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{"id": 11950, "answer": 1, "text": "Working residents of Springfield live, on average, farther from their workplaces than do working residents of Rorchester. Thus, one would expect that the demand for public transportation would be greater in Springfield than in Rorchester. However, Springfield has only half as many bus routes as Rorchester.", "question": "Each of the following, if true, contributes to a resolution of the apparent discrepancy described above EXCEPT:", "options": ["Three-fourths of the Springfield workforce is employed at the same factory outside the city limits.", "Springfield has a larger population than Rorchester does.", "The average number of cars per household is higher in Springfield than in Rorchester.", "Buses in Springfield run more frequently and on longer routes than in Rorchester."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 12948, "answer": 2, "text": "David: Forbidding companies from hiring permanent replacements for striking employees would be profoundly unfair. Such companies would have little leverage in their negotiations with strikers. Lin: No, the companies would still have sufficient leverage in negotiations if they hired temporary replacements.", "question": "Which one of the following statements is most strongly supported by the exchange between David and Lin?", "options": ["David and Lin believe that companies should be allowed as much leverage in negotiations as the striking employees.", "Lin believes it is unfair to forbid companies from hiring permanent replacements for their striking employees.", "David and Lin disagree over the amount of leverage companies lose in their negotiations with strikers by not being able to hire permanent replacements.", "David and Lin disagree over how much leverage should be accorded companies in their negotiations with strikers."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 14557, "answer": 1, "text": "Frieda: Lightning causes fires and damages electronic equipment. Since lightning rods can prevent any major damage, every building should have one. Erik: Your recommendation is pointless. It is true that lightning occasionally causes fires, but faulty wiring and overloaded circuits cause far more fires and damage to equipment than lightning does.", "question": "Erik's response fails to establish that Frieda's recommendation should not be acted on because his response", "options": ["introduces an irrelevant comparison between overloaded circuits and faulty wiring", "does not show that the benefits that would follow from Frieda's recommendation would be offset by any disadvantages", "does not offer any additional way of lessening the risk associated with lightning", "appeals to Frieda's emotions rather than to her reason"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10614, "answer": 1, "text": "In a large residential building, there is a rule that no pets are allowed. A group of pet lovers tried to change that rule but failed. The rule-changing procedure outlined in the building' s regulations states that only if a group of tenants can obtain the signatures of 10 percent of the tenants on a petition to change a rule will the proposed change be put to a majority vote of all the tenants in the building. It follows that the pet lovers were voted down on their proposal by the majority of the tenants.", "question": "The argument depends on which one of the following assumptions?", "options": ["Ninety percent of the tenants are against changing the rule forbidding pets.", "The pet lovers succeeded in obtaining the signatures of 10 percent of the tenants on their petition.", "The signatures of less than 10 percent of the tenants were obtained on the pet lovers' petition.", "The support of 10 percent of the tenants for a rule change ensures that the rule change will be adopted."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 2002, "answer": 2, "text": "Homing pigeons have a strong ability to fly, reaching a speed of 100 kilometers per hour and their memory and recognition abilities are outstanding among animals. They are not afraid of fatigue, loyal and reliable. They have no deserters and surrenders and are not restricted by the terrain and transmit information in a timely manner. Homing pigeons have made great achievements since they joined the army.", "question": "Which of the following options is the point of view supported by this passage?", "options": ["Homing pigeons have strong flying ability, so they have made wonderful achievements repeatedly.", "Homing pigeon is a kind of animal suitable for combat activities.", "Many unique advantages of homing pigeon play an important role in the military.", "The homing pigeon's participation in military activities is the guarantee of victory."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 6889, "answer": 0, "text": "In the era of underdeveloped productivity, war has become the most important way to compete for resources. Youth are the most important participants in wars. To win the war, young people must have strong physical fitness. In order to win the war, each City-state youth organized for training. As the leader of the whole of Greece, the city-state of Athens had a population of 250,000 in its heyday. At the same time, Corinth had a population of 90,000, and some city-states had only 5,000 or less. The more the population, the higher the proportion of youth. , The more the city-state can occupy an advantageous position in the competition.", "question": "Which of the following emphasizes in an era of underdeveloped productivity?", "options": ["Youth play an important role in competition", "Access to resources mainly depends on the method of war", "The population is an indicator of urban development", "Competition mainly depends on people's physical fitness"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 5492, "answer": 0, "text": "In order to improve the income of taxi drivers, F city taxi company plans to change its taxi charging scheme. The company will charge a starting fee of 10 yuan for the first 5 kilometers or less, and 2 yuan per kilometer in the future; Instead of charging a starting fee of 6 yuan for the first 3 kilometers or less, a fare of 2 yuan per kilometer will be charged in the future,", "question": "The company believes that the above plan can achieve the purpose of increasing revenue, which of the followings is most likely based on the following assumptions?", "options": ["The area of F City is very small. Many people don't take taxis for more than 3 kilometers", "In the past few years of operation, the cost of taxi maintenance has been rising, but the income of taxi drivers has not increased", "People who often travel by taxi in F City sometimes ask taxi drivers not to charge according to the charging scheme formulated by the company", "Even though the price of gasoline used by taxis is rising, the price of 2 yuan per kilometer makes taxi drivers profitable"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 395, "answer": 1, "text": "Subjective lens refers to taking the camera lens as the actor's eyes and directly witnessing the scene seen by the actor in film and television activities.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings is a subjective lens?", "options": ["The TV series A Dream of Red Mansions'' depicts that Lin Daiyu's first entry into Jia's house is different from others . Her mood is very complicated, so she pays attention to everything and always cares.", "The TV series The Romance of the Three Kingdoms shows every corner of Zhou Yu's account was magnified with close-up shots during the process of Jiang Gan's stealing.", "The TV series Outlaws of the marsh gives Lin Chong a close-up shot as soon as he appeared, highlighting his appearance characteristics.", "The TV series Journey to the West shows in detail the process of fighting when the monkey king makes trouble in heaven."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 13828, "answer": 2, "text": "Modern navigation systems, which are found in most of today' s commercial aircraft, are made with low-power circuitry, which is more susceptible to interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in older planes. During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the airport to guide the plane to the runway. Recently, one plane with low-power circuitry veered off course during landing, its dials dimming, when a passenger turned on a laptop computer. Clearly, modern aircraft navigation systems are being put at risk by the electronic devices that passengers carry on board, such as cassette players and laptop computers.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, LEAST strengthens the argument above?", "options": ["No problems with navigational equipment or instrument dials have been reported on flights with no passenger-owned electronic devices on board.", "After the laptop computer was turned off, the plane regained course and its navigation instruments and dials returned to normal.", "Planes were first equipped with low-power circuitry at about the same time portable electronic devices became popular.", "When in use all electronic devices emit electromagnetic radiation, which is known to interfere with circuitry."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 4606, "answer": 2, "text": "However, there are many criticisms and even attacks on the use of tests; the use of tests sometimes even brings undesirable consequences. The reason for this is that the test itself is not perfect, just like many things in the world are not perfect. , It is more that people misunderstand and misuse quizzes just like we often misunderstand and misuse many other things in the world.", "question": "So which of the following is correct?", "options": ["We should cancel the test", "Using tests enables us to solve all the problems in life", "We should continue to improve the test and guide people to correctly understand and use the test", "Tests are optional"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 4920, "answer": 2, "text": "Once a writer was asked to identify a very sloppy paragraph in his work. He said, when I wrote these sentences, only monk Huai Su was with me, and now only he knows.", "question": "The writer means:", "options": ["Most people can't understand cursive script", "Huai Su's cursive script is unparalleled in ancient and modern times", "The writer has forgotten the content of this paragraph and is difficult to recognize his handwriting", "A writer never talks lightly about what he has created"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 7125, "answer": 2, "text": "Article 40 of the Constitution stipulates that the freedom and privacy of communication of citizens of the people's Republic of China are protected by law. No organization or individual may infringe on citizens' freedom and privacy of communication for any reason, except that the public security organ or procuratorial organ shall inspect communications in accordance with the procedures prescribed by law for the needs of national security or the investigation of criminal crimes.", "question": "According to the above provisions, which of the following statements is correct?", "options": ["In order to find out the facts of the case, a municipal people's court may, if necessary, check the mobile phone call records of Wang.", "A municipal people's court could not check all the call records of the party Wang that had nothing to do with the case.", "No matter what reason, a municipal people's court shall not check the call records of Wang.", "Whether a municipal people's court has the right to check the call records of Wang is not important, but it helps the court make a fair judgment."