> - Start your own [Nike Web Site](start_site.html)
>
> - So you want to do [Nike **Research**?](research.html)
>
> - Nike [**Recruiting Brochure**](recruit.html)
>
> - [Sample Technical Diagrams (**Schematics**)](diagrams.html)
>
> - Nike [**Glossary**](glossary.html)
>
> - **Search for [people](people-search.html)
>
> - [Yarbourgh's "How To" book](Yarbrough-HowToBool.html)**- Are there [Nike Models, Kits, Dimensions?](kits.html)
>
> - Nike [Aircraft Kill vs. Patriot Scud Kill](kill.html)
>
> - [Remedial Efforts](remedial.html)
> - **Thanking Veterans** - newest near top
> * [Star Spangled Banner As You've Never Heard It](https://www.youtube.com/embed/YaxGNQE5ZLA)
> via EPM* [Little Known VA Benefit](Little-KnownVA-Benefit.html) (updated Jan 2018)
> - from James Biles - jtbiles @ earthlink . net * [Robin Williams as the American Flag](https://www.youtube.com/embed/Q_L1vLv84vs?autoplay=1)* [[the "NFL" :-((](pics/NoFansLeft.html) via Thomas Pepper, Oct 1, 2017
> I'm now watching what we Americans call "Soccer" :-))
> |](pics/NoFansLeft.jpg) |
> * [Burial At Sea](pics/BurialAtSea.html) via Thomas Pepper* [An Airline Captain's Report](AirlineCapReport.html) via Thomas Pepper* [Taps](http://www.flixxy.com/trumpet-solo-melissa-venema.htm) with
> Andre Rieu's orchestra. Full length. Beautiful trumpet solo.
> Spotted by Jay Youngbluth
> - Remember that silly tale spread by the Obama administration about the cause of the Benghazi Massacre
>
> "Someone in Los Angeles offended Muslims."
>
> reminded me of this ["joke"](BenghaziJoke.html),
>
> and a not so funny [poem](BenghaziJoke.html#poem).
> - [Little Known VA Benefit](Little-KnownVA-Benefit.html)
> - from James Biles - jtbiles @ earthlink . net - [**Angel Flight**](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=70Ikj1hZDnw&feature=player_embedded)- [**It is the Veteran**](Veteran.html) - J.P. Moore votes this best
> - [Veteran vs ("liberal") Politican](Veteran-Politican.html) - [**Jane Fonda Memorial**](JaneFondaMemorial.html)- [Bill Mauldin, for Willie&Joe](BillMauldinWillieJoe1921-2003.html), 1921-2003, 1.1 million
> Veterans do not get the multi-million dollar bonuses handed out to bailed out Wall Street gougers
> - [TAPS](TAPS.html)- [Ann Margret :-))](AnnMargret.html)- [Memorial for Darrell "Shifty" Powers](DarrellPowers.html) of "Band of Brothers"
> - [A Simple Thank You](ASimpleThankYou.html)- [**The Rock**](Rock.html)- [The Final Inspection](FinalInspection.html)- [It Won't Be Long And They Will Be Gone](Our-Veterans-Only-For-Real-Americans-That-Care.html) - forwarded by Byron
>
> - [**Standing Guard at the 38th Parallel**](StandingGuard38thParallel.html)
>
>
> *From Richard Brody, author of "Standing Guard at the 38th Parallel"* - What really pisses me off- glad you asked- is
> that the dogs killed in Vietnam have a website dedicated to them, listing each of the
> dog's names. None of the US soldiers lost (killed) in Korea after the war, (which never
> really ended), are listed anywhere as casualties. Only their moms, wives and families
> know, and some of us who were there and lost buddies :>((
>
> |
> - [**Veteran's Day Poem**](Vet-poem.html)
> - [**Christmas Poem**](Christmas-poem.html)
> - [**Simple Soldier**](SimpleSoldier.html)
>
> - [**Experts** or at least helpful](experts.html)
> - Stories about [**SAGE**](sage-1.html),
> [Sage Talk](Sage-Talk.html),
> manual [Introduction to SAGE](SageIntro.html)
>
> AN/FSQ-7 & AN/FSQ-8
>
> - collecting [aadcp](aadcp.html) information
>
> - [Military Occupation Specialty Codes](MOS-Mil-Occ-Spec.html) (MOS)
>
>
>
> ---
>
>
>
>
>
>
> ---
>
>
>
> **Formal Names**
>
>
> | |
> | --- |
> |
> Formal identifications (as per [Ron Parshall](mailto:[email protected])).
