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{"id": 819, "answer": 2, "text": "Commodity is the product of labor produced for exchange.", "question": "Which of the following is not a commodity?", "options": ["Gold jewelry in a department store", "Pigs fed by professional pig farmers", "The vegetables that Zhao grows in front of the house for his own consumption", "Medical oxygen"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13959, "answer": 2, "text": "Sambar deer are physically incapable of digesting meat. Yet sambar deer have been reported feeding on box turtles after killing them.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, best resolves the discrepancy above?", "options": ["Sambar deer kill box turtles only occasionally.", "Box turtles are much slower and clumsier than are sambar deer.", "Sambar deer eat only the bony shells of box turtles.", "Box turtles sometimes compete with sambar deer for food."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13830, "answer": 1, "text": "Toddlers are not being malicious when they bite people. For example, a child may want a toy, and feel that the person he or she bites is preventing him or her from having it.", "question": "The situation as described above most closely conforms to which one of the following generalizations?", "options": ["Toddlers do not recognize that by biting people they often thwart their own ends.", "Biting people is sometimes a way for toddlers to try to solve problems.", "Toddlers sometimes engage in biting people in order to get attention from adults.", "Resorting to biting people is in some cases an effective way for toddlers to get what they want."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9050, "answer": 2, "text": "Sociologist: statistics show that at present, about 1 million people commit suicide around the world every year, that is to say, an average of one person commits suicide in tens of seconds. If people's perception of suicidal behavior can be changed, this phenomenon can be avoided.", "question": "Which of the following statements is assumed by the sociologist's assertion?", "options": ["The occurrence of suicidal behavior has very complex political, economic, social, cultural and psychological reasons", "Suicide is regarded as an irresponsible cowardly act", "People's views on suicidal behavior have a decisive influence on whether suicidal behavior occurs or not", "People sometimes think that suicidal behavior is not acceptable, but it is understandable and must be respected"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10602, "answer": 2, "text": "The growing popularity of computer-based activities was widely predicted to result in a corresponding decline in television viewing. Recent studies have found that, in the United States, people who own computers watch, on average, significantly less television than people who do not own computers. In itself, however, this finding does very little to show that computer use tends to reduce television viewing time, since __.", "question": "Which of the following most logically completes the argument?", "options": ["many people use their computers primarily for tasks such as correspondence that can be done more rapidly on the computer, and doing so leaves more leisure time for watching television", "many people who watch little or no television do not own a computer", "computer owners in the United States predominantly belong to demographic groups that have long been known to spend less time watching television than the population as a whole does", "even though most computer owners in the United States watch significantly less television than the national average, some computer owners watch far more television than the national average"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11092, "answer": 0, "text": "Multiple use refers to the utilization of natural resources in combinations that will best meet the present and future needs of the public. Designating land as a wilderness area does not necessarily violate the multiple-use philosophy, for even when such use does not provide the greatest dollar return, it can provide the greatest overall benefit from that site.", "question": "Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument?", "options": ["The multiple-use philosophy takes into account some nonfinancial needs of the public.", "Natural resources should be used in combinations that will most greatly benefit present and future generations.", "The present and future needs of the public would best be met by designating greater numbers of wilderness areas.", "Designating a wilderness area prevents any exploitation of natural resources in that area."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10171, "answer": 2, "text": "In a magic show, from the seven magicians - G.H.K.L.N.P and Q, select 6 to perform, perform into two teams: 1 team and 2 team. Each team by the front, middle and after three positions, playing the magician just each occupies a position, the selection and position arrangement of the magician must meet the following conditions :(1) if the arrangement of G or H play, they must be in the front. (2) If K is to play, he must be in the middle. (3) If L is to play, he must be in team 1. (4) Neither P nor K can be on the same team as N. (5) P cannot be in the same team as Q. (6) If H is in team 2, Q is in the middle position of team 1.", "question": "If G is on team 1 and K is on team 2, which of the following magicians must be behind team 2?", "options": ["L", "N", "P", "Q"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12682, "answer": 2, "text": "To be horrific, a monster must be threatening. Whether or not it presents psychological, moral or social dangers, or triggers enduring infantile fears, if a monster is physically dangerous then it is threatening. In fact, even a physically benign monster is horrific if it inspires revulsion.", "question": "Which one of the following logically follows from the statements above?", "options": ["Any horror-story monster that is threatening is also horrific.", "If a monster triggers infantile fears but is not physically dangerous, then it is not horrific.", "All monsters that are not physically dangerous, but that are psychologically dangerous and inspire revulsion, are threatening.", "If a monster is both horrific and psychologically threatening, then it does not inspire revulsion."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 306, "answer": 2, "text": "In a certain year, the number of tourists in the five cities of Jicheng, Yucheng, Xucheng, Yancheng, and Qingcheng was more than in previous years. These cities have different geographical environments and tourism resources: precipitous mountains, dense forests, flat grasslands, vast seas and secluded river valleys. The number of tourists who visited the above five cities in that year were: 120,000, 270,000, 320,000, 440,000, and 650,000. It is known that: (1) The cities in the grasslands are the least attractive to tourists. The most popular tourist destination is the forest. (2) Xucheng is in the mountains and the transportation is not convenient, but many people come here to travel. (3) Jicheng has more tourists than Yancheng. (4) The number of tourists in Yancheng is 440,000, a record high. (5) There are more tourists to Yucheng than Qingcheng, but not as many as Xucheng.", "question": "Based on the above conditions, which of the followings can be introduced as the characteristic tourism resources of Qingcheng?", "options": ["secluded river valleys", "dense forests", "flat grasslands", "vast seas"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9715, "answer": 3, "text": "Install a metal rod at the top of a tall building, connect it with a metal plate buried underground, and discharge through the tip of the metal rod to gradually neutralize the electricity carried by the clouds and the electricity on the ground, so as to protect the building from lightning.This phenomenon is known as the lightning rod effect in the management community. It refers to the method of management, that is, to conduct guidance before things happen, to prevent accidents or disasters before they occur, and to lead the positive development of the situation, that is, if it is good and good, it will certainly be peaceful if it can be guided.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following options has nothing to do with the lightning rod effect?", "options": ["A city carries out the work of accurate fault-finding of urban management of the whole people to crack the leaks in the blind area of urban management, and the citizens are much more satisfied with less grievances.", "In a certain place, the work law of something to discuss has been implemented to solve the concerns of a large number of people and resolve social contradictions.", "A company will hold a seminar on employee development, requiring department heads to investigate and grasp the needs of employee development before the meeting.", "In the reconstruction of a garage in a residential area, the property owner extensively solicited the opinions of the owners and reached a consensus so that the project could be carried out smoothly."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7115, "answer": 0, "text": "Three good friends are going out for a trip on the May Day holiday. Their attitude to the way they travel is as follows: Wang may take a car, any car is OK; Li may not take a car, but take a bus; Zhang may not take a car, take a taxi if you want to go. If they express their opinion according to their attitude: do not take a car; take a bus, take a taxi.", "question": "Based on the above information, which of the following is not possible?", "options": ["There was one person who agreed with all of them.", "At least two people agree with each opinion.", "Wang and Li both agree to take the bus.", "Zhang agreed not to take a car and take a taxi."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2418, "answer": 3, "text": "There are three foreign students sitting side by side on the bench. It is known that: (1) at least one of the two people on the right of the Sudanese student is a French student. (2) among the two French students on the left, there is a French student. (3) at least one of the two people on the left of the boy is a girl. (4) one of the two people on the right of the girl is also a girl.", "question": "Which of the following options is true for these three people?", "options": ["Girl from Sudan, boy from France, boy from France.", "Boy from Sudan, boy from France, girl from France.", "Girl from Sudan, girl from France, girl from France.", "Girl from Sudan, girl from France, boy from France."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10592, "answer": 2, "text": "Tony: Few anarchists have ever performed violent actions. These few are vastly outnumbered by the violent adherents of other political ideologies. Ttherefore, the special association in the public mind between anarchism and political violence is unwarranted. Keisha: Anarchists have always been few in number, whereas other ideologies have often spawned mass movements. Ttherefore, the proportion of anarchists who are violent is possibly greater than the proportion of adherents of other ideologies who are violent.", "question": "Keisha responds to Tony's argument in which one of the following ways?", "options": ["She attempts to undermine Tony's conclusion by introducing plausible evidence that is incompatible with the evidence Tony offers in support of that conclusion.", "She presents evidence that the two groups Tony has compared have no significant qualities in common.", "She shows that Tony's conclusion is questionable because Tony bases it on a comparison that inappropriately involves absolute numbers rather than proportions.", "She questions the accuracy of the claims on which Tony bases his conclusion."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14358, "answer": 0, "text": "Essayist: Some linguists claim that competent speakers of a language have explicit knowledge of the rules of grammar for that language. However, linguistic ability is not the possession and utilization of a body of knowledge, or rules of grammar, but is more similar to a skill like riding a bicycle. Just as the typical cyclist does not need to know physics, neither does the language user need to know grammar rules.", "question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses a principle underlying the essayist's argument?", "options": ["There is a difference between knowing a set of rules and behaving in accordance with a set of rules.", "Not everyone follows the same set of rules in acquiring a skill.", "Studying a description of a particular skill is of no help in acquiring that skill.", "No set of rules can exhaustively describe the behavior of someone who is engaged in a complex activity."