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 5379, "answer": 0, "text": "In a survey, up to 2 / 3 of the respondents believed that the most important factor affecting the sense of security was the level of income. Analyzing the sense of security of people with different incomes, it was found that the sense of security of people with a monthly income of 3000 ~ 6000 yuan was significantly lower than that of people with a monthly income of 6000 ~ 8000 yuan. Therefore, the lower the income, the lower the sense of security,", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, cannot weaken the above view?", "options": ["The cost of living of people with an income of 3000 ~ 6000 yuan is higher than that of other groups", "Many people believe that a stable income is more likely to give people a sense of security than more income", "People with an income of 1500 ~ 3000 yuan have a better sense of security", "Income is not the only factor affecting the sense of security. Food and marriage all play an equally important role in the sense of security"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 6393, "answer": 2, "text": "Memory is divided into left brain memory and right brain memory, the so-called memory but not thinking ability, precisely because this memory is the memory of the left brain. If right brain memory is developed, things could be very different. Creativity is a property of the right brain, and right brain memory proficiency not only helps develop right brain memory, but also stimulates creativity, sensibility, inspiration and intuition.", "question": "Which of the following statements is not true?", "options": ["Inspiration comes from the right side of the brain", "The left brain is not creative", "A good memory makes a bad invention", "Development of memory in the right side of the brain is important"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 8416, "answer": 1, "text": "In recent years, weedy rice has appeared one after another in the paddy fields all over the world, which directly lead to the reduction of yield and quality of the paddy fields, and even the loss of harvest in the seriously damaged paddy fields. This kind of weedy rice is domesticated and adapted to the environment through genomic variation and has a strong growth advantage that normal rice does not have. Therefore, many people think that their existence will seriously affect the yield of normal rice.", "question": "Which of the following options, if true, does not support the above conclusion?", "options": ["Weedy rice is extremely difficult to distinguish from normal rice in appearance and cannot be easily removed.", "The grain of weedy rice tastes hard and rough, and when mixed with this kind of fake rice during harvest, the quality of rice will be reduced.", "The growth rate of weedy rice is very fast, and it can quickly invade the rice field to compete for resources, seriously affecting the yield and quality of rice.", "Weedy rice grows with the growth of rice, and when the land is changed to other crops, it will immediately dormant until the land is replanted and revived."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 1385, "answer": 3, "text": "In good politics, public power must be restricted. The ways of restricting public power can be divided into two types, one is rigid restriction, the other is soft restriction, that is, moral restriction on power. To restrict power, we should not only improve the system and make the restriction of power rigid, but also give full play to the role of official morality and let conscience restrict power.", "question": "Which of the following statements is true of the argument in this paragraph?", "options": ["The restriction of human morality on power is the basis of maintaining social fairness", "Establishing and perfecting the system is an effective means of soft restriction on Public Power", "Good politics is created by conscientious officials", "The moral cultivation of leading cadres can not be ignored"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 14755, "answer": 3, "text": "Zoologist: Every domesticated large mammal species now in existence was domesticated thousands of years ago. Since those days, people undoubtedly tried innumerable times to domesticate each of the wild large mammal species that seemed worth domesticating. Clearly, ttherefore, most wild large mammal species in existence today either would be difficult to domesticate or would not be worth domesticating.", "question": "The zoologist's argument requires the assumption that", "options": ["not all of the large mammal species that were domesticated in the past are still in existence", "in spite of the difficulties encountered, at one time or another people have tried to domesticate each wild large mammal species", "of all the domesticated large mammal species in existence today, the very first to be domesticated were the easiest to domesticate", "it is not much easier today to domesticate wild large mammal species than it was in the past"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 1134, "answer": 3, "text": "Out of deep concern for the lives of peasant workers entering the city, when the writers narrate the stories of peasants entering the city, the metropolis can not help holding a stern moral standpoint. These stories are often reduced to a kind of narrative of suffering or accusing literature. In this narrative picture, the city and the countryside are often abstracted into two opposing worlds of value, and the struggle of farmers in the city is always interpreted as an elegy about the destruction of simple values.", "question": "Which of the followings is the main point of this text?", "options": ["Modern literary creation should pay more attention to the lives of migrant workers in cities.", "The three rural issues are hard to return, the gap between urban and rural areas is widening, and the lives of migrant workers in cities are difficult.", "The narration of the story of the peasant entering the city in literary creation is conducive to attracting the attention of the society.", "The literary creation of migrant workers in cities should not be limited to simple value judgments."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 3452, "answer": 0, "text": "Administrative License refers to a specific administrative act in which the administrative subject grants or confirms the legal qualification or legal right of the administrative counterpart to engage in certain activities by issuing licenses and other forms according to the application of the administrative counterpart and examination according to law under the general prohibition of law.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings does not involve administrative licensing?", "options": ["After consulting the research plan of Professor Wang's human experiment in detail, the ethics review committee considered that it was in line with the ethical norms and approved the study", "Approaching the Spring Festival, Xiao Li applied to the administration of work safety for the production and operation of fireworks and firecrackers and obtained approval", "After graduating from medical college, Xiao Zhang took the doctor qualification examination of the Ministry of health and began to practice medicine after obtaining the doctor qualification certificate", "After reviewing the qualification of an import enterprise, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce granted it import certification"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 12456, "answer": 0, "text": "When the famous art collector Vidmar died, a public auction of her collection, the largest privately owned, was held. I can' t possibly afford any of those works because hers is among the most valuable collections ever assembled by a single person, declared art lover MacNeil.", "question": "The flawed pattern of reasoning in which one of the following is most closely parallel to that in MacNeil's argument?", "options": ["This paragraph is long. So the sentences that comprise it are long.", "The members of the company are old. So the company itself is old.", "Each word in the book is in French. So the whole book is in French.", "The city council voted unanimously to adopt the plan. So councilperson Martinez voted to adopt the plan."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 980, "answer": 1, "text": "Scientific outlook on development is to adhere to the people-oriented approach, establish a comprehensive, coordinated, and sustainable development concept, and promote the all-round development of the economy, society and people.", "question": "Which of the followings is not in line with scientific outlook on development?", "options": ["Save energy and at the same time, increase the proportion of renewable energy utilization", "Increase interest on deposits and increase the people's interest income", "Pay attention to people's livelihood issues and improve people's lives", "Persist in the development path of civilization with production development, wealthy life and sound ecology"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 14724, "answer": 3, "text": "A large group of hyperactive children whose regular diets included food containing large amounts of additives was observed by researchers trained to assess the presence or absence of behavior problems. The children were then placed on a low-additive diet for several weeks, after which they were observed again. Originally nearly 60 percent of the children exhibited behavior problems; after the change in diet, only 30 percent did so. On the basis of these data, it can be concluded that food additives can contribute to behavior problems in hyperactive children.", "question": "The evidence cited fails to establish the conclusion because", "options": ["there is no evidence that the behavior of some of the children was unaffected by additives", "the evidence is consistent with the claim that some children exhibit more frequent behavior problems after being on the low-additive diet than they had exhibited when first observed", "exactly how many children exhibited behavior problems after the change in diet cannot be determined, since the size of the group studied is not precisely given", "there is no way to know what changes would have occurred without the change of diet, since only children who changed to a low-additive diet were studied"], "type": {"Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 2375, "answer": 3, "text": "When you think about the origin of the fertile land, you can't help but feel a feeling that can be passed down from generation to generation. The planet on which we live was a lonely boulder in the oldest times, without a layer of soil. It took hundreds of millions of years for the power of the sun's wind and rain and the remains of primitive creatures to create layers of soil, and only a thin layer of soil was added to the earth every thousand years. Think of our loess plateau in North China, where the soil is 50 meters thick. That should be the masterpiece of nature for how long!", "question": "Which of the following has a wrong understanding of the original text?", "options": ["The formation of fertile land has been going on for a long time, and it has to be amazing", "The soil on the Loess Plateau of North China is 50 meters thick. It is really a masterpiece of nature", "With the power of the sun, wind and rain, coupled with the remains of primitive creatures, it took hundreds of millions of years to create layers of soil for the earth", "The planet on which we live was a lonely boulder with few signs of life in the oldest era"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 2782, "answer": 3, "text": "Recently, it was found that the mercury content in the feathers of seabird specimens preserved in the 1980s was only half of that of the current live birds of the same species. The accumulation of mercury in seabird feathers is caused by seabirds eating fish, which shows that the content of mercury in seafish is higher than that more than 100 years ago.", "question": "Which of the followings is the hypothesis of the appeal argument?", "options": ["The seabirds tested for mercury content in their feathers were in the same age group.", "The mercury content of marine fish depends on the pollution degree of its active sea area.", "After mercury from fish is absorbed by seabirds, the residual content in feathers will change with time.", "The methods used for the preparation and preservation of seabird specimens did not significantly reduce the mercury content in seabird feathers."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10953, "answer": 0, "text": "In speech, when words or sentences are ambiguous, gesture and tone of voice are used to indicate the intended meaning. Writers, of course, cannot use gesture or tone of voice and must rely instead on style; the reader detects the writer' s intention from the arrangement of words and sentences.", "question": "Which one of the following statements is most strongly supported by the information above?", "options": ["The intended meaning of a piece of writing is indicated in part by the writer's arrangement of words and sentences.", "The writer's arrangement of words and sentences completely determines the aesthetic value of his or her writing.", "It is easier for a listener to detect the tone of a speaker than for a reader to detect the style of a writer.", "The primary function of style in writing is to augment the literal meanings of the words and sentences used."