>
> **Nike Ajax**
> - TARGET TRACKING OA-858/MPA-4
> - Missile Tracking Radar OA-859 MPA-4
> -
> |
>
>
>
> **About photo submission**
>
>
> | |
> | --- |
> |
>
>
> New policy: I am introducing a
> [**Photo Exchange**](exchange.html) so that those who wish to share can,
> and those who wish, can ask. I hope this works better than my previous "no photos"
> policy. You are still invited to look up web sites who specialize in a particular
> area, and offer there.
>
>
> Thank you
>
> Ed Thelen
>
> |
>
>
>
> Good news ;-)) **Nike not considered obsolete.** ;-))
>
>
>
> Return to [Technical](#h-technical)
>
> Subject: Status updat of my FOIA to Redstone Arsenal for the history of
> the Nike Hercules weapons system by Mary T Cagle
> From: James Newman < jamesnewman1976 @ yahoo . com >
> Date: Mon, July 17, 2017
>
> Dear Ed,
> I just got my FOIA to Redstone Arsenal US Army Material Command denied. I am going to appeal within the 60 day time limit. This document was denied under Executive order 13526 section 3.3 Section 4 "For State of the art technology" the document will remain classified for 50 years from its creation date until 2023. Vacuum tube technology of the early to mid-1950s is not state of the art technology. This system went defunct in 1980 when the last Nikes were decommissioned in Florida and Alaska.
>
> Cory Newman
>
> |
>
>
>
>
> ---
>
>
>
> **General diagram of a Nike Hercules site.**
>
>
> 
>
>
>
> Figure from FM 44-1-2 ADA Reference Handbook, 15 June 1984, as found
> on page 20 of ["Rings of Supersonic Steel"](related.html#rings).
>
>
>
> ---
>
>
> If you have comments or suggestions, [Send e-mail](e_mail.html)
>
> to Ed Thelen ([email protected])
> Some [flattering pictures of Ed](http://www.digibarn.com/friends/edthelen/index.htm), [a short bio](Bio-short.html).
>
>
>
>
>
>
> This page updated October 30, 2021
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
> The rest of this web site is being enhanced frequently.
>
>
> - - - - - - - - More Topics - - - - - - - - -
>
>
>
>
>
> | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
> | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
> | A
> [ABC-Computer](ABC/ABC-Computer.html)
> [Allen Telescope Array](ATA/HatCreekATA.html),
> [AnalogDiscovery](AnalogDiscovery/AnalogDiscovery.html),
> [Ancient Earth](https://dinosaurpictures.org/ancient-earth#750),
> (Antikythera Mechanism [Lecture](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWVA6TeUKYU),
> [Nature](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-84310-w.pdf)),
> [Antonov AN 124](Antonov.html),
> [Apollo Guidance Computer](ApolloGuidComp.html),
> [Apple Crash](AppleCrash.html),
> [Ardenwood Volunteer](Ardenwood/ArdenwoodVolunteer.html)
> N
> [Navy Seal Team 6](NavySealTeam6.html),
> [NCRR Train-of-Lights](NCRR.html),
> [NORAD](norad.html),
> [the NFL](pics/NoFansLeft.html) is NFG,
> [Nuclear Fusion Is Already Facing a Fuel Crisis](https://www.wired.com/story/nuclear-fusion-is-already-facing-a-fuel-crisis)
> | B
> [Baby Birds](BirdNest2013/BabyBirds-May2013.html),
> [Babbage Difference Engine](bab/bab-intro.html),
> [2nd Babbage Machine](BabInstCHM/index.html),
> [Beale Tour "Pave Paws"](BealeTour.html),
> [Bladder](Bladder/Bladder.html),
> [Bletchley Park - 1998](BletchleyPark.html),
> [Burroughs/Electrodata docs](LaFarr/index.html),
> [Buying a Car](pics4/BuyingACar.html),
>
> O
> [Obama, Mystery Man](ObamaMysteryMan.html),
> [Old FAA Radio and Beacon Navigation Aids](TJohnson-LFRDF/TJohnson-LFRDF.html),
> [Old Folks Jokes](OldFolksJokes.html),
> [Oil - Shallow Oil Wells-Ferdig](OilFerdig.html),
> [Oil - Museum Of Offshore Operations](Oil-MuseumOfOffshoreOperations.html)
> [Oscillator, Sulzer](pics4/OscillatorSulzer.html)
> | C
> [Cats](Cats/Figaro.html),
> [ChatGPT](https://chat.openai.com/auth/login),
> China Trips [1996](ChinaTrip/ChinaTrip-1996.html) &
> [2009](ChinaTrip/ChinaTrip.html),
> Chronic Venous Disease - [a](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dBdt_CisWmk) &
> [b](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1w-d1JrO1Q),
> [Computational Mathematics](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LSxqpaCCPvY),
> [Computer-History](comp-hist/index.html),
> [Control Data Experience](CDC-Experience.html),
> [Crazyfornia](Crazyfornia.html),
> [Crete Nike Firing - 1998](crete.html),
>
> P
> [Pave Paws,