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9235, "answer": 1, "text": "A middle school has tried out the evaluation system of students' behavior since 2010. Recently, the student affairs office of the school investigated students' satisfaction with the evaluation system. The data show that the students with high scores have high satisfaction with the evaluation system. As a result, the student affairs office has come to the conclusion that all the students with good performance are satisfied with the evaluation system.", "question": "Which of the following options is the assumption that the conclusion of the student affairs office of the school is based on?", "options": ["Students with low scores are generally dissatisfied with the evaluation system.", "The students who perform well are all students with high scores.", "Not all the students with low scores are dissatisfied with the evaluation system.", "The students with high scores were inspired by the evaluation system and consciously improved their behavior."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4216, "answer": 3, "text": "Science is not a religion, religion is the belief, so the belief is not scientific.", "question": "Which of the following options best illustrates that the above reasoning is not true?", "options": ["Criminal acts are all illegal acts, illegal acts should be condemned by the community, so the community should be condemned acts, are criminal acts", "Commodity has use value, sunshine also has use value of course, so sunshine is commodity of course", "People who do not study hard can not become a business backbone, Xiao Li is a person who study hard, so Xiao Li can become a business backbone", "The Chinese are not Americans. Americans speak English, so no one who speaks English is Chinese"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 869, "answer": 2, "text": "In interpersonal communication, people always find that people who do good deeds are always easy to suffer losses, and even suffer disasters, while bad people often take advantage, so that they get prosperous. So gradually people stop doing good deeds and act on their own private interests as the only standard. Some philosophers concluded that this standard is the natural law of human life.", "question": "Which of the followings is most irrelevant to the above conclusion?", "options": ["Those weak countries have no diplomacy in international affairs.", "Those who smuggle the hook will be killed, and those who usurp the power will become ministers.", "Those close to cinnabar will turn red, and those close to ink will turn black.", "The fittest will win out, while the inferior will be eliminated. The strong will survive, while the weak will be eaten."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 328, "answer": 1, "text": "The amount of money people have wasted on gadgets that they almost never use is surprising. For example, my brother bought an electronic ice cream maker for 100 yuan two years ago, and he has only used it three times so far. He insisted that no matter how many times he uses this ice cream machine, this investment is a good deal for him", "question": "Because?", "options": ["The price of ice cream will rise in the future", "He bought this ice cream maker for the convenience when he needs it", "Because of the low frequency of use , he has saved a lot of electricity", "Due to inflation, 100 yuan today is not as much as it was two years ago"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7095, "answer": 3, "text": "Civil legal relationship is a social relationship with civil rights and obligations between civil subjects regulated by civil law.", "question": "Which of the following is a civil legal relationship?", "options": ["Young man A and young woman B agreed to go out to play.", "Young men A and young women B encourage each other to progress together.", "Young men A and young women B to determine the relationship.", "Young man A donated a love token to young girl B."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10516, "answer": 3, "text": "A school has seven outstanding students G, H, L, M, U, W and Z. During the summer vacation, the school will send them to England and the United States to study. Only these seven students from the school took part in the activity, and each of them happened to go to one of the two countries. Considering the specialty of each student, the following conditions must be met in this activity: (1) if G goes to the England, then H goes to the United States. (2) if L goes to England, then both M and U go to the United States. (3) the country where W goes is different from that of Z. (4) the country where U goes is different from that of G. (5) if Z goes to the England, H also goes to the England.", "question": "Which of the followings can be used as a complete and accurate list of students going to the England?", "options": ["G, H, M, W", "G, L, Z", "H, M, Z", "M, U, W"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10883, "answer": 2, "text": "Consumers planning to buy recreational equipment tend to buy higher quality, more expensive equipment when the economy is strong than when it is weak. Hill and Dale is a business that sells high-quality, expensive camping and hiking equipment in Boravia. Although all the signs are that Boravia' s economy is now entering a period of sustained strength, the managers of the business do not expect a substantial increase in sales.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, would provide the strongest justification for the managers' judgment?", "options": ["The economic upturn is likely to allow Boravia's national parks, where most of the camping and hiking is done, to receive extra funding to improve their visitor facilities.", "Advances in materials technology have led to the development of hiking and camping equipment that is more comfortable and lightweight than before.", "In Boravia when the economy is strong, those who might otherwise go camping tend to take vacations overseas.", "Many people in Boravia not only are committed to preserving the country's wilderness areas but also are interested in spending some time in them."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5909, "answer": 2, "text": "Unfair competition refers to enterprise uses improper or unfair means to increase the market share of its products, creating an unfair market environment for competitors that produce similar products, and seriously harming the interests of its competitors.", "question": "By definition, Which of the following behaviors is not unfair competition?", "options": ["Microsoft has bundled the IE browser in its operating system, and users bought the IE browser at the same time as the operating system, resulting in a large number of users no longer buying another browser from its rival Netscape", "In the 1980s,IBM invested a lot of money to develop the key technology of the very large computer, and successfully applied for patents, resulting in the situation that IBM dominated the field of the very large computer in the 1990s", "Both Company A and Company B produce weight-loss drugs. In order to expand market share and increase sales profits, Company A made a big publicity on TV stations and some newspapers, pointing out the shortcomings and side effects of Company B's drugs, causing consumers to refuse to buy Company B's products", "In order to compete for market share with Company B, Company A produced a movie advertisement showing that a fighter with the emblem A dropped a blockbuster on a warship that was about to capsize"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11856, "answer": 0, "text": "Birds need so much food energy to maintain their body temperatures that some of them spend most of their time eating. But a comparison of a bird of a seed-eating species to a bird of a nectar-eating species that has the same overall energy requirement would surely show that the seed-eating bird spends more time eating than does the nectar-eating bird, since a given amount of nectar provides more energy than does the same amount of seeds.", "question": "The argument relies on which one of the following questionable assumptions?", "options": ["The time it takes for the nectar-eating bird to eat a given amount of nectar is not longer than the time it takes the seed-eating bird to eat the same amount of seeds.", "Birds of different species do not generally have the same overall energy requirements as each other.", "The nectar-eating bird does not sometimes also eat seeds.", "The overall energy requirements of a given bird do not depend on factors such as the size of the bird, its nest-building habits, and the climate of the region in which it lives."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14015, "answer": 1, "text": "Conservationists have established land reserves to preserve the last remaining habitat for certain species whose survival depends on the existence of such habitat. A grove of trees in Mexico that provide habitat for North American monarch butterflies in winter is a typical example of such a land reserve. If global warming occurs as predicted, however, the temperature bands within which various types of vegetation can grow will shift into regions that are currently cooler.", "question": "If the statements above are true, they provide the most support for which one of the following?", "options": ["Monarch butterflies will succeed in adapting to climatic change by shortening their migration.", "If global warming occurs as predicted, the conservation land reserves will cease to serve their purpose.", "If global warming occurs rapidly, species of plants and animals now protected in conservation land reserves will move to inhabit areas that are currently used for agriculture.", "The natural world has adapted many times in the past to drastic global warming and cooling."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7808, "answer": 0, "text": "In order to implement the best cooperation, when determining the composition of the players in a volleyball match, the three coaches of A, B and C expressed their views on whether Xiao Wang and Xiao Li are on the court as follows:A: Only Xiao Wang plays the game, Xiao Li plays the game. B: If Xiao Wang plays the game, Xiao Li plays the game. C: Either Xiao Wang plays the game, or Xiao Li plays the game.", "question": "On this basis, which of the following is an impossible conclusion?", "options": ["All three were telling the truth.", "All three of them are fake.", "For three people, two are fake and one is real.", "For three people, two are real and one is fake."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10325, "answer": 0, "text": "During the Industrial Revolution, two plant diseases disappeared in heavily polluted British industrial cities: black spot, which infects roses, and tar spot, which infects sycamore. Biologists believe that air pollution may have eliminated these two diseases.", "question": "If which of the following statements is true, it will most strongly support the above argument?", "options": ["Black spot disease and tar spot disease recur when urban air pollution is reduced", "It is not clear whether the effects of air pollution on many plant species are beneficial or harmful", "There are ways to prevent infection with black spot and tar spot, but once infection is difficult to eradicate", "Some plants can produce strong resistance to air pollution"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11033, "answer": 3, "text": "When doctors vaccinate a patient, their intention is to expose him or her to a weakened form of a disease-causing pathogen and thus to make the patient better able to resist the pathogen and less likely to develop a severe form of that disease later.", "question": "Which one of the following best illustrates the principle that the passage illustrates?", "options": ["In some circumstances, firefighters use fire to fight fire by creating an intense explosion very close to an uncontrollable blaze that they wish to extinguish, thus momentarily depriving it of the oxygen it needs to continue burning.", "Some police departments energetically pursue those who commit minor crimes; in doing so they intend to provide examples to deter people who might be tempted to commit more-serious crimes.", "In some cases, a business will close down some of its operations, its intention being to position the company to be more profitable later even though this involves expenses in the current period.", "Some parents read their children fairy tales containing allegorical treatments of treachery and cruelty, with the intention of making them less emotionally vulnerable to these phenomena when they encounter them later in life."