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 8742, "answer": 3, "text": "After many elimination competitions, four contestants A, B, C and D competed for the final ranking, and there was no juxtaposition of the rankings.Analysts predict that ,1. The first place is A or B; 2. If C is not the first place, nor is it the first place; 3. A is not the first place.", "question": "If only one sentence is correct in the analyst's prediction, which of the following options is number one?", "options": ["C", "B", "Cannot infer", "D"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 6411, "answer": 0, "text": "The world economy is in a new round of growth. International trade and investment remain strong and persistent. Increasing bilateral and multilateral coordination in the international economic field is conducive to the development and stability of the world economy. The industrial structure promoted by the new technological revolution continues to deepen rapidly. The industrial transfer from developed countries to developing countries is missing the upgrade of the international industrial structure. Both China and ASEAN are optimistic about the bright prospects of bilateral cooperation in the future.", "question": "Which of the following illustrates the above words?", "options": ["China-asean cooperation enjoys bright prospects", "The world economy is in a new round of growth", "Bilateral and multilateral coordination in international economic field is increasing day by day", "Industrial transfer from developed countries to developing countries will lose the upgrading of international industrial structure"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 3511, "answer": 3, "text": "Unjust enrichment: gain without legal or contractual basis at the expense of others. Among them, the beneficiary is the debtor and has the obligation to return the unjust enrichment. The injured person is the creditor and has the right to request the beneficiary to return the undeserved gain.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following is unjust enrichment?", "options": ["Commissions charged by banks for inter-bank deposits or withdrawals", "Manager Liu paid a fine for excess luggage when he took the plane", "Xiao Zhang won 200 yuan during the Spring Festival by playing mahjong with relatives at home", "Xiao Mei, a cashier at the mall, gave the customer a change of 100 yuan instead of 10 yuan"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 15073, "answer": 0, "text": "At HappyDay farms, seasonal staff is employed to pick apples during the harvest season each year. This staff is trained to identify and select only high quality apples, table-worthy apples. As part of this process, apples that have been visibly damaged by insects or disease are left to rot in the fields. The farmer who owns the property and sells the fruit is, ttherefore, less well informed about potential problems with his crops, such as insect infestations, than are the pickers themselves.", "question": "The conclusion drawn above is based on the assumption that", "options": ["the farmer obtains all of his information about problems with fruit quality from no source other than the pickers.", "the farmer, concerned with maximizing profits from sales, would want fewer apples left to rot in the field.", "the pickers are more qualified to assess the quality of the fruit sold by the farmer than is the farmer.", "during a complete year, the farmer spends more time in the field than any single seasonal picker."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 2017, "answer": 1, "text": "In the lower reaches of the Yellow River, the riverbed is about 10 meters higher than both sides of the river, so that it is also called aboveground river. This is due to the high sediment content of the Yellow River, slow water speed and continuous sediment deposition in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.", "question": "Which of the following options is the cause of the aboveground river?", "options": ["Dams are built too high in the lower reaches of the Yellow River for flood control.", "The sediment content of the Yellow River is high and the sediment continues to deposit due to the slow water speed in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.", "The lower reaches of the Yellow River is often cut off.", "The place passing through the lower reaches of the Yellow River used to be relatively high-lying."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 11075, "answer": 2, "text": "Quality control investigator: Upon testing samples of products from our supplier that were sent by our field inspectors from various manufacturing locations, our laboratory discovered that over 20 percent of the samples were defective. Since our supplier is contractually required to limit the rate of defects among items it manufactures for us to below 5 percent, it has violated its contract with us.", "question": "The reasoning in the quality control investigator's argument is flawed in that the argument", "options": ["presumes, without providing justification, that the field inspectors were just as likely to choose a defective item for testing as they were to choose a nondefective item", "presumes, without providing justification, that the field inspectors made an equal number of visits to each of the various manufacturing sites of the supplier", "overlooks the possibility that the field inspectors tend to choose items for testing that they suspect are defective", "bases its conclusion on too small a sample of items tested by the laboratory"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 7693, "answer": 0, "text": "Today's Mars stands in stark contrast to its early history, when it was warmer and wetter and perhaps more hospitable to life. Future Mars missions will dig deeper for evidence of life, which may still take refuge underground.", "question": "Which of the following is presupposed by the above statement?", "options": ["There may have been life beneath the surface of early Mars.", "The surface of Mars is not suitable for any life.", "Today, there may still be a living environment different from the surface of Mars.", "The ice on the surface of Mars may have been left over from the warm, moist environment of early Mars."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10033, "answer": 2, "text": "An authoritative opinion poll conducted an investigation into the causes of the 9/11 terrorist attacks around the world and found that 40% thought it was caused by the unfair foreign policy of the United States, 55% thought it was caused by the conflict between Islamic civilization and Western civilization, 23% thought it was caused by the evil nature of terrorists, and 19% did not express their opinions.", "question": "Which of the followings is the most reasonable explanation, and the above seems to contain contradictory statements?", "options": ["The sampling of survey samples is not random, so it is not representative", "Some respondents later changed their views", "Many respondents believe that the causes of the 9/11 terrorist attacks are not single, but complex", "There was a technical error in the calculation of the survey results"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 8902, "answer": 3, "text": "In the past, the question of all enterprises was the same question; What should I do and what can I do to make money? After joining the WTO, the question has become: What can I do to be the best?", "question": "Which of the following statements gives the most plausible explanation for the shift in the above question?", "options": ["The change of the problem means the transition from the competition of enterprises to the competition of industries.", "Businesses can only make big money by being the best.", "Only by engaging in a profitable industry can an enterprise do its best.", "In the past, the industry was divided into good and bad, but now only the good and bad of the enterprise are divided."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 7176, "answer": 1, "text": "A school received a large amount of donation without real name in the flood fighting and disaster relief charity activities. Through the investigations, it can be concluded that it was donated by one of Mr. Zhou, Mr. Wu, Mr. Zheng and Mr. Wang. They four were inquired. Mr. Zhou said: I didn't donate money; Mr. Wu said, it was donated by Mr. Wang; Mr. Zheng said, Mr. Wu donated it; Mr. Wang said, I certainly didn't donate money. Through detailed investigation, it was confirmed that only one of the four people told the truth.", "question": "Which one of the followings can be a right conclusion inferred from above?", "options": ["Mr. Zhou told the truth. Mr. Wu donated it.", "Mr. Zhou told a lie. Mr. Zhou donated it.", "Mr. Wu told the truth. Mr. Wang donated it.", "Mr. Wang told the truth. Mr. Zheng donated it."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 13376, "answer": 1, "text": "The current theory about earthquakes holds that they are caused by adjoining plates of rock sliding past each other; the plates are pressed together until powerful forces overcome the resistance. As plausible as this may sound, at least one thing remains mysterious on this theory. The overcoming of such resistance should create enormous amounts of heat. But so far no increases in temperature unrelated to weather have been detected following earthquakes.", "question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the main point of the argument?", "options": ["No one will ever be sure what the true cause of earthquakes is.", "The current theory does not fully explain earthquake data.", "Contrary to the current theory, earthquakes are not caused by adjoining plates of rock sliding past one another.", "No increases in temperature have been detected following earthquakes."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 2622, "answer": 2, "text": "A foreign professor recently pointed out that a person with a baby face means he will enjoy a longer life, because people's living conditions are easily reflected in their faces. Since the spring of 1990, the professor's team has conducted physical and cognitive tests on 1826 pairs of twins over the age of 70 and took pictures of their faces. Without knowing their exact age, three research assistants first assessed the age of twins in different age groups and found that even twins were very different in age. The team then followed the twins' lives in their later years for several years until they died. The older the twins, the more likely they are to die first, according to the survey.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, is the most likely to refute the professor's findings?", "options": ["If the survey is extended to twins over the age of 40, the results may be different", "The three research assistants are relatively young and have not been engaged in the research for a long time", "Appearance age is the concentrated embodiment of everyone's living environment, living conditions and mentality, and has little to do with life aging", "The reason for the aging of life is the continuous depletion of the ends of chromosomes caused by cell division"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10780, "answer": 2, "text": "The number of automobile thefts has declined steadily during the past five years, and it is more likely now than it was five years ago that someone who steals a car will be convicted of the crime.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the facts cited above?", "options": ["There are more adolescent car thieves now than there were five years ago, and the sentences given to young criminals tend to be far more lenient than those given to adult criminals.", "An upsurge in home burglaries over the last five years has required police departments to divert limited resources to investigation of these cases.", "Although there are fewer car thieves now than there were five years ago, the proportion of thieves who tend to abandon cars before their owners notice that they have been stolen has also decreased.", "Car alarms are more common than they were five years ago, but their propensity to be triggered in the absence of any criminal activity has resulted in people generally ignoring them when they are triggered."