> [Pi](Pi/Pi.html), [Pi (serious)](Pi/PiRamChu.html),
> [Plutonium](N-Korea's-Nuc.html),
> [Primate, Edgar, Leakey](Primate-Edgar.html)
> [pre-publication versions of Scientific Papers available](https://arxiv.org/)
> and the press, [Adventures with the press](AdventuresWithPress.html),
> [Bull Crap Journalism](BullCrapJournalism.html),
> [Puzzlement](puzzlement.html),
> | D
> [Deutsches Museum](Munich/MunichTripReport.html)
> [Dimensions, Troublesome](pics5/Troublesome_Dimensions-s.html)
> Q
> [Quantum mechanics](http://www7b.biglobe.ne.jp/~kcy05t/index.html) ?? ;-),
> | E
> Eclipse[1999](trip-london.html#eclipse)&[2017](2017Eclipse/2017Eclipse.html),
> [Ed's Biography](Bio-short.html),
> [Einstein, Relativity](EinsteinRelativity/EinsteinRelativity.html)
> [Electrified CVCC](HondaCVCC/CVCC.html),
> [Electron-CryoTomography](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDgFbAqdM_c&list=PL8_xPU5epJdctoHdQjpfHmd_z9WvGxK8-) On-line classes,
> [Energy](pics3/EneregyQUAD-US.jpg),
> [ERMA - 1950's B of A automation](comp-hist/ERMA.html),
>
>
> R [Radiation, Ionizing](RadiationIonizing.html),
> [RAMAC Project](RAMAC/index.html),
> [,
> Robo-AO](http://www.jove.com/video/50021/bringing-the-visible-universe-into-focus-with-robo-ao),
> | F
> [Ford Model-T Auto](Ford-Model-T.html),
> [Fortran Histories,
> [Fujitsu SV600](FujitsuSV600/FujitsuSV600.html),
> [Feynman "Lectures on Physics"](http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu) 3 vols.
>
> S
> [Safer Human-Computer Interfaces](SaferGUI.html),
> [SALT telescope](http://www.forth.org/svfig/kk/Salt_LabView.pdf),
> [Scientific Data Management System](ProcessingScientificDataRMak.pdf),
> [Amateur Seismology](Seismo/Seismo.html),
> [Siesta Lovers](SiestaLovers.html),
> [Software Defigned Radio, Point Reyes](http://198.40.45.23:8073/),
> [Solyndra-bankrupt](Solyndra-bankrupt-GRA.html),
> [StarLink, techie stuff](StarLink.html)
> | G
> [G.E. Computer Dept](EarlyGE-Computers.html),
> [Good Ole Daize](Mitch-Joe&Vinney.html),
> [Google Books](https://backchannel.com/how-google-book-search-got-lost-c2d2cf77121d?mbid=synd_digg) - [local copy](GoogleBooks.html),
> [Gout diet recommendations](GoutDiet.html),
> [Gravitational Waves](LIGO.html),
>
> [Green Bank Radio Telescope](GBTGreenBank.html),
>
> [Gyroscope](Gyroscope.html),
>
> T
> [Thelen 1940s](Thelen-1940s/Thelen-1940s.html),
> [Teletype Mod 28 Maintenance](Teletype-28/index.html),
> [TESS follow-on to Kepler Mission](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJbVTwWes3M),
> [Taiwan vs Wuhan virus,
> [Tulare 2012 Antique Farm Equipment](Tulare2012/Tulare2012AntiqueFarm.html),
>
> [3 Doors Problem](3Doors.html)
> | H Designing IT to make [Health Care Safer](SaferHealthCare/HealthCareSafer.html)
> at [Gresham College](https://www.gresham.ac.uk/) UK,
> [Hubble seminar, a techie delight](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QkFyzVYg1p0),
> [Humor](Humor.html)
> U
> | I
> [IBM 1401Project](HTTP://IBM-1401.info),
> [IBM Experience](IBM-Experience.html)
> V
> x [Very Large Array, New Mexico](RC04.html#VLA)
> | J
> [Japan Trip - 2005](JapanTrip/JapanTrip.html),
> [Jeff Foxworthy comments on the Taliban](FoxworthyTaliban.html),
>
> W
> [Washington Hospital "Visit" :-(](WashHospital.html),
> [Willits ROOTS Steam Engines](WillitsRoots/RootsWillits.html),
> | K [Kepler](Kepler.html),
> [Don Knuth Pays Off (again??)](KnuthCheck.html),
>
> X
> [Xerox Alto Restoration](RestoreAlto/index.html) ,
> | L
> [L&N 4725](L&N-WheatstoneBridge.html),
> [Left Foot Draggin](LeftFootDraggin.html),
> [LIGO](LIGO.html),
> [London, Babbage Engine & Total Eclipse](trip-london.html),
> [Lord of Arabia](LordOfArabia.html) book,
> [Computer History Museum Docent Training, Lafarr Stuart on Lehmer](https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiQiOGljrzVAhVO5mMKHUHQCxEQtwIIJjAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Di-CD5g711vQ&usg=AFQjCNEofx5P6rfJHh9VYTLEH9lRXNsEMw) ,
> [Landis&Gyr](Landis&Gyr.html)
> Y
> | M
> [Macular Pucker](MacularPucker.html),
> [Magnetometer](0Magnetometer/Magnetometer.html),
> [Maps](https://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/maths-where-we-are),
> [MBARI](MBARI/MBARI.html),
> [Measurex](Measurex.html),
> [Mendocino Motor](MendocinoMotor.html),
> [MRI](MRI.html),
> [Murphy's Law](pics5/MurphysLaw.html),
> [Musk/Twitter](pics6/MuskTwitter.html)
> Z
> [ZEUS](zeus.html),