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10824, "answer": 3, "text": "Although the number of large artificial satellites orbiting the Earth is small compared to the number of small pieces of debris in orbit, the large satellites interfere more seriously with telescope observations because of the strong reflections they produce. Because many of those large satellites have ceased to function, the proposal has recently been made to eliminate interference from nonfunctioning satellites by exploding them in space. This proposal, however, is ill conceived, since __.", "question": "Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?", "options": ["there are no known previous instances of satellites' having been exploded on purpose", "for satellites that have ceased to function, repairing them while they are in orbit would be prohibitively expensive", "the only way to make telescope observations without any interference from debris in orbit is to use telescopes launched into extremely high orbits around the Earth", "a greatly increased number of small particles in Earth's orbit would result in a blanket of reflections that would make certain valuable telescope observations impossible"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9376, "answer": 1, "text": "Australian box jellyfish is one of the most poisonous animals in the world. after stinging, its toxin can cause skin necrosis and severe pain, invade the heart and cause death due to cardiac arrest in a short period of time. A box jellyfish carries enough venom to kill 60 people, and there is no specific drug for its venom. Recently, through genome-wide screening, researchers have found that a protein called ATP2B1 in human cells is a necessary condition for box jellyfish venom to be toxic, and researchers believe that lowering cholesterol through targeted therapy can fight box jellyfish venom.", "question": "Which of the followings can be used as the premise of the above argument?", "options": ["Targeted therapy is a safe and reliable method", "Cholesterol is needed for ATP2B1 proteins to function", "Lowering cholesterol will not cause side effects on the human body", "Targeted therapeutic drugs for lowering cholesterol have been developed"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2889, "answer": 3, "text": "A female teacher at a university silently helped a poor family in a remote mountainous area for 15 years. The reporter inquired about it and found that the person doing the good was one of the five teachers of the University's School of Media, A, B, C, D, and E. In the interview, the five teachers were very humble. They told reporters this way: A: B did this thing. B: I didn't do it. C did it. C: I didn't do this thing. Ding: I didn't do this thing either. A did it. E: If A does not do it, then D will not do it either. The reporter later learned that the words of only one of the above five teachers corresponded to the real situation.", "question": "Based on the above information, which of the following is the person who does this good thing?", "options": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4264, "answer": 0, "text": "Green design means that in the whole product cycle, the environmental attributes of the product, such as detachability, recyclability, maintainability and reusability are emphatically considered. And the environmental attributes are seen as the design goal to ensure that the quality of the product reaches the optimal state while meeting the needs for environmental protection.", "question": "According to the above definition, which one of the following options is in line with the green design concept?", "options": ["Sun villages in Dubai skillfully arranged solar collectors to maximize sunshine time.", "A Dutch chemical company took health and environmental protection as its important value.", "in Brazil, it was popular to use green plants instead of bricks, stones, steel bars and cement to build walls.", "A school designed its classroom background as light green to protect children's eyes."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5844, "answer": 1, "text": "Calmness is a kind of emotional state with weak calm, long duration and dispersion.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following is not calmness?", "options": ["Xiao Wang, who is in love, is highly motivated to work.", "Xiao Zhang, who was driving, yelled at him in an emotional state because the car in front of him suddenly turned around in violation of regulations.", "Xiao Li, who has just studied abroad, has recently become very unhappy and quiet.", "Lily hasn't eaten well recently because she doesn't want to go to kindergarten."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9925, "answer": 3, "text": "A unit conducted a year-end evaluation, after a democratic vote, identified A, B, C, D, E five people as the candidates for the first prize. In the selection of five into four, the following factors need to be taken into account: 1) at least one of C and D is selected. 2) if E is selected, then An and B are also selected. 3)Of the three people in A and B and D, at most 2 were selected.", "question": "According to the above statement, which of the following options is not in the fourth?", "options": ["A", "B", "C", "D"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3691, "answer": 3, "text": "A company is looking for a business manager, Xiao Zhang and Xiao Li to apply for the job. Xiao Zhang said, if I become a business manager, I will forge ahead and develop new business. Xiao Li said, if I become a manager, I will optimize management and reduce personnel. In the end, one of them became a business manager and successfully realized his work proposition.", "question": "From this, which of the following statements must be true?", "options": ["The company has not only opened up new business, but also reduced its personnel", "If the company has opened up new business, then Xiao Zhang must have become a business manager", "If the company has cut down its staff, it must be Xiao Li who has become a business manager", "If the company hadn't opened up new business, it would have cut back on its staff"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3317, "answer": 3, "text": "Announcement refers to the legal subject publicly informs the public with binding or mandatory content for the purpose of making the public understand, know, and comply in behavior.", "question": "Which of the following is true by definition?", "options": ["A new manufacturer launched a delicious taste of food, in the door of the major supermarkets to promote, and let consumers taste", "A famous person holds a press conference to announce to the public that his current position will be replaced by another person", "A civic group has unveiled its own recipe for self-cultivation to help people live longer, too", "The Ministry of Health publishes to the public the rules of conduct that citizens should be aware of during a serious outbreak"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 764, "answer": 2, "text": "Murphy's law is a famous conclusion made by engineer Edward Murphy. The main content is: if something is possible to go bad, although the possibility is small, it will happen.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings does not reflect Murphy's Law:", "options": ["At the checkout in the supermarket, you find that the other team always moves faster, but when you change to another team, the original team will start moving faster", "Xiao Li accidentally dropped some pieces of bread on the new carpet, and the top one was smeared with jam. Unfortunately, when the bread fell, the side with jam was facing down", "Xiao Liu went out to buy popcorn during the advertisement in the middle of the TV play. After the advertisement, Xiao Liu just came back, but the TV play lasted five minutes and the episode ended", "If you are going to take a taxi on the street for an urgent appointment, you will find that almost all taxis on the street have passengers, and it is best to take a taxi at this time"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4502, "answer": 1, "text": "The transfinite effects refers to the psychological phenomenon of extreme impatience or reverse when the stimulation is too much, too strong or too long.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following does not conform to the transfinite effect?", "options": ["Because of his mother's nagging, Xiao Lin decided to look for a job elsewhere after graduation.", "Miss Wang couldn't concentrate in class because her son was killed in an accident.", "Xiao Fang was repeatedly criticized by her teachers for her poor grades and then she dropped out of school.", "After working overtime for a week, Xiao Hua felt very tired and quarreled with her family because of trifles."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1333, "answer": 1, "text": "The traditional view of understanding the working mechanism of visual perception can be traced back to Descartes, a French philosopher in the 16th century. Descartes believes that the brain will first construct a mirror model of the external world, and then in the brain, we observe the world like watching a movie. According to this view, inverted glasses will also invert the internal mirror model, and the brain generates visual perception according to this inverted mirror. However, more and more people began to question this explanation, and Degenna was one of them. The visual phenomenon he experienced on the 30th day of the experiment made him completely stand on the opposite of Cartesian mirror theory.", "question": "Which of the following is most likely to be said in the above paragraph?", "options": ["Working mechanism of visual perception", "Degenna's experimental results", "Working principle of inverted glasses", "Defects of Cartesian mirror image theory"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5478, "answer": 1, "text": "The crime of harbouring and shielding refers to the act that non joint offenders provide hiding places and property for others, help them escape or give false proof of shielding.", "question": "Which of the followings belongs to crimes of harbouring and shielding?", "options": ["Wang's son bullied his classmates. Wang asked the child to live at his grandma's house for a period of time", "Because of emotional problems, her daughter put thallium in her boyfriend's drinking water. Her mother, Ms. Wang, took out her home deposit and gave it to her daughter to let her leave home", "Zhao and Li injured people after drinking. Li led Zhao to his hometown to escape", "After wounding, Xiaoqiang hid in the city where his girlfriend was located and hid the wounding to his girlfriend and her family"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7559, "answer": 2, "text": "Monday syndrome: It refers to symptoms such as dizziness, chest tightness, abdominal distension, loss of appetite, body aches, and inability to concentrate due to excessive consumption of energy to deal with things outside of work on weekends.", "question": "Which of the following belongs to Monday syndrome?", "options": ["During the May Day holiday, the trip to Huangshan that Xiao Li and his colleagues had planned for a long time finally took place. After 3 days, climbing, having dinner, taking pictures, and riding in a car, it was no easier than going to work. No, just after the long holiday, I went to work. They all look like eggplants beaten by frost-have wilted", "It's finally the weekend again. Xiao Wang has watched a 40-episode series that he downloaded, day and night. In the two days, except for going to the bathroom, he never got out of bed. The roommates helped bring the meals from the cafeteria. The whole person is dizzy, so I just ask the counselor for leave and not go to class", "On Saturday morning, I accompanied my children to a painting interest class, learned piano in the afternoon, and took them to taste snacks in the evening; take the kids to the playground on Sunday morning and go to Grandma's house in the afternoon. Ms. Wang's schedule was filled with children throughout the weekend. Yes, I still have this in my head when I go to work on Monday, I can't work at all", "I have been working for 5 consecutive days, and plan to accompany my girlfriend to go shopping on the street on the weekend, but the company temporarily notified him to work overtime on the weekend, so Xiao Xu had to take leave from his girlfriend, and went back to the office and worked with colleagues for another two days all night. Monday. At work, everyone has become panda eyes"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 827, "answer": 1, "text": "In trade with China, France lags far behind Japan and the United States, and even lags behind the United Kingdom and Italy. China's GDP growth rate this year is expected to reach 7.5% to 7.8%, compared with the first seven months of 2001. France Trade with China only increased by 2.7%, while the trade of China with other European countries, who are France's competitors, increased by an average of 10%.", "question": "Which of the following options can be inferred?", "options": ["The growth rate of France-China trade is lower than the growth rate of China's gross national product.", "The pace of development of trade between France and China is relatively slow.", "France's trade with China lags far behind other developed countries.", "Except for France, trades of China with other European countries have grown rapidly ."