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 8856, "answer": 0, "text": "Both Zhang Fei and Li Bai applied for the MBA this year, and there are four assertions about their exams as follows: (1) at least one of them passed the exam; (2) Zhang Fei did not necessarily pass the exam; (3) Li Bai did pass the exam; (4) it is not that Zhang Fei may not have passed the exam. The final admission results show that two of the four assertions are true and two are false.", "question": "Which of the followings can be inferred from the above conditions?", "options": ["Zhang Fei passed the exam, but Li Bai failed.", "Both Zhang Fei and Li Bai passed the exam.", "Both Zhang Fei and Li Bai failed the exam.", "Li Bai passed the exam, but Zhang Fei failed."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 201, "answer": 0, "text": "After full testing and investigation, the CDC experts determined the following facts: (1) If both Jiang and Zhang were infected with the H7N9 new avian influenza virus, then Li was not infected; (2) Li was infected with the H7N9 new avian influenza virus, and Wang's statement is correct; (3) Only Wang's statement is incorrect, Zhang has not been infected with the H7N9 new avian influenza virus.", "question": "Which of the followings can be derived from the above facts?", "options": ["Jiang is not infected with the H7N9 new avian influenza virus, Zhang is infected.", "Both Jiang and Li were infected with the H7N9 new avian influenza virus.", "Both Li and Wang were infected with the H7N9 new avian influenza virus.", "Jiang was infected with the H7N9 new avian influenza virus, Zhang was not infected."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 786, "answer": 1, "text": "Recently, a new supermarket was opened in Changning District of Shanghai. From the outside, it is a typical Chinese chain supermarket. The shelves are full of various food and daily necessities. All the goods in the store, the appearance is no different from ordinary goods, but the inside is empty, and there is no trace of unpacking on the packaging. Visitors have no idea how the goods were emptied. Although this is a goods-emptying supermarket, it is very popular.", "question": "Which of the following options, if true, can best explain the above phenomenon?", "options": ["Some buyers do not know that it is empty.", "The empty packagings are actually art products.", "The empty packagings are hoax props.", "Discussion on daily consumption culture triggered by this supermarket."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 327, "answer": 0, "text": "Everything should have a limit, just like cooking, when the fire is small, it will not be well-cooked; when the fire is over, it will burn; only when it is moderate, you can have a delicious meal. But this limit is not a kind of eclecticism, different things has also have different limits.", "question": "So this indicates?", "options": ["Only by knowing the limits of things, can they be done well", "The result of eclecticism is certainly not the limit we are looking for", "The limit of things is impossible to know and cannot be measured", "Eclecticism also makes sense to a certain degree"], "type": {"Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 9166, "answer": 1, "text": "After all the cold dishes of a banquet are served, there are seven hot dishes. Among them, 3 Sichuan cuisine: K, L, M: 3 Cantonese cuisine: Q, N, P: one Shandong cuisine: X. Only one hot dish is served at a time, and the order of serving must meet the following conditions :(1) neither sichuan cuisine nor cantonese cuisine can be served consecutively. (2) P cannot go up before Q unless the second one goes up Q. (3) P must go up before X. (4) M must go up before K, and K must go up before N.", "question": "Which of the following statements is likely to be true if the fourth goes on K?", "options": ["The fifth upper P", "The sixth one goes to X", "The fifth upper L", "The first one goes to M"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10351, "answer": 2, "text": "In the years after the implementation of the three-guarantee law in the United States, car companies suffered huge losses by paying refunds to returns. Therefore, before the implementation of the liability regulations for repair, replacement and return of Household Automobile products (referred to as the three-guarantee Law) in 2014, people in the industry predicted that the three-guarantee law would have a great impact on automobile manufacturers. However, over the past year since the implementation of the three-guarantee law, the reporter's survey of a number of 4S stores in Beijing, Sichuan and other places shows that the case of returning and changing cars according to the three-guarantee law is zero.", "question": "Which of the following options, if true, best explains the above anomaly?", "options": ["After the three guarantees law has been implemented one year, only 7% of consumers know about the rights and interests of the three-package before buying a car.", "Most car dealers do not introduce the rights and interests of the three guarantees to consumers as required by the regulations.", "The key provisions of the three-guarantee law to protect the interests of car owners are lack of maneuverability, which makes it difficult to return and replace the car successfully.", "In order to avoid the punishment of the law, automobile manufacturers and dealers have improved the quality of service in maintenance."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 2764, "answer": 3, "text": "Thoroughbred horse racing is an expensive commodity. A disease caused by genetic defects threatens thoroughbred horses, ranging from loss of racing ability to paralysis and even death. Therefore, horse breeders believe that once such defects are found, horse breeding should be stopped. This view is one-sided. Because generally speaking, this disease can be controlled through diet and medical treatment. In addition, horses with such genetic defects are often particularly beautiful, which is what equestrian performances pay special attention to.", "question": "Which of the followings most accurately summarizes the method used in the demonstration of topic stem?", "options": ["Question the motives of the above horse breeders.", "The conclusion of demonstrating the above horse breeders contradicts its argument.", "The arguments of the horse breeders mentioned above do not accord with the facts.", "Putting forward new ideas does not deny the above arguments of horse breeders, but draws different conclusions."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 4195, "answer": 2, "text": "In the driving qualification test, successfully passing the yard driving test is a very demanding test for students. In various driving schools in Nanya City, in the past, some examiners violated work discipline. There are also some examiner responsibility is not strong, more arbitrary, these are students more concentrated on the issue. From January 1 this year, each driving school examination has been installed on the site monitor, from visual to machine measurement, so that the site driving test to achieve computer operation, improve the scientific.", "question": "Which of the following options, if correct, would most strongly question the role of this instrument?", "options": ["Machines are invented by people, and ultimately manipulated by people, so in law enforcement, to prevent examiners from seeking favoritism, there is still a great need", "The yard driving test machine is strictly disciplined, but it will also cause opposition from some students, as it is difficult to take shortcuts", "The results of machine measurements are printed directly from the computer, so the problem of the opposite sex can be completely resolved", "The site driving test should also include an examination of whether the student's operation in the cab is standardized"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 1297, "answer": 2, "text": "As the world's first comprehensive scientific and technological work on agriculture and handicraft production, Exploitation of the Works of Nature attaches great importance to theoretical elaboration rather than simple technical description, otherwise it is not much better than those recipes. Some experts believe that Exploitation of the Works of Nature is not only a representative technical book in China, but also in East Asia. It covers a wide range of technologies, which is unmatched by European technical books.", "question": "According to the above words, it can be seen that the most essential difference between Exploitation of the Works of Nature and recipes lies in which of the following?", "options": ["The former is a technical book and the latter is a reference book.", "The former focuses on logic and the latter on explanation.", "The former attaches importance to theory and the latter attaches importance to technology.", "The former is a scientific and technological work, and the latter is an operating procedure."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 4701, "answer": 2, "text": "Commercial bribery refers to the behavior of relevant personnel who can affect market transactions, such as principals, employees, partners, agents and staff of relevant government departments, in order to strive for trading opportunities, especially to obtain market advantages over competitors, by secretly paying property or other rewards and other improper means.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following is a commercial bribery?", "options": ["A builder invested 1 million yuan to establish an orphanage and establish a good social image. Later, he won the bid in the project bidding of the municipal government.", "Xiao Wang, a government official, gives priority to going through the project approval procedures for his classmates.", "Doctor Li bought foreign medical equipment at a high price, and the manufacturer providing the equipment provided free accommodation for Li's daughter studying abroad for one year.", "A brand beer manufacturer publicizes the efficacy of its beer in the mall."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 13019, "answer": 0, "text": "Zoologist: Plants preferentially absorb heavy nitrogen from rainwater. Heavy nitrogen consequently becomes concentrated in the tissues of herbivores, and animals that eat meat in turn exhibit even higher concentrations of heavy nitrogen in their bodily tissues. We compared bone samples from European cave bears of the Ice Age with blood samples from present-day bears fed meat-enriched diets, and the levels of heavy nitrogen present in these samples were identical. Thus, the prehistoric European cave bears were not exclusively herbivores.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the zoologist's argument?", "options": ["Bone samples from present-day bears fed meat-enriched diets exhibit the same levels of heavy nitrogen as do their blood samples.", "Plants can also absorb heavy nitrogen from a variety of sources other than rainwater.", "The level of heavy nitrogen in the bones of any bear fed a meat-enriched diet is the same as that in the bones of any other meat-eating bear.", "The same number of samples was taken from present-day bears as was taken from Ice Age cave bears."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 5025, "answer": 2, "text": "Recently, there was a consumer rumor that there was a technical problem in the power system of the company's cars. The existence of a technical problem would be harmful to the reputation of M company.If the company doesn't try to test the problem, consumers will lose faith in V's products. But if the company tests and proves that the car's power system is fine, instead, it will make consumers more suspicious that the company's powertrain does have technical problems.", "question": "Which of the following can be inferred?", "options": ["M should acknowledge that there are technical problems with the power systems of a small number of its cars.", "In the face of such rumors, M's best strategy is to recall the cars that customers say have problems.", "The company has been unable to prevent this rumor from damaging M's reputation.", "If there is a consumer rumor that there is no technical problem with the power system of M's car, the rumor will also damage M's reputation."