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{"id": 6800, "answer": 2, "text": "Government decision-making and efficiency are usually commendable, but they are no exception. If there is no perfect framework of democratic control and supervision, the high efficiency of the government will sometimes become the high efficiency that harms the rights and interests of the people and damages the long-term social, cultural and environmental interests of a place. For example, efficient demolition without full and equal consultation with the public and full evaluation of the cultural destructive power of demolition will inevitably seriously damage the rights and interests of demolition households and destroy the cultural inheritance of the city. We don't want to be so efficient.", "question": "Which of the following options is the meaning of this passage?", "options": ["The government's decision-making and efficiency are not necessarily a good thing.", "Full and equal consultation and evaluation should be conducted with the public before demolition.", "The high efficiency of the government must be brought under the framework of democratic control and supervision.", "We do not want this kind of high efficiency, which seriously damages the rights and interests of demolition households and undermines the cultural inheritance of the city."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6071, "answer": 1, "text": "After the four countries of Dali, Wu Yue, South Han to participate in the northwest, southwest, northeast, southeast and other four different alliances, and the four countries to participate in the alliance is different.First, only after joining the Southwest Alliance, the South Han can participate in the Northeast Alliance. Second, if Nanhan joins the Northeast Alliance, Dali will join the Southwest Alliance. Third, after that, Dali has at least one country participating in the Southwest Alliance. Fourth, if The South Han joins the Northwest or Southwest Alliance, Wu Yue will not participate in the Northwest or Southwest Alliance.", "question": "Based on the above statement, which of the following options can draw conclusions?", "options": ["South Han simulates participating in the Southwest Alliance", "South Han Sims does not participate in the Southwest Alliance.", "Wu Yue simulates participating in the Northeast Alliance", "Wu Yue simulation does not participate in the Northeast Alliance"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1949, "answer": 0, "text": "Nowadays, the young and new generation of parents have generally received perfect higher education and some of them have the experience of studying and living abroad, so they have their own understanding and requirements for their children's enlightening education. Imported cartoons, no matter in narrative style or in means of expression, are closer to their aesthetic standards. At the same time, children's understanding ability is also increasing, they can observe and understand the world earlier. In fact, China is not without such animation resources, such as Journey to the West has become a classic, repeatedly adapted and popular, because its mythological system is the projection of reality. The key question is whether domestic producers have the ability to think deeply and explore reality.", "question": "According to the above passage, which of the following options is the author's point of view?", "options": ["The depression of domestic animation stems from poor producers.", "China's animation industry should learn more from its foreign counterparts.", "Domestic animation should keep up with the aesthetic requirements of the audience.", "In fact, there is no shortage of excellent animation materials in China."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9229, "answer": 3, "text": "Some people argue that inquiry is impossible, because a man can explore neither what he knows nor what he does not know. He cannot explore what he knows, because he knows it, and there is no need to explore it; he cannot explore what he does not know, because he does not know what he is trying to explore.", "question": "Which of the following options most accurately points out the logical loophole in the argument?", "options": ["False presupposition: either you know what you are exploring, or you do not know what you are exploring.", "Circular argumentation: place the conclusion to be demonstrated in advance in the premise.", "Eloquence: rationally, the limited skills have been used up, so we have no choice but to be unreasonable.", "The fallacy of ambiguity: there are two different meanings of knowing: knowing what the answer to the question being explored is and knowing what the question is to explore."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12520, "answer": 3, "text": "Linda: During the summer months, people normally take vacations. Ttherefore, during the summer months, the local economy suffers since local residents spend their money at their vacation destinations. Billy: Why do you think that the local economy would be suffering? During the summer months, tourists who come to our city actually spend lots of money at local businesses, attractions, and restaurants.", "question": "Which of the following most correctly explains how Billy's reply is related to Linda's argument?", "options": ["The reply offers another reason why the local economy suffers during the summer months that is unrelated to vacations.", "The reply shows that Linda fails to realize that people often are forced by their employers to take their vacations in the summer.", "The reply argues that Linda's conclusion is correct, but not because of the reasons that Linda claims.", "The reply offers an additional factor to consider that weakens Linda's conclusion."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10259, "answer": 2, "text": "Cicero in ancient Rome once said, elegance and beauty cannot be separated from health. Lorenzo Barra, a humanist of the Italian Renaissance, stressed that health is a precious quality, a gift of the body and a gift of nature.many healthy people are not beautiful, but no beautiful person is unhealthy, he wrote. ", "question": "Which of the following options cannot be inferred from Loren Barra's argument?", "options": ["No unhealthy person is beautiful.", "Some healthy people are beautiful.", "Some beautiful people are not healthy.", "Some unbeautiful people are healthy."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7425, "answer": 1, "text": "Every morning, the mother makes breakfast for her son in primary school. Five kinds of breakfast are noodles, dumplings, porridge, fried rice with eggs, pancakes, etc., but she only makes one of them for her son every day. It is known that: (1) making noodles is easier, twice a week, twice a week, three days apart in a week, (2) making porridge is made the day before or after the first noodle making, only once a week. (3) dumplings are also made only once a week, but this time is only once before the second noodle making. (4) making fried rice with eggs is also limited to four days apart from the day the first noodle is made in a week.(5) there was a time when the cake was made before the first time it was made noodles.", "question": "Assuming that Monday is the first day of the week, which of the following options is correct according to the above statement?", "options": [" Make porridge on Monday", "Tuesday noodles", "Thursday dumplings", "Sunday pancakes"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7174, "answer": 2, "text": "Environmentalists pay attention to the high cost of protecting endangered animals and propose that we should decide which animals to be protected by evaluating the value of various endangered animals to human beings. This method is not practical, because it is impossible to predict the future value of an animal. It is also impossible to evaluate the value of animals that make indirect but important contributions to human beings today.", "question": "Which one of the followings is the main argument of above?", "options": ["Protecting worthless endangered animals is more important than protecting potentially valuable animals.", "Although it is necessary to protect all endangered animals, it is not economically feasible.", "Because the method of judging the value of animals to human beings is not perfect, the decisions made on this basis are not reliable.", "It is impossible to assess whether endangered animals are important to humans."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3900, "answer": 2, "text": "The last foreign blockbuster, The Da Vinci Code, was only in Tokai for a week. The total box office of each theater withPoseidonshould be able to break 10 million yuan.", "question": "Which of the following assumptions is most likely implied by the author?", "options": ["The box office appeal of the disaster film Poseidon, which uses a lot of computer stunts, is to be expected.", "The Da Vinci Code is a short release. Many viewers who didn't have time to watch The Da Vinci Code are expected to be compensated by watching Poseidon, because they are blockbusters.", "Both films are high-quality productions. The daily ticket price and attendance are expected to be about the same.", "Many cinemas in Tokai have recently been refurbished and the acoustics are much better than before."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1651, "answer": 1, "text": "Weibo registration is very simple, visitors as long as register an e-mail address, set a password to become Weibo users. Writing Weibo is not demanding: you only need to write a few words to vent your feelings. Therefore, as long as users can type on the computer or send text messages, they can publish their feelings in a short and quick form. In addition, Weibo's interface setting makes information browsing more convenient, and the content of one Weibo message is only equivalent to two or three mobile phone text messages, which doesn't take long. In this era of excess information and people's attention is severely divided, Weibo is more in line with the needs of fast reading.", "question": "Which of the following does not match the meaning of this passage?", "options": ["Weibo has low barriers to use, and information is easy to publish", "The content of weibo more caters to the reading needs of modern people", "Users can vent their emotions with the help of weibo", "The setting of the weibo interface makes it easy for users to browse information"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5157, "answer": 3, "text": "Every year, a magazine publishes a ranking of car sales for the year. Management consultants believe that this ranking should not be the basis for each consumer to decide which car to buy.", "question": "Which of the following options, if true, would best support the management consultant's point of view?", "options": ["People who subscribe to the magazine are usually people who have recently purchased a car.", "Some people are not very satisfied with the cars they bought based on the rankings in the magazine.", "Different consumers should determine different car purchase standards according to their actual conditions.", "The higher-ranking automakers in the magazine use this to advertise in order to attract more consumers."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8405, "answer": 1, "text": "The right of formation refers to the right to change or destroy the legal relationship according to the meaning of the obligee.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following options does not belong to the exercise of the right of formation?", "options": ["A to recover the reward given by his six-year-old son to the network anchor.", "A buys a batch of mobile phones from B in accordance with the contract.", "If A and B break the contract, the contract shall be terminated in accordance with the stipulations of the contract.", "A asked for the marriage to be annulled because B was not informed of his serious illness before the marriage."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13769, "answer": 3, "text": "If I borrow a generator from a neighbor, then I am morally obligated to return it when my immediate need for it is over. But suppose, instead, I borrow a car, and when I go to return it, the neighbor from whom I borrowed it is very drunk and wants to drive the car; then the obligation to return the car immediately is much less clear. So not all cases of borrowing are equivalent.", "question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the argument?", "options": ["There is an obligation to refrain from acting in a manner that could result in harm to people, and this obligation overrides lesser obligations when they conflict with it.", "Though some cases may seem to be exceptions, the rule that one ought to return to others what one borrowed from them is an exceptionless rule.", "When someone that we know is likely to injure someone else, it is not altogether clear whether we have an obligation to intervene.", "Although having borrowed something gives rise, in an ordinary case, to an obligation to return the item promptly, it does not so obviously give rise to such an obligation in every case."