>
> | | | |
> | | | |
> | | | |
> | | | |
> | | | |
> | | | |](https://www.wired.com/video/watch/wired25-2020-audrey-tang-taiwan-covid-19-pandemic) | | | |
> | |](FortranHistories/Index.html) | |
> | | | |
> | | | |](BealeTour.html) | | | |
> | | | |
> | | | |
>
>
>
> Some of my favorite videos
>
>
> | |
> | --- |
> |
> - [George S. Patton: American Ajax](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJsC-buIkSE)
> - from Neil Shubin & PBS, "Your Inner [Fish](https://www.pbs.org/video/your-inner-fish-program-your-inner-fish-2/),
> [Reptile](https://www.pbs.org/video/your-inner-fish-program-your-inner-reptile),
> [Monkey](https://www.pbs.org/video/your-inner-fish-your-inner-monkey)
> - [Prof Richard Muller: Former Climate Change Skeptic](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqPuKxXUCPY)
> (For those who were appalled by
> the [East Anglia College](https://www.uea.ac.uk/climate-of-change) methods)
> - [Richard Muller: Physics for Future Presidents](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ocwxNvM6uLU)
> - [Lucky Luckadoo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2CAxfsBxK5U) B-17, 100 years old
>
>
> - [Secret History of Silicon Valley](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZTC_RxWN_xo),
> Steve Blank
> - [Synthetic Aperture Radar](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u2bUKEi9It4), Scott Manley
> - [Abandoned Nuclear Antiballistic Missile Base](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=onDZLKie1Fg)
> [A 20-year History of Antiballistic Missile Systems](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARx2-wRn9-Y)
> - [The Insane Engineering of the X-15](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zR26e504uI&t=20s),
> - ["Colors" and "Rainbows, for physics teachers"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1t0egTZY44) - (my titles ;--) - by Walter Lewin, MIT
> - [Hubble seminar, a techie delight](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QkFyzVYg1p0)
> - [parallel projections and the Radon transform](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZgcD4C-4u0Q)
> - [The Applications of Matrices | What I wish my teachers told me way earlier](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rowWM-MijXU),
> & [3Blue1Brown](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNk_zzaMoSs&list=PLZHQObOWTQDPD3MizzM2xVFitgF8hE_ab)
> - [The Astonishing Simplicity of Everything](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1x9lgX8GaE&t=4820s)
>
> - [Mathematics Gives You Wings]( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LSxqpaCCPvY)
> - [Distant Early Warning Radar: "The DEW Line Story" 1958 AT&T - Western Electric](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rSSrPCE0smo)
> - [Transistor Full Documentary](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U4XknGqr3Bo&feature=youtu.be)
> - Nuclear 101: How Nuclear Bombs Work,
> [Part 1](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zVhQOhxb1Mc),
> [Part 2](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MnW7DxsJth0)
> [Nuclear Accidents: Lessons Learned](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryI4TTaA7qM) (Dr. Brian Sheron)
> |
>
>
>
>
> ---
>
>
>
> 
>
>
>
>
| https://ed-thelen.org/ |
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<TR>
<TD>
<DIV CLASS="qpara"><B><SPAN CLASS="uc">T</SPAN>hen the <FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">repression</FONT>
of poetry.</B> <FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">«</FONT>We live,<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">»</FONT>
writes Dr Alexis Carrel, <FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">«</FONT>in two
different worlds, the world of facts and the world of <SPAN CLASS="symb">s</SPAN>ymbols.<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">»</FONT>
Now the world of facts has the sole freedom of the city. Modern
man has lost the sense of the sym<SPAN CLASS="symb">b</SPAN>ol;
he has repressed the s<SPAN CLASS="symb">y</SPAN>mbol in his
unconscious. We are reduced to the study of his dreams in order
to recover it. It was not always so. In the past, poetry, music,
and mythol<SPAN CLASS="symb">o</SPAN>gy nourished his soul and
contributed to its development not less than mathematics. They spoke
to it in their own intuitive language, which science cannot speak.