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 13962, "answer": 3, "text": "A recent magazine article argued that most companies that do not already own videoconferencing equipment would be wasting their money if they purchased it. However, this is clearly not true. In a recent survey of businesses that have purchased such equipment, most of the respondents stated that the videoconferencing equipment was well worth its cost.", "question": "The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the argument", "options": ["concludes that something is worth its cost merely on the grounds that many businesses have purchased it", "takes a condition sufficient to justify purchasing costly equipment to be necessary in order for the cost of the purchase to be justified", "confuses the cost of an item with its value to the purchaser", "relies on a sample that it is reasonable to suppose is unrepresentative of the group about which it draws its conclusion"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 1376, "answer": 2, "text": "People have a kind of memory called immune memory. There are very few self-sacrificing cells in human blood, which live for a very short time, and their main function is to destroy as many enemies of the human body as possible. Lymphocytes react quickly to bacteria or simple toxic substances that invade the bloodstream to produce antibodies that stick to harmful substances and prevent them from entering other organs. The task of destroying the enemy falls on the phagocytes in the blood. These cells can easily distinguish foreign cells, remember them and retain memories. Once a person has measles or scarlet fever, he will gain immunity for life.", "question": "Which of the following statements is true of the argument in this paragraph?", "options": ["The main function of phagocytes in human blood is to remember the foreign cells that invade the body", "Lymphocytes can stick to toxic substances that invade the blood and prevent them from entering other organs", "Phagocytes and lymphocytes in human blood are cells full of sacrifice", "People have immune memory, as long as they have measles and scarlet fever, they will be immune for life"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 13431, "answer": 3, "text": "Dr. Libokov: Certain islands near New Zealand are home to the tuatara, reptiles that are the sole surviving members of the sphenodontidans. Sphenodontidans were plentiful throughout the world during the age of the dinosaurs. But the survival of sphenodontidans near New Zealand, and their total disappearance elsewhere, is no mystery. New Zealand and nearby islands have no native land mammals. Land mammals, plentiful elsewhere, undoubtedly became major predators of sphenodontidans and their eggs, leading to their extinction. Dr. Santos: In fact, the tuatara thrive only on a few islands near New Zealand. On all those where land mammals, such as rats, dogs, or cats, have been introduced in recent years, the tuatara are now extinct or nearly so.", "question": "Which one of the following most accurately characterizes Dr. Santos' response to the hypothesis advanced by Dr. Libokov?", "options": ["It contradicts one of Dr. Libokov's assertions.", "It identifies a flaw in Dr. Libokov's reasoning.", "It restates Dr. Libokov's major hypothesis and thus adds nothing to it.", "It provides additional evidence in support of Dr. Libokov's hypothesis."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 13084, "answer": 0, "text": "Doctor: It would benefit public health if junk food were taxed. Not only in this country but in many other countries as well, the excessive proportion of junk food in people' s diets contributes to many common and serious health problems. If junk food were much more expensive than healthful food, people would be encouraged to make dietary changes that would reduce these problems.", "question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion drawn in the doctor's argument?", "options": ["Taxing junk food would benefit public health.", "Junk food should be taxed if doing so would benefit public health.", "In many countries, the excessive proportion of junk food in people's diets contributes to many common and serious health problems.", "Taxing junk food would encourage people to reduce the proportion of junk food in their diets."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10258, "answer": 3, "text": "The president of the company believes that the prosecution procedure should allow prosecutors and defendants to choose mediators who will help them solve the problem. The cost of prosecution is high, and the mediator is likely to solve most of these problems. However, the suggestion from the company's human resources department is to start mediation later in the prosecution process, which has little effect.", "question": "Which of the following options, if true, strongly supports the criticism of the president of the company to the criticism of the HR ?", "options": ["Many disputes have been settled without a mediator.", "Those who sue are unreasonable and will refuse to listen to the mediator.", "The mediation process itself will take as much time as the current prosecution procedure.", "As the debate in court goes on, the attitude between opponents will toughen, making compromise less likely."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 12600, "answer": 2, "text": "Most of the students who took Spanish 101 at the university last semester attended every class session. However, each student who received a grade lower than B minus missed at least one class session.", "question": "Which one of the following statements about the students who took Spanish 101 at the university last semester can be properly inferred from the information above?", "options": ["Most, if not all, of the students who missed at least one class session received a grade lower than B minus.", "At least some of the students who received a grade of A minus or higher attended every class session.", "More than half of the students received a grade of B minus or higher.", "Most of the students received a grade higher than B minus."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10350, "answer": 3, "text": "China has implemented the etiquette of not marrying with the same surname since the Zhou Dynasty. Qu Li said: the same surname is the clan, and there is the meaning of gathering people of the whole clan, so it is based on the surname.... Even though it has been a hundred generations since their ancestors, they are still not allowed to intermarry. Guoyu said, when you take a wife, you should avoid her with the same surname. He also said, if you don't marry with the same surname, evil doesn't come into being. From this point of view, the ancients of our country have long understood the principle of eugenics in modern genetics, otherwise they would not have realized the harmfulness of next-of-kin marriage.", "question": "Which of the following options, if true, weakens the author's explanation of unmarried with the same surname?", "options": ["The etiquette system of intermarriage between different clans has laid the foundation of etiquette and law for the political marriage between countries.", "The ancients in our country formulated the etiquette of not marrying with the same surname based on the experience that marriage with the same surname led to incest and malbirth.", "The intermarriage between the State of Qin and the State of Jin is called the good of Qin and Jin, and the good of Qin and Jin is a model of not marrying with the same surname.", "The etiquette of not marrying with the same surname encourages the intermarriage of different clans, and the intermarriage of different clans promotes the integration of different ethnic groups."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 6653, "answer": 2, "text": "From newspapers to cafes to American-style shopping malls, Kuwaiti people have a dislike for the country that almost single-handedly rescued them from Iraqi military occupation. On the tidy streets of the capital Kuwait, people have speculated that, Washington prefers Saddam Hussein to remain in power to ensure that Kuwait and its weak neighbors can be firmly placed under the control of the United States.", "question": "Which one of the following best matches the semantics of the above text?", "options": ["Kuwaitis are tired of the American lifestyle and try to get rid of U.S. control", "Kuwaitis strongly oppose U.S. condoning Saddam Hussein", "Kuwaiti dissatisfaction with the U.S. is growing", "Kuwaitis creates public opinion to get rid of U.S. control"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 12092, "answer": 0, "text": "Since John Lindy was named vice president of sales, the highest ranked salespeople have been successfully recruited by rival companies, sales in all departments have plummeted, and company morale is down. This information clearly provides proof that John Lindy was named vice president of sales to ruin the company.", "question": "The reasoning in the argument is weak because the argument", "options": ["presupposes that because conditions resulted from a change, the change was made to create those conditions", "fails to show proof that the company has been ruined by John Lindy being named vice president of sales", "fails to show how company morale is related to sales plummeting in all departments", "bases its conclusion on hearsay rather that hard evidence about the effect John Lindy has had on the company"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 3091, "answer": 1, "text": "Commensalism refers to the ecological relationship between two species in the biological world. One species will obtain survival benefits due to this relationship, but the other species does not obtain any benefits or harm in this relationship, but only drives the other to obtain benefits.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following phenomena belongs to commensalism?", "options": ["Microorganisms are parasitic in the stomach of ruminants and can also help ruminants digest food.", "Crucian carp has poor swimming ability. Its back turns into a suction cup and adsorbs on the shark. With the shark traveling all over the world, when the shark catches prey, crucian carp steals the remaining food.", "Algae grow in the crevices of sloths' coarse hairs. In the rainy season, algae flourish and form a green camouflage, making sloths easier to survive in the trees. Algae use sloths as derivative work.", "Jellyfish prey on the larvae of conch. After entering the body cavity of jellyfish, the larvae will not be digested, but get food and protection. When the larvae grow up and leave the body cavity of jellyfish, they will take away a jellyfish reproductive body."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 11971, "answer": 2, "text": "A decade can be characterized just like an individual. Decades have specific character and unique quirks. They all start with a departure from the past decade and develop their personality throughout their timespans. Just as people in their twilight years start to look back on the events of their lives, people at decade' s end__.", "question": "Which one of the following most logically completes the argument?", "options": ["Focus on what the next decade will bring.", "Throw a big party.", "Become very interested in evaluating the events of the last decade.", "Reminisce about their lives."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 7314, "answer": 2, "text": "Some theories are quite abstract. Therefore, some abstract theories are difficult to understand.", "question": "In order for this reasoning to be correct, which of the following must be added as a prerequisite?", "options": ["Some theories are hard to understand.", "All that's hard to understand is theory.", "All theories are hard to understand.", "All the theories are easy to understand."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 2391, "answer": 2, "text": "Objective-value fallacy is a kind of erroneous reasoning, its premise is a factual description, while the conclusion expresses a description involving value meaning and this kind of reasoning does not presuppose obvious value judgment premise.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following options is an objective-value fallacy?", "options": ["There should be more communication and understanding and tolerance between people, and there will be fewer and fewer nation-states in the world.", "Since everyone has to abide by the law, we should have more respect for the law and more awe of the rules.", "The world is becoming more and more urbanized, so people should not continue to live poetically in the countryside.", "The greening rate of this area is increasing, and its air quality will continue to improve."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 2778, "answer": 1, "text": "Zhang Shan has the concept of legality and illegality, but there is no concept of moral right and wrong. She was prosecuted for one of her actions. Although he admitted that his behavior was illegal, he didn't know that it was actually immoral.", "question": "Which of the following conclusions can be properly deduced from the appeal conclusion?", "options": ["Zhang Shan did something illegal.", "Zhang Shan did something immoral.", "Zhang Shan is a law graduate.", "Moral ignorance cannot be an excuse for the law."