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4566, "answer": 3, "text": "Pregnant women are prone to vitamin deficiency. Some people believe that this is not caused by lack of vitamins in the diet, but usually due to the large demand for vitamins when babies grow up in the abdomen.", "question": "In order to evaluate the accuracy of the above conclusions, which of the following operations is the most important??", "options": ["The daily diet of a pregnant woman lacking vitamins was tested to determine the content of vitamins", "The daily diet of a pregnant woman who does not lack vitamins is tested to determine the content of vitamins", "Study the scientific diet of pregnant women to determine the best diet conducive to pregnant women's intake of sufficient vitamins", "One pregnant woman and one non pregnant woman with sufficient vitamins in their diet were tested to determine whether they were deficient in vitamins"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6129, "answer": 1, "text": "According to reports, female viewers accounted for nearly 2/3 of the core audience of parent-child programs on a certain satellite TV. You can imagine a scene like this: at night, a young mother takes her young children alone, watching Dad with Children on TV at home. And the young dad may still be working overtime, socializing, or just staying in the bedroom to play games and play the computer-their children still continue the story of not being accompanied by their father. In fact, this phenomenon also happens to the mother. In many modern families, the responsibility of raising children is mainly transferred to the older generation of elderly people.", "question": "Which of the followings is meant to emphasize?", "options": ["Parental affection education absent from modern family life.", "Absence of the main body of parent-child education in real life.", "The real reason why the current parent-child show wins resonance.", "Lack of communication between parents and children in real life."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10021, "answer": 2, "text": "No one can avoid making mistakes. Not everyone will make serious mistakes.", "question": "If the above judgment is correct, which of the followings must be correct?", "options": ["Everyone may make mistakes, but some people may not make serious mistakes", "Everyone may make mistakes, but everyone may not make serious mistakes", "Everyone must make mistakes, but some people may not make serious mistakes", "Everyone must make mistakes, but everyone may not make serious mistakes"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 907, "answer": 3, "text": "The loss sensitivity effect means that people are different in sensitivity to loss and gain. People are more sensitive to loss than gain. That is, the pain caused by the decrease of wealth is not equal to the happiness caused by the increase of the same amount of wealth. The former is greater than the latter.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings belongs to the loss sensitivity effect?", "options": ["The happiness of 200 yuan for nothing can not offset the pain caused by losing 100 yuan.", "People will only accept a gambling that might lose $20 if they might win $20.", "Compared with selling rising stocks, investors are more willing to sell falling stocks.", "When losses and gains are equal, emphasizing losses is more convincing than emphasizing gains."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11720, "answer": 3, "text": "There is little plausibility to the claim that it is absurd to criticize anyone for being critical. Obviously, people must assess one another and not all assessments will be positive. However, there is wisdom behind the injunction against being judgmental. To be judgmental is not merely to assess someone negatively, but to do so prior to a serious effort at understanding.", "question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main conclusion drawn in the argument?", "options": ["It is absurd to criticize anyone for being critical.", "There is some plausibility to the claim that it is absurd to criticize anyone for being critical.", "Not all assessments people make of one another will be positive.", "There is wisdom behind the injunction against being judgmental."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6896, "answer": 2, "text": "When a cold snowstorm sweeps across the pasture, the temperature drops rapidly below zero, and the cattle usually turn their back to the storm and slowly move downwind, and when they are finally blocked by the fence, they have to huddle together, resulting in the death of a large number of cattle. But there is a kind of Hereford cattle that will face the storm side by side and bow their heads in the face of the blizzard, resulting in the lowest death rate and the least loss.", "question": "Which of the following is closest to the truth of this story?", "options": ["Unity is strength", "The way to survive is to prevent trouble before it happens", "Meet on a narrow road, the brave wins", "Enduring to the end is victory"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8028, "answer": 3, "text": "With the increasing aging of society, there are more and more empty nesters in many communities. They cannot take care of the little things in their lives and need special care from the society. At present, there is still a lack of social care for some elderly people living alone. During the holidays, although the relevant departments come to deliver food, oil, clothing, money and other condolences, but for the empty nest elderly, the care is not in place and the measures are not effective. In this case, it is necessary to set up some traditional nursing homes, homes for the elderly, community mutual aid societies and other places that are more suitable for empty nesters to spend their twilight years, which can not only meet the needs of the elderly, but also relieve the worries of their children. At the same time, it also strengthens the communication and mutual assistance among the people in the community, so that more and more old people live a rich and colorful life in their twilight years.", "question": "Which of the following options is the main description of this passage?", "options": ["The emergence of empty nesters is not just from aging.", "Community is the best way to solve the phenomenon of empty nesters.", "Children should play a greater role in solving the problem of empty nesters.", "We need to give life and spiritual help to theempty nesters."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2607, "answer": 0, "text": "Fuxian Lake insect is a unique species in the Devonian Chengjiang fauna, which belongs to the primitive type of true arthropods. The adult is 10 cm long and has 31 body segments. The exoskeleton is divided into three parts: head, chest and abdomen, and the number of dorsal and ventral segments is different. Devonian straight shrimp is the ancestor of modern insects, and the fossils of insects in Fuxian Lake are similar to those of straight shrimps, which indirectly indicates that the insects in Fuxian Lake are the distant ancestors of insects. The researchers also found that the digestive tract of the Fuxian lake worm is full of sediment, indicating that it is a mud-eating animal.", "question": "Except for which of the following, other options can support the above argument?", "options": ["The distant ancestors of insects also had creatures that did not eat mud", "The exoskeleton of Devonian straight shrimp is divided into three parts: head, chest and abdomen", "All creatures similar to Devonian prawns are the distant ancestors of insects", "Insects evolved from the more primitive creatures of true arthropods"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7254, "answer": 1, "text": "From January to June this year, Zhujiang Road is expected to sell 200000 computers, which is only 45% of the sales in the same period last year.It can be seen that the sales of computers on Zhujiang Road this year will be less than last year.", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, weakens the above conclusion most?", "options": ["In the first half of this year, the price of computers was generally higher than that of the same period last year", "Computer prices are expected to fall sharply in the second half of this year", "80% of computer sales were completed in the second half of the year", "Computer sales are related to the strength of publicity"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12412, "answer": 0, "text": "Tom: Executives in this country make around 85 times what the average worker earns. This is an extraordinarily large disparity, and ttherefore public resentment over the size of executives' salaries is justified. Martha: Such resentment is not justified, since wealth is created by taking risks and making decisions, actions most people prefer to avoid. Generous rewards for those who choose not to avoid these actions are both fair and necessary. Tom: I think you misunderstood me. I' m not saying that people resent that there is a large disparity here between executives' salaries and workers' salaries, but rather they resent that it is atypically large: in other countries executives earn only 20 or 30 times what the average worker earns.", "question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point at issue between Tom and Martha?", "options": ["whether public resentment of the size of executive salaries is justified", "whether executives in this country make 85 times the average worker's salary", "whether executives in this country create as much wealth as do those in other countries", "whether executives deserve higher salaries than workers deserve"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9799, "answer": 2, "text": "The giant-toothed shark, which became extinct 2.6 million years ago, is more than 15 meters long and has a powerful bite force, and its 3-meter-wide jaw can crush a car. However, a recent study shows that giant-toothed sharks prefer minke whales less than 5 meters long rather than larger baleen whales. However, due to climate change, the population of minke whales has plummeted. Based on this, the researchers believe that giant-toothed sharks became extinct due to lack of food.", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, weakens the above conclusion most?", "options": ["The sharp decline in the population of minke whales 2.6 million years ago was due to lack of food", "Baleen whales are the fastest of all whales and are difficult to be preyed on by giant tooth sharks", "Giant tooth sharks also like to prey on smaller seals and now extinct dwarf sperm whales", "Large whales such as humpback whales and blue whales that lived at the same time as giant-toothed sharks have evolved"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8441, "answer": 3, "text": "In order to land on the moon, some scientists have begun to carry out the verification of lunar navigation. They say that the signals transmitted by GPS satellites in Earth orbit can be received and used on the moon, and the positioning accuracy can reach 200m to 300m. Some researchers believe that lunar navigation can be achieved soon.", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, can best question the above conclusion?", "options": ["In the current lunar exploration activities, countries mainly use ground-based measurement and control for navigation and positioning", "Lunar spacecraft can finally calculate its own orbit by receiving data from several satellites in a certain arc over a period of time", "The most direct and effective way of lunar navigation is for all countries to work together to build a time and space benchmark with positioning and timing functions in the near lunar space, so as to build a set of lunar navigation satellite system", "For lunar spacecraft to have the ability to receive long-distance signals, it needs a large antenna, and from the point of view of spacecraft development and launch, the smaller the antenna, the better, which is a contradiction that cannot be solved for the time being"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12033, "answer": 3, "text": "Several years ago, the number of wood bison became so low that conservationists began breeding the wood bison in an enclosed refuge. In this time, the number of wood bison has tripled and, according to conservationists, this number is enough for a species to remain viable in the wild. Yet since the wood bison's habitat is still imperiled, conservationists plan to move the wood bison 2, 000 miles away, where the American buffalo, a distinct species, flourishes. The conservationists predict that such a plan will allow for the long-term viability of the wood bison as a species.