And the modern soul suffers despite the radio and the cinema, from
artistic undernourishment. Art itself has abandoned the symbo<SPAN CLASS="symb">l</SPAN>
in favor of realism. Certain painters operate purely with the reason
and certain works of music imitate the sound of moving locomotives.
</DIV>
<BR>
<DIV CLASS="qpara" STYLE="text-indent: 1.2em"><SPAN CLASS="uc">M</SPAN>odern man
rejects the myth<SPAN CLASS="symb">s</SPAN> and s<SPAN CLASS="symb">y</SPAN>mbols,
because he sees them in a naïve and outworn explanation of
the world. This is a modern preoccupation. Myt<SPAN CLASS="symb">h</SPAN>ology
evokes realities which logical thought will never be able to express,
realities which bring to the spirit a nourishment which is singularly
richer than the demonstrations of science. </DIV>
<BR>
<DIV CLASS="qpara" STYLE="text-indent: 1.2em;"><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">«</FONT><SPAN CLASS="uc">J</SPAN>ean
Piaget,<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">»</FONT> writes Dr Ferrière,
<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">«</FONT>has shown the considerable role
that symbol<SPAN CLASS="symb">i</SPAN>sm plays in the child. . . .
People in the infancy of their culture make use of the symbols as
much as or even more than children themselves.<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">»</FONT>
If we reflect upon this hunger for s<SPAN CLASS="symb">y</SPAN>mbols
in the child, this yearning for poetry, we understand why it is
that the modern school, which is directed wholly toward the world
of facts (even in literature, which has become nothing more than
philology), corresponds rather poorly to the child's real needs;
and also very poorly to the needs of the masses of people who, though
they are filled with popularized knowledge, have a secret nostalgia
for that which would set their souls vibrating. </DIV>
<BR>
<DIV CLASS="qpara" STYLE="text-indent: 1.2em"><SPAN CLASS="uc">T</SPAN>rue, there
are still poets and artists, but, like the philosophers, they stand
outside of society. Poetry is relegated to the role of a means of
diversion. Children are no longer told the l<SPAN CLASS="symb">e</SPAN>gends
that are filled with eternal truths; they are given <FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">«</FONT>factual
instruction<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">»</FONT> on how oil is extracted
from the earth. Children are no longer required to learn poems by
heart; they are taught the history of literature. And at night they
read the poets, in secret. And yet man's need for the mysterious
is so great that we are now seeing trashy sym<SPAN CLASS="symb">b</SPAN>ols
replacing the ancient symbol<SPAN CLASS="symb">s</SPAN>. We no
longer speak of the Christmas angels singing to the wondering shepherds;
we talk about Christmas trees and Santa Claus. And this humanity
which believes that it has outgrown the age of naïve credulity
swallows journals of astrology and acclaims the heroes of sport
and dictators.</DIV>
<BR>
<DIV CLASS="qpara" ALIGN=right> <FONT COLOR="#00FFFF" FACE="Helvetica,Arial"> <FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">--</FONT>
Paul Tournier </FONT> </DIV>
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<IMG SRC="gfx/x/sohere.gif" WIDTH=470 HEIGHT=39 BORDER=0 ALT="so close... and yet so far...">
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<TD VALIGN="MIDDLE" WIDTH="96" ALIGN="CENTER"><IMG SRC="gfx/neptune-rotate.gif" WIDTH="48" HEIGHT="48" ALT="" BORDER="0"></TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="2">
<H2 ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#FFFF80">The main <FONT COLOR="#FF8040">focus</FONT>
of this web site is<FONT COLOR="#FF8000">:</FONT> </FONT></H2>
<DIV ALIGN="center"> <EM><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><B>The Inter-Planetary</B></FONT></EM>
<B><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"><A HREF="dostport/">Dostoyevsky</A><EM>-in-Space
Experience</EM><BR>
</FONT></B><FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF"> </FONT> <FONT COLOR="#C0C0C0" SIZE="-1">(however