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10070, "answer": 0, "text": "Three Chinese students, Zhang Lin, Zhao Qiang, and Li Shan, and three foreign students, John, Jessie, and Anna, went on a summer vacation. The optional tourist destinations are Xi'an, Hangzhou, Dalian and Zhangjiajie. Already know: (1) each person can only go to one place; (2) wherever there are Chinese students, there must be foreign students; (3) wherever there are foreign students, there must be Chinese students; (4) John went to Xi'an or Hangzhou, and Zhao Qiang went to Zhangjiajie.", "question": "If Jesse goes to Dalian, which of the followings must be true?", "options": ["Anna goes to Zhangjiajie.", "Li Shan goes to Xi'an.", "Zhang Lin goes to Dalian.", "John goes to Hangzhou."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 9948, "answer": 3, "text": "A class plans to select two from three girls, including Fang Rufen, Guo Yanran, and He Zhilian, and three from five boys, including Peng Youwen, Qiu Zhijie, Ren Xiangyang, Song Wenkai, and Tang Xiaohua, to form a group of five college students to teach on a voluntary basis in the mountain area. Requirements: (1) Guo Yanran and Tang Xiaohua are not selected at the same time; (2) Peng Youwen and Song Kevin are selected at different times; (3) Qiu Zhijie and Tang Xiaohua are not selected at the same time.", "question": "If Guo Yanran is selected, which of the followings must also be selected?", "options": ["Fang Rufen", "He Zhilian", "Peng Youwen", "Qiu Zhijie"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 9149, "answer": 0, "text": "Due to the aging population, the German government is facing a dilemma: if the pension system is not reformed, pensions will be unsustainable. Policies to solve this dilemma include increasing the proportion of pension contributions, lowering the level of pension payments, and raising the retirement age. Among them, raising the retirement age has faced the greatest resistance, and governments that implement such a policy may lose a large number of votes in the next election. But the German government completed the legal process in 2007 to raise the retirement age from 65 to 67.", "question": "Which of the following statements, if true, best explains why the German government took the risk with this policy?", "options": ["In 2001, Germany established the upper limit of pension contributions by law, and in 2004, the lower limit of pension payment was determined. The two policies have been used to the extreme", "In order to reduce pressure, the German government has stipulated that from 2012, a 20-year transition period will be used to increase the retirement age from 65 to 67", "Delay retirement by one year, and the pension cut can reach nearly 1% of GDP", "The average life expectancy of Germans is now greatly improved, and retirees are receiving pensions for longer and longer"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 12127, "answer": 0, "text": "In countries where automobile insurance includes compensation for whiplash injuries sustained in automobile accidents, reports of having suffered such injuries are twice as frequent as they are in countries where whiplash is not covered. Some commentators have argued, correctly, that since <b> there is presently no objective test for whiplash </b>, spurious reports of whiplash injuries cannot be readily identified. These commentators are, however, wrong to draw the further conclusion that <b> in the countries with the higher rates of reported whiplash injuries, half of the reported cases are spurious </b>: clearly, in countries where automobile insurance does not include compensation for whiplash, people often have little incentive to report whiplash injuries that they actually have suffered.", "question": "In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?", "options": ["The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the argument criticizes; the second is that conclusion.", "The first is a claim that has been used to support a conclusion that the argument accepts; the second is the position that the argument defends.", "The first is an intermediate conclusion that has been used to support a conclusion that the argument defends; the second is the position that the argument opposes.", "The first is evidence that has been used to support a conclusion that the argument criticizes; the second is the position that the argument defends."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 4464, "answer": 3, "text": "The skulls and pelvis of some dinosaurs have the same characteristics as those of all modern birds, but not all dinosaurs have such characteristics. Some scientists claim that all animals with such characteristics are dinosaurs.", "question": "According to the above statements and the claims of scientists, can we deduce?", "options": ["Compared with other animals, birds and dinosaurs have more similarities", "Some ancient dinosaurs are no different from modern birds", "All dinosaurs are birds", "Modern birds are dinosaurs"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 11672, "answer": 3, "text": "Reviewer: Almost all books that offer management advice are written from the perspective of the CEO. But most managers aren' t CEOs and don' t have the same perspective as CEOs. So the advice in management books is of limited use for most managers.", "question": "The conclusion of the reviewer 's argument can be properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed?", "options": ["Most managers prefer to read books that they think will be useful to them in their work.", "Most people who read management advice books aspire to be CEOs.", "Advice books rarely take the perspective of their intended audience.", "Advice is of limited use unless it is offered from the perspective of the recipient."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 83, "answer": 3, "text": "Job burnout: Refers to the phenomenon that the job itself requires excessive personal abilities, energy, and resources, which causes workers to feel emotionally exhausted and worn out.", "question": "According to this definition, which of the following does not belong to burnout of teacher?", "options": [" Teacher Xiao Wang feels it is difficult to complete the additional teaching tasks assigned by the school", " Many students are very naughty now, and some young teachers are struggling to cope", " Teacher Li can't keep up the energy in class these days because he often works overtime recently", " Teacher Xiao Zhang has always been frowning at work recently because of the tension with her husband"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 11704, "answer": 0, "text": "Heart attacks are most likely to occur on Mondays. The accepted explanation is that because Monday is the first day of the workweek, people feel more stress on Mondays than on other days. However, research shows that even unemployed retired people are more likely to have heart attacks on Mondays than on other days.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increased likelihood that an unemployed retiree will have a heart attack on a Monday?", "options": ["Because they associate Monday with work, retired people are more likely to begin large projects on Mondays.", "Many retired people take up part-time jobs after they retire from their careers.", "People seldom change their dietary and other health habits after retirement.", "Unemployed retired people are even more likely to have heart attacks than are people who have jobs."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 2645, "answer": 3, "text": "If enterprises want to build a scientific and technological innovation center, they must promote cooperation with universities and scientific and technological institutions, so as to stimulate the vitality of independent innovation. Only by building a strategic platform for serving the development of scientific and technological innovation, a platform for the docking of scientific and technological innovation and economic development, and a platform for gathering innovative talents, can an enterprise produce major scientific and technological achievements.", "question": "Based on the above information, which of the following can be derived?", "options": ["If enterprises build a platform for the connection between scientific and technological innovation and economic development, they can stimulate the vitality of their independent innovation", "If enterprises build a platform to serve the development strategy of scientific and technological innovation, it will be able to give birth to major scientific and technological achievements", "Whether to promote cooperation with universities and scientific research institutes determines whether enterprises have the vitality of independent innovation", "If enterprises do not build a platform to gather innovative talents, they will not be able to produce major scientific and technological achievements"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10929, "answer": 0, "text": "Modern physicians often employ laboratory tests, in addition to physical examinations, in order to diagnose diseases accurately. Insurance company regulations that deny coverage for certain laboratory tests ttherefore decrease the quality of medical care provided to patients.", "question": "Which one of the following is an assumption that would serve to justify the conclusion above?", "options": ["Physical examinations and the uncovered laboratory tests together provide a more accurate diagnosis of many diseases than do physical examinations alone.", "Many physicians generally oppose insurance company regulations that, in order to reduce costs, limit the use of laboratory tests.", "There are some illnesses that experienced physicians can diagnose accurately from physical examination alone.", "Many patients who might benefit from the uncovered laboratory tests do not have any form of health insurance."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 14250, "answer": 3, "text": "Farmer: Because water content is what makes popcorn pop, the kernels must dry at just the right speed to trap the correct amount of water. The best way to achieve this effect is to have the sun dry the corn while the corn is still in the field, but I always dry the ears on a screen in a warm, dry room.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy between the farmer's theory and practice?", "options": ["When popcorn does not dry sufficiently, it will still pop, but it will take several minutes to do so, even under optimal popping conditions.", "Drying popcorn on its stalks in the field is only one of several methods that allow the kernels' water content to reach acceptable levels.", "Leaving popcorn to dry on its stalks in the field is the least expensive method of drying it.", "The region in which the farmer grows popcorn experiences a long, cloudy season that begins shortly before the popcorn in fields would begin to dry."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 5820, "answer": 3, "text": "An instigator is a criminal who deliberately instigates another person to commit a crime. Its outstanding feature is that he does not commit the crime personally, but deliberately instigates another person to commit a crime and decides to commit the crime.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following options is am instigator?", "options": ["In a small chat, Lin told Liu that he wanted to kill Ding. So Liu came forward and hired Ma to kill Ding.", "Zheng was ill and asked Lu to be a ghost town. Lu said nonsense that there was a problem with a certain graveyard. So Zheng nailed an iron rod to the grave under the guidance of Lu, and was later pulled out by the grave owner. Zheng was sick again and suspected that the grave was at work again, so he decided to kill the grave owner to eliminate the disaster for himself. So Zheng tricked the grave owner to the grave and killed him with a kitchen knife", "In the computer class, talking about the school's computer security system, the teacher casually said to the students that this design is perfect, and if anyone can enter the security system, the manufacturer will have a bonus. As a result, a 15-year-old child really entered the security system And force it to be paralyzed", "Wang ordered his son, 14, and dou Dou, 15, a neighbor s child, to steal electric wires and other transmission equipment and resell them. After being found, Wang completely ignored, continued to let his son and Doudou steal wire, resulting in a short circuit, resulting in a number of villages blackout, and the transmission line in a dangerous state "], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 6059, "answer": 3, "text": "Subliminal talent refers to the talents that are not recognized, including the unsuccessful talents and the hidden talents. Unsuccessful potential talents are beginning to see results, and no final results have been achieved. Masking sub-talent is already a talent, but the results of creative labor is not recognized by society, or virtue can not be properly evaluated, so buried.