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10639, "answer": 2, "text": "Politician: Democracy requires that there be no restrictions on the ability of citizens to share their ideas freely, without fear of reprisal. Ttherefore the right to have private conversations, unmonitored by the government, is essential to democracy. For a government to monitor conversations on the Internet would thus be a setback for democracy.", "question": "Which one of the following most accurately describes the role played in the argument by the claim that democracy depends on the ability of citizens to share their ideas freely, without fear of reprisal?", "options": ["It is the argument's main conclusion and is inferred from two other statements in the argument, neither of which is used to support the other.", "It is a claim for which support is provided, and which is in turn used to support the argument's main conclusion.", "It is a claim for which no support is provided, and which is used to support a claim that is itself used to support the argument's main conclusion.", "It is a claim for which no support is provided, and which is used to support only the argument's main conclusion."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 884, "answer": 2, "text": "When a company advertised publicly this year, the average number of applicants for each position decreased by 10% compared with last year. Therefore, the company's attractiveness to job applicants has decreased.", "question": "Which of the followings can weaken the above inference the most?", "options": ["The number of graduates nationwide this year has decreased by about 10% compared with that of last year.", "The number of civil servants in the country and in all provinces this year has increased compared with that of previous years.", "50% of the positions the company recruited this year have raised the employment standards.", "The company recruited more applicants for some positions this year than last year."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8123, "answer": 0, "text": "All living organisms need metabolism, otherwise life will stop. The same is true of civilization, if it is closed to itself for a long time, it is bound to decline. Exchange and mutual learning is the essential requirement of the development of civilization. Only by communicating with other civilizations and learning from each other's strong points to make up for their weaknesses can we maintain exuberant vitality.", "question": "Based on this, it can be concluded that which of the followings is correct?", "options": ["If a civilization does not have exchanges and mutual learning with other civilizations, it cannot maintain its exuberant vitality", "If a civilization does not close itself off for a long time, it will not decline", "If a civilization communicates with other civilizations and learns from each other's strong points to make up for its weaknesses, it can maintain its exuberant vitality", "If a civilization does not maintain its exuberant vitality, it will not learn from other civilizations"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 324, "answer": 2, "text": "Xiao Wang and Xiao Li are now second-year students in the Department of Economics. When assessing the scholarship based on the total scores of the first-year course, it is known that they both have the same scores in the course of economic principles, while the other six courses such as English and Advanced Mathematics have slight differences. In the end, Xiao Wang won the scholarship.", "question": "From which of the followings, if true, can we judge that Xiao Wang's total score is higher than Xiao Li's?", "options": ["Xiao Wang's highest score is higher than Xiao Li's", "Xiao Wang has his lowest score in Advanced Mathematics, while Xiao Li, English", "Xiao Wang's lowest score is higher than Xiao Li's average", "Xiao Wang's lowest score is much higher than Xiao Li's"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7336, "answer": 0, "text": "The Zigoni effect refers to the phenomenon that the unfinished work has a better memory effect than the completed work.It was discovered in 1927 by the German psychologist Zigoni in a memory experiment.", "question": "Which of the following belong to the Zigoni effect?", "options": ["In order to wake up the husband who loves to sleep, the wife kept playing the first three chords of a set of phrases on the piano. After listening, the husband tossed and turned, and finally had to get up and played the last chord", "Learn the new by reviewing the past", "As long as it is something that he is looking for, no matter how difficult it is, Xiao Li will make unremitting efforts to complete it and never give up halfway", "When Xiao Li is reading a book, he always tries to stop and think about whether he is wasting time and energy. If so, he will decide whether to continue reading or not"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 8663, "answer": 2, "text": "Respect for others is a noble virtue and an external manifestation of one's inner self-cultivation. Being respected is not only a kind of enjoyment, but also a kind of happiness. People all yearn for the respect of others, but only by respecting others can we win the respect of others.", "question": "According to the above statement, which of the followings can be inferred?", "options": ["Only with noble virtue can one win happiness.", "Only by strengthening one's inner self-cultivation can one win the respect of others.", "A man cannot win the respect of others without any noble virtue.", "Respect is always on both sides, and unilateral respect does not exist."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 15133, "answer": 0, "text": "The 1980s have been characterized as a period of selfish individualism that threatens the cohesion of society. But this characterization is true of any time. Throughout history all human actions have been motivated by selfishness. When the deeper implications are considered, even the simplest unselfish acts prove to be instances of selfish concern for the human species.", "question": "Which one of the following is a flaw in the argument?", "options": ["The argument relies on two different uses of the term selfish. ", "The claim that selfishness has been present throughout history is not actually relevant to the argument.", "The argument mentions only humans and does not consider the behavior of other species.", "No statistical evidence is provided to show that humans act selfishly more often than they act unselfishly."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12471, "answer": 1, "text": "Dietitian: Many diet-conscious consumers are excited about new fake fat products designed to give food the flavor and consistency of fatty foods, yet without fat' s harmful effects. Consumers who expect the new fat substitute to help them lose weight arc likely to be disappointed, however. Research has shown that when people knowingly or unknowingly eat foods containing fake fat, they tend to take in at least as many additional calories as are saved by eating fake fat. ", "question": "Which one of the following most accurately expresses the conclusion of the dietitian's argument?", "options": ["People tend to take in a certain number of daily calories, no matter what types of food they eat", "Fake fatin foods is probably not going to help consumers meet weight loss goals.", "Most consumers who think that foods with fake fat are more nutritious than fatty foods are destined to be disappointed.", "Fake fat products are likely to contribute to obesity more than do other foods."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2193, "answer": 1, "text": "With the implementation of the two-child policy, breastfeeding has increasingly become an unavoidable topic for young women in the process of giving birth. Medical experts recommend exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life, and parents want to provide the best nutrition for their children. However, statistics show that in recent years, the exclusive breastfeeding rate of infants aged 0 to 6 months in China is obviously on the low side. The exclusive breastfeeding rate of infants within 6 months is 30% in rural areas and only 16% in cities.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, does not explain the above statistics?", "options": ["Working women often fall into the dilemma of breastfeeding due to high work pressure and impermissible working environment", "Breastfeeding can reduce the prevalence of children, and the benefits to children's health can continue into adulthood", "Many mothers do not understand the advantages of breastfeeding and instead think of formula as too beautiful", "Mothers' sleep quality is affected by night lactation, and their work and life rhythm is completely disturbed by lactation"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7007, "answer": 2, "text": "Civilization and culture are different. Civilization makes all ethnic groups in all places more and more similar. according to the German Elyas's process of civilization, civilization is a group society in which everyone lives according to the same rules, just like dancing to a beat and not stepping on his feet; and culture makes a nation different from other nations, it is born, not rules but habits. In fact, urbanization can also be seen this way: with the rapid development of cities, skyscrapers have become urban symbols, which is actually the result of the strong development of modern civilization in every corner of the world. However, we hope that civilization will not overwhelm culture and that identity will not eliminate differences.", "question": "Which of the following is the main content of this text?", "options": ["Questioning the tendency of modern civilization to ignore national personality", "Exploring the relationship between the process of urbanization and the development of civilization", "Emphasize the necessity of preserving culture in the process of urbanization", "Compare the different effects of civilization and culture on human development"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 15152, "answer": 0, "text": "Some people mistakenly believe that since we do not have direct access to the distant past we cannot learn much about it. Contemporary historians and archaeologists find current geography, geology, and climate to be rich in clues about a given region' s distant history. However, the more distant the period we are studying is, the less useful the study of the present becomes.", "question": "Of the following, which one most closely conforms to the principle that the passage illustrates?", "options": ["Astronomers often draw inferences about the earlier years of our solar system on the basis of recently collected data. Unfortunately, they have been able to infer comparatively little about the origin of our solar system.", "One crucial clue to the extent of the ancient Egyptians' mathematical knowledge came from studying the pyramids. The more we studied such structures, the more impressed we were by how much the Egyptians knew.", "To understand a literary text one needs to understand the author's world view. However, the farther that world view gets from one's own the less one will be able to appreciate the text.", "We often extrapolate from ordinary sensory experience to things beyond such experience and form a rash judgment, such as the claim that the earth is the center of the universe because it appears that way to us."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10770, "answer": 2, "text": "In order to pressure the government of Country S to become less repressive, some legislators in Country R want to ban all exports from R to S. Companies in R that manufacture telecommunication equipment such as telephones and fax machines have argued that exports of their products should be exempted from the ban, on the grounds that it is impossible for a country to remain repressive when telecommunication equipment is widely available to the population of that country.", "question": "Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument given by the manufacturers depends?", "options": ["Without pressure from Country R, the government of S would be able to continue repressing its citizens indefinitely.", "Of all exports that could be sent to Country S, telecommunication equipment would be the most effective in helping citizens of S oppose that country's repressive government.", "The telecommunication equipment that would be imported into S if the exemption were to be granted would not be available solely to top government officials in S.", "A majority of the members of R's legislature do not favor exempting telecommunication equipment from the ban on exports to Country S."