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, calls into question the conservationist's prediction?", "options": ["No wood bison has ever been within 1, 000 miles of the area in which the conservationists are planning to move the herd.", "American buffalo once shared territory with the wood bison, but the American buffalo's territory slowly moved south so that now the American buffalo no longer inhabits the same area as the wood bison.", "The American buffalo and the wood bison can thrive off of the same resources.", "The American buffalo and the wood bison readily mingle, and, in the past, this has lead the two species to mix so that the number of actual wood bison declines steadily."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4567, "answer": 1, "text": "Some people believe that high levels of testosterone are the main cause of heart attack in men. However, this view is wrong, because testosterone levels in men with heart disease are generally lower than those in men without heart disease.", "question": "The above discussion is based on which of the following assumptions??", "options": ["Many men who have never had heart disease usually have low levels of testosterone", "Heart disease does not significantly reduce testosterone levels in men", "Hormone levels other than testosterone significantly affect a person's likelihood of heart disease", "Men's heart disease and lower testosterone are the result of the same reason"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11375, "answer": 0, "text": "An analysis of the language in social media messages posted via the Internet determined that, on average, the use of words associated with positive moods is common in the morning, decreases gradually to a low point midaftemoon, and then increases sharply throughout the evening. This shows that a person' s mood typically starts out happy in the morning, declines during the day, and improves in the evening.", "question": "The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument overlooks the possibility that", "options": ["most of the social media messages posted in the evening are posted by people who rarely post such messages in the morning", "the number of social media messages posted in the morning is not significantly different from the number posted in the evening", "the frequency in the use of words in social media is not necessarily indicative of the frequency of the use of those words in other forms of communication", "people's overall moods are lowest at the beginning of the workweek and rise later, peaking on the weekend"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9052, "answer": 3, "text": "The traditional view is that most of the methane that causes Greenhouse Effect comes from wetlands and the digestive tract of ruminants, but green plants that can absorb carbon dioxide also release methane. Scientists have found that the astonishing result is that the annual amount of methane released by the world's green plants is 60 million to 240 million tons, accounting for 10% to 40% of the world's total annual methane emissions, of which about 2/3 come from tropical areas with rich vegetation.", "question": "All but which of the following statements can support the views of scientists?", "options": ["If green plants are not taken into account, excluding all other factors, there are still a large number of sources of methane in the world that cannot be explained", "German scientists have observed methane clouds over the rainforest by satellite, a phenomenon that cannot be explained by known global sources of methane", "American chemists analyzed air samples taken from the Venezuelan savannas and concluded that the amount of methane released by vegetation in this area was 30 million to 60 million tons", "Some scientists stressed that the recent increase in methane levels and global warming have nothing to do with forests and plants are innocent"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10038, "answer": 1, "text": "N(N>1) natural numbers are taken in turn to form a group of finite series, in which the odd series and even series are obviously shorter than the natural series. But if the natural sequence is extended indefinitely, the odd and even series must be smaller than the whole. In an infinite world, the part may be equal to the whole.", "question": "Which of the following options cannot be a logical corollary of the above conclusion?", "options": ["In a definite world, the part may be smaller than the whole", "In the infinite world, the part must not be equal to the whole", "In an infinite world, the whole may be equal to the part", "In a definite world, the whole must be greater than the part"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4095, "answer": 3, "text": "All kindergartens face the same problem: for those parents who cannot come to pick up their children in time after the kindergarten is over, kindergarten teachers have no choice but to wait, so many kindergartens charge parents who pick up their children late. However, there are surveys. It is shown that the number of parents who pick up their children late after the fee has not been reduced, but has increased.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, best explains the above survey results?", "options": ["The fee is too low and does not have much binding force on parents who often come to pick up their children late", "Some parents are dissatisfied with the charging behavior, and sometimes deliberately protest by picking up their children late", "Some parents are too busy to pick up their children in time", "After the fee, more parents think that even if they come late to pick up their children, they don't have to feel guilty, as long as they pay"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13574, "answer": 0, "text": "Commissioner: Budget forecasters project a revenue shortfall of a billion dollars in the coming fiscal year. Since there is no feasible way to increase the available funds, our only choice is to decrease expenditures. The plan before you outlines feasible cuts that would yield savings of a billion dollars over the coming fiscal year. We will be able to solve the problem we face, ttherefore, only if we adopt this plan.", "question": "The reasoning in the commissioner's argument is flawed because this argument", "options": ["confuses being an adequate solution with being a required solution", "inappropriately relies on the opinions of experts", "takes for granted that there is no way to increase available funds", "inappropriately employs language that is vague"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1015, "answer": 2, "text": "Global warming is considered an undisputed fact by most people, but data released by a climate change research institute shows that from the beginning of 1997 to August 2012, the overall temperature change of the world was only 0 degree. According to the agency, global warming has stopped.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, should not doubt the institute's conclusion?", "options": ["The timing of the start and end of climate trends is crucial, or they could skew the results. ", "For the study of global climate change, more than a decade's worth of data is only a short-term figure, not a telling data. ", "Global climate change is driven more by the movements of the earth itself than by human activity, according to new research. ", "The current computer models on which global temperature records are based are flawed, and the real climate is far more complex than they suggest. "], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9381, "answer": 2, "text": "A certain group company has six departments: production department, sales department, R & D department, personnel department, finance department and legal department. There are six office buildings from front to back: Wu ,Ji, Geng , Xin , Ren and Gui . Each department has a building, and the arrangement of each department meets the following requirements: (1) the sales department is in front of the finance department and the production department. (2) the personnel department is immediately after the R & D department or the production department; (3) the legal department is followed by the R & D department or the sales department.", "question": "If the legal department is in the Ren building, then the sales department is in the:", "options": ["Geng building", "Xin building", "Wu building", "Ji building"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6494, "answer": 0, "text": "The group-buying industry does have the worry of terminal illness. From the realistic environment of the group-buying industry, in the short term, the capital is drying up day by day, the endogenous development is weak and the industry reshuffle storm is approaching. In a chaotic pattern, only with the continuous occurrence of death cases can we clarify the market, prevent Bad money drives out good, and blow all the sand before we see gold. At the same time, the author believes that the heavy lessons of the dead will stimulate the survival desire of the living. I hope that when death begins to fall on the group-buying industry, the collapse of peers can touch the souls of valuable survivors, push each other and themselves, show compassion, and reflect on themselves in order to find ways to strengthen their bodies. For the whipping of capital, the followers of the group-buying industry do not expect the public to sympathize with you: good products and valuable services are the best media to interact with the public; only the soul of innovation is immortal, can Phoenix Nirvana.", "question": "Which of the following options does not accord with the author's attitude towards group buying?", "options": ["Full of expectation.", "Good advice.", "Criticize.", "Rational analysis."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8230, "answer": 2, "text": "Positive reinforcement refers to rewarding and affirming a behavior with an attractive outcome in the hope of repeating the behavior under similar conditions. Negative reinforcement refers to the withdrawal or reduction of unpleasant stimuli when the behavior occurs, which can also increase the frequency of the behavior.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following options is positive reinforcement?", "options": ["I reflect on myself many times a day", "Killing chickens and scaring monkeys as an example", "Under the attempting reward, there must be a brave man", "Get off lightly and make meritorious deeds"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4438, "answer": 3, "text": "The Daily Express newspaper organized development training and assessed all employees participating in development on the last day. If the assessment result reached 3 points or more, it was recorded as excellent. Before the assessment, several people discussed the results. Chen Dong said: Xiao Jun and Xiao Xia have good physical quality, and at least one of them is excellent. Niu Li said: The training time is too short, and everyone doesn't practice enough. No one can be excellent this time, said Ma Fang. How is it possible? Some people have participated in training before, and they are sure to do well.", "question": "Assuming that only one of the three people's guesses has been verified, which of the following conclusions can be drawn??", "options": ["Niu Li is right. None of the newspaper members participating in the expansion are excellent", "There is no way to be sure of right or wrong, but all training members get excellent results", "Ma Fang is right. Some people are excellent, but others are not", "Chen Dong is wrong. Xiao Xia didn't get excellent"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10088, "answer": 3, "text": "It is generally believed that the outcome of tossing a coin of even quality is random. But in fact, the result of the toss is determined by the momentum and the initial height. Still, making accurate predictions about the outcome of a coin toss is difficult.", "question": "Which of the followings explains most the phenomenon stated in the above, that the outcome of the toss is determined by certain factors, but the prediction is difficult?", "options": ["For a long time, the toss of a coin has been used as a classic example of random events.", "If a coin of uneven quality is tossed, the outcome can always be accurately predicted.", "If the initial height of the coin toss remains constant, the outcome of the coin toss will only be determined by the toss momentum.", "Accurate prediction of the outcome of a coin toss requires extremely accurate estimates of the initial height and momentum of the coin toss."