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following options belongs to the unsuccessful dive talent?", "options": ["Lu Luojun's quantum leap investment theory, although only a few months after its emergence, has achieved proud results", "Su Bin's original soft management, in practice has achieved results, but has been on a small scale of trial, has not been promoted", "Zhao Li door-to-door sales of cosmetics, although the quality of the product is very good, reasonable prices, pay for the purchase of people are still very few", "Zhang Qiang's first phase of the trial is good, the company decided that if the second phase can solve the remaining problems, it will consider putting into the market"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 4414, "answer": 0, "text": "If all primate brains may have frontal cortex is true,", "question": "Which of the following must be true??", "options": ["Not all primate brains have frontal cortex, which is not necessary", "It is inevitable that all primate brains have frontal cortex", "All primate brains have frontal cortex", "It is possible that not all primate brains have frontal cortex"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 12662, "answer": 0, "text": "Extinction is inevitable for all biological species. In fact, the vast majority of all species that have ever lived are now extinct. Since all species die out eventually, there is no justification for trying to protect species that are presently endangered, even those that can be saved from extinction now.", "question": "The reasoning in the argument above is most closely paralleled by the argument that there is no reason to", "options": ["spend money on preventive maintenance of a car because no car can last indefinitely", "look for a book in the library because it is sometimes checked out", "take a route that will avoid the normal traffic jams because traffic jams can occur along any route", "plant a flower garden in soil that is not beneficial to plants because the plants are likely to die in such soil"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10895, "answer": 0, "text": "Montgomery, a biologist who is also well read in archaeology, has recently written a book on the origin and purpose of ancient monumental architecture. This book has received much positive attention in the popular press but has been severely criticized by many professional archaeologists for being too extreme. Montgomery' s views do not deserve a negative appraisal, however, since those views are no more extreme than the views of some professional archaeologists.", "question": "The argument is most vulnerable to which one of the following criticisms?", "options": ["It fails to establish that professional archaeologists' views that are at least as extreme as Montgomery's views do not deserve negative appraisal for that reason.", "It provides no independent evidence to show that the majority of professional archaeologists do not support Montgomery's views.", "It attempts to support its position by calling into question the motives of anyone who supports an opposing position.", "It assumes without warrant that many professional archaeologists consider biologists unqualified to discuss ancient architecture."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 13658, "answer": 3, "text": "Robot satellites relay important communications and identify weather patterns. Because the satellites can be repaired only in orbit, astronauts are needed to repair them. Without repairs, the satellites would eventually malfunction. Ttherefore, space flights carrying astronauts must continue.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument above?", "options": ["Although satellites are indispensable in the identification of weather patterns, weather forecasters also make some use of computer projections to identify weather patterns.", "The government, responding to public pressure, has decided to cut the budget for space flights and put more money into social welfare programs.", "Satellites falling from orbit because of malfunctions burn up in the atmosphere.", "Technical obsolescence of robot satellites makes repairing them more costly and less practical than sending new, improved satellites into orbit."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 1639, "answer": 0, "text": "There are few perfect things in the world, even they don't exist. There are many things in the world, which are really perfect precisely because of their shortcomings. Incomplete and broken things sometimes magically produce a great power to shock our hearts. Therefore, we should open our mind and let our life go, appreciate the perfect gift brought to us by defects.", "question": "Which of the following is inaccurate in understanding the above paragraph?", "options": ["Rare things are precious.", "No man is perfect.", "Human joys and sorrows are inevitable.", "As long as you try your best, you don't care whether the result is perfect or not."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 13463, "answer": 0, "text": "Generic drugs contain exactly the same active ingredients as their brand-name counterparts, but usually cost much less to develop, produce, and market. So, generic drugs are just as effective as their brand-name counterparts, but cost considerably less.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?", "options": ["Generic drugs are no more likely than brand name drugs to suffer from defects in composition.", "Generic drugs are just as likely as brand-name drugs to be readily available in pharmacies.", "The higher costs of brand-name drugs underwrite drug companies' heavy investment in research.", "Because of advertising, doctors frequently prescribe brand-name drugs by their brand name, rather than by their chemical name."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 14898, "answer": 0, "text": "One of the limiting factors in human physical performance is the amount of oxygen that is absorbed by the muscles from the bloodstream. Accordingly, entrepreneurs have begun selling at gymnasiums and health clubs bottles of drinking water, labeled SuperOXY, that has extra oxygen dissolved in the water. Such water would be useless in improving physical performance, however, since <b> the amount of oxygen in the blood of someone who is exercising is already more than the muscle cells can absorb </b>.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, would serve the same function in the argument as the statement in boldface?", "options": ["the only way to get oxygen into the bloodstream so that it can be absorbed by the muscles is through the lungs", "frequent physical exercise increases the body's ability to take in and use oxygen", "lack of oxygen is not the only factor limiting human physical performance", "the water lost in exercising can be replaced with ordinary tap water"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 3858, "answer": 1, "text": "The demand for biofuels has increased rapidly in recent years. Global ethanol production tripled between 2000 and 2007, will double again by 2017, and biodiesel production will more than double in 10 years. These biofuels are produced by corn, sugar and oil crops, so the expansion of production is bound to lead to a spike in the prices of those crops.", "question": "If the above view is correct, which of the following can be derived?", "options": ["Higher agricultural commodity prices will lead to lower production of biofuels", "If agricultural commodity prices fall, then biofuels production has not improved", "A decline in biofuel production is an indication of higher agricultural prices", "The increase in the production of biofuels such as ethanol has been affected by the low prices of agricultural products"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 2313, "answer": 1, "text": "The input of most parents has a significant positive predictive effect on their children's academic investment.The degree of parental investment decreases with the increase of their children's grades.At the same time, most parents pay more attention to the investment in home tutoring, and lack of investment in their children's participation in community and school activities. The parenting style of parental independent support or control plays a moderating role in the relationship between parental investment and children's academic investment, and partly through the mediating variable of meeting the children's academic psychological needs.", "question": "Which of the following options can be inferred?", "options": ["Parents input and parenting style will inevitably have an impact on their children's academic investment", "The reduction of most parents investment in their children's education means an increase in their children's grades", "The creation and formation of the home learning environment is inversely related to the connection between the school and the community", "The satisfaction of children's academic psychological needs is the internal driving and primary factor affecting their academic investment"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 10075, "answer": 0, "text": "Essayist: Wisdom and intelligence are desirable qualities. However, being wise does not mean that he is wise, and being wise does not mean that he is wise. Some of the people I've met are intelligent and some are wise, but no one has both qualities at the same time.", "question": "Which of the followings cannot be true if the essayist's statement is valid?", "options": ["No one is intelligent but not wise, and no one is wise but not intelligent.", "Most people are both intelligent and wise.", "No one is both intelligent and wise.", "Most people are neither intelligent nor wise."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 944, "answer": 1, "text": "Self-control is not only about control oneself, but also includes the ability to eliminate interference from irrelevant stimuli and persist in completing related tasks (even tasks that one does not like). There are different views from various schools in academic circles on whether self-control is stable and unchangeable or can be consumed. Psychologists divided the experimental subjects into two groups and asked them to solve problems in the same field. One group could only eat radishes when solving problems, and the other group could also eat biscuits. As a result, the group that only ate radishes gave up earlier because they not only resisted the temptation of biscuits but also consumed self-control. From this, psychologists conclude that people's self-control is limited, and overuse of it will lead to a decrease.", "question": "Which of the followings should be added as a prerequisite for the rationality of the above conclusion?", "options": ["The subjects' interest in solving problems is not exactly the same.", "Biscuits and radishes have different allures to test subjects.", "Biscuits and radishes have different effects in replenishing human body's energy.", "The anti-interference ability of the two groups of subjects is not exactly the same."