unfortunately i never seen to get that one done...) </FONT></DIV>
</TD>
<TD VALIGN="TOP" ALIGN="RIGHT" WIDTH="96"><IMG SRC="gfx/lilrocket1.gif" WIDTH="52" HEIGHT="39" ALIGN="LEFT" ALT="" BORDER="0"><IMG SRC="gfx/anim/eyeball.gif" WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14" ALIGN="TOP" ALT="" BORDER="0"></TD>
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<TD VALIGN="BOTTOM" ALIGN="CENTER" WIDTH="96"><A HREF="dostport/"><IMG SRC="gfx/dost-pnt-tn.gif" ALT="" WIDTH="96" HEIGHT="72" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"></A></TD>
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<H4><FONT COLOR="#FFFF80"><A HREF="yirx/" TARGET="_top"><IMG SRC="gfx/x/yirx-anim2.gif" WIDTH="44" HEIGHT="42" ALIGN="right" BORDER="0" ALT="[YIRX]"></A>So
I waste not much time on</FONT><FONT COLOR="#FF8040">:</FONT></H4>
<UL>
<LI>The <A HREF="yirx/" TARGET="_top">Yarn Information & Resource
eXchange</A></LI>
</UL>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="2" VALIGN="top" BGCOLOR="#000000" WIDTH="28%">
<H4><I><FONT COLOR="#FFFF80"><IMG SRC="gfx/x/rearth.gif" WIDTH="44" HEIGHT="44" ALIGN="right" ALT=" " BORDER="0">Randomness</FONT><FONT COLOR="#FF8040">:</FONT></I></H4>
<P>> <A HREF="tquotes/">Lit.Quotes</A><BR>
> <A HREF="randum-nix.cgi">'Leet Nick Gen</A><BR>
> <A HREF="words.cgi">Random Words</A><BR>
> <A HREF="namemangler.cgi">Name Mangler</A><BR>
> <A HREF="maze/">Many Mazes</A><BR>
> <A HREF="u2liners.cgi">Drips of U2</A><BR>
> <A HREF="rbible.html">Fingering God</A><BR>
</P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD BGCOLOR="#000080" VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="2">
<H4><FONT COLOR="#FFFF80">Featuring</FONT><FONT COLOR="#00FFFF"> <FONT COLOR="#808080">(</FONT><FONT COLOR="#C0C0C0" SIZE="-1">things
no one will care about</FONT><FONT COLOR="#808080">)</FONT><FONT COLOR="#FF8040">:</FONT></FONT></H4>
<DIV ALIGN="left">
<UL>
<LI>evidently, not even i care enough to put anything here.</LI>
<LI>Oh wait, here, check this out! <A HREF="xfade/">X-Fader</A>.</LI>
<LI>and <A HREF="http://www.vex.net/~x/parnassus/"><IMG SRC="http://www.vex.net/parnassus/gfx/parnassus_small_btn.gif" WIDTH="88" HEIGHT="31" BORDER="0" ALT="Parnassus" ALIGN="ABSMIDDLE"></A>
for those python-ly inclined.
</UL>
</DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<HR SIZE="6">
<TABLE BORDER="0" WIDTH="100%" CELLPADDING="12" CELLSPACING="3">
<TR>
<TD COLSPAN="2" BGCOLOR="#000068">
<H2 ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#FFFF80"><IMG SRC="gfx/anim/eyeball.gif" WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14" ALIGN="right" ALT=" " BORDER="0">More
<FONT COLOR="#FF8040">unique</FONT> content<FONT COLOR="#FF8000">!</FONT></FONT></H2>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD BGCOLOR="#000080"><A HREF="litty.cgi">A Literary Timeline</A></TD>
<TD BGCOLOR="#000000"><IMG SRC="gfx/dot/tl_pub.gif" WIDTH="15" HEIGHT="14" ALIGN="right" ALT=" " BORDER="0">A
<IMG SRC="gfx/dot/tl_death.gif" WIDTH="16" HEIGHT="16" ALIGN="right" ALT=" ">
personal searchable/filterable chronology of deceased literary individuals
and selected events.</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD BGCOLOR="#000080"><A HREF="archive.py/icon-lit.zip">Literary Icons</A></TD>
<TD BGCOLOR="#000000">A small collection of crudely rendered icons of
various literary heads. Windows and OS/2 versions. (Frost, Dostoyevsky,
Kafka, Poe, C. Williams, Van Gogh, Pascal, M. Shelley)</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<HR SIZE="6">
<TABLE BORDER="0" WIDTH="100%" CELLPADDING="12" CELLSPACING="3">
<TR>
<TD COLSPAN="2" BGCOLOR="#000068">
<H2 ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#FFFF80"><IMG SRC="gfx/anim/eyeball.gif" WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14" ALIGN="right" ALT=" " BORDER="0">Not
<FONT COLOR="#FF8040">very</FONT> personal<FONT COLOR="#FF8000">.</FONT></FONT></H2>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD BGCOLOR="#000080"><A HREF="bookread">Read List</A></TD>