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8298, "answer": 3, "text": "The so-called history, popularly speaking, is the fact that it has already happened. In terms of time scale, history is a reality that increases the marker of the time scale. The so-called reality is the fact that is happening, so it can also be said that from the time scale, it is a historical fact with zero scale. In fact, if you look at the timeline, the reality as the zero scale of time has been constantly changing. This change makes most of the facts on the timeline of the scale rapidly become history, but they have different time scales.", "question": "Which of the following options is what the author focuses on through this passage?", "options": ["All the events that have happened can be recorded in history.", "New historical facts are happening all the time.", "The history of different periods is only recorded with different time scales.", "The distinction between history and reality is mainly based on whether it is or not."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11093, "answer": 2, "text": "The Ergonomic Society conducted a study that indicated that many people develop severe back problems during adulthood, and that virtually all such people who received chiropractic treatment showed great improvement. Ttherefore, in order to minimize the proportion of the population that suffers from back pain, the Ergonomic Society recommended that chiropractic treatment be directed toward those adults who suffer from severe back problems.", "question": "Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?", "options": ["Severe back pain and other problems often cause individuals to miss workdays.", "Chiropractic treatment is more effective in treating severe back problems when utilized over a long period of time, as opposed to sporadically.", "Individuals who receive chiropractic or other treatment prior to developing severe back problems are not less likely to develop back pain than those who do not.", "Any person who receives chiropractic treatment for back pain may also benefit from other forms of treatment."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10793, "answer": 2, "text": "Hunter: Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest' s deer population over the past ten years. Yet clearly, <b> black bears have also played an important role in this decline </b>. In the past ten years, the forest' s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.", "question": "In the hunter's argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles?", "options": ["It is a judgment that the argument opposes.", "It is an objection that has been raised against the main conclusion of the argument.", "It is the main conclusion of the argument.", "It is a finding that the argument seeks to explain."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12770, "answer": 0, "text": "Book publishers have traditionally published a few books that they thought were of intrinsic merit even though these books were unlikely to make a profit. Nowadays, however, fewer of these books are being published. It seems, ttherefore, that publishers now, more than ever, are more interested in making money than in publishing books of intrinsic value.", "question": "Which one of the following statements, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?", "options": ["There has been a notable decline in the quality of books written in recent years.", "In recent years, profits in the book publishing industry have been declining.", "There have always been authors unwilling to be published unless a profit is guaranteed.", "In the past, often books of intrinsic value would unexpectedly make a sizable profit."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5537, "answer": 3, "text": "A team of researchers compiled brain data from more than 140 non-human animals. to study why primate brains are larger than other vertebrates.In the study, the researchers not only considered the socialization of primates, such as race size, social systems and mating systems.Their eating habits were also studied, and whether they ate leaves, fruit or omnivores.According to the researchers, dietary habits are the main reason for the large size of the primate's brain.", "question": "Which of the following options, if correct, best supports the above conclusions?", "options": ["The dietary habits of primates have an important influence on body type development", "The idea that primate brain volume is determined by generally accepted social factors is an illusion", "The results of the study did not show a relationship between fruit or leaf intake and brain volume in the same primate species", "Of the more than 140 primates,fruit-eating animals have significantly larger brains than leaf-eating animals;The brains of omnivores are also larger than those of leaf eaters"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1912, "answer": 1, "text": "Nature is the environment for the development and continuation of human life. At the same time, productive labor, as a medium in the process of material exchange between man and nature, is the starting point for the formation and development of human social relations. In the process of processing natural materials, people form the relationship between people-- relations of production, and thus form national, class, family and other complex social relations.", "question": "Which of the following options is the argument supported by this sentence?", "options": ["Only by passively adapting to nature can man survive and develop.", "The relationship between man and man, man and society is based on the relationship between man and nature.", "Human social relations have their inherent law of development, which can exist and develop independently.", "Man is a part of nature, because man is also an animal."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12158, "answer": 1, "text": "If the government institutes criminal justice reform, then the percentage of citizens in prison will decrease. If the government does not institute criminal justice reform during this legislative session, then the government will go bankrupt. All attempts at criminal justice reform require 60 Purple Party politicians to hold office. There are currently 55 Purple Party politicians in office during this legislative session.", "question": "According to the passage above, what must follow?", "options": ["The percentage of citizens in prison will decrease during this legislative session.", "The government will go bankrupt during this legislative session.", "A bipartisan compromise will prevent the government from going bankrupt during this legislative session.", "Criminal justice reform will be enacted when five more Purple Party politicians hold office."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8485, "answer": 2, "text": "In the Internet era, everyone is the outlet of value; in the global village era, everyone is the business card of the country, and more importantly, the great times and great changes, so that the Chinese people have incomparably rich possibilities of life and have a more colorful life experience. Dreams and struggles, successes and setbacks, laughter and tears are the most touching stories. Learn to discover stories, tell stories, tell their own stories, the stories around us, we can better show the world a real, three-dimensional, vivid China.", "question": "Which of the following options has an accurate understanding of this passage?", "options": ["Everyone should learn to tell stories.", "Everyone is an integral part of the image of the country.", "The ordinary reconstructs the Chinese Story.", "The world is interested in the Chinese story of reform and opening up."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11011, "answer": 0, "text": "Boreal owls range over a much larger area than do other owls of similar size. The reason for this behavior is probably that the small mammals on which owls feed are especially scarce in the forests where boreal owls live, and the relative scarcity of prey requires the owls to range more extensively to find sufficient food.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, most helps to confirm the explanation above?", "options": ["Boreal owls range over larger areas in regions where food of the sort eaten by small mammals is sparse than they do in regions where such food is abundant.", "After their young hatch, boreal owls must hunt more often than before in order to feed both themselves and their newly hatched young.", "Sometimes individual boreal owls hunt near a single location for many weeks at a time and do not range farther than a few hundred yards.", "The boreal owl requires less food, relative to its weight, than is required by members of other owl species."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2060, "answer": 3, "text": "Which is happier to win a silver medal or a bronze medal? Most people will conclude that a silver medalist is happier than a bronze medalist because he gets a higher reputation. But this is not the case. Although bronze medalists are only in third place, they are much happier than silver medalists. Olympians explain how they feel about winning a medal: the third place trembles with excitement when they win a medal; on the other hand, the second place feels like a loser because they fail to win the first place. It doesn't matter what you get, but how you feel it.", "question": "Which of the following options is intended to describe this passage?", "options": ["It doesn't matter what you get in the Olympic Games.", "The cruelty of the results of the Olympic Games.", "The psychological adjustment of athletes is particularly important.", "The important thing is how to feel."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 664, "answer": 2, "text": "Robot: It is an automated machine. The difference is that this machine has some intelligence similar to humans or creatures, such as perception ability, planning ability, movement ability and coordination ability. It is an automated machine with a high degree of flexibility.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings is a robot?", "options": ["Machines on automated production lines", "A humanoid machine that can say hello in several languages", "A machine that can play football in matches", "A machine that looks like a human"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1872, "answer": 3, "text": "The open character and strong national strength of the Datang Empire had a strong impact on the surrounding countries. As handicraft products of the Tang Dynasty, various daily necessities and handicrafts are magnetically attractive to overseas countries. The pursuit of silk, porcelain and other items imported from the Tang Dynasty outside the city is like the fashion people's preference for iPhones and iPad. Tri-colour Pottery of the Tang Dynasty is also carried across the sea in this torrent, taking root and sprouting.", "question": "Which of the following is most likely to be described next?", "options": ["The great influence of the Tang Dynasty on the neighboring countries", "Various manifestations of the Tang Dynasty's objects advocating outside the territory", "The transportation route and method of Tang Dynasty goods", "The Spread and Influence of Tri-colour Pottery of the Tang Dynasty outside the territory"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11946, "answer": 0, "text": "Emissions from automobiles that burn gasoline and automobiles that burn diesel fuel are threatening the quality of life on our planet, contaminating both urban air and global atmosphere. Ttherefore, the only effective way to reduce such emissions is to replace the conventional diesel fuel and gasoline used in automobiles with cleaner-burning fuels, such as methanol, that create fewer emissions.", "question": "Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?", "options": ["Reducing the use of automobiles would not be a more effective means to reduce automobile emissions than the use of methanol.", "Automobile emissions constitute the most serious threat to the global environment.", "At any given time there is a direct correlation between the level of urban air pollution and the level of contamination present in the global atmosphere.", "If given a choice of automobile fuels, automobile owners would not select gasoline over methanol."