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9960, "answer": 2, "text": "A company has a six-story office building. The company's finance department, planning department, administration department, sales department, human resources department, R & D department and other six departments work here, each department occupies one floor. It is known that: (1) the floors of the human resources department and the sales department are not adjacent; (2) the finance department is on the lower floor of the planning department; (3) the floor of the administration department is above the planning department, but below the human resources department.", "question": "Which of the followings may be the two departments on the first floor and the second floor, respectively?", "options": ["Finance department, sales department", "Planning department, sales department", "R & D department, sales department", "Sales department, planning department"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10061, "answer": 2, "text": "European fern is a poisonous weed that has spread and destroyed many pastures in the northern hemisphere in recent years. A cheap and self-sustaining way to deal with this weed is to introduce the plant's natural enemies. As a result, some scientists have suggested that fern-eating moths from the southern hemisphere could be re-stocked to the northern hemisphere affected by the weed as a way to control fern growth.", "question": "If the scientist's proposal to control the European fern is adopted, which of the followings is necessary for its success?", "options": ["This northern hemisphere fern also grows in regions of the southern hemisphere with similar climate and soil conditions.", "In addition to eating European ferns, the stocked moths also eat other weeds that grow in the northern hemisphere.", "The stocked moths were able to survive in the northern hemisphere and form a group large enough to reduce the fern population and prevent its growth.", "After the European fern population is reduced, livestock will develop immunity to diseases caused by this weed."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9194, "answer": 3, "text": "During World War II, the air forces of the United States and Britain bombed Germany and suffered heavy losses. Experts found that the belly of all the returning planes was covered with bullet marks, but the wings were intact. They concluded that the belly of the plane is very vulnerable to gunfire and that the protection of the belly should be improved. It was later confirmed that they were affected by survivor bias when these experts speculated, because the reality was that all the planes that were hit on the wing crashed, while most of the planes that were only hit in the belly returned.", "question": "Which of the following options does not have a similar survivor bias?", "options": ["Beauties and handsome boys have a great advantage in the competition in the workplace, and they are easy to get high-paying positions.", "It is easy to succeed when you drop out of college and start a business, such as Bill Gates.", "Smoking may be good for health and longevity. For example, Deng Xiaoping and Huang Yongyu are long smokers, but they all live a long life.", "In a random sampling survey with a large enough sample, it is found that in China, the TV program with the largest audience is News Network."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10854, "answer": 1, "text": "Being near woodlands, the natural habitat of bees, promotes the health of crops that depend on pollination. Bees, the most common pollinators, visit flowers far from woodlands less often than they visit flowers close to woodlands.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?", "options": ["Many bees live in habitats other than woodlands.", "The likelihood that a plant is pollinated increases as the number of visits from pollinators increases.", "Woodlands are not the natural habitat of all pollinators.", "Many crops that are not near woodlands depend on pollination."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1957, "answer": 0, "text": "At present, the reform of the examination and enrollment system in our country is being carried out in an all-round way. Through the reform of the college entrance examination, we hope to encourage middle schools to change the direction of education from simple education to all-round education. From pursuing subject achievement to promoting students' growth. At the same time, through the comprehensive quality evaluation, we should encourage the personalized education in middle school, guide the students' self-cognition and find their own interest specialty and personality. On the other hand, if the high school entrance examination bonus program continues to expand, it may not only affect the quality of the education reform at this stage, but also offset the achievements of the college entrance examination reform.", "question": "According to this paragraph, which of the following options can be inferred from the realistic logic of China's education reform?", "options": ["It is the general trend of educational reform to slim down the extra points in the senior high school entrance examination.", "The reform of the policy of adding points in the examination is a necessary prerequisite to reflect the reform effect of the college entrance examination.", "In order to demonstrate the essence of educating and educating people, we must completely abolish the extra points in the senior high school entrance examination.", "The extra points in the senior high school entrance examination should conform to the laws of education and further promote educational equity."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1374, "answer": 1, "text": "There is no wear, aging, aging and other problems in the long-term operation and use of the software. In the operation and use of any mechanical and electronic equipment, its failure rate mostly follows the U-shaped curve . That is because the parts are not yet flexible when they are first put into use, and they are often prone to problems. After a period of operation, it can be stabilized. When the equipment has experienced a considerable period of operation, there will be wear, aging and other problems, which will suddenly increase the failure rate. This means that it has reached the end of life and is about to be scrapped.", "question": "Which of the following does not fit the meaning of the article?", "options": ["The software does not follow the U-shaped curve in operation and use", "As soon as any mechanical or electronic equipment is put into use, the parts have not yet operated flexibly, but the more it is used, the easier it is to use", "The performance of software is very different from that of mechanical and electronic equipment in operation and use", "Unlike mechanical and electronic devices, software can be stabilized after a period of time"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10820, "answer": 2, "text": "A certain credit-card company awards its customers bonus points for using its credit card. Customers can use accumulated points in the purchase of brand name merchandise by mail at prices lower than the manufacturers' suggested retail prices. At any given time, ttherefore, customers who purchase merchandise using the bonus points spend less than they would spend if they purchased the same merchandise in retail stores.", "question": "Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?", "options": ["The bonus points cannot be used by the creditcard customers in the purchase of brand name merchandise that is not available for purchase in retail stones.", "The credit-card company does not require its customers to accumulate a large number of bonus points before becoming eligible to order merchandise at prices lower than the manufacturers' suggested retail price.", "The amount credit-card customers pay for shipping the merchandise ordered by mail does not increase the amount customers spend to an amount greater than they would spend if they purchased the same merchandise in retail stores.", "The merchandise available to the company's credit-card customers using the bonus points is frequently sold in retail stores at prices that are higher than the manufacturers' suggested retail prices."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10594, "answer": 0, "text": "Leona: If the average consumption of eggs in the United States were cut in half, an estimated 5, 000 lives might be saved each year. Thomas: How can that be? That would mean that if people adopt this single change in diet for ten years, the population ten years from now will be greater by 50, 000 people than it otherwise would have been.", "question": "Which one of the following is a statement that Leona could offer Thomas to clarify her own claim and to address the point he has made?", "options": ["It is accurate to say that 5, 000 lives have been saved as long as 5, 000 people who would have died in a given year as a result of not changing their diet, did not do so -- even if they died for some other reason.", "If egg consumption were reduced by more than half, the estimated number of lives saved each year could be even more than 5, 000.", "For the average consumption of eggs to be cut by half, many individual consumers would have to cut their own consumption by much more than half.", "The actual rate of population growth depends not only on the birth rate, but also on changes in life expectancy."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4641, "answer": 3, "text": "Agricultural modernization refers to the process of transforming traditional agriculture based on direct experience and hand tools into socialized agriculture based on modern advanced science and technology, production means and management methods.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings is inconsistent with the meaning of agricultural modernization?", "options": ["Establish a reasonable agricultural production structure and rural economic structure, and realize the socialization of agricultural production with the commercialization of production as the core", "According to local conditions, Fuli farming and agricultural mechanization should be combined according to the differences of agricultural resources and agricultural production conditions in different regions", "Extensive use of fermentation, gene, soilless cultivation and other agricultural high-tech means to realize the scientific and intensive development of agricultural production technology", "Take the road of agricultural industrialization focusing on the integration of trade, industry and agriculture and taking high yield, high quality and high efficiency as the basic content"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3574, "answer": 1, "text": "According to statistics, traffic accidents caused by battery cars account for more than 40% of all traffic accidents, which has attracted the attention of relevant state departments. The occurrence of battery car accidents is mainly caused by the fast speed of battery cars and the failure of battery owners to comply with traffic rules. The state has strengthened its The management of battery cars stipulates that the speed of new production and sales of battery cars should not exceed 25KM/h, and the quality should not exceed 55KG. Experts believe that this can greatly reduce traffic accidents caused by battery cars.", "question": "Which of the following is true and most questions the conclusion of the above-mentioned experts?", "options": ["The traffic accident caused by the battery car is mainly caused by the excessively fast speed of the battery car itself", "In a traffic accident caused by a battery car, although fast speed is one of the reasons, the most important thing is that the battery owner does not abide by the traffic rules", "In many cities, the battery lanes are relatively narrow, and battery cars often collide together", "In the previous traffic accidents, the proportion of traffic accidents caused by motor vehicles is higher"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11584, "answer": 1, "text": "A survey has shown that public perceptions of comparative risks differ radically from the assessments of risk-management experts. For example, living near a nuclear power plant was judged a much greater risk by the survey respondents than it was by the experts. On the other hand, exposure to X-rays was judged a significantly lower risk by the survey respondents than it was by the experts. Psychologists have found that people tend to be more worried about risks they consider involuntary than about risks they consider voluntary. Thus the survey results were probably caused by the respondents' tendency to consider involuntary risks to be greater than they actually are.", "question": "Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument?", "options": ["The survey's respondents did not include people living near nuclear power plants.", "Not all of the survey respondents considered living near a nuclear power plant to be a voluntary risk.", "It is not the case that involuntary risks are usually greater than voluntary risks.", "People never consider risks that they are greatly worried about to be lower than they actually are."