<TD BGCOLOR="#000000" VALIGN="middle"><A HREF="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0156904365/dostoevskintime"><IMG SRC="gfx/till_we_have_faces_50h.gif" WIDTH="33" HEIGHT="50" ALIGN="right" ALT="[faces]" BORDER="1"></A>Simply,
books I've read. (The <A HREF="tquotes.html">quotes</A> all come from
this reading.)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD BGCOLOR="#000080"><A HREF="a-z.cgi">Old Links</A></TD>
<TD BGCOLOR="#000000" VALIGN="middle"><IMG SRC="gfx/dot/pin-red.gif" WIDTH="50" HEIGHT="46" ALIGN="right" ALT=" " BORDER="0">This
was my personal "Yahoo" of links, but it is old and mostly
abandoned (like most things---wow, this is old, i don't even know if it works at all anymore).</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD BGCOLOR="#000080"><A HREF="dynadat.phtml">Misc Data</A></TD>
<TD BGCOLOR="#000000" VALIGN="middle">I used to update this stuff more
often. None of it matters. </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD BGCOLOR="#000080"><A HREF="io.quotes.html"> io.Quotes </A>&
<A HREF="vexspeare/">Vexspeare</A></TD>
<TD BGCOLOR="#000000" VALIGN="middle"><FONT COLOR="#FFFF80"><IMG SRC="gfx/x/io-curtain-vex.gif" WIDTH="170" HEIGHT="44" BORDER="0" ALIGN="RIGHT" ALT="[vexy]"></FONT>The
sentimental <A HREF="io.quotes.html">io.Quotes</A> Virtual Shrine,
and the infamous <A HREF="vexspeare/">Vexspeare</A> Experiment.</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<HR SIZE="6">
<TABLE BORDER="0" WIDTH="100%" CELLPADDING="12" CELLSPACING="3">
<TR>
<TD COLSPAN="2" BGCOLOR="#000068">
<H2 ALIGN="center"><FONT COLOR="#FFFF80"><IMG SRC="gfx/anim/eyeball.gif" WIDTH="14" HEIGHT="14" ALIGN="right" ALT=" " BORDER="0">Some
<FONT COLOR="#FF8040">experi<FONT COLOR="#FF3300">mental</FONT></FONT>
thingies<FONT COLOR="#FF8000">.</FONT></FONT></H2>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD BGCOLOR="#000080"><A HREF="bookread.cgi">O-Thumb-Nailer</A></TD>
<TD BGCOLOR="#000000" VALIGN="middle">You give an URL to a Jpeg, we
fetch it, analyse it, thumbnail it. Whoopee.</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD BGCOLOR="#000080"><A HREF="bwrl.wrz">VRML Thing</A></TD>
<TD BGCOLOR="#000000" VALIGN="middle">An experimental VRML environment,
I once toyed with. (You may need a <A HREF="http://cosmosoftware.com">plug-in
VRML viewer</A>).</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<HR SIZE="6">
<P><FONT COLOR="#0000A0">Where's info about "me"<A HREF="Underview.html">?</A>
Where's a million "favorite" links? Where's my fantastic poems,
amazing stories, dazzling opinions?<BR>
</FONT> <FONT COLOR="#000000">Nowhere. Sorry.<BR>
</FONT> </P>
<CENTER>
<A HREF="maze/"><IMG SRC="gfx/hexmaze2.gif" WIDTH="783" HEIGHT="228" ALT="[mazes and mazes]" BORDER="0"></A>
</CENTER>
</DIV>
<HR>
<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
<TABLE WIDTH="100%" BORDER=0>
<TR>
<TD WIDTH="33%" VALIGN=top><FONT COLOR="#808080" SIZE="-2"><A
HREF="webalizer/">Stats</A></FONT></TD>
<TD WIDTH="33%" VALIGN=top>
<P ALIGN="center"><FONT SIZE="-1" COLOR="#606060">x (<A HREF="feedback.py">at</A>) v e x . n e t<BR>
</FONT>
<IMG SRC="gfx/ki-ki.gif" WIDTH="300" HEIGHT="208" ALT="">
</TD>
<TD VALIGN=top><A HREF="http://www.radio.cbc.ca"><IMG SRC="gfx/anim/can-flag-anim-small.gif" WIDTH="82" HEIGHT="42" ALIGN="right" BORDER="0" ALT="[canada]"></A>
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I am a nutritionist!
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Another Dream of Another Ridiculous Man
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| |
| --- |
| **Then the repression
of poetry.** «We live,»
writes Dr Alexis Carrel, «in two
different worlds, the world of facts and the world of symbols.»
Now the world of facts has the sole freedom of the city. Modern
man has lost the sense of the symbol;
he has repressed the symbol in his
unconscious. We are reduced to the study of his dreams in order
to recover it. It was not always so. In the past, poetry, music,
and mythology nourished his soul and
contributed to its development not less than mathematics. They spoke
to it in their own intuitive language, which science cannot speak.