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7968, "answer": 2, "text": "Because foreign forecasters often change their posts, and our country has a serious and responsible forecaster team with many years of practical experience, which makes up for the shortcomings of detection equipment and numerical forecasting.", "question": "From this passage, which of the following can we know?", "options": ["Forecasters abroad are not as serious as our forecasters", "Detection equipment and numerical forecasts determine the accuracy of typhoon forecasts", "The accuracy of typhoon forecasting is also affected by the situation of the forecaster himself", "Compared with developed countries, the accuracy of typhoon forecasts in my country is still far behind"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1548, "answer": 1, "text": "The magnitude 7.3 earthquake in Kyushu, Japan, the magnitude 7.2 earthquake in Myanmar, the magnitude 7.1 earthquake in Afghanistan, and several earthquakes with magnitude above 7.0 in the waters off the island of Sumatra in Indonesia over the past month.How to explain the spate of strong earthquakes in recent years, is there a connection between them? Whether the earth has entered a period of seismicity is considered by both Chinese and foreign experts.Any conclusion needs to be supported by scientific evidence, but no matter from the statistical significance or specific research, it is impossible to determine whether the global earthquake magnitude and frequency are beyond the normal category, and whether there is a connection between them.But it is necessary to study some dangerous areas and be vigilant.", "question": "Which of the following options is suitable for text headings?", "options": ["The earth has entered vibration mode", "Has the earth entered vibration mode", "The earth will enter vibration mode", "The earth did not enter vibration mode"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11014, "answer": 3, "text": "Public health expert: Until recently people believed that applications of biochemical research would eventually achieve complete victory over the microorganisms that cause human disease. However, current medical research shows that those microorganisms reproduce so rapidly that medicines developed for killing one variety will only spur the evolution of other varieties that are immune to those medicines. The most rational public health strategy, ttherefore, would place much more emphasis than at present on fully informing people about the transmission of diseases caused by microorganisms, with a view to minimizing the incidence of such diseases.", "question": "Of the following, which one most accurately expresses the conclusion drawn by the public health expert?", "options": ["A patient who contracts a disease caused by microorganisms cannot be effectively cured by present methods.", "A medicine that kills one variety of disease- causing microorganism can cause the evolution of a drug-resistant variety.", "No one who is fully informed about the diseases caused by microorganisms will ever fall victim to those diseases.", "There is good reason to make a particular change to public health policy."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10621, "answer": 0, "text": "One year ago a local government initiated an antismoking advertising campaign in local newspapers, which it financed by imposing a tax on cigarettes of 20 cents per pack. One year later, the number of people in the locality who smoke cigarettes had declined by 3 percent. Clearly, what was said in the advertisements had an effect, although a small one, on the number of people in the locality who smoke cigarettes.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to strengthen the argument?", "options": ["Merchants in the locality responded to the local tax by reducing the price at which they sold cigarettes by 20 cents per pack.", "A substantial number of cigarette smokers in the locality who did not quit smoking during the campaign now smoke less than they did before it began.", "Smokers in the locality had incomes that on average were 25 percent lower than those of nonsmokers.", "Residents of the locality have not increased their use of other tobacco products such as snuff and chewing tobacco since the campaign went into effect."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11366, "answer": 0, "text": "Principle: Even if an art auction house identifies the descriptions in its catalog as opinions, it is guilty of misrepresentation if such a description is a deliberate attempt to mislead bidders. Application: Although Healy' s, an art auction house, states that all descriptions in its catalog are opinions, Healy' s was guilty of misrepresentation when its catalog described a vase as dating from the mid-eighteenth century when it was actually a modern reproduction.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most justifies the above application of the principle?", "options": ["Without consulting anyone with expertise in authenticating vases, Healy's described the vase as dating from the mid-eighteenth century merely in order to increase its auction price.", "Although pottery that is similar to the vase is currently extremely popular among art collectors, none of the collectors who are knowledgeable about such pottery were willing to bid on the vase.", "Some Healy's staff members believe that the auction house's catalog should not contain any descriptions that have not been certified to be true by independent experts.", "An authentic work of art from the mid-eighteenth century will usually sell for at least ten times more than a modern reproduction of a similar work from that period."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11242, "answer": 3, "text": "Psychologists have claimed that many people are more susceptible to psychological problems in the winter than in the summer; the psychologists call this condition seasonal affective disorder. Their claim is based on the results of surveys in which people were asked to recall how they felt at various times in the past. However, it is not clear that people are able to report accurately on their past psychological states. Ttherefore, these survey results do not justify the psychologists' claim that there is any such condition as seasonal affective disorder.", "question": "The author criticizes the psychologists' claim by", "options": ["offering an alternative explanation of the variation in the occurrence of psychological problems across seasons", "demonstrating that fewer people actually suffer from seasonal affective disorder than psychologists had previously thought", "questioning the representativeness of the population sample surveyed by the psychologists", "questioning an assumption that the author attributes to the psychologists"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14292, "answer": 1, "text": "The labeling of otherwise high-calorie foods as sugar-free, based on the replacement of all sugar by artificial sweeteners, should be prohibited by law. Such a prohibition is indicated because many consumers who need to lose weight will interpret the label sugar-free as synonymous with low in calories and harm themselves by building weight-loss diets around foods labeled sugar-free. Manufacturers of sugar-free foods are well aware of this tendency on the part of consumers.", "question": "Which one of the following principles, if established, most helps to justify the conclusion in the passage?", "options": ["Product labels that are literally correct but cannot be interpreted by the average buyer of the product without expert help should be prohibited by law.", "Product labels that are literally correct but will predictably be misinterpreted by some buyers of the product to their own harm should be prohibited by law.", "Product labels that are literally correct, but only on one of two equally accurate interpretations, should be prohibited by law if buyers tend to interpret the label in the way that does not match the product's actual properties.", "Product labels that are literally incorrect, but in such an obvious manner that no rational consumer would rely on them, should nevertheless be prohibited by law."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12191, "answer": 1, "text": "Journalist: There is no downside to journalists using anonymous sources. National newspapers require journalists to use multiple sources to corroborate anonymous tips, and corroboration removes any possibility of abuse. Any failure to corroborate sources would risk national security through the publication of misleading information.", "question": "The strength of the argument depends upon which one of the following?", "options": ["Journalists should only use anonymous sources.", "All journalists work for national newspapers.", "Journalists should only use anonymous sources under extraordinary circumstances.", "The government has never infringed on the freedom of press."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1760, "answer": 3, "text": "Despite the autumn wind and frost, the cabbage flourishes. Late autumn's new green is rare. At this time, the field flowers withered, cabbage is still fresh. Petiole wide and thick, porcelain spoon shaped petals curved upward, in the sun cheerfully raised face, called life out of hope. The white of cabbage is as beautiful as the yellow of pumpkin or the red of chili.", "question": "Which of the following best sums up the passage?", "options": ["Frost's descent is an exercise for plants", "Home cabbage produces the ultimate in beauty", "The frosted cabbage has a sweet aftertaste", "The cabbage spills out the essence of life"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2150, "answer": 3, "text": "After graduating from university, A, B and C choose to pursue different professions: teacher, lawyer and engineer. Other students made the following guess: Xiao Li: A is an engineer, B is a teacher. Xiao Wang: A is a teacher and C is an engineer. Xiao Fang: A is a lawyer and B is an engineer. It was later proved that Xiao Li, Xiao Wang and Xiao Fang were only half right.", "question": "Which of the following options is the correct answer about the occupations A, B and C are engaged in respectively?", "options": ["A is a teacher, B is a lawyer and C is an engineer", "A is an engineer, B is a lawyer and C is a teacher", "A is a lawyer, B is an engineer and C is a teacher", "A is a lawyer, B is a teacher and C is an engineer"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7566, "answer": 3, "text": "A famous foodie in French history has an interesting point: natural foodies are generally of medium build, with a round face, bright eyes, small forehead, low nose, plump lips, and square chin; while people who are born without a mouthful are generally thin and long faces. With large eyes and nose, no matter how tall he is, he always gives people a lanky feeling. This view of food faces is also the intuitive impression of most people of gourmet today. But, gluttonous Although it is closely related to obesity, it is not an inevitable causal relationship.Thin people who know how to eat and are good at eating are everywhere.", "question": "Based on the above statement, which of the following can be derived?", "options": ["Foodies are generally obese", "Obese people are generally gluttonous", "Some thin people neither know how to eat nor are they good at eating", "Some thin people know how to eat and are good at eating"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4364, "answer": 1, "text": "Although winter is approaching, the price of oil used by industrial consumers is particularly low this year and may remain. Therefore, unless the winter is particularly cold, the price of natural gas used by industrial consumers may also remain at a low level.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, best supports the above conclusion?", "options": ["The long-term weather forecast predicts a mild winter.", "Industrial users who consume large amounts of natural gas can quickly and cheaply switch to using oil as an alternative.", "The largest source of supply of oil and natural gas is in the subtropical region, which is unlikely to be affected by the climate.", "Oil sales are more susceptible to severe weather than natural gas sales."