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10881, "answer": 0, "text": "Political scientist: The economies of a number of European countries are currently in severe difficulty. Germany is the only neighboring country that has the resources to resuscitate these economies. Ttherefore, Germany should begin aiding these economically troubled countries.", "question": "Which one of the following principles most helps to justify the political scientist's reasoning?", "options": ["Any nation that alone has the capacity to economically resuscitate neighboring countries should exercise that capacity.", "Any nation that can afford to give economic aid to just a few other nations ought to aid just those few.", "Any nation that alone has an obligation to economically resuscitate neighboring countries ought to be the only nation to provide any economic aid.", "Only nations that alone have the capacity to economically resuscitate neighboring countries should exercise that capacity."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5535, "answer": 1, "text": "It is the weakness of human beings to get lost easily in a great deal of information. Perfectionists who collect all the useful or useless information are not able to analyze the information well, and the key to overcoming this is to develop a clear sense of purpose.Aim as much as you can at the information you want and collect it. In order to prevent the monopoly of subjective consciousness, it is necessary to start strong. The collection and judgment of information must be separated, and if the amount of information is large, two or more tests must be carried out.", "question": "Which of the following options can be inferred?", "options": ["People who don't analyze information well are perfectionists", "It is not easy to develop a clear sense of purpose. Lost in a lot of information", "Separating the collection and judgment of information can prevent subjective monopolies", "If the amount of information is small, two or more tests are not required"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2714, "answer": 2, "text": "Hairy rhinoceros fossils are mostly found in northern Eurasia, and occasionally found in Northeast Plain, North China Plain, Tibet and other places. The hairy rhinoceros has a unique structure-a nasal septum, simply the bone in the middle of the nose. The study found that the nasal septum of Tibetan hairy rhinoceros fossils is only an incomplete bone, and the nasal septum of Tibetan hairy rhinoceros fossils found earlier in northern Asia and Siberia is more complete than that of Tibetan hairy rhinoceros. This shows that the Tibetan hairy rhinoceros has a more primitive form.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, can best support the above statement?", "options": ["A species cannot have two places of origin.", "Tibetan hairy rhinoceros fossils are the earliest known hairy rhinoceros fossils.", "In order to survive in the ice and snow environment, the nasal septum of the haired rhinoceros evolved from soft to hard and finally formed a complete bone.", "In winter, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is like a training base for ice age animals, where haired rhinoceros are trained for cold tolerance."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5386, "answer": 1, "text": "When the problem is difficult to be solved directly, Application of Transforming Thought refers to the characteristics of the nature, conditions and relations of the problem; Adopt appropriate transformation methods to transform the problem, and finally turn it into an easy, simpler or solved problem.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the followings applies Application of Transforming Thought:", "options": ["Human beings invented the electric bulb with tungsten filament as filament, which replaced the previous carbon filament electric lamp, so as to significantly improve the brightness of the electric lamp", "After mastering the area calculation formulas of sector and triangle, the area of bow is calculated by graphic segmentation", "Professor Zhang has overcome a technical problem by replacing the previous experimental methods with new experimental methods", "Legal researchers theorize legal methods, which rise to legal methodology"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9923, "answer": 1, "text": "In a Chinese medicine preparation, there must be at least one kind of ginseng or Codonopsis pilosula, and the following conditions must be met: 1) if there is Codonopsis pilosula, there must be Atractylodes macrocephala. 2) there can be at most one kind of Atractylodes macrocephala and ginseng. 3) if there is ginseng, there must be Polygonum multiflorum.4) if there is Polygonum multiflorum, there must be Atractylodes macrocephala.", "question": "According to the above statement, which of the followings can be inferred about the Chinese medicine preparation?", "options": ["There is no Codonopsis pilosula", "There is no Polygonum multiflorum", "There is Atractylodes macrocephala", "There is no Atractylodes macrocephala"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13504, "answer": 2, "text": "John of Worcester, an English monk, recorded the sighting, on December 8, 1128, of two unusually large sunspots. Five days later a brilliant aurora borealis (northern lights) was observed in southern Korea. Sunspot activity is typically followed by the appearance of an aurora borealis, after a span of time that averages five days. Thus, the Korean sighting helps to confirm John of Worcester' s sighting.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?", "options": ["Chinese sources recorded the sighting of sunspots more than 1000 years before John of Worcester did.", "An aurora borealis can sometimes occur even when there has been no significant sunspot activity in the previous week.", "Only heavy sunspot activity could have resulted in an aurora borealis viewable at a latitude as low as that of Korea.", "Because it is impossible to view sunspots with the naked eye under typical daylight conditions, the sighting recorded by John of Worcester would have taken place under unusual weather conditions such as fog or thin clouds."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11440, "answer": 1, "text": "An independent audit found no indication of tax avoidance on the part of the firm in the firm' s accounts; ttherefore, no such problem exists.", "question": "The questionable reasoning in the argument above is most closely paralleled by that in which one of the following?", "options": ["The overall budget for the projects has been exceeded by a large amount; ttherefore, at least one of the projects has exceeded its budget by a large amount.", "An examination of the index of the book found no listing for the most prominent critic of the theory the book advocates; ttherefore, the book fails to refer to that critic.", "A survey of schools in the district found no school without a need for building repair; ttherefore, the education provided to students in the district is substandard.", "A compilation of the best student essays of the year includes no essays on current events; ttherefore, students have become apathetic toward current events."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2213, "answer": 1, "text": "It is often said that reading can increase knowledge and cultivate sentiment. Some experts have pointed out that reading can also cure diseases, especially for mental diseases caused by some social factors, such as depression, depression, panic and so on.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, can best support the views of the above experts?", "options": ["Reading can promote patients to change their way of thinking, improve their cognitive ability and re-understand the world and themselves", "Patients can get emotional recognition and comfort from reading intentionally or unintentionally and release their inner anxiety ", "Liu Xiang, a scholar at the University of the Han Dynasty, attached great importance to the medical role of reading. He believed that books are like medicine. Reading well can cure folly", "Reading can produce a neuropeptide in the brain, which can enhance cellular immunity and is beneficial to human health"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14835, "answer": 3, "text": "Two paleontologists, Dr. Tyson and Dr. Rees, disagree over the interpretation of certain footprints that were left among other footprints in hardened volcanic ash at site G. Dr. Tyson claims they are clearly early hominid footprints since they show human characteristics: a squarish heel and a big toe immediately adjacent to the next toe. However, since the footprints indicate that if hominids made those prints they would have had to walk in an unexpected cross-stepping manner, by placing the left foot to the right of the right foot, Dr. Rees rejects Dr. Tyson' s conclusion.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most seriously undermines Dr. Tyson's conclusion?", "options": ["The footprints showing human characteristics were clearly those of at least two distinct individuals.", "Footprints shaped like a human's that do not show a cross-stepping pattern exist at site M, which is a mile away from site G, and the two sets of footprints are contemporaneous.", "When the moist volcanic ash became sealed under additional layers of ash before hardening, some details of some of the footprints were erased.", "Certain species of bears had feet very like human feet, except that the outside toe on each foot was the biggest toe and the innermost toe was the smallest toe."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10759, "answer": 2, "text": "In a few recent cases, some teenagers with advanced programming abilities used a new programming language, FANTOD, to hack into ETS and change their own SAT scores. All of the teenagers convicted of this crime were highly skilled in programming FANTOD. In light of these cases, some colleges have discounted the official SAT scores of applicants with a knowledge of FANTOD, and have required them to take special admission tests in supervised conditions on their own campuses.", "question": "Which of following conclusions can most properly be drawn from the information above?", "options": ["Students who learn FANTOD tend to have much lower SAT scores than do their peers.", "Most people who learn to program in FANTOD do so to commit some kind of hacking.", "The college admissions process possibly places some students with a knowledge of FANTOD at a disadvantage.", "Colleges should rely on their own admissions tests instead of the SATs"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 637, "answer": 1, "text": "Friendship is an important way to obtain happiness in life. According to the ancient Roman philosopher Cicero, Friendship only exists between good people, and friendship for life is the most difficult thing; another Spanish philosopher, George Santayana believes that friendship is almost always a combination of a part of one heart and a part of another, and people can only be partial friends.", "question": "If the above statement is true, which of the followings must be true?", "options": ["Lifelong friendship is the most precious asset.", "There will be no friendship between bad people.", "There must be some partial friendship between good people.", "Friendship is the most important way to get happiness in life."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 13353, "answer": 2, "text": "Joanna: The only way for a company to be successful, after emerging from bankruptcy, is to produce the same goods or services that it did before going bankrupt. It is futile for such a company to try to learn a whole new business. Ruth: Wrong. The Kelton Company was a major mining operation that went into bankruptcy. On emerging from bankruptcy, Kelton turned its mines into landfills and is presently a highly successful waste-management concern.", "question": "Ruth uses which one of the following argumentative techniques in countering Joanna's argument?", "options": ["She undermines a claim by showing that it rests on an ambiguity.", "She offers an alternative explanation for a phenomenon.", "She presents a counterexample to a claim.", "She establishes a conclusion by excluding the only plausible alternative to that conclusion."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7928, "answer": 1, "text": "There are always advantages and disadvantages in doing one thing, and there are almost no advantages without disadvantages. Huainan Zi - The Instruction of The World says: Everyone knows that benefiting is the cause of illness, but the sage knows that benefiting is the cause of illness. It seems that the ancients have noticed the dialectical relationship between advantages and disadvantages.", "question": "According to the above definition, which of the following fits the text?", "options": ["Everything in real life is made up of pros and cons", "Be good at analysis and strive to do more good than harm", "The advantages and disadvantages are not absolute, but can be transformed", "We should try our best to do no harm"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12724, "answer": 3, "text": "Consumers are deeply concerned about the quantity of plastic packaging on the market and have spurred manufacturers to find ways to recycle plastic materials. Despite their efforts, however, only 6. 