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 11667, "answer": 3, "text": "Debater: As a pedagogical practice, lecturing embodies hierarchy, since the lecturer is superior to the student in mastery of the subject. But people learn best from peer interaction. Thus, the hierarchy in lecturing is a great weakness. Respondent: By definition, all teaching and learning are hierarchical, for all teaching and learning must proceed from simple to complex. In teaching mathematics, for example, arithmetic must precede calculus. Thus, the hierarchy in lecturing is a strength.", "question": "The respondent's reply to the debater's argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the respondent", "options": ["takes for granted that the conceptual structure of mathematics is sufficiently representative of the conceptual structure of at least some other academic disciplines", "fails to consider the possibility that some characteristics of lecturing other than hierarchy are weaknesses", "concedes one of the major assumptions on which the debater's argument depends", "applies a key concept to a different aspect of education than the aspect to which the debater applied it"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 6540, "answer": 3, "text": "The most difficult thing in China's reform is not to find problems and put forward countermeasures, but that this reform must consider the fundamental and long-term interests of 1.3 billion people. To avoid causing social unrest and intensifying contradictions is both positive and prudent. It is a belief that China has always adhered to in the past 30 years of reform and opening up, and it is also a magic weapon to overcome difficulties and overcome difficult problems all the way.", "question": "Based on the above conclusion, which of the following options is correct?", "options": ["To avoid causing social unrest and intensifying contradictions is the most critical issue in the current reform", "Maintaining social stability and giving consideration to the interests of the broadest masses is the thorniest problem in China's reform", "China must consider the reality of a large population in its reform", "Giving consideration to the relationship between development and stability is the magic weapon for the success of China's reform and opening up"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 14221, "answer": 0, "text": "Fearing competition from stores that rent video games for home use, owners of stores that sell video games lobbied for protective legislation. Citing as a precedent legislation that postpones home film rentals until one year after general release to theaters, the video sellers proposed as an equitable solution a plan that would postpone rental of any video game until it had been available for sale for one year.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, would support an objection by owners of video rental stores that the fairness of the proposed legislation is not supported by the precedent cited?", "options": ["Most people are interested in playing only the latest video games and tend to find video games that have been available for over a year unappealing whether they have played them before or not, whereas films maintain their appeal far longer after their release.", "Although the daily rental fee for home use of films is generally the same as that for video games, the average rental period for a video game is longer than that for a film.", "People who rent video games tend to play them by themselves, whereas people who rent films invite friends and neighbors to watch.", "A slight decline in revenues from films that have been recently released in theaters has been attributed to the growing market for rentals of films for home use."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 7610, "answer": 0, "text": "Some people say that all students who are admitted to the university are students who study hard, and Zhang San did not enter the university, so Zhang San is not a student who studies hard.", "question": "Which of the following reasoning clearly shows that the above argument is not valid?", "options": ["All successful people have to dress and eat. I am not successful now, so I don't have to dress and eat", "Commodities have use value, and land has use value, so land is a commodity", "All civil servants rated as excellent have work experience in the village, and Xiao Zhang is rated as an excellent civil servant, so Xiao Zhang has work experience in the village", "Theft is illegal, and illegal acts must be severely punished by the law, so theft should be severely punished by the law"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 7277, "answer": 2, "text": "Not all people can become civil servants.", "question": "Which of the following can be inferred?", "options": ["Some people are bound to become civil servants.", "Only a few will become civil servants.", "There must be some people who can't be civil servants.", "No one can become a civil servant."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 5051, "answer": 2, "text": "The incidence rate of social anxiety disorder was investigated by college students who studied pickled cabbage, yogurt and other foods. It was found that eating fermented food could significantly reduce the incidence of social anxiety symptoms. The possible reason is that fermented foods contain probiotics that can promote digestion and absorption and improve intestinal environment, and promote emotional health through improving digestion function.", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, questions the above research conclusions most?", "options": ["The onset of social anxiety is also related to personality, gender and age", "Many emotionally healthy college students never eat fermented foods such as kimchi and yogurt", "The incidence rate of pickled cabbage consumption and social anxiety disorder among the students in the country is the highest in the world.", "Many students with test anxiety or social anxiety have diarrhea symptoms to varying degrees"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 13377, "answer": 0, "text": "Oscar: I have been accused of plagiarizing the work of Ethel Myers in my recent article. But that accusation is unwarranted. Although I admit I used passages from Myers' book without attribution, Myers gave me permission in private correspondence to do so. Millie: Myers cannot give you permission to plagiarize. Plagiarism is wrong, not only because it violates authors' rights to their own words, but also because it misleads readers: it is fundamentally a type of lie. A lie is no less a lie if another person agrees to the deception.", "question": "Which one of the following principles, if established, would justify Oscar's judgment?", "options": ["An author is entitled to quote freely without attribution the work of a writer if that writer relinquishes his or her exclusive right to the material.", "Authors are entitled to quote without attribution passages that they themselves have written and published in other books or articles.", "The writer of an article must cite the source of all passages that were not written by that writer if those passages are more than a few sentences long.", "Plagiarism is never justified, but writers are justified in occasionally quoting without attribution the work of other writers if the work quoted has not been published."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 12939, "answer": 3, "text": "By examining the fossilized leaves of any prehistoric plant it is possible to determine the climate in which that specimen grew because the size and shape of a leaf are unique to a given climate. Since the climate at a given location depends on the altitude at that location, it follows that the size and shape of a fossilized leaf also indicates the altitude at which the plant grew.", "question": "The reasoning in the argument is vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it", "options": ["treats the size and shape of a leaf as if they were the only physical characteristics of a leaf that depend on climate", "relies on a weak analogy between a leaf and the fossil of a leaf as evidence for the claims advanced", "fails to demonstrate that no species of plant can long survive a violent change in its environment", "overlooks the possibility that locations at different altitudes can have the same climate"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 12013, "answer": 1, "text": "High-technology medicine is driving up the nation' s health care costs. Recent advances in cataract surgery illustrate why this is occurring. Cataracts are a major cause of blindness, especially in elderly people. Ten years ago, cataract surgery was painful and not always effective. Thanks to the new technology used in cataract surgery, the operation now restores vision dramatically and is less expensive. These two factors have caused the number of cataract operations performed to increase greatly, which has, in turn, driven up the total amount spent on cataract surgery.", "question": "Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage?", "options": ["Ten years ago, cataract surgery was affordable for more people than it was last year.", "The total amount spent on cataract surgery has increased because the increased number of people electing to have the surgery more than offsets the decrease in cost per operation.", "Ten years ago, few people had successful cataract surgery.", "In the long run, the advantages of advanced medical technology are likely to be outweighed by the disadvantages."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 8259, "answer": 3, "text": "The principle of proportionality means that administrative organs should take into account the realization of administrative objectives and the choice of appropriate means to ensure the balance between public interests and the rights and interests of the counterparty. if the realization of administrative objectives may have some adverse impact on the rights and interests of the opposite party, this adverse impact should be limited to the smallest possible scope and limits, and the two should be kept in an appropriate proportion.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following acts of an administrative agency is most in line with the principle of proportionality?", "options": ["The husband and wife quarreled at home and quarreled loudly, and the public security organs imposed a fine of 500 yuan on the couple on the grounds of disturbing public order", "Huang, the traffic law enforcement officer of the Transport Bureau, assaulted the driver who attempted to escape from the overload in the process of investigating and dealing with the overload", "The planning bureau approved a company to build a nine-story commercial building, which was privately added to the 12th floor. The planning bureau identified it as an illegal building and required it to demolish all the buildings", "The municipal government plans to build a chemical project, and after demonstration, it believes that the project will cause serious pollution to the nearby national scenic spots and residents' living areas, so the project will be suspended"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 14441, "answer": 3, "text": "Automobile ownership was rare in Sabresia as recently as 30 years ago, but with continuing growth of personal income there, automobile ownership has become steadily more common. Consequently, there are now far more automobiles on Sabresia' s roads than there were 30 years ago, and the annual number of automobile accidents has increased significantly. Yet the annual number of deaths and injuries resulting from automobile accidents has not increased significantly.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain why deaths and injuries resulting from automobile accidents have not increased significantly?", "options": ["Because of a vigorous market in used cars, the average age of cars on the road has actually increased throughout the years of steady growth in automobile ownership.", "The increases in traffic volume have been most dramatic on Sabresia's highways, where speeds are well above those of other roads.", "Automobile ownership is still much less common in Sabresia than it is in other countries.", "With more and more people owning cars, the average number of passengers in a car on the road has dropped dramatically."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
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{"id": 14406, "answer": 0, "text": "Although the school would receive financial benefits if it had soft drink vending machines in the cafeteria, we should not allow them. Allowing soft drink machines there would not be in our students' interest. If our students start drinking more soft drinks, they will be less healthy.", "question": "The argument depends on which of the following?", "options": ["If the soft drink vending machines were placed in the cafeteria, students would consume more soft drinks as a result.", "The school's primary concern should be to promote good health among its students.", "The amount of soft drinks that most students at the school currently drink is not detrimental to their health.", "Students will not simply bring soft drinks from home if the soft drink vending machines are not placed in the cafeteria."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
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