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5690, "answer": 2, "text": "Submissive interaction refers to the action process with the same nature or the same direction among actors, which often has three forms: sending signals or hints to others intentionally or unintentionally and causing others to respond; Act in the way of others without consideration; Actors accept the way others act under pressure from others and do so.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings does not belong to submissive interaction?", "options": ["Xiao Wen is not satisfied with the new tutor, but he still starts the tutor course because of the painstaking efforts of his parents and the tuition fees he has paid", "While the nurse aunt said don't cry, it doesn't hurt at all, she injected it into Maomao's arm. Maomao didn't cry as expected", "Everyone can see Xiao Liu's business ability. Even the picky old director agrees to choose Xiao Liu as the business director", "Many investors invest in whatever is hot when looking for projects, speculate on stocks stocks when stocks are hot, and speculate jadeite when jadeite is hot"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5156, "answer": 3, "text": "Any unsubstantiated testimony of witness is not the basis for jurors to make a judgment. Because in general, it is wise to highly suspect that anyone has no evidence for litigation requests, but jurors should not trust their common experience in order to be consistent that declare the defendant guilty based on all unconfirmed confessions.", "question": "Which of the following options supports the above view?", "options": ["In cases where the defendant withdraws all confessions before trial, the jurors usually announce not guilty.", "The purpose of setting up the jury selection procedure is to select those who have a definite view of the defendant's crime before the trial.", "When the defendant does commit the crime or finally believes that the plaintiff has sufficient evidence, he sometimes pleads guilty.", "For those accused of crimes and easy to be hinted, it is difficult for them to determine their memories of the past, so they finally accept accusations against them."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6899, "answer": 0, "text": "In the hype of entertainment, privacy and personal dignity become the victims of the viewing effect, and the moral bottom line gives way to economic benefits. What is more serious is that excessive entertainment makes people only satisfied with entertainment needs, but lacks attention to social groups and ignores them existence, ignoring their needs.", "question": "Which of the following is the text intended to illustrate the over-entertainment of TV shows?", "options": ["Ignore its due social responsibilities", "Let people not pay attention to deep propositions", "Make it a single entertainment tool", "Weakened the people's sense of sympathy and care"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7319, "answer": 1, "text": "Pledge of rights means that the debtor or a third party takes his rights such as creditor's rights, equity, copyright, etc as security.", "question": "Which of the following is the pledge of rights?", "options": ["Because owed Zhang 100,000 yuan, Wang will own car mortgage to Zhang.", "Due to debt, Zhang will own the patent rights as a guarantee to pay off the debt.", "Lao Wang transferred his share of the company to his son.", "Owing 20,000 yuan, Li presented a check for 20,000 yuan as repayment to his creditors."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6667, "answer": 3, "text": "In nature, microscopic objects generally refer to particles with a spatial scale of less than 10-6 cm and a mass of less than 10-15 grams, including molecules, atoms, atomic nuclei, elementary particles and other material levels. Microscopic particles and various phenomena in extremely small spaces. , Generally referred to as microscopic phenomena. Microscopic particles and microscopic phenomena are collectively referred to as the microscopic world. The motion of the microscopic world obeys the laws reflected by quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics.", "question": "Which of the following is the most accurate retelling of the main meaning of this passage?", "options": ["What is a micro object", "What are the components of micro-objects", "What is a micro phenomenon", "What is the micro world"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11577, "answer": 3, "text": "Veterinarians generally derive some of their income from selling several manufacturers' lines of pet-care products. Knowing that pet owners rarely throw away mail from their pet' s veterinarian unread, one manufacturer of pet-care products offered free promotional materials on its products to veterinarians for mailing to their clients. Very few veterinarians accepted the offer, however, even though the manufacturer's products are of high quality.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the veterinarian's reaction to the manufacturer's promotional scheme?", "options": ["Veterinarians sometimes recommend that pet owners use products formulated for people when no suitable product specially formulated for animals is available.", "Many pet owners have begun demanding quality in products they buy for their pets that is as high as that in products they buy for themselves.", "The special promotional materials were intended as a supplement to the manufacturer's usual promotional activities rather than as a replacement for them.", "The manufacturer's products, unlike most equally good competing products sold by veterinarians, are also available in pet stores and in supermarkets."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8595, "answer": 2, "text": "A certain unit has enrolled 8 fresh graduates this year, of which A and B are liberal arts students, C, D and E are science students, and F, G and H are engineering students. Among the 8 people, A, C and F are ladies. The unit intends to select five people to form a research and development team, in which there should be at least one liberal arts student, one science student and one engineering student, and at least one woman should participate in the team. In addition, the following conditions should be met: (1) at most one person will participate in C and G; (2) if B attends, D will also participate; (3) both E and H will either participate or not.", "question": "If A does not participate, which of the following options may be true?", "options": ["Only E participated in the science students.", "Only F participated in the engineering students.", "All three science students attended.", "All three engineering students attended."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3802, "answer": 3, "text": "The yoke of conformity thinking refers to a kind of bad mindset that is consistent with the majority in cognitive judgment and problem solving.", "question": "Which of the following options is not a yoke of conformity thinking?", "options": ["The opinions of experts are trustworthy, and the opinions of experts are the basis for doing things", "Many pedestrians in front rushed through the red light, and they rushed over immediately", "Adults often turn their children's left-handed habits around", "According to the standards of a certain star, Xiao Wang accurately adjusted the height of the interested person to two decimal places"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10618, "answer": 3, "text": "After examining the options, the budget committee discovered that QI' s office-phone system would be inexpensive enough to be within the cost limit that had been set for the committee. However, Corelink' s system must also be inexpensive enough to be within the limit, since it is even less expensive than QI' s system.", "question": "The reasoning in the argument above is most closely paralleled by that in which one of the following?", "options": ["John's blood-alcohol level was far above the legal limit for driving, so even if it turns out that Paul's blood-alcohol level was lower than John's, it too must have been above the legal limit.", "Marissa is just tall enough that she can touch the ceiling when she jumps as high as she can, and since Jeff is taller than Marissa, he too must be able to touch the ceiling when he jumps.", "By reducing the number of cigarettes she smoked per day, Kate was able to run five miles, and since Lana smokes fewer cigarettes per day than Kate now does, she too must be able to run five miles.", "Health Dairy's sharp cheddar cheese is low enough in fat to meet the labeling standard for low fat cheddar cheese, and since its mild cheddar cheese is even lower in fat, it too must meet the labeling standard."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8038, "answer": 3, "text": "In different countries and different periods, the science and technology management system can be different and can be innovated, but there is one system that is particularly important and universal: the generalization of the innovation subject, or the whole people or the affinity to the people of the innovation strategy. In other words, it should be the basic starting point to build a great system and environment of independent innovation for everyone to have the spirit of change and innovation and the opportunity to show every invention.", "question": "Which of the following options is intended to be emphasized in this passage?", "options": ["The importance of science and technology management system.", "Innovation needs to be supported by a good environment.", "Innovation needs institutional support.", "Science and Technology Management system should ensure the whole people of Innovation."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1552, "answer": 3, "text": "In the fable of the race between the tortoise and the hare, the rabbit who is good at running is a negative example. But among the marathon runners, the rabbit plays a glorious role. Rabbit, whose scientific name is speed match, is responsible for guiding runners to run at a steady pace and finish the race within a preset time. Running is considered to be a lonely sport, but once you appear on the field as a rabbit, you can't just focus on refreshing your own results. instead, a qualified rabbit should emphasize his sense of existence. Pass on the confidence of finishing the race and the sense of stability of running to the runners who follow them.", "question": "Which of the following is not the correct interpretation of Rabbit is duties?", "options": ["Be prepared and be responsible for runners and races", "Run professionally and give guidance in actual combat", "Respect the runner and pass on the confidence to the runner", "Compete at a level and constantly transcend self-limitations"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10648, "answer": 1, "text": "In the first phase of the Industrial Revolution, machines were invented whose main advantage was that they worked faster than human workers. This technology became widely used because it was economically attractive; many unskilled workers could be replaced by just a few skilled workers. Today managers are looking for technology that will allow them to replace highly paid skilled workers with a smaller number of less-skilled workers.", "question": "The examples presented above best illustrate which one of the following propositions?", "options": ["Workers will need to acquire more education and skills to remain competitive in the labor market.", "Employers utilize new technology because it allows them to reduce labor costs.", "In seeking employment, highly skilled workers no longer have an advantage over less-skilled workers.", "Technology eliminates many jobs but also creates just as many jobs."