5 percent of plastic is now being recycled, as compared to 33 percent of container glass.", "question": "Each of the following, if true, helps to explain the relatively low rate of plastic recycling EXCEPT:", "options": ["Many factories are set up to accept and make economical use of recycled glass, whereas there are few factories that make products out of recycled plastic.", "Plastic polymers tend to break down during the recycling process and weaken the resulting product, whereas glass does not break down.", "Many plastic products are incompatible and cannot be recycled together, whereas most containers made of glass are compatible.", "The manufacture of new plastic depletes oil reserves, whereas the manufacture of new glass uses renewable resources."], "type": {"Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12136, "answer": 0, "text": "In January of last year the Moviemania chain of movie theaters started popping its popcorn in canola oil, instead of the less healthful coconut oil that it had been using until then. Now Moviemania is planning to switch back, saying that the change has hurt popcorn sales. That claim is false, however, since according to Moviemania' s own sales figures, Moviemania sold 5 percent more popcorn last year than in the previous year.", "question": "That claim is false, however, since according to Moviemania's own sales figures, Moviemania sold 5 percent more popcorn last year than in the previous year. <br>Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument against Moviemania's claim?", "options": ["Total sales of all refreshments at Moviemania's movie theaters increased by less than 5 percent last year.", "Moviemania's customers prefer the taste of popcorn popped in coconut oil to that of popcorn popped in canola oil.", "Total attendance at Moviemania's movie theaters was more than 20 percent higher last year than the year before.", "The year before last, Moviemania experienced a 10 percent increase in popcorn sales over the previous year."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3626, "answer": 0, "text": "According to my country's inheritance law, the first-order legal inheritance is: spouse, children, parents, and the second-order legal heirs are: brothers and sisters, stepparents, and grandparents. After the legal inheritance begins, the first-order heirs inherit. Heirs in the second order do not inherit. If there is no heir in the first order, the heirs in the second order will inherit. Several people who have an inheritance relationship with each other die in the same event. If the time of death cannot be determined, it is presumed that there is no heir to die first. If the deceased have their own heirs, if several deceased persons have different identities, it is presumed that the elders died first; if several deceased persons are of the same generation, they are presumed to die at the same time, and no inheritance will occur to each other, and their respective heirs will inherit separately.", "question": "According to the above definition, in accordance with the above provisions of statutory inheritance, which of the following is correct?", "options": ["Wang Yi and his wife and Wang Yi's parents were killed in a flood. It is impossible to determine the time of their deaths. Wang Yi has only his younger brother Wang Er, and Wang Yi's wife has only his father. Then Wang Er can inherit the inheritance of his parents and the King, One's entire legacy", "Divorced Liu Yi and his son (a minor), his younger brother Liu Er died in a car accident, and the time of death cannot be determined. Liu Da and Liu Er have their parents and younger brother Liu San alive, so Liu San can also divide the inheritance", "Li and Li's wife and their only daughter (married) went out in a car.There was a car accident on the way.All three died,but the time of death could not be determined.The order of Ms. Li's inheritance of Li's inheritance is earlier than that of Li's parents", "Ma and his eldest son Ma Yi and his grandson (the only child born to Ma Da) were killed. It is impossible to determine the timing of their deaths. Only Ma left a 1 million inheritance. Among his relatives, only Ma Yi's wife and second son Ma Er, then Ma Da The share of property inherited by his wife and Ma Er is different"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 5474, "answer": 1, "text": "There are two primitive tribes in a primeval forest. The totem worship of the two tribes is different. Tribe A worships snakes and thinks snakes are their ancestors. Tribe B worships birds and thinks birds are their ancestors. The totem worship of people in these two tribes is completely the same as that of their tribe. If the tribes are intermarried, the children born belong to this tribe. If the tribes are intermarried, The children born belong to the mother's tribe,", "question": "If someone is known to worship birds, which of the followings must be wrong?", "options": ["Someone's father is from tribe A", "Someone's mother is from tribe A", "Someone's parents are from tribe B", "Someone's mother is from tribe B"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12712, "answer": 0, "text": "Most popular historical films are not documentaries; they are dramatic presentations of historical events. Such presentations cannot present the evidence for the accuracy of what they portray. Consequently, uninformed viewers of dramatic historical films should not regard them as accurate portrayals of historical events.", "question": "Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in the argument?", "options": ["One should never regard a historical account to be accurate unless one has considered the evidence on which it is based.", "Historical documentaries should be careful to present all the evidence when attempting to inform their audiences about historical events.", "Writers of historical dramas should attempt to provide their own distinctive insights into the meaning of the historical events they are portraying.", "Dramatic presentations of historical events are better suited for educational purposes if evidence supporting the accuracy of the presentation is also presented."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2344, "answer": 3, "text": "Roses are perhaps the most complex flowers we can see. Its flower shape, color and fragrance are ever-changing, ranging from elegant roses to curly garden roses and gems-dazzling modern hybrid roses. Today, there are more than 200 kinds of roses growing all over the world. As people constantly try to get more beautiful, fragrant, longer-blooming roses through hybridization, the common horticultural and commercial rose varieties have been updated at the rate of every five years. It is very difficult to identify a kind of rose, and even the opinions of experts often vary greatly, because the species of roses are very easy to change and cross easily; hybrid roses can not only be selected by manual control, but also form naturally in large numbers.", "question": "Which of the following is the main content of this text?", "options": ["Hybrid technology plays a significant role in the cultivation of new rose varieties", "There is no final conclusion on how to classify roses scientifically", "The commercial value of roses stimulates people to develop new varieties", "Natural attributes and man-made requirements lead to the complexity of rose varieties"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 2228, "answer": 2, "text": "Throughout the history of cartography, the effective use of maps means understanding a series of abstract symbols drawn on the plane and then connecting these symbols with various three-dimensional features of the local environment, so as to successfully determine their own location. But not all ordinary people can do this and not long ago, the map itself was a scarce artifact, some of which were militarily sensitive secrets. But the map that can be seen on the phone screen changes all that.", "question": "Which of the following options is the most important part of this passage?", "options": ["The development of cartography has gone through a long historical process", "There are many technical problems in the use of map drawing", "The emergence of smart phones has promoted the development of cartography", "Smart phones have greatly improved the quality of human life"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12516, "answer": 2, "text": "Police commissioner: Last year our city experienced a 15 percent decrease in the rate of violent crime. At the beginning of that year a new mandatory sentencing law was enacted, which requires that all violent criminals serve time in prison. Since no other major policy changes were made last year, the drop in the crime rate must have been due to the new mandatory sentencing law.", "question": "Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the police commissioner's argument?", "options": ["Last year, the city's overall crime rate decreased by only 5 percent.", "At the beginning of last year, the police department's definition of violent crime was broadened to include 2 crimes not previously classified as violent. ", "The city enacted a policy 2 years ago requiring that 100 new police officers be hired in each of the 3 subsequent years.", "Studies of many other cities have shown a correlation between improving economic conditions and decreased crime rates."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 9488, "answer": 3, "text": "Soaring carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming, putting glaciers in the Himalayas where Mount Everest is at risk of shrinking dramatically. The study shows that the rapid melting of glaciers occurs in the glacial-concentrated areas of Mount Everest at an altitude of 5,000 to 6,000 meters, and these places will only see ice in winter and not during the warmer season. Experts theorize that the rate of glacier loss in the Himalayas is likely to accelerate based on future climate change trends, and if temperatures continue to rise as predicted over the course of the century, the region's glaciers will eventually disappear.", "question": "Which of the followings, if true, would most weaken the above conclusion?", "options": ["The area of glaciers in the Himalayas is shrinking by about 0.1% to 0.6% per year", "Glaciers elsewhere in the Himalayas insensitive to temperature changes", "Glacier coverage around Mount Everest has decreased by 3% in the past 50 years", "The glaciers above 7,000 meters above sea level on Mount Everest show no signs of rapid melting"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 4963, "answer": 2, "text": "A travel agency booked air tickets for three passengers. The three passengers were John from the British, Thomas from the American and Brown from the French. The three of them went to the United Kingdom, one to the United States, and one to Switzerland. It is known that John did not intend to go to the United States and Thomas did not intend to go to Switzerland. Brown did not go to the United States or Switzerland.", "question": "It can be seen that which of the following is correct?", "options": ["Thomas goes to England, Brown goes to France, John goes to America", "Thomas goes to America, Brown goes to Ruitu, John goes to England", "Thomas goes to America, Brown goes to England, John goes to Switzerland", "Thomas goes to England, Brown goes to America, John goes to France"], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10580, "answer": 2, "text": "Any government practice that might facilitate the abuse of power should not be undertaken except in cases in which there is a compelling reason to do so. The keeping of government secrets is one such practice. Though government officials are sometimes justified in keeping secrets, too often they keep secrets for insubstantial reasons, and in so doing they wind up enabling abuses of power. When government officials conceal from the public the very fact that they are keeping a secret, this practice opens up even greater opportunity for abuse.", "question": "Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the statements above?", "options": ["Government officials who conceal information without a compelling reason are thereby guilty of an abuse of power.", "Government officials should keep information secret only if doing so does not make it easier for those officials to abuse their power.", "A government official who justifiably keeps a secret should not conceal its existence without having a compelling reason to do so.", "In most cases in which government officials conceal information from the public, they are not justified in doing so."