And the modern soul suffers despite the radio and the cinema, from
artistic undernourishment. Art itself has abandoned the symbol
in favor of realism. Certain painters operate purely with the reason
and certain works of music imitate the sound of moving locomotives.
Modern man
rejects the myths and symbols,
because he sees them in a naïve and outworn explanation of
the world. This is a modern preoccupation. Mythology
evokes realities which logical thought will never be able to express,
realities which bring to the spirit a nourishment which is singularly
richer than the demonstrations of science.
«Jean
Piaget,» writes Dr Ferrière,
«has shown the considerable role
that symbolism plays in the child. . . .
People in the infancy of their culture make use of the symbols as
much as or even more than children themselves.»
If we reflect upon this hunger for symbols
in the child, this yearning for poetry, we understand why it is
that the modern school, which is directed wholly toward the world
of facts (even in literature, which has become nothing more than
philology), corresponds rather poorly to the child's real needs;
and also very poorly to the needs of the masses of people who, though
they are filled with popularized knowledge, have a secret nostalgia
for that which would set their souls vibrating.
True, there
are still poets and artists, but, like the philosophers, they stand
outside of society. Poetry is relegated to the role of a means of
diversion. Children are no longer told the legends
that are filled with eternal truths; they are given «factual
instruction» on how oil is extracted
from the earth. Children are no longer required to learn poems by
heart; they are taught the history of literature. And at night they
read the poets, in secret. And yet man's need for the mysterious
is so great that we are now seeing trashy symbols
replacing the ancient symbols. We no
longer speak of the Christmas angels singing to the wondering shepherds;
we talk about Christmas trees and Santa Claus. And this humanity
which believes that it has outgrown the age of naïve credulity
swallows journals of astrology and acclaims the heroes of sport
and dictators.
--
Paul Tournier |
---
---
| | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| | The main focus
of this web site is:
***The Inter-Planetary***
**[Dostoyevsky](dostport/)*-in-Space
Experience*** (however
unfortunately i never seen to get that one done...) | |
| | |
|
| [[YIRX]](yirx/)So
I waste not much time on:* The [Yarn Information & Resource
eXchange](yirx/)
| *Randomness:*
> [Lit.Quotes](tquotes/)
> ['Leet Nick Gen](randum-nix.cgi)
> [Random Words](words.cgi)
> [Name Mangler](namemangler.cgi)
> [Many Mazes](maze/)
> [Drips of U2](u2liners.cgi)
> [Fingering God](rbible.html)
|
| Featuring (things
no one will care about):
* evidently, not even i care enough to put anything here.
* Oh wait, here, check this out! [X-Fader](xfade/).
* and [Parnassus](http://www.vex.net/~x/parnassus/)
for those python-ly inclined.
|
---
| |
| --- |
| More
unique content! |
| [A Literary Timeline](litty.cgi) | A
personal searchable/filterable chronology of deceased literary individuals
and selected events. |
| [Literary Icons](archive.py/icon-lit.zip) | A small collection of crudely rendered icons of
various literary heads. Windows and OS/2 versions. (Frost, Dostoyevsky,
Kafka, Poe, C. Williams, Van Gogh, Pascal, M. Shelley) |
---
| |
| --- |
| Not
very personal. |
| [Read List](bookread) | [[faces]](http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0156904365/dostoevskintime)Simply,
books I've read. (The [quotes](tquotes.html) all come from
this reading.) |
| [Old Links](a-z.cgi) | This
was my personal "Yahoo" of links, but it is old and mostly
abandoned (like most things---wow, this is old, i don't even know if it works at all anymore). |
| [Misc Data](dynadat.phtml) | I used to update this stuff more
often. None of it matters. |
| [io.Quotes](io.quotes.html) &
[Vexspeare](vexspeare/) | [vexy]The
sentimental [io.Quotes](io.quotes.html) Virtual Shrine,
and the infamous [Vexspeare](vexspeare/) Experiment. |
---
| |
| --- |
| Some
experimental
thingies. |
| [O-Thumb-Nailer](bookread.cgi) | You give an URL to a Jpeg, we
fetch it, analyse it, thumbnail it. Whoopee. |
| [VRML Thing](bwrl.wrz) | An experimental VRML environment,
I once toyed with. (You may need a [plug-in
VRML viewer](http://cosmosoftware.com)). |
---
Where's info about "me"[?](Underview.html)
Where's a million "favorite" links? Where's my fantastic poems,
amazing stories, dazzling opinions?
Nowhere. Sorry.
[![[mazes and mazes]](gfx/hexmaze2.gif)](maze/)
---
| | | |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [Stats](webalizer/) | x ([at](feedback.py)) v e x . n e t
| [[canada]](http://www.radio.cbc.ca)
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I am a nutritionist!
| http://www.vex.net/~x/ |
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