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3633, "answer": 0, "text": "There are four children in the family, namely A, B, C and D. One day, there are fewer candies on the table. The mother asked who stole the candies. Each of the four children said: A said: Among us Someone ate candy; B said: None of the four of us ate candy; C said: At least one of B and D did not steal candy; D said: I did not steal candy.", "question": "If two of the four children are telling the truth and two are telling lies, which of the following children telling the truth?", "options": ["It's A and C who tell the truth", "It's A and D who tell the truth", "It's B and C who tell the truth", "It's B and D who tell the truth"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1867, "answer": 1, "text": "Rove held an important position in the navy before he became president. Once, a good friend asked him about the navy's plan to build a submarine base on a small island. Roosevelt looked around mysteriously, lowered his voice and asked, can you keep it a secret? of course i can! his friend is quite sure. then, Roosevelt said with a smile, so can I.", "question": "Which of the following is what this passage tells us?", "options": ["Detour can also achieve its goal", "Humor can skillfully solve difficult problems", "There is no contradiction between adherence to principles and flexibility", "Don't impose on others what you don't want to do"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9584, "answer": 1, "text": "In the flow of information, the individual is almost in the main position of risk, that is, to bear all the consequences brought by uncertain risks. However, from the point of view of information acquisition, disclosure and result acceptance, individuals are basically in a negative and passive position, and those who can control the corresponding risks or obtain more symmetrical information to a large extent, is the platform or enterprise side to master personal information. Therefore, it is often those who are at risk who cannot afford the risk, while the person in charge of the risk may be absent when they bear the risk.", "question": "Which of the following options is most likely to be discussed in this passage?", "options": ["How to avoid the risks caused by individuals in the flow of information.", "How to make the beneficiary of information bear the responsibility of risk.", "How to control the risk in the flow of information.", "Who bears the risk between the information platform and the individual."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 446, "answer": 2, "text": "Scientists found that one of the main reasons for the rapid increase of diabetes in children under the age of 5 is that they are not exposed to bacteria and germs in childhood. Those who live in rural areas have more opportunities to get along with pets because of the earlier exposure to the substances carrying bacteria, and the risk of allergies, asthma, eczema and other diseases is very low. An environment in which bacteria are eliminated too thoroughly may harm children's health.", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, can best support the above conclusion?", "options": ["The body surface and body of a newborn baby are sterile. But after they start to drink milk and water, bacteria take the opportunity to enter their body.", "Most of the bacteria on human skin play a protective role and create a unique body odor for everyone.", "Most bacteria are good for health, and people's health and longevity are inseparable from normal flora.", "Many harmful bacteria are in peace with the human body at ordinary times. When the human body's immunity declines, the bacteria begin to invade the human body."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11468, "answer": 1, "text": "Mary to Jamal: You acknowledge that as the legitimate owner of this business I have the legal right to sell it whenever I wish. But also you claim that because loyal employees will suffer if I sell it, I ttherefore have no right to do so. Obviously, your statements taken together are absurd.", "question": "Mary's reasoning is most vulnerable to the criticism that she", "options": ["overlooks the possibility that her employees also have rights related to the sale of the business", "overlooks the possibility that Jamal is referring to two different kinds of right", "attacks Jamal's character rather than his argument", "overlooks the possibility that when Jamal claims that she has no right to sell the business, he simply means she has no right to do so at this time"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8758, "answer": 1, "text": "Xiao Chen said that at present, comet D3, which was partly in orbit away from the sun in 1996, has recently been able to detect its flickering light through solar telescopes.In the past, people have never observed such a twinkle in a comet far from the sun, so this flicker must be an unusual phenomenon.Xiao Wang said that usually people do not observe comets far away from the sun, and the flicker of Comet D3 discovered in 1996 was obtained by continuous and careful tracking and observation.", "question": "Which of the following options can best summarize the methods used by Xiao Wang to refute Xiao Chen's point of view?", "options": ["Pointing out that the meaning of the key concepts used by Xiao Chen is vague", "Pointing out that Xiao Chen's argument is obviously unconvincing", "Pointing out that Xiao Chen's arguments are self contradictory", "Disagreeing with Xiao Chen's conclusion, and put forward another explanation for Xiao Chen's argument. Agree with Xiao Chen's conclusion, but put forward another explanation for Xiao Chen's argument"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14648, "answer": 2, "text": "As often now as in the past, newspaper journalists use direct or indirect quotation to report unsupported or false claims made by newsmakers. However, journalists are becoming less likely to openly challenge the veracity of such claims within their articles.", "question": "Each of the following, if true, helps to explain the trend in journalism described above EXCEPT:", "options": ["Journalists who challenge the veracity of claims are often criticized for failing their professional obligation to be objective.", "Newspaper publishers have found that many readers will cancel a subscription simply because a view they take for granted has been disputed by the publication.", "A basic principle of journalism holds that debate over controversial issues draws the attention of the public.", "The areas of knowledge on which journalists report are growing in specialization and diversity, while journalists themselves are not becoming more broadly knowledgeable."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 15036, "answer": 2, "text": "Aesthetician: Zahib' s rejection of contemporary literature' s aesthetic value depends on his claim that today' s writing generally fails to grapple seriously enough with life' s deepest ethical questions -- whereas great books, he maintains, present profound moral lessons and the stuff of conscience. But what resounding moral lesson does Vikram Seth' s A Suitable Boy or Devaki Nandan Khatri' s Chandrakanta impart? People read these two great novels because they are engaging, even thrilling, stories. The absence of a profound moral lesson in no way detracts from the aesthetic value of a novel.", "question": "The aesthetician criticizes Zahib's position by arguing that it depends on the questionable premise that", "options": ["only novels that have aesthetic value fail to present profound moral lessons", "today's writing generally fails to confront deep ethical questions", "for a literary work to have aesthetic value it must present a profound ethical message", "there is no distinction between engaging stories and profound moral lessons"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7257, "answer": 3, "text": "Special family: refers to a family with no blood relationship between family members.", "question": "Which of the followings is not special family:", "options": ["When Xiao Juan was 10 years old, her parents divorced. She followed her father. Her father died suddenly soon after remarriage, and her stepmother brought her up", "A doctor found that many AIDS orphans were not adopted, and determined to bring these orphans to their families.", "In a car accident, 12-year-old Zhao Xiao lost his parents and was adopted by an entrepreneur", "After Xiao Jiang's father died on duty, Xiao Jiang's mother took Xiao Jiang's grandmother and the three lived together"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13115, "answer": 1, "text": "If Blankenship Enterprises has to switch suppliers in the middle of a large production run, the company will not show a profit for the year. Ttherefore, if Blankenship Enterprises in fact turns out to show no profit for the year, it will also turn out to be true that the company had to switch suppliers during a large production run.", "question": "The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on which one of the following grounds?", "options": ["The argument is a circular argument made up of an opening claim followed by a conclusion that merely paraphrases that claim.", "The argument fails to establish that a condition under which a phenomenon is said to occur is the only condition under which that phenomenon occurs.", "The argument explains one event as being caused by another event, even though both events must actually have been caused by some third, unidentified event.", "The argument involves an equivocation, in that the word profit is allowed to shift its meaning during the course of the argument."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12120, "answer": 3, "text": "Dr. Schilling: Those who advocate replacing my country' s private health insurance system with. nationalized health insurance because of the rising costs of medical care fail to consider the high human costs that consumers pay in countries with nationalized insurance: access to high-technology medicine is restricted. Kidney transplants and open-heart surgery-familiar life-saving procedures are rationed. People are denied their right to treatments they want and need. Dr. Laforte: Your country' s reliance on private health insurance denies access even to basic, conventional medicine to the many people who cannot afford adequate health coverage. With nationalized insurance, rich and poor have equal access to life-saving medical procedures, and people' s right to decent medical treatment regardless of income is not violated.", "question": "In responding to Dr. Schilling, Dr. Laforte employs which one of the following argumentative strategies?", "options": ["demonstrating that Dr. Schilling's reasoning is persuasive only because of his ambiguous use of the key word consumer", "producing counterexamples to Dr. Schilling's claims that nationalized health insurance schemes extract high human costs from consumers", "showing that the objections raised by Dr. Schilling have no bearing on the question of which of the two systems under consideration is the superior system", "showing that the force of Dr. Schilling's criticism depends on construing the key notion of access in a particular limited way"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7810, "answer": 1, "text": "Heavy snow, a number of highways have been closed. Some highway managers believe that if the highway is not closed, there will be major traffic accidents and huge losses of people's lives and property. However, many drivers disagree with this view.", "question": "Based on this, which of the following judgments is most likely to be the view agreed by these drivers?", "options": ["It is easy to get into an accident when driving at high speed on the icy highway.", "Traffic accidents are unavoidable. Even if the highway is closed, there may be major accidents on ordinary roads.", "Even if the highway is not closed, there will be no major traffic accidents.", "The more the highway is closed, the less easily the ice and snow will melt: the more the highway is closed if the ice and snow are not easily melted."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11385, "answer": 2, "text": "Book collector: The demand for out-of-print books is increasing. It has been spurred by the rise of the Internet, the search capabilities of which make it much easier to locate the out-of-print books one seeks.", "question": "The book collector's statements, if true, most strongly support which one of the following?", "options": ["Book collectors are now using the Internet to find book titles that they previously did not know existed.", "Only people who have access to the Internet can locate out-of-print books.", "The amount of demand for out-of-print books is affected by the ease of finding such books.", "Fewer people try to find books that are in print than try to find books that are out of print."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13316, "answer": 3, "text": "When the ancient fossils of a primitive land mammal were unearthed in New Zealand, they provided the first concrete evidence that the island country had once had indigenous land mammals. Until that discovery, New Zealand had no known native land mammals. The discovery thus falsifies the theory that New Zealand' s rich and varied native bird population owes its existence to the lack of competition from mammals.