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3695, "answer": 3, "text": "The influenza virus mutates so fast that even if the vaccine is updated every year, there is no guarantee that the vaccination will cover all the seasonal epidemic. Influenza vaccination does not guarantee a 100% protection against influenza, and may also lead to side effects such as low fever in vaccinated people. Therefore, there is no need to be vaccinated against influenza.", "question": "If the following options are true, which of the following does not effectively refute the above conclusion?", "options": ["Influenza vaccination can reduce the risk of serious complications from influenza in children, patients with chronic diseases and other high-risk groups", "Vaccination of seasonal flu vaccine can reduce the probability of influenza virus in susceptible people", "Only a very small number of people will have a systemic reaction after flu vaccine, and it can be relieved in one or two days, which is much lighter than flu symptoms", "People who have recovered from the disease can gain a certain degree of immunity and will not be affected by the same flu virus again within 1 year"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14363, "answer": 1, "text": "Most veterinarians, and especially those at university veterinary research centers, have a devoted interest in the biological sciences. But most veterinarians choose their profession primarily because they love animals. Among persons who are seriously interested in biological science but lack any special love for animals, one does not find any prominent veterinarians.", "question": "If all of the statements above are true, which one of the following CANNOT be true?", "options": ["Few veterinarians at university research centers chose their profession primarily because they love animals.", "Prominent veterinarians at some veterinary research centers are intensely devoted to the biological sciences but do not feel any pronounced affection for animals.", "Most veterinarians who are not prominent regard an understanding of the biological sciences as the most important quality for success in their profession.", "Some veterinarians have a greater love for biological science than for individual animals."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 12460, "answer": 0, "text": "Camera manufacturers typically advertise their products by citing the resolution of their cameras' lenses, the resolution of a lens being the degree of detail the lens is capable of reproducing in the image it projects onto the film. Differences between cameras in this respect are irrelevant for practical photography, however, since all modern lenses are so excellent that they project far more detail onto the film than any photographic film is capable of reproducing in a developed image.", "question": "Which one of the following most accurately states the main point of the argument?", "options": ["Advertised differences among cameras in the resolution of their lenses have no practical bearing on the cameras' relative quality as photographic tools.", "In concentrating their advertising on the issue of image quality, manufacturers are making a mistake about the interests of potential purchasers of cameras.", "Differences among photographic films in the amount of detail they reproduce have a more significant effect on the quality of the developed image than do differences in the resolution of camera lenses.", "Camera manufacturers ought to concentrate on building other desirable qualities into their cameras' lenses, rather than concentrating only on the lenses' resolution."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 1839, "answer": 0, "text": "Japanese culture has been exerting a subtle influence on the West after the war and now it has increasingly become an important part of mainstream culture. Takashi Murakami, Nara Meiji and Haruki Murakami have become prominent symbols of popular culture in the world. The shadow of Japanese animation can be clearly seen in a number of Hollywood blockbusters such as the Matrix. And in these Japanese culture that affects the world (including China), what we see is not a very superficial chrysanthemum and knife and so on, but something more essential, and some things need to be carefully considered before we can really understand.", "question": "Which of the following options is the main description of this passage?", "options": ["Japanese culture has penetrated into the cultural fields of many countries in the world", "The Matrix shows that American culture is showing a trend of orientalization", "Japan has changed its strategy, we must guard against deep cultural aggression", "To resist the invasion of foreign cultures, we need to improve our analytical capabilities"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 6338, "answer": 1, "text": "There is one difference between science and art: science emphasizes the latest discoveries, the latest laws and equations, and the pattern is always renovated, and always runs straight forward. Art is not so convenient. No matter ancient or modern, there are no existing laws or equations can be used for plagiarism and application, so that art can form a relay race like scientific research. The subtle essence of this is that fathers cannot be taught to sons, and mothers cannot be taught to daughters. Everything has to be started from scratch on their own.", "question": "Which of the following means this in subtle essence of this ?", "options": ["Activities such as artistic creation or appreciation.", "The difference between science and art.", "All artistic achievements in ancient and modern China and abroad.", "Stunning skills passed down from generation to generation in the family."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 10656, "answer": 0, "text": "On May first, in order to reduce the number of overdue books, a children's library instituted a policy of forgiving fines and giving bookmarks to children returning all of their overdue books. On July first there were twice as many overdue books as there had been on May first, although a record number of books had been returned during the interim.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the apparent inconsistency in the results of the library's policy?", "options": ["The bookmarks became popular among the children, so in order to collect the bookmarks, many children borrowed many more books than they usually did and kept them past their due date.", "The children were allowed to borrow a maximum of five books for a two-week period, and hence each child could keep a maximum of fifteen books beyond their due date within a two-month period.", "Although the grace period enticed some children to return all of their overdue books, it did not convince all of the children with overdue books to return all of their books.", "Although the library forgave overdue fines during the grace period, the amount previously charged the children was minimal; hence, the forgiveness of the fines did not provide enough incentive for them to return their overdue books."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 14636, "answer": 0, "text": "The important parts of any university professor' s job include not only classroom teaching but also research, publication, and lectures to colleagues and the public. This is why university professors who are good classroom teachers but have not engaged in any other scholarly activities are usually denied tenure.", "question": "The statements above, if true, most strongly support which one of the following?", "options": ["Some university professors have been denied tenure even though they have done an important part of their jobs well.", "University professors who do not engage in other scholarly activities are usually good classroom teachers.", "Classroom teaching is the least important part of a university professor's job.", "University professors who have not failed to perform important parts of their jobs are not usually denied tenure."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 505, "answer": 2, "text": "Our body's circadian clock system is affected by many factors, one of which is light. Research shows that light can effectively deceive the brain into day mode, even if people's eyes are closed at that time. Researchers have found that light therapy can help us adjust jet lag, including continuous light and flashes at different intervals, The study also found that people who experienced flash processing during sleep delayed the cycle of sleepiness by two hours.", "question": "Which of the following, if true, best supports the above view?", "options": ["The darkness between each flash helps to restart the eyes and restore their sensitivity to light.", "Most people who experience flash processing during sleep will not be affected by flash.", "In cities where the time is two hours earlier, people who have received light therapy two hours before sunrise on the departure day have no sense of jet lag.", "It takes a long time to adjust your jet lag by yourself. On average, you can only get an hour's jet lag every day."], "type": {"Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Necessry Condtional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 11767, "answer": 1, "text": "Art historian: This painting, purportedly by Mary Cassatt, is a forgery. Although the canvas and other materials are consistent with most of Cassatt' s work, and the subject matter is similar to that of Cassatt' s finest paintings, the brush style of this painting is not found in any work known to be Cassatt' s. Hence this painting is definitely not a genuine Cassatt.", "question": "The art historian's argument depends on assuming which one of the following?", "options": ["No painter other than Cassatt would be able to match Cassatt's brush style perfectly.", "None of Cassatt's works is painted using a brush style that is not exhibited in any of her known works.", "The most characteristic feature of Cassatt's work is her brush style.", "Cassatt's work generally had a characteristic subject matter that distinguished it from the work of other painters of her era."], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3789, "answer": 0, "text": "Transfer income refers to income from non-production and exchange processes, such as various forms of transfer income such as subsidies, gifts and inheritance income.", "question": "Which of the following options is correct about transfer income?", "options": ["The transfer of income is voluntary by the giver and has nothing to do with the competition of production and exchange", "Transfer income, like wages, owner profits, etc., belongs to the category of production and exchange processes", "The existence of transfer income is due to the increase in the efficiency of the use of property rights", "None of the above statements are correct"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 3572, "answer": 3, "text": "Zhang Nan is a staff member of a research institute, and his friends are all doctors or professors. Wang Xiao is a staff member of the research institute, and Zhao Lin is a middle school classmate of Zhang Nan.", "question": "If the above information is true, which of the following must be true?", "options": ["Wang Xiao is Zhang Nan's friend", "Zhao Lin is not Zhang Nan's friend", "If Wang Xiao is a doctor, then Wang Xiao is Zhang Nan's friend", "If Zhao Lin is Zhang Nan's friend, then she is a PhD or professor"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Disjunctive Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}
{"id": 7724, "answer": 1, "text": "Progressive retirement means that employees have reached the legal retirement age, and the employer flexibly determines the retirement time for some employees according to actual work needs.", "question": "Which of the following is a progressive retirement?", "options": ["Professor Ma is approaching his retirement age, because he is one of the most influential scholars in the country and has made a significant contribution to the development of the discipline. The school decided to appoint him as a tenured professor", "Mr. Zhao has reached the retirement age, but the major research project he presided over has not yet been completed. His research institute decided to hire him to continue working until the project is completed", "In recent years, engineer Li's physical condition has been getting worse and worse, and he has also suffered from mild depression and is unable to stick to work. After research, the company leaders decided to let him retire early", "A research institution has decided that starting from the second half of the year, employees who apply for early retirement from this unit must be at least 54 years old for junior and mid-level titles, and at least 58 years old for senior titles"], "type": {"Categorical Reasoning": true, "Sufficient Conditional Reasoning": true, "Conjunctive Reasoning": true}}

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