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?", "options": ["Some other island countries that are believed to have no native land mammals in fact had indigenous land mammals at one time.", "The unearthed land mammal is only one of several ancient land mammals that were indigenous to New Zealand.", "Countries with rich and varied native land mammal populations do not have rich and varied native bird populations.", "The recently discovered land mammal became extinct long before the native bird population was established."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10851, "answer": 2, "text": "Certain messenger molecules fight damage to the lungs from noxious air by telling the muscle cells encircling the lungs' airways to contract. This partially seals off the lungs. An asthma attack occurs when the messenger molecules are activated unnecessarily, in response to harmless things like pollen or household dust.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, points to the most serious flaw of a plan to develop a medication that would prevent asthma attacks by blocking receipt of any messages sent by the messenger molecules referred to above?", "options": ["Researchers do not yet know how the body produces the messenger molecules that trigger asthma attacks.", "Such a medication would be a preventative only and would be unable to alleviate an asthma attack once it had started.", "Such a medication would be unable to distinguish between messages triggered by pollen and household dust and messages triggered by noxious air.", "Such a medication would not become available for several years, because of long lead times in both development and manufacture."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13795, "answer": 1, "text": "Dietitian: It is true that nutrients are most effective when provided by natural foods rather than artificial supplements. While it is also true that fat in one' s diet is generally unhealthy, eating raw carrots (which are rich in beta carotene) by themselves is nonetheless not an effective means of obtaining vitamin A, since the body cannot transform beta carotene into vitamin A unless it is consumed with at least some fat.", "question": "The statement that fat in one's diet is generally unhealthy plays which one of the following roles in the dietitian's argument?", "options": ["It is mentioned as a generally accepted hypothesis that the dietitian attempts to undermine completely.", "It is mentioned as a reason for adopting a dietary practice that the dietitian provides a reason for not carrying to the extreme.", "It is cited as a bad reason for adopting a dietary habit that the dietitian recommends.", "It is attacked as inadequate evidence for the claim that nutrients are most effective when provided by natural foods rather than artificial supplements."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5860, "answer": 3, "text": "A bacteriophage is a virus that preyson bacteria. With the development of medical implants, more and more patients are receiving medical implants such as catheters and heart stents, but there is also a risk of bacterial infection, so some researchers think that if the bacteriophages are adsorbed on the surface of the implant material and then placed inside the patient, the infection from the implant can be avoided.", "question": "Which of the following is true can most likely to weaken this conclusion?", "options": ["Patients with implanted medical implants typically take antibiotics to ward off bacterial infections.", "Where there are bacteria, there may be bacteriophage, but there are differences in number.", "Bacteriophages can attack disease-causing bacteria, but sometimes prey on beneficial bacteria.", "Some bacteriophage enter the body, unable to adapt to the body fluid environment, it is difficult to maintain activity"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6831, "answer": 2, "text": "In the setting of bus stop names, convenience for citizens should be regarded as the first principle. at the same time, some station names also have certain urban characteristics and retain cultural functions such as urban historical information. Today, with the rapid development of the city and the ever-changing appearance, the original meaning is lost due to layout adjustment and environmental changes, coupled with some new or changed routes continue to produce new stations, bus stop names change and increase or decrease occur from time to time. On the other hand, some large shopping malls, cultural and technological companies not only have a good reputation, but are familiar to the public, and can be used as landmark buildings, or even the business cards of cities, to use these enterprise names to name bus stops in a market-oriented way of operation. There's nothing wrong with it.", "question": "Which of the following explains the gist of the passage?", "options": ["The cultural function of preserving urban historical information is one of the functions of bus stop names", "The rapid development of the city has a certain influence on the naming of bus stops", "Big shopping malls can be used as bus stops", "The names of some enterprises can be used to name bus stops"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6007, "answer": 2, "text": "Super-high-speed rail is closely related to mass travel. The attraction is that it can travel much faster than high-speed rail trains, with speeds ranging from 600 km to 1,200 km per hour. There are even claims to be more than 4,000 km. A common feature of these super-high-speed trains is that they operate in sealed vacuum or low-pressure pipelines. Specifically, by pumping air into a low-pressure environment close to a vacuum, using either aerodynamic suspension or magnetic suspension drive technology, the train will be able to travel around the clock with no wheel-rail resistance, ultra-high speed operation in low air resistance and low noise mode.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, would most doubt the possibility of a super-high-speed rail?", "options": ["Ultra-high-speed rail fails to seal low-pressure pipes in some lines.", "Equipment maintenance in a vacuum tube running on a super-high-speed train would be extremely difficult and expensive.", "Some of the equipment necessary for super-high-speed rail in vacuum or low-pressure pipelines will not work.", "If the super-high-speed railway goes out of control, there will be terrible consequences for the safety of passengers."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2965, "answer": 1, "text": "It is known that birds can sense the earth's magnetic field and use them to navigate. Recently, scientists in a country found that birds actually use their right eyes to view the earth's magnetic field. To test this theory, when birds began to migrate, scientists in the country put several Robin birds into a funnel-shaped and huge cage, and put a special metal eye mask that can shield the earth's magnetic field on one eye of some Robin birds. The walls of the cage are coated with marking substances. Birds can fly out only through the narrow mouth of the cage. If the bird touches the cage wall, it will stick a marker to judge whether the bird can find its direction.", "question": "Which of the following options, if correct, can best support the researchers' findings?", "options": ["The bird without goggles flew out of the cage smoothly; Birds with blindfolds, whether left or right, fly in any direction", "The bird without eye mask and the bird with eye mask on the left eye flew out of the cage smoothly, and the bird with eye mask on the right eye flew in either direction", "The birds without goggles and the birds with goggles on the left eye flew in either direction, and the birds with goggles on the right eye flew out of the cage smoothly", "The bird without eye mask and the bird with eye mask on the right eye flew out of the cage smoothly, and the bird with eye mask on the left eye flew in either direction"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6243, "answer": 0, "text": "With the rising price of oil, some countries use microorganisms to ferment sugar cane, sugar beet and cassava into alcohol to replace oil. This alcohol has the characteristics of complete combustion, high efficiency and no pollution. It can be used to dilute gasoline to obtain ethanol gasoline. For example, Brazil has refitted dozens of cars to use ethanol gasoline or alcohol as fuel, greatly reducing air pollution.", "question": "According to the above, which of the following is correct?", "options": ["Rising fuel prices affect the automotive industry", "Alcohol can completely replace gasoline", "Plants can be made into alcohol", "Pollution in Brazil is very serious"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11438, "answer": 2, "text": "Within the earth' s core, which is iron, pressure increases with depth. Because the temperature at which iron melts increases with pressure, the inner core is solid and the outer core is molten. Physicists can determine the melting temperature of iron at any given pressure and the pressure for any given depth in the earth. Ttherefore, the actual temperature at the boundary of the earth' s outer and inner cores-the melting temperature of iron there-can be determined, since __.", "question": "Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?", "options": ["nowhere in the earth's core can the temperature be measured directly", "pressures within the earth's outer core are much greater than pressures above the outer core", "the depth beneath the earth's surface of the boundary between the outer and inner cores is known", "the temperatures within the earth's inner core are higher than in the outer core"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11511, "answer": 1, "text": "When Copernicus changed the way we think about the solar system, he did so not by discovering new information, but by looking differently at information already available. Edward Jenner' s discovery of a smallpox vaccine occurred when he shifted his focus to disease prevention from the then more common emphasis on cure. History is replete with breakthroughs of this sort.", "question": "The examples provided above illustrate which one of the following?", "options": ["The ability to look at information from a different point of view is rare.", "Shifting from earlier modes of thought can result in important advances.", "Many valuable intellectual accomplishments occur by chance.", "Understanding is advanced less often by better organization of available information than it is by the accumulation of new information."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13349, "answer": 0, "text": "Commentator: The Duke of Acredia argued long ago that only virtuous Acredian rulers concerned with the well-being of the people will be able to rule successfully. Since then, when Acredian governments have fallen, their falls have always been during the rule of one who viciously disregards the people' s needs. The Duke, then, was right about at least one thing: Concern for the welfare of the people is necessary for the successful governance of Acredia.", "question": "The reasoning in the commentator's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument", "options": ["infers that a certain condition is required for success from the fact that the lack of that condition is associated with failure", "ignores the possibility that the conditions that are necessary for the welfare of the people are likely to change over time", "appeals to evidence from sources that are likely to be in some way biased or unreliable", "infers the necessity of a certain condition for success from the fact that its absence has always led to failure"], "type": {"Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13136, "answer": 2, "text": "Whether one is buying men' s or women' s clothing, it pays to consider fashion trends. A classic suit may stay in style for as long as five years, so it is worthwhile to pay more to get a well-constructed one. A trendy hat that will go out of style in a year or two should be purchased as cheaply as possible.", "question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the principle underlying the reasoning above?", "options": ["One should not buy a cheaply made garment when a well-constructed garment is available.", "Formal attire tends to be designed and constructed to last longer than casual attire.", "The amount of money one spends on a garment should be roughly proportionate to the length of time one plans to keep wearing it.", "The amount of money one spends on clothing should be roughly the same whether one is purchasing men's or women's attire."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}